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diff --git a/39423.txt b/39423.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d0b6d79 --- /dev/null +++ b/39423.txt @@ -0,0 +1,56944 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Manual of the Botany of the Northern +United States, by Asa Gray + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States + Including the District East of the Mississippi and North + of North Carolina and Tennessee + +Author: Asa Gray + +Release Date: April 11, 2012 [EBook #39423] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MANUAL OF BOTANY OF NORTHERN U.S. *** + + + + +Produced by John Williams and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + BOTANY + + OF + + THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. + + + + + MANUAL + OF + THE BOTANY + OF THE + NORTHERN UNITED STATES, + + INCLUDING THE DISTRICT EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND + NORTH OF NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE. + + + BY ASA GRAY, + LATE FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. + + + Sixth Edition. + + + REVISED AND EXTENDED WESTWARD TO THE 100th MERIDIAN, + BY + SERENO WATSON, + CURATOR OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, + AND + JOHN M. COULTER, + PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN WABASH COLLEGE, + + _ASSISTED BY SPECIALISTS IN CERTAIN GROUPS_. + + + WITH TWENTY-FIVE PLATES, + ILLUSTRATING THE SEDGES, GRASSES, FERNS, ETC. + + + IVISON, BLAKEMAN, AND COMPANY, + _PUBLISHERS_, + NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. + 1890. + + _Copyright, 1889_, + BY THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + Page + +PREFACE 1 + +SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS 5 + +ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS 19 + +EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES 30 + +EXPLANATION OF SIGNS 32 + +FLORA.--PHAENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS 33 + Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants 33 + Angiospermous, Polypetalous 33 + Gamopetalous 216 + Apetalous 425 + Gymnospermous Plants 489 + Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants 495 + CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS 675 + Vascular Acrogens, or Pteridophytes 675 + Cellular Acrogens, or Bryophytes (Hepaticae) 702 + +ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 733 + +TABLE OF ORDERS 736 + +GLOSSARY 738 + +INDEX 749 + +PLATES, WITH EXPLANATIONS 761 + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The first edition of Gray's Manual was published in 1848. It was to a +great extent rewritten and its range extended in 1856, and it was again +largely rewritten in 1867. The great advances that have since been made +in systematic botany and in the knowledge of our flora have for several +years past made another revision desirable, which Dr. Gray before his +death was purposing to undertake. + +The present editors, acting to the best of their ability in his stead, +have endeavored throughout to follow his methods and views. The original +plan, so long retained by Dr. Gray and so generally approved, has been +closely adhered to, the characters and descriptions of the last edition +have been left essentially unchanged so far as possible, and in the +numerous alterations and additions that have been considered necessary +or advisable, his conclusions and principles have governed in every +matter of importance, so far as they could be known. The effort +especially has been to maintain that high standard of excellence which +has always made the Manual an authority among botanists. + +In the treatment of the genera and species, Gray's Synoptical Flora has +been made the basis in the revision of the Gamopetalous Orders, and the +manuscript in continuation of that work, so far as prepared, for the +Polypetalous Orders which precede _Leguminosae_ (excepting _Nuphar_, the +_Cruciferae, Caryophyllaceae, Vitis_, and the small Orders numbered 18, +22, 23, 25-27, and 29). The genus _Salix_ has been rewritten for this +edition by M. S. BEBB, Esq., the genus _Carex_ by Prof. L. H. BAILEY, +and the Ferns and allied orders by Prof. D. C. EATON. For the rest, all +known available sources of information have been made use of, and much +willing help has been received from botanists in all parts of our +territory. + +The increasing interest that is taken in the study of the Cellular +Cryptogams, and the desire to encourage it, have led to the inclusion +again of the Hepaticae, which were omitted in the last edition. These +have been prepared through the kindness of Prof. L. M. UNDERWOOD, though +the limits of the volume have necessitated somewhat briefer descriptions +than he considered desirable. The three fine plates illustrating the +genera of these Orders, which were used in the early editions, are also +added, with a supplementary one, as well as an additional one in +illustration of the Grasses, thus increasing the number of plates to +twenty-five. A Glossary of botanical terms is appended, to meet an +expressed need of those who use the Manual alone, and a Synopsis of the +Orders in their sequence is given, to contrast more clearly their +characters, and to show the general principles which have determined +their present arrangement. This should be a useful adjunct to the more +artificially arranged Analytical Key. + +GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS, AND DISTRIBUTION.--The southern limit of the +territory covered by the present work is the same as in the later +previous editions, viz. the southern boundary of Virginia and Kentucky. +This coincides better than any other geographical line with the natural +division between the cooler-temperate and the warm-temperate vegetation +of the Atlantic States. The rapid increase of population west of the +Mississippi River, and the growing need of a Manual covering the flora +of that section, have seemed a sufficient reason for the extension of +the limits of the work westward to the 100th meridian, thus connecting +with the _Manual of the Flora of the Rocky Mountain Region_ by Prof. +Coulter. These limits, as well as that upon the north, have been in +general strictly observed, very few species being admitted that are not +known with some degree of certainty to occur within them. The extreme +western flora is no doubt imperfectly represented. + +The distribution of the individual species is indicated somewhat more +definitely than heretofore in many cases, so far as it could be +satisfactorily ascertained. The extralimital range is also sometimes +given, but the terms "northward," "southward," and "westward" are more +frequently employed, signifying an indefinite range in those directions +beyond the limits of the Manual. Where no definite habitat is specified, +the species may be understood as found more or less generally throughout +the whole area, or at least to near the western limits. + +NOMENCLATURE, ACCENTUATION OF NAMES, etc.--In case of question +respecting the proper name to be adopted for any species, Dr. Gray's +known and expressed views have been followed, it is believed, throughout +the work. While reasonable regard has been paid to the claims of +priority, the purpose has been to avoid unnecessary changes, in the +belief that such changes are in most cases an unmitigated evil. Synonyms +are rarely given except where changes have been made. As a guide to +correct pronunciation, the long sound of the accented vowel (modified +often in personal names) is indicated, as heretofore, by the grave +accent (`), and the short sound by the acute ('). In regard to the +derivations of generic names, many valuable suggestions have been due to +W. R. Gerard, Esq., of New York. + +PROMINENT CHARACTERS are indicated by the use of _Italic type_ for the +leading distinctions of the Orders, and generally in the specific +descriptions for those points by which two or more nearly allied species +may be most readily distinguished. The ready discrimination of the +genera is provided for by a Synopsis of their leading characters under +each order. Whenever a genus comprises several species, pains have been +taken to render important differences conspicuous by proper grouping, +and when needed by a series of subordinate divisions and subdivisions. +The headings of these various groups are to be considered as belonging +to and forming a part of the specific characters of the several species +under them,--a fact which the student should always bear in mind. + +ARRANGEMENT OF THE ORDERS.--The Natural Orders are disposed in very +close accordance with the method followed by Bentham and Hooker in the +_Genera Plantarum_, the principles of which are concisely shown in the +Synopsis of Orders which precedes the Analytical Key. The _Gymnospermae_ +are retained as a Subclass following the Angiospermous Dicotyledons, +with which they have an obvious relationship, in preference to placing +them, as some authorities would do, next before the Pteridophytes, to +which their affinity, if no less certain, is nevertheless obscure. A +more natural arrangement than either would be the withdrawal of the +Endogens, placing them at the beginning, in perhaps an inverse order. + +ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.--As stated in Dr. Gray's Preface to the +last edition, this is designed to enable the student to refer readily to +its proper Order any of our plants, upon taking the pains to ascertain +the structure of its flowers, and sometimes of the fruit, and by +following out a series of easy steps in the analysis. It is founded upon +the most obvious distinctions which will answer the purpose, and is so +contrived as to provide for all or nearly all exceptional instances and +variant cases. Referring to the Order which the Key leads him to, the +student will find its most distinctive points brought together and +printed in Italics in the first sentence of the ordinal description, and +thus can verify his results. The Synopsis which follows will then lead +him to the genus, to be verified in turn by the full generic description +in its place; and the progress thence to the species is facilitated, +when there are several to choose from, by the arrangement under +divisions and subdivisions, as already explained. + +It will be seen that the Key directs the inquirer to ascertain, first, +the Class of the plant under consideration,--which, even without the +seeds, is revealed at once by the plan of the stem, as seen in a +cross-section, and usually by the veining of the leaves, and is commonly +confirmed by the numerical plan of the flower;--then, if of the first +Class, the Subclass is at once determined by the pistil, whether of the +ordinary kind, or an open scale bearing naked ovules. If the former, +then the choice between the three Divisions is determined by the +presence or absence of the petals, and whether separate or united. Each +Division is subdivided by equally obvious characters, and, finally, a +series of successively subordinated propositions,--each set more +indented upon the page than the preceding,--leads to the name of the +Order sought for, followed by the number of the page upon which it is +described in the body of the work. + +The book is now submitted to those for whose benefit it has been +prepared, in the trust that its shortcomings will meet with friendly +indulgence, and with the earnest request that information be kindly +given of any corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary. + + SERENO WATSON. + CAMBRIDGE, MASS., Dec. 26, 1889. + + + + + SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANT + + DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK. + + +SERIES I. PHAENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS: those producing real flowers +and seeds. + + +CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS. + +Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a zone between +the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year to +year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the +bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, +or in Subclass II. often three or more in a whorl. Parts of the flower +mostly in fours or fives. + + +SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERMAE. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary which +contains the ovules and becomes the fruit. Cotyledons only two. + +DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS: the calyx and corolla both present; the latter +of _separate_ petals. (Apetalous flowers occur in various Orders, as +noted under the subdivisions.) + +[A.] THALAMIFLORAE. Stamens and petals hypogynous (free both from the +calyx and from the superior ovary), upon a usually narrow receptacle +(not glandular nor discoid, except in Reseda, sometimes stipe-like). +(Stamens and petals upon the partly inferior ovary in some Nymphaeaceae.) +Apetalous flowers occur in the Ranunculaceae and Caryophyllaceae. + +[*] 1. Carpels solitary or distinct (or coherent in Magnoliaceae); sepals +and petals deciduous (except in Nymphaeaceae); leaves alternate or +radical, without stipules (sometimes opposite or whorled and rarely +stipular in Ranunculaceae); embryo (except in Nelumbo) small, in fleshy +albumen. + +1. Ranunculaceae (p. 34). Sepals (3 or more), petals (as many, in regular +flowers, or none), stamens (usually many), and carpels (1--many) all +distinct. Fruit achenes, follicles, or berries. Mostly herbs. + +2. Magnoliaceae (p. 49). Sepals and petals colored alike, in three or +more rows of three, imbricate. Fruit cone-like, formed of the numerous +cohering pistils. Trees. + +3. Anonaceae (p. 50). Sepals (3) and petals (6, in two rows) valvate. +Fruit pulpy. Shrubs or small trees. + +4. Menispermaceae (p. 51). Sepals and petals in twos or threes, +imbricate. Pistils becoming 1-seeded drupes. Dioecious woody +climbers, with palmate or peltate leaves. + +5. Berberidaceae (p. 52). Sepals and petals imbricate, each in two rows +of three (rarely in twos or fours). Stamens opposite the petals. Pistil +solitary, becoming a berry or pod. Shrubs or low herbs. + +6. Nymphaeaceae, in part (p. 54). Sepals and petals each 3, or many in +several rows. Pistils becoming coriaceous and indehiscent. Aquatics; +floating leaves peltate. + +[*] 2. Carpels (2 or more) united into a compound ovary with parietal, +often nerve-like placentae (or the seeds covering the inner surface in +Nymphaeaceae, and the placentae axile in Sarraceniaceae). Herbs (some +Cistaceae somewhat shrubby). + +[+] Fruit 5--many-celled; calyx or whole perianth persistent; embryo +small, at the base of fleshy albumen. + +6. Nymphaeaceae proper (p. 54). Sepals 2--6. Petals and stamens numerous, +on a thick hypogynous receptacle or inserted upon the ovary. Capsule +8--30-celled. Aquatics, with peltate or cordate leaves. + +7. Sarraceniaceae (p. 57). Sepals and petals 5. Capsule 5-celled. Marsh +plants, with pitcher-shaped leaves. + +[+][+] Fruit 1-celled, or spuriously 2--more-celled by partitions +connecting the placentae. + +[++] Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen; perianth deciduous; +sepals 2. + +8. Papaveraceae (p. 57.) Flowers regular. Sepals fugacious. Petals 4--12. +Stamens and seeds numerous. Capsule 2--several-valved. Juice milky or +colored. + +9. Fumariaceae (p. 59.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4, in dissimilar pairs. +Stamens 6, diadelphous. Fruit 2-valved (indehiscent and 1-seeded in +Fumaria). Juice watery; leaves dissected. + +[++][++] Albumen none; embryo curved or folded; perianth deciduous +(sepals persistent in Resedaceae). + +10. Cruciferae (p. 61). Sepals and petals 4. Stamens mostly 6, +tetradynamous (two inserted lower and shorter). Pod 2-celled by a +transverse partition, 2-valved, or sometimes indehiscent or transversely +jointed. Bracts and stipules none. + +11. Capparidaceae (p. 74). Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 6 or more, nearly +equal. Pod 1-celled, 2-valved. Embryo coiled. Leaves often palmately +divided; bracts and stipules often present. + +12. Resedaceae (p. 75). Sepals and petals 4--7, irregular. Stamens +indefinite on an hypogynous disk, not covered in the bud. Pod 1-celled, +3--6-lobed, opening at the top. + +[++][++][++] Embryo rather large in fleshy albumen; placentae on the +middle of the valves; calyx persistent. + +13. Cistaceae (p. 76). Flowers regular; sepals and petals 5, the two +outer sepals minute. Stamens indefinite. Pod 1-celled, 3--5-valved. +Ovules orthotropous. Embryo curved. Leaves entire, the lower often +opposite. + +14. Violaceae (p. 78). Flowers irregular; sepals and petals 5. Stamens 5, +with connivent introrse anthers. Style clavate. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved. +Ovules anatropous. Embryo straight. Stipules present. + +[*] 3. Ovary compound, 1-celled, with central placentae; embryo curved +around mealy albumen (except in Dianthus); leaves entire; stipules +mostly none. + +15. Caryophyllaceae (p. 82). Sepals (5, rarely 4) distinct or united, +persistent. Petals as many, rarely none. Stamens as many or twice as +many, rarely fewer. Styles 2--5. Leaves opposite. + +16. Portulacaceae (p. 90). Sepals 2. Petals 5. Stamens 5--20. Capsule +3-valved or circumscissile. Fleshy herbs; leaves mostly alternate. + +[*] 4. Calyx imbricate; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals +or often indefinite; ovary compound, 1-celled with parietal placentae or +several-celled with the placentae united in the axis; embryo straight or +slightly curved; albumen none or scanty. + +17. Elatinaceae (p. 91). Small marsh annuals, with opposite leaves, +membranous stipules, minute axillary flowers, few stamens, and pod +2--5-celled. + +18. Hypericaceae (p. 92). Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted +leaves and no stipules. Flowers cymose or panicled. Stamens few or many, +usually in 3 or more clusters. Pod 1-celled or 3--5-celled. + +19. Ternstroemiaceae (p. 95). Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves +and no stipules. Flowers large, axillary, solitary. Stamens numerous, +more or less united together and with the base of the petals. Pod +3--5-celled. + +[*] 5. Calyx valvate; stamens numerous, usually more or less united +together and with the base of the petals; ovary 3--many-celled with the +placentae united in the axis (becoming 1-celled and 1-seeded in Tilia). + +20. Malvaceae (p. 96). Stamens monadelphous; anthers 1-celled. Calyx +persistent. Seeds kidney-shaped, with curved embryo and little albumen. +Herbs or shrubs, with alternate palmately veined stipular leaves. + +21. Tiliaceae (p. 101). Stamens polyadelphous or nearly distinct; anthers +2-celled. Calyx deciduous. Embryo nearly straight. Trees, with alternate +leaves and deciduous stipules. + +[B.] DISCIFLORAE. Stamens as many as the petals or twice as many or +fewer, inserted upon or at the outer or inner base of a more or less +tumid hypogynous or perigynous disk, which is cushion-like or annular or +divided into glands, sometimes obscure or minute (or none in Linum, +Ilex, some Geraniaceae and Polygala); ovary superior (or half-inferior in +some Rhamnaceae); sepals more usually distinct. Petals wanting in some +Rutaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Sapindaceae. + +[*] 1. Ovules (mostly 1 or 2 in each cell) pendulous, with the rhaphe +toward the axis of the ovary; disk often reduced to glands alternate +with the petals or none; ovary often lobed or the carpels nearly +distinct. + +22. Linaceae (p. 101). Flowers regular, usually 5-merous. Capsule not +lobed, mostly 5-valved, spuriously 10-celled, 10-seeded. Stamens united +at base. Disk none or 5 minute glands. Herbs, with entire alternate or +opposite leaves; stipules gland-like or none. + +23. Geraniaceae (p. 102). Flowers regular or irregular, 5-merous or +3-merous as to the stamens and pistils. Ovary 3--5-lobed, the cells +1--few-ovuled, and axis persistent. Disk of 5 glands or none. Herbs, +with often lobed or divided mostly alternate leaves, with or without +stipules. + +24. Rutaceae (p. 106). Flowers mostly regular, 3--5-merous, dioecious +or polygamous in our genera. Ovary 2--5-lobed or the carpels nearly +distinct, upon a glandular disk; cells 2-ovuled. Mostly shrubs or trees, +with glandular-punctate compound leaves, without stipules. + +[*] 2. Ovules (1 or 2) pendulous, the rhaphe away from the axis; disk +none and ovary not lobed. + +25. Ilicineae (p. 107). Flowers small, dioeciously polygamous, +axillary, 4--8-merous. Fruit a 4--8-seeded berry-like drupe. Shrubs or +trees, with simple alternate leaves and no stipules. + +[*] 3. Ovules (1 or 2 in each cell) erect, the rhaphe toward the axis; +disk fleshy, covering the base of the calyx; stamens as many +as the petals, at the margin of the disk; flowers perfect or +polygamo-dioecious; albumen fleshy; shrubs or trees, with simple +leaves (compound in some Vitaceae). + +26. Celastraceae (p. 109). Sepals and petals imbricated, the stamens +alternate with the petals. Fruit 2--5-celled; seeds arilled. + +27. Rhamnaceae (p. 111). Calyx valvate. Petals small or none. Stamens +alternate with the sepals. Fruit 2--5-celled; seeds solitary, not +arilled. + +28. Vitaceae (p. 112). Calyx minute. Stamens opposite the valvate +caducous petals. Climbing by tendrils opposite the alternate leaves. + +[*] 4. Ovules (1 or 2) ascending or horizontal, or pendulous from a +basal funicle; fleshy disk entire or lobed; stamens 5--10; shrubs or +trees, with compound leaves (simple in Acer) and mostly +polygamo-dioecious and often irregular flowers; petals imbricate +(sometimes none in Sapindaceae). + +29. Sapindaceae (p. 115). Flowers mostly unsymmetrical or irregular. +Ovary 2--3-celled and -lobed. + +30. Anacardiaceae (p. 118). Flowers regular, 5-androus. Ovary 1-celled, +becoming a small dry drupe. Leaves alternate; juice milky or resinous. + +[*] 5. Ovules solitary, pendulous from the summit of the 2-celled ovary; +disk none; flowers irregular (subpapilionaceous), hypogynous; stamens +monadelphous or diadelphous; anthers 1-celled, opening by an apical +pore. + +31. Polygalaceae (p. 120). Herbs, with perfect flowers and alternate or +opposite or whorled entire leaves. Stamens 6--8. Seed carunculate. + +[C.] CALYCIFLORAE. Sepals rarely distinct; disk adnate to the base of the +calyx, rarely tumid or conspicuous; petals and stamens on the calyx, +perigynous or epigynous, the ovary being often inferior (hypogynous in +Drosera and Parnassia, nearly so in some Leguminosae and Crassulaceae). +Apetalous flowers in Orders 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, and 50. + +[*] 1. Ovary usually superior, the pistils solitary, or several and +distinct (sometimes more or less united but at least the styles distinct +except in some Saxifragaceae). + +32. Leguminosae (p. 122). Flowers papilionaceous or regular. Stamens +usually 10, and mostly monadelphous or diadelphous. Pistil one, free, +becoming a legume; style terminal. Albumen none. Leaves mostly compound, +alternate, stipular. + +33. Rosaceae (p. 150). Flowers regular, with usually numerous distinct +stamens, and 1--many pistils, distinct or (in Pomeae) united and combined +with the calyx-tube; style often lateral or basal. Calyx-lobes and +petals mostly 5. Ovules mostly 1 or 2. Albumen mostly none. Trees, +shrubs, or herbs; leaves usually alternate and stipulate, simple or +compound. + +34. Calycanthaceae (p. 167). Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens indefinite. +Pistils numerous, becoming achenes in a hollow receptacle. Albumen none. +Aromatic shrubs, with opposite entire leaves and no stipules. + +35. Saxifragaceae (p. 168). Flowers regular, with 5--10 stamens (numerous +in Philadelphus), few (mostly 2) more or less united, free or partially +adnate carpels, and few--many ovules on axile or sometimes parietal +placentae. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate +leaves, with or without stipules. + +36. Crassulaceae (p. 170). Mostly fleshy herbs, with symmetrical flowers, +the usually distinct many-seeded carpels as many as the sepals. Seeds +albuminous. Leaves alternate or opposite or whorled; stipules none. + +37. Droseraceae (p. 178). Glandular-haired scapose marsh herbs, with +regular 5-merous hypogynous flowers. Capsule 1-celled, with 3--5 +many-seeded parietal placentae. Anthers extrorse. Leaves circinate in +vernation. + +38. Hamamelideae (p. 179). Shrubs or trees; flowers often +polygamo-monoecious, in clusters, heads, or spikes; petals often none. +Seeds 2 or more, bony, in a 2-beaked woody pod opening above, the base +adnate to the calyx-tube. Stamens few or many. Leaves alternate, simple. + +39. Halorageae (p. 180). Aquatic or marsh herbs; flowers perfect or +polygamo-dioecious, small, axillary or spicate; petals often none. +Stamens 1--8. Ovary inferior, the calyx-limb obsolete or very short. +Fruit small, indehiscent, 1--4-celled, 1--4-seeded. Leaves alternate or +opposite, the submersed often dissected. + +[*] 2. Ovary inferior (except in Lythraceae), 1--several-celled; style +entire; flowers perfect, regular or nearly so, mostly 4-merous; herbs, +with simple and mostly entire leaves without stipules. + +40. Melastomaceae (p. 183). Calyx open. Stamens definite; anthers opening +by an apical pore. Leaves opposite, 3--7-nerved; flowers cymose. + +41. Lythraceae (p. 184). Calyx-lobes valvate. Pod free, but enclosed in +the calyx, membranous, 1--4-celled, many-seeded with axile placentae. +Leaves mostly opposite; flowers axillary or whorled; petals crumpled, or +none. + +42. Onagraceae (p. 186). Calyx-lobes valvate. Ovary 1--4-celled, the +cells 1--many-ovuled. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Petals 2 or 4, convolute, or +none. Leaves opposite or alternate. + +[*] 3. Ovary inferior (except in Passifloraceae and Ficoideae), 1-celled +with parietal placentae or several-celled by the intrusion of the +placentae; flowers regular, perfect or unisexual; styles free or united; +herbs. + +[+] Embryo straight; cotyledons foliaceous; leaves alternate, often +lobed. + +43. Loasaceae (p. 193). Flowers perfect. Stamens indefinite. Style entire +or 2--3-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 or 3 many-seeded placentae. +Pubescence of hooked hairs. + +44. Passifloraceae (p. 194). Climbing by tendrils. Flowers perfect. +Stamens 5, monadelphous. Ovary stalked, superior, becoming a 1-celled +many-seeded berry with 3 or 4 placentae. Styles 3, clavate. + +45. Cucurbitaceae (p. 194). Tendril-bearing vines, with dioecious or +monoecious flowers. Corolla 5-lobed, often confluent with the calyx. +Stamens 3 or 5, usually more or less united and the anthers often +tortuous. Fruit fleshy or membranous, 1--5-celled, the placentae often +produced to the axis and revolute. Seeds exalbuminous. + +[+][+] Embryo curved or coiled about central albumen; leaves entire. + +46. Cactaceae (p. 196). Fleshy and mostly leafless prickly plants, with +solitary sessile perfect flowers. Calyx-lobes and petals indefinite, +imbricated, the numerous stamens on the tube. Fruit a 1-celled +many-seeded berry. + +47. Ficoideae (p. 198). Calyx-lobes or sepals 5 and petals none in our +genera. Capsule 3--5-celled with axile placentae, loculicidal or +circumscissile, many-seeded. Often fleshy; leaves mostly opposite or +verticillate. + +[*] 4. Flowers small, regular, perfect or polygamous; calyx-limb minute +or obsolete; ovary inferior, 2--several-celled, with solitary pendulous +ovules; petals and stamens mostly 4 or 5, on the margin of an epigynous +disk surrounding the styles; albumen copious. + +48. Umbelliferae (p. 198). Flowers in umbels or heads. Petals (inflexed) +and stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit of 2 dry seed-like carpels, the pericarp +usually with oil-tubes. Herbs, with alternate mostly compound leaves. + +49. Araliaceae (p. 212). Flowers mostly in umbels and nearly as in +Umbelliferae; petals not inflexed and styles 2 or more. Fruit a +2--several-celled drupe. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly compound +leaves. + +50. Cornaceae (p. 213). Flowers not in umbels; petals (valvate, or none) +and stamens 4 or 5. Style 1. Fruit a 1--2-seeded drupe. Trees, shrubs, +or rarely herbs, with opposite or alternate simple and mostly entire +leaves. + +DIVISION II. GAMOPETALOUS: calyx and corolla both present, the latter of +united petals (excepting some Ericaceae, Styracaceae, and Oleaceae, Galax, +Statice, and Lysimachia). Apetalous flowers occur in Glaux and some +Oleaceae. Stipules present only in Rubiaceae and Loganiaceae, or rarely in +Caprifoliaceae. + +[*] 1. Ovary inferior; stamens borne upon the corolla, alternate with +its lobes. + +[+] Stamens distinct; leaves opposite or whorled; seed albuminous except +in Valerianaceae. + +51. Caprifoliaceae (p. 216). Corolla mostly 5-lobed, regular or +irregular, the stamens as many (one fewer in Linnaea, doubled in +Adoxa). Ovary 1--several-celled; fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, +1--several-seeded. Shrubs or herbs; leaves opposite, rarely stipular, +not turning black in drying. + +52. Rubiaceae (p. 222). Flowers regular, 4--5-merous, the corolla mostly +valvate. Ovary 2--4-celled. Herbs or shrubs; leaves simple, entire, +opposite with stipules, or verticillate, usually turning black in +drying. + +53. Valerianaceae (p. 228). Stamens (1--4) fewer than the lobes of the +somewhat irregular corolla. Ovary with two abortive or empty cells and +one containing a suspended ovule. Fruit dry and indehiscent. Herbs. + +54. Dipsaceae (p. 229). Flowers mostly 4-merous and with 4 (rarely 2) +stamens, involucellate in involucrate heads; corolla-lobes imbricate. +Ovary simple, 1-celled, with a suspended ovule. Herbs. + +[+][+] Anthers connate into a tube. + +55. Compositae (p. 230). Stamens as many as the valvate corolla-lobes. +Ovary with a solitary erect ovule, becoming an achene. Albumen none. +Calyx-limb reduced to a pappus or none. Flowers in involucrate heads. + +[*] 2. Ovary inferior (or superior in most Ericaceae and in +Diapensiaceae); stamens free from the corolla or nearly so (adnate in +some Diapensiaceae), as many as the lobes and alternate with them, or +twice as many; leaves alternate (opposite in some Ericaceae); style 1. + +[+] Juice milky; capsule 2--5-celled, many-seeded; herbs. + +56. Lobeliaceae (p. 305). Corolla irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens united, at +least by the anthers. Capsule 2-celled or with two placentae. + +57. Campanulaceae (p. 307). Corolla regular, 5-lobed, valvate. Stamens +usually distinct. Capsule 2--several-celled. + +[+][+] Juice not milky nor acrid; capsule 3--10-celled. + +58. Ericaceae (p. 309). Flowers mostly regular, 4--5-merous. Stamens +distinct, more usually twice as many as the corolla-lobes or petals. +Ovary inferior or superior. Herbs or shrubs. + +59. Diapensiaceae (p. 326). Flowers regular. Stamens 5, on the corolla, +or monadelphous with 5 petaloid staminodia. Ovary superior, 3-celled. + +[*] 3. Ovary superior; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite +them. + +60. Plumbaginaceae (p. 327). Stamens 5, on the base of the petals. +Styles 5. Fruit an achene or 1-seeded utricle. Herbs; leaves radical. + +61. Primulaceae (p. 328). Stamens 4--8, perigynous. Style 1. Fruit a +capsule with several seeds on a central placenta. Herbs; leaves radical +or opposite or alternate. + +62. Sapotaceae (p. 332). Flowers small, 4--5-merous. Style 1. Ovary +few--several-celled; fruit fleshy, bearing a single bony-coated seed. +Shrubs or trees, with milky juice and alternate entire leaves. + +[*] 4. Ovary superior or more or less adnate to the calyx, +few--several-celled, the cells 1-ovuled; stamens twice as many as the +corolla-lobes or more; trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves. + +63. Ebenaceae (p. 333). Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens on the +corolla. Ovary superior. Styles distinct. Fruit fleshy, few-seeded. + +64. Styracaceae (p. 333). Flowers perfect. Stamens subhypogynous. Ovary +more or less inferior. Style 1. Fruit dry or nearly so, 1--4-seeded. + +[*] 5. Ovary superior, of two carpels (sometimes by division apparently +4-carpellary, sometimes of 3--5 in Polemoniaceae, Convolvulaceae, and +Solanaceae); stamens on the corolla (except in apetalous Oleaceae), +alternate with its lobes, as many or fewer. + +[+] Corolla not scarious and nerveless. + +[++] Corolla none, or regular and 4-cleft or -parted, the stamens fewer +than its lobes; style 1; seeds 1--3. + +65. Oleaceae (p. 335). Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or +simple leaves. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious. Stamens mostly +2, alternate with the usually 2-ovuled carpels. + +[++][++] Corolla regular, its lobes 4--5 or rarely more; stamens as +many. + +[=] Ovaries 2, becoming follicles; stigmas and sometimes the styles +united; herbs with milky juice, perfect 5-merous flowers, and simple +entire leaves. + +66. Apocynaceae (p. 337). Stamens distinct or the anthers merely +connivent, with ordinary pollen. Style 1. + +67. Asclepiadaceae (p. 338). Stamens monadelphous, the anthers +permanently attached to a large stigmatic body; pollen mostly in waxy +masses. Styles distinct below the stigma. + +[=][=] Ovary compound (ovaries two in Dichondra), with 2 or 3 (rarely 4 +or 5) cells or placentae; stamens distinct; mostly herbs. + +[a.] Leaves opposite; corolla-lobes 4 or 5 or more. + +68. Loganiaceae (p. 345). Leaves entire, with stipules or a stipular line +joining their bases. Capsule 2-celled, few--many-seeded. Herbs or woody +twiners (our species). + +69. Gentianaceae (p. 346). Glabrous herbs; leaves entire, sessile and +simple (except in Menyanthes). Capsule 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae +or the whole inner surface ovuliferous, many-seeded. + +[b.] Leaves alternate (sometimes opposite in Polemoniaceae and +Hydrophyllaceae); corolla-lobes always 5 in our species. + +70. Polemoniaceae (p. 354). Capsule usually 3-celled, loculicidal; seeds +1--many in each cell on the stout placental axis. Style 3-cleft or +-lobed. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound. + +71. Hydrophyllaceae (p. 357). Leaves often lobed or divided, and the +inflorescence frequently scorpioid. Style 2-parted or 2-lobed. Capsule +1-celled, 2-valved with two parietal or introflexed placentae, or +sometimes 2-celled. Seeds 2 or more on each placenta. + +72. Borraginaceae (p. 360). Leaves mostly entire and plants often +rough-hispid; inflorescence commonly scorpioid. Style 1. Ovary +4-ovulate, usually 4-lobed and maturing as 4 separate or separable +nutlets, or not lobed, 2--4-celled and separating when ripe into 2 or 4 +nutlets. + +73. Convolvulaceae (p. 367). Usually twining or trailing; flowers on +axillary peduncles or cymose-glomerate. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-plaited, +twisted in the bud. Styles 1 or 2. Ovary 2- (sometimes 3- or spuriously +4-) celled, becoming a globular 4--6-seeded capsule (or ovaries two and +distinct in Dichondra). Cotyledons broad-foliaceous. + +74. Solanaceae (p. 373). Style 1. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3--5-celled), +with numerous ovules on axillary placentae, becoming a pod or berry. +Cotyledons narrow. + +[++][++][++] Corolla more or less bilabiately irregular (sometimes +nearly regular), 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 4 and didynamous, or 2. Style +1. Ovary always of two carpels. + +[a.] Ovules several or many. + +75. Scrophulariaceae (p. 377). Capsule 2-celled, with central placentae. +Seeds small, usually numerous. Herbs; leaves alternate or opposite. + +76. Orobanchaceae (p. 393). Root-parasites with no green foliage. Capsule +1-celled, with 2 simple or double parietal placentae. Seeds many. + +77. Lentibulariaceae (p. 395). Aquatic or marsh herbs, with scapes or +scape-like peduncles, sometimes nearly leafless. Corolla personate and +spurred. Capsule globular, 1-celled; placentae central, free, +many-seeded. + +78. Bignoniaceae (p. 398). Large-flowered trees or often climbing shrubs, +with usually opposite simple or compound leaves. Capsule 2-celled by a +partition between the 2 parietal placentae. Seeds numerous, large, mostly +winged. + +79. Pedaliaceae (p. 399). Herbs, with opposite simple leaves. Ovary +1-celled with two bilamellar parietal placentae, or 2--4-celled by their +union, becoming drupaceous or capsular. Seeds few or many, wingless. + +80. Acanthaceae (p. 399). Herbs, with opposite simple leaves. Capsule +2-celled, loculicidal, with each axile placenta bearing 2--10 flattish +seeds. + +[b.] Cells of the ovary 1--2-ovuled; herbs or low shrubs, with opposite +leaves. + +81. Verbenaceae (p. 401). Ovary 2--4-celled, not lobed, the dry or +drupaceous fruit separating into 2 or 4 1-seeded nutlets (fruit 1-celled +and 1-seeded in Phryma). Style terminal. + +82. Labiatae (p. 403). Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, the lobes +becoming dry seed-like nutlets. Stems square; aromatic. + +[+][+] Corolla scarious and nerveless; flowers regular, 4-merous; style +1. + +83. Plantaginaceae (p. 422). Scapose herbs, with perfect or +polygamo-dioecious or monoecious flowers in 1--many-flowered spikes. +Fruit a circumscissile 2-celled capsule, with one or more peltate seeds +in each cell, or an achene. + + +DIVISION III. APETALOUS EXOGENS. The corolla wanting (except in some +Euphorbiaceae), and sometimes also the calyx. + +[*] 1. Ovary superior (though sometimes enclosed within the calyx), +1-celled with a solitary basal ovule (several-celled in Phytolaccaceae); +embryo coiled or curved (nearly straight in Polygonaceae) in or about +mealy albumen (albumen none in some Chenopodiaceae); herbs. + +[+] Fruit the hardened or membranous closed base of the corolla-like +perianth enclosing a utricle. + +84. Nyctaginaceae (p. 425). Perianth tubular or funnelform. Stamens +hypogynous. Fruit ribbed or winged. Leaves opposite; stipules none. + +[+][+] Fruit a utricle; perianth mostly persistent, small, 4--5-lobed or +-parted, or none. + +85. Illecebraceae (p. 426). Perianth herbaceous. Stamens perigynous. +Leaves opposite; stipules scarious (none in Scleranthus). + +86. Amarantaceae (p. 427). Flowers sessile, bracteate, the bracts +(usually 3) more or less dry and scarious, as well as the 3--5 distinct +sepals. Stamens 1--5, hypogynous. Utricle indehiscent or circumscissile. +Embryo annular. Leaves mostly alternate, entire; stipules none. + +87. Chenopodiaceae (p. 430). Flowers sessile, not scarious-bracteate. +Sepals greenish or succulent, 5 or fewer, or none. Stamens 5 or fewer, +perigynous or hypogynous. Embryo annular or spiral or conduplicate. +Leaves alternate; stipules none. + +[+][+][+] Ovary of several 1-ovuled carpels, in fruit a berry (in our +genera). + +88. Phytolaccaceae (p. 435). Sepals 4--5, petaloid or herbaceous. Stamens +5--30, hypogynous. Carpels 5--12. Embryo annular. Leaves alternate, +entire; stipules none. + +[+][+][+][+] Fruit a triangular or lenticular achene. + +89. Polygonaceae (p. 436). Flowers on jointed pedicels. Calyx 3--6-lobed +or -parted, more or less corolla-like. Stamens 4--12, on the calyx. +Embryo nearly straight. Leaves alternate, with sheathing stipules or +none. + +[*] 2. Ovary compound, the cells many-ovuled (or 1-ovuled in Piperaceae); +embryo minute in copious albumen; flowers perfect. + +90. Podostemaceae (p. 444). Aquatic, with the aspect of sea-weeds or +mosses, with minute naked flowers from a spathe-like involucre. Ovary +superior; pod 2--3-celled. + +91. Aristolochiaceae (p. 444). Terrestrial herbs or climbing shrubs. +Calyx valvate, adnate at least at base to the 6-celled many-seeded +ovary. Stamens 6--12, more or less united with the style. Leaves +alternate, mostly cordate; stipules none. + +92. Piperaceae (Sec. Saurureae), (p. 446). Marsh herb (our species). Perianth +none. Carpels 3--4, distinct, with usually a single ascending seed. +Leaves alternate, entire. + +[*] 3. Ovary superior, simple, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, forming a berry or +drupe; trees or shrubs, with mostly entire leaves and no stipules. + +93. Lauraceae (p. 446). Flowers perfect or dioecious. Sepals 4 or 6, in +2 rows. Stamens 9--12; anthers opening by 2 or 4 uplifted valves. Seed +suspended; albumen none. Aromatic; leaves alternate. + +94. Thymelaeaceae (p. 448). Flowers perfect. Calyx corolla-like, +4--5-cleft. Stamens twice as many. Seed suspended, with little or no +albumen. Acrid shrubs with very tough bark; leaves alternate. + +95. Elaeagnaceae (p. 448). Flowers mostly dioecious. Calyx-tube becoming +berry-like and enclosing the achene. Seed erect, albuminous. Leaves +silvery-scurfy, opposite. + +[*] 4. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, 1--3-ovuled (but 1-seeded); albumen +without testa, bearing the embryo in a cavity at the apex; calyx-lobes +valvate. + +96. Loranthaceae (p. 449). Parasitic on trees, with jointed stems and +opposite leaves. Flowers dioecious. Ovule solitary, erect. Fruit a +berry. + +97. Santalaceae (p. 450). Flowers perfect. Ovules 2--4, suspended from +the apex of a central placenta. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Leaves +alternate. + +[*] 5. Flowers all unisexual (polygamous in some Urticaceae and +Empetraceae, apparently perfect in Euphorbia); cells 1--2-ovuled; embryo +nearly as long as the albumen or filling the seed; calyx often wanting, +corolla-like only in some Euphorbiaceae and Empetraceae; stipules often +present. + +[+] 1. Ovary superior, 3-celled (1-celled in Crotonopsis) with 1 or 2 +pendulous ovules in each cell; herbs. + +98. Euphorbiaceae (p. 451). Flowers monoecious or dioecious +(involucrate and apparently perfect in Euphorbia). Mostly with milky +juice, and usually alternate often stipulate leaves. + +[+] 2. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded; trees or shrubs (except some +Urticaceae). + +[++] Calyx regular, the stamens as many as the lobes and opposite them +or fewer; ovary superior. + +99. Urticaceae (p. 461). Flowers monoecious, dioecious, or (in Ulmeae) +perfect. Seeds exalbuminous or nearly so. Inflorescence very various. + +[++][++] Perianth mostly none; at least the staminate flowers in aments +or spikes or dense heads; albumen none. + +100. Platanaceae (p. 466). Trees, with alternate palmately lobed leaves, +sheathing stipules, and monoecious flowers in separate globose heads. +Ovary superior; fruit a club-shaped nutlet. + +101. Juglandaceae (p. 467). Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, no +stipules, and monoecious flowers, the staminate in aments. Ovary +inferior; fruit a nut. + +102. Myricaceae (p. 469). Shrubs, with resinous-dotted leaves, with or +without stipules, and monoecious or dioecious flowers, both kinds in +short scaly aments. Ovary superior, becoming a small drupe-like nut. + +[+] 3. Ovary 2--7-celled, with 1 or 2 suspended ovules in each cell, +becoming 1-celled and 1-seeded; calyx mostly none or adherent to the +ovary; trees or shrubs with simple leaves. + +103. Cupuliferae (p. 470). Flowers monoecious. Fruit a nut surrounded +by an involucre, or (in Betuleae) a small winged or angled naked nutlet +in the axils of the scales of an ament. + +[+] 4. Ovary 1-celled, becoming a 2-valved pod with two parietal or +basal placentae bearing numerous small comose seeds; perianth none. + +104. Salicaceae (p. 480). Dioecious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of +flowers in aments, and simple alternate stipulate leaves. + +[+] 5. Ovary several-celled, becoming a drupe containing 3--9 1-seeded +nutlets; seed erect; low shrubby heath-like evergreens. + +105. Empetraceae (p. 487). Flowers polygamous or dioecious, +scaly-bracted. Sepals somewhat petaloid or none. Embryo axile in +copious albumen. + +[+] 6. Ovary 1-celled with a suspended ovule, becoming an achene; calyx +none; aquatic herbs, with finely dissected whorled leaves. + +106. Ceratophyllaceae (p. 488). Flowers monoecious, minute, axillary +and sessile. Albumen none; the seed filled with a highly developed +embryo. + + +SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. Ovules naked upon a scale, bract, or +disk. Cotyledons two or more. + +107. Coniferae (p. 489). Resiniferous trees or shrubs, with mostly +awl-shaped or needle-shaped and evergreen leaves, and monoecious or +dioecious flowers. + + +CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. + +Stems without central pith or annular layers, but having the woody +fibres distributed irregularly through them (a transverse slice showing +the fibres as dots scattered through the cellular tissue). Embryo with a +single cotyledon and the early leaves always alternate. Parts of the +flower usually in threes (never in fives), and the leaves mostly +parallel-veined. Our species herbaceous, excepting Smilax. + +[*] Ovary inferior (superior in Bromeliaceae, nearly so in some +Hemodoraceae); at least the inner lobes of the perianth petal-like. + +[+] 1. Seeds without albumen, very numerous and minute. + +108. Hydrocharidaceae (p. 495). Aquatics, with dioecious or polygamous +flowers from a spathe; outer perianth calyx-like, the inner sometimes +wanting. Stamens 3--12. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae or +6--9-celled with axile placentae. + +109. Burmanniaceae (p. 496). Terrestrial, with scale-like cauline leaves +and regular perfect triandrous flowers. Perianth corolla-like. + +110. Orchidaceae (p. 497). Terrestrial, with very irregular perfect +flowers. Stamens and style connate; anthers 1 or 2. Capsule 1-celled; +placentae 3, parietal. Perianth corolla-like. + +[+] 2. Seeds albuminous. (Ovary 3-celled and flowers regular in our +genera.) + +111. Bromeliaceae (p. 511). Mostly epiphytes, with dry persistent scurfy +leaves. Flowers 6-androus; outer perianth calyx-like. + +112. Hemodoraceae (p. 512). Fibrous-rooted, with equitant leaves and +perfect 3- or 6-androus flowers. Perianth persistent, woolly or scurfy +outside. (Ovary sometimes nearly free; leaves flat in Aletris.) + +113. Iridaceae (p. 513). Root not bulbous; leaves equitant in two ranks. +Flowers from a spathe. Stamens 3, opposite the outer lobes of the +corolla-like perianth; anthers extrorse. + +114. Amaryllidaceae (p. 515). Often bulbous-rooted and scapose. Perianth +corolla-like. Stamens 6; anthers introrse. + +115. Dioscoreaceae (p. 517). Climbing, with net-veined leaves. Flowers +dioecious, small, 6-androus; perianth calyx-like. Ovules 1 or 2 in +each cell. + +[*][*] Ovary superior (very rarely partially adnate to the calyx in +Liliaceae). + +[+] 1. At least the inner perianth corolla-like; ovary compound; seeds +with copious albumen. + +116. Liliaceae (p. 517). Flowers perfect, 6-androus, the regular perianth +corolla-like (dioecious in Smilax, dimerous in Maianthemum, the outer +divisions herbaceous in Trillium). Fruit a 3-celled capsule or berry. + +117. Pontederiaceae (p. 535). Aquatic, with more or less irregular +perfect flowers from a spathe; perianth corolla-like. Stamens 3 or 6, +mostly unequal or dissimilar. Capsule 1-celled or imperfectly 3-celled. + +118. Xyridaceae (p. 536). Rush-like, scapose. Flowers capitate, perfect, +3-androus, the calyx glumaceous. Capsule 1-celled. + +119. Mayaceae (p. 537). Moss-like aquatic. Flowers perfect, axillary, +solitary, 3-androus; calyx herbaceous. Capsule 1-celled. + +120. Commelinaceae (p. 538). Flowers perfect, regular or somewhat +irregular, with 3 more or less herbaceous persistent sepals and 3 +fugacious petals. Stamens 6 or some sterile. Capsule 2--3-celled. + +127. Eriocauleae (p. 566). Scapose aquatic or marsh plants, with linear +leaves and dense heads of monoecious (rarely dioecious) minute +flowers. Corolla tubular or none. Capsule 2--3-celled, 2--3-seeded. + +[+] 2. Perianth small, of 6 equal persistent glumaceous segments; +flowers perfect; ovary compound. + +121. Juncaceae (p. 539). Rush-like. Stamens 3 or 6. Capsule 1- or +3-celled, 3-valved. + +[+] 3. Flowers without chaffy glumes, the perianth none or reduced to +bristles or sepal-like scales; flowers often monoecious or +dioecious; carpels solitary or united. + +[++] Flowers capitate or upon a spike or spadix, with or without a +spathe. + +122. Typhaceae (p. 547). Marsh or aquatic plants, with linear leaves, and +monoecious flowers without proper perianth, in heads or a naked spike. + +123. Araceae (p. 548). Flowers perfect or monoecious upon the same +spadix, rarely dioecious, with 4 or 6 scale-like sepals or none. + +[++][++] Flowers very minute, one or few from the margin of a floating +disk-like frond. + +124. Lemnaceae (p. 551). Plants very small, green, mostly lenticular or +globose. + +[+] 4. Perianth of 4 or 6 segments, the inner often petaloid, or none; +carpels solitary or distinct (coherent in Triglochin); seeds without +albumen; aquatic or marsh plants, often monoecious or dioecious. + +125. Alismaceae (p. 553). Perianth of 6 segments, the inner petal-like. + +126. Naiadaceae (p. 557). Perianth-segments herbaceous or none. + +[+] 5. Flowers in the axils of chaffy scales or glumes arranged in +spikes or spikelets, without evident perianth; stamens 1--3; ovary +1-celled, 1-seeded; seed albuminous. + +128. Cyperaceae (p. 567). Scales single. Perianth none or replaced by +bristles. Anthers basifixed. Fruit a triangular or lenticular achene. +Stem solid, often triangular, with closed sheaths. + +129. Gramineae (p. 623). Glumes in pairs. Perianth replaced by minute +scales. Anthers versatile. Fruit a caryopsis. Culm usually hollow, +terete; sheaths split to the base. + + + + +SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS; destitute of stamens and +pistils, in fructification producing _spores_ instead of seeds. + + +CLASS III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS. + +Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and branches), growing +from the apex only, and furnished for the most part with distinct leaves +(sometimes taking the form of an expanded leaf-like usually prostrate +_thallus_); reproduction by means of antheridia and archegonia, +sometimes also by gemmation. + +SUBCLASS I. VASCULAR ACROGENS, OR PTERIDOPHYTES. Stems (and foliage +when present) containing both woody fibre and vessels; antheridia or +archegonia, or both, borne on a minute prothallus, which is developed +from the spore on germination. + +[*] Spores of only one kind; prothallus bearing antheridia and +archegonia. + +130. Equisetaceae (p. 675). Cylindric jointed hollow-stemmed plants, with +toothed sheaths. Fructification in a terminal spike. + +131. Filices (p. 678). Ferns, with fronds circinate in vernation, +bearing the fructification on the under surface or beneath the margin. + +132. Ophioglossaceae (p. 693). Fronds often fern-like, erect in +vernation. Sporangia globose, coriaceous, 2-valved, in special spikes +or panicles. + +133. Lycopodiaceae (p. 695). Low moss like plants with elongated stems +and small persistent entire several-ranked leaves. Sporangia solitary, +axillary, 1--3-celled, 2--3-valved. + +[*][*] Spores of two kinds, the _macrospore_ producing a prothallus with +archegonia, the _microspore_ smaller and developing antheridia. + +134. Selaginellaceae (p. 697). Low leafy moss-like or marsh plants, with +branching stems, and small 4--6-ranked leaves, or with a corm-like stem +and basal linear-subulate leaves, the two kinds of spores in distinct +solitary axillary 1-celled sporangia. + +135. Marsiliaceae (p. 700). The two kinds of spores in the same or +different sporangia which are borne in a coriaceous peduncled sporocarp +arising from a slender creeping rhizome. Fronds digitately 4-foliolate +or filiform. + +136. Salviniaceae (p. 701). The two kinds of spores in separate +thin-walled 1-celled sporocarps or conceptacles clustered beneath the +small floating fronds; macrospores solitary. + + +SUBCLASS II. CELLULAR ACROGENS, OR BRYOPHYTES. + +Plants with cellular tissue only; both antheridia and archegonia borne +upon the plant itself.--Including the MUSCI, or Mosses (which are not +treated of here), never thallose, and bearing capsules which usually +dehisce by a lid and contain spores only, and the HEPATICAE, which bear +capsules which dehisce by valves or irregularly and usually have elaters +mingled with the spores. The latter division comprises the following +Orders. + +[*] Capsule 4-valved; plant a leafy axis or sometimes a branching +thallus. + +137. Jungermanniaceae (p. 702). Leaves, when present, without a midrib, +2-ranked, with often a third row beneath; pedicels slender. + +[*][*] Capsule 2-valved, or dehiscing irregularly, or indehiscent; plant +a thallus or thalloid stem. + +138. Anthocerotaceae (p. 726). Thallus without epidermis, irregularly +branching; pedicels stout or none. Capsule with a columella. Elaters +mostly without fibres. + +139. Marchantiaceae (p. 727). Thallus radiate or dichotomous, the +epidermis usually porose. Capsules borne on the under side of a +pedunculate receptacle, irregularly dehiscent. Elaters 2-spiral. + +140. Ricciaceae (p. 730). Thallus radiate or dichotomous, the epidermis +eporose. Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, +indehiscent. Elaters none. + + + + +ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. + + +CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 1.) + +SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERMAE. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary. +Cotyledons only two. + +DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS: the calyx and corolla both present; +the latter of _separate_ petals. + +[A.] _Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than +twice the sepals or lobes of the calyx._ + +[1.] _Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or +pistils._ + + PAGE + Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid mass on an + elongated receptacle. MAGNOLIACEAE, 49 + + Pistils numerous, separate, but concealed in a hollow receptacle. + + Leaves opposite, entire; no stipules. CALYCANTHACEAE, 167 + + Leaves alternate, with stipules. Rosa, in ROSACEAE, 162 + + Pistils several, immersed in hollows of the upper surface of a large + top-shaped receptacle. Nelumbo, in NYMPHAEACEAE, 55 + + Pistils more than one, separate, not enclosed in the receptacle. + + Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct. ROSACEAE, 150 + + Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelphous. + MALVACEAE, 96 + + Stamens inserted on the receptacle. + + Filaments much shorter than the anther; trees. ANONACEAE, 50 + + Filaments longer than the anther. + + Flowers dioecious; twiners with alternate leaves. + MENISPERMACEAE, 51 + + Flowers perfect; if climbers, the leaves opposite. + + Leaves not peltate; petals deciduous. RANUNCULACEAE, 34 + + Leaves peltate; petals persistent. + Brasenia, in NYMPHAEACEAE, 55 + + Pistils several-lobed, the ovaries united below the middle. + RESEDACEAE, 75 + + Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis. + MALVACEAE, 96 + + Pistils strictly one as to the ovary; the styles or stigmas may be + several. + + Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots. HYPERICACEAE, 92 + + Leaves not punctate with transparent dots. + + Ovary simple, 1-celled, 2-ovuled. ROSACEAE, 150 + + Ovary simple, 1-celled, with one parietal many-ovuled placenta. + + Leaves 2--3-ternately compound or dissected. RANUNCULACEAE, 34 + + Leaves peltate, simply lobed. Podophyllum, in BERBERIDACEAE, 52 + + Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a central placenta. + PORTULACACEAE, 90 + + Ovary compound, 1-celled, with two or more parietal placentae. + + Calyx caducous; juice milky or colored. PAPAVERACEAE, 57 + + Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals. CAPPARIDACEAE, 74 + + Calyx persistent, of 3 or 5 sepals. CISTACEAE, 76 + + Ovary compound, several-celled. + + Calyx valvate in the bud, and + + Persistent; stamens monadelphous; anthers 1-celled. + MALVACEAE, 96 + + Deciduous; anthers 2-celled. TILIACEAE, 101 + + Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent. + + Shrubs; stamens on the base of the petals. + TERNSTROEMIACEAE, 95 + + Aquatic or marsh herbs; ovaries many, + + On 5 placentae in the axis. SARRACENIACEAE, 57 + + On the 8--30 partitions. NYMPHAEACEAE, 54 + +[2.] _Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the (compound) +ovary._ + + Ovary 8--30-celled; ovules many, on the partitions; aquatic. + NYMPHAEACEAE, 54 + + Ovary 10-celled; cells 1-ovuled. Amelanchier, in ROSACEAE, 166 + + Ovary 2--5-celled. + + Leaves alternate, with stipules. Pomeae, in ROSACEAE, 151 + + Leaves opposite, without stipules. Some SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168 + + Leaves alternate, without stipules. STYRACACEAE, 333 + + Ovary 1-celled, with the ovules parietal. + + Fleshy plants with no true foliage; petals many. CACTACEAE, 186 + + Rough-leaved plants; petals 5 or 10. LOASACEAE, 193 + + Ovary one-celled, with the ovules rising from the base. + PORTULACACEAE, 90 + +[B.] _Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them._ + + Pistils 3--6, separate; flowers dioecious; woody vines. + MENISPERMACEAE, 51 + + Pistil only one. + + Ovary one-celled; anthers opening by uplifted valves. + BERBERIDACEAE, 52 + + Ovary one-celled; anthers not opening by uplifted valves. + + Style and stigma one; ovules more than one. PRIMULACEAE, 328 + + Style 1; stigmas 3; sepals 2; ovules several. PORTULACACEAE, 90 + + Style twice or thrice forked; flowers monoecious. + Crotonopsis, in EUPHORBIACEAE, 458 + + Styles 5; ovule and seed only one. PLUMBAGINACEAE, 327 + + Ovary 2--4-celled. + + Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete; petals valvate. VITACEAE, 112 + + Calyx 4--5-cleft, valvate in the bud; petals involute. + RHAMNACEAE, 111 + +[C.] _Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals, when of just +the number of the petals then alternate with them._ + +1. _Calyx free from the ovary, i.e. the ovary wholly superior._ + +[*] _Ovaries 2 or more, separate._ + + Stamens united with each other and with a large and thick stigma + common to the two ovaries. ASCLEPIADACEAE, 338 + + Stamens unconnected, on the receptacle, free from the calyx. + + Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. RUTACEAE, 106 + + Leaves not pellucid-punctate. + + Tree, with pinnate leaves. Ailanthus, in SIMARUBACEAE, 107 + + Low shrub, with pinnate leaves. Xanthorrhiza, in RANUNCULACEAE, 48 + + Herbs, not fleshy. RANUNCULACEAE, 34 + + Herbs, with thick fleshy leaves. CRASSULACEAE, 176 + + Stamens unconnected, inserted on the calyx. + + Just twice as many as the pistils (flower symmetrical). + CRASSULACEAE, 176 + + Not just the number or twice the number of the pistils. + + Leaves without stipules. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168 + + Leaves with stipules. ROSACEAE, 150 + +[*][*] _Ovaries 2--5, somewhat united at the base, separate above._ + + Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. RUTACEAE, 106 + + Leaves not pellucid-punctate. + + Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves. SAPINDACEAE, 115 + + Terrestrial herbs; the carpels fewer than the petals. + SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168 + +[*][*][*] _Ovaries or lobes of ovary 3 to 5, with a common style._ + GERANIACEAE, 102 + +[*][*][*][*] _Ovary only one, and_ + +[+] _Simple, with one parietal placenta._ LEGUMINOSAE, 122 + +[+][+] _Compound, as shown by the number of cells, placentae, styles, or +stigmas._ + + Ovary one-celled. + + Corolla irregular; petals 4; stamens 6. FUMARIACEAE, 59 + + Corolla irregular; petals and stamens 5. VIOLACEAE, 78 + + Corolla regular or nearly so. + + Ovule solitary; shrubs or trees; stigmas 3. ANACARDIACEAE, 118 + + Ovules solitary or few; herbs. Some anomalous CRUCIFERAE, 61 + + Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell. + + Petals not inserted on the calyx. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 82 + + Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. + LYTHRACEAE, 184 + + Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentae. + + Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots. HYPERICACEAE, 92 + + Leaves beset with reddish gland-tipped bristles. + DROSERACEAE, 178 + + Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular. + + Sepals 5, very unequal or only 3. CISTACEAE, 76 + + Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6. Anomalous CRUCIFERAE, 61 + + Sepals and petals 5; stamens 5 or 10. + + Ovary and stamens raised on a stalk. PASSIFLORACEAE, 194 + + Ovary sessile. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168 + + Ovary 2--several-celled. + + Flowers irregular. + + Anthers opening at the top, + + Six or eight and 1-celled; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. + POLYGALACEAE, 120 + + Ten and 2-celled; ovary 5-celled. + Rhododendron, in ERICACEAE, 286 + + Anthers opening lengthwise. + + Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of a tubular inflated or + gibbous calyx. Cuphea, in LYTHRACEAE, 186 + + Stamens 5--8 or 10, and petals hypogynous, or nearly so. + + Ovary 3-celled. SAPINDACEAE, 115 + + Ovary 5-celled. Impatiens, &c., in GERANIACEAE, 105 + + Flowers regular or nearly so. + + Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals, + + Triadelphous; petals 5. HYPERICACEAE, 92 + + Tetradynamous (or rarely only 2 or 4); petals 4; pungent + herbs. CRUCIFERAE, 61 + + Distinct and fewer than the 4 petals. OLEACEAE, 335 + + Distinct and more numerous than the petals. SAPINDACEAE, 115 + + Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. + + Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. + + Herbs; flowers monoecious or dioecious. EUPHORBIACEAE, 451 + + Herbs; flowers perfect and symmetrical. + + Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, &c. + GERANIACEAE, 102 + + Cells of the (divided) ovary twice as many as the styles, + sepals, &c. LINACEAE, 101 + + Shrubs or trees. + + Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. + Ptelea, in RUTACEAE, 107 + + Leaves palmately veined and fruit 2-winged, or pinnate and + fruit a berry. SAPINDACEAE, 115 + + Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate. + + Calyx not minute; pod colored, dehiscent; seeds enclosed + in a pulpy aril. CELASTRACEAE, 109 + + Calyx minute; fruit a berry-like drupe. ILICINEAE, 107 + + Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell. + + Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. + ELATINACEAE, 91 + + Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves (but they + are caducous). Staphylea, in SAPINDACEAE, 118 + + Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. + + Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube or cup; + leaves simple, all radical. Galax, in DIAPENSIACEAE, 326 + + Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaflets 3, + inversely heart-shaped. Oxalis, in GERANIACEAE, 105 + + Stamens distinct, free from the calyx. + + Style 1, undivided. ERICACEAE, 303 + + Styles 2--5, separate. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 82 + + Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx. + + Styles 2 (or 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. + SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168 + + Style 1; pod in the calyx, 1-celled. LYTHRACEAE, 184 + +[2.] _Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half._ + + Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. CUCURBITACEAE, 194 + + Not tendril-bearing. + + Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell. + + Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. PORTULACACEAE, 90 + + Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168 + + Ovary 2--several-celled. + + Anthers opening by pores at the apex; style 1. + MELASTOMACEAE, 183 + + Anthers not opening by pores. + + Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. + CELASTRACEAE, 109 + + Stamens inserted on the calyx. + + Eight or four (rarely five); style 1. ONAGRACEAE, 186 + + Five or ten; styles 2--3, distinct. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168 + + Ovules and seeds only one in each cell. + + Stamens 10 or 5 (instead of many),-- + rarely in Crataegus, in ROSACEAE, 165 + + Stamens 2 or 8; style 1; stigma 2--4-lobed; herbs. + ONAGRACEAE, 186 + + Stamens 4 or 8; aquatics; styles or sessile stigmas 4. + HALORAGEAE, 180 + + Perfect stamens 4; styles 2; shrub. HAMAMELIDEAE, 179 + + Stamens 4; style and stigma 1; chiefly shrubs. CORNACEAE, 213 + + Stamens 5; flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads. + + Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity; styles 2. + UMBELLIFERAE, 193 + + Fruit berry-like; styles 2--5, separate or united. + ARALIACEAE, 212 + +Division II. GAMOPETALOUS calyx and corolla both present; the latter +with its petals united more or less into one piece. + +[A.] _Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla._ + + Ovary 1-celled with one parietal placenta. LEGUMINOSAE, 122 + + Ovary 1-celled with two parietal placentae. + Adlumia, &c., in Fumariaceae, 60 + + Ovary 1-celled with the ovules at the centre or base. STYRACACEAE, 333 + + Ovary 2-celled with a single ovule in each cell. POLYGALACEAE, 120 + + Ovary 3--many-celled. + + Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla; style single. + ERICACEAE, 309 + + Stamens free from the corolla; styles 5. Oxalis, in GERANIACEAE, 105 + + Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla. + + Filaments monadelphous; anthers 1-celled, kidney-shaped. + MALVACEAE, 96 + + Filaments 1--5-adelphous at base; anthers 2-celled. + + Calyx free from the ovary. TERNSTROEMIACEAE, 96 + + Calyx coherent with the ovary or with its base. STYRACACEAE, 333 + + Filaments wholly distinct; calyx free, persistent. EBENACEAE, 333 + + Filaments in pairs at each sinus; anthers 1-celled. + CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 216 + +[B.] _Stamens (fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and +opposite them._ + + Ovary 5-celled; corolla appendaged with scales inside. SAPOTACEAE, 332 + + Ovary 1-celled; pod several--many-seeded; style 1. PRIMULACEAE, 328 + + Ovary 1-celled; utricle 1-seeded; styles 5. PLUMBAGINACEAE, 327 + +[C.] _Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with +them, or fewer._ + +[1.] _Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior)._ + + Tendril-bearing herbs; anthers often united. CUCURBITACEAE, 194 + + Tendrils none. + + Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube. + + Flowers in an involucrate head. COMPOSITAE, 230 + + Flowers separate, not involucrate; corolla irregular. + LOBELIACEAE, 305 + + Stamens separate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its + lobes; stipules none; juice milky. CAMPANULACEAE, 307 + + Stamens separate, inserted on the corolla, + + One to three, always fewer than the corolla-lobes. + VALERIANACEAE, 228 + + Four or five; leaves opposite or whorled. + + Ovary 1-celled; flowers in a dense involucrate head. + DIPSACEAE, 229 + + Ovary 2--5-celled. + + Leaves whorled and without stipules. RUBIACEAE, 222 + + Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules. RUBIACEAE, 222 + + Leaves opposite without stipules (petioles sometimes with + stipule-like appendages). CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 216 + +[2.] _Ovary free from the calyx (superior)._ + +[*] _Corolla irregular; stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only +2._ + + Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1--4) cells. + + Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. + LABIATAE, 403 + + Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. VERBENACEAE, 401 + + Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each cell. + + Ovary and pod 1-celled, + + With a free central placenta; stamens 2. LENTIBULACEAE, 395 + + With 2 or more parietal very many-seeded placentae; stamens 4. + OROBANCHACEAE, 393 + + Ovary and fruit more or less 4--5-celled. PEDALIACEAE, 399 + + Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentae parietal. + BIGNONIACEAE, 398 + + Ovary and pod 2-celled; placentae in the axis. + + Seeds rarely few, not on hooks, with albumen. + SCROPHULARIACEAE, 377 + + Seeds few, borne on hook-like or other projections of the + placentae; no albumen. ACANTHACEAE, 399 + +[*][*] _Corolla somewhat irregular; stamens (with anthers) 5._ + + Stamens free from the corolla; anthers with their cells opening by a + hole or chink at the top. Rhododendron, in ERICACEAE, 320 + + Stamens inserted on the corolla. + + Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style. Echium, in BORRAGINACEAE, 367 + + Ovary not lobed; pod many-seeded. + + Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascum, SCROPHULARIACEAE, 379 + + Filaments not woolly. Hyoscyamus, SOLANACEAE, 376 + +[*][*][*] _Corolla regular._ + +[+] _Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla._ + + Ovaries 2, separate; their + + Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. + Dichondra, CONVOLVULACEAE, 368 + + Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one. + + Filaments distinct; pollen in ordinary grains. APOCYNACEAE, 337 + + Filaments monadelphous; pollen in masses. ASCLEPIADACEAE, 338 + + Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style (or 2-lobed in + Heliotropium). + + Leaves alternate. BORRAGINACEAE, 360 + + Leaves opposite. Mentha, in LABIATAE, 407 + + Ovary one; pod 2-lobed or 2-horned at the summit. LOGANIACEAE, 345 + + Ovary one; not deeply lobed, + + One-celled, one-ovuled, becoming an achene. PLANTAGINACEAE, 422 + + One-celled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placentae. + + Leaves (or in Menyanthes three leaflets) entire. GENTIANACEAE, 346 + + Leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnately compound. HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 357 + + Two- to ten-celled. + + Leafless parasitic twining plants. Cuscuta, in CONVOLVULACEAE, 370 + + Leaves opposite, their bases or petioles connected by stipules or + a stipular line. LOGANIACEAE, 345 + + Leaves when opposite without stipules. + + Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so; style 1. + ERICACEAE, 309 + + Stamens almost free from the corolla; style none. ILICINEAE, 107 + + Stamens in the sinuses of the corolla; style 1. DIAPENSIACEAE, 326 + + Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, + + Four; pod 2-celled, circumscissile. PLANTAGINACEAE, 422 + + Four; ovary 2--4-celled; ovules solitary. VERBENACEAE, 401 + + Five or rarely more. + + Fruit of two or four seed-like nutlets. BORRAGINACEAE, 360 + + Fruit a few-seeded pod. + + Calyx 5-cleft; style 3-lobed or -cleft. POLEMONIACEAE, 354 + + Sepals 5; styles 1 or 2, entire or 2-cleft; seeds large, + only one or two in a cell. CONVOLVULACEAE, 367 + + Fruit a many-seeded pod or berry. + + Styles 2. Hydrolea, in HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 360 + + Style single. SOLANACEAE, 373 + +[+][+] _Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla._ + + Stamens 4, didynamous. + + Ovary 2-celled; the cells several-seeded. ACANTHACEAE, 399 + + Ovary 2--4-celled; the cells 1-seeded. VERBENACEAE, 401 + + Stamens only 2 with anthers; ovary 4-lobed. Lycopus, in LABIATAE, 408 + + Stamens 2, rarely 3; ovary 2-celled. + + Low herbs; corolla scarious, withering on the pod. + PLANTAGINACEAE, 422 + + Herbs; corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform, and slightly + irregular. Veronica, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, 386 + + Shrubs or trees; corolla perfectly regular. OLEACEAE, 335 + +DIVISION III. APETALOUS: corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting. + +[A.] _Flowers not in catkins._ + +[1.] _Ovary or its cells containing many ovules._ + + Ovary and pod inferior (i.e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary), + + Six-celled; stamens 6--12. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 444 + + Four-celled; stamens 4. Ludwigia, in ONAGRACEAE, 187 + + One-celled, with parietal placentae. + Chrysosplenium, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, 172 + + Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx), + + Two-celled, 2-beaked; flowers capitate; tree. HAMAMELIDEAE, 179 + + Two-celled, many-ribbed; aquatic herb. PODOSTEMACEAE, 444 + + Ovary and pod superior, i.e. free from the calyx. + + Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks, which fall off + at maturity; stamens 10. Penthorum, in CRASSULACEAE, 176 + + Three-celled and 3-valved, or 3--5-celled and circumscissile. + FICOIDEAE, 198 + + Two-celled or one-celled; placentae central. + + Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. + LYTHRACEAE, 184 + + Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx, + + Alternate with the 5 sepals. Glaux, in PRIMULACEAE, 331 + + Opposite the sepals when of the same number. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 82 + + One-celled, with one parietal placenta. RANUNCULACEAE, 34 + + Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple. RANUNCULACEAE, 34 + +[2.] _Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules._ + +[*] _Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so._ + + Stamens inserted on the calyx; leaves with stipules. ROSACEAE, 150 + + Stamens inserted on the receptacle. + + Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. Xanthoxylum, in RUTACEAE, 106 + + Leaves not dotted. + + Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like. + RANUNCULACEAE, 34 + + Calyx absent; flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. + PIPERACEAE, 446 + +[*][*] _Pistil one, either simple or compound._ + + Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half, 2-celled; + styles 2; stamens many. HAMAMELIDEAE, 179 + + Ovary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers). + + Aquatic herbs; ovary 3--4-celled, or (Hippuris) 1-celled. + HALORAGEAE, 180 + + Mostly woody plants; style or stigma one, entire; ovary 1-celled. + + Stigma running down one side of the style. + Nyssa, in CORNACEAE, 215 + + Stigma terminal, with or without a style. + + Parasitic on the branches of trees; anthers sessile. + LORANTHACEAE, 449 + + Not parasitic above ground; anthers on filaments. + SANTALACEAE, 450 + + Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested by its + tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior. + + Shrubs, with scurfy leaves; flowers mostly dioecious. + ELAEAGNACEAE, 448 + + Herbs, with the calyx colored like a corolla. + + Leaves opposite, simple. NYCTAGINACEAE, 425 + + Leaves alternate, pinnate. Poterium, in ROSACEAE, 161 + + Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting. + + Stipules (ocreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes. + + Tree; calyx none; flowers monoecious, in heads. PLATANACEAE, 466 + + Herbs; calyx present and commonly petal-like. POLYGONACEAE, 436 + + Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none. + + Aquatic herbs, submerged or nearly so. + + Leaves whorled and dissected; style single. + CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 488 + + Leaves opposite, entire; styles 2; ovary 4-celled. + HALORAGEAE, 180 + + Not aquatics, herbs. + + Ovary 10-celled; berry 10-seeded. PHYTOLACCACEAE, 436 + + Ovary 3- (rarely 1--2-) celled; juice usually milky. + EUPHORBIACEAE, 451 + + Ovary 1-celled; juice not milky. + + Style, if any, and stigma only one; leaves simple; no scarious + bracts around the flowers. URTICACEAE, 461 + + Styles 3; embryo straight; flowers involucrate. + Eriogonum, in POLYGONACEAE, 436 + + Style or stigmas 2 or 3; embryo coiled or curved. + + Stipules not scarious, leaves palmately cleft or palmately + compound. Cannabineae, in URTICACEAE, 461 + + Stipules scarious (or none); leaves opposite. + ILLECEBRACEAE, 426 + + Stipules none; but flowers with scarious bracts. + AMARANTACEAE, 427 + + Stipules and scarious bracts none. CHENOPODIACEAE, 430 + + Shrubs or trees. + + Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary. + + Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. Acerineae, in SAPINDACEAE, 115 + + Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara or a drupe. + OLEACEAE, 335 + + Ovules single in each cell of the + + Three-nine-celled ovary; leaves heath-like. EMPETRACEAE, 487 + + Three-celled ovary; leaves broad. RHAMNACEAE, 111 + + One--two-celled ovary; styles or stigmas 2-cleft. + URTICACEAE, 461 + + One-celled ovary; style and stigma single and entire. + + Anthers opening longitudinally. THYMELAEACEAE, 448 + + Anthers opening by uplifted valves. LAURACEAE, 446 + +[B.] _Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both sorts in catkins._ + +[1.] _Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads._ + + Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. URTICACEAE, 461 + + Fertile flowers single or clustered; sterile in slender catkins + (except in Fagus). + + Leaves pinnate; fertile flowers and fruit naked. JUGLANDACEAE, 467 + + Leaves simple; fertile flowers 1--3 in an involucre or cup. + CUPULIFERAE, 470 + +[2.] _Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads._ + + Ovary and pod 2-celled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, in HAMAMELIDEAE, 180 + + Ovary and pod 1-celled, many-seeded; seeds furnished with a downy tuft + at one end. SALICACEAE, 480 + + Ovary 1--2-celled, only one ovule in each cell; fruit 1-seeded. + + Parasitic on trees; fruit a berry. LORANTHACEAE, 449 + + Trees or shrubs, not parasitic. + + Calyx regular, in the fertile flower succulent in fruit. + URTICACEAE, 461 + + Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like. + + Style and stigma one, simple; the flowers in heads. + PLATANACEAE, 466 + + Styles or long stigmas 2. + + Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin. + CUPULIFERAE, 470 + + Fertile flowers single under each scale; nutlets naked, + waxy-coated or drupe like. MYRICACEAE, 469 + +SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMAE. Pistil an open scale or altered leaf, bearing +naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus entirely +wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. CONIFERAE, 489 + + +CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 15.) + +[A.] SPADICEOUS DIVISION. _Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy +axis, or sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx and corolla (excepting +some_ Araceae _and_ Naiadaceae, _where, however, they are on a spadix), +and also without glumes (husky scales). Leaves sometimes with netted +veins._ + + Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage. + LEMNACEAE, 551 + + Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy. NAIADACEAE, 557 + + Reed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile nerved + leaves; flowers in spikes or heads. + + Flowers monoecious, and quite destitute of floral envelopes. + TYPHACEAE, 547 + + Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix; sepals 6. + Acorus, in ARACEAE, 550 + + Terrestrial or marsh plants; leaves mostly with a distinct + netted-veined blade, petioled. ARACEAE, 548 + +[B.] PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. _Flowers not collected on a spadix, +furnished with floral envelopes (perianth) answering to calyx or to both +calyx and corolla, either herbaceous or colored and petal-like (wholly +glumaceous in_ Juncaceae). + +[1.] _Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary._ + + Flowers dioecious (or rarely perfect), regular. + + Aquatics; ovules and seeds several or numerous. + HYDROCHARIDACEAE, 495 + + Twiners; ovules and seeds one or two in each cell. + DIOSCOREACEAE, 517 + + Flowers perfect; ovules and seeds usually numerous. + + Stamens only one or two; flower irregular, gynandrous. + ORCHIDACEAE, 497 + + Stamens three. + + Anthers introrse, opening transversely. BURMANNIACEAE, 496 + + Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. + HAEMODORACEAE, 512 + + Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. IRIDACEAE, 513 + + Stamens 6; flowers usually on a scape from a bulb. + AMARYLLIDACEAE, 515 + +[2.] _Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary._ + + Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy; leaves often equitant. + HAEMODORACEAE, 512 + + Perianth smooth; the leaves grass-like. + Stenanthium, etc., in LILIACEAE, 517 + +[3.] _Perianth wholly free from the ovary._ + + Pistils numerous or few in a head or ring. ALISMACEAE, 553 + + Pistil one, compound (cells or placentae mostly 3). + + Perianth not glumaceous or chaffy; flowers not in dense heads. + + Stamens 6 (in Maianthemum 4), similar and perfect. + + Scurfy-leaved epiphyte; seeds hairy-tufted. BROMELIACEAE, 511 + + Marsh herbs; carpels nearly distinct or separating closed from + the axis; seed without albumen. Juncagineae, in NAIADACEAE, 557 + + Terrestrial, not rush-like; seeds with albumen. + + Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored. + LILIACEAE, 517 + + Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and 3 colored + withering-persistent petals. Trillium in LILIACEAE, 517 + + Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 ephemeral + deliquescent petals. COMMELINACEAE, 538 + + Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three with perfect anthers. + + Sepals 3, herbaceous; ephemeral petals 3, unequal. + COMMELINACEAE, 538 + + Perianth tubular, 6-lobed. PONTEDERIACEAE, 535 + + Stamens 3, similar. Moss-like aquatic. MAYACEAE, 537 + + Perianth wholly glumaceous, of 6 similar divisions. JUNCACEAE, 539 + + Perianth partly glumaceous or chaff-like; flowers in very dense + heads. Rush-like or aquatic. + + Flowers perfect; inner perianth of three yellow petals; perfect + stamens and plumose sterile filaments each 3; pod 1-celled, + many-seeded on 3 parietal placentae. XYRIDACEAE, 536 + + Flowers monoecious or dioecious, whitish-bearded; stamens 4 or 3; + pod 2--3-celled, 2--3-seeded. ERIOCAULEAE, 566 + +[C.] GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. _Flowers destitute of proper perianth, except +sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by scale-like bracts or +glumes._ + + Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. + CYPERACEAE, 567 + + Glumes in pairs, of two sorts. GRAMINEAE, 623 + + +CLASS III. CRYPTOGAMOUS ACROGENS. (See p. 17.) + +SUBCLASS I. PTERIDOPHYTES: with woody fibres and vessels. + + Spores of only one kind; spore-cases + + Borne beneath shield-shaped scales in a terminal spike; stems naked, + sheathed at the nodes. EQUISETACEAE, 675 + + On the back or margin of fronds circinate in vernation. + FILICES, 678 + + Bivalvular, in special spikes or panicles; fronds erect in + vernation, from short erect rootstocks. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 693 + + Solitary in the axils of leaves, 2--3-valved; low long-stemmed + moss-like evergreens; leaves small, in 4--16 ranks. + LYCOPODIACEAE, 695 + + Spores of two kinds, large and small; spore-cases + + Solitary in the axils of small 4-ranked leaves, or in the bases of + linear radical leaves. SELAGINELLACEAE, 697 + + Enclosed in peduncled sporocarps; leaves 4-foliolate. + MARSILIACEAE, 700 + + Sporocarps sessile beneath the stem; small, floating, pinnately + branched, with minute imbricate leaves. SALVINIACEAE, 701 + +SUBCLASS II. BRYOPHYTES: with cellular tissue only. [Capsules not +operculate, containing spores and usually elaters, in the following +Orders.] + + Capsule 4-valved, pedicellate; plants leafy-stemmed, rarely thallose. + JUNGERMANNIACEAE, 702 + + Capsule 2-valved or valveless; plants thallose. + + Thallus without epidermis; capsule with a columella, + short-pedicelled or sessile on the thallus. ANTHOCEROTACEAE, 726 + + Capsules borne beneath a pedunculate receptacle. MARCHANTIACEAE, 727 + + Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, indehiscent. + RICCIACEAE, 730 + + + + +ABBREVIATIONS + +OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS CITED IN THIS VOLUME. + + +_Adans._--Adanson, Michel. +_Ait._--Aiton, William. +_Ait. f._--Aiton, William Townsend. +_All._--Allioni, Carlo. +_Anders._--Andersson, Nils Johan. +_Arn._--Arnott, George A. Walker. +_Aust._--Austin, Coe Finch. +_Baldw._--Baldwin, William. +_Bart._--Barton, William P. C. +_Beauv._--Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J. +_Benth._--Bentham, George. +_Benth. & Hook._--G. Bentham and J. D. Hooker. +_Bernh._--Bernhardi, Johann Jacob. +_Bess._--Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von. +_Bieb._--Bieberstein, F. A. M. von. +_Bigel._--Bigelow, Jacob. +_Bisch._--Bischoff, Gottlieb Wilhelm. +_Boeckl._--Boeckeler, Otto. +_Boiss._--Boissier, Edmond. +_Borkh._--Borkhausen, M. B. +_Br., R. Br._--Brown, Robert. +_Britt._--Britton, Nathaniel Lord. +_Carr._--Carriere, Elie Abel. +_Carring._--Carrington, Benjamin. +_Cass._--Cassini, Henri. +_Cav._--Cavanilles, Antonio Jose. +_Cerv._--Cervantes, Vicente. +_Cham._--Chamisso, Adalbert von. +_Chapm._--Chapman, Alvan Wentworth. +_Chois._--Choisy, Jacques Denis. +_Clayt._--Clayton, John. +_Cogn._--Cogniaux, Alfred. +_Coult._--Coulter, John Merle. +_Darl., Darling._--Darlington, William. +_DC._--DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus. +_A. DC._--DeCandolle, Alphonse. +_Decsne._--Decaisne, Joseph. +_Desf._--Desfontaines, Rene Louiche. +_Desv._--Desvaux, Nicaise Augustin. +_Dicks._--Dickson, James. +_Dill._--Dillenius, Johan Jacob. +_Dougl._--Douglas, David. +_Dufr._--Dufresne, Pierre. +_Dumort._--Dumortier, Barthelemy C. +_Eat._--Eaton, Amos. +_Ehrh._--Ehrhart, Friedrich. +_Ell._--Elliott, Stephen. +_Endl._--Endlicher, Stephan L. +_Engelm._--Engelmann, George. +_Esch._--Eschscholtz, J. F. +_Fisch._--Fischer, F. E. Ludwig von. +_Foug._--Fougeroux, Auguste Denis. +_Forst._--Forster, J. R. and George. +_Froel._--Froelich, Joseph Aloys. +_Gaertn._--Gaertner, Joseph. +_Gaertn. f._--Gaertner, Carl Friedrich. +_Gal._--Galeotti, Henri. +_Gaud._--Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles. +_Gey._--Geyer, Charles (Carl Andreas). +_Ging._--Gingins de Lassaraz, F. C. J. +_Glox._--Gloxin, Benjamin Peter. +_Gmel._--Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb. +_Gooden._--Goodenough, Samuel. +_Grev._--Greville, Robert Kaye. +_Griseb._--Grisebach, Heinrich R. A. +_Gronov._--Gronovius, Jan Fredrik. +_Guss._--Gussone, Giovanni. +_Hack._--Hackel, Eduard. +_Hartm._--Hartman, Carl Johann. +_Hassk._--Hasskarl, Justus Carl. +_Hausskn._--Haussknecht, Carl. +_Haw._--Haworth, Adrian Hardy. +_HBK._--Humboldt, F. Alexander von, Aime Bonpland, and C. S. Kunth. +_Hegelm._--Hegelmaier, Friedrich. +_Herb._--Herbert, William. +_Hochst._--Hochstetter, Christian F. +_Hoffm._--Hoffman, Georg Franz. +_Holl._--Hollick, Arthur. +_Hook._--Hooker, William Jackson. +_Hook. f._--Hooker, Joseph Dalton. +_Hornem._--Hornemann, Jens Wilken. +_Huds._--Hudson, William. +_Huebn._--Huebener, J. W. P. +_Jacq._--Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph. +_Juss._--Jussieu, Antoine Laurent. +_A. Juss._--Jussieu, Adrien de. +_L., Linn._--Linnaeus, Carolus, or Carl von Linne. +_L. f._--Linne, Carl von (the son). +_L'Her._--L'Heritier de Brutelle, C. L. +_Lag._--Lagasca, Mariano. +_Lam._--Lamarck, J. B. A. P. Monnet. +_Ledeb._--Ledebour, Carl F. von. +_Lehm._--Lehmann, J. G. C. +_Less._--Lessing, Christian Friedrich. +_Light._--Lightfoot, John. +_Lindb._--Lindberg, Sextus Otto. +_Lindenb._--Lindenberg, Johann B. W. +_Lindl._--Lindley, John. +_Loisel._--Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J. L. A. +_Lour._--Loureiro, Juan. +_Marsh._--Marshall, Humphrey. +_Mart._--Martens, Martin. +_Maxim._--Maximowicz, Carl Johann. +_Medic._--Medicus, Friedrich Casimir. +_Meisn._--Meisner, Carl Friedrich. +_Mey._--Meyer, Ernst (Heinrich F.). +_Mich._--Micheli, Pier' Antonio. +_Michx._--Michaux, Andre. +_Michx. f._--Michaux, Francois Andre. +_Mill._--Miller, Philip. +_Mitch._--Mitchell, J. +_Mitt._--Mitten, William. +_Mont._--Montagne, (J. F.) Camille. +_Moq._--Moquin-Tandon, Alfred. +_Muell._--Mueller, Jean (of Aargau). +_Muhl._--Muhlenberg, Henry (H. Ernst). +_Murr._--Murray, Johann Andreas. +_Neck._--Necker, Noel Joseph de. +_Nutt._--Nuttall, Thomas. +_Pall._--Pallas, Peter Simon. +_Pers._--Persoon, Christian Hendrik. +_Planch._--Planchon, Jules Emile. +_Poir._--Poiret, Jean Louis Marie. +_Poll._--Pollich, Johann Adam. +_R. & S._--Roemer, J. J., and Joseph August Schultes. +_Raf._--Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. +_Reichenb._--Reichenbach, H. G. L. +_Richards._--Richardson, John. +_Roem._--Roemer, Johann Jacob. +_Rostk._--Rostkovius, F. W. G. +_Rottb._--Rottboell, Christen Fries. +_St. Hil._--St. Hilaire, Auguste de. +_Salisb._--Salisbury, Richard Anthony. +_Sartw._--Sartwell, Henry P. +_Sav._--Savi, Gaetano. +_Schlecht._--Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von. +_Schleich._--Schleicher, J. C. +_Schleid._--Schleiden, Matthias Jacob. +_Schrad._--Schrader, Heinrich A. +_Schreb._--Schreber, Johann C. D. +_Schum._--Schumacher, Christian F. +_Schwein._--Schweinitz, Lewis David de. +_Scop._--Scopoli, Johann Anton. +_Scribn._--Scribner, F. Lamson. +_Shuttlw._--Shuttleworth, Robert. +_Sibth._--Sibthorp, John. +_Sieb. & Zucc._--Siebold, P. F. von, and J. G. Zuccarini. +_Spreng._--Sprengel, Kurt. +_Steph._--Stephani, F. +_Steud._--Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb. +_Sulliv._--Sullivant, William Starling. +_Tayl._--Taylor, Thomas. +_Thuill._--Thuillier, Jean Louis. +_Thunb._--Thunberg, Carl Peter. +_Thurb._--Thurber, George. +_Torr._--Torrey, John. +_Tourn._--Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. +_Tratt._--Trattenick, Leopold. +_Tuckerm._--Tuckerman, Edward. +_Turcz._--Turczaninow, Nicolaus. +_Underw._--Underwood, Lucien M. +_Vaill._--Vaillant, Sebastien. +_Vent._--Ventenat, Etienne Pierre. +_Vill._--Villars, Dominique. +_Wahl._--Wahlenberg, George. +_Wahlb._--Wahlberg, Pehr Fredrik. +_Walp._--Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard. +_Walt._--Walter, Thomas. +_Wang._--Wangenheim, F. A. J. von. +_Web._--Weber, Friedrich. +_Wigg._--Wiggers, F. H. +_Willd._--Willdenow, Carl Ludwig. +_Wils._--Wilson, William. +_Wimm._--Wimmer, Friedrich. +_With._--Withering, William. +_Wormsk._--Wormskiold, M. von. +_Wr. (Eat. & Wr.)_--Wright, John. +_Wulf._--Wulfen, Franz Xaver. + + +SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. + + deg., ','' . The sign of degrees ( deg.) is used for feet; of minutes ('), for +inches; of seconds (''), for lines,--the line being the twelfth part of +an inch, and very nearly equivalent to two millimetres. + + mu. In microscopic measurements, the conventional sign for the +micromillimetre or the one-thousandth part of a millimetre = one +two-thousandth part of a line. + +[male] Bearing only stamens or antheridia. + +[female] Pistillate or bearing archegonia. + +? A mark of doubt. + +! A mark of affirmation or authentication. + +Figures or words separated by a short dash (--) indicate the extremes of +variation, as "5--10'' long, few--many-flowered," i.e. varying from 5 to +10 lines in length, and with from few to many flowers. + + + + + BOTANY + + OF THE + + NORTHERN UNITED STATES. + + + +SERIES I. + +PHAENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS. + +Vegetables bearing proper flowers, that is, having stamens and pistils, +and producing seeds, which contain an embryo. + + +CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS. + +Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a layer between +the other two, increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by +the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves +netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or rarely +several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts usually in fives or +fours. + + +SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERMAE. + +Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and forms +the fruit. Cotyledons only two. + + +DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. + +Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla; the petals not +united with each other. (Several genera or species belonging to +Polypetalous Orders are destitute of petals, or have them more or less +united.) + + +ORDER 1. RANUNCULACEAE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) + +_Herbs or some woody plants, with a colorless and usually acrid juice, +polypetalous, or apetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, +hypogynous; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few +(rarely single) pistils all distinct and unconnected._--Flowers regular +or irregular. Sepals 3--15. Petals 3--15, or wanting. Stamens +indefinite, rarely few. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenes), +or berries. Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended the rhaphe +dorsal), with hard albumen and a minute embryo.--Leaves often dissected, +their stalks dilated at the base, sometimes with stipule-like +appendages. (A large family, including some acrid-narcotic poisons.) + + +Synopsis of the Genera. + +Tribe I. CLEMATIDEAE. Sepals normally 4, petal-like, valvate in the bud, +or with the edges bent inward. Petals none, or small. Achenes numerous, +tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seed suspended.--Leaves all +opposite. + +1. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs. + +Tribe II. ANEMONEAE. Sepals 3--20, often petal-like, imbricated in the +bud. Stamens mostly numerous. Achenes numerous or several, in a head or +spike.--Herbs, never climbing; leaves alternate, or radical, the upper +sometimes opposite or whorled. + +[*] Petals none (rarely some staminodia). Seed suspended. + +[+] All but the lower leaves opposite or whorled. Peduncles 1-flowered. + +2. Anemone. Involucre leaf-like, remote from the flower. Leaves compound +or dissected. Pistils very many. + +3. Hepatica. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 oval bracts, +calyx-like. Leaves radical, simple and lobed. Pistils several. + +4. Anemonella. Stigma terminal, broad and flat. Radical leaves and +involucre compound. Peduncles umbellate. Achenes 4--15, many-ribbed. + +[+][+] Leaves alternate, compound. Flowers panicled, often dioecious. + +5. Thalictrum. Sepals usually 4, petal-like or greenish, Achenes few. + +[*][*] Petals none. Sepals 3--5, caducous. Seed erect. Leaves alternate. + +6. Trautvetteria. Achenes numerous, inflated, 4-angled. Flowers +corymbose. Filaments white, clavate. + +[*][*][*] Petals evident. Sepals usually 5. Achenes many. + +7. Adonis. Sepals and petals (5--16, crimson or scarlet) flat, +unappendaged. Seed suspended. + +8. Myosurus. Sepals spurred. Petals 5, white. Achenes in a long spike. +Scapes 1-flowered. Seed suspended. + +9. Ranunculus. Petals 5, yellow or white, with a scale or gland at base. +Achenes capitate. Seed erect. + +Tribe III. HELLEBOREAE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, rarely persistent, +petal-like. Petals often nectariferous or reduced to staminodia or +none. Pods (follicles) or berries (in n. 20, 21) few, rarely single, +few--many-seeded.--Leaves alternate. + +[*] Ovules and commonly seeds more than one pair. Herbs. + +[+] Flowers regular, not racemose. Petals inconspicuous nectaries or +slender or none. Sepals tardily deciduous. + +10. Isopyrum. Petals none. Sepals broad, white. Pods few. Leaves +compound. + +11. Caltha. Petals none. Sepals broad, yellow. Leaves kidney-shaped, +undivided. + +12. Trollius. Petals 5--20, narrow, pitted above the base. Pods sessile. +Leaves palmately lobed. + +13. Coptis. Petals 5--6, small, hollowed at apex, white. Pods +long-stalked. Leaves radical, trifoliolate. + +14. Helleborus. Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals 5, broad, +persistent and turning green. Pods sessile. + +15. Eranthis. Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. Sepals 5--8, narrow, +deciduous. Flower solitary, involucrate. + +[+][+] Sepals and large spur-shaped petals regular, each 5. + +16. Aquilegia. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Leaves ternately +compound. + +[+][+][+] Flowers unsymmetrical and irregular. Sepals 5. + +17. Delphinium. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms; the upper +pair with long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx. + +18. Aconitum. Upper sepal hooded, covering the two long-clawed small +petals. + +[+][+][+][+] Flowers regular, racemose. Sepals caducous. Petals very +small, stamen-like, or none. Leaves decompound. + +19. Cimicifuga. Flowers in long often paniculate racemes. Pistils 1--8, +becoming many-seeded pods. + +20. Actaea. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a +many-seeded berry. + +[*][*] Ovules a single pair. Flowers regular. Roots yellow and bitter. + +21. Hydrastis. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, petal-like, caducous. Petals +none. Stamens numerous. Pistils several, becoming 2-seeded berries. +Leaves simple, lobed. + +22. Xanthorrhiza. Flowers in compound racemes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, +small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens 5--10. Pods 1-seeded. Shrub with +pinnate leaves. + + +1. CLEMATIS, L. VIRGIN'S-BOWER. + +Sepals 4, or rarely more, colored, the valvate margins turned inward in +the bud. Petals none or small. Achenes numerous in a head, bearing the +persistent styles as naked, hairy, or plumose tails.--Perennial herbs or +vines, mostly a little woody, and climbing by the bending or clasping of +the leaf-stalks, rarely low and erect. Leaves opposite. ([Greek: +Klemati/s], a name of Dioscorides for a climbing plant with long and +lithe branches.) + +Sec. 1. FLAMMULA. _Flowers cymose-paniculate, rather small, in our species +dioecious. Sepals petaloid, whitish, spreading, thin. Petals none. +Anthers short, blunt._ + +1. C. Virginiana, L. (COMMON VIRGIN'S-BOWER.) Smooth; leaves bearing 3 +ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped +at the base; tails of the fruit plumose.--River-banks, etc., common; +climbing over shrubs. July, August. + +2. C. ligusticifolia, Nutt. Very similar, but the leaves 5-foliolate or +quinate-ternate.--Long Pine, Neb., and west to the Pacific. + +Sec. 2. VIORNA. _Flowers large, solitary on long peduncles, usually +nodding. Sepals thick, erect and connivent at base, mostly dull purple. +Petals none. Anthers linear._ + +[+] _Stems climbing; leaves pinnate; calyx (and foliage) glabrous or +puberulent._ + +3. C. Viorna, L. (LEATHER-FLOWER.) Calyx ovate and at length +bell-shaped; the purplish _sepals_ (1' long) _very thick and leathery, +wholly connivent_ or only the tips recurved; long tails of the _fruit +very plumose_; leaflets 3--7, ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly +cordate, 2--3-lobed or entire; uppermost leaves often simple.--Rich +soil, Penn. to Mo., and southward. May--Aug. + +4. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Calyx bell-shaped; the dull purplish +_sepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points; tails of the +fruit filiform and naked or shortly villous_; leaflets 3--9, ovate or +somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lobed, much reticulated; uppermost leaves +often simple.--S. Ind. to Kan., and Tex. June. + +5. C. crispa, L. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of the +bluish-purple _sepals_ (1--2' long) _dilated_ and widely spreading, with +_broad and wavy thin margins; tails of the fruit silky_ or glabrate; +leaflets 5--9, thin, varying from ovate or cordate to lanceolate, entire +or 3--5-parted. (C. cylindrica, _Sims._)--Va. near Norfolk, and +southward. May--Aug. + +[+][+] _Low and erect, mostly simple; flowers solitary, terminal; leaves +sessile or nearly so, undivided, strongly reticulated._ + +6. C. ochroleuca, Ait. Leaves ovate, entire or sometimes 3-lobed, silky +beneath; peduncles long; tails of the fruit very plumose.--Copses, Long +Island to Penn. and Ga.; rare. May. + +7. C. Fremonti, Watson. Leaves crowded, thick, often coarsely toothed, +sparingly villous-tomentose; peduncles very short; tails villous or +glabrate, not plumose.--Mo. and Kan. + +Sec. 3. ATRAGENE. _Some of the outer filaments enlarged and more or less +petaloid; peduncles bearing single large flowers; the thin sepals widely +spreading._ + +8. C. verticillaris, DC. Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous; leaves +trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles; leaflets ovate +or slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire, or sparingly toothed or +lobed; flower bluish-purple, 2--3' across; tails of the fruit +plumose.--Rocky places in mountainous districts, Maine and W. New Eng. +to Va., Minn., and northwestward; rare. May.--A pair of leaves with a +peduncle between them, developed in spring from each of the opposite +buds, gives the appearance of a whorl, whence the specific name. + + +2. ANEMONE, Tourn. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER. + +Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in n. 1 resembling +abortive stamens. Achenes pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed +suspended.--Perennial herbs with radical leaves; those of the stem 2 or +3 together, opposite or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from +the flower; peduncles 1-flowered, solitary or umbellate. (The ancient +Greek and Latin name, from [Greek: a)nemo/o], to be shaken by the wind.) + +Sec. 1. PULSATILLA. _Carpels numerous in a head, with long hairy styles +which in fruit form feathery tails, as in_ Clematis; _flower large, +usually with some minute or indistinct gland-like abortive stamens +answering to petals._ + +1. A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, Gray. (PASQUE-FLOWER.) Villous with +long silky hairs; peduncle solitary; flower erect, developed before the +leaves, which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the +middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft +into narrowly linear and acute lobes; lobes of the sessile involucre +like those of the leaves, at the base all united into a shallow cup; +sepals 5--7, purplish or whitish (1--11/2' long), spreading when in full +anthesis.--Prairies, Ill. and Mo., thence northward and westward. +March--April.--A span high. Tail of carpels 2' long. (Eu. Siberia.) + +Sec. 2. ANEMONE proper. _Styles short, not plumose. Staminodia none._ + +[*] _Achenes densely long-woolly, compressed; involucre far below the +flower._ + +[+] _Stem single, from a small tuber; sepals 10--20; style filiform._ + +2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Stem 3--6' high; root-leaves once or twice +3-parted or cleft; involucre 3-parted, its wedge-shaped divisions +3-cleft; sepals 10--20, oblong-linear, purple or whitish; head of fruit +oblong.--Ill. to Neb. and southward. May. + +[+][+] _Stems several; sepals 5--8; style filiform._ + +3. A. parviflora, Michx. Stem 3--12' high from a slender rootstock, +1-flowered; root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisions +crenate-incised or lobed; involucre 2--3-leaved; sepals 5 or 6, oval, +white; head of fruit globular.--Lake Superior, northward and westward. +May, June. + +4. A. multifida, DC. Stems from a branching caudex, silky-hairy (6--12' +high); principal involucre 2--3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two +2-leaved peduncles; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to +the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions +linear; sepals obtuse, red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish; head +of fruit spherical or oval.--Rocks, etc., N. E. Maine to Lake Superior, +north and westward; rare. June. + +[+][+][+] _Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more +peduncles; involucral leaves long-petioled; sepals 5--8, silky or downy +beneath (4--6'' long), oval or oblong; style subulate._ + +5. A. cylindrica, Gray. (LONG-FRUITED A.) Slender (2 deg. high), +silky-pubescent; flowers 2--6, on very long upright _naked peduncles_; +involucral leaves twice or thrice as many as the peduncles, 3-divided; +their divisions _wedge-lanceolate_, the lateral 2-parted, the middle +3-cleft; lobes cut and toothed at the apex; _sepals 5, rather obtuse_, +greenish-white; _head of fruit cylindrical_ (1' long).--Dry woods, N. +Eng. to Mo., and northwestward. May.--Peduncles 7--12' long, all from +the same involucre and naked throughout, or one involucellate in the +middle. + +6. A. Virginiana, L. More loosely pubescent or glabrate; involucral +leaves 3, 3-parted; their _divisions ovate-lanceolate_, pointed, +cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; peduncles +elongated, the earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at +the middle, repeatedly proliferous; _sepals 5_, _acute_, greenish (in +one variety white and obtuse); _head of fruit oval or oblong_.--Woods +and meadows; common. June--August.--Plant 2--3 deg. high; the upright +peduncles 6--12' long. + +[*][*] _Achenes naked, orbicular, compressed, wing-margined; sepals 5, +obovate; involucre sessile._ + +7. A. Pennsylvanica, L. Hairy, rather low; primary involucre 3-leaved, +bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with +a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn; +their leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and toothed; radical +leaves 5--7-parted or cleft; sepals white (6--9'' long); head of fruit +spherical.--W. New Eng. to Penn., Ill., and northwestward. June--Aug. + +[*][*][*] _Achenes rather few, nearly naked, ovate-oblong; stems +slender, 1-flowered; leaves radical._ + +8. A. nemorosa, L. (WIND-FLOWER. WOOD A.) Low, smoothish; stem perfectly +simple, from a filiform rootstock; _involucre of 3 long-petioled +trifoliolate_ leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, and toothed +or cut, or the lateral ones (var. QUINQUEFOLIA) 2-parted; a similar +radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from the rootstock; peduncle not +longer than the involucre; sepals 4--7, oval, white, sometimes blue, or +tinged with purple outside; carpels only 15--20, oblong, with a hooked +beak.--Margin of woods. April, May.--A delicate vernal species; the +flower 1' broad. (Eu.) + +9. A. nudicaulis, Gray. Glabrous, rootstock filiform; radical leaves +reniform, 3-parted, the divisions broadly cuneate with rounded +crenate-incised or -lobed summit; involucre of a single similar +petiolate leaf or wanting; achenes glabrous, tipped with a +slender-subulate hooked style.--North shore of Lake Superior near Sand +Bay, Minn., in bogs. (_Joseph C. Jones._) Imperfectly known. + + +3. HEPATICA, Dill. LIVER-LEAF. HEPATICA. + +Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to +resemble a calyx; otherwise as in Anemone.--Leaves all radical, +heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter, +the new ones appearing later than the flowers, which are single, on +hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape +of the leaves.) + +1. H. triloba, Chaix. Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes; those +of the involucre also obtuse; sepals 6--12, blue, purplish, or nearly +white; achenes several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed, +hairy.--Woods; common from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and northward, +flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. (Eu.) + +2. H. acutiloba, DC. Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes +5-lobed; those of the involucre acute or acutish.--Passes into the other +and has the same range. + + +4. ANEMONELLA, Spach. + +Involucre compound, at the base of an umbel of flowers. Sepals 5--10, +white and conspicuous. Petals none. Achenes 4--15, ovoid, terete, +strongly 8--10-ribbed, sessile. Stigma terminal, broad and +depressed.--Low glabrous perennial; leaves all radical, compound. + +1. A. thalictroides, Spach. (RUE-ANEMONE.) Stem and slender petiole of +radical leaf (a span high) rising from a cluster of thickened tuberous +roots; leaves 2--3-ternately compound; leaflets roundish, somewhat +3-lobed at the end, cordate at the base, long-petiolulate, those of the +2--3-leaved 1--2-ternate involucre similar; flowers several in an umbel; +sepals oval (1/2' long, rarely pinkish), not early deciduous. (Thalictrum +anemonoides, _Michx._)--Woods, common, flowering in early spring with +Anemone nemorosa, and considerably resembling it. Rarely the sepals are +3-lobed like the leaflets. + + +5. THALICTRUM, Tourn. MEADOW-RUE. + +Sepals 4--5, petal-like or greenish, usually caducous. Petals none. +Achenes 4--15, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Stigma unilateral. +Seed suspended.--Perennials, with alternate 2--3-ternately compound +leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked; petioles dilated at +base. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous or dioecious. +(Derivation obscure.) + +[*] _Flowers dioecious or sometimes polygamous, in ample panicles; +filaments slender; stigmas elongated, linear or subulate; achenes +sessile or short-stipitate, ovoid, pointed, strongly several-angled and +grooved._ + +1. T. dioicum, L. (EARLY MEADOW-RUE.) Smooth and pale or glaucous, 1--2 deg. +high; leaves (2--3) all with general petioles; leaflets drooping, +rounded and 3--7-lobed; flowers purplish and greenish, dioecious; the +yellowish anthers linear, mucronate, drooping on fine capillary +filaments.--Rocky woods, etc.; common. April, May. + +2. T. polygamum, Muhl. (TALL M.) Smooth, not glandular, 4--8 deg. high; +stem-leaves sessile; leaflets rather firm, roundish to oblong, commonly +with mucronate lobes or tips, sometimes puberulent beneath; panicles +very compound; flowers white, the fertile ones with some stamens; +anthers not drooping, small, oblong, blunt, the mostly white filaments +decidedly thickened upwards. (T. Cornuti, _Man._, not _L._)--Wet meadows +and along rivulets, N. Eng. to Ohio and southward; common. July--Sept. + +3. T. purpurascens, L. (PURPLISH M.) Stem (2--4 deg. high) usually purplish; +stem-leaves sessile or nearly so; leaflets more veiny and reticulated +beneath, with or without gland-tipped or glandless hairs or waxy atoms; +panicles compound; flowers (sepals, filaments, etc.) greenish and +purplish, dioecious; anthers linear or oblong-linear, mucronulate, +drooping on capillary filaments occasionally broadened at the +summit.--Dry uplands and rocky hills, S. New Eng. to Minn., and +southward. May, June. + +[*][*] _Flowers all perfect, corymbed; the filaments strongly +club-shaped or inflated under the small and short anther; stigma short; +achenes gibbous, long-stipitate._ + +4. T. clavatum, DC. Size and appearance of n. 1; leaves only twice +ternate; flowers white, fewer; achenes 5--10, flat, somewhat +crescent-shaped, tapering into the slender stipe.--Mountains of Va. and +southward. June. + + +6. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Mey. FALSE BUGBANE. + +Sepals 3--5, usually 4, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. +Achenes numerous, capitate, membranaceous, compressed-4-angled and +inflated. Seed erect.--A perennial herb, with alternate palmately-lobed +leaves, and corymbose white flowers. (For _Prof. Trautvetter_, a Russian +botanist.) + +1. T. palmata, Fisch. & Mey. Stems 2--3 deg. high; root-leaves large, +5--11-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut.--Moist ground along streamlets, +Md. to S. Ind., and south to Ga. + + +7. ADONIS, Dill. + +Sepals and petals (5--16) flat, unappendaged, deciduous. Achenes +numerous, in a head, rugose-reticulated. Seed suspended.--Herbs with +finely dissected alternate leaves and showy flowers. ([Greek: A)/donis], +a favorite of Venus, after his death changed into a flower.) + +A. AUTUMNALIS, L. A low leafy annual, with scarlet or crimson flowers, +darker in the centre.--Sparingly naturalized from Europe. + + +8. MYOSURUS, Dill. MOUSE-TAIL. + +Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a +slender claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens +5--20. Achenes numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and +slender spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from [Greek: my~s], _a +mouse_, and [Greek: ou)ra/], _a tail_), the seed suspended.--Little +annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate root-leaves, and naked +1-flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish. + +1. M. minimus, L. Fruiting spike 1--2' long; achenes quadrate, +blunt.--Alluvial ground, Ill. and Ky., thence south and west. (Eu.) + + +9. RANUNCULUS, Tourn. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP. + +Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. +Achenes numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed; the seed +erect.--Annuals or perennials; stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary +or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely +only 3, the latter often more than 5. Stamens occasionally few.)--(A +Latin name for a little frog; applied by Pliny to these plants, the +aquatic species growing where frogs abound.) + +R. FICARIA, L. (representing the Sec. _Ficaria_), which has +tuberous-thickened roots, Caltha-like leaves, and scape-like peduncles +bearing a 3-sepalous and 8--9-petalous yellow flower, has been found as +an escape from gardens about New York and Philadelphia. + +Sec. 1. BATRACHIUM. _Petals with a spot or naked pit at base, white, or +only the claw yellow; achenes marginless, transversely wrinkled; aquatic +or subaquatic perennials, with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected +(mostly by threes) into capillary divisions; peduncles 1-flowered, +opposite the leaves._ + +[*] _Receptacle hairy._ + +1. R. circinatus, Sibth. (STIFF WATER-CROWFOOT.) _Leaves_ all under +water and _sessile_, with broad conspicuous stipules, the divisions and +subdivisions short, spreading in one roundish plane, _rigid, not +collapsing when withdrawn from the water_. (R. divaricatus, _Man._, not +_Schrank_.)--Ponds and slow streams, Maine and Vt., to Iowa, north and +westward, much rarer than the next. June--Aug. (Eu.) + +2. R. aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Gray. (COMMON WHITE +WATER-CROWFOOT.) _Leaves_ all under water and mostly _petioled_, their +capillary divisions and subdivisions _rather long and soft, usually +collapsing more or less when withdrawn from the water_; petiole rather +narrowly dilated.--Common, especially in slow-flowing waters, the +eastern form with more soft and flaccid leaves. June--Aug. (Eu.) + +Var. caespitosus, DC. A dwarf terrestrial form, rooting at the nodes, the +small leaves somewhat fleshy, with broader rigid divisions.--S. Ill. +(_Schneck_), and westward. + +[*][*] _Receptacle glabrous; no submersed leaves._ + +R. HEDERACEUS, L. Rooting freely in shallow water; leaves all reniform, +angulate-lobed.--Fresh-water marshes at Norfolk, Va. (Nat. from Eu.) + +Sec. 2. HALODES. _Petals yellow, with nectariferous pit and scale; carpels +thin-walled, striate, in an oblong head; scapose, spreading by runners._ + +3. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. (SEA-SIDE CROWFOOT.) Glabrous; scapes 1--6' +high, 1--7-flowered; leaves clustered at the root and on the joints of +the long rooting runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, +crenate, rather fleshy, long-petioled; petals 5--8.--Sandy shores, from +New Jersey northward, and along the Great Lakes to Ill., Kan. and +westward; also at salt springs. June--Aug. + +Sec. 3. RANUNCULUS proper. _Petals with a little scale at the base, yellow; +achenes nerveless._ + +[*] _Achenes smooth; mostly perennial._ + +[+] _Aquatic; immersed leaves filiformly dissected, as in_ Sec. Batrachium. + +4. R. multifidus, Pursh. (YELLOW WATER-CROWFOOT.) Stems floating or +immersed, with the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform +divisions, or sometimes creeping in the mud (perennial by rooting from +the nodes, if at all); emersed leaves with shorter and linear or +wedge-shaped divisions, or else kidney-shaped and sparingly lobed or +toothed; petals 5--8, deep bright yellow, 4--6'' long, much larger than +the calyx; carpels in a round head, pointed with a straight beak.--E. +New Eng. to S. Penn., Mo., and northward. May--July.--Out of water it is +often pubescent, especially in + +Var. terrestris, Gray. Stem rooting in the mud or ascending from the +base; leaves all smaller, coarsely dissected, round-reniform in outline; +flowers and fruit twice or thrice smaller.--N. Ohio to N. Ill., Minn., +and westward. + +[+][+] _Terrestrial but growinq in very wet places, glabrous or nearly +so; leaves entire or barely toothed, all or else all but the lowest +lanceolate or linear; carpels forming a globular head._ (SPEARWORT.) + +5. R. ambigens, Watson. (WATER PLANTAIN SPEARWORT.) Stems ascending +(1--2 deg. high), often rooting from the lower joints; leaves lanceolate or +the lowest oblong, mostly denticulate (3--5' long), contracted into a +margined half-clasping petiole; petals 5--7, bright yellow, oblong +(2--3'' long); _carpels flattened, large_ (1'' long), _pointed with a +long narrow-subulate beak_. (R. alismaefolius, _Man._, not _Gey._)--N. +Eng. to Ont., Minn. and southward; common, especially at the north. +June--Aug. + +6. R. Flammula, L. (SMALLER SPEARWORT.) Stem reclining or ascending, +rooting below, leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest ovate-oblong +to lanceolate, entire or nearly so, mostly petioled (1--2' long), petals +5--7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow, _carpels small, +flattish but turgid, mucronate with a short abrupt point_.--Only a small +form (var. INTERMEDIUS) met with in this country (shore of L. Ontario, +and northward), a span high, with flowers 3--5'' in diameter, passing +into + +Var. reptans, E. Meyer. (CREEPING S.) Small, slender, the _filiform +creeping stems rooting at all the joints_; leaves linear, spatulate, or +oblong (1/4--1' long); flowers small.--Gravelly or sandy banks; Newf. to +Penn., north and westward. June--Sept. (Eu.) + +7. R. oblongifolius, Ell. Usually annual; stem erect or ascending, often +pubescent below, slender (1--2 deg. high), _diffusely branched above and +many-flowered; leaves serrate or denticulate_, lower long-petioled, +ovate or oblong (1/2--11/2' long), uppermost linear; flowers 3--5'' broad; +_petals_ 5, bright yellow, 1--3'' long; _carpels_ minute, almost +_globular_, the small style deciduous.--Wet prairies, Ill., Mo., and in +S. States. June. + +8. R. pusillus, Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (6--18' +long); _leaves entire_ or obscurely denticulate, the lowest round-ovate +or heart-shaped (1/2' long), long-petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate +(1--11/2' long); _flowers very small; petals 1--5, yellowish_; stamens +3--10; carpels very turgid, smooth or slightly papillose, tipped with a +minute sessile stigma.--Wet places, S. New York, and southward along the +coast. June--Aug. + +[+][+][+] _Terrestrial, but often in wet places; leaves mostly cleft or +divided._ + +[++] _Root-leaves not divided to the very base; achenes marginless._ + +9. R. affinis, R. Br. Somewhat hairy or glabrous; low or slender, 1 deg. +high or less; leaves pedately cleft, the cauline with linear or narrow +oblanceolate divisions; petals light yellow, 3--4'' long or smaller; +_heads oblong; achenes turgid_, with small and mostly recurved style, +pubescent or glabrous.--And var. VALIDUS, Gray, stouter and with more +fleshy leaves, the lower mostly undivided and roundish, cordate, +truncate or cuneate at base, coarsely crenate or more or less +cleft.--Minn., Iowa, north and westward. + +10. R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Low (3--8' high), _hairy; root-leaves +roundish or rhombic-ovate_, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate; +lowest stem-leaves similar or 3--5-lobed, the upper 3--5-parted, almost +sessile, the lobes linear; _carpels_ orbicular _with a minute beak_, in +a globose head; _petals large_, deep yellow.--Prairies, Mich. to N. +Ill., Minn., and northward. April, May. + +11. R. abortivus, L. (SMALL-FLOWERED C.) Biennial, _glabrous_, +branching, 6'--2 deg. high; primary _root-leaves round heart-shaped or +kidney-form_, barely crenate, the succeeding often 3-lobed or 3-parted; +those of the stem and branches 3--5-parted or divided, subsessile, the +divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-form, mostly toothed; head globose; +_carpels mucronate, with a minute curved beak; petals pale yellow, +shorter than the small reflexed calyx_.--Shady hillsides and along +brooks, common. April--June. + +Var. micranthus, Gray. _Pubescent_, roots often fusiform-thickened; +root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped, some 3-parted or 3-divided; +peduncles more slender and carpels fewer.--E. Mass. to Ill., Minn., and +westward. + +12. R. sceleratus, L. (CURSED C.) Annual, glabrous; _root-leaves +3-lobed_, rounded; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut +and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear +and nearly entire; _carpels barely mucronulate_, very numerous, _in +oblong or cylindrical heads; petals scarcely exceeding the +calyx_.--Wet ditches; appearing as if introduced. June--Aug.--Stem thick +and hollow, 1 deg. high; juice acrid and blistering; leaves thickish; +flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.) + +[++][++] _Leaves variously cleft or divided; achenes in globular heads +(except n. 17), compressed, with an evident firm margin; hirsute or +pubescent._ + +[=] _Achenes with long recurved beak; root-leaves rarely divided._ + +13. R. recurvatus, Poir. (HOOKED C.) Hirsute, 1--2 deg. high; leaves of the +root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large; the +lobes broadly wedge-shaped, 2--3-cleft, cut and toothed toward the apex; +petals shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale.--Woods, common. May, June. + +[=][=] _Style long and attenuate, stigmatose at the tip, persistent or +the upper part usually deciduous; early root-leaves only 3-parted, the +later 3--5-foliolate; petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx +(except n. 18)._ + +14. R. fascicularis, Muhl. (EARLY C.) Low, ascending, 5--9' high, +pubescent with close-pressed silky hairs; _root a cluster of thickened +fleshy fibres; radical leaves appearing pinnate_, the long-stalked +terminal division remote from the sessile lateral ones, itself +3--5-divided or parted and 3--5-cleft, the lobes oblong or linear; +petals often 6 or 7, spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spreading +calyx; _carpels scarcely margined_, tipped with a slender straight or +rather curved beak.--Dry or moist hills. April, May. + +15. R. septentrionalis, Poir. Low, hairy or nearly glabrous; _stems +ascending, or in wet ground some of them procumbent or forming long +runners_; leaves 3-divided, the divisions all stalked (or at least the +terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or +parted and variously cut, never pinnately compound; petals obovate, much +larger than the spreading calyx; _carpels strongly margined_, pointed by +a stout straightish beak. (R. repens, of _Manual_, mainly.)--Moist or +shady places, etc., May--Aug.--Extremely variable in size and foliage, +commencing to flower by upright stems in spring before any long runners +are formed. + +[=][=][=] _Style subulate, stigmatose along the inner margin, mostly +persistent._ + +16. R. repens, L. In habit and foliage closely similar to the last +species; leaves frequently white-variegated or spotted; commencing to +flower somewhat later.--In low grounds; generally in waste grounds near +the coast and probably introduced from Europe, but indigenous westward. + +17. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. f. (BRISTLY C.) Stout and erect from a usually +annual root, hirsute with widely spreading bristly hairs, leafy to the +top, 1--2 deg. high; leaves all ternately divided or compound, the stalked +leaflets unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute; flowers +inconspicuous; calyx reflexed; head of carpels oblong.--Wet places, +common. June--Aug. + +18. R. hispidus, Hook. (not Michx. or DC.). Resembling the last, but the +ascending or reclining stems few-leaved, rarely if ever rooting, not +always hirsute; petals (about 3'' long) surpassing the hardly reflexed +and soon deciduous calyx; achenes with a stout straight beak, in a +globose or oval head.--On the northern shore of Lake Superior, and north +and westward; probably in N. Minn. + +R. BULBOSUS, L. (BULBOUS C. or BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy; _stem erect from a +bulb-like base_, 1 deg. high; radical leaves 3-divided; _the lateral +divisions sessile, the terminal stalked_ and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, +cleft and toothed; peduncles furrowed; petals round, wedge shaped at +base; calyx reflexed; carpels tipped with a very short beak.--Fields; +very abundant only in E. New England; rare westward. May--July.--Leaves +appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the +corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.) + +R. ACRIS, L. (TALL C. or BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy; stem erect (2--3 deg. high); +leaves 3-divided; _the divisions all sessile_ and 3-cleft or parted, +their segments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes; peduncles +not furrowed; petals obovate, much longer than the spreading +calyx.--Fields; common, especially eastward. June--Aug.--Flower nearly +as large as the last, but not so deep yellow.--The _Buttercups_ are +avoided by cattle, on account of their very acrid or even blistering +juice, which property, however, is dissipated in drying when these +plants are cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Achenes beset with rough points or small prickles; annuals._ + +R. MURICATUS, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reniform, +3-lobed, coarsely crenate; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base; +_petals longer than the calyx; carpels flat, spiny-tuberculate_ on the +sides, strongly beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth +margin.--Eastern Virginia and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) + +R. PARVIFLORUS, L. Hairy, slender and diffuse; lower leaves +roundish-cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut; the upper +3--5-parted; _petals not longer than the calyx; carpels minutely hispid +and rough_, beaked, narrowly margined.--Norfolk, Va., and southward. +(Nat. from Eu.) + + +10. ISOPYRUM, L. + +Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the +American species. Stamens 10--40. Pistils 3--6 or more, pointed with the +styles. Pods ovate or oblong, 2--several-seeded.--Slender smooth +perennial herbs, with 2--3-ternately compound leaves; the leaflets +2--3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal, white. (From [Greek: +i)so/pyron], the ancient name of a Fumaria.) + +1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; filaments white, +club-shaped; pistils 3--6 (commonly 4), divaricate in fruit, +2--3-seeded; seeds smooth.--Moist shady places, Ohio to Minn. and +southward. May.--Fibres of the root thickened here and there into little +tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much as in Anemonella. + + +11. CALTHA, L. MARSH MARIGOLD. + +Sepals 5--9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5--10, with scarcely any +styles. Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded.--Glabrous +perennials, with round and heart-shaped or kidney-form, large, undivided +leaves. (An ancient Latin name for the common Marigold.) + +1. C. palustris, L. Stem hollow, furrowed; leaves round or +kidney-shaped, either crenate or dentate or nearly entire; sepals +broadly oval (bright yellow).--Swamps and wet meadows, common northward. +April, May.--Often called incorrectly _Cowslips_; used as a pot-herb in +spring, when coming into flower. C. FLABELLIFOLIA, Pursh, is a weak +slender form, with open-reniform leaves and smaller flowers (1' broad or +less), occurring in cold mountain springs, N. Y. to Md. (Eu.) + + +12. TROLLIUS, L. GLOBE-FLOWER. + +Sepals 5--15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1-lipped, the +concavity near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, +sessile, many-seeded.--Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut +leaves, like Ranunculus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name +thought to be derived from the old German word _troll_, a globe, or +something round.) + +1. T. laxus, Salisb. (SPREADING GLOBE-FLOWER.) Leaves 5--7-parted; +sepals 5--6, spreading; petals 15--25, inconspicuous, much shorter than +the stamens.--Deep swamps, N. H. to Del. and Mich. May.--Flowers twice +the size of the common Buttercup; the sepals spreading, so that the name +is not appropriate, as it is to the _European Globe-flower_ of the +gardens, nor is the blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow, or nearly +white. + + +13. COPTIS, Salisb. GOLDTHREAD. + +Sepals 5--7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5--7, small, club-shaped, +hollow at the apex. Stamens 15--25. Pistils 3--7, on slender stalks. +Pods divergent, membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4--8-seeded.--Low +smooth perennials, with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white +flowers on scapes. (Name from [Greek: ko/pto], _to cut_, alluding to the +divided leaves.) + +1. C. trifolia, Salisb. (THREE-LEAVED GOLDTHREAD.) Leaflets 3, +obovate-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed, scape +1-flowered.--Bogs, abundant northward, extending south to Maryland along +the mountains, and west to Iowa. May.--Root of long, bright yellow, +bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen, shining. Scape naked, slender, 3--5' +high. (Eu.) + + +14. HELLEBORUS, Tourn. HELLEBORE. + +Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8--10, very small, +tubular, 2-lipped. Pistils 3--10, sessile, forming coriaceous +many-seeded pods.--Perennial herbs, with ample palmate or pedate leaves, +and large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (An ancient name of +unknown meaning.) + +H. VIRIDIS, L. (GREEN HELLEBORE.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate; calyx +spreading, greenish.--Has been found wild on Long Island, in Penn., and +W. Va. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +15. ERANTHIS, Salisb. WINTER ACONITE. + +Sepals 5--8, petal-like, deciduous. Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. +Carpels few, stipitate, several-seeded.--Perennial herbs, with palmately +multifid radical leaves, the scape bearing a single large yellow flower +surrounded by an involucre of a single leaf. (Name from [Greek: e)~r], +_spring_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_.) + +E. HYEMALIS, Salisb. Dwarf; flowers cup-shaped, 11/2' in diameter; petals +shorter than the stamens.--Near Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +16. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. COLUMBINE. + +Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a +short spreading lip, produced backward into large hollow spurs, much +longer than the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, +many-seeded.--Perennials, with 2--3-ternately compound leaves, the +leaflets lobed. Flowers large and showy, terminating the branches. (Name +from _aquilegus_, water-drawing.) + +1. A. Canadensis, L. (WILD COLUMBINE.) Spurs nearly straight; stamens +and styles longer than the ovate sepals.--Rocks, common. +April--June.--Flowers 2' long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all +over), nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk becomes +upright in fruit. + +2. A. brevistyla, Hook. Flowers small, blue or purplish or nearly white; +spurs incurved.--Red River valley, Dak.; Rocky Mts., northward. + +A. VULGARIS, L., the common GARDEN COLUMBINE, of Europe, with hooked +spurs, is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places. + + +17. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. LARKSPUR. + +Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like; the upper one prolonged into a spur at +the base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backward into +long spurs which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx, the lower pair +with short claws; rarely only 2, united into one. Pistils 1--5, forming +many-seeded pods in fruit.--Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in +terminal racemes. (Name from _Delphin_, in allusion to the shape of the +flower, which is sometimes not unlike the classical figures of the +dolphin.) + +[*] _Perennials, indigenous; pistils 3._ + +1. D. exaltatum, Ait. (TALL LARKSPUR.) Stem slender, 2--5 deg. high; leaves +deeply 3--5-cleft, the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, 3-cleft +at the apex, acute; _racemes wand-like_, panicled, _many-flowered_; +flowers purplish-blue, downy; spur straight; _pods erect_.--Rich soil, +Penn. to Minn. and southward. July. + +2. D. tricorne, Michx. (DWARF L.) Leaves deeply 5-parted, their +divisions unequally 3--5-cleft; the lobes linear, acutish; _raceme +few-flowered, loose_; spur straightish, ascending; _pods strongly +diverging_.--W. Penn. to Minn. and southward. April, May.--Root a +tuberous cluster. Stem simple, 6'--3 deg. high. Flowers bright blue, +sometimes white, occasionally numerous. + +3. _D. azureum_, Michx. Leaves deeply 3--5-parted, the divisions 2--3 +times cleft; the lobes all narrowly linear; _raceme strict_; spur +ascending, usually curved upward; _pods erect_.--Wisc. to Dak. and +southward. May, June.--Stem 1--2 deg. high, slender, often softly pubescent. +Flowers sky-blue or whitish. + +[*][*] _Annual, introduced; petals 2, united into one body; pistil +single._ + +D. CONSOLIDA, L. (FIELD L.) Leaves dissected into narrow linear lobes; +inflorescence loosely paniculate; pedicels shorter than the bracts; pod +glabrous.--Old grain-fields, Penn. and Va.; also sparingly along +roadsides farther north. (Nat. from Eu.) + +D. AJACIS, L. Flowers more numerous and spicately racemose; pods +pubescent.--Sparingly escaped from gardens in E. Atlantic States. (Nat. +from Eu.) + + +18. ACONITUM, Tourn. ACONITE. MONKSHOOD. WOLFSBANE. + +Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular; the upper one (helmet) hooded or +helmet-shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting +entirely, or very minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of +small spur-shaped bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the +helmet. Pistils 3--5. Pods several-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled +or scaly.--Perennials, with palmately cleft or dissected leaves, and +showy flowers in racemes or panicles. (The ancient Greek and Latin +name, of uncertain origin.) + +1. A. Noveboracense, Gray. Erect from tuberous-thickened roots, 2 deg. high, +leafy, _the summit and_ strict loosely flowered _raceme pubescent_; +leaves rather deeply parted, the broadly cuneate divisions 3-cleft and +incised; flowers blue, _the helmet gibbous-obovate_ with broad rounded +summit and short descending beak.--Chenango and Orange Cos., N. Y. + +2. A. uncinatum, L. (WILD MONKSHOOD.) Glabrous; _stem slender, from +tuberous-thickened roots, erect_, but weak and disposed to climb; +_leaves firm, deeply 3--5-lobed_, petioled, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, +coarsely toothed; _flowers blue; helmet erect, obtusely conical_, +compressed, slightly beaked in front.--Rich shady soil along streams, +Penn., and southward in the mountains; Wisc. June--Aug. + +3. A. reclinatum, Gray. (TRAILING WOLFSBANE.) Glabrous; stems trailing +(3--8 deg. long); _leaves deeply 3--7-cleft_, petioled, the lower orbicular +in outline; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2--3-lobed; +_flowers white_, in very loose panicles; _helmet soon horizontal, +elongated-conical_, with a straight beak in front.--Cheat Mountain, Va., +and southward in the Alleghanies. Aug.--Lower leaves 5--6' wide. +Flowers 9'' long, nearly glabrous. + + +19. CIMICIFUGA, L. BUGBANE. + +Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or +rather transformed stamens, 1--8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. +Stamens as in Actaea. Pistils 1--8, forming dry dehiscent pods in +fruit.--Perennials, with 2--3-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets +cut-serrate, and white flowers in elongated wand-like racemes. (Name +from _cimex_, a bug, and _fugo_, to drive away.) + +Sec. 1. CIMICIFUGA proper. _Pistils 3--8, stipitate; seeds flattened +laterally, covered with chaffy scales, in one row in the membranaceous +pods; style awl-shaped; stigma minute._ + +1. C. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN BUGBANE.) Stem 2--4 deg. high; racemes +slender, panicled, ovaries mostly 5, glabrous; pods flattened, veiny, +6--8-seeded.--Mountains of S. Penn. and southward. Aug.--Sept. + +Sec. 2. MACROTYS. _Pistil solitary, sometimes 2--3, sessile; seeds smooth, +flattened and packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in_ Actaea; +_stigma broad and flat._ + +2. C. racemosa, Nutt. (BLACK SNAKEROOT. BLACK COHOSH.) Stem 3--8 deg. high, +from a thick knotted rootstock; racemes in fruit becoming 1--3 deg. long; +pods ovoid.--Rich woods, Maine to Wisc., and southward. July.--Var. +DISSECTA, Gray. Leaves irregularly pinnately decompound, the rather +small leaflets incised.--Centreville, Del. (_Commons._) + + +20. ACTAEA, L. BANEBERRY. COHOSH. + +Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4--10, small, +flat, spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white +filaments. Pistil single; stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a +many-seeded berry. Seeds smooth, flattened, and packed horizontally in +2 rows.--Perennials, with ample 2--3-ternately compound leaves, the +ovate leaflets sharply cleft and toothed, and a short and thick terminal +raceme of white flowers. (From [Greek: a)kte/a], _actaea_, ancient names +of the elder, transferred by Linnaeus.) + +1. A. spicata, L., var. rubra, Ait. (RED BANEBERRY.) _Raceme ovate_; +petals rhombic-spatulate, much shorter than the stamens; _pedicels +slender; berries cherry-red_, or sometimes white, oval.--Rich woods, +common, especially northward. April, May.--Plant 2 deg. high. (Eu.) + +2. A. alba, Bigel. (WHITE BANEBERRY.) Leaflets more incised and sharply +toothed; _raceme oblong; petals slender_, mostly truncate at the end, +appearing to be transformed stamens; _pedicels thickened in fruit_, as +large as the peduncle and red, the globular-oval _berries white_.--Rich +woods, flowering a week or two later than the other, and more common +westward and southward.--White berries rarely occur with slender +pedicels, also red berries with thick pedicels; but these are perhaps +the result of crossing. + + +21. HYDRASTIS, Ellis. ORANGE-ROOT. YELLOW PUCCOON. + +Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. +Pistils 12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled; stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries +becoming a head of crimson 1--2-seeded berries in fruit.--A low +perennial herb, sending up in early spring, from a thick and knotted +yellow rootstock, a single radical leaf and a simple hairy stem, which +is 2-leaved near the summit and terminated by a single greenish-white +flower. (Name unmeaning.) + +1. H. Canadensis, L. (GOLDEN SEAL, etc.) Leaves rounded, heart-shaped +at the base, 5--7-lobed, doubly serrate, veiny, when full grown in +summer 4--9' wide.--Rich woods, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. + + +22. XANTHORRHIZA, Marshall. SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT. + +Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much smaller than the +sepals, concave and obscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 to +10. Pistils 5--15, with 2 pendulous ovules. Pods 1-seeded, oblong, the +short style becoming dorsal.--A low shrubby plant; the bark and long +roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, brown purple, in +compound drooping racemes, appearing along with the 1--2-pinnate leaves +from large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of [Greek: +xantho/s], _yellow_, and [Greek: r(i/za], _root_.) + +1. X. apiifolia, L'Her. Stems clustered, 1--2 deg. high; leaflets cleft and +toothed.--Shady banks of streams, Penn. to S. W. New York and Ky., and +south in the mountains. The rootstocks of this, and also of the last +plant, were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines. + + * * * * * + +NIGELLA DAMASCENA, L., the FENNEL-FLOWER, which offers a remarkable +exception in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so +as to form a several-celled capsule, grows nearly spontaneously around +gardens. + + +ORDER 2. MAGNOLIACEAE. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) + +_Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds covered by membranous stipules, +polypetalous, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous; the calyx and corolla +colored alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated (rarely +convolute) in the bud._--Sepals and petals deciduous. Anthers adnate. +Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering the prolonged +receptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of +fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous; albumen +fleshy; embryo minute.--Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with +minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark +aromatic and bitter. + + +1. MAGNOLIA, L. + +Sepals 3. Petals 6--9. Stamens imbricated, with very short filaments, +and long anthers opening inward. Pistils coherent, forming a fleshy and +rather woody cone-like red fruit; each carpel at maturity opening on the +back, from which the 1 or 2 berry-like seeds hang by an extensile thread +composed of unrolled spiral vessels. Inner seed-coat bony.--Buds +conical, the coverings formed of the successive pairs of stipules, each +pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is folded lengthwise and +applied straight against the side of the next stipular sheath, and so +on. (Named after _Magnol_, Professor of Botany at Montpellier in the +17th century.) + +[*] _Leaves all scattered along the branches; leaf-buds silky._ + +1. M. glauca, L. (SMALL or LAUREL MAGNOLIA. SWEET BAY.) _Leaves_ oval to +broadly lanceolate, 3--6' long, _obtuse, glaucous beneath; flower +globular, white_, 2' long, _very fragrant_; petals broad; cone of fruit +small, oblong.--Swamps, from near Cape Ann and N. Y. southward, near the +coast; in Penn. as far west as Cumberland Co. June--Aug.--Shrub 4--20 deg. +high, with thickish leaves, which farther south are evergreen. + +2. M. acuminata, L. (CUCUMBER-TREE.) _Leaves thin, oblong, pointed, +green_ and a little pubescent beneath, 5--10' long; _flower oblong +bell-shaped, glaucous-green_ tinged with yellow, 2' long; cone of fruit +2--3' long, cylindrical.--Rich woods, western N. Y. to Ill., and +southward. May, June.--Tree 60--90 deg. high. Fruit when young slightly +resembling a small cucumber, whence the common name. + +3. M. macrophylla, Michx. (GREAT-LEAVED MAGNOLIA.) _Leaves +obovate-oblong, cordate_ at the narrowed base, pubescent and _white +beneath; flower open bell-shaped, white, with a purple spot at base_; +petals ovate, 6' long; cone of fruit ovoid.--S. E. Ky. and southward. +May, June.--Tree 20--40 deg. high. Leaves 1--3 deg. long, somewhat clustered on +the flowering branches. + +[*][*] _Leaves crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in an +umbrella-like circle; leaf-buds glabrous; flowers white, slightly +scented._ + +4. M. Umbrella, Lam. (UMBRELLA-TREE.) _Leaves obovate-lanceolate, +pointed at both ends_, soon glabrous, 1--2 deg. long; petals obovate-oblong, +4--5' long.--S. Penn. to Ky. and southward. May.--A small tree. Fruit +rose-color, 4--5' long, ovoid-oblong. + +5. M. Fraseri, Walt. (EAR-LEAVED UMBRELLA-TREE.) _Leaves oblong-obovate +or spatulate, auriculate at the base_, glabrous, 8--20' long; petals +obovate-spatulate, with narrow claws, 4' long.--Va. and Ky., along the +Alleghanies, and southward. April, May.--A slender tree 30--50 deg. high. +Flower more graceful and cone of fruit smaller than in the preceding. + + +2. LIRIODENDRON, L. TULIP-TREE. + +Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla. +Anthers linear, opening outward. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and +narrow, imbricating and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, +separating from each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, +and falling away whole, like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1--2-seeded +in the small cavity at the base. Buds flat, sheathed by the successive +pairs of flat and broad stipules joined at their edges, the folded +leaves bent down on the petiole so that the apex points to the base of +the bud. (Name from [Greek: li/rion], _lily_ or _tulip_, and [Greek: +de/ndron], _tree_.) + +1. L. Tulipifera, L.--Rich soil, S. New Eng. to Mich., Wisc., and +southward. May, June.--A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140 deg. high and +8--9 deg. in diameter in the Western States, where it is wrongly called +WHITE POPLAR. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, +and 2 at the apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad +shallow notch. Petals 2' long, greenish-yellow marked with orange. Cone +of fruit 3' long. + + +ORDER 3. ANONACEAE. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) + +_Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals, +and a corolla of 6 petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, +polyandrous._--Petals thickish. Anthers adnate, opening outward; +filaments very short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a +mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a +crustaceous seed-coat, and a minute embryo at the base of the +_ruminated_ albumen.--Leaves alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers +axillary, solitary.--A tropical family, excepting the following genus:-- + + +1. ASIMINA, Adans. NORTH AMERICAN PAPAW. + +Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens; the outer set larger than the +inner. Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1--4 +large and oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, +enclosed in a fleshy aril.--Shrubs or small trees with unpleasant odor +when bruised, the lurid flowers solitary from the axils of last year's +leaves. (Name from _Asiminier_, of the French colonists, from the Indian +name _assimin_.) + +1. A. triloba, Dunal. (COMMON PAPAW.) Leaves thin, obovate-lanceolate, +pointed; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3--4 +times as long as the calyx.--Banks of streams in rich soil, western +N. Y. and Penn. to Ill., S. E. Neb., and southward. April, May.--Tree +10--20 deg. high; the young shoots and expanding leaves clothed with a rusty +down, soon glabrous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, 11/2' wide. +Fruits 3--4' long, yellowish, sweet and edible in autumn. + + +ORDER 4. MENISPERMACEAE. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) + +_Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules, +the sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the +bud; hypogynous, dioecious, 3--6-gynous; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a +large or long curved embryo in scanty albumen._--Flowers small. Stamens +several. Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but +often incurved in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a +crescent or ring.--Chiefly a tropical family. + +[*] Sepals and petals present. Anthers 4-celled. Seed incurved. + +1. Cocculus. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6. + +2. Menispermum. Stamens 12--24, slender. Petals 6--8. + +[*][*] Petals none. Anthers 2-celled. Seed saucer-shaped. + +3. Calycocarpum. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12; in the fertile +flowers 6, abortive. + + +1. COCCULUS, DC. + +Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, alternating in threes, the two latter +short. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 3--6 in the fertile flowers; style +pointed. Drupe and seed as in Menispermum.--Flowers in axillary racemes +or panicles. (An old name, a diminutive of _coccus_, [Greek: ko/kkos], a +berry.) + +1. C. Carolinus, DC. Minutely pubescent; leaves downy beneath, ovate or +cordate, entire or sinuately or hastately lobed, variable in shape; +flowers greenish, the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed +below around the filaments; drupe red (as large as a small +pea).--River-banks, Va. to S. Ill., Kan., and southward. July, Aug. + + +2. MENISPERMUM, L. MOONSEED. + +Sepals 4--8. Petals 6--8, short. Stamens 12--24 in the sterile flowers, +as long as the sepals; anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2--4 in the fertile +flowers, raised on a short common receptacle; stigma broad and flat. +Drupe globular, the mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its +growth after flowering being strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled +and grooved) laterally flattened stone takes the form of a large +crescent or ring. The slender embryo therefore is horseshoe-shaped; +cotyledons filiform.--Flowers white, in small and loose axillary +panicles. (Name from [Greek: me/ne], _moon_, and [Greek: spe/rma], +_seed_.) + +1. M. Canadense, L. Leaves peltate near the edge, 3--7-angled or +lobed.--Banks of streams; common. June, July.--Drupes black with a +bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes. + + +3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt. CUPSEED. + +Sepals 6, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, +short; anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a +radiate many-cleft stigma. Drupe globular; the thin crustaceous putamen +hollowed out like a cup on one side. Embryo foliaceous, +heart-shaped.--Flowers greenish-white, in long racemose panicles. (Name +from [Greek: ka/lyx], _a cup_, and [Greek: karpo/s], _fruit_.) + +1. C. Lyoni, Nutt. Leaves large, thin, deeply 3--5-lobed, cordate at the +base; the lobes acuminate; drupe an inch long, black when ripe; the +shell crested-toothed on the edge of the cavity.--Rich soil, Ky. to S. +Ill. and Kan., and southward. May.--Stems climbing to the tops of trees. + + +ORDER 5. BERBERIDACEAE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) + +_Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud, +usually in two rows of 3 (rarely 2 or 4) each; the hypogynous stamens as +many as the petals and opposite to them; anthers opening by 2 valves or +lids hinged at the top._ (Podophyllum is an exception, and Jeffersonia +as respects the sepals in one row.) _Pistil single._ Filaments short. +Style short or none. Fruit a berry or a pod. Seeds few or several, +anatropous, with albumen. Embryo small, except in Berberis. Leaves +alternate, with dilated bases or stipulate. + +[*] Petals and stamens 6. Fruit few-seeded. + +1. Berberis. Shrubs, with yellow flowers and wood; a pair of glandular +spots on the base of each petal. Fruit a berry. + +2. Caulophyllum. Herb, with greenish flowers; petals thick, much shorter +than the sepals. Ovary soon bursting; the two seeds left naked. + +3. Diphylleia. Herb with white flowers; petals much longer than the +sepals. Berry 2--4-seeded. + +[*][*] Petals 6--9. Stamens 8--18. Fruit many-seeded. Herbs. + +4. Jeffersonia. Petals and stamens usually 8; anthers opening by +uplifted valves. Pod opening by a lid. + +5. Podophyllum. Petals 6--9. Stamens 12--18; anthers not opening by +uplifted valves. Fruit a large berry. + + +1. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY. + +Sepals 6, roundish, with 2--6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, +concave, with two glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens +6. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1--few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, +with a crustaceous integument.--Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, +yellow flowers in drooping racemes, sour berries, and 1--9-foliolate +leaves. Stamens irritable. (Derived from _Berberys_, the Arabic name of +the fruit.) + +1. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (AMERICAN BARBERRY.) Leaves repandly toothed, +the teeth less bristly-pointed; _racemes few-flowered_; petals notched +at the apex; _berries oval_; otherwise as in the next.--Alleghanies of +Va. and southward; _not_ in Canada. June.--Shrub 1--3 deg. high. + +B. VULGARIS, L. (COMMON BARBERRY.) Leaves scattered on the fresh shoots +of the season, mostly reduced to sharp triple or branched spines, from +the axils of which the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of +obovate-oblong closely bristly-toothed leaves (the short petiole +jointed!), and drooping _many-flowered racemes_; petals entire; _berries +oblong_, scarlet.--Thickets and waste grounds in E. New Eng., where it +has become thoroughly wild; elsewhere occasionally spontaneous. May, +June. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. BLUE COHOSH. + +Sepals 6, with 3 or 4 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals +6 thick and gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with +short claws, much smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of +them. Stamens 6; anthers oblong. Pistil gibbous; style short; stigma +minute and unilateral; ovary bursting soon after flowering by the +pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds, and withering away; the +spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, looking like drupes, +the fleshy integument turning blue; albumen horny.--A perennial glabrous +herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up in early spring a simple +and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or panicle of +yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately +compound sessile leaf (whence the name, from [Greek: kaulo/s], _stem_, +and [Greek: phy/llon], _leaf_, the stem seeming to form a stalk for the +great leaf.) + +1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Also called PAPPOOSE-ROOT.) Stems 1--21/2 deg. +high; leaflets obovate wedge-form, 2--3-lobed, a smaller biternate leaf +often at the base of the panicle; flowers appearing while the leaf is +yet small.--Deep rich woods; common westward. April, May.--Whole plant +glaucous when young, as also the seeds, which are as large as peas. + + +3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. UMBRELLA-LEAF. + +Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. +Stamens 6; anthers oblong. Ovary oblong; style hardly any; stigma +depressed. Ovules 5 or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the +middle. Berry globose, few-seeded. Seeds oblong, with no aril.--A +perennial glabrous herb, with thick horizontal rootstocks, sending up +each year either a huge centrally peltate and cut-lobed, rounded, +umbrella-like radical leaf, on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem +bearing two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft) alternate leaves +which are peltate near one margin, and terminated by a cyme of white +flowers. (Name composed of [Greek: di/s], _double_, and [Greek: +phy/llon], _leaf_.) + +1. D. cymosa, Michx. Root-leaves 1--2 deg. in diameter, 2-cleft, each +division 5--7-lobed; lobes toothed; berries blue.--Wet or springy +places, mountains of Va. and southward. May. + + +4. JEFFERSONIA, Barton. TWIN-LEAF. + +Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8, anthers +oblong-linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed, +stigma 2-lobed. Pod pear-shaped, opening half-way round horizontally, +the upper part making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral +placenta, with a fleshy lacerate aril on one side.--A perennial glabrous +herb, with matted fibrous roots, long-petioled root-leaves, parted into +2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1-flowered scapes. (Named in +honor of _Thomas Jefferson_.) + +1. J. diphylla, Pers. Low; flower white, 1' broad, the parts rarely in +threes or fives.--Woods, western N. Y. to Wisc. and southward. April, +May.--Called _Rheumatism-root_ in some places. + + +5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. MAY-APPLE. MANDRAKE. + +Flower-bud with three green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 6, +fugacious. Petals 6 or 9, obovate. Stamens twice as many as the petals +in our species; anthers linear-oblong, not opening by uplifted valves. +Ovary ovoid; stigma sessile, large, thick and undulate. Fruit a large +fleshy berry. Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many +rows, each seed enclosed in a pulpy aril, all forming a mass which fills +the cavity of the fruit.--Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and +thick fibrous roots. Stems 2-leaved, 1-flowered. (Name from [Greek: +pou s], _a foot_, and [Greek: phy/llon], _a leaf_, probably referring to +the stout petioles.) + +1. P. peltatum, L. Stamens 12--18; leaves 5--9-parted, the lobes oblong, +rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex.--Rich +woods, common. May.--Flowerless stems terminated by a large round +7--9-lobed leaf, peltate in the middle like an umbrella. Flowering stems +bearing two one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near their inner +edge; the nodding white flower from the fork nearly 2' broad. Fruit +ovoid, 1--2' long, ripe in July, sweet and slightly acid, edible. The +leaves and roots are drastic and poisonous!--Found occasionally with +from 2 to 6 carpels! + + +ORDER 6. NYMPHAEACEAE. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.) + +_Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and peltate or +sometimes only cordate leaves floating or emersed; the ovules borne on +the sides or back (or when solitary hanging from the summit) of the +cells, not on the ventral suture; the embryo enclosed in a little bag_ +at the end of the albumen next the hilum, except in Nelumbium, which has +no albumen. Radicle hardly any; cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a +well-developed plumule.--Flowers axillary, solitary. Vernation involute. +Rootstocks apparently endogenous.--The few genera differ so much in the +flower and fruit that they are separated into the three following +suborders. + + +SUBORDER I. Cabombeae. Sepals and petals each 3 or sometimes 4, +hypogynous and persistent. Stamens definite (3--18). Pistils 2--18, free +and distinct, coriaceous and indehiscent, 1--3-seeded on the dorsal +suture.--Stems slender, leafy, coated with mucilage. Flowers small. + +1. Cabomba. Stamens 3--4. Carpels 2--3. Submersed leaves +capillary-multifid. + +2. Brasenia. Stamens 12--18. Carpels 4--18. Leaves all peltate. + + +SUBORDER II. Nelumboneae. Sepals and petals numerous in several rows, +passing gradually into each other, and with the indefinitely numerous +stamens hypogynous and deciduous. Pistils several, 1-ovuled, separately +immersed in the obconical receptacle, which is much enlarged and broadly +top-shaped at maturity, the imbedded nut-like fruits resembling small +acorns. Embryo large; no albumen.--Petioles and peduncles all from the +tuberous rootstock, the centrally peltate leaves and the flowers large. + +3. Nelumbo. Character of the Suborder. + + +SUBORDER III. Nymphaeaceae proper. Sepals 4--6, and petals numerous in +many rows, persistent or decaying away, either hypogynous or variously +adnate to the surface of the compound 8--30-celled ovary, which is +formed by the union of as many carpels; the numerous ovules inserted +over the whole inner face of the cells, except at the ventral suture. +Stigmas radiate as in Poppy. Fruit baccate, with a firm rind. Petioles +and peduncles from a thick rootstock. + +4. Nymphaea. Petals adnate to the ovary, large; the stamens on its +summit. + +5. Nuphar. Petals (very small and stamen-like) and stamens inserted +under the ovary. + + +1. CABOMBA, Aublet. + +Sepals 3. Petals 3, oval, bi-auriculate above the very short claw. +Stamens 3--6; anthers short, extrorse. Pistils 2--4, with small terminal +stigmas. Seeds 3, pendulous.--Slender, mainly submersed, with opposite +or verticillate capillary-dissected leaves, a few floating, alternate +and centrally peltate. Flowers single on long axillary peduncles. +(Probably an aboriginal name.) + +1. C. Caroliniana, Gray. Floating leaves linear-oblong or -obovate, +often with a basal notch; flowers 6--8'' broad, white with yellow spots +at base; stamens 6.--Ponds, S. Ill. (May--Sept., _Schneck_) to Fla. and +Tex. + + +2. BRASENIA, Schreber. WATER-SHIELD. + +Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3 or 4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12--18; filaments +filiform; anthers innate. Pistils 4--18, forming little club-shaped +indehiscent pods; stigmas linear. Seeds 1--2, pendulous on the dorsal +suture!--Rootstock creeping. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally +peltate, oval, floating. Flowers axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of +uncertain origin.) + +1. B. peltata, Pursh. Leaves entire, 1--4' across.--Ponds and slow +streams. June--Aug. (Asia, Africa and Australia.) + + +3. NELUMBO, Tourn. SACRED BEAN. + +The only genus of the suborder. (_Nelumbo_ is the Ceylonese name of the +East Indian species, the pink-flowered N. speciosum.) + +1. N. lutea, Pers. (YELLOW NELUMBO, or WATER CHINQUAPIN.) Leaves usually +raised high out of the water, circular, with the centre depressed or +cupped, 1--2 deg. in diameter; flower pale yellow, 5--10' broad; anthers +tipped with a slender hooked appendage. (Nelumbium luteum, _Willd._)--S. +Conn. (probably of Indian introduction) to Lake Ontario, Mich., Minn., +E. Neb., and southward; rare in the Middle States.--Tubers farinaceous +and edible. Seeds also eatable. Embryo like that of Nymphaea on a large +scale; cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 +well-formed young leaves, enclosed in a delicate stipule-like sheath. + + +4. NYMPHAEA, Tourn. WATER-NYMPH. WATER-LILY. + +Sepals 4, green outside, nearly free. Petals numerous, in many rows, the +innermost gradually passing into stamens, imbricately inserted all over +the ovary. Stamens indefinite, inserted on the ovary, the outer with +dilated filaments. Ovary 12--35-celled, the concave summit tipped with +a globular projection at the centre, around which are the radiate +stigmas; these project at the margin, and are extended into linear and +incurved sterile appendages. Fruit depressed-globular, covered with the +bases of the decayed petals, maturing under water. Seeds enveloped by a +sac-like aril.--Flowers white, pink, yellow, or blue, very showy. +(Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water-Nymphs.) + +1. N. odorata, Ait. (SWEET-SCENTED WATER-LILY.) _Rootstock with few and +persistent branches_; leaves orbicular, cordate-cleft at the base to the +petiole (5--9' wide), the margin entire; stipules broadly triangular or +almost kidney-shaped, notched at the apex, appressed to the rootstock; +_flower_ white, _very sweet scented_ (often as much as 51/2' in diameter +when fully expanded, opening early in the morning, closing in the +afternoon); petals obtuse; anthers blunt; aril much longer than the +distinctly stipitate _oblong seeds_ (these about 11/2'' long).--Ponds and +still or slow-flowing water; common. June--Sept.--Varies with +pinkish-tinged and rarely with bright pink-red flowers (especially at +Barnstable, Mass.), the leaves often crimson underneath,--and in size by +gradations into + +Var. minor, Sims., with leaves only 2--5' and flowers 2--3' +broad.--Shallow water, in cold bogs and in sandy soil. + +2. N. reniformis, DC. (TUBER-BEARING W.) Leaves reniform-orbicular, +mostly larger (8--15' wide) and more prominently ribbed than the last, +rarely purplish beneath; _rootstock bearing numerous spontaneously +detaching often compound tubers; flower scentless_ (or with a slight +odor as of apples), white, never pinkish, 41/2--9' in diameter, the petals +proportionally broader and blunter than in n. 1; the fruit more +depressed, and with fewer but much larger (i.e. twice as broad) +_globular-ovoid seeds_, which when mature are barely enclosed by the +aril and not stipitate. (N. tuberosa, _Paine_.)--Lakes, slow rivers, +etc., western N. Y. (from Oneida Lake, _Paine_) and near Meadville, +Penn., to Mich., E. Neb., and probably in the Southern States. +July--Sept. + + +5. NUPHAR, Smith. YELLOW POND-LILY. SPATTER-DOCK. + +Sepals 5, 6, or sometimes more, colored, or partly green outside, +roundish, concave. Petals numerous, small and thickish, stamen-like or +scale-like, inserted with the very numerous short stamens on the +receptacle under the ovary, not surpassing the disk-like 8--24-rayed +sessile stigma, persistent and at length recurved. Fruit ovoid, naked, +usually ripening above water. Aril none.--Rootstock creeping, +cylindrical. Leaves with a deep sinus at the base. Flowers yellow or +sometimes tinged with purple, produced all summer. (Name said to be of +Arabic origin.) + +1. N. advena, Ait. f. _Sepals 6, unequal; petals shorter than the +stamens_ and resembling them, thick and fleshy, truncate; stigma nearly +entire, 12--24-rayed, pale red; ovary and fruit (11/2' long) ovate, not +contracted above into a narrow neck; thin submersed leaves seldom +present; floating or emersed and erect leaves thick (6--12' long), from +roundish to ovate or almost oblong, the sinus open, or closed or +narrow.--Very common, in still or stagnant water; stout and coarse; +flower often partly purplish (var. VARIEGATUM, Engelm.). + +Var. minus, Morong. More slender; leaves somewhat smaller (3--8' long); +flowers usually smaller (sepals 12--15'' long); petals spatulate; +stigmas 9--13-rayed, crenately toothed, bright red or crimson; fruit 1' +long, contracted above. (N. rubrodiscum, _Morong._ N. luteum, _Man._; +not _Smith_.)--N. Vt. to Mich. and Penn. Probably a hybrid between this +and the next species. + +2. N. Kalmianum, Ait. Very slender and with slender rootstock; submersed +leaves thin, round-reniform, the floating broadly elliptical with a deep +narrow sinus, 2--4' long; sepals usually 5, the flowers an inch broad or +less; petals spatulate or obovate; stigmas 7--10-rayed, dark red; fruit +globular with a short neck (6--9'' in diameter). (N. luteum, var. +pumilum, _Man._)--Maine to Penn. and Minn., and northward. + +3. N. sagittifolium, Pursh. Rootstock stout; leaves narrowly oblong to +oblong-lanceolate with a short sinus, 6--15' long; flowers small (1' +broad).--S. Ind. and Ill. (_Schneck_), and southward. + + +ORDER 7. SARRACENIACEAE. (PITCHER-PLANTS.) + +_Polyandrous and hypogynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-form or +trumpet-shaped leaves_,--comprising one plant in the mountains of +Guiana, another (Darlingtonia, _Torr._) in California, and the following +genus in the Atlantic United States. + +1. SARRACENIA, Tourn. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. + +Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, +oblong or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. +Ovary compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is +expanded at the summit into a very broad and petal-like, 5-angled, +5-rayed, umbrella-shaped body, the 5 delicate rays terminating under the +angles in as many little hooked stigmas. Capsule with a granular +surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placentae in the axis, loculicidally +5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at the base of fleshy +albumen.--Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish; the hollow leaves +all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the +apex. Scape naked, 1-flowered; flower nodding. (Named by Tournefort in +honor of _Dr. Sarrasin_ of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, +and a botanical account of it, to Europe.) + +1. S. purpurea, L. (SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. PITCHER-PLANT. HUNTSMAN'S CUP.) +_Leaves pitcher-shaped_, ascending, curved, broadly winged; the hood +erect, open, round heart-shaped; _flower deep purple_; the fiddle-shaped +petals arched over the greenish-yellow style.--Varies rarely with +greenish-yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the +foliage.--Peat-bogs; common from N. Eng. to Minn., N. E. Iowa, and +southward east of the Alleghanies. June.--The curious leaves are +usually half filled with water and drowned insects. The inner face of +the hood is clothed with stiff bristles pointing downward. Flower +globose, nodding on a scape a foot high; it is difficult to fancy any +resemblance between its shape and a side-saddle, but it is not very +unlike a pillion. + +2. S. flava, L. (TRUMPETS.) _Leaves long (1--3 deg.) and trumpet-shaped_, +erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base; +wing almost none; _flower yellow_, the petals becoming long and +drooping.--Bogs, Va. and southward. April. + + +ORDER 8. PAPAVERACEAE. (POPPY FAMILY.) + +_Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in +twos or fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypogynous, the ovary +1-celled with two or more parietal placentae._--Sepals 2, rarely 3, +falling when the flower expands. Petals 4--12, spreading, imbricated and +often crumpled in the bud, early deciduous. Stamens rarely as few as 16, +distinct. Fruit a dry 1-celled pod (in the Poppy imperfectly +many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled). Seeds numerous, anatropous, often +crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily +albumen.--Leaves alternate, without stipules. Peduncles mostly +1-flowered. Juice narcotic or acrid. + +[*] Petals 8--12, not crumpled in the bud, white. Pod 1-celled, +2-valved. + +1. Sanguinaria. Petals white. Leaves and 1-flowered scape from a short +rootstock. + +[*][*] Petals 4, crumpled in the bud. Pod 2-valved or more. + +[+] Pod 2--4-valved, the valves separating to the base from the +placentas. Leaves pinnately parted. Flowers yellow. + +2. Stylophorum. Pod bristly; style distinct; stigmas and placentas 3--4. + +3. Chelidonium. Pod linear, smooth; style almost none; stigmas and +placentas 2. + +4. Glaucium. Pod rough, long-linear, 2-celled by a spongy partition; +style none. + +[+][+] Pod 4--20-valved, dehiscent only at the top or to the middle. + +5. Papaver. Ovary incompletely many-celled; stigmas united into a +radiate sessile crown. + +6. Argemone. Stigmas (sessile) and placentas 4--6. Pod and leaves +prickly. + + +1. SANGUINARIA, Dill. BLOOD-ROOT. + +Sepals 2. Petals 8--12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens +about 24. Style short; stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, +2-valved. Seeds with a large crest.--A low perennial, with thick +prostrate premorse rootstocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, +sending up in earliest spring a rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a +1-flowered naked scape. Flower white, handsome, the bud erect, the +petals not crumpled. (Name from the color of the juice.) + +1. S. Canadensis, L.--Open rich woods; common. April, May. + + +2. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. CELANDINE POPPY. + +Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar; stigma 2--4-lobed. +Pods bristly, 2--4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously +crested.--Perennial low herbs, with stems naked below and oppositely +2-leaved, or sometimes 1--3-leaved, and umbellately 1--few-flowered at +the summit; the flower-buds and the pods nodding. Leaves pinnately +parted or divided. Juice yellow. (From [Greek: sty/los], _style_, and +[Greek: phe/ro], _to bear_, one of the distinctive characters.) + +1. S. diphyllum, Nutt. Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, smoothish, +deeply pinnatifid into 5 or 7 oblong sinuate-lobed divisions, and the +root-leaves often with a pair of smaller and distinct leaflets; +peduncles equalling the petioles; flower deep yellow (2' broad); stigmas +3 or 4; pod oval.--Damp woods, W. Penn. to Wisc. and Tenn. May.--Foliage +and flower resembling Celandine. + + +3. CHELIDONIUM, L. CELANDINE. + +Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16--24. Style nearly none; stigma 2-lobed. +Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the +bottom upward. Seeds crested.--Biennial herb with brittle stems, +saffron-colored acrid juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and +toothed or cut leaves, and small yellow flowers in a pedunculate umbel; +buds nodding. (Ancient Greek name from [Greek: chelido/n], the +_swallow_, because its flowers appear with the swallows.) + +C. MAJUS, L. (CELANDINE.) Waste grounds near dwellings. May--Aug. (Adv. +from Eu.) + + +4. GLAUCIUM, Tourn. HORN-POPPY. + +Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none; stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned. Pod very +long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition; seeds +crestless.--Annuals or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping +leaves, and solitary yellow flowers. (The Greek name, [Greek: +glau/kion], from the glaucous foliage.) + +G. LUTEUM, Scop. Lower leaves pinnatifid; upper ones sinuate-lobed and +toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough (6--10' long).--Waste places S. E. +New Eng., Md., and Va.; not common. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +5. PAPAVER, Tourn. POPPY. + +Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4--20-rayed +crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule; the latter short +and turgid, with 4--20 many-seeded placentae projecting like imperfect +partitions, opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the +stigma.--Herbs with a white juice; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation +obscure.)--Three annual species of the Old World are sparingly +adventive; viz.: + +P. SOMNIFERUM, L. (COMMON POPPY.) _Smooth_, glaucous; leaves clasping, +wavy, incised and toothed; _pod globose_; corolla mostly white or +purple.--Near dwellings in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) + +P. DUBIUM, L. (SMOOTH-FRUITED CORN-POPPY.) Pinnatifid leaves and the +long stalks _bristly; pods club-shaped, smooth_; corolla light +scarlet.--Cult. grounds, Westchester, Penn., and southward; rare. (Adv. +from Eu.) + +P. ARGEMONE, L. (ROUGH-FRUITED C.) Smaller, with finer-cut leaves and +paler flowers than the last; _pods club-shaped and bristly_.--Waste +grounds, near Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +6. ARGEMONE, L. PRICKLY POPPY. + +Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Petals 4--6. Style almost none; stigmas +3--6, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, opening by 3--6 valves at the top. +Seeds crested.--Annuals or biennials, with prickly bristles and yellow +juice. Leaves sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, often +blotched with white. Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from +[Greek: a)/rgema], a disease of the eye, for which the juice of a plant +so called by the Greeks was a supposed remedy.) + +1. A. platyceras, Link & Otto. Setose-hispid all over; petals white, +11/2--2' long; capsule armed with stout spines.--Central Kan. and Neb., +south and westward. + +A. MEXICANA, L. (MEXICAN P.) Flowers yellow, rarely white.--Waste +places, southward. July--Oct. (Adv. from trop. Amer.) +(Addendum)--ARGEMONE MEXICANA. Collected at Merodosia, Ill., with white +flowers, by _A. B. Seymour_. + + +ORDER 9. FUMARIACEAE. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) + +_Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, +irregular flowers, with 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, +and 2-merous pods and seeds like those of the_ Poppy Family.--Sepals 2, +small and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed; the 4 petals in two +pairs; the outer with spreading tips, and one or both of them spurred or +saccate at the base; inner pair narrower, and their callous crested tips +united over the stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite +the larger petals, hypogynous; their filaments often united; middle +anther of each set 2-celled, the lateral ones 1-celled. Pod 1-celled, +either 1-seeded and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 parietal +placentae and deciduous valves.--Leaves delicate, usually alternate, +without stipules. Slightly bitter, innocent plants. + +[*] Corolla bigibbous or 2-spurred, the 2 outer petals alike. Pod +several-seeded. + +1. Adlumia. Petals united into a spongy persistent subcordate corolla. +Seeds crestless. + +2. Dicentra. Corolla cordate or 2-spurred at base, less united. Seeds +crested. + +[*][*] Corolla with but one petal spurred at base, deciduous. + +3. Corydalis. Pod with few to many crested or arilled seeds. + +4. Fumaria. Fruit a globular 1-seeded nutlet. Seed crestless. + + +1. ADLUMIA, Raf. CLIMBING FUMITORY. + +Petals all permanently united in a cordate-ovate corolla, becoming +spongy-cellular and persistent, enclosing the small, few-seeded pod. +Seeds not crested. Stigma 2-crested. Filaments monadelphous below in a +tube which is adherent to the corolla, diadelphous at the summit.--A +climbing biennial, with thrice-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate +leaflets, and ample panicles of drooping white or purplish flowers. +(Dedicated by Rafinesque to _Major Adlum_.) + +1. A. cirrhosa, Raf.--Wet woods; N. Eng. to Mich., E. Kan., and +southward. June--Oct.--A handsome vine, with delicate foliage, climbing +by the slender young leaf-stalks over high bushes; often cultivated. + + +2. DICENTRA, Borkh. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. + +Petals slightly cohering into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, +either deciduous or withering-persistent. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes +2-horned. Filaments slightly united in two sets. Pod 10--20-seeded. +Seeds crested.--Low, stemless perennials (as to our wild species) with +ternately compound and dissected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. +Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name from [Greek: di/s], _twice_, and [Greek: +ke/ntron], _a spur_;--accidentally printed DICLYTRA in the first +instance, which by an erroneous conjecture was afterwards changed into +DIELYTRA.) + +[*] _Raceme simple, few-flowered._ + +1. D. Cucullaria, DC. (DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.) Scape and slender-petioled +leaves from a sort of _granulate bulb_; lobes of leaves linear; _corolla +with 2 divergent spurs_ longer than the pedicel; _crest of the inner +petals minute_.--Rich woods, especially westward.--A very delicate +plant, sending up in early spring, from the cluster of grain-like tubers +crowded together in the form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut leaves and +the slender scape, bearing 4--10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped +with cream-color. + +2. D. Canadensis, DC. (SQUIRREL CORN.) Subterranean shoots bearing +scattered _grain-like tubers_ (resembling peas or grains of Indian corn, +yellow); leaves as in n. 1; _corolla merely heart-shaped_, the spurs +very short and rounded; _crest of the inner petals conspicuous, +projecting_.--Rich woods, especially northward. April, May.--Flowers +greenish-white tinged with rose, with the fragrance of Hyacinths. + +[*][*] _Racemes compound, clustered._ + +3. D. eximia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly; divisions and lobes of the +leaves broadly oblong; corolla oblong, 2-saccate at the base; crest of +the inner petals projecting.--Rocks, western N. Y., rare, and +Alleghanies of Va. May--Aug.--Coarser-leaved than the others; scapes +6--10' high. + + +3. CORYDALIS, Vent. + +Corolla 1-spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style +persistent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested or arilled. Flowers in +racemes. Our species are biennial, leafy-stemmed, and pale or glaucous. +(The ancient Greek name for the crested lark.) + +[*] _Stem strict; flowers purplish or rose-color with yellow tips._ + +1. C. glauca, Pursh. (PALE CORYDALIS.) Racemes panicled; spur of the +corolla very short and rounded; pods erect, slender, elongated.--Rocky +places; common; 6'--2 deg. high. May--Aug. + +[*][*] _Low, ascending; flowers yellow._ + +[+] _Outer petals wing-crested on the back._ + +2. C. flavula, DC. Pedicels slender, conspicuously bracted; corolla pale +yellow, 3--4'' long, spur very short; tips of the outer petals pointed, +longer than the inner; crest 3--4-toothed; pods torulose, pendulous or +spreading; seeds acutely margined, rugose-reticulated; aril +loose.--Penn. to Minn., and southward. + +3. C. micrantha, Gray. Pedicels short and bracts small; corolla pale +yellow, 4'' long, with short spur and entire crest, or flowers often +cleistogamous and much smaller, without spur or crest; pods ascending, +torulose; seeds obtuse-margined, smooth and shining.--N. Car., Mo., +Minn., and southward. + +4. C. crystallina, Engelm. Pedicels short, erect; corolla bright yellow, +8'' long, the spur nearly as long as the body; crest very broad, usually +toothed; pods terete, erect, densely covered with transparent vesicles, +seeds acutely margined, tuberculate.--S. W. Mo. and southward. + +[+][+] _Outer petals merely carinate on the back, not crested._ + +5. C. aurea, Willd. (GOLDEN C.) Corolla golden-yellow, 1/2' long, the +slightly decurved spur about half as long, shorter than the +pedicel; pods spreading or pendulous, becoming torulose; seeds +obtuse-margined.--Rocky banks, Vt. to Penn., Mo., Minn., and westward. + +Var. occidentalis, Engelm. Flowers rather larger, the spur nearly as +long as the body; pods less torulose, on short pedicels; seeds acutish +on the margin.--Neb. and Kan. to W. Tex. and westward. + + +4. FUMARIA, Tourn. FUMITORY. + +Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, +small, globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless.--Branched and leafy-stemmed +annuals, with finely dissected compound leaves, and small flowers in +dense racemes or spikes. (Name from _fumus_, smoke.) + +F. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON FUMITORY.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, +sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is +flesh-color tipped with crimson); fruit slightly notched.--Waste places, +about dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +ORDER 10. CRUCIFERAE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous flowers; +fruit a silique or silicle._--Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, +regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs +forming a cross. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter +(rarely only 4 or 2). Pod usually 2-celled by a thin partition stretched +between the two marginal placentae, from which when ripe the valves +separate, either much longer than broad (a _silique_), or short (a +_silicle_), sometimes indehiscent and nut-like (_nucumentaceous_), or +separating across into 1-seeded joints (_lomentaceous_). Seeds +campylotropous, without albumen, filled by the large embryo, which is +curved or folded in various ways: i.e. the _cotyledons accumbent_, viz., +their margins on one side applied to the radicle, so that the +cross-section of the seed appears thus o==; or else _incumbent_, viz., +the back of one cotyledon applied to the radicle, thus o||. In these +cases the cotyledons are plane; but they may be folded upon themselves +and round the radicle, as in Mustard, where they are _conduplicate_, +thus o>>. In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo is straight.--Leaves +alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or corymbs; pedicels +rarely bracted.--A large and very natural family, of pungent or acrid, +but not poisonous plants. (The characters of the genera are taken almost +wholly from the pods and seeds; the flowers being nearly alike in all.) + +SERIES I. Pod 2-celled, regularly dehiscent by 2 valves. + +[*] Pod compressed parallel to the broad partition. Seeds flat or +flattish, orbicular or oval; cotyledons accumbent or nearly so. + +[+] Pod large, oblong-elliptical, valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows. +Flowers yellow. + +1. Selenia. Leaves pinnatisect. Raceme leafy-bracteate. Seeds winged. + +[+][+] Pod linear; valves nerveless. Seeds in one row. Flowers yellow +only in n. 3. + +2. Leavenworthia. Seed winged; embryo straight or nearly so. Annual; +stem often scapose, 1--few-flowered. + +3. Dentaria. Stem naked below, 2--3-leaved. Pod coriaceous, with thick +placentas, long-styled. Seeds wingless; cotyledons thick, very unequal. + +4. Cardamine. Stem leafy. Pod coriaceous, with thick placentas. Seeds +wingless; cotyledons flattened, equal. + +[+][+][+] Pod linear, or oblong, or orbicular; valves 1-nerved or +nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows (except in species of n. 4). + +5. Arabis. Pod long-linear, the flat or flattish valves more or less +1-nerved. Seeds winged or wingless. Flowers white to purple. Stems +leafy, at least below. + +6. Draba. Pod oval to narrowly oblong or lanceolate; valves flat or +flattish, faintly nerved or veined. Seeds wingless, numerous. + +7. Alyssum. Pod orbicular; valves veinless, somewhat convex with +flattened margin. Seeds wingless, 2--4. + +[*][*] Pod terete or turgid, or 4-angled by the prominent midnerves. +Seeds wingless, more or less turgid. + +[+] Pods short. (See also n. 10.) + +8. Lesquerella. Pod globular-inflated, about 4-seeded; valves nerveless. +Cotyledons accumbent. Flowers yellow. + +9. Camelina. Pod obovoid, many-seeded; valves 1-nerved; style slender. +Cotyledons incumbent. Flowers yellow. + +10. Subularia. Pod ovoid or globular, few-seeded, valves 1-nerved; style +none. Cotyledons long, folded transversely. Flowers white. Dwarf +stemless aquatic. + +[+][+] Pod linear (or oblong or even globular in n. 10). + +[++] Cotyledons accumbent. + +11. Nasturtium. Pod often short; valves strongly convex, nerveless. +Seeds small, in 2 rows in each cell. Flowers yellow or white. + +12. Barbarea. Pod somewhat 4-sided; valves strongly 1-nerved. Seeds in 1 +row. Flowers yellow. + +[++][++] Cotyledons incumbent or partially so. + +13. Hesperis. Pod terete, elongated; stigma-lobes narrow, erect. Flowers +large, purple. + +14. Erysimum. Pod 4-sided; valves strongly 1-nerved; stigma broadly +2-lobed. Pubescence of appressed 2--3-parted hairs. Flowers yellow. + +15. Sisymbrium. Pod angled or teretish; valves 1--3-nerved; stigma +small. Flowers yellow or white, small. + +16. Thelypodium. Pod teretish; valves 1-nerved; stigma entire. +Cotyledons obliquely incumbent. Flowers rose-color. Leaves auricled. + +[++][++][++] Cotyledons conduplicate. + +17. Brassica. Pod beaked or pointed beyond the end of the valves, or +tipped with a rigid style, nearly terete, or 4-sided. Flowers yellow or +whitish. + +[*][*][*] Pod short; the boat-shaped valves conduplicate or much +flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Flowers white. + +18. Capsella. Pod many-seeded, obcordate-triangular, wingless. +Cotyledons incumbent. + +19. Thlaspi. Pod several-seeded, obovate or obcordate, winged. +Cotyledons accumbent. + +20. Lepidium. Pod 2-seeded, flat, scale-shaped. Cotyledons incumbent or +accumbent. + +21. Senebiera. Pod 2-seeded, didymous; the valves rugose, separating at +maturity from the little partition as 2 closed 1-seeded nutlets. +Cotyledons incumbent, narrow. + +SERIES II. Pods indehiscent, continuous or transversely jointed; joints +1-celled. + +22. Cakile. Pod short, 2-jointed; joints 1-seeded. Cotyledons plane, +accumbent. + +23. Raphanus. Pod elongated, several-seeded, continuous, or constricted +between the seeds and moniliform. Cotyledons conduplicate. + + +1. SELENIA, Nutt. + +Pod large, oblong-elliptical, flat; the valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 +rows in each cell, rounded, broadly winged; cotyledons accumbent; +radicle short.--A low annual, with once or twice pinnatifid leaves and +leafy-bracteate racemes of yellow flowers. (Name from [Greek: sele/ne], +_the moon_, with allusion to Lunaria, which it somewhat resembles in its +pods.) + +1. S. aurea, Nutt. Lobes of the simply pinnatifid leaves entire or +toothed; pod 1/2' long, on elongated spreading pedicels, beaked by the +long slender style.--Mo. and Kan. to Tex. + + +2. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. + +Pod broadly linear or oblong, flat; the valves nerveless, but minutely +reticulate-veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded +by a thick wing. Embryo straight! or the short radicle only slightly +bent in the direction which if continued would make the orbicular +cotyledons accumbent.--Little winter annuals, glabrous and often +stemless, with lyrate leaves and short 1--few-flowered scape-like +peduncles. (Named in honor of the late _M. C. Leavenworth_.) + +1. L. Michauxii, Torr. Scapes 2--6' high; leaf-lobes usually numerous +(7--15); petals purplish or nearly white with a yellowish base, obtuse; +pods not torulose, oblong to linear (6--15'' long); style short.--S. Ind +to Tenn. and Mo. + +2. L. torulosa, Gray. Similar, but pods torulose even when young, +linear; style 1--2'' long; seeds acutely margined rather than winged; +petals emarginate.--Barrens of Ky. and Tenn. + + +3. DENTARIA, Tourn. TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT. + +Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine. Style elongated. Seeds in one +row, wingless, the stalks broad and flat. Cotyledons petioled, thick and +very unequal, their margins somewhat infolding each other.--Perennials, +of damp woodlands, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, +scaly or toothed rootstocks, of a pleasant pungent taste; the simple +stems leafless below, bearing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about or +above the middle, and terminated by a single corymb or short raceme of +large white or purple flowers. Flowers larger, pods broader, and seeds +larger than is usual in Cardamine. (Name from _dens_, a tooth.) + +[*] _Rootstock elongated; leaves 3-foliolate._ + +1. D. diphylla, L. Rootstock long and continuous, often branched, +toothed; stem-leaves 2, similar to the radical ones, close together; +leaflets rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, shortly petiolate, coarsely +crenate, the teeth abruptly acute; petals white.--Rich woods, Maine to +Minn. and Ky. May.--Rootstocks 5--10' long, crisp, tasting like +Water-Cress. + +[*][*] _Rootstock tuberous, more or less moniliform; leaves 3-foliolate +or 3-parted._ + +2. D. laciniata, Muhl. Tubers deep-seated, usually not jointed nor +prominently tubercled; root-leaves often none; stem-leaves 3-parted, the +lateral segments often 2-lobed, all broadly oblong to linear, more or +less gash-toothed; flowers white or rose-color.--N. Eng. to Minn., Kan., +and southward. April, May.--Var. MULTIFIDA, a slender form with the +narrowly linear segments usually more or less divided into linear lobes. +(D. multifida, _Muhl._) Southward, scarcely if at all within our limits. + +3. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Tubers near the surface, jointed, narrowly +oblong or thick-clavate, prominently tubercled; leaves 3-foliolate, the +leaflets distinctly petiolate, oblong-lanceolate to linear, entire to +rather deeply crenate, rarely laciniate or lobed; root-leaves with ovate +or lanceolate and usually lobed leaflets.--Penn. to Ky. and southward. +Blooming a little later than the last. + +4. D. maxima, Nutt. Tubers jointed, strongly tubercled; stem-leaves +usually alternate, 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely +toothed and somewhat cleft or lobed.--Vt. to western N. Y. and Penn. +May. + + +4. CARDAMINE, Tourn. BITTER CRESS. + +Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base; the +valves nerveless and veinless, or nearly so; placentas and partition +thick. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wingless; their stalks +slender. Cotyledons accumbent, flattened, equal or nearly so, +petiolate.--Mostly glabrous perennials, leafy-stemmed, growing along +watercourses and in wet places. Flowers white or purple. (A Greek name, +in Dioscorides, for some cress, from its cordial or cardiacal +qualities.) + +[*] _Root perennial; leaves simple._ + +1. C. rhomboidea, DC. (SPRING CRESS.) _Stems upright from a tuberous +base and slender rootstock bearing small tubers, simple_; root-leaves +round and often heart-shaped; lower stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, +somewhat petioled, the upper almost lanceolate, sessile, all often +sparingly toothed; pods linear-lanceolate, pointed with a slender style +tipped with a conspicuous stigma; _seeds round-oval_.--Wet meadows and +springs; common. April--June.--Flowers large, white. + +Var. purpurea, Torr. Lower (4--6' high), and usually slightly pubescent; +flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier.--Along streams in rich soil. +Western N. Y. to Md. and Wisc. + +2. C. rotundifolia, Michx. (MOUNTAIN WATER-CRESS.) _Stems branching, +weak or decumbent, making long runners; root fibrous_; leaves all much +alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, +petioled; pods small, linear-awl-shaped, pointed with the slender style; +stigma minute; _seeds oval-oblong_.--Cool shaded springs, N. J. +(Middletown, _Willis_) to Ky., and southward along the mountains. May, +June.--Flowers white, smaller than in n. 1. + +3. C. bellidifolia, L. _Dwarf_ (2--3' high), alpine, tufted; leaves +ovate, entire, or sometimes with a blunt lateral tooth (4'' long), on +long petioles; pods 1' long, upright, linear; _style nearly none_, +stout.--Summits of the White Mountains and Katahdin, Maine. +July.--Flowers 1--5, white. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Root perennial; leaves pinnate; flowers showy._ + +4. C. pratensis, L. (CUCKOO FLOWER.) Stem ascending from a short +rootstock, simple; leaflets 7--13, those of the lower leaves rounded and +stalked, of the upper oblong or linear, entire, or slightly +angled-toothed; petals (white or rose-color) thrice the length of the +calyx; pod 9--15'' long, 1'' broad; style short.--Wet places and bogs, +Vt. to N. J., Wisc., and northward; rare. May. (Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Root mostly biennial or annual; leaves pinnate; flowers +small, white._ + +5. C. hirsuta, L. (SMALL BITTER CRESS.) Glabrous or beset with scattered +hairs; stems (3'--2 deg. high) erect or ascending from the spreading cluster +of root-leaves; their leaflets rounded, those of the upper leaves oblong +or linear and often confluent, all either toothed, angled, or entire; +pods linear, very narrow, erect or ascending; style variable.--Wet +places; common. May--July. The ordinary form corresponds closely to the +European var. SYLVATICA, Gaud. The typical imperfectly developed annual +form, with only 4 stamens and rather strict pods, occurs very rarely. A +form answering to C. parviflora of Europe, with mostly linear leaflets +and pods often erect on spreading pedicels, is occasionally found in +drier localities. (Eu., Asia.) + + +5. ARABIS, L. ROCK CRESS. + +Pod linear, flattened; placentas not thickened; the valves plane or +convex, more or less 1-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. +Seeds usually margined or winged. Cotyledons accumbent or a little +oblique.--Leaves seldom divided. Flowers white or purple. (Name from the +country, _Arabia_. See _Linn. Phil. Bot._ Sec. 235.) + +Sec. 1. ARABIS proper. _Seeds in one row in each cell, orbicular or nearly +so, more or less wing-margined; cotyledons strictly accumbent._ + +[*] _Low, chiefly biennials, diffuse or spreading from the base._ + +1. A. Ludoviciana, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, often annual; leaves all +pinnately parted into oblong or linear few-toothed or entire divisions, +those of the lower leaves numerous; pedicels very short; flowers small, +white; pods rather broadly linear, spreading, flat; seeds winged.--Open +grounds, Va. to Mo., and southward. + +[*][*] _Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials, with simple leaves, +white or whitish flowers, narrow but flattened ascending or erect pods, +and nearly wingless seeds._ + +2. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (1--2 deg. high); +stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost +entire, partly clasping by the heart-shaped base; petals (bright white, +4'' long) twice the length of the calyx; _pedicels slender, spreading; +pods spreading or ascending, tipped with a distinct style_.--Penn. to +central Ohio and southward; Minn. April, May. + +3. A. hirsuta, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect +(1--2 deg. high); stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, +partly clasping by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base; petals +(greenish-white) small, but longer than the calyx; _pedicels and pods +strictly upright; style scarcely any_; immature seeds somewhat +2-rowed.--Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. (Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials (1--3 deg. high), with +small whitish flowers, recurved-spreading or pendulous flat pods (3--4' +long), and broadly winged seeds, their stalks adherent to the partition; +root-leaves rarely lyrate._ + +4. A. laevigata, Poir. _Smooth_ and glaucous, upright; _stem-leaves +partly clasping_ by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, +sparingly cut-toothed or entire; petals scarcely longer than the calyx; +_pods long and narrow, recurved-spreading_ on ascending or merely +spreading pedicels.--Rocky places, Maine to Minn. and southward. May. + +5. A. Canadensis, L. (SICKLE-POD.) Stem upright, smooth above; +_stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends_, oblong-lanceolate, +sessile, the lower toothed; petals twice the length of the calyx, +oblong-linear; _pods very flat, scythe-shaped, hanging_ on rough-hairy +pedicels (2'' wide).--Woods and ravines; not rare, especially westward. +June--Aug. + +Sec. 2. TURRITIS. _Seeds not so broad as the partition, in two more or less +distinct rows in each cell, at least when young; strict and very +leafy-stemmed biennials; cauline leaves partly clasping by a sagittate +base. (Our species very glabrous, except the mostly hirsute base of the +stem and the lower leaves.)_ + +6. A. perfoliata, Lam. (TOWER MUSTARD.) Tall (2--4 deg. high), _glaucous_; +stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire; _petals yellowish-white, +little longer than the calyx; pods very narrow_ (3' long) _and pedicels +strictly erect_; seeds marginless; cotyledons often oblique.--Rocks and +fields, N. Eng. to Minn. (rare), north and westward. (Eu.) + +7. A. confinis, Watson. Scarcely glaucous, 1--3 deg. high; pubescence below +finely stellate; _stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear_, entire +(1--2' long), with narrow auricles, or the lowest spatulate and toothed; +_petals white or rose-color, fully twice the length of the calyx_; +pedicels and flat _pods loosely erect, or ascending, or even spreading_; +seeds wing-margined, when mature little narrower than the partition. (A. +Drummondii, _Man._)--From the lower St. Lawrence to Minn., south to +Conn., N. Y., and Ill.--Pods 21/2--31/2' long, or in a var. (T. brachycarpa, +_Torr. & Gray_) only 1--2' long. + +Sec. 3. PSEUDARABIS. _Seeds oblong or elliptical, very small, wingless, in +one row; cotyledons often more or less oblique. Biennial or perennial, +branching from the base._ + +8. A. lyrata, L. Mostly glabrous, except the _lyrate-pinnatifid +root-leaves_; stem-leaves scattered, spatulate or linear with a tapering +base, sparingly toothed or entire; _petals white_, much longer than the +yellowish calyx; pods long and slender, flat, ascending or +spreading.--On rocks or sandy shores, New Eng. to Ky. along the +mountains, Minn., and northward. April--July.--Usually biennial, but +southward in the mountains decidedly perennial. + +9. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Roughish pubescent, slender (1--2 deg. high); +_leaves oblong_, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed; those of +the stem _numerous, half-clasping and eared_ at the base, of the root +broader and tapering into a short petiole; petals (whitish) scarcely +exceeding the calyx; _pods widely spreading, very slender, +short-stalked; style scarcely any_.--N. Y. to Mich., Minn., and +southward. May, June. + + +6. DRABA, Dill. WHITLOW-GRASS. + +Pod oval, oblong, or even linear, flat; the valves plane or slightly +convex; the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in +each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments not +toothed.--Low herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow +flowers; pubescence often stellate. (Name from [Greek: dra/be], applied +by Dioscorides to some cress; meaning unknown.) + +Sec. 1. DRABAEA. _Petals not notched or cleft; perennial or biennial, +leafy-stemmed, flowers white, pods twisted when ripe._ + +1. D. ramosissima, Desv. _Diffusely much branched_ and forming many +radical tufts, perennial (5--8' high), pubescent; _leaves +laciniate-toothed_, linear-lanceolate, the lower oblanceolate, racemes +corymbosely-branched; _pods hairy_, oval-oblong or lanceolate (2--5'' +long), on slender spreading pedicels, tipped with a _long +style_.--Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural Bridge, etc., Va., to Kentucky +River, and southward. April, May. + +2. D. incana, L. _Hoary-pubescent_, biennial or somewhat perennial, the +radical tuft seldom branching; leaves oblanceolate or the cauline +lanceolate to ovate, few-toothed or entire; _pods oblong to lanceolate, +usually acute and straight, often pubescent_, on short erect pedicels; +style very short or none.--Dry rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vt.; also +northward and far westward. (Eu.) + +Var. arabisans, Watson. Caudex much branched; pod glabrous, acuminate or +acute, twisted, beaked with a longer distinct style. (D. arabisans, +_Michx._)--N. Vt. to western N. Y. and the shores of the upper lakes. + +Sec. 2. DRABELLA. _Winter annuals; leafy stems short; flowers white (yellow +in n. 5); style none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.)_ + +3. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Small (1--5' high); leaves obovate, entire; +peduncles scape-like; petals usually twice the length of the calyx; +_raceme short or corymbose in fruit_ (1/2--1' long); _pods broadly linear, +smooth_, much longer than the ascending pedicels.--Sandy and waste +fields, E. Mass. to Minn., and southward. March--May.--Petals often +wanting in the later racemes, especially in the var. MICRANTHA, Gray, +with minutely rough-hairy pods, which is found with the other, westward. + +4. D. cuneifolia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest +spatulate, toothed; _raceme somewhat elongated in fruit_ (1--3'), at +length equalling the naked peduncle; petals emarginate, much longer than +the calyx; _pods oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the +horizontal pedicels_.--Grassy places, Ill. to E. Kan., and southward. +March, April. + +5. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Low (2--4' high), minutely pubescent; _stems +leafy_ to the base of the dense at length elongated raceme; leaves +narrowly oblong or the lowest ovate (2--4'' long), few toothed or +entire; flowers small; _pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish_ (2'' +long), _about the length of the ascending or spreading pedicels_.--Dry +hills, Ill., Ky., Va. (_A. H. Curtiss_), and southward. April.--Petals +sometimes minute, sometimes none. + +6. D. nemorosa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or less +toothed; _racemes elongated_ (4--8' long in fruit); petals emarginate, +small; _pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontal or +widely-spreading pedicels_, pubescent or smooth.--Fort Gratiot, Mich., +N. Minn., and westward. (Eu.) + +Sec. 3. EROPHILA. _Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial; flowers white.)_ + +D. VERNA, L. (WHITLOW-GRASS.) Small (scapes 1--3' high); leaves all +radical, oblong or lanceolate; racemes elongated in fruit; pods varying +from round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the +pedicels.--Sandy waste places and roadsides. April, May. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +7. ALYSSUM, Tourn. + +Pod small, orbicular, with only one or two wingless seeds in a cell; +valves nerveless, somewhat convex, the margin flattened. Flowers yellow +or white. Filaments often toothed. Cotyledons accumbent. (Greek name of +a plant reputed to check the hiccup, as the etymology denotes.) + +A. MARITIMUM, L. (SWEET ALYSSUM), with green or slightly hoary linear +leaves, honey-scented small white flowers, and 2-seeded pods, commonly +cult., begins to be spontaneous southward. (Adv. from Eu.) + +A. CALYCINUM, L., a dwarf hoary annual, with linear-spatulate leaves, +pale yellow or whitish petals little exceeding the persistent calyx, and +orbicular sharp margined 4-seeded pod, the style minute, occurs +occasionally in grassland. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +8. LESQUERELLA, Watson. + +Pod mostly globular or inflated, with a broad orbicular to ovate hyaline +partition nerved to the middle, the hemispherical or convex thin valves +nerveless. Seeds few or several, in 2 rows, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. +Filaments toothless.--Low herbs, hoary with stellate hairs or lepidote. +Flowers mostly yellow. (Named for _Leo Lesquereux_.) + +1. L. globosa, Watson. Minutely hoary all over; stems spreading or +decumbent from an annual or biennial root; leaves oblong or lanceolate +with a tapering base, repand-toothed or nearly entire; raceme at length +elongated, with filiform diverging pedicels; petals light yellow; style +filiform, much longer than the small globose, acutish, about 4-seeded +pod; seeds marginless. (Vesicaria Shortii, _Torr._)--Rocky banks, Ky. +to Tenn. and Mo. May, June. + +2. L. gracilis, Watson. Annual, slender; pubescence very fine; leaves +narrowly oblanceolate; pods glabrous, suberect on ascending or curved +pedicels, stipitate; style long. (Vesicaria gracilis, _Hook._)--S. Kan. +to Tex. + +3. L. Ludoviciana, Watson. Biennial or perennial; pubescence compact; +leaves linear-oblanceolate, mostly entire; pods pubescent, pendulous on +recurved pedicels; style long. (Vesicaria Ludoviciana, _DC._)--Minn. to +Neb. and southwestward. + + +9. CAMELINA, Crantz. FALSE FLAX. + +Pod obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, flattish parallel to the broad +partition; valves 1-nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons +incumbent. Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from [Greek: +chamai/], _dwarf_, and [Greek: li/non], _flax_.) + +C. SATIVA, Crantz. Annual; leaves lanceolate and arrow-shaped; pods +margined, large. A weed in flax-fields, etc. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +10. SUBULARIA, L. AWLWORT. + +Pod ovoid or globular, with a broad partition; the turgid valves +1-nerved. Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded +transversely, i.e., the cleft extending to the radicular side of the +curvature. Style none.--A dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic; the tufted +leaves awl-shaped (whence the name). Scape naked, few-flowered, 1--3' +high. Flowers minute, white. + +1. S. aquatica, L. Margin of lakes in Maine; Echo Lake, Franconia, +N. H.; also in alpine regions of the western mountains. June, July. +(Eu.) + + +11. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. WATER-CRESS. + +Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from oblong-linear to +globular, terete or nearly so; valves strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds +usually numerous, small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each +cell (except in N. sylvestre). Cotyledons accumbent.--Aquatic or marsh +plants, with yellow or white flowers, and commonly pinnate or pinnatifid +leaves, usually glabrous. (Name from _Nasus tortus_, a convulsed nose, +alluding to the effect of its pungent qualities.) + +Sec. 1. _Petals white, twice the length of the calyx; pods linear; leaves +pinnate._ + +N. OFFICINALE, R. Br. (TRUE WATER-CRESS.) Perennial; stems spreading and +rooting; leaflets 3--11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (6--8'' +long) ascending on slender widely spreading pedicels.--Brooks and +ditches; escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.) + +Sec. 2. _Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much exceeding the calyx; pods +linear, oblong, or even ovoid or globular; leaves mostly pinnatifid._ + +[*] _Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots; flowers rather +large, yellow._ + +N. SYLVESTRE, R. Br. (YELLOW CRESS.) Stems ascending; _leaves pinnately +parted_, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear; pods (1/2' +long) on slender pedicels, linear and narrow, bringing the seeds into +one row; _style very short_.--Wet meadows, Mass. to Va.; rare. (Nat. +from Eu.) + +1. N. sinuatum, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; _leaves pinnately cleft_, the +short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong; pods linear-oblong (4--6'' +long), on slender pedicels; _style slender_.--Banks of the Mississippi +and westward. June. + +[*][*] _Annual or biennial, rarely perennial (?), with simple fibrous +roots; flowers small or minute, greenish or yellowish; leaves somewhat +lyrate._ + +2. N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple; _leaves obtusely +incised_ or toothed, obovate or oblong; _flowers minute, nearly +sessile_; pods elongated-oblong (5--6'' long), thick; style very +short.--W. Ill. to E. Kan., Tenn., and southward. April--June. + +3. N. obtusum, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading; _leaves +pinnately parted or divided_, the divisions roundish and obtusely +toothed or repand; _flowers minute, short-pedicelled; pods longer than +the pedicels_, varying from linear-oblong to short-oval; style +short.--With n. 1 and 2. + +4. N. palustre, DC. (MARSH CRESS.) Stem erect; _leaves pinnately cleft +or parted_, or the upper laciniate; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed; +_pedicels about as long as the small flowers and mostly longer than_ the +oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid _pods_; style short.--Wet places or in +shallow water; common. June--Sept.--Flowers only 1--11/2'' long. Stems +1--3 deg. high.--The typical form with oblong pods is rare. Short pods and +hirsute stems and leaves are common. Var. HISPIDUM is a form with ovoid +or globular pods. (Eu.) + +Sec. 3. _Petals white, much longer than the calyx; pods ovoid or globular; +leaves undivided, or the lower ones pinnatifid; root perennial._ + +5. N. lacustre, Gray. (LAKE CRESS.) Aquatic; immersed leaves +1--3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions; emersed +leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or pinnatifid; pedicels widely +spreading; _pods ovoid, 1-celled, a little longer than the +style_.--Lakes and rivers, N. E. New York to N. J., Minn., and +southwestward. July--Aug.--Near N. amphibium. + +N. ARMORACIA, Fries. (HORSERADISH.) Root-leaves very large, oblong, +crenate, rarely pinnatifid, those of the stem lanceolate; fruiting +pedicels ascending; _pods globular_ (seldom formed); _style very short_. +(Cochlearia Armoracia, _L._)--Roots large and long; a well-known +condiment. Escaped from cultivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +12. BARBAREA, R. Br. WINTER CRESS. + +Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided, the valves being keeled by a +mid-nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons +accumbent.--Mostly biennials, resembling Nasturtium; flowers yellow. +(Anciently called the Herb of St. Barbara.) + +1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. (COMMON WINTER CRESS. YELLOW ROCKET.) Smooth; +lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round and usually large, the +lateral 1--4 pairs or rarely wanting; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, +or pinnatifid at the base; pods erect or slightly spreading; or in var. +STRICTA, appressed; in var. ARCUATA, ascending on spreading +pedicels.--Low grounds and roadsides; apparently introduced, but +indigenous from L. Superior northward and westward. (Eu.) + +B. PRAECOX, R. Br. (EARLY WINTER C.), with 5--8 pairs of lateral lobes to +the leaves, and longer pods on very thick pedicels,--yet probably only a +variety of the other,--somewhat cultivated from N. Y. southward as a +winter salad, under the name of SCURVY-GRASS,--is beginning to run wild. +(Eu.) + + +13. HESPERIS, Tourn. ROCKET. + +Pod linear, nearly cylindrical; stigma lobed, erect. Seeds in 1 row in +each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent.--Biennial or +perennial, with serrate sessile or petiolate leaves, and large purple +flowers. (Name from [Greek: e(spe/ra], evening, from the evening +fragrance of the flowers.) + +H. MATRONALIS, L. (DAME'S VIOLET.) Tall; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, +mostly petiolate; pods 2--4' long, spreading.--Sparingly naturalized. +(Nat. from Eu.) + + +14. ERYSIMUM, Tourn. TREACLE MUSTARD. + +Pod linear, 4-sided, the valves keeled with a strong midrib; stigma +broadly lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. +Cotyledons (often obliquely) incumbent.--Chiefly biennials, with yellow +flowers; the leaves not clasping. Pubescence of appressed 2--3-parted +hairs. (Name from [Greek: e)ry/o], _to draw blisters_.) + +1. E. asperum, DC. (WESTERN WALL-FLOWER.) Minutely roughish-hoary; stem +simple, leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or somewhat toothed; _pods +nearly erect_ or widely spreading _on short pedicels, elongated_ (3--4' +long), exactly 4-sided; stigma 2-lobed.--Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to +Ill., Ark., Dak., and common westward. June, July.--Plant stout, 1--2 deg. +high; the crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as those of the +Wall-flower. Petals orbicular, on very slender claws. + +2. E. cheiranthoides, L. (WORM-SEED MUSTARD.) Minutely roughish, +branching, slender; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed; flowers small; +_pods small and short_ (7--12'' long), very obtusely angled, ascending +on slender _divergent pedicels_.--Banks of streams, Mass. to Penn., +Minn., and northward. July. (Eu.) + +3. E. parviflorum, Nutt. Stem erect, often simple; leaves +linear-oblanceolate, entire or the lowest coarsely toothed; flowers +small (3'' long); pods narrow, 1--21/2' long, ascending on short +pedicels.--Minn. to Kan. and westward. + + +15. SISYMBRIUM, Tourn. HEDGE MUSTARD. + +Pod terete, flattish or 4--6-sided, the valves 1--3-nerved; stigma +small, entire. Seeds oblong, marginless, in 1 or 2 rows in each cell. +Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open.--Flowers small, white or yellow. +Pubescence spreading. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this +family.) Ours are mostly annuals or biennials. + +1. S. humile, Meyer. Perennial, branching from the base, sparingly +pubescent, 6' high or less; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, mostly +coarsely and sharply toothed; flowers white or rose-color; pods very +narrow, subterete, 4--9'' long, ascending on short pedicels, beaked with +a short style, seeds 1-ranked. (Arabis petraea, _Man._, not +_Lam._)--Willoughby Mountain, Vt.; Canada and westward. (N. Asia.) + +2. S. canescens, Nutt. (TANSY MUSTARD.) _Leaves 2-pinnatifid_, often +hoary or downy, the divisions small and toothed; flowers yellowish, very +small; pods in long racemes, oblong-club-shaped or oblong-linear, +shorter than their mostly horizontal pedicels; _seeds 2-ranked_ in each +cell.--Penn. and N. Y. to Lake Superior, thence southward and westward. +June--Aug. + +S. SOPHIA, L. A similar hoary species, with decompound leaves; pods +slender, 6--15'' long, ascending; seeds 1-ranked.--Sparingly naturalized +from Europe. + +S. OFFICINALE, Scop. (HEDGE MUSTARD.) _Leaves runcinate_; flowers very +small, pale yellow; _pods awl-shaped, close pressed_ to the stem, +scarcely stalked.--Waste places. May--Sept.--An unsightly branched weed, +2--3 deg. high. (Nat. from Eu.) + +S. THALIANA, Gaud. (MOUSE-EAR CRESS.) _Leaves obovate or oblong, entire_ +or barely toothed; flowers white; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer +than the slender spreading pedicels.--Old fields and rocks, Mass. to +Kan. April, May.--A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. +(Nat. from Eu.) + +S. ALLIARIA, Scop. Stout, erect; leaves reniform to ovate-cordate, +coarsely repand-dentate; flowers white; pods tapering, 1--2' long, +ascending on very stout spreading pedicels.--Near Georgetown, D. C. +(Nat. from Eu.) + + +16. THELYPODIUM, Endl. + +Pod terete or teretish; valves 1-nerved; stigma mostly entire. Seeds in +1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons obliquely +incumbent.--Stout biennials or perennials, with mostly large purplish or +white flowers. Leaves or petioles often auricled at base. (Name from +[Greek: the~lys], _female_, and [Greek: pou/s], _foot_, the ovary in +some species being stipitate.) + +1. T. pinnatifidum, Watson. Glabrous (1--3 deg. high), often branched above; +root-leaves round or heart-shaped, on slender petioles; stem-leaves +auricled, ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate (2--6' long), sharply and +often doubly toothed, tapering to each end, the lower into a winged +petiole, rarely bearing a pair or two of small lateral lobes; flowers +purplish; pods 1--11/2' long, on short diverging pedicels, pointed by a +short style. (Arabis hesperidoides, _Gray_.) Alluvial river-banks, Ohio +to Minn., Mo., and southwestward. May, June. + + +17. BRASSICA (Brassica and Sinapis), Tourn. + +Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout 1-seeded +beak or a rigid style; valves 1--5-nerved. Seeds globose, 1-rowed. +Cotyledons incumbent, folded around the radicle.--Annuals or biennials, +with yellow flowers. Lower leaves mostly lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. +(The Latin name of the Cabbage. Sinapis is the Greek [Greek: si/napi], +which is said to come from the Celtic _nap_, a turnip.) + +B. SINAPISTRUM, Boiss. (or SINAPIS ARVENSIS, L., the English CHARLOCK), +with knotty pods, fully one third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak +(which is either empty or 1-seeded), the upper leaves barely toothed, is +a noxious weed in grain-fields, from N. Eng. to Penn. and N. Y. +westward. (Adv. from Eu.) + +B. (or SINAPIS) ALBA. (WHITE MUSTARD.) Pods bristly, ascending on +spreading pedicels, more than half its length occupied by the +sword-shaped 1-seeded beak; leaves all pinnatifid; seeds pale. (Cult. +and adv. from Eu.) + +B. (or SINAPIS) NIGRA, Koch. (BLACK MUSTARD.) Pods smooth (1/2' long), +4-cornered (the valves only 1-nerved), erect on appressed pedicels +forming a slender raceme, tipped with a stout persistent style; seeds +dark brown, smaller and more pungent than in the last; lower leaves with +a large terminal lobe and a few small lateral ones.--Fields and waste +places. (Adv. from Eu.) + +B. CAMPESTRIS, L., in the form of the RUTABAGA and the TURNIP, sometimes +persists a year or two in neglected grounds. + + +18. CAPSELLA, Medic. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. + +Pod obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition; +the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons +incumbent.--Annuals; flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of +_capsa_, a box.) + +C. BURSA-PASTORIS, Moench. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or toothed; +stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile.--Waste places; the commonest of +weeds. April--Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +19. THLASPI, Tourn. PENNYCRESS. + +Pod orbicular, obovate, or obcordate, flattened contrary to the narrow +partition, the midrib or keel of the boat-shaped valves extended into a +wing. Seeds 2--8 in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Petals equal.--Low +plants, with root-leaves undivided, stem-leaves arrow-shaped and +clasping, and small white or purplish flowers. (Ancient Greek name, from +[Greek: thla/o], _to crush_, from the flattened pod.) + +T. ARVENSE, L. (FIELD P. or MITHRIDATE MUSTARD.) A smooth annual, with +broadly winged pod 1/2' in diameter, several seeded, deeply notched at +top; style minute.--Waste places; rarely naturalized. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +20. LEPIDIUM, Tourn. PEPPERWORT. PEPPERGRASS. + +Pod roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the +valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. +Cotyledons incumbent, or in n. 1 accumbent! Flowers small, white or +greenish. (Name from [Greek: lepi/dion], _a little scale_, alluding to +the small flat pods.)--Ours are annuals or biennials, except the last. + +[*] _Leaves all with a tapering base, the upper linear or lanceolate and +entire, the lower and often the middle ones incised or pinnatifid; pods +orbicular or oval, with a small notch at the top; the style minute or +none; stamens only 2._ + +1. L. Virginicum, L. (WILD PEPPERGRASS.) _Cotyledons accumbent_ and seed +minutely margined; _pod marginless_ or obscurely margined at the top; +petals present, except in some of the later flowers.--June--Sept. +A common roadside weed, which has immigrated from farther south. + +2. L. intermedium, Gray. _Cotyledons incumbent_ as in the following; +_pod minutely wing-margined at the top_; petals usually minute or +wanting; otherwise nearly as in n. 1.--Dry places, from western N. Y. +and N. Ill., north and westward. + +L. RUDERALE, L. More diffuse, the smaller and oval _pods and the seeds +marginless; petals always wanting_.--Roadsides, near Boston, +Philadelphia, etc.; not common. (Adv. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Stem-leaves with a sagittate partly clasping base, rather +crowded._ + +L. CAMPESTRE, Br. Minutely _soft downy_; leaves arrow-shaped, somewhat +toothed; _pods ovate, winged_, rough, the style longer than the narrow +notch.--Old fields, Mass. and N. Y. to Va.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) + +L. DRABA, L. Perennial, _obscurely hoary_; leaves oval or oblong, the +upper with broad clasping auricles; flowers corymbose; _pods +heart-shaped, wingless_, thickish, entire, tipped with a conspicuous +style.--Astoria, near New York, _D. C. Eaton_. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +21. SENEBIERA, DC. WART-CRESS. SWINE-CRESS. + +Pod flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the two cells +indehiscent and falling away at maturity from the partition as closed +nutlets, strongly wrinkled or tuberculate, 1 seeded. Cotyledons narrow +and incumbently folded transversely. Low and diffuse or prostrate +annuals or biennials, with minute whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. +(Dedicated to _J. Senebier_, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.) + +S. DIDYMA, Pers. Leaves 1--2-pinnately parted; _pods notched at the +apex, rough-wrinkled_.--Waste places, at ports, E. Mass. to Va., etc.; +an immigrant from farther south. + +S. CORONOPUS, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes; _pods not +notched at the apex, tubercled_.--At ports, R. I. to Va., etc. (Adv. +from Eu.) + + +22. CAKILE, Tourn. SEA-ROCKET. + +Pod short, 2-jointed across, fleshy, the upper joint separating at +maturity; each indehiscent, 1-celled and 1-seeded, or the lower +sometimes seedless. Seed erect in the upper, suspended in the lower +joint. Cotyledons obliquely accumbent.--Seaside fleshy annuals. Flowers +purplish. (An old Arabic name.) + +1. C. Americana, Nutt. (AMERICAN SEA-ROCKET.) Leaves obovate, sinuate +and toothed; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate; the upper +ovate, flattish at the apex.--Coast of the Northern States and of the +Great Lakes. July--Sept.--Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the +upper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry. + + +23. RAPHANUS, Tourn. RADISH. + +Pods linear or oblong, tapering upward, indehiscent, several-seeded, +continuous and spongy within between the seeds, or necklace-form by +constriction between the seeds, with no proper partition. Style long. +Seeds spherical and cotyledons conduplicate, as in Brassica.--Annuals or +biennials. (The ancient Greek name from [Greek: r(ai], _quickly_, and +[Greek: phai/no], _to appear_, alluding to the rapid germination.) + +R. RAPHANISTRUM, L. (WILD RADISH. JOINTED CHARLOCK.) Pods necklace-form, +long-beaked; leaves lyre-shaped, rough; petals yellow, turning whitish +or purplish, veiny.--A troublesome weed in fields, E. New Eng. to Penn. +(Adv. from Eu.) + + +ORDER 11. CAPPARIDACEAE. (CAPER FAMILY.) + +_Herbs_ (when in northern regions), _with cruciform flowers, but 6 or +more not tetradynamous stamens, a 1-celled pod with 2 parietal placentae, +and kidney-shaped seeds._--Pod as in Cruciferae, but with no partition; +seeds similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. Leaves +alternate, mostly palmately compound.--Often with the acrid or pungent +qualities of Cruciferae (as in _capers_, the flower-buds of Capparis +spinosa). + +1. Polanisia. Stamens 8 or more. Pod many-seeded, not or scarcely +stipitate. + +2. Cleome. Stamens 6. Pod linear, many-seeded, long stipitate. + +3. Cleomella. Stamens 6. Pod very short, rhomboidal, few-seeded, +long-stipitate. + + +1. POLANISIA, Raf. + +Petals with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8--32, unequal. +Receptacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary. +Pod linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded.--Fetid annuals, with +glandular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes. (Name from [Greek: +poly/s], _many_, and [Greek: a)/nisos], _unequal_, points in which the +genus differs in its stamens from Cleome.) + +1. P. graveolens, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; stamens about 11, +scarcely exceeding the petals; style short; pod slightly +stipitate.--Gravelly shores, from Conn. and W. Vt. to Minn. and Kan. +June--Aug.--Flowers small (2--3'' long); calyx and filaments purplish; +petals yellowish-white. + +2. P. trachysperma, Torr. & Gray. Flowers larger (4--5'' long), the +stamens (12--16) long-exserted; style 2--3'' long; pod sessile; seeds +usually rough.--Iowa to Kan. and westward. + + +2. CLEOME, L. + +Petals entire, with claws. Stamens 6. Receptacle somewhat produced +between the petals and stamens, and bearing a gland behind the stipitate +ovary. Pod linear to oblong, many-seeded.--Our species a glabrous +annual, with 3-foliolate leaves, leafy-bracteate racemes, and +rose-colored or white flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation, early +applied to some mustard-like plant.) + +1. C. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Calyx 4-cleft; petals with very short +claws, leaflets narrowly lanceolate to oblong; bracts simple; pod oblong +to linear, 1--2' long, the stipe as long as the pedicel.--Minn. to Kan. +and westward; N. Ill. Flowers showy; 2--3 deg. high. + +(Addendum) C. SPINOSA, L. Viscid-pubescent, 3--4 deg. high; a pair of short +stipular spines under the petiole of each leaf; leaflets 5--7, +oblong-lanceolate; flowers large, rose-purple to white; stamens 2--3' +long; stipe of the linear pod about 2' long. (C. pungens, _Willd._)--An +escape from cultivation, near Mt. Carmel, Ill. (_Schneck_), and in waste +grounds southward; also on ballast. (Int. from Trop. Amer.) + + +3. CLEOMELLA, DC. + +Differing from Cleome in the clawless petals, glandless receptacle, and +the short few-seeded pod with more or less distended or even conical +valves. Flowers small, yellow. (Name a diminutive of _Cleome_.) + +1. C. angustifolia, Torr. Glabrous, 1--2 deg. high; leaflets (3) and simple +bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, acute; pod rhomboidal, the valves +very bluntly conical; stipe shorter than the pedicel.--Kan. to Tex. and +westward. + + +ORDER 12. RESEDACEAE. (MIGNONETTE FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4--7-merous small flowers, a fleshy 1-sided +hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3--40) stamens, bearing the +latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Capsule 3--6-lobed, 3--6-horned, +1-celled with 3--6-parietal placentae, opening at the top before the +seeds_ (which are as in Order 11) _are full grown._--Leaves alternate, +with only glands for stipules. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes.--A +small and unimportant family, of the Old World, represented by the +Mignonette (_Reseda odorata_) and the Dyer's Weed. + +1. RESEDA, Tourn. MIGNONETTE. DYER'S ROCKET. + +Petals 4--7, cleft, unequal. Stamens 12--40, on one side of the flower. +(Name from _resedo_, to calm, in allusion to supposed sedative +properties.) + +R. LUTEOLA, L. (DYER'S WEED or WELD.) Leaves lanceolate; calyx 4-parted; +petals 4, greenish-yellow; the upper one 3--5-cleft, the two lateral +3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire; capsule depressed.--Roadsides, +N. Y., etc.--Plant 2 deg. high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.) + +R. LUTEA, L. Leaves irregularly pinnately parted or bipinnatifid; sepals +and petals 6, stamens 15--20.--Nantucket, Mass., and ballast-grounds. + + +ORDER 13. CISTACEAE. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) + +_Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous +mostly indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3--5-valved +capsule with as many parietal placentae borne on the middle of the +valves, and orthotropous albuminous seeds._--Sepals 5; the two external +much smaller, bract-like, or sometimes wanting; the three others a +little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, convolute in the opposite +direction from the calyx in the bud. Anthers short, innate, on slender +filaments. Style single or none. Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, +with the orifice at the apex. Embryo long and slender, straightish or +curved, in mealy albumen; cotyledons narrow.--Leaves simple and mostly +entire, the lower usually opposite, and the upper alternate. Inert +plants. + +1. Helianthemum. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (or none). +Stigma nearly sessile. Stamens and ovules numerous in the petal-bearing +flowers. + +2. Hudsonia. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9--30. Style long and slender. +Pod strictly 1-celled, 2--6-seeded. Heath-like. + +3. Lechea. Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 3--12. Style none. Pod partly +3-celled, the imperfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentae. + + +1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. ROCK-ROSE. + +Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Styles short or none in our +species; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule strictly 1-celled. Embryo curved in the +form of a hook or ring.--Flowers in most N. American species of two +sorts, viz., _primary_ or earlier ones, with large petals, indefinitely +numerous stamens and many-seeded pods; and _secondary_, or later ones, +which are much smaller and in clusters, with small petals or none, 3--10 +stamens, and much smaller 3--few-seeded pods. The yellow flowers open +only once, in sunshine, and cast their petals by the next day. (Name +from [Greek: e(/lios], _the sun_, and [Greek: a)/nthemon], _flower_.) + +1. H. Canadense, Michx. (FROST-WEED.) _Petal-bearing flowers solitary; +the small secondary flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves_, +nearly sessile; calyx of the large flowers hairy-pubescent, of the small +ones hoary, like the stem and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong +leaves.--Sandy or gravelly dry soil, Maine to Minn. and southward. +June--Aug.--Stems at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1' +wide, producing pods 3'' long; pods of the smaller flowers not larger +than a pin's head. A variety is more hoary, and with a stronger tendency +to multiply the minute clustered flowers. Late in autumn crystals of ice +shoot from the cracked bark at the root, whence the popular name. + +2. H. corymbosum, Michx. _Flowers all clustered at the summit_ of the +stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks; +calyx woolly.--Pine barrens, N. J. and southward along the coast. + + +2. HUDSONIA, L. + +Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx. +Stamens 9--30. Style long and slender; stigma minute. Pod oblong, +enclosed in the calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached +near the base of each nerve-like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form +of a closed hook.--Bushy heath-like little shrubs (seldom a foot high), +covered all over with the small awl-shaped or scale-like alternate +persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (small but showy) bright +yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches. (Named in +honor of _Wm. Hudson_, an early English botanist.) + +1. H. ericoides, L. Downy but greenish; leaves slender, awl-shaped, +loose; flowers on slender naked stalks; ovary hairy.--Dry sandy soil +near the coast, E. Maine to Va.; N. Conway, N. H. (_Miss Minns._) May. + +2. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Hoary with down; leaves oval or narrowly oblong, +1'' long, close-pressed and imbricated; flowers sessile or some +short-peduncled.--Sandy shores, Maine to Md., and along the Great Lakes +to Minn.; rarely on banks of streams inland. May, June. + + +3. LECHEA, Kalm. PINWEED. + +Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud, not longer than the calyx, +withering-persistent. Stamens 3--12. Style scarcely any; stigmas 3, +plumose. Pod globular, partly 3-celled; the 3 broad and thin placentae +borne on imperfect partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face toward +the valve; in our species the placentae curve backward and partly enclose +the seeds. Embryo straightish.--Homely perennial herbs, with very small +greenish or purplish flowers, in summer. (Named in honor of _John +Leche_, a Swedish botanist.) + +[*] _Pubescence villous, spreading; leaves oblong; flowers very +short-pedicelled in cymulose clusters._ + +1. L. major, Michx. Stem upright (1--2 deg. high), stout, simple, very +leafy, producing slender prostrate branches from the base; leaves +elliptical, mucronate-pointed, alternate and opposite or sometimes +whorled; flowers densely crowded; pedicels shorter than the very small +depressed-globose pod; sepals narrower than its valves.--Sterile +grounds; common, especially southward. + +[*][*] _Pubescence appressed, leaves narrower; flowers paniculate._ + +[+] _Leaves comparatively short, broad, and thin; panicles leafy._ + +2. L. thymifolia, Michx. Erect, about 2 deg. high; stem-leaves oval or +oblong (3--6'' long), commonly somewhat hairy, some whorled or opposite, +those of the rather crowded panicles more linear; pod obovate-globose, +one of the narrow outer sepals often longer. (L. Novae-Caesareae, +_Austin_.)--Dry grounds near the coast, E. Mass. to Fla. + +[+][+] _Leaves firmer, narrow, the cauline linear to slender-subulate; +panicles more naked and racemiform._ + +[++] _Fruiting calyx globular or broadly ovoid; pod rather large, nearly +globose._ + +3. L. minor, L. Rather strict, 1 deg. high or more, usually glabrate in age; +leaves of radical shoots lanceolate, rigid, 2--3'' long, the cauline +linear, 6--9'' long; pod about 1'' high.--Dry and sterile ground; +common. + +Var. maritima, Gray in herb. Stouter and more rigid, leaves of radical +shoots thicker, linear, hoary, the cauline puberulent or glabrous, calyx +canescent. (L. thymifolia, _Pursh._; L. maritima, _Leggett_.)--Sandy +soil near the coast, Mass. to Ga. + +4. L. tenuifolia, Michx. Low, slender and diffuse, minutely pubescent or +glabrous; leaves all small and very narrow; flowers mostly on very short +pedicels, diffusely racemose-paniculate; sepals without lateral ribs; +pod ovoid-globose.--Dry, sterile soil, E. Mass. to Mo., and southward. + +[++][++] _Smaller-flowered; fruiting calyx narrower; pod ellipsoidal._ + +5. L. racemulosa, Lam. Erect, soft-pubescent when young, soon nearly +glabrous; leaves of radical shoots narrowly oblong, the cauline +oblong-linear, 4--6'' long; inflorescence loose and diffuse; fruiting +calyx glabrous.--Dry and rocky soil, Long Island to Ky., and southward. + + +ORDER 14. VIOLACEAE. (VIOLET FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with a somewhat irregular 1-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 +hypogynous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the +pistil, and a 1-celled 3-valved pod with 3 parietal placentae._--Sepals +5, persistent. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short +and broad filaments continued beyond the anther-cells, and often +coherent with each other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple +stigma turned to one side. Valves of the capsule bearing the +several-seeded placentae on their middle; after opening, each valve as it +dries folds together lengthwise firmly, projecting the seeds. Seeds +anatropous, rather large, with a hard seed-coat, and a large and +straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen; cotyledons flat.--Leaves +alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary, nodding. (Roots slightly +acrid or emetic.) + +1. Viola. Sepals auricled. Lower petal spurred. Stamens distinct, the 2 +lower spurred. + +2. Solea. Sepals not auricled. Petals equal in length. Stamens united +into a sheath. + +3. Ionidium. Sepals not auricled. Petals very unequal. Filaments +distinct, the anthers merely connivent. + + +1. VIOLA, Tourn. VIOLET. HEART'S-EASE. + +Sepals extended into ears at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the +lower one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, +often slightly cohering with each other; the two lower bearing spurs +which project into the spur of the corolla. Besides these conspicuous +blossoms, which appear in spring, others are produced later (especially +in the stemless species), on shorter peduncles or on runners, usually +concealed under the leaves; these never open nor develop petals, but are +fertilized in the bud, and are far more fruitful than the ordinary +blossoms. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.) + +Sec. 1. _Perennials; stipules never leaf-like, the lower more or less +scarious._ + +[*] _Stemless, the leaves and scapes directly from a rootstock or from +runners._ + +[+] _Stigma large, naked, not beaked; stolons none; rootstock short and +thick._ + +1. V. pedata, L. (BIRD-FOOT V.) Nearly smooth; rootstock erect, not +scaly; _leaves all 3--5-divided_, or the earliest only parted, the +lateral divisions 2--3-parted, all linear or narrowly spatulate, +sometimes 2--3-toothed or cut at the apex; flower large, 1' broad, pale +or deep lilac-purple or blue.--Sandy or gravelly soil, New Eng. to +Minn., and southward.--Var. BICOLOR, Pursh, a very handsome variety, +with the two upper petals deep violet, and as it were velvety, occurs +sparingly from Mass. to Md.; most common in N. J., on shale. + +[+][+] _Stigma small, naked, often beaked or pointed._ + +[++] _Rootstock fleshy and thickened, never filiform nor producing +runners; flowers violet or purple (rarely white); lateral petals +bearded._ + +2. V. pedatifida, G. Don. Leaves all palmately or pedately 5--7-parted; +divisions 2--3-cleft; lobes linear; otherwise like n. 3. (V. +delphinifolia, _Nutt._)--Rich prairies, or more often in dry poor land, +Ill. to Kan. and Minn. + +3. V. palmata, L. (COMMON BLUE V.) Glabrous to villous-pubescent; early +leaves roundish-cordate or reniform and merely crenate, the sides rolled +inward when young, the later very various, palmately or pedately or +hastately lobed or parted, the segments obovate to linear. (V. +cucullata, var. palmata, _Gray_.)--Moist or dryish, especially sterile, +ground; very common. + +Var. cucullata, Gray. Later leaves merely crenate, not lobed. (V. +cucullata, _Ait._)--Low grounds; common everywhere. Both forms are very +variable in the size and shape of the leaves and sepals, and in the size +and color of the flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue or purple, +sometimes white or variegated with white. + +4. V. sagittata, Ait. (ARROW-LEAVED V.) Smoothish or hairy; leaves on +short and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles, +varying from oblong-heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped, +oblong-lanceolate or ovate, denticulate, sometimes cut-toothed near the +base, the lateral or occasionally all the (rather large purple-blue) +petals bearded; spur short and thick; stigma beaked.--Dry or moist sandy +places, New Eng. to Minn., and southward. Some forms pass into the last. + +[++][++] _Rootstocks long and filiform, extensively creeping._ + +[=] _Flowers blue or purple._ + +5. V. Selkirkii, Pursh. (GREAT-SPURRED V.) Small and delicate; the +filiform rootstock fibrose-rooted, no runners above ground; smooth, +except the round-heart-shaped crenate leaves, which are minutely hairy +on the upper surface and have a deep narrowed sinus; _spur very large_, +thickened at the end, almost as long as the beardless pale violet +petals.--Damp and shady soil, N. Maine to W. Mass., central N. Y., +L. Superior (_Robbins_), and northward; rare.--Scapes and petioles +1--2', the leaf 1/2--11/4' long, thin; the spur 3'' long. (Eu.) + +6. V. palustris, L. (MARSH V.) Smooth; leaves round-heart-shaped and +kidney-form, slightly crenate; flowers (small) pale lilac with purple +streaks, nearly beardless; _spur very short_ and obtuse.--Alpine summits +of the White Mountains, N. H., and high northward. June. (Eu.) + +V. ODORATA, L. (SWEET VIOLET), cultivated in gardens, from Europe, +belongs near this group, and is sparingly spontaneous in some places. + +[=][=] _Flowers white (small, short-spurred), mostly with brown-purple +veins; lateral petals bearded or beardless. Species apparently +confluent._ + +7. V. blanda, Willd. (SWEET WHITE V.) Commonly glabrous; leaves +round-heart-shaped or kidney-form; petals mostly beardless, the lower +strongly veined.--Damp places, everywhere. Flowers faintly +sweet-scented. + +Var. palustriformis, Gray. The larger form; upper surface of the leaves +sparsely and finely hairy; petals 5'' long, oftener bearded, less +distinctly veined.--Shaded mossy ground, N. Eng. to Del., and westward. + +Var. renifolia, Gray. Slightly or strongly pubescent with soft spreading +hairs; leaves round-reniform; petals usually beardless. (V. renifolia, +_Gray_.)--Maine to Mass., western N. Y., Lake Superior, etc. + +8. V. primulaefolia, L. (PRIMROSE-LEAVED V.) Smooth or a little +pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at +the base; petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly +bearded.--Damp or dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla., toward the coast. + +9. V. lanceolata, L. (LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smooth; leaves lanceolate, +erect, blunt, tapering into a long-margined petiole, almost entire; +petals beardless.--Damp soil; common, especially eastward. + +[=][=][=] _Flowers yellow._ + +10. V. rotundifolia, Michx. (ROUND-LEAVED VIOLET.) Leaves round-ovate, +heart-shaped, slightly crenate; lateral petals bearded and marked with +brown lines; spur very short.--Cold woods, Maine to Minn., and south +along the Alleghanies.--Smoothish; leaves 1' broad at flowering, +increasing to 3 or 4' in the summer, then lying flat on the ground, +shining above. + +[*][*] _Leafy-stemmed; all perennial with short rootstocks._ + +[+] _Low, at first nearly stemless; flowers yellow; stigma concave, +bearded._ + +11. V. Nuttallii, Pursh. Pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves ovate to +oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, entire or slightly crenate, decurrent on the +petiole.--Central Kansas and westward. + +[+][+] _Stems erect, without root-leaves; stipules entire; spur very +short; stigma beakless, pubescent._ + +[++] _Stems naked below; flowers yellow._ + +12. V. pubescens, Ait. (DOWNY YELLOW V.) Softly pubescent (6--12' high); +_leaves very broadly heart-shaped_, toothed, somewhat pointed; stipules +ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large; lower petals veined with purple, +capsule oblong to globular, glabrous or tomentose.--Woods; common.--Var. +SCABRIUSCULA, Torr. & Gray, smaller and greener, slightly pubescent +(4--10' high).--R. I. to Ky., and southwestward. + +13. V. hastata, Michx. (HALBERD-LEAVED V.) Nearly glabrous, slender +(4--10' high); _stem-leaves halberd-shaped_ or oblong-heart-shaped, +slightly serrate, acute; stipules ovate, small.--Woods, N. Ohio (near +Painesville, _Miss Shattuck_), mountains of Penn., and southward; rare. + +[++][++] _Stems more leafy and prolonged; flowers white or purplish._ + +14. V. Canadensis, L. (CANADA V.) Upright (1--2 deg. high); leaves +heart-shaped, pointed, serrate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire; +petals white or whitish inside, the upper ones mostly tinged with violet +beneath, the lateral bearded.--Rich woods; common northward and along +the Alleghanies. May--Aug. + +[+][+][+] _Stems erect or spreading (at first nearly acaulescent); +stipules fringe-toothed; spur oblong to cylindrical; stigma naked._ + +15. V. striata, Ait. (PALE V.) Stems angular, ascending (6--10' high); +leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute; stipules +oblong-lanceolate, large; _spur thickish, much shorter than the +cream-colored or white petals_, the lateral ones bearded, the lower +striped with purplish lines; stigma beaked.--Low grounds, W. New Eng. to +Minn. and Mo., and southward in the mountains. April--Oct. + +16. V. rostrata, Pursh. (LONG-SPURRED V.) Stems ascending (3--6' high); +leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; stipules +lanceolate, large; _spur slender_ (1/2' long), _longer than the pale +violet beardless petals_; style straight and slender; stigma terminal, +beakless.--Shaded hillsides, N. New Eng. to Mich., and southward in the +Alleghanies; rather rare. June, July. + +17. V. canina, L., var. Muhlenbergii, Gray. (DOG V.) Low (3--8' high), +mostly glabrous; stems ascending, mostly simple, from the base at length +producing creeping branches; leaves heart-shaped, or the lowest +kidney-form, crenate, the uppermost slightly pointed; stipules +lanceolate; _spur cylindrical, half the length of the light violet +petals_, the lateral ones slightly bearded; stigma beaked.--Damp or wet +shady places; common. May--July. (Eu.)--Var. PUBERULA, Watson in herb. +Finely puberulent; leaves mostly ovate and acutish with a cordate base, +often small; flowers small and mostly cleistogamous.--Sandy or stony +shores and islands of Lakes Huron and Superior. (_Robbins, Engelmann, +etc._)--Var. MULTICAULIS, Gray. Depressed and stoloniferous; flowers +mostly cleistogamous; leaves small, suborbicular to reniform.--Ky. to +Fla. and Tex. + +Sec. 2. _Leaf-bearing throughout from an annual, biennial, or sometimes +short-lived perennial root; the stipules large, leaf-like and +lyrate-pinnatifid._ + +V. TRICOLOR, L. (PANSY. HEART'S-EASE.) Stem angled and branched; leaves +roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped, crenate or +entire; petals variable in color or variegated (yellow, whitish, +violet-blue and purple);--in var. ARVENSIS shorter or little longer than +the calyx.--Dry or sandy soil, N. Y. to Iowa, Kan., and southward; the +variety sometimes seeming like a native plant. April--Sept. (Nat. from +Eu.) + + +2. SOLEA, Spreng., in part. GREEN VIOLET. + +Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but the +lower one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than +the others at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath +enclosing the ovary, and bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style +hooked at the summit.--A homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the +top, and 1--3 small greenish-white flowers in the axils, on short +recurved pedicels. (Named in honor of _W. Sole_, author of an essay on +the British Mints.) + +1. S. concolor, Ging. Plant 1--2 deg. high; leaves oblong, pointed at both +ends, entire; pod 1' long.--Woods, N. Y. to Kan., and southward. June. + + +3. IONIDIUM, Vent. + +Sepals not prolonged at base. Petals very unequal, the two upper +shorter, the lower longest and largest, concave at base, contracted in +the middle. Filaments distinct, the two lower with a scale-like gland or +spur at base; anthers merely connivent.--Perennials, branching and +leafy, with alternate and opposite leaves, and small axillary flowers. +(Name from [Greek: i)/on], _violet_, and [Greek: ei)~dos], +_appearance_.) + +1. I. polygalaefolium, Vent. Stems low, from a woody base; leaves linear +to oblanceolate, or the lower obovate, entire, the stipules leaf-like or +small or none; flowers solitary, nodding, 2'' long, white. (I. lineare, +_Torr._)--Kan. and southwestward. + + +ORDER 15. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. (PINK FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4--5-merous flowers, +with or without petals, the distinct stamens no more than twice the +number of the sepals, either hypogynous or perigynous, styles 2--5 (or +rarely united into one); seeds several or usually many, attached to the +base or to the central column of the 1-celled (rarely 3--5-celled) pod, +with a slender embryo coiled or curved around the outside of mealy +albumen_, in Dianthus nearly straight.--Bland herbs; the stems usually +swollen at the joints; uppermost leaves rarely alternate. Leaves often +united at the base. Calyx persistent. Styles stigmatic along the +inside. Seeds amphitropous or campylotropous. + +Tribe I. SILENEAE. Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals (mostly +convolute in the bud) and stamens (10) borne on the stipe or stalk of +the ovary, the former with slender claws, to the base of which the +corresponding filaments often adhere, included in the calyx tube. Seeds +numerous.--Stipules none. Flowers often large and showy. + +[*] Calyx with scaly bractlets or small leaves at the base. Seeds +flattened on the back, attached by their face; embryo nearly straight. + +1. Dianthus. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2. + +[*][*] Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped; embryo curved or +coiled. + +2. Gypsophila. Calyx top-shaped or campanulate. Pod deeply 4-valved. +Styles 2. + +3. Saponaria. Calyx oblong-cylindrical, obscurely nerved, terete or +5-angled. Pod shortly 4-valved. Styles 2. + +4. Silene. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 3. + +5. Lychnis. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 5, rarely 4. + +Tribe II. ALSINEAE. Sepals distinct or nearly so, imbricated in the bud. +Petals when present without claws, mostly imbricated, and with the +stamens inserted at the base of the sessile ovary, or into a little +disk. Pod splitting into valves or teeth several--many-seeded. Stamens +opposite the sepals, when not more in number.--Low herbs. + +[*] Stipules none. + +[+] Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are +exterior in the bud. + +[++] Pod short, splitting into as many valves as styles; valves often +bifid or 2-parted. + +6. Arenaria. Petals entire. Styles usually 3. Valves of the pod entire, +bifid or 2-parted. + +7. Stellaria. Petals 2-cleft or none. Styles usually 3. Valves bifid or +2-parted. + +[++][++] Pod cylindrical, dehiscent by twice as many equal teeth as +styles. + +8. Holosteum. Petals denticulate or notched. Styles usually 3. Seeds +fixed by the face. + +9. Cerastium. Petals notched or 2-cleft. Styles 5 or 4. Seeds fixed +edgewise. + +[+][+] Styles alternate with the sepals. Stamens as many, or twice as +many. + +10. Sagina. Petals 4 or 5, entire, or none. Styles 4 or 5. Pod short, +4--5-valved. + +[*][*] Stipules present. Pod short. + +11. Buda. Styles 3. Pod 3-valved. Leaves opposite. + +12. Spergula. Styles 5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves +whorled. + + +1. DIANTHUS, L. PINK. CARNATION. + +Calyx cylindrical, nerved or striate, 5-toothed, subtended by 2 or +more imbricated bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, +4-valved at the apex. Seeds flattish on the back; embryo scarcely +curved.--Ornamental plants, of well-known aspect and value in +cultivation. (Name from [Greek: Dio/s], _of Jupiter_, and [Greek: +a)/nthos] _flower_, i.e., Jove's own flower.) + +D. ARMERIA, L. (DEPTFORD PINK.) Annual; flowers clustered; bractlets of +the calyx and _bracts lance-awl-form_, herbaceous, downy, as long as the +tube; leaves linear, _hairy_; petals small, rose-color with white dots, +crenate.--Fields, etc., eastward. July. (Adv. from Eu.) + +D. PROLIFER, L. Annual, _smooth_, slender; flowers clustered; _bractlets +ovate, dry_, concealing the calyx; leaves few, narrow, linear, erect; +petals small, pink.--N. J. and E. Penn. (Adv. from Eu.) + +D. DELTOIDES, L. (MAIDEN PINK.) Perennial; leaves short, narrowly +lanceolate, downy and roughish; flowers solitary; bracts ovate, half as +long as the tube; petals rose-color or white, toothed.--Mich., _L. H. +Bailey_. (Nat. from Eu.) + +D. BARBATUS, L. (SWEET WILLIAM.) Perennial; flowers fascicled; leaves +large, lanceolate; bracts filiform-attenuate, equalling the +calyx.--Sparingly spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +2. GYPSOPHILA, L. + +Calyx narrowly top shaped or campanulate, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, naked at +base. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved +at the apex, sessile.--Slender glaucous annuals or perennials, with +numerous small flowers. (Name from [Greek: gy/psos], _gypsum_, and +[Greek: philei~n], _to love_.) + +G. MURALIS, L. Annual, much branched; leaves very narrowly linear; +flowers on slender pedicels, solitary in the forks; calyx turbinate, the +teeth short, obtuse; petals purplish, crenate or emarginate.--Sparingly +naturalized. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +3. SAPONARIA, L. + +Calyx narrowly ovoid or oblong, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved, naked. +Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, or incompletely 2--4-celled at base, +4-toothed at the apex.--Coarse annuals or perennial, with large flowers. +(Name from _sapo_, soap, the mucilaginous juice forming a lather with +water.) + +S. OFFICINALIS, L. (SOAPWORT. BOUNCING BET.) Flowers in corymbed +clusters; calyx terete; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of +the claw; leaves oval-lanceolate.--Roadsides, etc. July--Sept.--A stout +perennial, with large rose-colored flowers, commonly double. (Adv. from +Eu.) + +S. VACCARIA, L. Annual, glabrous; flowers in corymbed cymes; calyx +5-angled, enlarged and wing-angled in fruit; petals pale red, +not crowned; leaves ovate-lanceolate. (Vaccaria vulgaris, +_Host._)--Occasionally spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +4. SILENE, L. CATCHFLY. CAMPION. + +Calyx 5-toothed, 10--many-nerved, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles +3, rarely 4. Pod 1-celled, sometimes 3-celled at least at the base, +opening by 3 or 6 teeth at the apex.--Flowers solitary or in cymes. +Petals mostly crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from +[Greek: si/alon], _saliva_, from the viscid exudation on the stems and +calyx of many species. The English name _Catchfly_ alludes to the same +peculiarity.) + +[*] _Dwarf, alpine, tufted, smooth, perennial; flowering shoots +1-flowered._ + +1. S. acaulis, L. (MOSS CAMPION.) Tufted like a moss (1--2' high); +leaves linear, crowded; flowers almost sessile, or rarely on a naked +peduncle; petals purple or rarely white, notched or entire, +crowned.--Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H. July. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Calyx bladdery-inflated; perennial; flowers panicled, white, in +summer._ + +2 S. Stellata, Ait. (STARRY CAMPION.) _Leaves in whorls of 4, +ovate-lanceolate_, taper-pointed; calyx bell-shaped; _petals cut into a +fringe, crownless_.--Wooded banks, R. I. to Minn., and southward.--Stem +3 deg. high, with a large and open pyramidal panicle. Corolla 3/4' broad. + +3. S. nivea, Otth. _Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong_, +taper-pointed; calyx oblong; _petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely +crowned_.--Penn. to Iowa and Minn.; rare.--Stem 1--2 deg. high, almost +smooth. Flowers few, larger than in the last. + +S. CUCUBALUS, Wibel. (BLADDER CAMPION.) _Glaucous; leaves opposite, +ovate-lanceolate; calyx globular, much inflated_, elegantly veined; +petals 2-cleft, nearly crownless. (S. inflata, _Smith_.)--Fields and +roadsides, E. New Eng. to Ill.--A foot high. Flowers loosely cymose. +(Nat. from Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the +enlarging pod; flowers cymose or clustered; perennial, pubescent with +viscid hairs, especially the calyx; petals crowned, red or rose-color._ + +4. S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. (WILD PINK.) Stems low (4--8'); root-leaves +narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy petioles; +_stem-leaves_ (2 or 3 pairs) _lanceolate; flowers clustered_, +short-stalked; calyx club-shaped; _petals wedge-form, slightly notched +and eroded, pink_.--Gravelly places, E. New Eng. to N. Y., Ky., and +southward. April--June. + +5. S. Virginica, L. (FIRE PINK. CATCHFLY.) Steins slender (1--2 deg. high); +_leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate; flowers few and +loosely cymose_, peduncled; calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconical; +_petals oblong, 2-cleft, deep crimson_; the limb 1' long.--Open woods, +western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. June--Aug. + +6. S. regia, Sims. (ROYAL CATCHFLY.) Stem roughish, erect (3--4 deg. high); +_leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate_, acute; _flowers numerous, +short-stalked_, in clusters, forming a strict panicle; calyx +ovoid-club-shaped in fruit; _petals spatulate-lanceolate, mostly +undivided, deep scarlet_.--Prairies, Ohio to Mo., and southward. July. + +7. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. (ROUND-LEAVED CATCHFLY.) Viscid-hairy; stems +weak, branched, decumbent (2 deg. long); _leaves thin, round, abruptly +pointed_, the lower obovate; flowers few, loosely cymose, stalked; calyx +elongated; _petals 2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet_.--Shaded banks +of the Ohio, and in Ky. June--Aug.--Leaves and flowers large. + +[*][*][*][*] _Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod; annuals._ + +[+] _Glabrous, a portion of each joint of the stem glutinous; flowers +pink._ + +8. S. antirrhina, L. (SLEEPY C.) Stem slender (8--30' high); _leaves +lanceolate or linear_; flowers small, paniculate; _calyx ovoid_; petals +obcordate, crowned, opening transiently in sunshine.--Dry soil; common +in waste places. June--Sept. + +S. ARMERIA, L. (SWEET-WILLIAM CATCHFLY.) Glaucous; _leaves +ovate-lanceolate_; flowers in flat cymes, open in sunshine; _calyx +club-shaped_; petals notched, crowned with awl-shaped scales.--Escaped +from gardens; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) + +[+][+] _Viscid-pubescent; flowers white or nearly so, opening at night, +sweet-scented._ + +S. NOCTURNA, L. (NIGHT C.) Leaves short, the lower spatulate, the upper +linear; _flowers small, alternate in a 1-sided spike_; petals +2-parted.--Introduced sparingly in Pa., according to _Schweinitz_. (Adv. +from Eu.) + +S. NOCTIFLORA, L. (NIGHT-FLOWERING C.) _Viscid-hairy_, tall (1--3 deg. +high); lower leaves large and spatulate, the upper lanceolate; _flowers +few, peduncled_; calyx-tube elongated (over 1' long), soon ovoid, with +awl-shaped teeth; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned.--Cultivated +grounds. + + +5. LYCHNIS, Tourn. COCKLE. + +Styles 5, rarely 4, and pod opening by as many or twice as many teeth; +otherwise nearly as in Silene. Calyx in one species with leaf-like +lobes. (Ancient Greek name for a scarlet or flame-colored species, from +[Greek: ly/chnos], _a light_ or _lamp_.) + +L. VESPERTINA, Sibth. (EVENING L.) Biennial, usually dioecious, +_viscid-pubescent_, in foliage, etc., like Silene noctiflora; but 5 +styles, calyx much shorter (7--9'' long), with lance-linear teeth, and +_flowers white_ or pinkish, opening at evening.--Cult. or waste grounds; +scarce. (Adv. from En.) + +L. DIURNA, Sibth. (RED LYCHNIS.) Resembling L. vespertina, but less +viscid, the calyx usually shorter (4--6'' long), and the flowers red, +opening in the morning.--Rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) + +L. GITHAGO, Lam. (CORN COCKLE.) Annual, clothed with long soft appressed +hairs; flowers long-peduncled; _calyx-lobes similar to the long and +linear leaves_, surpassing the broad and crownless _purple-red petals_, +falling off in fruit. (Agrostemma Githago, _L._)--In wheat-fields. (Adv. +from Eu.) + +L. FLOS-CUCULI, L. (RAGGED ROBIN.) Perennial, erect, slightly downy +below, viscid above; leaves narrowly lanceolate; flowers in loose +panicles; calyx short, glabrous; petals red, 4-lobed, lobes +linear.--Moist or marshy places; New Eng. and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +6. ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT. + +Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched, rarely wanting. +Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite as many sepals. Pod +short, splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are +styles, few--many-seeded.--Low, usually tufted herbs, with sessile +exstipulate leaves and small white flowers. (Name from _arena_, sand, in +which many of the species grow.)--The following sections are by many +botanists taken for genera. + +Sec. 1. ARENARIA proper. _Pod splitting wholly or part-way down into 3 or +at length into 6 valves; seeds many, naked at the hilum._ + +A. SERPYLLIFOLIA, L. (THYME-LEAVED SANDWORT.) Diffusely branched, +roughish (2--6' high); leaves ovate, acute, small; cymes leafy; sepals +lanceolate, pointed, 3--5-nerved, about equalling the petals and +6-toothed pod.--A low annual; sandy waste places. June--Aug. (Nat. from +Eu.) + +Sec. 2. ALSINE. _Pod splitting to the base into 3 entire valves; seeds +many, usually rough, naked at the hilum; flowers solitary and terminal +or cymose; root in our species perennial, except in n. 4._ + +[*] _Leaves small, rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped._ + +1. A. Caroliniana, Walt. (PINE-BARREN S.) Densely tufted from a deep +perpendicular root; _leaves closely imbricated_, but spreading, +_awl-shaped, short, channelled_; branches naked and minutely glandular +above, several-flowered; _sepals obtuse_, ovate, shorter than the pod. +(A. squarrosa, _Michx._)--In pure sand, S. New York, N. J., and +southward along the coast. May--July. + +2. A. Michauxii, Hook. f. Erect, or usually diffusely spreading from a +small root, smooth; _leaves slender, between awl-shaped and +bristle-form_, with many others _clustered_ in the axils; cyme diffuse, +naked, many-flowered; _sepals pointed, 3-ribbed_, ovate, as long as the +pod. (A. stricta, _Michx._)--Rocks and dry wooded banks, Vt. and Penn. +to Minn., Mo., and southwestward. July. + +3. A. verna, L. Dwarf, alpine, densely matted, glabrous or (var. HIRTA) +somewhat pubescent, 1--3' high; leaves narrowly linear or awl-shaped; +flowers loosely cymose; sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, shorter +than the pod.--Smuggler's Notch, Vt. (_Pringle_); north and westward. +(Eu.) + +[*][*] _Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear; petals retuse or +notched._ + +4. A. patula, Michx. Diffusely branched from the slender root; stems +filiform (6--10' long); branches of the cyme diverging; peduncles long; +_sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 3--5-nerved_. (A. Pitcheri, +_Nutt._)--S. W. Va. to Ky., Ill., Kan., and southward. + +5. A. Groenlandica, Spreng. (MOUNTAIN S.) Densely tufted from slender +roots, smooth; flowering stems filiform, erect (2--4' high), +few-flowered; _sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless_.--Summit of the +Shawangunk, Catskill, and Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., of the higher +mountains of New Eng., and northward; alpine or subalpine. At Bath, +Maine, on river-banks near the sea, and near Middletown, Ct. +June--Aug.--Leaves and peduncles 3--6'' long; flowers large in +proportion. (Addendum)--Arenaria Groenlandica. Found on Mt. Desert +Island, Maine (_Rand_). + +Sec. 3. MOEHRINGIA. _Parts of the flower sometimes in fours; pod as in Sec. 1, +but the young ovary 3-celled; seeds rather few, smooth, with a thickish +appendage (strophiole) at the hilum; perennials, with flaccid broadish +leaves._ + +6. A. lateriflora, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent; +leaves oval or oblong, obtuse (1/2--1' long); peduncles 2--(rarely 3--4) +flowered, soon becoming lateral; sepals oblong, obtuse.--Gravelly +shores, etc., New Eng. to Penn., Mo., Minn., and northward. May, June. +(Eu.) + +Sec. 4. AMMADENIA. _Styles, cells of the ovary, and valves of the fleshy +pod 3, rarely 4 or 5; seeds few, smooth, short-beaked at the naked +hilum; disk under the ovary more prominent than usual, glandular, +10-lobed; flowers almost sessile in the axils, sometimes dioecious or +polygamous; root perennial._ + +7. A. peploides, L. Stems (simple or forking from long rootstocks, +6--10' high) and ovate partly-clasping leaves (8--10'' long) very +fleshy. (Honkenya peploides, _Ehrh._)--Sands of the sea-shore, N. J. to +Maine and northward. June. (Eu.) + + +7. STELLARIA, L. CHICKWEED. STARWORT. + +Sepals 4--5. Petals 4--5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10, +or fewer. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, opposite as many sepals. Pod ovoid, +1-celled, opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, +several--many-seeded. Seeds naked.--Flowers (white) solitary or cymose, +terminal, or appearing lateral by the prolongation of the stem from the +upper axils. (Name from _stella_, a star, in allusion to the star-shaped +flowers.) + +[*] _Stems spreading, flaccid, marked longitudinally with one or two +pubescent lines; leaves ovate or oblong, 1/2--21/2' long._ + +S. MEDIA, Smith. (COMMON CHICKWEED.) Annual or nearly so; _lower leaves +on hairy petioles, petals shorter than the calyx_, 2-parted, stamens +3--10.--Everywhere in damp grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) + +1. S. pubera, Michx. (GREAT CHICKWEED.) Root perennial; _leaves all +sessile; petals longer than the calyx_, deeply 2-cleft; stamens +10.--Shaded rocks, Penn. to Ind., and southward. May. + +[*][*] _Stems erect or spreading; wholly glabrous perennials, with +sessile and narrow or small leaves; stamens usually 10, perigynous._ + +[+] _Scaly-bracted; petals 2-parted, equalling or surpassing the calyx._ + +2. S. longifolia, Muhl. (LONG-LEAVED STITCHWORT.) Stem erect, weak, +often with rough angles (8--18' high); _leaves linear, acutish at both +ends, spreading; cymes naked and at length lateral, peduncled_, +many-flowered, the slender _pedicels spreading_; petals 2-parted, longer +than the calyx; seeds smooth.--Grassy places; common, especially +northward. June, July. (Eu.) + +3. S. longipes, Goldie. (LONG-STALKED S.) Shining or somewhat glaucous, +very smooth; _leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate_, acute, +_broadest at the base_, rather rigid; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the +long _pedicels strictly erect_; petals longer than the calyx; seeds +smooth.--Maine to Minn., rare; common farther north. (Eu.) + +S. GRAMINEA, L. Resembling the last; leaves linear-lanceolate, _broadest +above the base; pedicels widely spreading; seeds_ strongly but minutely +_rugose_.--Becoming rather frequent. (Int. from Eu.) + +4. S. uliginosa, Murr. (SWAMP S.) Stems weak, decumbent or diffuse, at +length prolonged, leaving the naked and usually _sessile cymes lateral; +leaves lanceolate or oblong_, veiny; petals and ripe _pods as long as +the calyx; seeds roughened_.--Swamps and rills, Md. to N. Eng., and +northward; rare. (Eu.) + +[+][+] _Flowers terminal or in the forks of the stem or of leafy +branches; bracts foliaceous; petals 2-parted, small or often none; +styles 3--4; pod longer than the calyx._ + +5. S. crassifolia, Ehrh. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid; _leaves rather +fleshy_, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong; _petals longer than +the calyx_, or wanting; _seeds rugose-roughened_.--Springy places, +eastern Ky. (_Short_), Ringwood, Ill. (_Vasey_), and northward. +April--June. (Eu.) + +6. S. borealis, Bigel. (NORTHERN S.) Stems erect or spreading, flaccid, +many times forked, at length resolved into a leafy cyme; leaves varying +from broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong; _petals 2--5, shorter than the +calyx, or oftener none_; sepals acute; styles usually 4; _seeds +smooth_.--Shaded or wet places, R. I. to Minn., and northward. +June--Aug.--Var. ALPESTRIS has the later flowers more cymose, and their +bracts small and partly scarious, also the seeds obscurely reticulated +or roughish.--Lake Superior, _Dr. Robbins_. (Eu.) (Addendum)--Stellaria +borealis. In the mountains of northern N. J. + +7. S. humifusa, Rottb. Spreading or _creeping_; stems or branches (2' +high) 1--3-flowered; _leaves fleshy, ovate or oblong_ (2--3'' long); +_petals a little longer than the calyx_; seeds smooth.--Northern border +of Maine on the St. John's (_G. L. Goodale_), and high northward. June. +(Eu.) (Addendum) S. humifusa. This species has also been found on +Cranberry Island, near Mt. Desert, Maine, by _J. H. Redfield_. + + +8. HOLOSTEUM, L. JAGGED CHICKWEED. + +Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens +3--5, rarely 10. Styles mostly 3. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, many-seeded, +opening at the top by 6 teeth. Seeds rough, flattened on the back, +attached by the inner face.--Annuals or biennials, with several (white) +flowers in an umbel, borne on a long terminal peduncle. (Name composed +of [Greek: o(/los], _all_, and [Greek: o)ste/on], _bone_, by +antiphrasis, these plants being soft and tender.) + +H. UMBELLATUM, L. Leaves oblong; peduncle and upper part of the stem +glandular-pubescent; pedicels reflexed after flowering.--Hills around +Lancaster, Penn., _Prof. Porter_, and Morris Co., N. J., _C. F. Austin_. +(Nat. from Eu.) + +9. CERASTIUM, L. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. + +Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely entire. +Stamens twice as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals +and opposite them. Pod 1-celled, usually elongated, membranaceous, +opening at the apex by twice as many teeth as there were styles, +many-seeded. Seeds rough.--Flowers white, in terminal cymes. Our species +have the petals 2-cleft or obcordate, the parts of the flower always in +fives, and the exserted pods more or less curved. (Name from [Greek: +ke/ras], _a horn_, alluding to the shape of the pod in many species.) + +C. VISCOSUM, L. (MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.) _Annual_, hairy and rather +clammy, nearly erect (4--9' high); _leaves ovate or obovate to +oblong-spatulate_; bracts herbaceous; _flowers small_ in close clusters +at first, _pedicels even in fruit not longer than the acute sepals; +petals shorter than the calyx_. (C. vulgatum, _L. Herb._, and _Man._ The +names of this and the next were transposed in the Linnaean herbarium, +which has caused much confusion. They are here applied as originally by +Linnaeus, and by many recent botanists. Others substitute for this the +later name, C. glomeratum, _Thuill._)--Grassy places, eastward and +southward; not common. May--July.--Stamens often 5. (Nat. from Eu.) + +C. VULGATUM, L. (LARGER M.) Perennial; stems clammy-hairy, spreading +(6--15' long); _leaves oblong_; upper bracts scarious-margined; _flowers +larger_ (sepals 2--3'' long), at first clustered, the fruiting +_pedicels_ longer, the earlier ones mostly much _longer than the obtuse +sepals_; petals equalling the calyx. (C. viscosum, _L. Herb._, and +_Man._ C. triviale, _Link._)--Fields and copses; common, perhaps +indigenous. May--July. (Nat. from Eu.) + +1. C. nutans, Raf. Annual, very clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slender, +grooved, diffusely branched (6--20' high); cyme loose and open, +_many-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate_, acute, the lowest spatulate; +peduncles mostly elongated; petals longer than the calyx; _pods nodding +on the stalks, curved upward, thrice the length of the calyx_.--Moist +places, Vt. to Minn., and southward. May--July. + +2. C. arvense, L. (FIELD CHICKWEED.) Perennial; stems ascending or +erect, tufted, downy or nearly smooth, slender (4--8' high), naked and +_few--several-flowered_ at the summit; _leaves linear or narrowly +lanceolate_; petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the calyx; +_pods scarcely longer than the calyx_.--Dry or rocky places. May--July. +(Eu.) + +Var. oblongifolium, Holl. & Britt. Usually taller, pubescent; leaves +narrowly or broadly oblong or oblong-lanceolate; pod about twice longer +than the calyx. (C. oblongifolium, _Torr._)--Rocky places, N. Y. to +Minn., and southward.--Var. VILLOSUM, Holl. & Britt. Similar but densely +villous-pubescent, and the leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate.--E. +Penn. + +10. SAGINA, L. PEARLWORT. + +Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, or often none. Stamens as many +as the sepals, rarely twice as many. Styles as many as the sepals and +alternate with them. Pod many-seeded, 4--5-valved to the base; valves +opposite the sepals.--Little, matted herbs, with thread-like or +awl-shaped leaves, no stipules, and small flowers terminating the stems +or branches; in summer. (Name from _sagina_, fattening; previously +applied to the spurry.) + +[*] _Parts of the flower in fours, rarely with some few in fives._ + +1. S. procumbens, L. Annual or perennial, _depressed or spreading_ on +the ground, glabrous; leaves linear-thread-shaped; _apex of the peduncle +often hooked_ soon after flowering; _petals shorter than the_ broadly +ovate obtuse _sepals_, sometimes none.--Springy places and damp rocks, +coast of Maine to Penn. (Eu.) + +2. S. apetala, L. _Annual, erect_ or ascending; leaves ciliate at base +or glabrous; _petals none_ or very small; _peduncles always erect_.--Dry +soil, Mass. to Penn.; scarce, seemingly native? (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Parts of the flower in fives, the stamens not rarely 10._ + +3. S. decumbens, Torr. & Gray. Annual, ascending; the peduncles +and calyx with the margins of the upper leaves _at first +glandular-pubescent_; leaves short, often bristly-tipped, not fascicled +in the axils; peduncles slender; _petals equalling or shorter than the +calyx_; pod oblong-ovate, nearly twice longer than the acutish sepals. +(S. subulata, _Man._, not _Wimm._)--E. Mass., to Ill., Mo., and +southward.--Var. SMITHII, a slender form, _apetalous_, at least in the +later flowers.--Near Philadelphia, in waste ground, and in sandy fields +at Somers' Point, N. J., _C. E. Smith._ Seeds minutely roughened. + +4. S. nodosa, Fenzl. Perennial, tufted, glabrous, or glandular above; +stems ascending (3--5' high); lower leaves thread-form, the upper short +and awl-shaped, with minute ones _fascicled in their axils so that the +branchlets appear knotty, petals much longer than the calyx._--Wet sandy +soil, along the coast of Maine and N. H., also Lake Superior, and +northward. (Eu.) + +11. BUDA, Adans. SAND-SPURREY. + +Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2--10. Styles and valves of the +many-seeded pod 3, very rarely 5, when the valves alternate with the +sepals! Embryo not coiled into a complete ring.--Low herbs, mostly on or +near the seacoast, with filiform or linear somewhat fleshy opposite +leaves, and smaller ones often clustered in the axils; stipules +scaly-membranaceous; flowering all summer. (Named probably for the city +so called.)--Genus also known as TISSA, Adans., SPERGULARIA, Presl., and +LEPIGONUM, Wahlb. The species are very variously understood by European +botanists, and are much confused, as well as the synonymy. Our forms are +annual, or at the most biennial. + +1. B. rubra, Dumort. Nearly glabrous, the summit of the prostrate +or ascending slender stems, peduncles, and sepals usually +glandular-pubescent; leaves linear, flat, scarcely fleshy; stipules +lanceolate, entire or cleft; pedicels longer than the bracts; _pods_ and +pink-red corolla small (11/2''), _hardly equalling or exceeding +the calyx; seeds rough with projecting points, semi-obovate_ or +_gibbous-wedge-shaped, wingless_. (Spergularia rubra, _Presl._)--Dry +sandy soil, New Eng. to Va., along and near the coast, but rarely +maritime. (Eu.) + +2. B. marina, Dumort. More decidedly fleshy than the preceding, erect or +ascending, usually pubescent, with ovate stipules, terete leaves, and +pedicels 2--4'' long; sepals usually becoming 2--21/2'' long, little +shorter than the pod; petals pale; _seeds obovate-rounded and roughened +with points_, wingless or narrow-winged. (Spergularia salina, _Presl._ +Tissa marina, _Britt._)--Brackish sands, etc., coast of N. Eng. to Va., +and southward. A form with smooth seeds is var. LEIOSPERMA, N. E. Brown. +(S. media, _Presl._) (Eu.) + +Var.(?) minor, Watson. Small, ascending or decumbent; flowers smaller, +on shorter pedicels (rarely 2'' long), the sepals and pod 1--11/2'' long; +seeds wingless, usually papillose.--Coast of N. H. and Mass. + +3. B. borealis, Watson. Diffusely branched, glabrous; pedicels usually +2--4'' long; petals white; pod ovate, 2'' long, about twice longer than +the sepals; seeds usually wingless, smooth or nearly so. (Tissa salina, +_Britt._)--On the coast, E. Maine to Labrador. + +12. SPERGULA, L. SPURREY. + +Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals. +Embryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Buda. (Name +from _spargo_, to scatter, from the seeds.) + +S. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN SPURREY.) Annual; leaves numerous in the whorls, +thread-shaped (1--2' long); stipules minute; flowers white, in a stalked +panicled cyme; seeds rough.--Grain-fields. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +ORDER 16. PORTULACACEAE. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with succulent leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical flowers_; +viz., _sepals fewer than the petals; the stamens opposite the petals +when of the same number, but often indefinite, otherwise nearly as_ +Chickweeds.--Sepals 2. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly +5--20. Styles 2--8, united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the +inside. Pod 1-celled, with few or many campylotropous seeds rising on +stalks from the base. Embryo curved around mealy albumen.--Insipid and +innocent herbs, with entire leaves. Corolla opening only in sunshine, +mostly ephemeral, then shrivelling. + +1. Portulaca. Stamens 7--20, on the partly adherent calyx. Pod opening +by a lid. + +2. Talinum. Stamens more numerous than the petals, hypogynous. Calyx +deciduous. Pod many-seeded. + +3. Claytonia. Stamens as many as the hypogynous petals, and attached to +their base. Calyx persistent. Pod 3--6-seeded. + +1. PORTULACA, Tourn. PURSLANE. + +Calyx 2-cleft; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely +6, inserted on the calyx with the 7--20 stamens, fugacious. Style mostly +3--8-parted. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, +the upper part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating as a +lid.--Fleshy annuals, with mostly scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, +of unknown meaning.) + +P. OLERACEA, L. (COMMON PURSLANE.) Prostrate, very smooth; leaves +obovate or wedge-form; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny mornings); +sepals keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7--12; style deeply +5--6-parted; flower-bud flat and acute.--Cultivated and waste grounds; +common. Seemingly indigenous west and southwestward. (Nat. from Eu.) + +1. P. retusa, Engelm. Leaves often retuse; calyx-lobes obtuse in the +bud; petals small or minute; style shorter, 3--4-cleft; seeds larger, +sharply tuberculate; otherwise like the last.--Ark. to Tex. and +westward; reported from Kan., Iowa, and Minn. + +2. P. pilosa, L. Ascending or spreading, copiously hairy in the axils; +leaves linear-subulate, nearly terete, 3--6'' long; petals red or +purple.--Kan. to Tex., etc. + +2. TALINUM, Adans. + +Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens +10--30. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, +3-valved, with many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. (Derivation +obscure.) + +1. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Perennial; leafy stems low, tuberous at base; +leaves linear, cylindrical; peduncle long (3--6') and naked, bearing an +open cyme of pink flowers ({2/3}' broad); stamens 15--20.--Serpentine +rocks, Penn., to Ind., Minn., and southward. June--Aug. (Addendum) +Style equalling the stamens. + +(Addendum) 2. T. calycinum, Engelm. Leaves somewhat broader; flowers and +capsules larger; stamens 30 or more; style twice longer than the +stamens, declined.--Central Kan. to W. Tex. + + +3. CLAYTONIA, Gronov. SPRING-BEAUTY. + +Sepals 2, ovate, free, persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short +claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, +3--6-seeded.--Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in +early spring from a small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, +and a loose raceme of pretty flowers. Corolla rose-color with deeper +veins, opening for more than one day! (Named in honor of _Dr. John +Clayton_, one of our earliest botanists, who contributed to Gronovius +the materials for the Flora Virginica.) + +1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3--6' +long).--Moist open woods; common, especially westward and southward. + +2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Flowers rather smaller and fewer; leaves +spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceolate (1--2' long).--Maine to Minn., and +southward along the Alleghanies. + +(Addendum) 3. C. Chamissonis, Esch. Weak, procumbent or ascending, +rooting below and perennial by lateral and terminal filiform runners; +leaves several pairs, oblong-spatulate, 1--2' long; inflorescence +racemosely 1--9-flowered; petals pale rose-color; capsule small, +1--3-seeded.--In a cold ravine, Winona Co., Minn.; in the mountains from +Colorado north and westward. + + +ORDER 17. ELATINACEAE. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.) + +_Little marsh annuals, with membranaceous stipules between the opposite +dotless leaves, minute axillary flowers like those of the_ Chickweeds, +_but the pod 2--5-celled, and the seeds as in_ St. John's-wort. The +principal genus is + +1. ELATINE, L. WATER-WORT. + +Sepals 2--4, persistent. Petals 2--4, hypogynous. Stamens as many, +rarely twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate +stigmas, 2--4. Pod membranaceous, globose, 2--4-celled, +several--many-seeded, 2--4-valved; the partitions left attached to the +axis, or evanescent. Seeds cylindrical, straightish or curved, marked by +both longitudinal and transverse lines.--Dwarf glabrous plants, usually +rooting at the nodes, aquatic or terrestrial. (A Greek name for some +obscure herb.) + +1. E. Americana, Arn. Tufted, 1' high; leaves obovate, obtuse, 1--3'' +long; flowers sessile, rarely opening in the aquatic form; sepals, +petals, stamens, and stigmas 2, rarely 3; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, +rising from the base, marked by 9 or 10 longitudinal lines and 20--30 +crossbars.--Margin of ponds, etc., N. H. to Ill., Va., and +southwestward. Pod very thin and delicate; the seeds large in +proportion, straightish. + +2. E. triandra, Schkuhr. Leaves oblanceolate or nearly lanceolate; +petals and stamens commonly 3; seeds more slender, covering the +axis.--Ponds, Ill., Neb., and westward. (Eu.) + +3. E. brachysperma, Gray. Leaves oblong or oval with narrowed base; +flowers mostly dimerous; seeds short-oblong, with 6 or 7 longitudinal +lines and 10--12 crossbars.--Ill. and southwestward. + + +ORDER 18. HYPERICACEAE. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) + +_Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, +regular hypogynous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in +the bud, and many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more +clusters or bundles. Pod 1-celled with 2--5 parietal placentae, and as +many styles, or 3--7-celled by the union of the placentae in the centre; +dehiscence mostly septicidal._--Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, +herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, mostly deciduous. Styles +persistent, at first sometimes united. Seeds numerous, small, +anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical.--Plants with a resinous +juice, dotted with pellucid or dark glands, usually smooth. Leaves +mostly sessile. Flowers solitary or cymose. + +[*] Petals oblique, convolute, yellow; hypogynous glands none. + +1. Ascyrum. Sepals 4, in 2 very unequal pairs. Petals 4. Stamens many, +distinct. + +2. Hypericum. Sepals 5, alike. Petals 5. Stamens usually many and in 3 +or 5 clusters. + +[*][*] Petals equal, imbricate, purplish; glands alternating with the 3 +stamen-clusters. + +3. Elodes. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens usually 9. Ovary 3-celled. + + +1. ASCYRUM, L. ST. PETER'S-WORT. + +Sepals 4; the two outer very broad and leaf-like; the inner much +smaller. Petals 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. +Stamens numerous; the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod +strictly 1-celled, 2--4-valved.--Low, rather shrubby, smooth plants, +with pale black-dotted leaves, and nearly solitary light yellow flowers. +(An ancient Greek name of some plant, from [Greek: a-], _without_, and +[Greek: sky/ros], _roughness_.) + +1. A. stans, Michx. (ST. PETER'S-WORT.) Stem rather simple, 2-edged, +1--2 deg. high, stout; _leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping_, thickish; +flowers showy; outer sepals round-cordate, inner lanceolate; _petals +obovate_; styles 3 or 4.--Pine barrens, Long Island to Penn., and +southward. July, Aug. + +2. A. Crux-Andreae, L. (ST. ANDREW'S CROSS.) Low, much branched and +decumbent; _leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the base_, +thin; _petals linear-oblong_; styles 2, very short; pod +flat.--Nantucket; pine barrens of N. J. to S. Ill., Neb., and southward. +July--Sept.--Petals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching +each other in pairs over them, in the form of a St. Andrew's cross. + + +2. HYPERICUM, Tourn. ST. JOHN'S-WORT. + +Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. +Stamens commonly united or clustered in 3--5 parcels; no interposed +glands. Pod 1-celled or 3--5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical.--Herbs +or shrubs, with cymose yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name, of +obscure meaning.) + +Sec. 1. _Stamens very numerous, 5-adelphous; styles 5, united below, the +stigmas capitate; pod 5-celled, the placentae turned far back into the +cells; perennial herb; flowers very large._ + +1. H. Ascyron, L. (GREAT ST. JOHN'S-WORT.) Stems 2--5 deg. high; branches +2--4-angled; leaves (2--5' long) ovate-oblong, partly clasping; petals +narrowly obovate (1' long), not deciduous until after they wither; pod +3/4' long, conical. (H. pyramidatum, _Ait._)--Banks of rivers, New Eng. +and Penn. to Iowa and Minn. July. + +Sec. 2. _Stamens very numerous, obscurely if at all clustered; styles 3 +(n. 2 excepted), more or less united into one, the stigmas not capitate +except in n. 10; sepals mostly foliaceous._ + +[*] _Bushy shrubs, 1--6 deg. high, leafy to the top._ + +[+] _Styles 5; pod completely 5-celled._ + +2. H. Kalmianum, L. (KALM'S ST. JOHN'S-WORT.) Branches 4-angled; +branchlets 2-edged; leaves crowded, glaucous, linear to oblanceolate +(1--2' long); flowers few in a cluster (1' wide); pods ovate.--Wet +rocks, Niagara Falls and northern lakes. Aug. + +[+][+] _Styles 3; pod completely 3-celled._ + +3. H. prolificum, L. (SHRUBBY ST. JOHN'S-WORT.) Branchlets 2-edged; +leaves narrowly oblong (1--2' long), mostly obtuse, narrowed at the +base; flowers numerous, in single or compound clusters; pods lanceolate +to ovate, 4--6'' long.--N. J. to Mich., Minn., and southward. +July--Sept.--Varies greatly in size, etc. + +4. H. densiflorum, Pursh. Exceedingly branched above, 1--6 deg. high, the +branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves; flowers smaller +(1/2--{2/3}' in diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes; +pod 2--3'' long. (H. prolificum, var. densiflorum, _Gray_.)--Pine +barrens of N. J. to glades of Ky., Ark., and southward. + +[*][*] _Perennial herbs or a little woody at the base._ + +[+] _Pod incompletely 3--4-celled_. + +5. H. galioides, Lam. Slender, branching, woody below; _leaves +linear-oblanceolate_, narrowed downward, 1/2--3' long, mostly acute; +flowers small in terminal and axillary cymes; sepals very narrow, +11/2--3'' long; pod as long, ovate.--Del. to Ga. and E. Tenn. + +6. H. adpressum, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, from a slightly woody +creeping base (1--2 deg. high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged above; +_leaves ascending, lanceolate_ or linear-oblong, often acute, thin; cyme +terminal, leafy at the base, few-flowered; sepals linear-lanceolate, +pods ovoid-oblong.--Moist places, Nantucket and R. I. to Penn., and +southwestward. July--Aug.--Leaves 11/2' long. Petals bright yellow, 3--5'' +long. + +[+][+] _Pod 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae._ + +7. H. dolabriforme, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent base, woody +below (6--20' high), terete; _leaves linear-lanceolate_, widely +spreading, veinless; cyme leafy, few-flowered; _sepals oblong or +ovate-lanceolate_, about the length of the very oblique petals (5--6'' +long); _pods ovate-conical, pointed_, the walls very thick and +hard.--Dry hills and rocks, barrens of Ky. and Tenn. June--Aug. + +8. H. cistifolium, Lam.! Stems mostly simple, herbaceous, with a +somewhat woody base, angled with 4 very narrow salient lines (1--2 deg. +high); leaves narrowly oblong to nearly linear (1--3' long), sessile +with a somewhat clasping base; the cyme naked, compound, usually +many-flowered; _sepals ovate; pods depressed-globular or ovoid-conical_; +seeds large, oblong, very rough-pitted. (H. sphaerocarpon, +_Michx._)--Rocky river-banks, S. W. Ohio, to Iowa and southward. +July--Sept.--Flowers small. + +9. H. ellipticum, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (10--20' high), +obscurely 4-angled; _leaves spreading, elliptical-oblong_, obtuse, +usually narrower toward the subclasping base, thin; cyme nearly naked, +rather few-flowered; _sepals oblong; pods ovoid, very obtuse_; seeds +minutely striate.--Wet places, New Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and +northward. July, Aug.--Petals light yellow, 3'' long. + +10. H. virgatum, Lam. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4-angled, +herbaceous (1--2 deg. high); _leaves ascending_, opaque, ovate or +oblong-lanceolate, acute (1/2--1' long), closely sessile by a broad base; +cyme compound, naked, the scattered flowers racemose on its ascending +branches; _sepals herbaceous, erect_, enclosing the ovoid pod; _styles +3, separate_, with capitate stigmas. (H. angulosum, _Michx._)--Wet pine +barrens of N. J. and southward; Ky. July--Sept.--Petals copper-yellow, +4--5'' long. + +Sec. 3. _Stamens very many, in 3 or 5 clusters; styles 3, separate and +usually diverging; pod 3-celled; calyx erect; petals and anthers with +black dots; perennials._ + +H. PERFORATUM, L. (COMMON ST. JOHN'S-WORT.) Stem much branched and +corymbed, somewhat 2-edged (producing runners from the base); leaves +elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots; petals (deep +yellow) twice the length of the _lanceolate acute sepals_; flowers +numerous, in open leafy cymes.--Fields, etc. June--Sept.--Too well known +as a pernicious weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Juice very +acrid. (Nat. from Eu.) + +11. H. maculatum, Walt. Conspicuously marked with both black and +pellucid dots; stem terete, sparingly branched; leaves oblong or +lance-ovate, the base either obtuse or somewhat clasping; _flowers +crowded_ (small); _petals pale yellow_, much longer than the _oblong +sepals_, styles mostly not longer than the pod. (H. corymbosum, +_Muhl._)--Damp places; common. July--Sept.--Leaves larger and flowers +much smaller than in the last; petals 2--3'' long, marked with black +lines as well as dots. The ordinary northern form differs from the +typical southern one in the shorter style and the more oblong less +clasping leaves. + +Sec. 4. _Stamens 5--12, distinct or in 3 clusters; pod 1-celled, with 3 +strictly parietal placentae; styles short, distinct, with capitate +stigmas; petals oblong or linear; sepals narrow, erect; slender annuals, +with 4-angular branches; flowering all summer._ + +[*] _Stem simple or loosely branched; leaves linear to ovate, +spreading._ + +12. H. multilum, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6--20' high); +_leaves ovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved_; +cymes leafy; flowers 2'' broad; _pods ovate-conical, rather longer than +the calyx_.--Low grounds, everywhere. + +13. H. gymnanthum, Engelm. & Gray. Almost simple, with strict stem and +branches (1--3 deg. high); leaves clasping, heart-shaped, acute or obtuse; +cyme naked, the floral leaves reduced to small awl-shaped bracts; in +aspect approaching the next. (H. mutilum, var. gymnanthum, +_Gray_.)--Del. and Penn. to Minn., and southward. + +14. H. Canadense, L. Stem strict (6--15' high), with the branches erect; +_leaves linear, 3-nerved_ at the base, obtuse; cymes naked; flowers deep +yellow, 2--3'' broad when expanded; _pods conical-oblong, usually much +longer than the calyx_.--Wet, sandy soil; common. June--Oct.--Var. +MAJUS, Gray, is a large form, 1--2 deg. high, with lanceolate leaves 11/2' +long, 3'' wide, the upper acute. L. Superior, _Robbins_; S. New York and +southward.--Var. MINIMUM, Chois., a simple few-flowered form, 1--3' +high, with oblong obtuse leaves. On wet rocks, Wisc., and northward. + +[*][*] _Stems fastigiately branched; leaves linear or bract-like, +ascending or appressed._ + +15. H. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate bushy +branches rigid, erect (10--18' high); _leaves linear-subulate_, nearly +erect, _1-nerved_ (3--9'' long); _flowers scattered_ along the upper +part of the leafy branches, _short-pedicelled; pods ovoid, not longer +than the calyx_.--W. Ill., Iowa, Kan., and southward, in dry soil. + +16. H. nudicaule, Walt. (ORANGE-GRASS. PINE-WEED.) Stem and bushy +branches thread-like, wiry (4--9' high); _leaves minute awl-shaped +scales, appressed; flowers minute, mostly sessile_ and scattered along +the erect branches; _pods ovate-lanceolate_, acute, _much longer than +the calyx_. (H. Sarothra, _Michx._)--Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Ill., Mo., +and southward; common. June--Oct. + + +3. ELODES, Adans. MARSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT. + +Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated +in the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely more), united in 3 sets; the sets +separated by as many large orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong, +styles distinct.--Perennial herbs, in marshes or shallow water, with +small close clusters of flesh-colored flowers in the axils of the leaves +and at the summit of the stem. (Name [Greek: e(lo/des], _growing in +marshes_, accidentally changed to ELODEA by Jussieu, who was followed by +Pursh, etc.) + +1. E. campanulata, Pursh. _Leaves closely sessile or clasping by a broad +base_, oblong or ovate, very obtuse; filaments united below the middle. +(E. Virginica, _Nutt._)--Common in swamps; 1--2 deg. high. July, Aug. + +2. E. petiolata, Pursh. Taller, more branching; _leaves tapering into a +short petiole, oblong_; filaments united beyond the middle.--From Va. +south and westward. + + +ORDER 19. TERNSTROEMIACEAE. (TEA OR CAMELLIA FAMILY.) + +_Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no +stipules, the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and +petals both imbricated in aestivation, the stamens more or less united at +the base with each other (monadelphous or 3--5-adelphous) and with the +base of the petals._--Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody +3--5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds few, with little or no albumen. +Embryo large, with broad cotyledons.--A family with showy flowers, the +types of which are the well-known CAMELLIA and the more important TEA +PLANT,--represented in this country by the two following genera. + +1. STUARTIA, L. + +Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, +crenulate. Stamens monadelphous below. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in +each cell, crustaceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly +as long as the albumen; radicle longer than the cotyledons.--Shrubs with +membranaceous deciduous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy +beneath, and large short-peduncled flowers solitary in their axils. +(Named for _John Stuart_, Marquis of Bute.) + +1. S. Virginica, Cav. Petals 5, white (1' long); sepals ovate; style 1; +stigma 5-toothed; pod globular, blunt; seeds not margined.--Woods, Va., +and southward. + +2. S. pentagyna, L'Her. Leaves larger, 5--6' long; sepals acute; petals +often 6; styles 5, distinct; pod angled, pointed; seeds +wing-margined.--Mountains of Ky., Car., and southward. + +2. GORDONIA, Ellis. LOBLOLLY BAY. + +Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one +cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, +5-valved; the valves separating from the persistent axis; cells +2--8-seeded. Seeds pendulous. Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, +and thin longitudinally plaited cotyledons.--Shrubs or small trees, with +large and showy white flowers on axillary peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. +Garden to his "old master, _Dr. James Gordon_ of Aberdeen," and by Ellis +to a London nurseryman of the same name.) + +1. G. Lasianthus, L. (LOBLOLLY BAY.) Leaves coriaceous and persistent, +lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and +shining; pod pointed; seeds winged above.--Swamps near the coast, Va. +and southward. May--July.--Petals 11/2' long. + + +ORDER 20. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) + +_Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, +the calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens +monadelphous in a column, and united at base with the short claws of the +petals, 1-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds._--Sepals 5, united at +base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of bractlets forming +a sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along +the top. Pistils several, the ovaries united in a ring or forming a +several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen; embryo curved, the leafy +cotyledons variously doubled up.--Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with +tough bark and palmately-veined leaves. Flower-stalks with a joint, +axillary. + +Tribe I. MALVEAE. Columns of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries +and carpels 5--20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central +axis, from which they separate after ripening. + +[*] Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles; carpels 1-seeded, +falling away separately. + +1. Althaea. Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets. + +2. Malva. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, +beakless. + +3. Callirrhoe. Involucel of 1--3 bractlets or none. Petals truncate. +Carpels beaked. + +4. Napaea. Involucel none. Flowers dioecious. Stamens few (15--20). +Carpels beakless. + +[*][*] Stigmas terminal, capitate; carpels 1--few-seeded, usually +dehiscent. + +5. Malvastrum. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Seed solitary, filling +the cell, ascending. + +6. Sida. Involucel none. Seed solitary in the cells, pendulous. + +7. Sphaeralcea. Bractlets 3. Seeds 2 or 3 in each cell. + +8. Abutilon. Involucel none. Seeds 3--9 in each cell. + +9. Modiola. Bractlets 3. Seeds 2 in each cell, with a transverse +partition between them. + +Tribe II. HIBISCEAE. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable +part of its length, naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly +5-celled, loculicidal, leaving scarcely any axis in the centre after +opening. + +10. Kosteletzkya. Involucel of several bractlets. Pod 5-celled, +5-seeded. + +11. Hibiscus. Involucel of many bractlets. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded. + + +1. ALTHAEA, L. MARSH-MALLOW. + +Calyx surrounded by a 6--9-cleft involucel. Otherwise as in Malva. (Old +Greek and Latin name, from [Greek: a)/ltho], _to cure_, in allusion to +its healing properties.) + +A. OFFICINALIS, L. (MARSH-MALLOW.) Stem erect, 2--4 deg. high; leaves ovate +or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy; +peduncles axillary, many-flowered; flowers pale rose-color.--Salt +marshes, coast of N. Eng. and N. Y. Aug., Sept.--Perennial root thick, +abounding in mucilage, the bases of the _Pates de Guimauve_. (Nat. from +Eu.) + + +2. MALVA, L. MALLOW. + +Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals +obcordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit +depressed, separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded and indehiscent +round kidney-shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing +downward. (An old Latin name, from the Greek name, [Greek: mala/che], +having allusion to the emollient leaves.) + +[*] _Flowers fascicled in the axils._ + +M. ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. (COMMON MALLOW.) _Stems procumbent_ from a deep +biennial root; _leaves_ round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, +crenate, _obscurely-lobed_; petals twice the length of the calyx, +whitish; carpels pubescent, even.--Waysides and cultivated grounds; +common. (Nat. from Eu.) + +M. SYLVESTRIS, L. (HIGH M.) Biennial; _stem erect, branched_ (2--3 deg. +high); _leaves sharply 5--7-lobed_; petals thrice the length of the +calyx, large, purple and rose-color; carpels wrinkled-veiny.--Waysides. +(Adv. from Eu.) + +M. CRISPA, L. (CURLED M.) A _tall, erect_ annual, with round and angled +toothed and _crisped leaves_, and small _sessile flowers_ crowded in the +axils.--Sparingly escaped from old gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Flowers only in the upper axils, somewhat racemose or +paniculate._ + +M. MOSCHATA, L. (MUSK M.) A low perennial, with the _stem-leaves +5-parted, and the divisions once or twice parted or cleft_ into linear +lobes, faintly musky-scented, the _flowers rose-color_ or white (11/2' in +diameter) on short peduncles crowded on the stem and branches, the fruit +downy.--Escaped from gardens to waysides. (Adv. from Eu.) + +M. ALCEA, L., with the _stem-leaves only once 5-parted or cleft_, the +lobes incised, large flowers like the last, but the fruit smooth, and +bractlets of the involucel ovate, has escaped from gardens. (Adv. from +Eu.) + + +3. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt. + +Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals +wedge-shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, etc., as in +Malva. Carpels 10--20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated +within from the 1-seeded cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or +partly 2-valved. Radicle pointing downward. (Name drawn from Greek +mythology.) + +[*] _Involucel 3-leaved._ + +1. C. triangulata, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2 deg. high) +from a tuberous root; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest +rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate; the upper incised or 3--5-cleft; +flowers panicled, short-pedicelled (purple); involucel as long as the +5-cleft 5-nerved calyx; carpels not rugose.--Dry prairies, Ind. to +Minn., and southward. + +2. C. involucrata, Gray. Hirsute or hispid, procumbent; leaves rounded, +5--7-parted or -cleft, the segments incisely lobed; peduncles elongated, +1-flowered; calyx 5-parted, the lanceolate 3--5-nerved sepals twice as +long as the involucel; petals red or purplish, carpels indehiscent, +rugose-reticulated.--Minn. to Tex. + +[*][*] _Involucel none; calyx 5-parted; carpels strongly rugose._ + +3. C. alcaeoides, Gray. Strigose-pubescent; stems slender (1 deg. high), +erect from a perennial root; lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, +incised, the upper 5--7-parted, laciniate, the uppermost divided into +linear segments; flowers (rose-color or white) corymbose, on slender +peduncles--Barren oak-lands, S. Ky. to Kan. and Neb. + +4. C. digitata, Nutt. Sparsely hirsute or glabrous, erect; leaves few, +round-cordate, 5--7-parted, the cauline commonly with linear divisions; +peduncles subracemose, long, filiform; flowers red-purple to +white.--Kan. to Tex. + + +4. NAPAEA, Clayt. GLADE MALLOW. + +Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Petals entire. _Flowers dioecious_; +the staminate flowers destitute of pistils, with 15--20 anthers; the +fertile with a short column of filaments but usually no anthers. Styles +8--10, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit depressed-globular, separating +when ripe into as many kidney-shaped 1-seeded beakless and scarcely +dehiscent carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downward.--A +tall roughish perennial herb, with very large 9--11-parted lower leaves, +the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and toothed, and with small white +flowers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named from [Greek: na/pe], a +glade or dell, or, poetically, a nymph of the glades.) + +1. N. dioica, L. Stems nearly simple, 5--9 deg. high.--Penn. to Va., and +west to Iowa and Minn.; rare. July. + + +5. MALVASTRUM, Gray. FALSE MALLOW. + +Calyx with an involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets, or none. Petals notched at +the end or entire. Styles 5 or more; stigmas capitate. Carpels as in +Malva, or else as in Sida, but the solitary kidney-shaped seed ascending +and the radicle pointing downward, as in the former. (Name altered from +_Malva_.) + +1. M. angustum, Gray. Annual, slightly hairy, erect (6'--1 deg. high); +leaves lance-oblong or linear, with scattered fine callous teeth; +flowers in the upper axils, on peduncles shorter than the broadly +ovate-triangular sepals; bractlets and stipules setaceous; petals +yellow, scarcely exceeding the calyx; carpels 5, kidney-shaped, smooth, +at length 2-valved.--W. Tenn. to Iowa and Kan. Aug. + +2. M. coccineum, Gray. Perennial, low and hoary; leaves 5-parted or +pedate, flowers in short spikes or racemes, the pink-red petals very +much longer than the calyx; carpels 10 or more, reticulated on the sides +and indehiscent.--Minn. to W. Tex., and westward. + + +6. SIDA, L. + +Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles +5 or more, tipped with capitate stigmas; the ripe fruit separating into +as many 1-seeded carpels, which are closed, or commonly 2-valved at the +top, and tardily separate from the axis. Seed pendulous. Embryo abruptly +bent; the radicle pointing upward. (A name used by Theophrastus.) + +1. S. Napaea, Cav. A smooth, tall (4--10 deg. high) perennial; _leaves +3--7-cleft_, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed; _flowers (white) +umbellate-corymbed_, 1' wide; carpels 10, pointed.--Rocky river-banks, +along the Alleghanies, Penn. to Va., rare. (Cultivated in old gardens.) + +2. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. A smooth, erect perennial (1--4 deg. high); +_leaves linear_, serrate, short-petioled; peduncles axillary, +1-flowered, short; _flowers (yellow)_ rather large; _carpels 9--10, +slightly and abruptly pointed_, forming a depressed fruit.--Sandy soil, +S. Va. and southward. May--Aug. + +S. SPINOSA, L. Annual weed, minutely and softly pubescent, low (10--20' +high), much branched; _leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong_, serrate, +rather long-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the +petiole; _flowers (yellow)_ small; _carpels 5_, combined into an ovate +fruit, _each splitting at the top into 2 beaks_.--A little tubercle at +the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives the specific name, +but it cannot be called a spine.--Waste places, S. New York to Iowa, and +common southward. (Nat. from the tropics.) + + +7. SPHAERALCEA, St. Hil. + +Ovules and seeds usually 2 or 3 in each cell. Characters otherwise as in +Malvastrum. (Name from [Greek: sphai~ra], _a sphere_, and [Greek: +a)lke/a], _a mallow_--from the commonly spherical fruit.) + +1. S. acerifolia, Nutt. Perennial, erect, 2--6 deg. high, stellately +pubescent or glabrate; leaves maple-shaped, 3--7-cleft; flowers +clustered in the upper axils and subspicate, rose-color to +white.--Kankakee Co., Ill., _E. J. Hill_; Dak. and westward. + + +8. ABUTILON, Tourn. INDIAN MALLOW. + +Carpels 2--9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Radicle ascending or pointing +inward. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.) + +A. AVICENNAE, Gaertn. (VELVET-LEAF.) Tall annual (4 deg. high); leaves +roundish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety; peduncles shorter than +the leaf-stalks; corolla yellow; carpels 12--15, hairy, beaked.--Waste +places, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from India.) + + +9. MODIOLA, Moench. + +Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10--20. Stigmas +capitate. Carpels 14--20, kidney-shaped, pointed, and at length 2-valved +at the top; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a +single seed in each cell.--Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or +biennials, with cut leaves and small purplish flowers solitary in the +axils. (Name from _modiolus_, the broad and depressed fruit resembling +in shape the Roman measure of that name.) + +1. M. multifida, Moench. Hairy; leaves 3--5-cleft and incised; stamens +15--20; fruit hispid at the top.--Low grounds, Va. and southward. + + +10. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. + +Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus. +(Named after _V. F. Kosteletzky_, a Bohemian botanist.) + +1. K. Virginica, Gray. Roughish-hairy perennial (2--4 deg. high); leaves +halberd-shaped and heart-shaped, the lower 3-lobed; corolla 2' wide, +rose-color; column slender.--Marshes on the coast, N. Y. and southward. +Aug. + + +11. HIBISCUS, L. ROSE-MALLOW. + +Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, 5-cleft. +Column of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles +united, stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds +several or many in each cell.--Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and +showy flowers. (An old Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.) + +[*] _Indigenous tall perennials (4--8 deg. high), flowering late in summer._ + +1. H. Moscheutos, L. (SWAMP ROSE-MALLOW.) _Leaves ovate_, pointed, +toothed, the lower 3-lobed, the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, all +whitened underneath with a fine soft down, glabrous or slightly downy +above; the 1-flowered peduncles sometimes united at the base with the +petioles; bractlets not hairy; _calyx not inflated; pod and seeds +smooth_ or nearly so.--Brackish marshes along the coast, from E. Mass. +southward, and lake shores and swamps westward to Ill. and Mo., +especially within the influence of salt springs.--Corolla 5--6' in +diameter, light rose-color or white, with or without a crimson eye. + +2. H. lasiocarpus, Cav. Leaves soft-downy both sides, the lower broadly +ovate and heart-shaped; bractlets ciliate; pod hirsute;--otherwise +resembling the last. (H. grandiflorus, _Michx._)--Ind. to Mo., and +southward. + +3. H. militaris, Cav. (HALBERD-LEAVED R.) _Smooth throughout_; lower +leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed; _upper leaves +halberd-form_, the short lateral lobes spreading at the base, the middle +one prolonged and taper-pointed; peduncles slender; _fruiting calyx +inflated; seeds hairy_.--River-banks, Penn. to Minn., and +southward.--Corolla 2--3' long, flesh-color with purple base. + +[*][*] _Escaped from gardens or grounds._ + +H. TRIONUM, L. (BLADDER KETMIA.) A low, rather _hairy annual_; upper +leaves 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the +longest; fruiting _calyx inflated, membranaceous, 5-winged_; corolla +sulphur-yellow with a blackish eye, ephemeral; hence the name +_flower-of-an-hour_. (Adv. from Eu.) + +H. SYRIACUS, L. (SHRUBBY ALTHAEA of gardeners.) _Tall shrub_, smooth; +leaves wedge-ovate, pointed, cut-toothed or lobed; corolla usually +rose-color.--Escaped rarely from cultivation, Penn., etc. Sept. (Adv. +from Eu.) + + +ORDER 21. TILIACEAE. (LINDEN FAMILY.) + +_Trees (rarely herbs), with the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark, +valvate calyx, etc., of the_ Mallow Family; _but the sepals deciduous, +petals imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the +anthers 2-celled._ Represented in Northern regions only by the genus, + + +1. TILIA, Tourn. LINDEN. BASSWOOD. + +Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous; filaments +cohering in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with +the base of a spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real +petals. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary, and 2 half-anatropous ovules in +each cell, a single style, and a 5-toothed stigma. Fruit dry and woody, +indehiscent-globular, becoming 1-celled and 1--2-seeded. Embryo in hard +albumen; cotyledons broad and thin, 5-lobed, crumpled.--Fine trees, with +soft and white wood, very fibrous and tough inner bark, more or less +heart-shaped and serrate alternate leaves (oblique and often truncate at +the base), deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on an +axillary peduncle which is united to a ligulate membranaceous bract. +Flowers cream-color, honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical Latin +name.) + +1. T. Americana, L. (BASSWOOD.) Leaves large, green and glabrous or +nearly so, thickish; floral bract usually tapering at base; fruit +ovoid.--Rich woods. May, June.--Here rarely called _Lime-tree_, oftener +_White-wood_, commonly _Basswood_; the latter name now obsolete in +England. + +2. T. pubescens, Ait. Leaves smaller (2--3' long), thinner, and rather +pubescent beneath; floral bract usually rounded at base; fruit globose, +smaller (3'' broad). (T. Americana, var. pubescens, _Man._)--N. Y. to +Fla., and westward. + +3. T. heterophylla, Vent. (WHITE BASSWOOD.) Leaves larger, +smooth and bright green above, silvery-whitened with a fine down +underneath.--Mountains of Penn. to S. Ill., and southward. + +T. EUROPAEA, the EUROPEAN LINDEN, several varieties of which are planted +in and near our cities for shade, is at once distinguished from any +native species by the absence of the petal-like scales among the +stamens. This tree (the _Lin_) gave the family name to _Linnaeus_. + + +ORDER 22. LINACEAE. (FLAX FAMILY.) + +_Herbs (rarely shrubs) with the regular and symmetrical hypogynous +flowers 4--6-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute +petals, 5 stamens monadelphous at base, and an 8--10-seeded pod, having +twice as many cells as there are styles._ Represented by the genus, + + +1. LINUM, Tourn. FLAX. + +Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate +with each other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in +dehiscence) and 5-celled, with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each +cell, which is partly or completely divided into two by a false +partition projecting from the back of the carpel, the pod thus becoming +10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened, containing a large +embryo with plano-convex cotyledons.--Herbs, with tough fibrous bark, +simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), without +stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or +panicled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the +Flax.) + +[*] _Flowers rather small, yellow; glabrous, 1--2 deg. high._ + +1. L. Virginianum, L. Stem erect from the base and with the corymbose +spreading or recurving _branches terete and even_; no stipular glands; +leaves oblong or lanceolate, or the lower spatulate and often opposite; +flowers scattered, small (barely 3'' long); sepals ovate, pointed, +smooth-edged or nearly so, equalling the depressed 10-celled pod; styles +distinct.--Dry woods; common.--Root apparently annual; but the plant +propagates by suckers from the base of the stem. + +L. FLORIDANUM, Trelease, of rather stricter habit and the pods broadly +ovate and obtuse, appears to have been found in S. Ill. + +2. L. striatum, Walt. Stems gregarious, erect or ascending from a +creeping or decumbent base, slightly viscid, and with the mostly +racemose short _branches striate with about 4 sharp wing-like angles_ +decurrent from the leaves; these broader than in the last, and mostly +oblong, usually with all the lower ones opposite; flowers more crowded; +sepals scarcely equalling the very small subglobose brownish pod; +otherwise nearly as n. 1.--Wet or boggy grounds, E. Mass. to Lakes +Ontario and Huron, Ill., and southward. + +3. L. sulcatum, Riddell. Stem strictly erect from an annual root, and +with the upright or ascending branches wing-angled or grooved; leaves +alternate, linear, acute, the upper subulate and glandular-serrulate; a +pair of _dark glands in place of stipules_; sepals ovate-lanceolate and +sharp-pointed, strongly 3-nerved and with rough-bristly-glandular +margins, scarcely longer than the ovoid-globose incompletely 10-celled +pod; _styles united_ almost to the middle.--Dry soils, E. Mass. to +Minn., and southwestward.--Flowers and pods twice as large as in the +preceding. + +4. L. rigidum, Pursh. Glaucous, sometimes slightly puberulent, often low +and cespitose, the rigid branches angled; leaves narrow, erect, usually +with stipular glands; flowers large; sepals lanceolate, +glandular-serrulate; styles united; capsule ovoid, 5-valved.--Minn. to +Kan., and southward. + +[*][*] _Flowers large, blue._ + +5. L. perenne, L., var. Lewisii, Eat. & Wright. Perennial, glabrous and +glaucous, 1--3 deg. high; leaves linear, acute; flowers rather few on long +peduncles; sepals obtuse or acutish, not glandular-serrulate; styles +distinct; pod ovate.--Minn. to Neb., and westward. (Eu., Asia.) + +L. USITATISSIMUM, L. (COMMON FLAX.) Annual; stem corymbosely branched at +top; sepals acute, ciliate.--Occasionally spontaneous in fields. (Adv. +from Eu.) + + +ORDER 23. GERANIACEAE. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) + +_Plants (chiefly herbs) with perfect and generally symmetrical +hypogynous flowers; the stamens, counting sterile filaments, as many or +commonly twice as many, and the lobes or cells (1--few-ovuled) of the +ovary as many, as the sepals, the axis of the dry fruit +persisting._--Seeds without albumen except in Oxalis. Flowers mostly +5-merous and the sepals usually distinct. Leaves never punctate. An +order not easily defined, and including several strongly marked tribes +or suborders which have been regarded by many botanists as distinct. + +Tribe I. GERANIEAE. (GERANIUM FAMILY proper.) Flowers regular, 5-merous, +the sepals imbricate in the bud, persistent. Glands of the disk 5, +alternate with the petals. Stamens somewhat united. Ovary deeply lobed; +carpels 5, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded, separating elastically with their long +styles, when mature, from the elongated axis. Cotyledons plicate, +incumbent on the radicle.--Herbs (our species) with more or less lobed +or divided leaves, stipules, and astringent roots. + +1. Geranium. Stamens with anthers 10, rarely 5. The recurving bases of +the styles or tails of the carpels in fruit naked inside. + +2. Erodium. Stamens with anthers only 5. Tails of the carpels in fruit +bearded inside, often spirally twisted. + +Tribe II. LIMNANTHEAE. Flowers regular, 3-merous (in Floerkea), the +persistent sepals valvate. Glands alternate with the petals. Stamens +distinct. Carpels nearly distinct, with a common style, 1-ovuled, +1-seeded, at length fleshy and indehiscent, not beaked, separating from +the very short axis. Embryo straight, cotyledons very thick, radicle +very short.--Low tender annuals, with alternate pinnate leaves and no +stipules. + +3. Floerkea. Sepals, minute pistils, and lobes of the ovary 3, +stamens 6. + +Tribe III. OXALIDEAE. (SORREL FAMILY.) Flowers regular, 5-merous, the +persistent sepals imbricate. Glands none. Stamens 10, often united at +base. Stigmas capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod (in Oxalis); +cells 2--several-seeded. Embryo straight, in a little fleshy +albumen.--Leaves compound (3-foliolate in our species); juice sour. + +4. Oxalis. Styles 5, separate. Pod oblong, the valves not falling away. +Leaflets usually obcordate. + +Tribe IV. BALSAMINEAE. (BALSAM FAMILY.) Flowers irregular (5-merous as to +the stamens and pistil); the petals and colored sepals fewer in number, +deciduous, the larger sepal with a large sac or spur. Glands none. +Stamens 5, distinct, short. Fruit a fleshy 5-celled pod (in Impatiens), +cells several-seeded. Embryo straight.--Tender and very succulent herbs, +with simple leaves and no stipules. + +5. Impatiens. Lateral petals unequally 2-lobed. Pod bursting elastically +into 5 valves. + + +1. GERANIUM, Tourn. CRANESBILL. + +Stamens 10 (sometimes only 5 in n. 3), all with perfect anthers, the 5 +longer with glands at their base (alternate with the petals). Styles +smooth inside in fruit when they separate from the axis.--Stems forking. +Peduncles 1--3-flowered. (An old Greek name from [Greek: ge/ranos], _a +crane_, the long fruit bearing beak thought to resemble the bill of that +bird.) + +[*] _Rootstock perennial._ + +1. G. maculatum, L. (WILD CRANESBILL.) Stem erect, hairy; leaves about +5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end, sepals +slender-pointed, petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (1/2' +long).--Open woods and fields. April--July.--Leaves somewhat blotched +with whitish as they grow old. + +[*][*] _Root biennial or annual; flowers small._ + +[+] _Leaves ternately much dissected, heavy-scented._ + +2. G. Robertianum, L. (HERB ROBERT.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse, +strong-scented, leaves 3-divided or pedately 5-divided, the divisions +twice pinnatifid; sepals awned, shorter than the (red-purple) petals; +carpels wrinkled; seeds smooth.--Moist woods and shaded ravines; N. Eng. +to Mo., and northward. June--Oct. (Eu.) + +[+][+] _Leaves palmately lobed or dissected._ + +3. G. Carolinianum, L. Stems at first erect, diffusely branched from the +base, hairy; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft and cut into +numerous oblong-linear lobes; peduncles and pedicels short; _sepals +awn-pointed_, as long as the emarginate (pale rose-colored) petals; +carpels hairy; _seeds ovoid-oblong, very minutely reticulated._--Barren +soil and waste places; common. May--Aug.--Depauperate forms, except by +the seeds, are hardly distinguishable from + +G. DISSECTUM, L. More slender and spreading, with narrower lobes to the +crowded leaves, and smaller red-purple petals notched at the end; _seeds +short-ovoid or globular, finely and deeply pitted._--Waste grounds, +rare. (Nat. from Eu.) + +G. ROTUNDIFOLIUM, L. With the habit of the next but the fruit and seed +of the last; villous with long white hairs tipped with purple glands, +leaves short-lobed.--Rare. (Nat. from Eu.) + +G. PUSILLUM, L. Stems procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent; _leaves +rounded kidney-form_, 5--7-parted, the divisions wedge-shaped, mostly +3-lobed, _sepals awnless_, about as long as the (purplish) petals; +stamens 5; fruit pubescent; _seeds smooth._--Waste places, Mass. to +Penn.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) + +G. MOLLE, L. Like the last; more pubescent; flowers dark purple; stamens +10; carpels transversely wrinkled, seed slightly striate.--Occasionally +spontaneous. (Nat. from Eu.) + +G. COLUMBINUM. (LONG-STALKED C.) Minutely hairy, with very slender +decumbent stems; leaves 5--7-parted and cut into narrow linear lobes; +_peduncles and pedicels filiform and elongate_; sepals awned, about +equalling the purple petals, enlarging after flowering; _carpels +glabrous_; seeds nearly as in G. dissectum.--Rarely introduced; Penn. +and southward. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) + +G. SIBIRICUM, L. Slender, repeatedly forked, short-villous; leaves +3-cleft with serrate divisions; flowers dull-white, mostly solitary; +sepals awned; seeds minutely reticulate.--Rare. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +2. ERODIUM, L'Her. STORKSBILL. + +The 5 shorter stamens sterile or wanting. Styles in fruit twisting +spirally, bearded inside. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from [Greek: +e(rodio/s], _a heron_.) + +E. CICUTARIUM, L'Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, spreading; stipules +acute; leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, 1--2-pinnatifid; peduncles +several-flowered.--N. Y., Penn., etc.; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +3. FLOERKEA, Willd. FALSE MERMAID. + +Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6. Ovaries +3, opposite the sepals, united only at the base; the style rising in the +centre; stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1--2) roughish fleshy achenes. Seed +anatropous, erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical +fleshy cotyledons.--A small and inconspicuous annual, with minute +solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Named after _Floerke_, a German +botanist.) + +1. F. proserpinacoides, Willd. Leaflets 3--5, lanceolate, sometimes +2--3-cleft.--Marshes and river-banks, W. New Eng. to Penn., Ky., Wisc., +and westward. April--June. Taste slightly pungent. + + +4. OXALIS, L. WOOD-SORREL. + +Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, sometimes united at base, withering +after expansion. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous at base, alternately +shorter. Styles 5, distinct. Pod oblong, membranaceous, 5-celled, more +or less 5-lobed, each cell opening on the back; valves persistent, being +fixed to the axis by the partitions. Seeds 2 or more in each cell, +pendulous from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and +separating. Embryo large and straight in fleshy albumen; cotyledons +flat.--Herbs, with sour watery juice, alternate or radical leaves, +mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which close and droop at nightfall. +Several species produce small peculiar flowers, precociously fertilized +in the bud and particularly fruitful; and the ordinary flowers are often +dimorphous or even trimorphous in the relative length of the stamens and +styles. (Name from [Greek: o)xy/s], _sour_.) + +[*] _Stemless perennials; leaves and scapes arising from a rootstock or +bulb; leaflets broadly obcordate; flowers nearly 1' broad; cells of the +pod few-seeded._ + +1. O. Acetosella, L. (COMMON WOOD-SORREL.) _Rootstock creeping_ and +scaly-toothed; _scape 1-flowered_ (2--5' high); petals white with +reddish veins, often notched.--Deep cold woods, Mass. to Penn., +L. Superior, and northward; also southward in the Alleghanies. June. +(Eu.) + +2. O. violacea, L. (VIOLET W.) Nearly smooth; _bulb scaly; scapes +umbellately several-flowered_ (5--9' high), longer than the leaves; +petals violet.--Rocky places and open woods; most common southward. May, +June. + +[*][*] _Stems leafy, branching; peduncles axillary; flowers yellow; +cells several-seeded._ + +3. O. corniculata, L. (YELLOW W.) Annual or perennial by running +subterranean shoots, erect or procumbent, strigose-pubescent; stipules +round or truncate, ciliate; peduncles 2--6-flowered, longer than the +leaves; pods elongated, erect in fruit.--Rare; on ballast, etc.; +indigenous in Mo. (_Bush_), and southwestward. (Cosmopolitan.) + +Var. stricta, Sav. Stem erect, somewhat glabrous to very villous; +stipules none. (O. stricta, _L._)--Common. May--Sept. Varies greatly. + +4. O. recurva, Ell. Like var. stricta of n. 3; leaflets larger (1/2--11/2' +broad), usually with a brownish margin; flowers larger (6--8'' +long).--Penn. to S. Ill., and southward. + + +5. IMPATIENS, L. BALSAM. JEWEL-WEED. + +Calyx and corolla colored alike and not clearly distinguishable. Sepals +apparently only 4; the anterior one notched at the apex and probably +consisting of two combined; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the +flower hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, +unequal-sided and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5, +short; filaments appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales +connivent and united over the stigma; anthers opening on the inner face. +Ovary 5-celled; stigma sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a +thick axis bearing several anatropous seeds, 5-valved, the valves +coiling elastically and projecting the seeds in bursting. Embryo +straight; albumen none.--Leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, in +our species ovate or oval, coarsely toothed, petioled. Flowers axillary +or panicled, often of two sorts, viz.,--the larger ones, which seldom +ripen seeds;--and very small ones, which are fertilized early in the +bud; their floral envelopes never expand, but are forced off by the +growing pod and carried upward on its apex. (Name from the sudden +bursting of the pods when touched, whence also the popular appellation, +_Touch-me-not_, or _Snap-weed_.) + +1. I. pallida, Nutt. (PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT.) _Flowers pale-yellow, +sparingly dotted_ with brownish-red; sac dilated and very obtuse, +broader than long, tipped with a short incurved spur.--Moist shady +places and along rills, in rich soil; most common northward. +July--Sept.--Larger and greener than the next, with larger flowers, and +less frequent. + +2. I. fulva, Nutt. (SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT.) _Flowers orange-color, +thickly spotted with reddish-brown_; sac longer than broad, acutely +conical, tapering into a _strongly inflexed spur_ half as long as the +sac.--Rills and shady moist places; common, especially southward. +June--Sept.--Plant 2--4 deg. high; the flowers loosely panicled, hanging +gracefully on their slender nodding stalks, the open mouth of the +cornucopiae-shaped sepal upward. Spur rarely wanting. Spotless forms of +both species occur. + + +ORDER 24. RUTACEAE. (RUE FAMILY.) + +_Plants with simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid glands and +abounding with a pungent or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, +producing hypogynous almost always regular 3--5-merous flowers, the +stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals (rarely more numerous); +the 2--5 pistils separate or combined into a compound ovary of as many +cells, raised on a prolongation of the receptacle (gynophore) or +glandular disk._--Embryo large, curved or straight, usually in fleshy +albumen. Styles commonly united or cohering, even when the ovaries are +distinct. Fruit usually capsular. Leaves alternate or opposite. +Stipules none.--A large family, chiefly of the Old World and the +southern hemisphere; our two indigenous genera are + +1. Xanthoxylum. Flowers dioecious; ovaries 3--5, separate, forming +fleshy pods. + +2. Ptelea. Flowers polygamous; ovary 2-celled, forming a samara, like +that of Elm. + + +1. XANTHOXYLUM, L. PRICKLY ASH. + +Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or +5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, +alternate with the petals. Pistils 2--5, separate, but their styles +conniving or slightly united. Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valved, +1--2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black, smooth and shining. Embryo +straight, with broad cotyledons.--Shrubs or trees, with mostly pinnate +leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly. Flowers small, +greenish or whitish. (From [Greek: xantho/s], _yellow_, and [Greek: +xy/lon], _wood_.) + +1. X. Americanum, Mill. (NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH. TOOTHACHE-TREE.) Leaves +and flowers in sessile axillary umbellate clusters; leaflets 2--4 pairs +and an odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young; calyx none; petals 4--5; +pistils 3--5, with slender styles; pods short-stalked.--Rocky woods and +river-banks; common, especially northward. April, May.--A shrub, with +yellowish-green flowers appearing before the leaves. Bark, leaves, and +pods very pungent and aromatic. + +2. X. Clava-Herculis, L. (SOUTHERN P.) Glabrous; leaflets 3--8 pairs and +an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining above; flowers +in an ample terminal cyme, appearing after the leaves; sepals and petals +5; pistils 2--3, with short styles; pods sessile. (X. Carolinianum, +_Lam._)--Sandy coast of Virginia, and southward. June.--A small tree +with very sharp prickles. + + +2. PTELEA, L. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. HOP-TREE. + +Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3--5. Petals 3--5, imbricated in the bud. +Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled; style short; stigmas 2. Fruit +a 2-celled and 2-seeded samara, winged all round, nearly +orbicular.--Shrubs, with 3-foliolate leaves, and greenish-white small +flowers in compound terminal cymes. (The Greek name of the Elm, here +applied to a genus with similar fruit.) + +1. P. trifoliata, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young.--Rocky +places, Long Island to Minn., and southward. June.--A tall shrub. Fruit +bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable. + + * * * * * + +AILANTHUS GLANDULOSUS, Desf., called TREE OF HEAVEN,--but whose +blossoms, especially the staminate ones, are redolent of anything but +"airs from heaven,"--is much planted as a shade-tree, especially in +towns, and is inclined to spread from seed. It belongs to the order +SIMARUBACEAE, which differs from Rutaceae in the absence of dots in the +leaves. The tree is known by its very long pinnate leaves of many +leaflets, and small polygamous greenish flowers in panicles, the female +producing 2--5 thin, linear-oblong, veiny samaras. (Adv. from China.) + + +ORDER 25. ILICINEAE. (HOLLY FAMILY.) + +_Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4--8-merous flowers, a minute +calyx free from the 4--8-celled ovary and the 4--8-seeded berry-like +drupe, the stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite +4--8-petalled corolla and alternate with them, attached to their very +base._--Corolla imbricated in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. +Stigmas 4--8, or united into one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and +solitary in each cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy +albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate. Flowers white or greenish.--A +small family, nearly related to the Gamopetalous order _Ebenaceae_. + +1. Ilex. Petals or corolla-lobes oval or obovate. Pedicels mostly +clustered. + +2. Nemopanthes. Petals linear. Pedicels solitary. + + +1. ILEX, L. HOLLY. + +Flowers more or less dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 4--6-toothed. Petals +4--6, separate, or united only at the base, oval or obovate, obtuse, +spreading. Stamens 4--6. The berry-like drupe containing 4--6 little +nutlets.--Leaves alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary, and +the sterile or partly sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The +ancient Latin name of the Holly-Oak, rather than of the Holly.) + +Sec. 1. AQUIFOLIUM. _Parts of the flower commonly in fours, sometimes in +fives or sixes; drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or 1-grooved on +the back; leaves (mostly smooth) coriaceous and evergreen._ + +[*] _Leaves armed with spiny teeth; trees._ + +1. I. opaca, Ait. (AMERICAN HOLLY.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy margins +with scattered spiny teeth; flowers in loose clusters along the base of +the young branches and in the axils; calyx-teeth acute.--Moist +woodlands, Maine to Va., near the coast, and more common southward. +June.--Tree 20--40 deg. high; the deep green foliage less glossy than in the +European Holly (I. AQUIFOLIUM, _L._), the berries not so bright red, and +nutlets not so veiny. + +[*][*] _Leaves serrate or entire, not spiny; shrubs._ + +2. I. Cassine, L. (CASSENA. YAUPON.) _Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical, +crenate_ (1--11/2' long); flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth; +_calyx-teeth obtuse_.--Virginia and southward along the coast. +May.--Leaves used for tea by the people along the coast, as they were to +make the celebrated _black drink_ of the North Carolina Indians. + +3. I. Dahoon, Walt. (DAHOON HOLLY.) _Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, +entire, or sharply serrate_ toward the apex, with revolute margins +(2--3' long), the _midrib and peduncles pubescent; calyx-teeth +acute_.--Swamps, coast of Va. and southward. May, June. + +Var. myrtifolia, Chapm. Leaves smaller (1' long or less) and narrower. +(I. myrtifolia, _Walt._)--Same habitat. May. + +Sec. 2. PRINOIDES. _Parts of the (polygamous or dioecious) flowers in fours +or fives (rarely in sixes); drupe red or purple, the nutlets +striate-many-ribbed on the back; leaves deciduous; shrubs._ + +4. I. decidua, Walt. _Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely +serrate, downy on the midrib_ beneath, shining above, becoming thickish; +peduncles of the sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the +fertile short; calyx-teeth smooth, acute.--Wet grounds, Va. to Mo., +Kan., and southward. May. + +5. I. monticola, Gray. _Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample_ (3--5' +long), taper-pointed, thin-membranaceous, _smooth, sharply serrate_; +fertile flowers very short-peduncled; calyx ciliate.--Damp woods, +Taconic and Catskill Mountains, and Cattarangus Co., N. Y., through +Penn. (east to Northampton Co.), and southward along the Alleghanies. +May. + +6. I. mollis, Gray. _Leaves soft downy beneath_, oval, ovate, or oblong, +taper-pointed at both ends, especially at the apex, thin-membranaceous, +sharply serrulate; sterile flowers very numerous in umbel-like clusters, +the pedicels shorter than the petiole and (with the calyx) soft-downy, +the fertile peduncles very short.--Burgoon's Gap, Alleghanies of Penn. +(_J. R. Lowrie, Porter_), and along the mountains in the Southern +States.--Resembles the last. + +Sec. 3. PRINOS. _Parts of the sterile flowers commonly in fours, fives, or +sixes, those of the fertile flowers commonly in sixes (rarely in fives, +sevens, or eights); nutlets smooth and even; shrubs._ + +[*] _Leaves deciduous; flowers in sessile clusters, or the fertile +solitary; fruit bright red._ + +7. I. verticillata, Gray. (BLACK ALDER. WINTERBERRY.) _Leaves_ oval, +obovate, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at base, serrate, _downy on +the veins beneath; flowers all very short-peduncled_.--Low grounds; +common. May, June. + +8. I. laevigata, Gray. (SMOOTH WINTERBERRY.) Leaves lanceolate or +oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, appressed-serrulate, shining +above, beneath mostly _glabrous; sterile flowers long-peduncled_.--Wet +grounds, Maine to the mountains of Va. June.--Fruit larger than in the +last, ripening earlier in the autumn. + +[*][*] _Leaves coriaceous, evergreen and shining, often black-dotted +beneath; fruit black._ + +9. I. glabra, Gray. (INKBERRY.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, +sparingly toothed toward the apex, smooth; peduncles (1/2' long) of the +sterile flowers 3--6-flowered, of the fertile 1-flowered; calyx-teeth +rather blunt.--Sandy grounds, Cape Ann, Mass., to Va., and southward +near the coast. June.--Shrub 2--3 deg. high. + + +2. NEMOPANTHES, Raf. MOUNTAIN HOLLY. + +Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4--5 minute +deciduous teeth, in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4--5, +oblong-linear, spreading, distinct. Stamens 4--5; filaments slender. +Drupe with 4--5 bony nutlets, light red.--A much-branched shrub, with +ash-gray bark, alternate and oblong deciduous leaves on slender +petioles, entire or slightly toothed, smooth. Flowers on long slender +axillary peduncles, solitary or sparingly clustered. (Name said by the +author to mean "flower with a filiform peduncle," therefore probably +composed of [Greek: ne~ma], _a thread_, [Greek: poy/s], _foot_, and +[Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_.) + +1. N. fascicularis, Raf. (N. Canadensis, _DC._)--Damp cold woods, from +the mountains of Va. to Maine, Ind., Wisc., and northward. May. + + +ORDER 26. CELASTRACEAE. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) + +_Shrubs with simple leaves, and small regular flowers, the sepals and +the petals both imbricated in the bud, the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as +many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk which +fills the bottom of the calyx and sometimes covers the ovary. Seeds +arilled._--Ovules one or few (erect or pendulous) in each cell, +anatropous; styles united into one. Fruit 2--5-celled, free from the +calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy albumen; cotyledons broad and thin. +Stipules minute and fugacious. Pedicels jointed. + +[*] Leaves alternate. Flowers in terminal racemes. + +1. Celastrus. A shrubby climber. Fruit globose, orange, 3-valved. Aril +scarlet. + +[*][*] Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary cymes or solitary. + +2. Euonymus. Erect shrubs. Leaves deciduous. Fruit 3--5-lobed. +3--5-valved. Aril red. + +3. Pachystima. Dwarf evergreen shrub. Flowers very small. Fruit oblong, +2-valved. Aril white. + + +1. CELASTRUS, L. STAFF-TREE. SHRUBBY BITTER-SWEET. + +Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted +on the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the base of the calyx. +Pod globose (orange-color and berry-like), 3-celled, 3-valved, +loculicidal. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, erect, enclosed in a pulpy +scarlet aril.--Leaves alternate. Flowers small, greenish, in raceme-like +clusters terminating the branches. (An ancient Greek name for some +evergreen, which our plant is not.) + +1. C. scandens, L. (WAX-WORK. CLIMBING BITTER-SWEET.) Twining shrub; +leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed.--Along streams and +thickets. June.--The opening orange-colored pods, displaying the scarlet +covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn. + + +2. EUONYMUS, Tourn. SPINDLE-TREE. + +Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and +flat calyx. Petals 4--5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short, +inserted on the edge or face of a broad and flat 4--5-angled disk, which +coheres with the calyx and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it +more or less. Style short or none. Pod 3--5-lobed, 3--5-valved, +loculicidal. Seeds 1--4 in each cell, enclosed in a red aril.--Shrubs, +with 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate leaves, and loose cymes of +small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Derivation from [Greek: eu~)], +_good_, and [Greek: o)/noma], _name_, because it has the bad reputation +of poisoning cattle. _Tourn._) + +1. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. (BURNING-BUSH. WAAHOO.) Shrub tall (6--14 deg. +high) and upright; _leaves petioled_, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of the +(dark-purple) flower commonly in fours; _pods smooth, deeply +lobed_.--N. Y. to Wisc., Neb., and southward; also cultivated. +June.--Ornamental in autumn, by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on +long peduncles. + +2. E. Americanus, L. (STRAWBERRY BUSH.) Shrub low, upright or straggling +(2--5 deg. high); _leaves almost sessile, thickish_, bright green, varying +from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed; parts of the +greenish-purple flowers mostly in fives; _pods rough-warty, depressed_, +crimson when ripe; the aril and dissepiments scarlet.--Wooded +river-banks, N. Y. to Ill., and southward. June. + +Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches; flowering +stems 1--2 deg. high; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong.--Low or wet +places; the commoner form. + + +3. PACHYSTIMA, Raf. + +Flowers perfect. Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 4, on the edge of the +broad disk lining the calyx-tube. Ovary free; style very short. Pod +small, oblong, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds 1 or 2, enclosed +in a white membranaceous many-cleft aril.--Low evergreen shrubs, with +smooth serrulate coriaceous opposite leaves and very small green flowers +solitary or fascicled in the axils. (Derivation obscure.) + +1. P. Canbyi, Gray. Leaves linear to linear-oblong or oblong-obovate, +obtuse, 3''--1' long; pedicels very slender, often solitary, shorter +than the leaves; fruit 2'' long.--Mountains of S. W. Va. + + +ORDER 27. RHAMNACEAE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) + +_Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers +(sometimes apetalous), with the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the +valvate sepals and alternate with them, accordingly opposite the petals! +Drupe or pod with only one erect seed in each cell, not +arilled._--Petals folded inwards in the bud, hooded or concave, inserted +along with the stamens into the edge of the fleshy disk which lines the +short tube of the calyx and sometimes unites it to the lower part of the +2--5-celled ovary. Ovules solitary, anatropous. Stigmas 2--5. Embryo +large, with broad cotyledons, in sparing fleshy albumen.--Flowers often +polygamous, sometimes dioecious. Leaves mostly alternate; stipules small +or obsolete. Branches often thorny. (Slightly bitter and astringent; +the fruit often mucilaginous, commonly rather nauseous or drastic.) + +[*] Calyx and disk free from the ovary. + +1. Berchemia. Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with +thin flesh and a 2-celled bony putamen. + +2. Rhamnus. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe +berry-like, with 2--4 separate seed-like nutlets. + +[*][*] Calyx with the disk adherent to the base of the ovary. + +3. Ceanothus. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length +dehiscent. + + +1. BERCHEMI, Necker. SUPPLE-JACK. + +Calyx with a very short and roundish tube; its lobes equalling the 5 +oblong sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick +and flat, filling the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, +with thin flesh and a bony 2-celled putamen.--Woody high-climbing +twiners, with the pinnate veins of the leaves straight and parallel, the +small greenish-white flowers in small panicles. (Name unexplained, +probably personal.) + +1. B. volubilis, DC. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely +serrulate; style short.--Damp soils, Va. to Ky. and Mo., and southward. +June.--Ascending tall trees. Stems tough and very lithe, whence the +popular name. + + +2. RHAMNUS, Tourn. BUCKTHORN. + +Calyx 4--5-cleft; the tube campanulate, lined with the disk. Petals +small, short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short +stamens, or sometimes none. Ovary free, 2--4-celled. Drupe berry-like +(black), containing 2--4 separate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous +texture.--Shrubs or small trees, with loosely pinnately veined leaves, +and greenish polygamous or dioecious flowers, in axillary clusters. (The +ancient Greek name.) + +Sec. 1. RHAMNUS proper. _Flowers usually dioecious; nutlets and seeds +deeply grooved on the back; rhaphe dorsal; cotyledons foliaceous, the +margins revolute._ + +[*] _Calyx-lobes and stamens 5; petals wanting._ + +1. R. alnifolia, L'Her. A low shrub; leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly +straight-veined; fruit 3-seeded.--Swamps, Maine to Penn., Neb., and +northward. June. + +[*][*] _Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens 4._ + +R. CATHARTICA, L. (COMMON BUCKTHORN.) _Leaves ovate_, minutely serrate; +_fruit 3--4-seeded_; branchlets thorny.--Cultivated for hedges; +sparingly naturalized eastward. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) + +2. R. lanceolata, Pursh. _Leaves oblong-lanceolate_ and acute, or on +flowering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth or minutely +downy beneath; petals deeply notched; _fruit 2-seeded_.--Hills and +river-banks, Penn. (Mercersburg, _Green_) to Ill., Tenn., and westward. +May.--Shrub tall, not thorny; the yellowish-green flowers of two forms +on distinct plants, both perfect; one with short pedicels clustered in +the axils and with a short included style; the other with pedicels +oftener solitary, the style longer and exserted. + +Sec. 2. FRANGULA. _Flowers perfect; nutlets and seeds not furrowed; +cotyledons flat, thick; rhaphe lateral._ + +3. R. Caroliniana, Walt. Thornless shrub or small tree; leaves (3--5' +long) oblong, obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous; flowers +5-merous, in one form umbelled, in another solitary in the axils, short +peduncled; drupe globose, 3-seeded. (Frangula Caroliniana, +_Gray._)--Swamps and river banks, N. J., Va. to Ky., and southward. +June. + +3. CEANOTHUS, L. NEW JERSEY TEA. RED-ROOT. + +Calyx 5-lobed, incurved; the lower part cohering with the thick disk to +the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hooded, +spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments elongated. +Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed as +in Sec. Frangula.--Shrubby plants; flowers in little umbel-like clusters, +forming dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked +flower-branches; calyx and pedicels colored like the petals. (An obscure +name in Theophrastus, probably misspelled.) + +1. C. Americanus, L. (NEW JERSEY TEA.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, +3-ribbed, serrate, more or less pubescent, often slightly heart-shaped +at base; common peduncles elongated.--Dry woodlands. July.--Stems 1--3 deg. +high from a dark red root; branches downy. Flowers in pretty white +clusters, on leafy shoots of the same year. The leaves were used for tea +during the American Revolution. + +2. C. ovatus, Desf. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, +finely glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short +common peduncles. (C. ovalis, _Bigel._)--Dry rocks, W. Vt. and Mass. to +Minn., Ill., and southwestward; rare eastward. May. + + +ORDER 28. VITACEAE. (VINE FAMILY.) + +_Shrubs with watery juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small +regular flowers, a minute or truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete, +and the stamens as many as the valvate petals and opposite them! Berry +2-celled, usually 4-seeded._--Petals 4--5, very deciduous, hypogynous or +perigynous. Filaments slender; anthers introrse. Pistil with a short +style or none, and a slightly 2-lobed stigma; ovary 2-celled, with 2 +erect anatropous ovules from the base of each cell. Seeds bony, with a +minute embryo at the base of the hard albumen, which is grooved on one +side.--Stipules deciduous. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or +compound; tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves. Flowers +small, greenish, commonly polygamous. (Young shoots, foliage, etc., +acid.) + +[*] Ovary surrounded by a nectariferous or glanduliferous disk; plants +climbing by the coiling of naked-tipped tendrils. + +1. Vitis. Corolla caducous without expanding. Hypogynous glands 5, +alternate with the stamens. Fruit pulpy. Leaves simple. + +2. Cissus. Corolla expanding. Disk cupular. Berry with scanty pulp, +inedible. Leaves simple or pinnately compound. + +[*][*] No distinct hypogynous disk; plants climbing by the adhesion of +the dilated tips of the tendril-branches. + +3. Ampelopsis. Corolla expanding. Leaves digitate. + + +1. VITIS, Tourn. GRAPE. + +Flowers polygamo-dioecious (some plants with perfect flowers, others +staminate with at most a rudimentary ovary), 5-merous. Calyx very +short, usually with a nearly entire border or none at all. Petals +separating only at base and falling off without expanding. Hypogynous +disk of 5 nectariferous glands alternate with the stamens. Berry pulpy. +Seeds pyriform, with beak-like base.--Plants climbing by the coiling of +naked-tipped tendrils. Flowers in a compound thyrse, very fragrant; +pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. Leaves simple, rounded and +heart-shaped. (The classical Latin name.) + +Sec. 1. VITIS proper. _Bark loose and shreddy; tendrils forked; nodes +solid._ + +[+] _A tendril (or inflorescence) opposite each leaf._ + +1. V. Labrusca, L. (NORTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) Branchlets and young leaves +very woolly; leaves large, entire or deeply lobed, slightly dentate, +continuing rusty-woolly beneath; fertile panicles compact; berries +large.--Moist thickets, N. Eng. to the Alleghany Mountains, and south to +S. Car. June. Fruit ripe in Sept. or Oct., dark purple or amber-color, +with a tough musky pulp. Improved by cultivation, it has given rise to +the Isabella, Catawba, Concord and other varieties. + +[+][+] _Tendrils intermittent (none opposite each third leaf)._ + +[++] _Leaves pubescent and floccose, especially beneath and when young._ + +2. V. aestivalis, Michx. (SUMMER GRAPE.) Branchlets terete; leaves large, +entire or more or less deeply and obtusely 3--5-lobed, with short broad +teeth, very woolly and mostly red or rusty when young; berries +middle-sized, black with a bloom, in compact bunches.--Thickets; common. +May, June. Berries pleasant, ripe in Sept.--V. BICOLOR, LeConte, has +its leaves smoothish when old and pale or glaucous beneath; common north +and westward. + +3. V. cinerea, Engelm. (DOWNY GRAPE.) Branchlets angular; pubescence +whitish or grayish, persistent; leaves entire or slightly 3-lobed; +inflorescence large and loose; berries small, black without +bloom.--Central Ill. to Kan. and Tex. + +[++][++] _Leaves glabrous and mostly shining, or short-hairy especially +on the ribs beneath, incisely lobed or undivided._ + +4. V. cordifolia, Michx. (FROST or CHICKEN GRAPE.) Leaves 3--4' wide, +not lobed or slightly 3-lobed, cordate with a deep acute sinus, +acuminate, coarsely and sharply toothed; stipules small; inflorescence +ample, loose; berries small, black and shining, very acerb, ripening +after frosts; seeds 1 or 2, rather large, with a prominent +rhaphe.--Thickets and stream-banks, New Eng. to central Ill., Mo., +Neb., and southward. May, June. + +5. V. riparia, Michx. Differing from the last in the larger and more +persistent stipules (2--3'' long), more shining and more usually 3-lobed +leaves with a broad rounded or truncate sinus and large acute or +acuminate teeth, smaller compact inflorescence, and berries (4--5'' +broad) with a bloom, sweet and very juicy, ripening from July to Sept.; +seeds very small; rhaphe indistinct. (V. cordifolia, var. riparia, +_Gray._)--Stream-banks or near water, W. New Eng. to Penn., west to +Minn. and Kan. Eastward the berries are sour and ripen late. + +6. V. palmata, Vahl. Branches bright red; leaves dark green and dull, +3--5-lobed, with a broad sinus, the lobes usually long-acuminate; +inflorescence large and loose; berries black, without bloom, ripening +late; seeds very large and rounded; otherwise like n. 5. (V. rubra, +_Michx._)--Ill. and Mo. + +7. V. rupestris, Scheele. (SAND or SUGAR GRAPE.) Usually low and bushy, +often without tendrils; leaves rather small, shining, broadly cordate, +abruptly pointed, with broad coarse teeth, rarely slightly lobed; +berries rather small, sweet, in very small close bunches, ripe in +Aug.--Mo. to Tex.; also found in Tenn., and reported from banks of the +Potomac, near Washington. + +Sec. 2. MUSCADINIA. _Bark closely adherent on the branches; pith continuous +through the nodes; tendrils simple, intermittent; seeds with transverse +wrinkles on both sides._ + +8. V. rotundifolia, Michx. (MUSCADINE, BULLACE, or SOUTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) +Leaves shining both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped base, very +coarsely toothed with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed; panicles +small, densely flowered; berries large (1/2--3/4' in diameter), musky, +purplish without a bloom, with a thick and tough skin, ripe early in +autumn. (V. vulpina, _Man._, not _L._?)--River-banks, Md. to Ky., Mo., +Kan., and southward. May.--Branchlets minutely warty. This is the +original of the Scuppernong Grape, etc. + + +2. CISSUS, L. + +Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous, 4-merous or (in ours) 5-merous. +Petals expanding. Disk cup-shaped, surrounding the base of +the ovary. Berry inedible, with scanty pulp. Seeds usually +triangular-obovate.--Tendrils in our species few and mostly in the +inflorescence. A vast genus, mainly tropical. (Greek name of the Ivy.) + +1. C. Ampelopsis, Pers. Nearly glabrous; _leaves heart-shaped_ or +truncate at the base, coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate, not +lobed; panicle small and loose; style slender; berries of the +size of a pea, 1--3-seeded, bluish or greenish. (Vitis indivisa, +_Willd._)--River-banks, Va. to Ill., and southward. June. + +2. C. stans, Pers. Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather upright; _leaves +twice pinnate or ternate_, the leaflets cut-toothed; flowers cymose; +calyx 5-toothed; disk very thick, adherent to the ovary; berries black, +obovate. (Vitis bipinnata, _Torr. & Gray._)--Rich soils, Va. to Mo., +and southward. + + +3. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. VIRGINIAN CREEPER. + +Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they +fall. Disk none.--Leaves digitate, with 5 (3--7) oblong-lanceolate +sparingly serrate leaflets. Flower-clusters cymose. Tendrils fixing +themselves to trunks or walls by dilated sucker-like disks at their +tips. (Name from [Greek: a)/mpelos], _a vine_, and [Greek: o)/psis], +_appearance_.) + +1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. A common woody vine, in low or rich grounds, +climbing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its +disk-bearing tendrils, blossoming in July, ripening its small blackish +berries in October. Also called _American Ivy_, and still less +appropriately, _Woodbine_. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. + + +ORDER 29. SAPINDACEAE. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) + +_Trees or shrubs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly unsymmetrical +and often irregular flowers; the 4--5 sepals and petals imbricated in +aestivation; the 5--10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (perigynous or +hypogynous) disk; a 2--3-celled and -lobed ovary, with 1--2 (rarely +more) ovules in each cell; and the embryo_ (except Staphylea) _curved or +convolute, without albumen._--A large and diverse order. + +SUBORDER I. Sapindeae. Flowers (often polygamous) mostly unsymmetrical +and irregular. Stamens commonly more numerous than the petals, rarely +twice as many. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Embryo curved or convolute, +rarely straight; cotyledons thick and fleshy.--Leaves alternate or +sometimes opposite, without stipules, mostly compound. + +1. AEsculus. Flowers irregular. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens +commonly 7. Fruit a leathery 3-valved pod. Leaves opposite, digitate. + +2. Sapindus. Flowers regular. Sepals 4--5, in two rows. Petals 4--5. +Stamens 8--10. Fruit a globose or 2--3-lobed berry. Leaves alternate, +pinnate. + +SUBORDER II. Acerineae. (MAPLE FAMILY.) Flowers (polygamous or dioecious) +small, regular, but usually unsymmetrical. Petals often wanting. Ovary +2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Fruits winged, +1-seeded. Embryo coiled or folded; the cotyledons long and thin.--Leaves +opposite, simple or compound. + +3. Acer. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple. + +4. Negundo. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate, with 3--5 leaflets. + +SUBORDER III. Staphyleae. (BLADDER-NUT FAMILY.) Flowers (perfect) +regular; stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1--8 in each cell. Seeds +bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen.--Shrubs with opposite +pinnately compound leaves, both stipulate and stipellate. + +5. Staphylea. Lobes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5. +Fruit a 3-celled bladdery-inflated pod. + + +1. AESCULUS, L. HORSE-CHESTNUT. BUCKEYE. + +Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, often oblique or gibbous at base. Petals 4--5, +more or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens 7 (rarely 6 +or 8); filaments long, slender, often unequal. Style 1; ovary 3-celled, +with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a leathery pod, 3-celled and 3-seeded, +or usually by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved. +Seed very large, with thick shining coat, and a large round pale scar. +Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their contiguous faces coherent, +remaining under ground in germination; plumule 2-leaved; radicle +curved.--Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate; leaflets serrate, +straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrse or +dense panicle, often polygamous, most of them with imperfect pistils and +sterile; pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with a bitter +and narcotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other +mast-bearing tree.) + +Sec. 1. AESCULUS proper. _Fruit covered with prickles when young._ + +AE. HIPPOCASTANUM, L. (COMMON HORSE-CHESTNUT.) Corolla spreading, white +spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals; stamens declined; leaflets +7.--Commonly planted. (Adv. from Asia via Eu.) + +1. AE. glabra, Willd. (FETID or OHIO BUCKEYE.) Stamens curved, longer +than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals; leaflets usually +5.--River-banks, W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., Kan., and southward. June.--A +large tree; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the +genus. Flowers small, not showy. + +Sec. 2. PAVIA. _Fruit smooth; petals 4, conniving; the 2 upper smaller and +longer than the others, with a small rounded blade on a very long claw._ + +2. AE. flava, Ait. (SWEET BUCKEYE.) _Stamens included_ in the yellow +corolla; _calyx oblong-campanulate_; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, +or often minutely downy underneath.--Rich woods, Va. to Ohio, Mo., and +southward. May. A large tree or a shrub. + +Var. purpurascens, Gray. Calyx and corolla tinged with flesh-color or +dull purple; leaflets commonly downy beneath.--From W. Va., south and +westward. + +3. AE. Pavia, L. (RED BUCKEYE.) Stamens not longer than the corolla, +which is bright red, as well as the _tubular calyx_; leaflets glabrous +or soft-downy beneath.--Fertile valleys, Va., Ky., Mo., and southward. +May. A shrub or small tree. + + +2. SAPINDUS, L. SOAP-BERRY. + +Flowers regular, polygamous. Sepals 4--5, imbricated in 2 rows. Petals +4--5, with a scale at the base. Stamens 8--10, upon the hypogynous disk. +Ovary 3-celled, with an ascending ovule in each cell. Fruit a globose or +2--3-lobed berry, 1--3-seeded. Seed crustaceous, globose.--Trees or +shrubs, with alternate abruptly pinnate leaves, and small flowers in +terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. (Name a contraction of _Sapo +Indicus, Indian soap_, having reference to the saponaceous character of +the berries.) + +1. S. acuminatus, Raf. A tree 20--60 deg. high; leaflets 4--9 pairs, +obliquely lanceolate, sharply acuminate, entire, 11/2--3' long; the +rhachis of the leaf not winged; flowers white, in a large panicle, fruit +mostly globose, 6'' broad. (S. marginatus of authors, not +_Willd._)--S. Kan. to La., Fla., and Mex. + + +3. ACER, Tourn. MAPLE. + +Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx colored, 5- (rarely 4--12-) lobed or +parted. Petals either none or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, +with short claws if any, inserted on the margin of the lobed disk, which +is either perigynous or hypogynous. Stamens 3--12. Ovary 2-celled, with +a pair of ovules in each cell; styles 2, long and slender, united only +below, stigmatic down the inside. From the back of each carpel grows a +wing, converting the fruit into two 1-seeded, at length separable +samaras or keys. Embryo variously coiled or folded, with large and thin +cotyledons.--Trees, or sometimes shrubs, with opposite palmately-lobed +leaves, and small flowers. Pedicels not jointed. (The classical name, +from the Celtic _ac_, hard.) + +[*] _Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves; +stamens 6--8._ + +1. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. (STRIPED MAPLE.) Leaves 3-lobed at the apex, +finely and sharply doubly serrate, the short lobes taper-pointed and +also serrate; _racemes drooping, loose; petals obovate_; fruit with +large diverging wings.--Rich woods, Maine to Minn., and southward to +Va., Ky., and Mo. June.--A small and slender tree, with light-green bark +striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers and fruit. Also called +_Striped Dogwood_ and _Moose-Wood_. + +2. A. spicatum, Lam. (MOUNTAIN M.) Leaves downy beneath, 3- (or slightly +5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed; _racemes upright, +dense_, somewhat compound; _petals linear-spatulate_; fruit with small +erect or divergent wings.--Moist woods, with the same range as n. 1. +June.--A tall shrub, forming clumps. + +[*][*] _Flowers in nearly sessile terminal and lateral +umbellate-corymbs, greenish-yellow, appearing with the leaves._ + +3. A. saccharinum, Wang. (SUGAR or ROCK M.) Leaves 3--5-lobed, with +rounded sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate toothed lobes, either +heart-shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or a +little downy on the veins beneath; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing +and lateral leafless buds, drooping on very slender hairy pedicels; +calyx hairy at the apex; petals none; wings of the fruit broad, usually +slightly diverging.--Rich woods, especially northward and along the +mountains southward. April, May.--A large and handsome tree. + +Var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray. (BLACK SUGAR-M.) Leaves scarcely paler +beneath, but often minutely downy, the lobes wider, often shorter and +entire, the sinus at the base often closed.--With the ordinary form; +quite variable, sometimes appearing distinct. + +[*][*][*] _Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from separate lateral +buds, and much preceding the leaves; stamens 3--6._ + +4. A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. (WHITE or SILVER M.) _Leaves very deeply +5-lobed_ with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young +downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed; flowers +(greenish-yellow) on short pedicels; _petals none; fruit woolly when +young_, with large divergent wings.--River-banks; most common southward +and westward. March--April.--A fine ornamental tree. + +5. A. rubrum, L. (RED or SWAMP M.) _Leaves 3--5 lobed_, with acute +sinuses, whitish underneath; the lobes irregularly serrate and notched, +acute, the middle one usually longest; _petals linear-oblong_; flowers +(scarlet, crimson, or sometimes yellowish) on very short pedicels; but +the _smooth fruit_ on prolonged drooping pedicels.--Swamps and wet +woods. April.--A small tree, with reddish twigs; the leaves varying +greatly in shape, turning bright crimson in early autumn. + + +4. NEGUNDO, Moench. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. BOX-ELDER. + +Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, 4--5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4--5. +Disk none.--Sterile flowers in clusters on capillary pedicels, the +fertile in drooping racemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 +or 5 leaflets. Fruit as in Acer. (Name unmeaning.) + +1. N. aceroides, Moench. Leaflets smoothish when old, very veiny, ovate, +pointed, toothed; fruit smooth, with large rather incurved +wings.--River-banks, W. New Eng. to Dak., south and westward. April.--A +small but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate +drooping clusters of small greenish flowers, rather earlier than the +leaves. + + +5. STAPHYLEA, L. BLADDER-NUT. + +Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect, +spatulate, inserted on the margin of the thick perigynous disk which +lines the base of the calyx. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. +Pistil of 3 several-ovuled carpels, united in the axis, their long +styles lightly cohering. Pod large, membranaceous, inflated, 3-lobed, +3-celled, at length bursting at the summit; the cells containing 1--4 +bony anatropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo large and straight, in scanty +albumen, cotyledons broad and thin.--Upright shrubs, with opposite +pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in drooping +raceme-like clusters, terminating the branchlets. Stipules and stipels +deciduous. (Name from [Greek: staphyle/], _a cluster_.) + +1. S. trifolia, L. (AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT.) Leaflets 3, ovate, +pointed.--Thickets, in moist soil. May.--Shrub 10 deg. high, with greenish +striped branches. + + +ORDER 30. ANACARDIACEAE. (CASHEW FAMILY.) + +_Trees or shrubs, with resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate +leaves, and small, often polygamous, regular, 5-merous flowers, but the +ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, with 3 styles or stigmas._--Petals +imbricated in the bud. Fruit mostly drupaceous. Seed without albumen, +borne on a curved stalk that rises from the base of the cell. Stipules +none. Juice or exhalations often poisonous. + + +1. RHUS, L. SUMACH. + +Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or +between the lobes of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit +small and indehiscent, a sort of dry drupe.--Leaves usually compound. +Flowers greenish-white or yellowish. (The old Greek and Latin name.) + +Sec. 1. RHUS proper. _Fruit symmetrical, with the styles terminal._ + +[*] _Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle; fruit globular, +clothed with acid crimson hairs; stone smooth; leaves odd-pinnate. (Not +poisonous.)_--(Sec. SUMAC, DC.) + +1. R. typhina, L. (STAGHORN SUMACH.) _Branches and stalks densely +velvety-hairy_; leaflets 11--31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, +pointed, serrate, rarely laciniate.--Hillsides. June.--Shrub or tree +10--30 deg. high, with orange-colored wood. Apparently hybridizes with the +next. + +2. R. glabra, L. (SMOOTH S.) _Smooth, somewhat glaucous_; leaflets +11--31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate.--Rocky or +barren soil. June, July.--Shrub 2--12 deg. high. A var. has laciniate +leaflets. + +3. R. copallina, L. (DWARF S.) _Branches and stalks downy; petioles +wing-margined_ between the 9--21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate (often +entire) leaflets, which are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and +shining above.--Rocky hills. July.--Shrub 1--7 deg. high, with running +roots. + +[*][*] _Flowers polygamous, in loose and slender axillary panicles; +fruit globular, glabrous, whitish or dun-colored; the stone +striate; leaves odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate, thin. +(Poisonous.)_--(Sec. TOXICODENDRON, DC.) + +4. R. venenata, DC. (POISON S. or DOGWOOD.) Smooth, or nearly so; +_leaflets 7--13, obovate-oblong_, entire.--Swamps. June.--Shrub 6--18 deg. +high. The most poisonous species; also called _Poison Elder_. + +5. R. Toxicodendron, L. (POISON IVY. POISON OAK.) Climbing by rootlets +over rocks, etc., or ascending trees, or sometimes low and erect; +_leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate_, mostly pointed, and rather downy beneath, +variously notched, sinuate, or cut-lobed,--high-climbing plants (R. +radicans, _L._) having usually more entire leaves.--Thickets, low +grounds, etc. June. + +[*][*][*] _Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in small solitary or clustered +spikes or heads which develop in spring before the leaves; leaves +3-foliolate; fruit as in first group. (Not poisonous)._--(Sec. LOBADIUM, +Torr. & Gray.) + +6. R. Canadensis, Marsh. Leaves soft-pubescent when young, becoming +glabrate; leaflets rhombic-obovate or ovate, unequally cut-toothed, +1--3' long, the terminal one cuneate at base and sometimes 3-cleft; +flowers pale yellow. (R. aromatica, _Ait._)--Dry rocky banks, W. Vt. to +Minn., and southward.--A straggling bush, 3--7 deg. high; the crushed leaves +not unpleasantly scented. + +Var. trilobata, Gray. With smaller leaflets (1/2--1' long), crenately +few-lobed or incised toward the summit.--Long Pine, Neb., and common +westward. Unpleasantly scented. + +Sec. 2. COTINUS. _Ovary becoming very gibbous in fruit, with the remains of +the styles lateral; flowers in loose ample panicles, the pedicels +elongating and becoming plumose; leaves simple, entire._ + +7. R. cotinoides, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves thin, oval, 3--6' +long; flowers and fruit as in the cultivated _Smoke-tree_ (R. +Cotinus).--Mo. to Tenn., and southward.--A tree, 25--40 deg. high. + + +ORDER 31. POLYGALACEAE. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) + +_Plants with irregular hypogynous flowers, 4--8 diadelphous or +monadelphous stamens, their 1-celled anthers opening at the top by a +pore or chink, the fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod._ + + +1. POLYGALA, Tourn. MILKWORT. + +Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the +upper and the 2 lower) are small and often greenish, while the two +lateral or inner (called _wings_) are much larger, and colored like the +petals. Petals 3, hypogynous, connected with each other and with the +stamen-tube, the middle (lower) one keel-shaped and often crested on the +back. Stamens 6 or 8; their filaments united below into a split sheath, +or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the petals, free above; +anthers 1-celled, often cup-shaped, opening by a hole or broad chink at +the apex. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule pendulous in +each cell; style prolonged and curved; stigma various. Fruit a small, +loculicidal 2-seeded pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex, much +flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds carunculate. +Embryo large, straight, with flat and broad cotyledons, in scanty +albumen.--Bitter plants (low herbs in temperate regions), with simple +entire often dotted leaves, and no stipules; sometimes (as in the first +two species) bearing cleistogamous flowers next the ground. (An old name +composed of [Greek: poly/s], _much_, and [Greek: ga/la], _milk_, from a +fancied property of its increasing this secretion.) + +[*] _Perennial or biennial; flowers purple or white; leaves alternate._ + +[+] _Flowers showy, rose-purple, conspicuously crested; also bearing +inconspicuous colorless cleistogamous flowers on subterranean branches._ + +1. P. paucifolia, Willd. _Perennial_; flowering stems short (3--4' +high), from long slender prostrate or subterranean shoots, which also +bear concealed fertile flowers; lower leaves small and scale-like, +scattered, the _upper ovate, petioled, crowded_ at the summit; _flowers +1--3, large_, peduncled; wings obovate, rather shorter than the +fringe-crested keel; stamens 6; caruncle of 2 or 3 awl-shaped lobes +longer than the seed.--Woods, in light soil, N. Eng. to Minn., Ill., and +southward along the Alleghanies. May.--A delicate plant, with very +handsome flowers, 9'' long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes +called _Flowering Wintergreen_, but more appropriately FRINGED POLYGALA. + +2. P. polygama, Walt. Stems numerous from the _biennial_ root, mostly +simple, ascending, very leafy (6--9' high); _leaves oblanceolate or +oblong_; terminal _raceme loosely many-flowered_, the broadly obovate +wings longer than the keel; stamens 8; radical flowers racemed on short +subterranean runners; lobes of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than +the seed.--Dry sandy soil; common. July. + +[+][+] _Flowers white, in a solitary close spike; none cleistogamous._ + +3. P. Senega, L. (SENECA SNAKEROOT.) Stems several from thick and hard +knotty rootstocks, simple (6--12' high); leaves lanceolate or +oblong-lanceolate, with rough margins; wings round-obovate, concave; +crest short; caruncle nearly as long as the seed.--Rocky soil, W. New +Eng. to Minn., and southward. May, June. + +Var. latifolia, Torr. & Gray. Taller, sometimes branched; leaves ovate +or ovate-lanceolate, 2--4' long, tapering to each end.--Md. to Mich. and +Ky. + +4. P. alba, Nutt. Stems several from a hard rootstock, 1 deg. high; leaves +narrowly linear, 3--12'' long, acute; wings oblong-obovate; crest small; +lobes of the caruncle half the length of the appressed-silky seed.--Neb. +and Kan. to Tex. + +[*][*] _Annuals, with all the leaves alternate; flowers in terminal +spikes, heads or racemes, purple or rose-color, in summer; none +subterranean._ + +[+] _Keel conspicuously crested; claws of the true petals united into a +long and slender cleft tube much surpassing the wings._ + +5. P. incarnata, L. Glaucous; stem slender, sparingly branched; leaves +minute and linear-awl-shaped; spike cylindrical; flowers flesh-color; +caruncle longer than the narrow stalk of the hairy seed.--Dry soil, +Penn. to Wisc., Iowa, Neb., and southward; rather rare. + +[+][+] _Keel minutely or inconspicuously crested; the true petals not +longer but mostly shorter than the wings; seed pear-shaped._ + +6. P. sanguinea, L. Stem sparingly branched above, leafy to the top; +_leaves oblong-linear; heads globular, at length oblong_, very dense +(4--5'' thick), bright red-purple (rarely paler or even white); pedicels +scarcely any; _wings broadly ovate, closely sessile_, longer than the +pod; the 2-parted _caruncle almost equalling the seed_.--Sandy and moist +ground; common. + +7. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Stem slender, at length corymbosely branched; +_leaves narrowly linear_, acute, 3--8'' long; _spikes short and dense_ +(3'' in diameter); the small rose-purple flowers on _pedicels of about +the length of the pod_; wings obovate- or oval-oblong, narrowed at the +base, scarcely exceeding the pod; _bracts deciduous_ with the flowers or +fruits, caruncle as long as and nearly enveloping the stalk-like base of +the minutely hairy seed.--Pine barrens of N. J. and Del. to Ky., and +southward. + +8. P. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Resembles the last, but usually lower; +spikes cylindrical, narrow; flowers duller or greenish purple, on very +short _pedicels_; the awl-shaped scaly _bracts persistent_ on the axis +after the flowers or fruits fall; seed very hairy, the caruncle +smaller.--Dry sandy soil, coast of Mass. to Mo., and southward.--Spike +sometimes rather loose. + +9. P. Curtissii, Gray. Slender (9' high), leaves, etc., as in the two +preceding, flowers rose-purple, in usually short racemes; pedicels about +equalling or exceeding the persistent bracts; _the narrow oblong erect +wings fully twice the length of the pod_; caruncle small, on one side of +the stalk-like base of the very hairy _seed_, which is _conspicuously +apiculate at the broader end_.--Md. to Ga.--The species was founded upon +an abnormal form with elongated racemes and pedicels. + +[*][*][*] _Annuals with at least the lower stem-leaves whorled in fours, +sometimes in fives; spikes terminating the stem and branches; fl. summer +and autumn._ + +[+] _Spikes short and thick (4--9'' in diameter); bracts persisting +after the fall of the (middle-sized) rose or greenish purple flowers; +crest small._ + +10. P. cruciata, L. Stems (3--10' high) almost winged at the angles, +with spreading opposite branches; leaves nearly all in fours, linear and +somewhat spatulate or oblanceolate; _spikes sessile or nearly so; wings +broadly deltoid-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, tapering to a bristly +point_ or rarely pointless; caruncle nearly as long as the seed.--Margin +of swamps, Maine to Va. and southward near the coast, and west to Minn. +and Neb. + +11. P. brevifolia, Nutt. Rather slender, branched above; leaves +scattered on the branches, narrower; _spikes peduncled; wings +lanceolate-ovate, pointless or barely mucronate_.--Margin of sandy bogs, +R. I., N. J. and southward. + +[+][+] _Spikes slender (about 2'' thick), the bracts falling with the +flowers, which are small, greenish-white or barely tinged with purple, +the crest of the keel larger._ + +12. P. verticillata, L. Slender (6--10' high), much branched; +stem-leaves all whorled, those of the (mostly opposite) branches +scattered, linear, acute; spikes peduncled, usually short and dense, +acute; wings round, clawed; the 2-lobed caruncle half the length of the +seed.--Dry soil; common. + +Var. ambigua. Leaves (and branches) all scattered or the lowest in +fours; spikes long-peduncled, more slender, the flowers often purplish +and scattered. (P. ambigua, _Nutt._)--N. Y. to Mo., and southward. + +[*][*][*][*] _Biennials or annuals, with alternate leaves, and yellow +flowers, which are disposed to turn greenish in drying; crest small; +flowering all summer._ + +13. P. lutea, L. Low; _flowers (bright orange-yellow) in solitary ovate +or oblong heads_ (3/4' thick) terminating the stem or simple branches; +leaves (1--2' long) obovate or spatulate; lobes of the _caruncle nearly +as long as the seed._--Sandy swamps, N. J. and southward, near the +coast. + +14. P. ramosa, Ell. _Flowers (citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense +spike-like racemes_ collected in a flat-topped _compound cyme_; leaves +oblong-linear, the lowest spatulate or obovate; _seeds_ ovoid, minutely +hairy, _twice the length of the caruncle_.--Damp pine-barrens, Del. and +southward. + +15. P. cymosa, Walt. Stem short, naked above, the numerous racemes in a +usually nearly simple cyme, leaves narrow, acuminate; seeds globose, +without caruncle.--Del. and southward. + + +ORDER 32. LEGUMINOSAE. (PULSE FAMILY.) + +_Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely 5 +and sometimes many) monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct +stamens, and a single simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. +Seeds mostly without albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually +compound._ One of the sepals inferior (i.e. next the bract); one of the +petals superior (i.e. next the axis of the inflorescence).--A very +large order (nearly free from noxious qualities), of which the principal +representatives in northern temperate regions belong to the first of the +three suborders it comprises. + +SUBORDER I. Papilionaceae. Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often +unequally so. Corolla inserted into the base of the calyx, of 5 +irregular petals (or very rarely fewer), more or less distinctly +_papilionaceous_, i.e. with the upper or odd petal (_vexillum_ or +_standard_) larger than the others and enclosing them in the bud, +usually turned backward or spreading; the two lateral ones (_wings_) +oblique and exterior to the two lower, which last are connivent and +commonly more or less coherent by their anterior edges, forming the +_carina_ or _keel_, which usually encloses the stamens and pistil. +Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the corolla, monadelphous, +diadelphous (mostly with 9 united into a tube which is cleft on the +upper side, and the tenth or upper one separate), or occasionally +distinct. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes 2-celled by an intrusion of one of +the sutures, or transversely 2--many-celled by cross-division into +joints; style simple; ovules amphitropous, rarely anatropous. +Cotyledons large, thick or thickish; radicle incurved.--Leaves simple or +simply compound, the earliest ones in germination usually opposite, the +rest alternate; leaflets almost always quite entire. Flowers perfect, +solitary and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or panicles. + +I. Stamens (10) distinct. + +[*] Leaves palmately 3-foliolate or simple; calyx 4--5-lobed; herbs. +(PODALYRIEAE.) + +1. Baptisia. Pod inflated. + +2. Thermopsis. Pod flat, linear. + +[*][*] Leaves pinnate; calyx-teeth short. (SOPHOREAE.) + +3. Cladrastis. Flowers panicled, white. Pod flat. A tree. + +4. Sophora. Flowers racemose, white. Pod terete, moniliform. Herbaceous. + +II. Stamens monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 and 1, rarely 5 and 5); +nearly distinct in n. 14. + +[*] Anthers of two forms; stamens monadelphous; leaves digitate or +simple; leaflets entire. (GENISTEAE.) + +5. Crotalaria. Calyx 5-lobed. Pod inflated. Leaves simple. + +6. Genista. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod flat. Seed estrophiolate. Leaves simple. +Shrubby. + +7. Cytisus. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod flat. Seed strophiolate. Leaves +1--3-foliolate. Shrubby. + +8. Lupinus. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Pod flat. Leaves 7--11-foliolate. + +[*][*] Anthers uniform (except in n. 13 and 29). + +[+] Leaves digitately (rarely pinnately) 3-foliolate; leaflets +denticulate or serrulate; stamens diadelphous, pods small, +1--few-seeded, often enclosed in the calyx or curved or coiled. +(TRIFOLIEAE.) + +9. Trifolium. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1--6-seeded. Petals +adherent to the stamen-tube. + +10. Melilotus. Flowers racemed. Pod coriaceous, wrinkled, 1--2-seeded. + +11. Medicago. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled, +1--few-seeded. + +[+][+] Leaves unequally pinnate (or digitate in n. 13); pod not jointed; +not twining nor climbing (except n. 20). + +[++] Flowers umbellate (solitary in ours) on axillary peduncles. +(LOTEAE.) + +12. Hosaekia. Leaves 1--3-foliolate. Peduncle leafy-bracteate. Pod +linear. + +[++][++] Flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads. (GALEGEAE.) + +[=] Herbage glandular-dotted; stamens mostly monadelphous; pod small, +indehiscent, mostly 1-seeded; leaves pinnate (except in n. 13). + +13. Psoralea. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, half of the +anthers often smaller or less perfect. Leaves mostly palmately +3--5-foliolate. + +14. Amorpha. Corolla of one petal! Stamens 10, monadelphous at base. + +15. Dalea. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10; the +cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals about its middle. + +16. Petalostemon. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5; the +cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit. + +[=][=] Herbage not glandular-dotted (except in n. 23); stamens mostly +diadelphous; pod 2-valved, several-seeded; leaves pinnately +several-foliolate; flowers racemose. + +[a.] Wings cohering with the keel; pod flat or 4-angled; hoary perennial +herbs. + +17. Tephrosia. Standard broad. Pod flat. Leaflets pinnately veined. + +18. Indigofera. Calyx and standard small. Pod 4-angled. Leaflets +obscurely veined. + +[b.] Flowers large and showy; standard broad; wings free; woody; +leaflets stipellate. + +19. Robinia. Pod flat, thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs. + +20. Wistaria. Pod tumid, marginless. Woody twiners; leaflets obscurely +stipellate. + +[c.] Standard narrow, erect; pod turgid or inflated; perennial herbs. + +21. Astragalus. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp appendage. Pod +with one or both the sutures turned in, sometimes dividing the cell +lengthwise into two. + +22. Oxytropis. Keel tipped with an erect point; otherwise as Astragalus. + +23. Glycyrrhiza. Flowers, etc., of Astragalus. Anther-cells confluent. +Pod prickly or muricate, short, nearly indehiscent. + +[+][+][+] Herbs with pinnate or pinnately 1--3-foliolate leaves; no +tendrils; pod transversely 2--several-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded +joints indehiscent, or sometimes reduced to one such joint. (HEDYSAREAE.) + +[=] Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, not stipellate. + +24. AEschynomene. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 and 5). Calyx 2-lipped. +Pod several-jointed; joints square. + +25. Coronilla. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-toothed. +Joints oblong, 4-angled. Flowers umbellate. + +26. Hedysarum. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-cleft. +Pod several-jointed; joints roundish. + +[=][=] Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate. + +27. Desmodium. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) or monadelphous below. +Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and +complete. Leaflets stipellate. + +28. Lespedeza. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); anthers uniform. Pod +1--2-jointed. Flowers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. +Leaflets not stipellate. + +29. Stylosanthes. Stamens monadelphous; anthers of 2 sorts. Pod +1--2-jointed. Calyx deciduous, the tube narrow and stalk-like. Leaflets +not stipellate. + +[+][+][+][+] Herbs with abruptly pinnate leaves, terminated by a tendril +or bristle; stamens diadelphous; pod continuous, 2-valved, +few--several-seeded. (VICIEAE.) + +30. Vicia. Wings adherent to the keel. Style filiform, bearded with a +tuft or ring of hairs at the apex. + +31. Lathyrus. Wings nearly free. Style somewhat dilated and flattened +upwards, bearded down the inner face. + +[+][+][+][+][+] Twining (sometimes only trailing) herbs, leaves +pinnately 3- (rarely 1- or 5--7-) foliolate; no tendrils; peduncles or +flowers axillary, pod not jointed, 2-valved. (PHASEOLEAE.) + +[=] Leaves pinnate. + +32. Apios. Herbaceous twiner; leaflets 5--7. Keel slender and much +incurved or coiled. + +[=][=] Leaves 3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds several. Flowers not yellow. + +33. Phaseolus. Keel spirally coiled; standard recurved-spreading. Style +bearded lengthwise. Flowers racemose. Seeds round-reniform. + +34. Strophostyles. Keel long, strongly incurved. Style bearded +lengthwise. Flowers sessile, capitate, few. Seeds oblong, mostly +pubescent. + +35. Centrosema. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Standard with a spur at the base; +keel broad, merely incurved. Style minutely bearded next the stigma. + +36. Clitoria. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Standard erect, spurless; keel +scythe-shaped. Style bearded down the inner face. + +37. Amphicarpaea. Calyx tubular, 4--5-toothed. Standard erect; keel +almost straight. Style beardless. Some nearly apetalous fertile flowers +next the ground. + +38. Galactia. Calyx 4 cleft, the upper lobe broadest and entire. Style +beardless. Bract and bractlets minute, mostly deciduous. + +[=][=][=] Leaves 1--3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds only one or two. +Flowers yellow. + +39. Rhynchosia. Keel scythe shaped. Calyx 4--5-parted. Pod short. + +SUBORDER II. Caesalpinieae. (BRASILETTO FAMILY.) Corolla perfectly or not +at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regular, imbricated in the bud, +the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed by the others, Stamens 10 or +fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the calyx. Seeds anatropous, often +with albumen. Embryo straight. + +[*] Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect. Trees. + +40. Cercis. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. +Leaves simple. + +[*][*] Flowers not at all papilionaceous, perfect. Calyx 5-parted. +Herbs. + +41. Cassia. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate, not glandular-punctate. + +42. Hoffmanseggia. Leaves bipinnate, glandular-punctate. + +[*][*][*] Flowers not at all papilionaceous, polygamous or dioecious. +Trees. + +43. Gymnocladus. Leaves all doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube elongated, at its +summit bearing 5 petals resembling the calyx lobes. Stamens 10. + +44. Gleditschia. Thorny; leaves simply and doubly pinnate. Calyx tube +short; its lobes, petals, and the stamens 3--5. + +SUBORDER III. Mimoseae. (MIMOSA FAMILY.) Flower regular, small. Corolla +valvate in aestivation, often united into a 4--5-lobed cup, hypogynous, +as are the (often very numerous) exserted stamens. Embryo straight. +Leaves twice pinnate. + +45. Desmanthus. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod smooth. + +46. Schrankia. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod +covered with small prickles or rough projections. + + +1. BAPTISIA, Vent. FALSE INDIGO. + +Calyx 4--5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides +reflexed; keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. +Stamens 10, distinct. Pod stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or +oblong, inflated, pointed, many seeded.--Perennial herbs, with palmately +3-foliolate (rarely simple) leaves, which generally blacken in drying, +and racemed flowers. (Named from [Greek: bapti/zo], _to dye_, from the +economical use of some species, which yield a poor indigo.) + +[*] _Racemes many, short and loose, terminal, often leafy at base, +flowers yellow._ + +1. B. tinctoria, R. Br. (WILD INDIGO.) Smooth and slender (2--3 deg. high), +rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile, leaflets rounded wedge-obovate +(1/2--11/2' long), stipules and bracts minute and deciduous, pods +oval-globose, on a stalk longer than the calyx.--Sandy dry soil, N. Eng. +to Fla., west to Minn. and La. + +[*][*] _Racemes fewer, opposite the leaves._ + +[+] _Flowers yellow._ + +2. B. villosa, Ell. Sometimes soft-hairy, usually minutely pubescent +when young, erect (2--3 deg. high) with divergent branches; leaves almost +sessile, leaflets wedge-lanceolate or obovate, lower stipules lanceolate +and persistent, on the branchlets often small and subulate, racemes +many-flowered; pedicels short; bracts subulate, mostly deciduous; pods +ovoid-oblong and taper-pointed, minutely pubescent.--Va. to N. C. and +Ark. + +[+][+] _Flowers white or cream-color._ + +3. B. leucophaea, Nutt. _Hairy, low_ (1 deg. high), with _divergent +branches_; _leaves almost sessile_, leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or +spatulate; _stipules and bracts large and leafy, persistent; racemes +long_ (often 1 deg.), _reclined; flowers on elongated pedicels, +cream-color_; pods pointed at both ends, hoary.--Mich. to Minn., south +to Tex. April, May. + +4. B. leucantha, Torr. & Gray. _Smooth_; stems, leaves, and racemes as +in n. 6; _stipules early deciduous; flowers white; pods oval-oblong, +raised on a stalk fully twice the length of the calyx_.--Alluvial soil, +Ont. and Ohio to Minn., south to Fla. and La. + +5. B. alba, R. Br. _Smooth_ (1--3 deg. high), _the branches slender and +widely spreading; petioles slender; stipules and bracts minute_ and +deciduous; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate; racemes slender on +a long naked peduncle; _pods linear-oblong_ (1--11/2' long), +_short-stalked_.--Dry soil, S. Ind. and Mo., to La., N. C., and Fla. +July. + +[+][+][+] _Flowers indigo-blue._ + +6. B. australis, R. Br. (BLUE FALSE-INDIGO.) Smooth, tall and stout +(4--5 deg.); leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, as +long as the petioles, rather persistent; raceme elongated (1--2 deg.) and +many-flowered, erect; bracts deciduous; stalk of the oval-oblong pods +about the length of the calyx.--Alluvial soil, Penn. to Ga., west to +S. Ind., Mo., and Ark. + + +2. THERMOPSIS, R. Br. + +Pod sessile or shortly stipitate in the calyx, flat, linear, straight or +curved. Otherwise nearly as Baptisia.--Perennial herbs, with palmately +3-foliolate leaves and foliaceous stipules, not blackening in drying, +and yellow flowers in terminal racemes. (Name from [Greek: the/rmos], +_the lupine_, and [Greek: o)/psis] _resemblance_.) + +1. T. mollis, M. A. Curtis. Finely appressed-pubescent, 2--3 deg. high; +leaflets rhombic-lanceolate, 1--3' long; stipules narrow, mostly shorter +than the petiole; raceme elongated; pods narrow, short stipitate, +somewhat curved, 2--4' long.--Mountains of S. Va. and N. C. + +2. T. rhombifolia, Nutt. Low, with smaller leaves and broad conspicuous +stipules; racemes short, few-flowered; pods broadly linear, spreading, +usually strongly curved.--Sask. to E. Col., near or in the mountains, +reported from central Kan. + + +3. CLADRASTIS, Raf. YELLOW-WOOD. + +Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed; the distinct +keel-petals and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments +slender, incurved above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, +flat, thin, marginless, 4--6-seeded, at length 2-valved.--A handsome +tree, with yellow wood, smooth bark, nearly smooth pinnate leaves of +7--11 oval or ovate leaflets, and ample panicled racemes (10--20' long) +of showy white flowers drooping from the ends of the branches. Stipules +obsolete. Base of the petioles hollow, enclosing the leaf buds of the +next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name from [Greek: kla/dos], _a +branch_, and [Greek: thraysto/s], _brittle_.) + +1. C. tinctoria, Raf. Sometimes 50 deg. high; pods 3--4' long.--Rich +hillsides, central Ky. and Tenn. to N. C. Also in cultivation. The wood +yields a yellow dye. + + +4. SOPHORA, L. + +Calyx bell-shaped, shortly 5-toothed. Standard rounded; keel nearly +straight. Stamens distinct or nearly so. Pod coriaceous, stipitate, +terete, more or less constricted between the seeds, indehiscent. Seeds +subglobose.--Shrubby or ours an herbaceous perennial, the leaves pinnate +with numerous leaflets, and flowers white or yellow in terminal racemes. +(Said by Linnaeus to be the ancient name of an allied plant.) + +1. S. sericea, Nutt. Silky canescent, erect, 1 deg. high or less; leaflets +oblong-obovate, 3--6'' long; flowers white; pods few-seeded.--Central +Kan. to Col., Tex., and Ariz. + + +5. CROTALARIA, L. RATTLE-BOX. + +Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped; keel +scythe-shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper +side; 5 of the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, +many-seeded.--Herbs with simple leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name from +[Greek: kro/talon], _a rattle_; the loose seeds rattling in the +coriaceous inflated pods.) + +1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual, hairy (3--6' high); leaves oval or +oblong-lanceolate, scarcely petioled, stipules united and decurrent on +the stem, so as to be inversely arrow-shaped; peduncles few-flowered; +corolla not longer than the calyx; pod blackish.--Sandy soil; Maine to +Ill., Minn., Kan., and southward. + + +6. GENISTA, L. WOAD-WAXEN. WHIN. + +Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading; keel oblong, straight, +deflexed. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire; 5 alternate anthers +shorter. Pod mostly flat and several-seeded.--Shrubby plants, with +simple leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic _gen_, a bush.) + +G. TINCTORIA, L. (DYER'S GREEN-WEED.) Low, not thorny, with +striate-angled erect branches; leaves lanceolate; flowers in spiked +racemes.--Established on sterile hills, eastern N. Y. and Mass. (Adv. +from Eu.) + + +7. CYTISUS, Tourn. BROOM. + +Calyx campanulate, with 2 short broad lips. Petals broad, the keel +obtuse and slightly incurved. Stamens monadelphous. Pod flat, much +longer than the calyx. Seeds several, with a strophiole at the +hilum.--Shrubs, with stiff green branches, leaves mostly digitately +3-foliolate, and large bright yellow flowers. (The ancient Roman name of +a plant, probably a Medicago.) + +C. SCOPARIUS, Link. (SCOTCH BROOM.) Glabrous or nearly so (3--5 deg. high); +leaflets small, obovate, often reduced to a single one; flowers solitary +or in pairs, on slender pedicels, in the axils of the old leaves, +forming leafy racemes along the upper branches; style very long and +spirally incurved.--Va. and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +8. LUPINUS, Tourn. LUPINE. + +Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed; keel +scythe-shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire; +anthers alternately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often +knotty by constrictions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and +fleshy.--Herbs, with palmately 1--15-foliolate leaves, stipules adnate +to base of the petiole, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. +(Name from _Lupus_, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour +the fertility of the soil.) + +1. L. perennis, L. (WILD LUPINE.) Perennial, somewhat hairy; stem erect +(1--2 deg.); leaflets 7--11, oblanceolate; flowers in a long raceme, showy, +purplish-blue (rarely pale); pods broad, very hairy, 5--6-seeded.--Sandy +soil, N. Eng. to Minn., Mo., and south to the Gulf.--Var. OCCIDENTALIS, +Watson, has stems and petioles more villous.--Mich. and Wisc. + +2. L. pusillus, Pursh. Annual, low, villous; leaflets usually 5; racemes +short, sessile; flowers purple or rose-color; pods oval, hirsute, +2-seeded.--Central Dak. and Kan., and westward. + + +9. TRIFOLIUM, Tourn. CLOVER. TREFOIL. + +Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla mostly +withering or persistent; the claws of all the petals, or of all except +the oblong or ovate standard, more or less united below with the +stamen-tube; keel short and obtuse. Tenth stamen more or less separate. +Pods small and membranous, often included in the calyx, 1--6-seeded, +indehiscent, or opening by one of the sutures.--Tufted or diffuse herbs. +Leaves mostly palmately, sometimes pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets +usually toothed. Stipules united with the petiole. Flowers in heads or +spikes. (Name from _tres_, three, and _folium_, a leaf.) + +[*] _Flowers sessile in dense heads; corolla purple or purplish, +withering away after flowering, tubular below, the petals more or less +coherent with each other._ + +[+] _Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than the whitish corolla; root +annual._ + +T. ARVENSE, L. (RABBIT-FOOT or STONE CLOVER.) Silky, branching (5--10' +high); leaflets oblanceolate; heads becoming very soft-silky and +grayish, oblong or cylindrical.--Old fields, etc. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[+][+] _Calyx scarcely hairy except a bearded ring in the throat, +shorter than the rose-purple elongated-tubular corolla. (Short-lived +perennials; flowers sweet-scented.)_ + +T. PRATENSE, L. (RED C.) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy; _leaflets oval +or obovate, often notched_ at the end and marked on the upper side with +a pale spot; _stipules broad, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, +sessile_.--Fields and meadows; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) + +T. MEDIUM, L. (ZIGZAG C.) Stems zigzag, smoothish; _leaflets oblong, +entire_, and spotless; _heads mostly stalked_; flowers deeper purple, +otherwise too like the last.--Dry hills, N. Scotia to E. Mass. (Adv. +from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Flowers pedicelled in umbel-like round heads on a naked +peduncle, their short pedicels reflexed when old; corolla white or +rose-color, withering-persistent and turning brownish in fading; the +tubular portion short._ + +1. T. reflexum, L. (BUFFALO C.) Annual or biennial; _stems ascending, +downy; leaflets obovate-oblong_, finely toothed; stipules thin, ovate; +standard rose-red, wings and keel whitish; calyx-teeth hairy; pods +3--5-seeded.--Western N. Y. and Ont. to Iowa, Kan., and southward. + +2. T. stoloniferum, Muhl. (RUNNING BUFFALO-C.) Smooth, _perennial; stems +with long runners_ from the base; _leaflets broadly obovate or +obcordate_, minutely toothed; heads loose; flowers white, tinged with +purple; pods 2-seeded.--Open woodlands and prairies, Ohio and Ky., west +to Iowa and Kan. + +3. T. repens, L. (WHITE C.) Smooth, perennial; the slender _stems +spreading and creeping; leaflets inversely heart-shaped_ or merely +notched, obscurely toothed; stipules scale-like, narrow; petioles and +especially the peduncles very long; heads small and loose; _calyx much +shorter than the white corolla_; pods about 4-seeded.--Fields and +copses, everywhere. Indigenous only in the northern part of our range, +if at all. + +4. T. Carolinianum, Michx. Somewhat pubescent small perennial, +_procumbent, in tufts_; leaflets wedge-obovate and slightly notched; +stipules ovate, foliaceous; heads small on slender peduncles; +_calyx-teeth_ lanceolate, nearly _equalling the purplish corolla; +standard pointed_; pods 4-seeded.--Waste ground near Philadelphia, south +to Va., Fla., and Tex. + +T. HYBRIDUM, L. (ALSIKE C.) Resembling T. repens, but the stems erect or +ascending, not rooting at the nodes; flowers rose-tinted.--Becoming +common. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Flowers short-pedicelled in close heads, reflexed when old; +corolla yellow, persistent, turning dry and chestnut-brown with age, the +standard becoming hood-shaped; annuals, fl. in summer._ + +T. AGRARIUM, L. (YELLOW or HOP-C.) Smoothish, somewhat upright (6--12' +high); _leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the same point_ +(palmate) and nearly sessile; _stipules narrow, cohering with the +petiole for more than half its length_.--Sandy fields and roadsides; N. +Scotia to Va.; also in western N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.) + +T. PROCUMBENS, L. (LOW HOP-C.) Stems spreading or ascending, pubescent +(3--6' high); _leaflets wedge-obovate_, notched at the end, _the lateral +at a small distance from the other_ (pinnately 3-foliolate); _stipules +ovate, short_.--Sandy fields and roadsides, common.--Var. MINUS, Gray, +has smaller heads, the standard not much striate with age. (Nat. from +Eu.) + + +10. MELILOTUS, Tourn. MELILOT. SWEET CLOVER. + +Flowers much as in Trifolium, but in spike-like racemes, small; corolla +deciduous, free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, +longer than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1--2-seeded.--Annual or +biennial herbs, fragrant in drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, +leaflets toothed. (Name from [Greek: me/li], _honey_, and [Greek: +loto/s], some leguminous plant.) + +M. OFFICINALIS, Willd. (YELLOW MELILOT.) Upright (2--4 deg. high); leaflets +obovate-oblong, obtuse; _corolla yellow_; the petals nearly of equal +length.--Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) + +M. ALBA, Lam. (WHITE M.) Leaflets truncate; _corolla white_; the +standard longer than the other petals.--In similar places. (Adv. from +Eu.) + + +11. MEDICAGO, Tourn. MEDICK. + +Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1--several-seeded, scythe-shaped, +incurved, or variously coiled.--Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets +toothed; stipules often cut. ([Greek: Medike/], the name of Lucerne, +because it came to the Greeks from Media.) + +M. SATIVA, L. (LUCERNE. ALFALFA.) Upright, smooth, perennial; leaflets +obovate-oblong, toothed; _flowers (purple) racemed_; pods spirally +twisted.--Cultivated for green fodder; spontaneous from Mass. to Minn. +and Kan. (Adv. from Eu.) + +M. LUPULINA, L. (BLACK MEDICK. NONESUCH.) Procumbent, pubescent, annual; +leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex; _flowers in short spikes_ +(yellow); _pods kidney-form_, 1-seeded.--Waste places, N. Eng. to Fla., +west to Mich., Iowa, and Mo. (Adv. from Eu.) + +M. MACULATA, Willd. (SPOTTED MEDICK.) Spreading or procumbent annual, +somewhat pubescent; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely +toothed; _peduncles 3--5-flowered_; flowers yellow; _pods compactly +spiral_, of 2 or 3 turns, compressed, _furrowed on the thick edge_, and +fringed with a double row of curved prickles.--N. Brunswick to Mass. +(Adv. from Eu.) + +M. DENTICULATA, Willd. Nearly glabrous; _pods loosely spiral, deeply +reticulated_, and with a _thin keeled edge_; otherwise like the last, +and with the same range. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +12. HOSACKIA, Douglas. + +Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the diadelphous stamens; +standard ovate or roundish, its claw often remote from the others; wings +obovate or oblong; keel incurved. Pod linear, compressed or somewhat +terete, sessile, several-seeded.--Herbs, with pinnate leaves (in ours +1--3-foliolate, with gland-like stipules), and small yellow or reddish +flowers in umbels (ours solitary) upon axillary leafy-bracteate +peduncles. (Named for _Dr. David Hosack_, of New York.) + +1. H. Purshiana, Benth. Annual, more or less silky-villous or glabrous, +often 1 deg. high or more; leaves nearly sessile, the 1--3 leaflets ovate to +lanceolate (3--9'' long); peduncles often short, bracteate with a single +leaflet.--N. C.; S. W. Minn. to Ark., and west to the Pacific. Very +variable. + + +13. PSORALEA, L. + +Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous +or sometimes monadelphous. Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, +often wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded.--Perennial herbs, usually +sprinkled all over or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, etc.) with +glandular dots or points. Leaves mostly 3--5-foliolate. Flowers spiked +or racemed, white or mostly blue-purplish. Root sometimes tuberous and +farinaceous. (Name, [Greek: psorale/os], _scurfy_, from the glands or +dots.) + +[*] _Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate._ + +1. P. Onobrychis, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, _erect_ +(3--5 deg. high); _leaflets lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed_ (3' long); +_stipules and bracts awl-shaped_; racemes elongated; peduncle shorter +than the leaves; pods roughened and wrinkled.--River-banks, Ohio to Ill. +and Mo.; also south and east to S. C. July. + +2. P. stipulata, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless; _stems +diffuse; leaflets ovate-elliptical_, reticulated; _stipules ovate; +flowers in heads_ on rather short peduncles; _bracts broadly ovate, +sharp-pointed_.--Rocks, S. Ind. and Ky. June, July. + +3. P. melilotoides, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glandular; +_stems erect_ (1--2 deg. high), slender; _leaflets lanceolate or narrowly +oblong; spikes oblong_, long-peduncled; _stipules awl-shaped_; bracts +ovate or lanceolate, taper-pointed; pods strongly wrinkled +transversely.--Dry soil, Fla. to Tenn., S. Ind. and Kan. June. + +[*][*] _Leaves palmately 3--5-foliolate; roots not tuberous._ + +4. P. tenuiflora, Pursh. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy (2--4 deg. +high), _minutely hoary-pubescent_ when young; leaflets varying from +linear to obovate-oblong (1/2--11/2' long), glandular-dotted; _flowers_ +(2--3'' long) _in loose racemes_; lobes of the calyx and bracts ovate, +acute; pod glandular. (P. floribunda, _Nutt._)--Prairies, Minn. to +Ill., Tex., and westward. June--Sept. + +5. P. argophylla, Pursh. _Silvery silky-white_ all over, erect, +divergently branched (1--3 deg. high); leaflets _elliptical-lanceolate; +spikes interrupted_; lobes of the calyx and _bracts lanceolate_.--High +plains, N. Wisc. to Iowa, Kan., and westward. June.--Flowers 4--5'' +long. + +6. P. digitata, Nutt. More slender and less hoary, 1--2 deg. high; leaflets +linear-oblanceolate; bracts of the interrupted spike obcordate; +calyx-lobes oblong, acute.--Central Kan. to Col. and Tex. + +7. P. lanceolata, Pursh. Glabrous or nearly so, yellowish green, densely +punctate; leaflets 3, linear to oblanceolate; flowers small, in very +short spikes; calyx 1'' long, with short broad teeth.--Central Kan. to +the Sask. and westward. + +[*][*][*] _Leaves palmately 5-foliolate; root tuberous; spike-like +racemes dense._ + +8. P. esculenta, Pursh. Roughish hairy all over; stem stout (5--15' +high) and erect from a tuberous or turnip-shaped farinaceous root; +leaflets obovate- or lanceolate-oblong; spikes oblong, long-peduncled; +lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate, nearly equalling the corolla +(1/2' long).--High plains, Sask. to Wisc., Iowa, and Tex. June. The POMME +BLANCHE, or POMME DE PRAIRIE, of the voyageurs. + +9. P. hypogaea, Nutt. Tuber small; nearly acaulescent, hoary with +appressed hairs; leaflets linear; spikes short-capitate, on peduncles +1/2--2' long; calyx narrow, 3--6'' long.--Central Kan. to Col. and Tex. + +10. P. cuspidata, Pursh. Stout, tall, from a deep-seated tuber, hoary +with appressed hairs; leaflets usually broadly oblanceolate, obtuse; +flowers large, the petals (6--8'' long) exceeding the lanceolate-lobed +calyx.--Central Kan. to Col. and Tex. + + +14. AMORPHA, L. FALSE INDIGO. + +Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard (the other +petals entirely wanting!) wrapped around the stamens and style. Stamens +10, monadelphous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod +oblong, longer than the calyx, 1--2-seeded, roughened, tardily +dehiscent.--Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves; the leaflets marked with +minute dots, usually stipellate, the midvein excurrent. Flowers violet +or purple, crowded in clustered terminal spikes. (Name, [Greek: +a)/morphos], _deformed_, from the absence of four of the petals.) + +[*] _Pods 1-seeded; leaflets small_ (1/2' long or less), _crowded_. + +1. A. canescens, Nutt. (LEAD-PLANT.) _Whitened with hoary down_ (1--3 deg. +high); leaflets 15--25 pairs, oblong-elliptical, becoming smoothish +above; spikes usually clustered at the summit.--Sask. to Ind. and Tex., +west to the Rocky Mts.; also eastward to Ga. + +2. A. microphylla, Pursh. _Nearly glabrous_ throughout, 1 deg. high or less; +leaflets rather rigid; spikes usually solitary.--Sask. to Minn. and +Iowa, west to the Rocky Mts. + +[*][*] _Pods 2-seeded; leaflets larger, scattered._ + +3. A. fruticosa, L. (FALSE INDIGO.) A tall shrub, rather +pubescent or smoothish, leaflets 8--12 pairs, oblong to broadly +elliptical.--River-banks, S. Penn. to Fla., west to Sask., Tex., and the +Rocky Mts. Very variable. + + +15. DALEA, L. + +Calyx 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous; petals all +on claws; the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the +calyx; the keel and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath +of filaments, which is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod +membranaceous, 1-seeded, indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent +calyx.--Mostly herbs, more or less glandular-dotted, with minute +stipules; the small flowers in terminal spikes or heads. (Named for +_Samuel Dale_, an English botanist.) + +[*] _Glabrous; flowers white or rose-color; leaflets 4--20 pairs; +annuals._ + +1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Erect (1--2 deg. high); leaflets 10--20 pairs, +linear-oblong; flowers light rose-color or whitish, in cylindrical +spikes; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous; calyx very +villous, with long slender teeth.--Alluvial soil, Minn. to Ill. and +Ala., west to the Rocky Mts. + +2. D. laxiflora, Pursh. Erect (1--4 deg. high), branching; leaflets 3--5 +pairs, linear, 2--3'' long; spikes loosely-flowered; bracts conspicuous, +persistent, almost orbicular and very obtuse; petals white; calyx +densely villous, the long teeth beautifully plumose.--Iowa and Mo. to +Tex., west to Col. + +[*][*] _Pubescent; leaflets 3--4 pairs; perennial herbs._ + +3. D. aurea, Nutt. Stems erect and simple, 1--3 deg. high; leaflets +oblong-obovate to linear-oblong, more or less silky-pubescent; spikes +solitary, oblong-ovate, very compact and densely silky; bracts short, +rhombic-ovate; petals yellow.--On the plains, Mo. to Tex., and westward. + +4. D. lanata, Spreng. Very pubescent throughout, 1--2 deg. high, branching; +leaflets obovate to oblong-obovate, 2--3'' long; spikes slender, rather +loose, the obovate acute bracts equalling the small short-toothed calyx; +petals short, purple.--Central Kan. to Tex., and westward. + + +16. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER. + +Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous; petals all on +thread-shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on +the top of the monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate +with the 5 anthers; the fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the +calyx, heart-shaped or oblong. Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the +calyx, indehiscent, 1--2 seeded.--Chiefly perennial herbs, upright, +glandular-dotted, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves, minute stipules, and +small flowers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads or spikes. +(Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen, alluding to +the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.) + +1. P. violaceus, Michx. _Smoothish; leaflets 5, narrowly linear; heads +globose-ovate_, or oblong-cylindrical when old; bracts pointed, not +longer than the silky-hoary calyx; _corolla rose-purple_.--Dry prairies, +Minn. to Ind. and Tex., west to the Rocky Mts. July. + +2. P. candidus, Michx. _Smooth; leaflets 7--9, lanceolate or +linear-oblong; heads oblong_, when old cylindrical; bracts awned, longer +than the nearly glabrous calyx; _corolla white_.--With n. 1. + +3. P. villosus, Nutt. _Soft-downy or silky_ all over; _leaflets 13--17, +linear or oblong_, small (4--5'' long); _spikes cylindrical_ (1--5' +long), short-peduncled, soft-villous; _corolla rose-color_.--Wisc. to +Mo., west to the Rocky Mts. + +4. P. foliosus, Gray. _Smooth_, very leafy; _leaflets 15--29, +linear-oblong; spikes cylindrical_, short-peduncled; bracts +slender-awned from a lanceolate base, exceeding the glabrous calyx; +_petals rose-color_.--River-banks, Ill. and Tenn. + +5. P. multiflorus, Nutt. _Glabrous_ throughout, erect, branching; +leaflets 3--9, linear to oblong; _spikes globose_, the subulate +setaceous bracts much shorter than the acutely toothed calyx, petals +white.--Kan. to Tex. + + +17. TEPHROSIA, Pers. HOARY PEA. + +Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, +turned back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens +monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several seeded, +2-valved.--Hoary perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or +purplish racemed flowers. Leaflets mucronate, veiny. (Name from [Greek: +tephro/s], _ash-colored_ or _hoary_.) + +1. T. Virginiana, Pers. (GOAT'S RUE. CATGUT.) _Silky-villous_ with +whitish hairs when young; _stem erect and simple_ (1--2 deg. high), _leafy_ +to the top; leaflets 17--29, linear-oblong; flowers large and numerous, +clustered in a terminal _oblong dense raceme or panicle_, +yellowish-white marked with purple.--Dry sandy soil. June, July.--Roots +long and slender, very tough. + +2. T. spicata, Torr. & Gray. _Villous with rusty hairs_; stems branched +below, straggling or ascending (2 deg. long), _few-leaved_; leaflets 9--15, +obovate or oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched; _flowers few_, in a loose +and interrupted _very long-peduncled spike_, reddish.--Dry soil, from +Del. and Va. to Fla. and Miss. July. + +3. T. hispidula, Pers. Hairy with some long and rusty or only minute and +appressed pubescence; stems slender (9--24' long), divergently branched, +straggling; leaflets 5--15, oblong, varying to obovate-wedge-shaped and +oblanceolate; _peduncles longer than the leaves, 2--4-flowered_, flowers +reddish-purple.--Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and Ala. + + +18. INDIGOFERA, L. INDIGO. + +Calyx small, equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, silky outside, wings +coherent; keel erect, gibbous or spurred at base. Stamens diadelphous; +connective gland-like. Pod 1--several-seeded, septate within between the +seeds.--Herbs or shrubs, mostly canescent with appressed hairs fixed by +the middle, with odd-pinnate faintly-nerved leaves, and pink or purplish +flowers in naked axillary spikes. (So named because some of the species +yield the indigo of commerce.) + +1. I. leptosepala, Nutt. A perennial herb, 1/2--2 deg. high; leaflets 5--9, +oblanceolate; spikes very loose; pods linear, 6--9 seeded, obtusely +4-angled, reflexed, 1' long.--Kan. to Tex. and Fla. + + +19. ROBINIA, L. LOCUST-TREE. + +Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded, +turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens +diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the +seed-bearing edge, at length 2-valved.--Trees or shrubs, often with +prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd-pinnate, the ovate or oblong +leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging axillary racemes. Base of +the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year. (Named in honor of +_John Robin_, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son _Vespasian +Robin_, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.) + +1. R. Pseudacacia, L. (COMMON LOCUST or FALSE ACACIA.) Branches naked; +_racemes slender, loose_; flowers white, fragrant; pod smooth.--S. Penn. +to Ind., Iowa, and southward. Commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree, +and for its valuable timber; naturalized in many places. June. + +2. R. viscosa, Vent. (CLAMMY L.) _Branchlets and leaf-stalks clammy; +flowers crowded in oblong racemes_, tinged with rose-color, nearly +inodorous; pod glandular-hispid.--Va. to N. C. and Ga., in the +mountains. Cultivated, like the last, and often escaped. June. + +3. R. hispida, L. (BRISTLY L. or ROSE ACACIA.) Shrub 3--8 deg. high; +_branchlets and stalks bristly_; flowers large and deep rose-color, +inodorous; pods glandular-hispid.--Varies with less bristly or nearly +naked branchlets; also with smaller flowers, etc.--Mts. of Va. to N. C. +and Ga. May, June. + + +20. WISTARIA, Nutt. + +Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the +lower of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 +callosities at its base; keel scythe-shaped; wings doubly auricled at +the base. Stamens diadelphous. Pods elongated, thickish, knobby, +stipitate, many-seeded, at length 2-valved. Seeds large.--Woody twiners, +climbing high, with minute stipules, pinnate leaves of 9--13 +ovate-lanceolate leaflets, with or without minute stipels, and dense +racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedicated to the late +_Professor Wistar_, of Philadelphia.) + +1. W. frutescens, Poir. Downy or smoothish when old; wings of the +corolla with one short auricle and an awl-shaped one as long as the +claw.--Alluvial grounds, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan. and La. +May.--Sometimes cultivated for ornament, as is the still handsomer +Chinese species. + + +21. ASTRAGALUS, Tourn. MILK-VETCH. + +Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow; standard narrow, +equalling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexed or +spreading. Stamens diadelphous. Pod several--many-seeded, various, +mostly turgid, one or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, +either slightly or so as to divide the cavity lengthwise into +two.--Chiefly herbs (ours perennials), with odd-pinnate leaves and +spiked or racemed flowers. Mature pods are usually necessary for certain +identification of the species. (The ancient Greek name of a leguminous +plant, as also of the ankle-bone; but the connection between the two is +past all guess.) + +I. _Pod turgid, completely or imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of +the dorsal suture, the ventral suture being not at all or less deeply +inflexed._--ASTRAGALUS proper. + +[*] _Pod plum-shaped, succulent, becoming thick and fleshy, indehiscent, +not stipitute, completely 2-celled._ + +1. A. caryocarpus, Ker. (GROUND PLUM.) Pale and minutely +appressed-pubescent; leaflets narrowly oblong; flowers in a short +spike-like raceme; _corolla violet-purple; fruit glabrous, +ovate-globular, more or less pointed_, about {2/3}' in diameter, _very +thick-walled_, cellular or corky when dry.--Sask. and Minn. to Mo., +Col., and Tex. May. + +2. A. Mexicanus, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs, +larger; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong; flowers larger (10--12'' +long); calyx softly hairy; _corolla cream-color, bluish only at the tip; +fruit globular, very obtuse_ and pointless, 1' or more in diameter; +otherwise like the last.--Prairies and open plains, Ill. to Kan., south +to Tex. The unripe fruits of both resemble green plums--whence the +popular name--and are eaten, raw or cooked, by travellers. + +3. A. Plattensis, Nutt. Loosely villous; stipules conspicuous; leaflets +oblong, often glabrous above; flowers crowded in a short spike or oblong +head, cream-color often tinged or tipped with purple; _fruit ovate, +pointed_, and with the calyx _villous_.--Gravelly or sandy banks, Minn. +to Ind. and Ala., west to Col. and Tex.--Var. TENNESSEENSIS, Gray, has +the pod oblong and slightly curved, and much less fleshy. May. + +[*][*] _Pod dry, coriaceous, cartilaginous or membranous, dehiscent._ + +[+] _Pod completely 2-celled, sessile._ + +4. A. mollissimus, Torr. _Stout, decumbent, densely silky-villous +throughout and tomentose_; leaflets 19--29, ovate-oblong; peduncles +elongated; spikes dense, with rather _large violet flowers_ (6--12'' +long); pod narrow-oblong (5--9'' long), glabrous, somewhat obcompressed +and _sulcate at both sutures_, at length incurved.--Neb. to Kan. and +Tex., west to Col. The most common "loco"-plant, and said to be very +poisonous to cattle. + +5. A. Canadensis, L. _Tall and erect_ (1--4 deg. high), _somewhat pubescent +or glabrate_; leaflets 21--27, oblong; _flowers greenish cream-color_, +very numerous, in long dense spikes, pods crowded, oblong (6'' long), +glabrous, _terete, scarcely sulcate_ and only on the back, nearly +straight.--River-banks, western N. Y. to N. Ga., and far westward. + +6. A. adsurgens, Pall. Ascending or decumbent (4--18' high), cinereous +with minute appressed pubescence or glabrate; leaflets about 21, +narrowly or linear-oblong; spike dense, with medium-sized pale or +purplish flowers; _pubescence of calyx appressed_; pod oblong (4--5'' +long), _finely pubescent, triangular-compressed, with a deep dorsal +furrow, straight_.--Red River valley, Minn., to W. Kan., and westward. +(Asia.) + +7. A. hypoglottis, L. _Slender_ (6'--2 deg. long), diffusely procumbent or +ascending, _with a rather loose pubescence_ or nearly glabrous; leaflets +15--21, oblong, obtuse or retuse; _flowers violet, capitate; calyx +loosely pubescent; pod_ as in the last, but _ovate_ and +_silky-villous_.--Red River valley, Minn., to central Kan. and westward. + +[+][+] _Pod not completely 2-celled._ + +[++] _Pod stipitate, pendent._ + +8. A. alpinus, L. _Diffuse_ (6--12' high), smooth or slightly hairy; +leaflets 13--25; flowers _violet-purple_, or at least the keel tipped +with violet or blue; calyx campanulate; pod narrowly oblong, +short-acuminate, _black-pubescent_, triangular-turgid, deeply grooved on +the back, straight or curved, its stipe usually rather exceeding the +calyx.--Rocky banks, Lab. to Maine and N. Vt. + +9. A. Robbinsii, Gray. Nearly smooth and _erect_ (1 deg. high), slender; +leaflets 7--11; calyx more oblong; _flowers white_; pod oblong (6'' +long), obtuse or acutish, _minutely darkish-pubescent_, somewhat +laterally compressed, _not dorsally sulcate_ or obsoletely so, straight +or somewhat incurved, rather abruptly narrowed at base into the often +included stipe.--Rocky ledges, Vt. + +10. A. racemosus, Pursh. Stout (1--2 deg. high), erect or ascending, +appressed-pubescent or glabrate; leaflets 13--25; flowers numerous, +white, pendent; calyx campanulate, gibbous, white-pubescent; pod +straight, narrow, 1' long, acute at both ends, triangular-compressed, +deeply grooved on the back, the ventral edge acute.--Neb. to Mo., and +westward. + +[++][++] _Pod sessile._ + +11. A. gracilis, Nutt. Subcinereous, slender (1 deg. high or more); leaflets +11--17, linear, obtuse or retuse; racemes loose; flowers small (3'' +long); _pods pendent_, 2--3'' long, coriaceous, elliptic-ovate, _concave +on the back_, the ventral suture prominent, _white-hairy_, at length +glabrous, _transversely veined_.--Minn. to Neb. and Mo., and westward. + +12. A. distortus, Torr. & Gray. Low, diffuse, many-stemmed, subglabrous; +leaflets 17--25, oblong, emarginate; flowers in a short spike, +pale-purple; pod ovate- or lance-oblong, curved, 6--9'' long, glabrous, +thick-coriaceous, somewhat grooved on the back, the ventral suture +nearly flat.--Ill. to Iowa, Mo., Ark. and Tex. + +13. A. lotiflorus, Hook. Hoary or cinereous with appressed hairs; stems +very short; leaflets 7--13, lance-oblong; flowers yellowish, in +few-flowered heads, with peduncles exceeding the leaves or very short; +_calyx campanulate, the subulate teeth exceeding the tube_; pod +oblong-ovate, 9--12'' long, acuminate, _acute at base_, canescent, the +back more or less impressed, the acute ventral suture nearly +straight.--Sask. to Neb. and Tex., west to the mountains. + +14. A. Missouriensis, Nutt. Short-caulescent, hoary with a closely +appressed silky pubescence; leaflets 5--15, oblong, elliptic or obovate; +flowers few, capitate or spicate, 5--8'' long, violet; _calyx oblong, +the teeth very slender_; pod oblong (1' long), acute, _obtuse at base_, +pubescent, nearly straight, obcompressed or obcompressed-triangular, +depressed on the back and the ventral suture more or less prominent, +transversely rugulose.--Sask. to Neb. and N. Mex. + +II. _Pod 1-celled, neither suture being inflexed or the ventral more +intruded than the dorsal._--PHACA. + +15. A. Cooperi, Gray. Nearly smooth, erect (1--2 deg. high); leaflets +11--21, elliptical or oblong, somewhat retuse, minutely hoary beneath; +flowers white, rather numerous in a short spike; calyx dark-pubescent; +pod coriaceous, _inflated, ovate-globose_ (6--9'' long), _acute, +glabrous, slightly sulcate on both sides_, cavity webby.--Ont. and +western N. Y. to Minn. and Iowa. + +16. A. flexuosus, Dougl. Ashy-puberulent, ascending (1--2 deg. high); +leaflets 11--21, mostly narrow; flowers small, in loose racemes; pod +thin-coriaceous, _cylindric_ (8--11'' long, 2'' broad), pointed, +straight or curved, puberulent, very shortly stipitate.--Red River +Valley, Minn., to Col. + + +22. OXYTROPIS, DC. + +Keel tipped with a sharp projecting point or appendage; otherwise as in +Astragalus. Pod often more or less 2-celled by the intrusion of the +ventral suture.--Our species are low, nearly acaulescent perennials, +with tufts of numerous very short stems from a hard and thick root or +rootstock, covered with scaly adnate stipules; pinnate leaves of many +leaflets; peduncles scape-like, bearing a head or short spike of +flowers. (Name from [Greek: o)xy/s], _sharp_, and [Greek: tro/pis], +_keel_.) + +[*] _Leaves simply pinnate._ + +1. O. campestris, DC., var. caerulea, Koch. _Pubescent or smoothish_; +leaflets lanceolate or oblong; flowers violet or blue, sometimes pure +white; _pods_ ovate or oblong-lanceolate, of a _thin or papery_ +texture.--N. Maine to Labrador. + +2. O. Lamberti, Pursh. _Silky with fine appressed hairs_; leaflets +mostly linear; flowers larger, purple, violet, or sometimes white; _pods +cartilaginous or firm-coriaceous_ in texture, silky-pubescent, strictly +erect, cylindraceous-lanceolate and long-pointed, almost 2-celled by +intrusion of the ventral suture.--Dry plains, Sask. and Minn. to Mo. and +Tex., west to the mountains. + +[*][*] _Leaflets numerous, mostly in fascicles of 3 or 4 or more along +the rhachis._ + +3. O. splendens, Dougl. Silvery silky-villous (6--12' high); scape +spicately several to many-flowered; flowers erect-spreading; pod ovate, +erect, 2-celled, hardly surpassing the very villous calyx.--Plains of +Sask. and W. Minn., to N. Mex. and the Rocky Mts. + + +23. GLYCYRRHIZA, Tourn. LIQUORICE. + +Calyx with the two upper lobes shorter or partly united. Anther-cells +confluent at the apex, the alternate ones smaller. Pod ovate or +oblong-linear, compressed, often curved, clothed with rough glands or +short prickles, scarcely dehiscent, few-seeded. The flower, etc., +otherwise as in Astragalus.--Long perennial root sweet (whence the name, +from [Greek: glyky/s], _sweet_, and [Greek: r(i/za], _root_); herbage +glandular-viscid; leaves odd-pinnate, with minute stipules; flowers in +axillary spikes, white or bluish. + +1. G. lepidota, Nutt. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Tall (2--3 deg. high); leaflets +15--19, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little +scales when young, and with corresponding dots when old; spikes +peduncled, short; flowers whitish; pods oblong, beset with hooked +prickles, so as to resemble the fruit of Xanthium on a smaller +scale.--Minn. to Iowa and Mo., and westward; Ft. Erie, Ont. + + +24. AESCHYNOMENE, L. SENSITIVE JOINT-VETCH. + +Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Standard roundish; +keel boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod +flattened, composed of several easily separable joints.--Leaves +odd-pinnate with several pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if +shrinking from the touch (whence the name, from [Greek: ai)schynome/ne], +_being ashamed_.) + +1. AE. hispida, Willd. Erect, rough-bristly annual; leaflets 37--51, +linear; racemes few-flowered; flowers yellow, reddish externally; pod +stalked, 6--10-jointed.--Along rivers, S. Penn. to Fla. and Miss. Aug. + + +25. CORONILLA, L. + +Calyx 5-toothed. Standard orbicular; keel incurved. Stamens diadelphous, +9 and 1. Pod terete or 4-angled, jointed; the joints oblong.--Glabrous +herbs or shrubs, with pinnate leaves, and the flowers in umbels +terminating axillary peduncles. (Diminutive of _corona_, a _crown_, +alluding to the inflorescence.) + +C. VARIA, L. A perennial herb with ascending stems; leaves sessile; +leaflets 15--25, oblong; flowers rose-color; pods coriaceous, +3--7-jointed, the 4 angled joints 3--4'' long.--Conn. to N. J. (Nat. +from Eu.) + + +26. HEDYSARUM, Tourn. + +Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly +straight, obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than +the wings. Stamens diadelphous, 5 and 1. Pod flattened, composed +of several equal-sided separable roundish joints connected in the +middle.--Perennial herbs; leaves odd-pinnate. (Name composed of [Greek: +e(dy/s], _sweet_, and [Greek: a)/roma], _smell_.) + +1. H. boreale, Nutt. Leaflets 13--21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly +glabrous; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole; raceme of many +deflexed purple flowers; standard shorter than the keel; joints of the +pod 3 or 4, smooth, reticulated.--Lab. to northern Maine and Vt.; north +shore of L. Superior, and north and westward. + + +27. DESMODIUM, Desv. TICK-TREFOIL. + +Calyx usually more or less 2 lipped. Standard obovate; wings adherent to +the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a +little transverse appendage on each side of the latter. Stamens +diadelphous, 9 and 1, or monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on +the lower margin, separating into few or many flat reticulated joints +(mostly roughened with minute hooked hairs, by which they adhere to the +fleece of animals or to clothing).--Perennial herbs, with pinnately +3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers (in +summer) in axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from +each bract, purple or purplish, often turning green in withering. +Stipules and bracts scale-like, often striate. (Name from [Greek: +desmo/s], _a bond_ or _chain_, from the connected joints of the pods.) + +Sec. 1. _Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) many times longer than the slightly +toothed calyx and nearly as long as the pedicel, straightish on the +upper margin, deeply sinuate on the lower; the 1--4 joints mostly +half-obovate and concave on the back; stamens monadelphous below; plants +nearly glabrous; stems erect or ascending; raceme terminal, panicled; +stipules bristle-form, deciduous._ + +1. D. nudiflorum, DC. _Leaves all crowded at the summit of sterile +stems_; leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath; _raceme +elongated on an ascending mostly leafless stalk or scape from the root_, +2 deg. long.--Dry woods, common. + +2. D. acuminatum, DC. _Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem from +which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle_; leaflets +round-ovate, taper-pointed, green both sides, the end one round (4--5' +long).--Rich woods, from Canada to the Gulf. + +3. D. pauciflorum, DC. _Leaves scattered_ along the low (8--15' high) +ascending stems; leaflets rhombic-ovate, bluntish, pale beneath; _raceme +few-flowered_, terminal.--Woods, Ont. to Penn., Mich., Kan., and +southward. + +Sec. 2. _Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) little if at all surpassing the +deeply deft calyx; stems long and prostrate or decumbent; racemes +axillary and terminal._ + +[*] _Stipules conspicuous, ovate, attenuate, striate, persistent; +racemes mostly simple._ + +4. D. rotundifolium, DC. _Soft-hairy all over_, truly prostrate; +_leaflets orbicular_, or the odd one slightly rhomboid; _flowers +purple_; pods almost equally sinuate on both edges, 3--5-jointed; the +joints rhomboid-oval.--Dry rocky woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., +Mo., and La. + +Var. glabratum, Gray, is almost glabrous, otherwise nearly as the +ordinary form.--Mass. and N. Y. + +5. D. ochroleucum, M. A. Curtis. _Stems sparsely hairy_, decumbent; +leaflets nearly glabrous, ovate, acute or obtuse, transversely +reticulated beneath, the lateral ones smaller or sometimes wanting; +racemes much elongated; _corolla whitish; pods twisted_, 2--4-jointed, +the large rhomboid joints smooth and reticulated but the margins +downy.--Woodlands, Md. and Va. + +[*][*] _Stipules smaller, lanceolate and awl-shaped, less persistent; +racemes panicled._ + +6. D. humifusum, Beck. _Glabrous or nearly so_, procumbent; _leaflets +ovate or ovate-oblong_, rather obtuse, much smaller than in the two +preceding (11/4--2' long), corolla purple; pods 2--4-jointed, flat, the +oval-rhomboid joints minutely scabrous throughout.--Dry sandy soil, +S. Penn. to Md. + +Sec. 3. _Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx; racemes panicled._ + +[*] _Stems tall (3--5 deg.) and erect; the persistent stipules and deciduous +bracts large and conspicuous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed; +flowers rather large._ + +[+] _Pods of 4--7 unequal-sided rhombic joints, which are considerably +longer than broad (about 6'' long)._ + +7. D. canescens, DC. Stem loosely branched, _hairy; leaflets ovate, +bluntish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated +beneath_, both sides roughish with a close fine pubescence; joints of +the pod very adhesive.--Moist grounds, Mass. and Vt. to Minn. and +southward, chiefly westward. Branches clothed with both minute and +hooked, and longer, spreading, rather glutinous hairs.--Var. +VILLOSISSIMUM, Torr. & Gray, has the panicle and upper part of the stem +very villous, and leaflets oblong-ovate.--Mo. + +8. D. cuspidatum, Torr. & Gray. _Very smooth_ except the panicle; stem +straight; _leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed_, green both +sides, longer than the petiole (3--5'); joints of the pod +rhomboid-oblong, smoothish.--Thickets, common. The conspicuous bracts +and stipules 3/4' long. + +[+][+] _Pods of 3--5 oval joints (not over 3'' long)._ + +9. D. Illinoense, Gray. Erect (3--5 deg. high); stem and leaves with short +rough pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate (2--4' +long), obtuse, subcoriaceous, cinereous beneath, veins and veinlets +prominent, strongly reticulated, the lower leaflets nearly equalling the +petiole; pods scarcely over 1' long, sinuate on both margins (deeper +below).--Dry ground, Ill. to Iowa and Kan. + +[*][*] _Stems (2--5 deg. high) erect; stipules and bracts mostly deciduous, +small and inconspicuous; joints of the pod 3--5, triangular or +half-rhombic or very unequal-sided rhomboidal, longer than broad, 3'' or +less in length; flowers middle-sized._ + +10. D. laevigatum, DC. _Smooth_ or nearly so throughout; stem straight; +_leaflets ovate_, bluntish, pale beneath (2--3' long); panicles minutely +rough-pubescent.--Pine woods, N. J. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. + +11. D. viridiflorum, Beck. Stem _very downy_, rough at the summit; +_leaflets broadly ovate_, very obtuse, rough above, _whitened with a +soft velvety down underneath_ (2--3' long).--Southern N. Y. to N. J. and +Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and Tex. + +12. D. Dillenii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent; _leaflets oblong or +oblong-ovate_, commonly bluntish, pale beneath, _softly and finely +pubescent_, mostly thin (2--3' long).--Open woodlands, common. + +13. D. paniculatum, DC. _Nearly smooth_ throughout; stem slender, tall; +_leaflets oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt +point, thin_ (3--5' long); racemes much panicled.--Copses, common. + +14. D. strictum, DC. Stem very straight and slender, simple (2--3 deg. +high), the upper part and narrow panicle rough-glandular; _leaflets +linear, blunt, strongly reticulated, thickish, very smooth_ (1--2' long, +1/4' wide); joints of the pod 1--3, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2'' +long).--Pine woods, N. J. to Fla. and La. + +[*][*][*] _Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous; pods of +few roundish or obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints, +11/2--21/2'' long._ + +[+] _Stems erect; bracts before flowering conspicuous; racemes densely +flowered._ + +15. D. Canadense, DC. Stem hairy (3--6 deg. high); _leaflets +oblong-lanceolate_ or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous +straightish veins, _much longer than the petiole_ (11/2--3' long); +_flowers showy_, larger than in any other species (1/2--{1/3}' long).--Dry +rich woods, N. Brunswick to N. C., Minn., and Kan. + +16. D. sessilifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent (2--4 deg. high); _leaves +nearly sessile; leaflets linear_ or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, +reticulated, rough above, downy beneath; branches of the panicle long; +_flowers small_.--Copses, Penn. and Ky., west to Mich., Iowa, Mo., and +Tex. + +[+][+] _Stems ascending (1--3 deg. high); bracts small; racemes or panicles +elongated and loosely flowered; flowers small._ + +17. D. rigidum, DC. Stem branching, _somewhat hoary_, like the lower +surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence; _leaflets +ovate-oblong_, blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, +_the lateral ones longer than the petiole_.--Dry hillsides, Mass. to +Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and La. + +18. D. ciliare, DC. Stem slender, _hairy or rough-pubescent; leaves +crowded, on very short hairy petioles; leaflets round-ovate or oval_, +thickish, more or less hairy on the margins and underneath (1/2--1' +long).--Dry hills and sandy fields, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., +and Tex. + +19. D. Marilandicum, F. Boott. _Nearly smooth_ throughout, slender; +_leaflets ovate or roundish_, very obtuse, thin, _the lateral ones about +the length of the slender petiole_; otherwise resembling the +preceding.--Copses, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and La. + +[+][+][+] _Stems reclining or prostrate; racemes loosely flowered._ + +20. D. lineatum, DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled; leaflets +orbicular, smoothish (1/2--1' long), much longer than the petiole; pod +scarcely stalked in the calyx.--Dry soil, Md. and Va. to Fla. and La. + + +28. LESPEDEZA, Michx. BUSH-CLOVER. + +Calyx 5-cleft; the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 +and 1); anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seeded joint (sometimes 2 +jointed, with the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, +flat, reticulated.--Herbs with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, not +stipellate. Flowers often polygamous, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated +to _Lespedez_, the Spanish governor of Florida in the time of Michaux.) + +Sec. 1. _Stipules subulate-setaceous; bracts minute; calyx-lobes attenuate; +perennial._ + +[*] _Flowers of two sorts, the larger (violet-purple) perfect, but +seldom fruitful, panicled or clustered; with smaller pistillate and +fertile but mostly apetalous ones intermixed or in small subsessile +clusters; calyx 1--2'' long; pod exserted._ + +1. L. procumbens, Michx. _Slender, trailing and prostrate_, minutely +appressed-hairy to soft-downy; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical, +3--9'' long; _peduncles very slender, few-flowered_; keel equalling the +wings; pod small, roundish, obtuse or acute. (Incl. L. repens, +_Bart._)--Dry sandy soil; common. + +2. L. violacea, Pers. _Stems upright_ or spreading, slender, branched, +rather _sparsely leafy_ and sparingly pubescent; _leaflets thin, broadly +oval or oblong_, finely appressed-pubescent beneath; _peduncles very +slender, loosely few-flowered_, mostly longer than the leaves; flowers +3--4'' long, the keel often the longest; _pod ovate_, 2--3'' long, +nearly glabrous.--Dry copses, N. Eng. to Minn. and E. Kan., south to +Fla. and La. + +3. L. reticulata, Pers. Stouter, _erect, very leafy; leaflets thickish, +linear to linear-oblong_, 6--15'' long, finely appressed-pubescent; +_flowers_ (scarcely 3'' long) _clustered on peduncles much shorter than +the leaves_, the keel shorter than the standard; _pods ovate, acute_, +2'' long, appressed-subpubescent. (L. violacea, var. angustifolia, +_Torr. & Gray_.)--Mass. to Minn., and southward. + +4. L. Stuvei, Nutt. _Stems_ upright-spreading, _very leafy_, simple or +somewhat branched, _downy with spreading pubescence; leaflets oval or +roundish_ varying to oblong or rarely linear-oblong, _silky or +white-woolly beneath_ and sometimes above; flowers as in the last, often +numerous and crowded; _pods ovate, acuminate_, mostly 3'' long, +_downy_.--Mass. to Mich., and south to Va. and Tex. + +Var. intermedia, Watson. Pubescence more scanty and usually fine and +appressed as in n. 3, but the leaflets oval to oblong; inflorescence +often more open; pod of n. 4 or of n. 3. (L. violacea, var. +sessiliflora, of _Man._, mainly.)--Mass. to Fla., and west to Mich., +Ill., E. Kan., and Ark. + +[*][*] _Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads; corolla +whitish or cream-color with a purple spot on the standard, about the +length of the downy 5-parted calyx; pod included; stems upright, +wand-like (2--4 deg. high)._ + +5. L. polystachya, Michx. Stem with mostly spreading pubescence; +_petioles 2--6'' long; leaflets from orbicular to oblong-ovate_, hairy; +_spikes oblong, on elongated peduncles; pod_ (at maturity) oblong-ovate, +pubescent, nearly 3'' long, _hardly shorter than the calyx_. (L. hirta, +_Ell._)--Dry hills, common. + +6. L. capitata, Michx. _Stems rigid, woolly; petioles very short; +leaflets oblong to narrowly oblong_, thickish, reticulated and mostly +smooth above, silky or sometimes downy beneath; _heads of flowers +globular, on peduncles shorter than the leaves; pod oblong-ovate, +pubescent, much shorter than the calyx_.--Dry and sandy soil, N. Eng. to +Fla., west to Minn., Mo., and La. + +7. L. angustifolia, Ell. Like the last, but mostly appressed-silky, the +_leaflets linear, the smaller often oblong heads on distinct and +sometimes slender peduncles, the pod round-ovate_, acutish, 11/2--2'' +long, _hardly shorter than the calyx_. (L. capitata, var. angustifolia, +_Pursh._)--N. J. to Fla., west to Mich., Iowa, and La. + +8. L. leptostachya, Gray. Clothed with appressed silky pubescence; stems +often branched, slender; _leaflets linear_ to narrowly oblong; _spikes +slender, somewhat loosely-flowered_, on peduncles as long as the leaves; +_pod ovate, small_ (11/2'' long), _about equalling the calyx_, densely +pubescent.--Ill., Iowa, and Minn. + +Sec. 2. _Stipules and bracts broad and scarious; calyx-lobes broad; +annual._ + +L. STRIATA, Hook. & Arn. Diffusely branched, decumbent, subpubescent; +petioles very short; leaflets oblong-obovate, 6'' long or less; +peduncles very short, 1--5-flowered; pod small, little exceeding the +calyx.--Common in the Southern States, extending into Mo. (Nat. from E. +Asia.) + + +29. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz. + +Calyx early deciduous; tube slender and stalk-like; limb unequally +4--5-cleft, the lower lobe more distinct. Corolla and monadelphous +stamens inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube; standard orbicular; +keel incurved. Anthers 10, the 5 longer ones fixed near their base, and +the 5 alternate shorter ones fixed by the middle. Style filiform, its +upper part falling off after flowering, the lower part incurved or +hooked, persistent on the 1--2-jointed small and short reticulated pod; +the lower joint when present empty and stalk-like.--Low perennials, +branched from the base, with wiry stems, pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, +the sheathing stipules united to the petiole, no stipels, and small, +yellow flowers in terminal heads or short spikes. (Name composed of +[Greek: sty/los], _a column_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _a flower_, from +the stalk-like calyx-tube.) + +1. S. elatior, Swartz. Tufted; leaflets lanceolate, strongly +straight-veined; heads or clusters small and few-flowered.--Pine +barrens, Long Island and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Ark. + + +30. VICIA, Tourn. VETCH. TARE. + +Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter, or the +lowest longer. Wings of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel. +Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 and 1); the orifice of the tube +oblique. Style filiform, hairy all round or only on the back at the +apex. Pod flat, 2-valved, 2--several-seeded. Seeds globular. Cotyledons +very thick, remaining under ground in germination.--Herbs, mostly +climbing more or less by the tendril at the end of the pinnate leaves. +Stipules half-sagittate. Flowers or peduncles axillary. (The classical +Latin name.) + +[*] _Annual; flowers 1 or 2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, +violet-purple._ + +V. SATIVA, L. (COMMON VETCH or TARE.) Somewhat pubescent; stem simple; +leaflets 5--7 pairs, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, notched and +mucronate at the apex; pod linear, several-seeded.--Cultivated fields +and waste places, N. Eng. to N. J. and southward, west to Mich. and +Minn.--Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Seringe, has longer and narrow leaflets. +(Adv. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Annual, slender; peduncles elongated; flowers small._ + +V. TETRASPERMA, L. _Peduncles 1--2-flowered_; leaflets 4--6 pairs, +linear-oblong, obtuse; calyx-teeth unequal; corolla whitish; _pods +narrow, 4-seeded, smooth_.--Waste places, near the coast, N. Scotia to +N. J. (Nat. from Eu.) + +V. HIRSUTA, Koch. _Peduncles 3--6-flowered_; leaflets 6--8 pairs, +truncate; calyx-teeth equal; corolla bluish; _pods oblong, 2-seeded, +hairy_.--N. Brunswick to Mass. and Va. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Perennial; peduncles elongated; calyx-teeth unequal; pod +several-seeded._ + +1. V. Cracca, L. Downy-pubescent; _leaflets 20--24, oblong-lanceolate, +strongly mucronate; spikes densely many-flowered_, 1-sided; flowers +blue, turning purple, 6'' long, reflexed; calyx-teeth shorter than the +tube.--Borders of thickets, Newf. to N. J., west to Ky., Iowa, and Minn. +(Eu.) + +2. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Nearly smooth; _leaflets 8--24, oblong, obtuse, +scarcely mucronate; peduncles loosely-flowered_; flowers small, more +scattered than in the preceding, whitish, the keel tipped with blue; +calyx-teeth very short.--River-banks, Ont. and N. Y. to Ga., west to +Minn. and Kan. + +3. V. Americana, Muhl. Glabrous; _leaflets 10--14, elliptical or +ovate-oblong_, very obtuse, many-veined; _peduncles 4--8-flowered_; +flowers purplish (8'' long).--Moist soil, N. Y. and N. J., to Kan., +Minn., and westward.--Var. LINEARIS, Watson, a low form with linear +leaflets, occurs in Kan. and Neb., and is common westward. + + +31. LATHYRUS, Tourn. VETCHLING. EVERLASTING PEA. + +Style flattish, dilated and flattish (not grooved) above, hairy along +the inner side (next the free stamen). Sheath of the filaments scarcely +oblique at the apex. Otherwise nearly as in Vicia.--Our species are +perennial and mostly smooth plants, the rhachis of the leaves in some +not produced into a tendril. ([Greek: La/thyros], a leguminous plant of +Theophrastus.) + +[*] _Tendrils present; stipules large and broad; leaflets 3--5 pairs._ + +1. L. maritimus, Bigelow. (BEACH PEA.) Stout (1 deg. high or more); +_stipules broadly ovate and halberd-shaped, nearly as large as the +leaflets_, the lower lobe larger and usually coarsely toothed; leaflets +_thick_, ovate-oblong (1--2' long); peduncles a little shorter than the +leaves, 6--10-flowered, _flowers large_ (9'' long), _purple_.--Seashore +from N. J. and Oregon to the Arctic Sea; also on the Great Lakes. (Eu.) + +2. L. ochroleucus, Hook. Stem slender (1--3 deg. high); _stipules +semi-cordate, half as large as the thin ovate leaflets_; peduncles +7--10-flowered; _flowers smaller, yellowish-white_.--Hillsides, N. Eng. +to Minn., Iowa, and westward. + +[*][*] _Tendrils present; stipules narrow, semi-sagittate, acuminate._ + +[+] _Flowers purple; leaflets several pairs._ + +3. L. venosus, Muhl. _Stout_, climbing, usually somewhat downy; stipules +very small and mostly slender; _leaflets 4--6 pairs, oblong ovate_, +mostly obtuse (about 2' long); _peduncles many-flowered_; flowers 6--8'' +long.--Shady banks, Penn. to Ga., west to Kan. and Minn. + +4. L. palustris, L. _Slender_, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; stem +often winged; stipules lanceolate, sharp-pointed at both ends; _leaflets +2--4 pairs, narrowly oblong to linear, acute_ (1--2' long); _peduncles +2--6-flowered_; flowers 6'' long.--Moist places, N. Scotia to N. J., and +westward across the continent. (Eu.) + +Var. myrtifolius, Gray. Stipules usually broader and larger; leaflets +ovate to oblong (1' long or less).--Same range, and extending south to +N. C. + +[+][+] _Flowers yellow; leaflets a single pair._ + +L. PRATENSIS, L. Low and straggling; leaflets narrowly lanceolate to +linear, acute; peduncles several-flowered.--Spontaneous in Mass., N. Y., +and Ont. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Tendrils usually wanting; low, mostly erect; stipules +semi-sagittate; flowers very large, purple; pod stipitate in the calyx._ + +5. L. polymorphus, Nutt. Leaflets 3--6 pairs, narrowly oblong to linear, +thick and strongly nerved, 1--2' long; seeds with a narrow footstalk and +short hilum.--Mo., Kan., and westward. + +6. L. ornatus, Nutt. Like the last, but leaflets always narrow, 3--12'' +long; seeds with a very broad footstalk and long hilum.--Kan. to Col. +and Dak. Scarcely 1 deg. high. + + +32. APIOS, Boerhaave. GROUND-NUT. WILD BEAN. + +Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the +upper very short, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed; +the long scythe-shaped keel strongly incurved, at length coiled. Stamens +diadelphous. Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, +thickish, many-seeded.--A perennial herb (with some milky juice!), +twining and climbing over bushes, and bearing edible tubers on +underground shoots. Leaflets 3--7, ovate-lanceolate, obscurely +stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branching racemes. (Name +from [Greek: a)/pion], _a pear_, from the shape of the tubers.) + +1. A. tuberosa, Moench. Flowers brown-purple or chocolate-color, +violet-scented.--Low grounds, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., Kan., +and La. + + +33. PHASEOLUS, Tourn. KIDNEY BEAN. + +Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth often higher united. +Keel of the corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally +coiled. Stamens diadelphous. Style bearded along the upper side; stigma +oblique or lateral. Pod scythe-shaped, several--many-seeded, tipped with +the hardened base of the style. Seeds round-reniform, with very short +hilum. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly +unchanged in germination.--Twining herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate +stipellate leaves. Flowers racemose, produced in summer and autumn. (The +ancient name of the Kidney Bean.) + +1. P. perennis, Walt. (WILD BEAN.) Stem climbing high from a perennial +root; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed; flowers purple, handsome, +but small; pods drooping, strongly curved, 4--5-seeded.--Copses, N. Eng. +to Fla., west to Minn. and La. + + +34. STROPHOSTYLES, Ell. + +Keel of the corolla with the included stamens and style elongated, +strongly incurved, not spirally coiled. Pod linear, terete or flattish, +straight or nearly so. Seeds quadrate or oblong with truncate ends, +mealy-pubescent or glabrate; hilum linear. Flowers few, sessile and +capitate clustered on the mostly long peduncles. Otherwise as +Phaseolus.--Stems prostrate or climbing, more or less retrorsely hairy. +Stipules and bracts striate. (Name from [Greek: strophe/], _a turning_, +and [Greek: sty~los], _a style_.) + +1. S. angulosa, Ell. _Annual_; stems branched, 1--6 deg. long; leaflets +ovate to oblong-ovate (rarely linear-oblong), _with a more or less +prominent rounded lobe toward the base (the terminal 2-lobed)_, or some +or all often entire, about 1' (6--20'') long; corolla greenish-white and +purplish; pod terete, 2--3' long by 3'' wide, 4--8-seeded, nearly +glabrous; _seeds oblong, about 3'' long_, usually very pubescent. +(Phaseolus diversifolius, _Pers._ P. helvolus, _L._)--Sandy shores and +river-banks; coast of Mass. and southward, along the Great Lakes to +Minn., and south to Kan. and Tex. + +Var. Missouriensis, Watson in herb. Climbing high (10--30 deg.); leaves +often 3' long, rhombic-ovate, rarely at all lobed; seeds 3--4'' +long.--River-bottoms near Independence, Mo.; nearly two months later. +(_F. Bush._) + +2. S. peduncularis, Ell. Stems _more slender_, from a _perennial_ +rootstock, 2--4 deg. long; leaflets ovate to oblong-linear, _rarely at all +lobed_, 1' long or less; pod 11/2--2' long and _scarcely 2'' wide_; seeds +_much smaller_, 11/2--2'' long, short-oblong to quadrate. (Phaseolus +helvolus, _Man._, etc., not _L._)--Sandy ground, Long Island and N. J. +to Fla., west to S. Ind., Ky., and La. + +3. S. pauciflorus, Watson in herb. _Annual_, slender, low-climbing, +pubescent; leaflets oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear, not +lobed, 1' long; pod pubescent, 1' long, flattish; seeds as in the last, +very finely mealy, soon glabrate. (Phaseolus pauciflorus, +_Benth._)--River-banks, Ind. to Minn., south to Miss. and Tex. + + +35. CENTROSEMA, DC. SPURRED BUTTERFLY-PEA. + +Calyx short, 5-cleft. Corolla, etc., much as in Clitoria, but the +spreading standard with a spur-shaped projection on the back near the +base; keel broad. Style bearded at the apex around the terminal stigma. +Pod long and linear, flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style, +many-seeded, thickened at the edges, the valves marked with a raised +line on each side next the margin.--Twining perennials, with 3-foliolate +stipellate leaves, and large showy flowers. Stipules, bracts, and +bractlets striate, the latter longer than the calyx. (Name from [Greek: +ke/ntron], _a spur_, and [Greek: se/ma], _a standard_.) + +1. C. Virginianum, Benth. Rather rough with minute hairs; leaflets +varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining; +peduncles 1--4-flowered; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped; corolla violet, +1' long; pods straight, 4--5' long.--Sandy woods, Md. to Fla. and Ark. +(Trop. Am.) + + +36. CLITORIA, L. BUTTERFLY-PEA. + +Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Standard much larger than the rest of the +flower, erect, rounded, notched at the top, not spurred on the back; +keel small, shorter than the wings, incurved, acute. Stamens +monadelphous below. Style bearded down the inner face. Pod +linear-oblong, flattish, knotty, several-seeded, pointed with the base +of the style.--Erect or twining perennials, with mostly pinnately +3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and very large flowers. Peduncles +1--3-flowered; bractlets opposite, striate. (Derivation recondite.) + +1. C. Mariana, L. Low, ascending or twining, smooth; leaflets +oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate; stipules and bracts awl-shaped; +peduncles short; the showy pale-blue flowers 2' long.--Dry banks, N. Y. +to Va. and Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. + + +37. AMPHICARPAEA, Ell. HOG PEA-NUT. + +Flowers of 2 kinds; those of the racemes from the upper branches +perfect, but seldom ripening fruit; those near the base and on filiform +creeping branches with the corolla none or rudimentary, and few free +stamens, but fruitful. Calyx about equally 4- (rarely 5-) toothed; +bractlets none or minute. Keel and wing-petals similar, almost straight; +the standard partly folded round them. Stamens diadelphous. Style +beardless. Pods of the upper flowers, when formed, somewhat +scymetar-shaped, stipitate, 3--4-seeded; of the lower ones commonly +subterranean and fleshy, obovate or pear-shaped, ripening usually but +one large seed.--Low and slender perennials; the twining stems clothed +with brownish hairs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets +rhombic-ovate, stipellate. Flowers in simple or compound racemes, +purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly clasping, striate, as well as +the stipules. (Name from [Greek: a)mphi/], _both_, and [Greek: karpo/s], +_fruit_, in allusion to the two kinds of pods.) + +1. A. monoica, Nutt. Leaflets thin, 1/2--2' long; racemes nodding; calyx +of upper flowers 2'' long, the ovary glabrous except the hairy margin; +pod 1' long; ovary and pod of the rudimentary flowers hairy.--Rich damp +woodlands, common. Aug., Sept. + +2. A. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets usually 2--4' long; rhachis of +the racemes usually villous; calyx 3'' long, the teeth acuminate; ovary +hairy.--Western N. Y. to Ill., Mo., La., and Tex. The upper flowers more +commonly fertile; apparently producing subterranean fruit but rarely. + + +38. GALACTIA, P. Browne. MILK-PEA. + +Calyx 4-cleft; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest, entire. Keel +scarcely incurved. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Style beardless. +Pod linear, flat, several-seeded (some few of them rarely partly +subterranean and fleshy or deformed).--Low, mostly prostrate or twining +perennial herbs. Leaflets usually 3, stipellate. Flowers in somewhat +interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish; in summer. (Name from [Greek: +ga/la], -[Greek: aktos], _milk_; some species being said to yield a +milky juice, which is unlikely.) + +1. G. glabella, Michx. _Stems nearly smooth_, prostrate; leaflets +elliptical or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath; racemes +short, 4--8-flowered; _pods somewhat hairy_.--Sandy woods, southern +N. Y. to Va., Fla., and Miss. + +2. G. pilosa, Ell. _Stems_ (decumbent and somewhat twining) and _leaves +beneath soft-downy and hoary_; leaflets oval; racemes many-flowered, +_pods very downy_. (G. mollis, _Gray_, Manual; not _Michx._)--Penn. to +Fla. and Miss. + + +39. RHYNCHOSIA, Lour. + +Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, or deeply 4--5-parted. Keel scythe-shaped, or +incurved at the apex. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules only 2. Pod +1--2-seeded, short and flat, 2-valved.--Usually twining or trailing +perennial herbs, pinnately 3-foliolate, or with a single leaflet, not +stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose or clustered. (Name from [Greek: +r(y/nchos], _a beak_, from the shape of the keel.) + +1. R. tomentosa, Hook. & Arn. _Trailing and twining_, the stem and +leaves more or less _pubescent with spreading hairs_; leaflets 3, +_roundish or round-rhombic_, acute or acutish; _racemes_ few-flowered, +almost _sessile in the axils_; calyx about as long as the corolla, +4-parted, the upper lobe 2-cleft; pod oblong. (R. tomentosa, var. +volubilis, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Dry soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex. + +2. R. erecta, DC. _Erect_, 1--2 deg. high; stem and leaves _more or less +tomentose; leaflets 3, oval to oblong_, obtuse or acutish; racemes short +and shortly pedunculate. (R. tomentosa, var. erecta, _Torr. & +Gray_.)--Del. to Fla. and Miss. + +3. R. reniformis, DC. _Dwarf and upright_, 3--8' high; _pubescence +spreading; leaflets solitary_ (rarely 3), _round-reniform_, very obtuse +or apiculate; racemes few-flowered, sessile in the axils. (R. tomentosa, +var. monophylla, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Va. to Fla. and Miss. + + +40. CERCIS, L. RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE. + +Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous; standard smaller +than the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud; the keel-petals larger +and not united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined. Pod oblong, flat, +many-seeded, the upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo +straight.--Trees, with rounded heart-shaped simple leaves, caducous +stipules, and red-purple flowers in umbel-like clusters along the +branches of the last or preceding years, appearing before the leaves, +acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental _Judas-tree_.) + +1. C. Canadensis, L. (RED-BUD.) Leaves pointed; pods nearly sessile +above the calyx.--Rich soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Minn., +Kan., and La. A small ornamental tree, often cultivated. + + +41. CASSIA, Tourn. SENNA. + +Sepals 5, scarcely united at base. Petals 5, little unequal, spreading. +Stamens 5--10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading; +anthers opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often +with cross partitions.--Herbs (in the United States), with simply and +abruptly pinnate leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name of +obscure derivation.) + +[*] _Leaflets large; stipules deciduous; the three upper anthers +deformed and imperfect; flowers in short axillary racemes, the upper +ones panicled; herbage glabrous_. + +1. C. Marilandica, L. (WILD SENNA.) Stem 3--4 deg. high; _leaflets 6--9 +pairs, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse_; petiole with a club-shaped gland near +the base; pods linear, slightly curved, flat, at first hairy (2--4' +long); root perennial.--Alluvial soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., +S. E. Neb., Kan., and La. + +2. C. Tora, L. Annual; _leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse_, +with an elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair; +pods slender, 6' long, curved. (C. obtusifolia, _L._)--River-banks, +S. Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Ark. + +C. OCCIDENTALIS, L. Annual; _leaflets 4--6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, +acute_; an ovate gland at the base of the petiole; pods long linear (5' +long) with a tumid border, glabrous.--Va., S. Ind., and southward. (Adv. +from Trop. Amer.) + +[*][*] _Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch; stipules +striate, persistent; a cup-shaped gland beneath the lowest pair of +leaflets; anthers all perfect; flowers in small clusters above the +axils; pods flat; root annual._ + +3. C. Chamaecrista, L. (PARTRIDGE PEA.) Stems spreading (1 deg. long); +leaflets 10--15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base; _flowers +(large) on slender pedicels_, 2 or 3 of the showy yellow petals often +with a purple spot at base; _anthers 10, elongated, unequal_ (4 of them +yellow, the others purple); style slender.--Sandy fields; common, +especially southward. + +4. C. nictitans, L. (WILD SENSITIVE-PLANT.) Leaflets 10--20 pairs, +oblong-linear; _flowers (very small) on very short pedicels; anthers 5, +nearly equal_; style short.--Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Fla., west to +Ind., Kan., and La. + + +42. HOFFMANSEGGIA, Cav. + +Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, nearly equal, oblong or oval. Stamens 10, +distinct, slightly declined; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Pod flat, +oblong, often falcate, few--several-seeded.--Low perennial herbs, or +woody at base, punctate with black glands, with bipinnate leaves, and +naked racemes of yellow flowers opposite the leaves or terminal. (Named +for _Count von Hoffmansegg_, a German botanist.) + +1. H. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous, finely pubescent; pinnae 2 or 3 +pairs with an odd one, the small oblong leaflets 5--9 pairs; pods broad, +falcate, 1' long, 2--3-seeded.--Central Kan. to Tex., Ariz., and Mex. + + +43. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. + +Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular. Calyx elongated-tubular below, +5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the +calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the petals. Pod +oblong, flattened, hard, pulpy inside, several seeded. Seeds +flattish.--A large tall tree, with rough bark, stout branchlets, not +thorny, and large unequally twice-pinnate leaves; the leaflets standing +vertically.--Flowers whitish, in terminal racemes. (Name from [Greek: +gymno/s], _naked_, and [Greek: kla/dos], _a branch_, alluding to the +stout branches destitute of spray.) + +1. G. Canadensis, Lam. Leaves 2--3 deg. long, with several large partial +leafstalks bearing 7--13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with +single leaflets; stipules wanting; pod 6--10' long, 2' broad; the seeds +over 1/2' across.--Rich woods, western N. Y. and Penn. to Minn., E. Neb., +and Ark. + + +44. GLEDITSCHIA, L. HONEY-LOCUST. + +Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 3--5-cleft, the lobes spreading. Petals +as many as the sepals and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united. +Stamens 3--10, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the +calyx. Pod flat, 1--many-seeded. Seeds flat.--Thorny trees, with +abruptly once or twice pinnate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish +flowers in small spikes. Thorns above the axils. (Named in honor of +_J. G. Gleditsch_, a botanist contemporary with Linnaeus.) + +1. G. triacanthos, L. (THREE-THORNED ACACIA, or HONEY-LOCUST.) Thorns +stout, often triple or compound; _leaflets lanceolate-oblong_, somewhat +serrate; _pods linear, elongated_ (1--11/2 deg. long), often twisted, filled +with sweet pulp between the seeds.--Rich woods, western N. Y. and Penn. +to Ga., west to Mich., E. Neb., Kan., and La. A large tree, common in +cultivation, with very hard and heavy wood. + +2. G. aquatica, Marsh. (WATER-LOCUST.) Thorns slender, mostly simple; +_leaflets ovate or oblong; pods oval, 1-seeded_, pulpless. (G. +monosperma, _Walt._)--Deep swamps, Mo. to S. Ind., S. Car., and +southward. A smaller tree, 30--40 deg. high. + + +45. DESMANTHUS, Willd. + +Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. +Petals 5, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat +coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth.--Herbs, with twice-pinnate +leaves of numerous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the +petiole, setaceous stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of +small greenish-white flowers. (Name composed of [Greek: de/sma], _a +bond_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_.) + +1. D. brachylobus, Benth. Nearly glabrous perennial, erect (1--4 deg. high); +pinnae 6--15 pairs; leaflets 20--30 pairs; peduncles 1--3' long; stamens +5; pods _numerous in dense globose heads, oblong or lanceolate_, curved, +scarcely 1' long, 2--6-seeded.--Prairies and alluvial banks, Ind. and +Ky. to Minn., Mo., and Tex.; also in Fla. + +2. D. leptolobus, Torr. & Gray. Pinnae 5--8 pairs; leaflets 10--20 pairs; +peduncles 1' long or less; heads rather loose, stamens 5; _pods usually +few, narrowly linear, erect_, 1--2' long.--Central Kan. to Tex. + + +46. SCHRANKIA, Willd. SENSITIVE BRIAR. + +Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into +a funnel-form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10--12, distinct, or the +filaments united at base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, +several-seeded, 4-valved, i.e., the two narrow valves separating on each +side from a thickened margin.--Perennial herbs, nearly related to the +true Sensitive Plants (Mimosa); the procumbent stems and petioles +recurved-prickly, with twice-pinnate sensitive leaves of many small +leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small +rose-colored flowers. (Named for _F. P. Schrank_, a German botanist.) + +1. S. uncinata, Willd. Prickles hooked; pinnae 4--6 pairs; _leaflets +elliptical, reticulated_ with strong veins beneath; pods oblong-linear, +nearly terete-short-pointed, densely prickly (2' long).--Dry sandy soil, +Va. to Fla., west to S. Ill., Kan., and Tex. + +2. S. angustata, Torr. & Gray. _Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely +veined_; pods slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4' +long).--S. Va. (?) to Fla., Tenn., and Tex. + + +ORDER 33. ROSACEAE. (ROSE FAMILY.) + +_Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens +inserted on the calyx, and 1--many pistils, which are quite distinct, or +(in the last tribe) united and combined with the calyx tube. Seeds +(anatropous) 1--few in each ovary, almost always without albumen. Embryo +straight, with large and thick cotyledons. Leaves alternate, with +stipules_, these sometimes caducous, rarely obsolete or wanting.--Calyx +of 5 or rarely 3--4--8 sepals (the odd one superior), united at the +base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as +many as the sepals (rarely wanting), mostly imbricated in the bud, and +inserted with the stamens on the edge of a disk that lines the calyx +tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs.--A large and important order, almost +destitute of noxious qualities, and producing the most valuable fruits. +Very intimately connected with Leguminosae on one hand, and with +Saxifragaceae on the other. + +I. Ovary superior and not enclosed in the calyx tube at maturity. + +[*] Calyx deciduous, without bractlets, pistil solitary, becoming a +drupe. + +Tribe I. PRUNEAE. Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly serrate leaves. +Ovules 2, pendulous, but seed almost always solitary. Style terminal. + +1. Prunus. Flowers perfect. Lobes of calyx and corolla 5. Stone of the +drupe bony. + +[*][*] Calyx mostly persistent; pistils few to many (rarely solitary). + +[+] Calyx without bractlets; ovules 2--many. + +Tribe II. SPIRAEEAE. Pistils mostly 5, becoming 2--several seeded +follicles. Shrubs or perennial herbs. + +[a.] Calyx short, 5 cleft. Petals obovate, equal. + +2. Spiraea. Flowers perfect or dioecious. Pods 1-valved. Herbs or shrubs; +leaves simple or pinnate. + +3. Physocarpus. Pods inflated, 2-valved. Shrub; leaves palmately lobed. + +[b.] Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal. + +4. Gillenia. Herbs; leaves 3-foliolate. + +Tribe III. RUBEAE. Pistils several or numerous, becoming drupelets in +fruit. Ovules 2 and pendulous, but seed solitary. Perennials, herbaceous +or with biennial soft-woody stems. + +5. Rubus. Pistils numerous, fleshy in fruit, crowded upon a spongy +receptacle. + +6. Dalibarda. Pistils 5--10 in the bottom of the calyx, nearly dry in +fruit. + +[+][+] Calyx lobes mostly with bractlets; ovule solitary. + +Tribe IV. POTENTILLEAE. Pistils few--many, 1-ovuled, becoming dry +achenes. Herbs. + +[a.] Styles persistent and elongated after anthesis, often plumose or +jointed. + +7. Geum. Calyx lobes usually with 5 alternating small bractlets. Stamens +and carpels numerous, styles becoming plumose or hairy tails, or naked +and straight or jointed. + +[b.] Styles not elongated after anthesis, mostly deciduous. + +8. Waldsteinia. Petals and calyx lobes 5; small or no bractlets. Stamens +numerous. Achenes 2--6; styles deciduous from the base. + +9. Fragaria. Flower as in Potentilla. Receptacle much enlarged and pulpy +in fruit. + +10. Potentilla. Petals 5 (rarely 4) conspicuous. Calyx lobes as many, +with an alternating set of bractlets. Stamens and achenes numerous; the +latter heaped on a dry receptacle. Styles commonly more or less +lateral, deciduous or not enlarging in fruit. + +11. Sibbaldia. Petals minute; stamens and achenes 5--10; otherwise as +Potentilla. + +II. Ovaries inferior or enclosed in the calyx-tube. + +Tribe V. POTERIEAE. Pistils 1--4, becoming achenes, completely enclosed +in the dry and firm calyx-tube, which is constricted or nearly closed at +the throat. Herbs with compound or lobed leaves. Petals often none. + +12. Alchemilla. Calyx urceolate, bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens 1--4. +Flowers minute, clustered. + +13. Agrimonia. Calyx turbinate, with a margin of hooked prickles. +Stamens 5--12. Flowers yellow, in long racemes. + +14. Poterium. Calyx lobes petaloid; tube 4-angled, naked. Petals none. +Flowers densely capitate or spicate. + +Tribe VI. ROSEAE. Pistils many, becoming bony achenes, enclosed in the +globose or urn-shaped fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals +conspicuous. Stamens numerous. + +15. Rosa. The only genus. Prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves. + +Tribe VII. POMEAE. Carpels 2--5, enclosed in and coalescent with the +fleshy or berry-like calyx, in fruit becoming a 2--several-celled pome. +Trees or shrubs, with stipules free from the petiole. + +[a.] Cells of the compound ovary as many as the styles (2--5), each +2- (rarely several-) ovuled. + +16. Pyrus. Pome containing 2--5 papery or cartilaginous carpels. + +17. Crataegus. Pome drupe-like, with 1--5 bony stones or kernels. Usually +thorny. + +[b.] Cells of the compound ovary becoming twice as many as the styles, +each 1-ovuled. + +18. Amelanchier. Pome usually of 5 carpels; each becomes incompletely +2-celled by a projection from its back; otherwise as Pyrus. + + +1. PRUNUS, Tourn. PLUM, CHERRY, ETC. + +Calyx 5-cleft, the tube bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or tubular-obconical, +deciduous after flowering. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15--20. Pistil +solitary, with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe fleshy, with a bony +stone.--Small trees or shrubs, with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient +Latin name.) + +Sec. 1. PRUNUS proper (and CERASUS). _Drupe smooth, and the stone smooth or +somewhat rugged; flowers (usually white) from separate lateral scaly +buds in early spring, preceding or coetaneous with the leaves; the +pedicels few or several in simple umbel-like clusters._ + +1. P. Americana, Marshall. (WILD YELLOW or RED PLUM.) Tree thorny, +8--20 deg. high; _leaves ovate_ or somewhat obovate, _conspicuously pointed, +coarsely or doubly serrate; very veiny, glabrous when mature_; fruit +nearly destitute of bloom, roundish oval, yellow, orange, or red, +1/2--{2/3}' in diameter, with the turgid stone more or less acute on both +margins, or in cultivated states 1' or more in diameter, the flattened +stone with broader margins; pleasant-tasted, but with a tough and acerb +skin.--Woodlands and river banks, common. + +2. P. maritima, Wang. (BEACH PLUM.) Low and straggling (1--5 deg.); _leaves +ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath_; pedicels +short, pubescent; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom (1/2--1' +in diameter); the stone very turgid, _acute on one edge_, rounded and +minutely grooved on the other.--Sea beaches and the vicinity, +N. Brunswick to Va. It varies, when at some distance from the coast +(N. J. and southward), with the leaves smoother and thinner and the +fruit smaller. + +3. P. Alleghaniensis, Porter. A low straggling shrub or small tree +(3--15 deg. high), seldom thorny; _leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, often +long-acuminate, finely and sharply serrate_, softly pubescent when +young, glabrate with age; _fruit globose-ovoid, very dark purple with a +bloom_ (less than 1/2' in diameter); stone turgid, a shallow groove on one +side and a broad flat ridge on the other.--Bluffs of the Alleghany Mts., +Penn. + +4. P. Chicasa, Michx. (CHICKASAW PLUM.) Stem scarcely thorny (8--15 deg. +high); _leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous_; fruit +globular, _red, nearly destitute of bloom_ (1/2--{2/3}' in diameter); the +ovoid stone almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of +them minutely grooved.--Md. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Tex. + +5. P. gracilis, Engelm. & Gray. _Soft-pubescent_, 1--4 deg. high; _leaves +oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute, sharply serrate_, becoming nearly +glabrous above, 1--2' long; _pedicels and calyx pubescent_; fruit less +than 1/2' in diameter; stone rather turgid, suborbicular.--Prairies and +sandy places, S. Kan. to Tex. and Tenn. + +6. P. pumila, L. (DWARF CHERRY. SAND C.) Smooth, depressed and trailing +(6'--6 deg. high); _leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base_, +somewhat toothed near the apex, _pale underneath_; flowers 2--4 +together; fruit ovoid, dark red or nearly black when ripe, without +bloom; stone ovoid, marginless, of the size of a large pea.--Rocks or +sandy banks, N. Brunswick to Va., west to Minn. and Kan. Fruit usually +sour and astringent. + +7. P. Pennsylvanica, L. f. (WILD RED CHERRY.) Tree 20--30 deg. high, with +light red-brown bark; _leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, finely and +sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides_; flowers many in +a cluster, on long pedicels; fruit globose, light red, very small, with +thin and sour flesh; stone globular.--Rocky woods, Newf. to N. C., west +to Minn. and Mo. + +P. SPINOSA, L. (SLOE. BLACK THORN.) Branches thorny; _leaves +obovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length +glabrous_; pedicels glabrous; fruit small, globular, black with +a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one edge.--Var. INSITITIA +(BULLACE-PLUM), is less spiny, the pedicels and lower side of the leaves +pubescent.--Roadsides and waste places, N. Eng. to Penn. and N. J. (Adv. +from Eu.) + +Sec. 2. PADUS. _Drupe small, globose, without bloom; the stone +turgid-ovate, marginless; flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches, +therefore appearing after the leaves, late in spring._ + +8. P. Virginiana, L. (CHOKE-CHERRY.) A tall shrub, with grayish bark; +_leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, abruptly pointed, very sharply (often +doubly) serrate with slender teeth_, thin; petals roundish; fruit red +turning to dark crimson; stone smooth.--River-banks, Newf. to Ga., west +to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex.--Fruit very austere and astringent. A +variety with very short dense racemes and sweeter yellowish fruit has +been found at Dedham, Mass. + +9. P. serotina, Ehrh. (WILD BLACK CHERRY.) A large tree, with +reddish-brown branches; _leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, +taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callous teeth_, thickish, +shining above; racemes elongated; petals obovate; fruit +purplish-black.--Woods, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., and +La.--Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor. + +10. P. demissa, Walp. Low but tree-like in habit, 3--12 deg. high, resembling +n. 8 in foliage, but the leaves rather thick and the teeth less slender; +racemes often elongated; fruit purplish-black, sweet and but slightly +astringent.--Central Kan. and Neb. to New Mex., Dak., and westward. + + +2. SPIRAEA, L. MEADOW-SWEET. + +Calyx 5-cleft, short, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated +in the bud. Stamens 10--50. Pods (follicles) 5--8, not inflated, +few--several-seeded. Seeds linear, with a thin or loose coat and no +albumen.--Shrubs or perennial herbs, with simple or pinnate leaves, and +white or rose-colored flowers in corymbs or panicles. (The Greek name, +from [Greek: speira/o], _to twist_, from the twisting of the pods in the +original species.) + +Sec. 1. SPIRAEA proper. _Erect shrubs, with simple leaves; stipules +obsolete; pods mostly 5, several-seeded._ + +1. S. betulaefolia, Pall., var. corymbosa, Watson. Nearly smooth (1--2 deg. +high); leaves oval or ovate, cut-toothed toward the apex; _corymbs +large, flat_, several times compound; _flowers white_. (S. corymbosa, +_Raf._)--Mountains of Penn. and N. J. to Ga., west to Ky. and Mo. + +2. S. salicifolia, L. (COMMON MEADOW-SWEET.) _Nearly smooth_ (2--3 deg. +high); leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate; _flowers in a +crowded panicle_, white or flesh-color; pods smooth.--Wet or low +grounds, Newf. to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.; also to +the far northwest. (Eu.) + +3. S. tomentosa, L. (HARDHACK. STEEPLE-BUSH.) _Stems and lower surface +of the_ ovate or oblong serrate _leaves very woolly_; flowers in short +racemes crowded in a dense panicle, rose-color, rarely white; pods +woolly.--Low grounds, N. Scotia to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn. +and Kan. + +Sec. 2. ULMARIA. _Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panicled cymose +flowers; stipules kidney-form; pods 5--8, 1--2-seeded._ + +4. S. lobata, Jacq. (QUEEN OF THE PRAIRIE.) Glabrous (2--8 deg. high); +leaves interruptedly pinnate; the terminal leaflet very large, +7--9-parted, the lobes incised and toothed; panicle compound-clustered, +on a long naked peduncle; flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome, +the petals and sepals often in fours.--Meadows and prairies, Penn. to +Ga., west to Mich., Ky., and Iowa. + +Sec. 3. ARUNCUS. _Perennial herbs, with dioecious whitish flowers in many +slender spikes, disposed in a long compound panicle; leaves thrice +pinnate; stipules obsolete; pods 3--5, several-seeded; pedicels reflexed +in fruit._ + +5. S. Aruncus, L. (GOAT'S-BEARD.) Smooth, tall; leaflets thin, +lanceolate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, +sharply cut and serrate.--Rich woods, N. Y. and Penn. to Ga. in the +mountains, west to Iowa and Mo. + + +3. PHYSOCARPUS, Maxim. NINE-BARK. + +Carpels 1--5, inflated, 2-valved; ovules 2--4. Seeds roundish, with a +smooth and shining crustaceous testa and copious albumen. Stamens +30--40. Otherwise as Spiraea.--Shrubs, with simple palmately-lobed leaves +and umbel-like corymbs of white flowers. (Name from [Greek: phy~sa], _a +bladder_, and [Greek: karpo/s], _fruit_.) + +1. P. opulifolius, Maxim. Shrub 4--10 deg. high, with long recurved +branches, the old bark loose and separating in numerous thin layers; +leaves roundish, somewhat 3-lobed and heart-shaped; the purplish +membranaceous pods very conspicuous. (Spiraea opulifolia, _L._ Neillia +opulifolia, _Benth. & Hook._)--Rocky banks of streams, N. Eng. to Fla., +west to Mo., and the Pacific northward. Often cultivated. + + +4. GILLENIA, Moench. INDIAN PHYSIC. + +Calyx narrow, somewhat constricted at the throat, 5-toothed; teeth +erect. Petals 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the +throat of the calyx, convolute in the bud. Stamens 10--20, included. +Pods 5, included, at first lightly cohering with each other, +2--4-seeded. Seeds ascending, with a close coriaceous coat, and some +albumen.--Perennial herbs, with almost sessile 3-foliolate leaves; the +thin leaflets doubly serrate and incised. Flowers loosely +paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or white. (Dedicated to an obscure +German botanist or physician, _A. Gille_, or _Gillenius_.) + +1. G. trifoliata, Moench. (BOWMAN'S ROOT.) Leaflets ovate-oblong, +pointed, cut-serrate; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire.--Rich woods, +N. Y. to N. J. and Ga., west to Mich., Ind., and Mo. + +2. G. stipulacea, Nutt. (AMERICAN IPECAC.) Leaflets lanceolate, deeply +incised; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised.--Western N. Y. +and Penn. to S. Ind. and Kan., south to Ala. and La. + + +5. RUBUS, Tourn. BRAMBLE. + +Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens +numerous. Achenes usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent +receptacle, becoming small drupes; styles nearly terminal.--Perennial +herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, +and edible fruit. (The Roman name, kindred with _ruber_, red.) + +Sec. 1. _Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole +from the dry receptacle when ripe, or of few grains which fall +separately._--RASPBERRY. + +[*] _Leaves simple; flowers large; prickles none; fruit and receptacle +flat and broad._ + +1. R. odoratus, L. (PURPLE FLOWERING-RASPBERRY.) _Stem shrubby_ (3--5 deg. +high); _branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with glandular clammy +hairs_; leaves 3--5-lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the +middle one prolonged; peduncles many-flowered; flowers showy (2' broad); +calyx-lobes tipped with a long narrow appendage; _petals rounded, purple +rose-color_; fruit reddish.--N. Scotia to N. J. and Ga., west to Mich. + +2. R. Nutkanus, Mocino. (SALMON-BERRY.) _Glandular_, scarcely bristly; +leaves almost equally 5-lobed, coarsely toothed; peduncles few-flowered; +_petals oval, white_.--Upper Mich., Minn., and westward. + +3. R. Chamaemorus, L. (CLOUD-BERRY. BAKED-APPLE BERRY.) _Herbaceous, low, +dioecious; stem simple, 2--3-leaved, 1-flowered_; leaves +roundish-kidney-form, somewhat 5-lobed, serrate, wrinkled; calyx-lobes +pointless; _petals obovate, white_; fruit of few grains, +amber-color.--In sphagnous swamps, highest peaks of White Mts., coast of +E. Maine, and north and west to the Arctic regions. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Leaflets (pinnately or pedately) 3--5; petals small, erect, +white._ + +[+] _Stems annual, herbaceous, not prickly; fruit of few separate +grains._ + +4. R. triflorus, Richardson. (DWARF RASPBERRY.) Stems ascending (6--12' +high) or trailing, leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), rhombic-ovate or +ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin, +smooth; peduncle 1--3-flowered.--Wooded hillsides, Lab. to N. J., west +to Minn. and Iowa. Sepals and petals often 6 or 7. This appears to be +more properly a blackberry. + +[+][+] _Stems biennial and woody, prickly; receptacle oblong; fruit +hemispherical._ + +5. R. strigosus, Michx. (WILD RED RASPBERRY.) _Stems upright_, and with +the stalks, etc., _beset with stiff straight bristles_ (or a few +becoming weak hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous; +leaflets 3--5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-downy +underneath, the lateral ones sessile; petals as long as the sepals; +_fruit light red_.--Thickets and hills, Lab. to N. J., and south in the +mountains to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo. + +6. R. occidentalis, L. (BLACK RASPBERRY. THIMBLEBERRY.) _Glaucous all +over; stems recurved, armed_ like the stalks, etc., _with hooked +prickles, not bristly_; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely +doubly serrate, whitened-downy underneath, the lateral ones somewhat +stalked; petals shorter than the sepals; _fruit purple-black_ (rarely a +whitish variety), ripe early in July.--Common, especially northward.--An +apparent hybrid (R. neglectus, _Peck_) between this and the last species +occurs, with characters intermediate between the two, and growing with +them. + +Sec. 2. _Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy +prolonged receptacle, mostly ovate or oblong, blackish; stems prickly +and flowers white._--BLACKBERRY. + +7. R. villosus, Ait. (COMMON or HIGH BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby (1--6 deg. high), +furrowed, _upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles_; +branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves _hairy and +glandular_; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally +serrate, the terminal ones somewhat heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked; +_flowers racemed, numerous_; bracts short; sepals linear-pointed, much +shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals.--Borders of thickets, +etc., common, and very variable in size, aspect, and shape of +fruit.--Var. FRONDOSUS, Torr., is smoother and much less glandular, with +flowers more corymbose, leafy bracts and roundish petals. With the type, +more common at the north.--Var. HUMIFUSUS, Torr. & Gray, is smaller and +trailing, with peduncles few-flowered. More common southward, and +connecting with the next species. + +8. R. Canadensis, L. (LOW BLACKBERRY. DEWBERRY.) _Shrubby, extensively +trailing, slightly prickly_; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5--7), oval or +ovate-lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, _nearly smooth_, sharply +cut-serrate; flowers racemed, with leaf-like bracts.--Dry fields, +common; Newf. to Va., west to central Minn. and E. Kan. + +9. R. hispidus, L. (RUNNING SWAMP-BLACKBERRY.) _Stems slender, scarcely +woody, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflexed prickles_; +leaflets 3 (or rarely pedately 5), _smooth, thickish, mostly +persistent_, obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire toward the base; +_peduncles leafless, several-flowered, often bristly; flowers small_; +fruit of few grains, black.--In low woods or swampy grassy ground, +N. Scotia to Ga., west to Minn. and E. Kan. + +10. R. cuneifolius, Pursh. (SAND BLACKBERRY.) _Shrubby_ (1--3 deg. high), +_upright, armed with stout recurved prickles, branchlets and lower side +of the leaves whitish-woolly_; leaflets 3--5, wedge-obovate, thickish, +serrate above; peduncles 2--4-flowered; _petals large_.--Sandy woods, +southern N. Y. and Penn. to Fla., west to Mo. and La. + +11. R. trivialis, Michx. (LOW BUSH-BLACKBERRY.) _Shrubby, procumbent_, +bristly and prickly; _leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous_; +leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate; +peduncles 1--3-flowered; petals large.--Sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to +Mo. and Tex. + + +6. DALIBARDA, L. + +Calyx deeply 5--6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals +5, sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5--10, becoming +nearly dry seed-like drupes; styles terminal, deciduous.--Low +perennials, with creeping and densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and +roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on slender petioles. Flowers 1 or +2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of _Thomas Dalibard_, +a French botanist of the time of Linnaeus.) + +1. D. repens, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging and +enclosing the fruit.--Wooded banks; common northward. June--Aug.--In +aspect and foliage resembling a stemless Violet. + + +7. GEUM, L. AVENS. + +Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small +bractlets at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenes numerous, +heaped on a conical or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent +styles forming hairy or naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect; +radicle inferior.--Perennial herbs, with pinnate or lyrate leaves. (A +name used by Pliny, of unknown meaning.) + +Sec. 1. GEUM proper. _Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper +part deciduous and mostly hairy, the lower naked and hooked, becoming +elongated; head of fruit sessile in the calyx; calyx-lobes reflexed._ + +[*] _Petals white or pale greenish-yellow, small, spatulate or oblong; +stipules small._ + +1. G. album, Gmelin. _Smoothish or softly pubescent; stem slender_ (2 deg. +high); root-leaves of 3--5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few +minute leaflets on the petiole below; those of the stem 3-divided +or lobed, or only toothed; hairs upon the long slender peduncles +ascending or spreading; _receptacle of the fruit densely +bristly-hirsute._--Borders of woods, etc.; common. May--Aug. + +2. G. Virginianum, L. _Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem_; lower +and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or +divided, incised; petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx; heads of +fruit larger, on short stout peduncles hirsute with reflexed hairs; +_receptacle glabrous_ or nearly so.--Borders of woods and low grounds; +common. June--Aug. + +[*][*] _Petals golden-yellow, conspicuous, broadly-obovate, exceeding +the calyx; stipules larger and all deeply cut._ + +3. G. macrophyllum, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (1--3 deg. high); +root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the _terminal +leaflet very large and round-heart-shaped_; lateral leaflets of the +stem-leaves 2--4, minute, the terminal roundish, 3-cleft, the _lobes +wedge-form and rounded; receptacle nearly naked_.--N. Scotia and N. Eng. +to Minn., Mo., and westward. June. (Eu.) + +4. G. strictum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3--5 deg. high); root-leaves +interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate; _leaflets of the +stem-leaves 3--5, rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute; receptacle +downy._--Moist meadows, Newf. to N. J., west to Minn., Kan., and +westward. July, Aug. (Eu.) + +Sec. 2. STYLIPUS. _Styles smooth; head of fruit conspicuously stalked in +the calyx; bractlets of the calyx none, otherwise nearly as Sec. 1._ + +5. G. vernum, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat pubescent; stems ascending, +few-leaved, slender; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3--5-lobed, or +some of them pinnate, with the lobes cut; petals yellow, about the +length of the calyx; receptacle smooth.--Thickets, Penn. to Ill., south +to Ky. and Tex. April--June. + +Sec. 3. CARYOPHYLLATA. _Style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper +joint plumose; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading; petals erect._ + +6. G. rivale, L. (WATER, or PURPLE AVENS.)--Stems nearly simple, +several-flowered (2 deg. high); root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly +pinnate, those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; petals +dilated-obovate, retuse, contracted into a claw, purplish-orange; head +of fruit stalked in the brown-purple calyx.--Bogs and wet meadows, Newf. +to N. J., west to Minn. and Mo.--Flowers nodding; pedicels erect in +fruit. (Eu.) + +Sec. 4. SIEVERSIA. _Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight; head +of fruit sessile; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading. (Flowering +stems simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.)_ + +7. G. triflorum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy; root-leaves interruptedly +pinnate; leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply +cut-toothed; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles; _bractlets linear, +longer than the purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect +petals; styles very long (2'), strongly plumose in fruit_.--Rocks, Lab. +and northern N. Eng., to Minn. and Mo., rare. April--June. + +8. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish; _root-leaves +rounded-kidney-shaped_, radiate-veined (2--5' broad), doubly or +irregularly cut-toothed and obscurely 5--7-lobed, also a set of minute +leaflets down the long petiole; stems (8--18' high) 1--5-flowered; +_bractlets minute; petals yellow, round-obovate_ and more or less +obcordate, exceeding the calyx (1/2' long), _spreading; styles naked_ +except the base. (High mountains of N. C.) + +Var. Peckii, Gray. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the +leaves sparsely hirsute.--Alpine tops of the White Mts. + + * * * * * + +DRYAS OCTOPETALA, L., a dwarf matted slightly shrubby plant, with simple +toothed leaves and large white solitary flowers, has the characters of +this section excepting its 8--9-parted calyx and 8 or 9 petals. It was +said by Pursh to have been found on the White Mountains, N. H., ninety +years ago, but it is not known to have been seen there since. + + +8. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. + +Calyx-tube inversely conical; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and +deciduous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of +the calyx. Achenes 2--6, minutely hairy; the terminal slender styles +deciduous from the base by a joint. Seed erect; radicle inferior.--Low +perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3--5-lobed or divided leaves, and +small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named in honor of _Francis von +Waldstein_, a German botanist.) + +1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. (BARREN STRAWBERRY.) Low; leaflets 3, broadly +wedge-form, cut-toothed, scapes several-flowered; petals longer than the +calyx.--Wooded hillsides, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Ind., Mich., and Minn. + + +9. FRAGARIA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY. + +Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in +fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the +minute dry achenes scattered over its surface.--Stemless perennials, +with runners, and with white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical; +leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, coarsely serrate, stipules cohering with +the base of the petioles, which with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name +from the fragrance of the fruit.)--Flowering in spring. (The species are +indiscriminately called WILD STRAWBERRY.) + +1. F. Virginiana, Mill. _Achenes imbedded in the deeply pitted fruiting +receptacle_, which usually has a narrow neck, calyx becoming erect after +flowering and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or +unfructified; _leaflets of a firm or coriaceous texture; the hairs of +the scapes_, and especially of the _pedicels, silky and +appressed_.--Moist or rich woodlands, fields, etc.; common. + +Var. Illinoensis, Gray, is a coarser or larger plant, with flowers more +inclined to be polygamo-dioecious, and the _villous hairs of the scape +and pedicels widely spreading_.--Rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and +westward. + +2. F. vesca, L. _Achenes superficial on the glabrous conical or +hemispherical fruiting receptacle_ (not sunk in pits); calyx remaining +spreading or reflexed; hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on +the pedicels appressed; _leaflets thin_, even the upper face strongly +marked by the veins.--Fields and rocky places; less common. (Eu.) + +F. INDICA, L., differing from the true strawberries in having leafy +runners, a calyx with incised leafy bractlets larger than the sepals, +_yellow petals_, and _insipid fruit_, has become somewhat established +near Philadelphia and in the S. States; an escape from cultivation. +Flowers and fruit produced through the summer and autumn. (Adv. from +India.) + + +10. POTENTILLA, L. CINQUE-FOIL. FIVE-FINGER. + +Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus +appearing 10-cleft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenes +many, collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy +receptacle; styles lateral or terminal, deciduous. Radicle +superior.--Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and solitary +or cymose flowers; their parts rarely in fours. (Name a diminutive from +_potens_, powerful, originally applied to P. Anserina, from its once +reputed medicinal powers.) + +Sec. 1. _Styles thickened and glandular toward the base; achenes glabrous, +numerous; inflorescence cymose._ + +[*] _Style nearly basal; stamens 25--30; perennial glandular-villous +herbs, with pinnate leaves, and rather large white or yellow flowers._ + +1. P. arguta, Pursh. Stems erect, usually stout (1--4 deg. high), +brownish-hairy, clammy above; leaflets 7--11, oval or ovate, +cut-serrate, downy beneath; cyme strict and rather close; stamens mostly +30, on a thick glandular disk.--Rocky hills, N. Brunswick to N. J., +Minn., Kan., and westward. + +[*][*] _Style terminal; flowers small, yellow; leaves pinnate or +ternate._ + +[+] _Annual or biennial; leaflets incisely serrate, not white-tomentose; +stamens 5--20._ + +2. P. Norvegica, L. _Stout, erect, hirsute_ (1/2--2 deg. high); _leaves +ternate_; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate; _cyme rather close_, +leafy; _calyx large_; stamens 15 (rarely 20).--Lab. to N. J., west to +Minn. and Kan. (Eu.) + +3. P. rivalis, Nutt. _More slender and branched, softly villous; leaves +pinnate, with two pairs of closely approximate leaflets, or a single +pair and the terminal leaflet 3-parted_; leaflets cuneate-obovate or +-oblong; _cyme loose, often diffuse_, less leafy; _calyx small_; petals +minute; stamens 10--20 (rarely 5).--Neb. to Mo. and N. Mex., and +westward. + +Var. millegrana, Watson. Leaves all ternate; stems erect, or weak and +ascending; achenes often small and light-colored.--Minn. to Mo., +N. Mex., and westward. + +Var. pentandra, Watson. Leaves ternate, the lateral leaflets of the +lower leaves parted nearly to the base; stamens 5, opposite to the +sepals.--Iowa, Mo., and Ark. + +4. P. supina, L. _Stems decumbent at base_ or erect, often stout, leafy, +_subvillous; leaflets pinnately 5--11_, obovate or oblong; _cyme loose, +leafy_; stamens 20; _achenes strongly gibbous on the ventral side_. (P. +paradoxa, _Nutt._)--Minn. to Mo., and westward; also eastward along the +Great Lakes.--Var. NICOLLETII, Watson. Slender; leaflets mostly but 3; +inflorescence much elongated, leafy, and falsely racemose.--Devil's +Lake, Minn. + +[+][+] _Herbaceous perennials, more or less white-tomentose; leaflets +incisely pinnatifid; bractlets and sepals nearly equal; stamens 20--25._ + +5. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Stems erect or decumbent at base (1/2--2 deg. high); +leaflets 5--9, white-tomentose beneath, short-pubescent and greener +above, oblong, obtuse, the linear segments slightly or not at all +revolute; cyme fastigiate but rather open.--Coast of Maine, N. H., and +the lower St. Lawrence, L. Superior, and westward. July, Aug.--Var. +STRIGOSA, Lehm. Stems 6--12' high; silky-tomentose throughout; leaflets +deeply pinnatifid, the margins of the narrow lobes revolute; cyme short +and close.--Minn. and westward. + +Sec. 2. _Styles filiform, not glandular at base; inflorescence cymose._ + +[*] _Style terminal; achenes glabrous; stamens 20; herbaceous +perennials, with rather large yellow flowers._ + +[+] _Leaves pinnate._ + +6. P. Hippiana, Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silky throughout, the +upper surface of the leaves a little darker; stems ascending (1--11/2 deg. +high), slender, branching above into a diffuse cyme; leaflets 5--11, +cuneate-oblong, _incisely toothed at least toward the apex, diminishing +uniformly down the petiole_; carpels 10--30.--N. W. Minn., and westward. + +7. P. effusa, Dougl. Tomentose throughout, with scattered villous hairs; +stems ascending (4--12' high), diffusely branched above; leaflets 5--11, +_interruptedly pinnate, the alternate ones smaller_, cuneate-oblong, +_coarsely-incised-serrate or dentate_; carpels 10.--W. Minn. to Mont. +and Col. + +[+][+] _Leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets; tomentose or villous._ + +8. P. argentea, L. (SILVERY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stems ascending, paniculately +branched at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly; leaflets 5, +wedge-oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire toward the base, with revolute +margins, green above, white with silvery wool beneath.--Dry barren +fields, etc., N. Scotia to N. J., west to Dak. and E. Kan. June--Sept. +(Eu.) + +9. P. frigida, Vill. Dwarf (1--3' high), tufted, villous when young; +leaflets 3, broadly cuneate-obovate, deeply 3--5-toothed at summit, +nearly glabrous above; flowers mostly solitary, small, on very slender +stems; bractlets and sepals equal.--Alpine summits of the White Mts. +(Eu.) + +[*][*] _Style lateral; purple petals (shorter than the broad calyx) +somewhat persistent; disk thick and hairy; achenes glabrous; hairy +receptacle becoming large and spongy._ + +10. P. palustris, Scop. (MARSH FIVE-FINGER.) Stems stout, ascending from +a decumbent rooting perennial base (1/2--2 deg. long), glabrous below; leaves +pinnate; leaflets 5--7, oblong, serrate, lighter colored and more or +less pubescent beneath; flowers few in an open cyme; calyx (1' broad) +dark purple inside.--Cool bogs, N. J. to N. Ind., Ill., Minn., and +northward. (Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Style attached below the middle; achenes and receptacle +densely villous; woody perennials._ + +11. P. fruticosa, L. (SHRUBBY CINQUE-FOIL.) _Stem erect, shrubby_ (1--4 deg. +high), much branched; _leaves pinnate, leaflets 5--7_, crowded, +oblong-lanceolate, _entire_, silky, usually whiter beneath and the +margins revolute; _petals yellow, orbicular_.--Wet grounds, Lab. to +N. J., west to Minn., northern Iowa, and north and westward. June--Sept. +(Eu.) + +12. P. tridentata, Ait. (THREE-TOOTHED C.) Stems low (1--10' high), +rather woody at base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-flowered; +_leaves palmate; leaflets 3_, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, +_coarsely 3-toothed at the apex; petals white_; achenes and receptacle +very hairy.--Coast of N. Eng. from Cape Cod northward, Norfolk, Ct. +(_Barbour_), and mountain-tops of the Alleghanies; also shores of the +upper Great Lakes, and N. Iowa, Wisc., and Minn. + +Sec. 3. _Styles filiform, lateral; peduncles axillary, solitary, +1-flowered; achenes glabrous; receptacle very villous; herbaceous +perennials, with yellow flowers._ + +13. P. Anserina, L. (SILVER-WEED.) _Spreading by slender many-jointed +runners, white-tomentose and silky-villous; leaves all radical, +pinnate_; leaflets 7--21, with smaller ones interposed, _oblong_, +sharply serrate, silky tomentose at least beneath; bractlets and +stipules often incisely cleft; peduncles elongated.--Brackish marshes, +river-banks, etc., New Eng. to N. J., N. Ind., Minn., and northward. +(Eu.) + +14. P. Canadensis, L. (COMMON CINQUE-FOIL or FIVE-FINGER.) _Stems +slender and decumbent or prostrate_, or sometimes erect; _pubescence +villous, often scanty; leaves ternate, but apparently quinate_ by the +parting of the lateral leaflets; _leaflets cuneate-oblong or -obovate_, +incisely serrate, nearly glabrous above; bractlets entire.--Dry soil; +common and variable. Apr.--July.--Often producing summer runners. + + +11. SIBBALDIA, L. + +Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, +minute. Stamens 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of +the woolly disk which lines the base of the calyx. Achenes 5--10; styles +lateral.--Low and depressed mountain perennials; included by some in +Potentilla. (Dedicated to _Dr. Robert Sibbald_, professor at Edinburgh +at the close of the 17th century.) + +1. S. procumbens, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the apex; +petals yellow.--Alpine summits of the White Mts., and northward. (Eu.) + + +12. ALCHEMILLA, Tourn. LADY'S MANTLE. + +Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the throat; limb 4-parted +with as many alternate accessory lobes. Petals none. Stamens 1--4. +Pistils 1--4; the slender style arising from near the base; achenes +included in the tube of the persistent calyx.--Low herbs, with palmately +lobed or compound leaves, and small corymbed greenish flowers. (From +_Alkemelyeh_, the Arabic name, having reference to the silky pubescence +of some species.) + +A. ARVENSIS, Scop. (PARSLEY PIERT.) Small annual (3--8' high), leafy; +leaves 3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2--3-cleft, pubescent; +flowers fascicled opposite the axils.--Va. and N. C. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +13. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. AGRIMONY. + +Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, beset with hooked +bristles above, indurated in fruit and enclosing the 2 achenes; the limb +5-cleft, closed after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 5--15. Styles +terminal. Seed suspended.--Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate +leaves, and yellow flowers in slender spiked racemes; bracts 3-cleft. +(Name a corruption of _Argemonia_, of the same derivation as Argemone, +p. 59.) + +1. A. Eupatoria, L. (COMMON AGRIMONY.) _Leaflets 5--7 with minute ones +intermixed, oblong-obovate_, coarsely toothed; petals twice the length +of the calyx.--Borders of woods, common. July--Sept. (Eu.) + +2. A. parviflora, Ait. (SMALL-FLOWERED A.) _Leaflets crowded, 11--19, +with smaller ones intermixed, lanceolate_, acute, deeply and regularly +cut-serrate, as well as the stipules; petals small.--Woods and glades, +N. Y. and N. J. to Ga., west to Mich., Kan., and La. + + +14. POTERIUM, L. BURNET. + +Calyx with a top-shaped tube, constricted at the throat, persistent; the +4 broad petal-like spreading lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. +Petals none. Stamens 4--12 or more, with flaccid filaments and short +anthers. Pistils 1--3; the slender terminal style tipped with a tufted +or brush-like stigma. Achene (commonly solitary) enclosed in the +4-angled dry and thickish closed calyx-tube. Seed suspended.--Chiefly +perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, stipules coherent with +the petiole, and small, often polygamous or dioecious flowers crowded in +a dense head or spike at the summit of a long and naked peduncle, each +bracteate and 2-bracteolate. (Name [Greek: pote/rion], _a drinking-cup_, +the foliage of Burnet having been used in the preparation of some +medicinal drink.) + +1. P. Canadense, Benth. & Hook. (CANADIAN BURNET.) Stamens 4, +long-exserted, club-shaped, white, as is the whole of the elongated and +cylindrical spike; stem 3--6 deg. high; leaflets numerous, ovate or +oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, obtuse, heart shaped at base, as if +stipellate; stipules serrate.--Bogs and wet meadows, Newf. to mountains +of Ga., west to Mich. + +P. SANGUISORBA, L. (GARDEN BURNET.) Stamens 12 or more in the lower +flowers of the globular greenish head, with drooping capillary +filaments, the upper flowers pistillate only; stems about 1 deg. high; +leaflets numerous, small, ovate, deeply cut.--Fields and rocks, N. Y. to +Md. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +15. ROSA, Tourn. ROSE. + +Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in +fruit. Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted with the many stamens +into the edge of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and +within bears the numerous pistils below. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony +achenes in fruit.--Shrubby and usually spiny or prickly, with +odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with the petiole; stalks, +foliage, etc., often bearing aromatic glands. Many of the species are +very variable in their characters, and are often indeterminable upon +imperfect specimens. (The ancient Latin name.) + +[*] _Styles cohering in a protruding column, as long as the stamens._ + +1. R. setigera, Michx. (CLIMBING or PRAIRIE ROSE.) Stems climbing, armed +with stout nearly straight scattered prickles, not bristly; leaflets +3--5, ovate, acute, sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath; stalks and +calyx glandular; flowers corymbed; sepals pointed; petals deep +rose-color changing to white; fruit (hip) globular.--Borders of prairies +and thickets, Ont. to Ohio, S. C., and Fla., west to Wisc., Neb., and +Tex.; also cultivated. July.--The only American climbing rose, or with +united protruding styles; strong shoots growing 10--20 deg. in a season. + +[*][*] _Styles distinct; sepals connivent after flowering and +persistent; pedicels and receptacles naked._ + +[+] _Fruit oblong-obovate to oblong; infrastipular spines usually none._ + +2. R. Engelmanni, Watson. Stems usually 3--4 deg. high or less; +infrastipular spines, when present, straight and slender; prickles often +abundant; leaflets 5--7, often somewhat resinous-puberulent beneath and +the teeth serrulate; flowers solitary; sepals entire, naked or hispid; +fruit 6--12'' long.--Whisky Island, L. Huron, shores of L. Superior, and +west to the Red River valley, and in the mountains from N. Mont, and +N. Idaho to Col. + +[+][+] _Fruit globose; infrastipular spines none; acicular prickles +often present._ + +3. R. blanda, Ait. Stems 1--3 deg. high, _wholly unarmed_ (occasionally with +a few or very rarely numerous prickles); _stipules dilated_, naked and +entire, or slightly glandular-toothed; _leaflets 5--7_, usually +oblong-lanceolate, _cuneate at base and petiolulate, simply serrate, not +resinous_; flowers usually large, corymbose or solitary; _sepals hispid, +entire_.--On rocks and rocky shores, Newf. to N. Eng., central N. Y., +Ill. (La Salle Co.), and the region of the Great Lakes. + +4. R. Sayi, Schwein. Stems usually low (1--2 deg. high), _very prickly; +stipules usually dilated_, glandular-ciliate and resinous; _leaflets +3--7_, broadly elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, _sessile and obtuse or +subcordate at base, resinous-puberulent and teeth serrulate_; flowers +large, solitary (very rarely 2 or 3); outer sepals usually with 1 or 2 +narrow lateral lobes, not hispid.--N. Mich. and Wisc. to Minn. and Col. + +5. R. Arkansana, Porter. Stems low, _very prickly; stipules narrow_, +more or less glandular-toothed above (or even glandular-ciliate); +_leaflets 7--11_, broadly elliptical to oblong-oblanceolate, _subcuneate +at base_, sessile or petiolulate, _simply toothed, not resinous_; +flowers corymbose; _sepals rarely hispid, the outer lobed_.--Minn. to +Mo. and W. Tex., west to Col. + +[+][+][+] _Fruit globose; infrastipular spines present._ + +6. R. Woodsii, Lindl. Stems usually low (1/4--3 deg. high), with slender +straight or recurved spines, sometimes with scattered prickles, or +wholly unarmed above; leaflets 5--7, obovate to oblong or lanceolate, +more or less toothed; flowers corymbose or solitary; sepals naked or +hispid, the outer usually lobed; fruit globose with a short neck.--Minn. +to Mo., west to Col. + +[*][*][*] _Styles distinct; sepals spreading after flowering and +deciduous; infrastipular spines usually present, often with scattered +prickles; sepals, globose receptacle, and pedicel usually hispid; teeth +simple; pubescence not resinous._ + +[+] _Leaflets mostly finely many-toothed._ + +7. R. Carolina, L. Stems usually tall (1--7 deg. high), with stout straight +or usually more or less curved spines; stipules long and very narrow; +leaflets dull green, 5--9 (usually 7), usually narrowly oblong and acute +at each end and petiolulate, but often broader, usually pubescent +beneath.--Borders of swamps and streams, N. Scotia to Fla., west to +Minn. and Miss. + +[+][+] _Leaflets coarsely toothed._ + +8. R. lucida, Ehrh. Stems often tall and stout (a few inches to 6 deg. +high), _with at length stout and usually more or less hooked spines; +stipules_ usually naked, _more or less dilated; leaflets_ (mostly 7) +dark green, rather thick, _smooth and often shining above_; flowers +corymbose or solitary; outer sepals frequently with 1 or 2 small +lobes.--Margins of swamps or moist places, Newf. to N. Eng., N. Y., and +E. Penn. + +9. R. humilis, Marsh. Stems usually low (1--3 deg.) and more slender, less +leafy, with _straight slender spines_, spreading or sometimes reflexed; +_stipules narrow_, rarely somewhat dilated; leaflets as in the last, but +usually thinner and paler; flowers very often solitary; _outer sepals +always more or less lobed_. (R. lucida of most authors.)--Mostly in dry +soil or on rocky slopes, Maine to Ga., west to Minn., Mo., Ind. Terr., +and La. + +10. R. nitida, Willd. Low, nearly or quite _glabrous throughout, the +straight slender spines often scarcely stouter than the prickles which +usually thickly cover the stem and branches; stipules mostly dilated_; +leaflets bright green and shining, usually narrowly oblong and acute at +each end; flowers solitary (rarely 2 or 3); _sepals entire_.--Margins of +swamps, Newf. to N. Eng. + +_Naturalized species._ + +R. CANINA, L. (DOG ROSE.) Stems armed with stout recurved spines, +without prickles, the branches sometimes unarmed; leaflets 5--7, +elliptical or oblong-ovate, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, simply +toothed, not resinous-puberulent; flowers solitary (or 2--4) on usually +naked pedicels; sepals pinnatifid, deciduous; fruit oblong-ovate to +nearly globular.--Roadsides, E. Penn., Tenn., etc. (Int. from Eu.) + +R. RUBIGINOSA, L. (SWEETBRIER. EGLANTINE.) Resembling the last, but of +more compact habit, _the leaflets densely resinous beneath and aromatic, +and doubly serrate_; the short pedicels and pinnatifid sepals hispid. +(Incl. R. micrantha, _Smith_; less aromatic, with oblong fruit and +glabrous styles.)--N. Scotia and Ont. to S. C. and Tenn. (Int. from Eu.) + + +16. PYRUS, L. PEAR. APPLE. + +Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish or obovate. +Stamens numerous. Styles 2--5. Pome fleshy or berry-like; the 2--5 +carpels or cells of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-seeded.--Trees +or shrubs, with handsome flowers in corymbed cymes. (The classical name +of the Pear-tree.) + +Sec. 1. MALUS (APPLE). _Leaves simple; cymes simple and umbel-like; pome +fleshy, globular, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk._ + +1. P. coronaria, L. (AMERICAN CRAB-APPLE.) _Leaves ovate_, often rather +heart-shaped, _cut-serrate or lobed_, soon glabrous; _styles woolly and +united at base_.--Glades, Ont. and W. New York to N. C., west to Minn., +Kan., and La. May.--Tree 20 deg. high, somewhat thorny, with large +rose-colored very fragrant blossoms, few in a corymb; fruit fragrant and +greenish. + +2. P. angustifolia, Ait. Resembling the last, but with _leaves oblong or +lanceolate_, often acute at base, mostly toothed, glabrous; _styles +distinct_.--Glades, Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and La. April. + +Sec. 2. ADENORHACHIS. _Leaves simple, the midrib glandular along the upper +side; cymes compound; styles united at base; fruit berry-like, small._ + +3. P. arbutifolia, L. f. (CHOKE-BERRY.) A shrub usually 1--3 deg. high; +leaves oblong or oblanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate, finely +glandular-serrate, tomentose beneath; cyme tomentose; flowers white or +reddish; fruit pear-shaped, or globose when ripe, small, red or purple, +astringent.--Swamps and damp thickets; common, from N. Scotia to Fla., +and west to Minn., Ill., Mo., and La. + +Var. melanocarpa, Hook. Nearly smooth throughout, with larger black +fruit; leaves usually less acute.--Of apparently the same range. + +Sec. 3. SORBUS. _Leaves odd-pinnate, with rather numerous leaflets; cymes +compound; styles separate; pome berry-like, small._ + +4. P. Americana, DC. (AMERICAN MOUNTAIN-ASH.) Tree or tall shrub, +_nearly glabrous_ or soon becoming so; _leaflets 13--15, lanceolate, +taper-pointed_, sharply serrate with pointed teeth, bright green; cymes +large and flat; berries globose, bright red, not larger than peas; +_leaf-buds pointed, glabrous_ and somewhat _glutinous_.--Swamps and +mountain-woods, Newf. to mountains of N. C., west to N. Mich, and Minn. +Often cultivated. + +5. P. sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. _Leaflets oblong, oval, or +lance-ovate, mostly obtuse_ or abruptly short-pointed, serrate (mostly +doubly) with more spreading teeth, often pale beneath; cymes smaller; +flowers and berries larger, the latter (4'' broad) when young ovoid, at +length globose; _leaf-buds sparingly hairy_; otherwise nearly as the +preceding.--Lab. to northern N. Eng. and Lake Superior, and westward. + + +17. CRATAEGUS, L. HAWTHORN. WHITE THORN. + +Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens +many, or only 10--15. Styles 1--5. Pome drupe-like, containing 1--5 bony +1-seeded stones.--Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly +lobed leaves, and white (rarely rose-colored) blossoms. (Name from +[Greek: kra/tos], _strength_, on account of the hardness of the wood.) + +[*] _Corymbs many-flowered._ + +[+] _Fruit small, depressed-globose (not larger than peas), bright red; +flowers mostly small; calyx-teeth short and broad (except in n. 3); +styles 5; glabrous (except_ C. Pyracantha_) and glandless._ + +C. PYRACANTHA, Pers. (EVERGREEN THORN.) _Leaves evergreen_, shining (1' +long), _oblong_ or spatulate-lanceolate, crenulate; the short petioles +and young branchlets pubescent; corymbs small.--Shrub, spontaneous near +Washington and Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.) + +1. C. spathulata, Michx. Shrub or tree, 10--25 deg. high; _leaves thickish, +shining_, deciduous, _spatulate_ or oblanceolate, with a _long tapering +base, crenate_ above, rarely cut-lobed, _nearly sessile_.--Va. to Fla., +west to Mo. and Tex. + +2. C. cordata, Ait. (WASHINGTON THORN.) Trunk 15--25 deg. high; _leaves +broadly ovate or triangular_, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped +at the base, on a _slender petiole, variously 3--5-cleft or cut, +serrate_.--Va. to Ga. in the mountains, west to Mo. + +3. C. viridis, L. A small tree, often unarmed; leaves ovate to +ovate-oblong or lanceolate, or oblong-obovate, mostly acute at both +ends, on slender petioles, acutely serrate, often somewhat lobed, and +often downy in the axils; flowers larger, numerous; fruit bright red or +rarely orange. (C. arborescens, _Ell._)--Mississippi bottoms from +St. Louis to the Gulf, and from S. Car. to Tex. + +[+][+] _Fruit small (1/4--{1/3}' long), ovoid, deep red; flowers rather +large; styles 1--3._ + +C. OXYACANTHA, L. (ENGLISH HAWTHORN.) Smooth; _leaves obovate_, +cut-lobed and toothed, _wedge-form_ at the base; calyx not glandular. +More or less spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) + +4. C. apiifolia, Michx. Softly pubescent when young; _leaves roundish_, +with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base, _pinnately +5--7-cleft_, the crowded divisions cut-lobed and sharply serrate; +petioles slender; calyx-lobes glandular-toothed, slender.--S. Va. to +Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. + +[+][+][+] _Fruit large (1/2--1' long), red; flowers large; styles and +stones even in the same species 1--3 (when the fruit is ovoid or +pear-shaped) or 4--5 (in globular fruit); stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, +etc., often beset with glands; shrubs or low trees._ [Species as +characterized by Prof. C. S. SARGENT.] + +5. C. coccinea, L. Branches reddish; spines stout, chestnut-brown; +villous-pubescent on the shoots, glandular peduncles, and calyx; leaves +on slender petioles, thin, pubescent beneath or often glabrous, +round-ovate, cuneate or subcordate at base, acutely glandular-toothed, +sometimes cut-lobed; flowers 1/2' broad; fruit coral-red, globose or +obovate, 1/2' broad.--Newf. to Minn. and southward.--Var. MACRACANTHA, +Dudley; spines longer; leaves thicker, cuneate at base, on stout +petioles, often deeply incised; cymes broader; flowers and fruit rather +larger.--From the St. Lawrence and E. Mass. to Minn. + +Var. mollis, Torr. & Gray. Shoots densely pubescent; leaves large, +slender-petioled, cuneate, truncate or cordate at base, usually with +acute narrow lobes, often subscabrous above, more or less densely +pubescent beneath; flowers 1' broad, in broad cymes; fruit bright +scarlet with a light bloom, 1' broad. (C. tomentosa, var. mollis, +_Gray_. C. subvillosa, _Schrad._)--E. Mass, to Mo. and Tex. Sometimes +20--30 deg. high, blooming two weeks before the type. + +6. C. tomentosa, L. Branches gray, rarely with stout gray spines; +shoots, peduncles, and calyx villous-pubescent; glands none; leaves +large, pale, prominently veined, densely pubescent beneath, ovate or +ovate-oblong, sharply serrate, usually incisely lobed, contracted into a +margined petiole; flowers small, ill-scented; fruit dull red, obovate, +rarely globose (1/2' broad), upright.--Western N. Y. to Mich., Mo., and +Ga. In flower 2--3 weeks after n. 3. + +7. C. punctata, Jacq. Branches horizontal; glands none; leaves smaller, +mostly wedge-obovate, attenuate and entire below, unequally toothed +above, rarely lobed, villous-pubescent becoming smooth but dull, the +many veins more impressed, prominent beneath; fruit globose (1' broad), +red or bright yellow. (C. tomentosa, var. punctata, _Gray_.)--Quebec to +Ont. and south to Ga. + +8. C. Crus-galli, L. (COCKSPUR THORN.) Branches horizontal, with slender +thorns often 4' long; _glabrous; leaves thick_, dark green, _shining +above, wedge-obovate and oblanceolate_, tapering into a very short +petiole, serrate above the middle; fruit globular, dull red ({1/3}' +broad).--Thickets, common. + +[*][*] _Corymbs simple, few- (1--6-) flowered; calyx, bracts, etc., +glandular._ + +9. C. flava, Ait. (SUMMER HAW.) Tree 15--20 deg. high, somewhat pubescent or +glabrous; _leaves wedge-obovate or rhombic-obovate_, narrowed into a +glandular petiole, _unequally toothed and somewhat cut_ above the +middle, _rather thin_, the teeth _glandular_; styles 4--5; fruit +somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish, greenish, or reddish (1/2' broad).--Sandy +soil, Va. to Mo., and southward. + +Var. pubescens, Gray. Downy or villous-pubescent when young; leaves +thickish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit; fruit larger (3/4' +broad), scarlet or sometimes yellow.--Va. to Fla. + +10. C. parvifolia, Ait. (DWARF THORN.) Shrub 3--6 deg. high, downy; _leaves +thick, obovate-spatulate, crenate-toothed_ (1/2--11/2' long), almost +sessile, the upper surface at length shining; flowers solitary or 2--3 +together on _very short peduncles; calyx-lobes as long as the petals_; +styles 5; fruit globular or pear-shaped, yellowish.--Sandy soil, N. J. +to Fla. and La. + + +18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. JUNE-BERRY. + +Calyx 5-cleft; lobes downy within. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens +numerous, short. Styles 5, united below. Ovary 5-celled, each cell +2-ovuled, but a projection grows from the back of each and forms a false +cartilaginous partition; the berry-like pome thus 10-celled, with one +seed in each cell (when all ripen).--Small trees or shrubs, with simple +sharply serrated leaves, and white racemose flowers. (_Amelancier_ is +the name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.) + +1. A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. (SHAD-BUSH. SERVICE-BERRY.) A tree +10--30 deg. high, nearly or soon glabrous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, +usually somewhat cordate at base, pointed, very sharply serrate, 1--31/2' +long; bracts and stipules very long-silky-ciliate; flowers large, in +drooping nearly glabrous racemes; petals oblong, 6--8'' long; fruit on +elongated pedicels, globose, crimson or purplish, sweet and edible. +(Var. Botryapium, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Dry open woodlands; Newf. to Fla., +west to Minn., E. Kan., and La. Fruit ripening in June.--Var. +ROTUNDIFOLIA, Torr. & Gray, appears to be only a broad-leaved form. + +Var. (?) oblongifolia, Torr. & Gray. A smaller tree or shrub (6--10 deg. +high), the young leaves and racemes densely white-tomentose; leaves +oblong or sometimes rather broadly elliptical, acute, mostly rounded at +base, finely serrate, 1--2' long; flowers in denser and shorter racemes; +petals 3--4'' long, oblong-spatulate; fruit similar but more juicy, on +shorter pedicels.--Low moist grounds or swampy woods; N. Brunswick to +Va., west to Minn. and Mo.--A form of this with broader leaves (broadly +elliptical or rounded), often very obtuse at the summit, and rounded, +subcordate or acute at base, and usually coarsely toothed, is common +from Manitoba to Minn. and Iowa, and is sometimes cultivated for its +fruit. + +2. A. oligocarpa, Roem. A low shrub 2--4 deg. high, soon glabrous; leaves +thin, _oblong, acute at both ends, finely serrate_, 1--2' long; _flowers +few_ (1--4), rather long-pedicelled; _petals oblong-obovate; fruit +broad-pyriform_, dark purple with a dense bloom. (A. Canadensis, var. +oligocarpa, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Cold swamps and mountain bogs; Lab. to +northern N. Eng. and N. Y., and the shores of Lake Superior. + +3. A. alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub 3--8 deg. high, usually glabrate or nearly +so; leaves _somewhat glaucous_ and thickish, _broadly elliptical or +roundish_, very _obtuse or rarely acute_, often subcordate at base, +_coarsely toothed toward the summit_, 1/2--2' long; raceme short and +rather dense; petals cuneate-oblong, 3--8'' long; fruit globose, purple. +(A. Canadensis, var. alnifolia, _Torr. & Gray_.)--A western mountain +species, which occurs in Minn. and N. Mich., and which the broad-leaved +form of A. Canadensis sometimes closely simulates. + + +ORDER 34. CALYCANTHACEAE. (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.) + +_Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals +similar and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the +cotyledons convolute; the fruit like a rose-hip._ Chiefly represented by +the genus + + +1. CALYCANTHUS, L. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB. + +Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup +(with some leaf-like bractlets growing from it); the lobes lanceolate, +mostly colored like the petals, which are similar, in many rows, +thickish, inserted on the top of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens +numerous, inserted just within the petals, short; some of the inner ones +sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or many, enclosed in the +calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling those of the +Rose; but the enlarged hip dry when ripe, enclosing the achenes.--The +lurid purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage +aromatic; the crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of +strawberries. (Name composed of [Greek: ka/lyx], _a cup_ or _calyx_, +and [Greek: a/nthos], _flower_, from the closed cup which contains the +pistils.) + +1. C. floridus, L. _Leaves oval, soft-downy underneath_.--Virginia(?) +and southward, on hillsides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April--Aug. + +2. C. laevigatus, Willd. _Leaves oblong_, thin, either blunt or +taper-pointed, _bright green and glabrous_ or nearly so on both sides, +or rather pale beneath; flowers smaller.--Mountains of Franklin Co., +Penn. (_Prof. Porter_), and southward along the Alleghanies. May--Aug. + +3. C. glaucus, Willd. _Leaves_ oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, +_conspicuously taper-pointed, glaucous-white beneath_, roughish above, +glabrous, large (4--7' long), probably a variety of the +preceding.--Virginia (?) near the mountains and southward. May--Aug. + + +ORDER 35. SAXIFRAGACEAE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) + +_Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from_ Rosaceae _by +having copious albumen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate +leaves, and usually no stipules; the stamens mostly definite, and the +carpels commonly fewer than the sepals_, either separate or partly so, +or all combined into one compound pistil. Calyx either free or adherent, +usually persistent or withering away. Stamens and petals almost always +inserted on the calyx. Ovules anatropous. + +Tribe I. SAXIFRAGEAE. Herbs. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite in n. 2 +and 6). Fruit dry, capsular or follicular, the styles or tips of the +carpels distinct. + +[*] Ovary 2- (rarely 3-) celled with axile placentas, or of as many +nearly distinct carpels. + +1. Astilbe. Flowers polygamous, panicled. Stamens (8 or 10) twice as +many as the small petals. Seeds few. Leaves decompound. + +2. Saxifraga. Flowers perfect. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Seeds numerous, +with a close coat. + +3. Boykinia. Flowers perfect. Stamens only as many as the petals, which +are convolute in the bud and deciduous. Calyx-tube adherent to the +ovary. Seed-coat close. + +4. Sullivantia. Flowers perfect. Stamens 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds +wing-margined. + +[*][*] Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas alternate with the +stigmas. Sterile stamens none. + +5. Tiarella. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire. +Stamens 10. Placentas nearly basal. + +6. Mitella. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals +small, pinnatifid. Stamens 10. + +7. Henchera. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals +small, entire. Stamens 5. + +8. Chrysosplenium. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none. +Stamens 10. + +[*][*][*] Ovary 1-celled, with 3--4 parietal placentas opposite the +sessile stigmas. A cluster of united sterile filaments at the base of +each petal. + +9. Parnassia. Sepals, petals and proper stamens 5. Peduncle scape-like, +1-flowered. + +Tribe II. HYDRANGEAE. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple. Ovary 2--5-celled; +the calyx coherent at least with its base. Fruit capsular. + +[*] Stamens 8 or 10. + +10. Hydrangea. Calyx-lobes minute in complete flowers. Petals valvate in +the bud. + +[*][*] Stamens 20--40. + +11. Decumaria. Calyx-lobes small. Petals 7--10, valvate in the bud. +Filaments subulate. Style 1. + +12. Philadelphus. Calyx-lobes conspicuous. Petals 4--5, convolute in the +bud. Filaments linear. Styles 3--5. + +Tribe III. ESCALLONIEAE. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple. Ovary +2--5-celled. Fruit capsular. + +13. Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2-celled ovary, which becomes a +septicidal capsule. + +Tribe IV. RIBESIEAE. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple, with stipules +adnate to the petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry. + +14. Ribes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary. Placentas 2, +parietal, many-seeded. + + +1. ASTILBE, Don. FALSE GOATSBEARD. + +Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 4--5-parted, small. Petals 4--5, +spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-celled, +almost free, many-ovuled; styles 2, short. Capsule 2-celled, separating +into 2 follicles, each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, +tapering at each end.--Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice +ternately-compound ample leaves, cut-lobed and toothed leaflets, and +small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes, which are +disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of [Greek: a)]- privative +and [Greek: sti/lbe], _a bright surface_, because the foliage is not +shining.) + +1. A. decandra, Don. Somewhat pubescent (3--5 deg. high); leaflets mostly +heart-shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers, stamens +10.--Rich woods; mountains of S. W. Va. to N. C. and Ga. Closely +imitating Spiraea Aruncus, but coarser. + + +2. SAXIFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE. + +Calyx either free from or cohering with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft +or parted. Petals 5, entire, imbricated in the bud, commonly deciduous. +Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or +between the beaks, or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds +numerous, with a close coat.--Chiefly perennial herbs, with the +root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from +_saxum_, a rock, and _frango_, to break; many species rooting in the +clefts of rocks.) + +[*] _Stems prostrate, in tufts, leafy; leaves opposite; calyx free from +the capsule._ + +1. S. oppositifolia, L. (MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE.) Leaves fleshy, ovate, +keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (1--2'' long); +flowers solitary, large; petals purple, obovate, much longer than the +5-cleft-calyx.--Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vt., and northward. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Stems ascending; leaves alternate; calyx coherent below with the +capsule._ + +2. S. rivularis, L. (ALPINE BROOK-S.) Small, stems weak, 3--5-flowered; +lower _leaves rounded, 3--5-lobed_, on slender petioles, the upper +lanceolate; _petals white, ovate_.--Alpine region of the White Mts., to +Lab. (Eu.) + +3. S. aizoides, L. (YELLOW MOUNTAIN-S.) Low (3--5' high), in tufts, with +few or several corymbose flowers; _leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, +fleshy_, distantly spinulose-ciliate; _petals yellow, spotted with +orange, oblong_.--N. Vt. to S. W. New York, N. Mich., and northward. +June. (Eu.) + +4. S. tricuspidata, Retz. Stems tufted (4--8' high), naked above; +flowers corymbose, _leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid sharp +teeth_ at the summit; _petals obovate-oblong, yellow_.--Shore of +L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Leaves clustered at the root; scape many-flowered, erect, +clammy-pubescent._ + +[+] _Petals all alike._ + +5. S. Aizoon, Jacq. Scape 5--10' high; _leaves persistent, thick, +spatulate, with white cartilaginous toothed margins_; calyx partly +adherent; petals obovate, cream-color, often spotted at the base.--Moist +rocks, Lab. to N. Vt., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.) + +6. S. Virginiensis, Michx. (EARLY S.) Low (4--9' high); _leaves obovate +or oval-spatulate_, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, +thickish; flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and +loosely panicled; lobes of the nearly free _calyx erect, not half the +length of the oblong obtuse (white) petals_; follicles united merely at +the base, divergent, purplish.--Exposed rocks and dry hillsides; +N. Brunswick to Ga., and west to Minn., Ohio, and Tenn.; common, +especially northward. April--June. + +7. S. Pennsylvanica, L. (SWAMP S.) Large (1--2 deg. high); _leaves +oblanceolate, obscurely toothed_ (4--8' long), narrowed at base into a +short and broad petiole; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first +clustered; lobes of the nearly free _calyx recurved, about the length of +the linear-lanceolate (greenish) small petals; filaments awl-shaped_, +follicles at length divergent.--Bogs, N. Eng. to Va., west to Minn. and +Iowa. + +8. S. erosa, Pursh. (LETTUCE S.) _Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, +sharply toothed_, tapering into a margined petiole (8--12' long); scape +slender (1--3 deg. high); panicle elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels +slender; _calyx reflexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval +obtuse (white) petals; filaments club-shaped_; follicles nearly +separate, diverging, _narrow, pointed_, 2--3'' long.--Cold mountain +brooks, Penn. to Va. and N. C. + +9. S. Forbesii, Vasey. Stem stout, 2--4 deg. high; _leaves denticulate, oval +to elongated oblong_ (4--8' long); _filaments filiform; follicles short, +ovate_; otherwise as in the last.--Shaded cliffs, near Makanda, S. Ill. +(_Forbes_); E. Mo. (_Lettermann._) + +[+][+] _Petals unequal, with claws, white, all or some of them with a +pair of yellow spots near the base; leaves oblong, wedge-shaped or +spatulate; calyx free and reflexed._ + +10. S. leucanthemifolia, Michx. Leaves coarsely toothed or cut, tapering +into a petiole; stems (5--18' high) bearing one or more leaves or leafy +bracts and a loose, spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme; _petals_ +lanceolate, the _3 larger ones with a heart-shaped base_ and a pair of +spots, the 2 smaller with a tapering base and no spots.--Mts. of Va. to +N. C. and Ga. + +11. S. stellaris, L., var comosa, Willd. Leaves wedge-shaped, more or +less toothed; scape (4--5' high) bearing a small contracted panicle, +many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves, +_petals all lanceolate and tapering into the claw_.--Mt. Katahdin, +Maine, north to Lab. and Greenland. (Eu.) + + +3. BOYKINIA, Nutt. + +Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-celled and 2-beaked capsule. +Stamens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly convolute in +the bud. Otherwise as in Saxifraga.--Perennial herbs, with alternate +palmately 5--7-lobed or cut petioled leaves, and white flowers in cymes. +(Dedicated to the late _Dr. Boykin_ of Georgia.) + +1. B. aconitifolia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6--20' high); leaves deeply +5--7-lobed.--Mountains of southwestern Va. to Ga. and Tenn. July. + + +4. SULLIVANTIA, Torr. & Gray. + +Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, +5-cleft. Petals 5, oblanceolate, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. +Stamens 5, shorter than the petals. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked, +many-seeded, opening between the beaks, the seeds wing-margined, +imbricated upward.--A low and reclined-spreading perennial herb, with +rounded and cut-toothed or slightly lobed smooth leaves, on slender +petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle, +raised on a nearly leafless slender stem (6--12' long). Peduncles and +calyx glandular; pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the +distinguished bryologist who discovered our species.) + +1. S. Ohionis, Torr. & Gray.--Limestone cliffs, Ohio to Ind., Iowa, and +Minn. June. + + +5. TIARELLA, L. FALSE MITRE-WORT. + +Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with +claws, entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Capsule +membranaceous, 1-celled, 2-valved; the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the +base of each parietal placenta, globular, smooth.--Perennials; flowers +white. (Name a diminutive from [Greek: tia/ra], _a tiara_, or turban, +from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which is like that of +Mitella, to which the name of _Mitre-wort_ properly belongs.) + +1. T. cordifolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners +heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy +beneath; stem leafless or rarely with 1 or 2 leaves (5--12' high); +raceme simple; petals oblong, often subserrate.--Rich rocky woods, +N. Eng. to Minn. and Ind., and southward in the mountains. April, May. + + +6. MITELLA, Tourn. MITRE-WORT. BISHOP'S-CAP. + +Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, +slender, pinnatifid. Stamens 5 or 10, included. Styles 2, very short. +Capsule short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal +several-seeded placentae, 2-valved at the summit. Seeds smooth and +shining.--Low and slender perennials, with round heart-shaped alternate +leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles; those on the +flowering stems opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender +raceme or spike. Fruit soon widely dehiscent. (Diminutive of _mitra_, a +cap, alluding to the form of the young pod.) + +1. M. diphylla, L. _Hairy; leaves heart-shaped, acute_, somewhat +3--5-lobed, toothed, _those on the many-flowered stem 2, opposite, +nearly sessile_, with interfoliar stipules; flowers white, in a raceme +6--8' long; stamens 10.--Hillsides in rich woods; N. Eng. to N. C., west +to Minn. and Mo. May. + +2. M. nuda, L. Small and slender; _leaves rounded or kidney-form_, +deeply and doubly crenate; _stem usually leafless, few-flowered_, very +slender (4--6' high); flowers greenish; stamens 10.--Deep moist woods, +in moss, N. Eng. to N. Y., Mich., Minn., and northward. May--July. + + +7. HEUCHERA, L. ALUM-ROOT. + +Calyx bell-shaped, the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, +5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, +slender. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal many-seeded placentae, +2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds oval, with a rough and close +seed-coat.--Perennials, with the round heart-shaped leaves principally +from the rootstock; those on the stems, if any, alternate. Petioles with +dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base. Flowers in small +clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish or +purplish. (Named in honor of _John Henry Heucher_, a German botanist of +the beginning of the 18th century.) + +[*] _Flowers small, loosely panicled; stamens and styles exserted; calyx +regular._ + +1. H. villosa, Michx. Stems (1--3 deg. high), petioles, and veins of the +_acutely_ 7--9-lobed leaves _villous with rusty hairs_ beneath; calyx +11/2'' long; _petals spatulate-linear, about as long as the stamens_, soon +twisted.--Rocks, Md. to Ga., west to Ind. and Mo. Aug., Sept. + +2. H. Rugelii, Shuttlw. Stems slender, 1/2--2 deg. high, glandular-hirsute, as +well as the petioles, etc.; _leaves round-reniform, with 7--9 short and +broad rounded lobes_; flowers very small (1'' long); petals +linear-spatulate, twice as long as the calyx-lobes; fruit +narrow.--Shaded cliffs, S. Ill. to Tenn. and N. C. + +3. H. Americana, L. (COMMON ALUM-ROOT.) Stems (2--3 deg. high), etc., +_glandular_ and more or less _hirsute with short hairs_; leaves +roundish, with short rounded lobes and crenate teeth; _calyx very +broad_, 2'' long, the _spatulate petals not longer than its +lobes_.--Rocky woodlands, Conn. to N. C., west to Minn., Mo., and Miss. + +[*][*] _Flowers larger, in a very narrow panicle; calyx (3--4'' long) +more or less oblique; stamens short; leaves rounded, slightly +5--9-lobed._ + +4. H. hispida, Pursh. Stems 2--4 deg. high; _hispid or hirsute_ with long +spreading hairs (occasionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular; +_stamens soon exserted, longer than the spatulate petals_.--Mountains of +Va. and N. C., west to Minn. and E. Kan. May, June. + +5. H. pubescens, Pursh. Stem (1--3 deg. high) and petioles +_granular-pubescent or glandular above_, not hairy, below often +glabrous; _stamens shorter than the lobes of the calyx_ and the +spatulate petals.--Rich woods, in the mountains, from Penn. to Ky., and +southward. June, July. + + +8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. + +Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; the blunt lobes 4--5, yellow within. +Petals none. Stamens 8--10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. +Styles 2. Capsule inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very +short, 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, 2-valved at the top, +many-seeded.--Low and small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, +and small solitary or leafy-cymed flowers. (Name compounded of [Greek: +chryso/s], _golden_, and [Greek: sple/n], _the spleen_; probably from +some reputed medicinal qualities.) + +1. C. Americanum, Schwein. Stems slender, _decumbent_ and forking; +_leaves principally opposite_, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, +obscurely crenate-lobed; _flowers distant_, inconspicuous, _nearly +sessile_ (greenish tinged with yellow or purple).--Cold wet places, +N. Scotia to N. Ga., west to Minn. + +2. C. alternifolium, L. _Stems erect; leaves alternate_, +reniform-cordate, doubly crenate or somewhat lobed; _flowers +corymbose_.--Decorah, Iowa, west to the Rocky Mts., and north through +Brit. Amer. (Eu., Asia.) + + +9. PARNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS. + +Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, slightly united at the base, and +sometimes also with the base of the ovary, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, +spreading, at length deciduous, imbricated in the bud; a cluster of +somewhat united gland-tipped sterile filaments at the base of each. +Proper stamens 5, alternate with the petals, persistent; anthers +introrse or subextrorse. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 projecting parietal +placentae; stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentae. Capsule +4-valved, the valves bearing the placentae on their middle. Seeds very +numerous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and little if any +albumen. Embryo straight; cotyledons very short.--Perennial smooth +herbs, with entire leaves, and solitary flowers on long scape-like +stems, which usually bear a single sessile leaf. Petals white, with +greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus; called Grass +of Parnassus by Dioscorides.) + +1. P. parviflora, DC. _Petals sessile_, little longer than the calyx +(3'' long); _sterile filaments about 7 in each set, slender; leaves +ovate or oblong_, tapering at base.--Sandy banks, Lab. to Mich., +N. Minn., and westward. + +2. P. palustris, L. Scapes 3--10' high; leaves heart-shaped; flower +nearly 1' broad; _petals sessile_, rather longer than the calyx, +few-veined; _sterile filaments 9--15 in each set, slender_.--Same range +as the last. (Eu.) + +3. P. Caroliniana, Michx. Scapes 9'--2 deg. high; flower 1--11/2' broad; +_petals sessile_, more than twice as long as the calyx, many-veined; +_sterile filaments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to the base_; +leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often heart shaped, usually but one +low down on the scape and clasping.--Wet banks, N. Brunswick to Fla., +west to Minn., Iowa, and La. + +4. P. asarifolia, Vent. _Petals abruptly contracted into a claw_ at +base; _sterile filaments 3 in each set; leaves rounded, kidney-shaped_; +otherwise as in the foregoing.--High mountains of Va. and N. C. + + +10. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. + +Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8--10 ribbed, coherent with the ovary, the +limb 4--5-toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8--10, +slender. Capsule 15-ribbed, crowned with the 2 diverging styles, +2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a hole between the +styles.--Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, no stipules, and +numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal flowers are usually +sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a showy membranaceous and +colored flat and dilated calyx. (Name from [Greek: y(/dor], _water_, and +[Greek: a)/ggos], _a vase_, from the shape of the capsule.) + +1. H. arborescens, L. (WILD HYDRANGEA.) Glabrous or nearly so, 1--8 deg. +high; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, _green both +sides_; cymes flat; flowers often all fertile, rarely all +radiant.--Rocky banks, Penn. to Fla., west to Iowa and Mo. + +2. H. radiata, Walt. Leaves _densely tomentose and paler or white +beneath_.--S. C. and Ga. to Tenn. and Mo. + + +11. DECUMARIA, L. + +Flowers all fertile. Calyx-tube turbinate, 7--10-toothed, coherent with +the ovary. Petals oblong, valvate in the bud. Stamens 20--30. Styles +united into one, persistent. Stigma thick, 7--10-rayed. Capsule +10--15-ribbed, 7--10-celled, many-seeded, bursting at the sides, the +thin partitions at length separating into numerous chaffy scales.--A +smooth climbing shrub, with opposite ovate or oblong entire or serrate +leaves, no stipules, and numerous fragrant white flowers in compound +terminal cymes. (Name said to be derived from _decem_, ten, referring to +the fact of its being often 10-merous.) + +1. D. barbara, L. Leaves shining, sometimes pubescent; capsule with the +persistent style and stigma urn-shaped, pendulous.--Banks of streams; +Dismal Swamp, Va., to Fla. and La. + + +12. PHILADELPHUS, L. MOCK ORANGE or SYRINGA. + +Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary; the limb 4--5-parted, +spreading, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, +large, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20--40. Styles 3--5, united below +or nearly to the top. Stigmas oblong or linear. Capsule 3--5-celled, +splitting at length into as many pieces. Seeds very numerous, on thick +placentae projecting from the axis, pendulous, with a loose membranaceous +coat prolonged at both ends.--Shrubs, with opposite often toothed +leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustered showy white +flowers. (An ancient name, applied by Linnaeus to this genus for no +obvious reason.) + +1. P. inodorus, L. _Glabrous_; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, +entire or with some spreading teeth; flowers single or few at the ends +of the diverging branches, pure white, scentless; _calyx-lobes acute_, +scarcely longer than the tube.--Mountains of Va. to Ga. and Ala. + +2. P. grandiflorus, Willd. A tall shrub, with long and recurved +branches; like the last, but _somewhat pubescent_, with _larger +flowers_, and the _calyx-lobes long and taper-pointed_. (P. modorus, +var. grandiflorus, _Gray_.)--Along streams, Va. to Fla. Often +cultivated. + +P. CORONARIUS, L., the common MOCK ORANGE or SYRINGA of cultivation, +from S. Eu., with cream-colored odorous flowers, has sometimes escaped. + + +13. ITEA, Gronov. + +Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary or nearly so. Petals 5, lanceolate, +much longer than the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Capsule +oblong, 2-grooved, 2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted +(septicidal) when mature, several-seeded.--Shrubs, with simple, +alternate, petioled leaves, without stipules, and small white flowers in +simple racemes. (Greek name of the Willow.) + +1. I. Virginica, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, pointed, minutely serrate; +seeds oval, flattish, with a crustaceous coat.--Wet places, Penn. and +N. J. to Fla., west to Mo. and La. + + +14. RIBES, L. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY. + +Calyx 5-lobed, often colored; the tube coherent with the ovary. Petals +5, inserted in the throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 5, alternate with +the petals. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae and 2 distinct or +united styles. Berry crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx, +the surface of the numerous seeds swelling into a gelatinous outer coat +investing a crustaceous one. Embryo minute at the base of hard +albumen.--Low, sometimes prickly shrubs, with alternate and +palmately-lobed leaves, which are plaited in the bud (except in one +species), often fascicled on the branches; the small flowers from the +same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. (From _riebs_, a German +popular name for the currant. Grossularia was the proper name to have +been adopted for the genus.) + +Sec. 1. GROSSULARIA. (GOOSEBERRY.) _Stems mostly bearing thorns at the base +of the leafstalks or clusters of leaves, and often with scattered +bristly prickles; berries prickly or smooth. (Our species are +indiscriminately called_ WILD GOOSEBERRY; _the flowers greenish.)_ + +[*] _Peduncles 1--3-flowered; calyx as high as broad; leaves +roundish-heart-shaped, 3--5-lobed._ + +[+] _Calyx-lobes decidedly shorter than the tube; berries apt to be +prickly._ + +1. R. Cynosbati, L. Stamens and undivided style not longer than the +broadly bell-shaped calyx; berries large, armed with long prickles or +rarely smooth.--Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to the mountains of N. C., and +west to Minn. and Mo. + +[+][+] _Calyx-lobes decidedly longer than the short and rather narrow +tube; berries smooth, purple, sweet and pleasant._ + +2. R. gracile, Michx. (MISSOURI GOOSEBERRY.) Spines often long, stout +and red; _peduncles long and slender; flowers white_ or whitish; +filaments capillary, 4--6'' _long_, generally connivent or closely +parallel, soon _conspicuously longer than the oblong-linear +calyx-lobes_. (R. rotundifolium, _Man._, in part.)--Mich. to Tenn., +west to Tex., Minn., and the Rocky Mts. + +3. R. rotundifolium, Michx. Spines short; _peduncles short; +flowers greenish_ or the lobes dull purplish; filaments slender, +2--3'' _long, more or less exceeding the narrowly oblong-spatulate +calyx-lobes_.--W. Mass, and N. Y., south in the Alleghanies to N. C. + +4. R. oxyacanthoides, L. _Peduncles very short, flowers greenish or dull +purplish; stamens usually scarcely equalling the rather broadly oblong +calyx-lobes_. (R. hirtellum, _Michx._)--Newf. to N. J., west to Ind., +Minn., and westward. The common smooth-fruited gooseberry of the north, +the whitish spines often numerous. + +[*][*] _Flowers several in a nodding raceme, small and flattish, +greenish._ + +5. R. lacustre, Poir. Young stems clothed with bristly prickles and with +weak thorns; leaves heart-shaped, 3--5-parted, with the lobes deeply +cut; calyx broad and flat; stamens and style not longer than the petals; +fruit bristly (small, unpleasant).--Cold woods and swamps, Newf. to +N. Eng., west to N. Y., Mich., and Minn. + +Sec. 2. RIBESIA. (CURRANT.) _Thornless and prickless; racemes +few--many-flowered, stamens short._ + +6. R. prostratum, L'Her. (FETID CURRANT.) Stems reclined; leaves deeply +heart-shaped, 5--7-lobed, smooth, the lobes ovate, acute, doubly +serrate; _racemes erect_, slender, calyx flattish; _pedicels and the +(pale red) fruit glandular-bristly_.--Cold damp woods and rocks, Lab. to +mountains of N. C., west to Mich., Minn., and the Rocky Mts. + +7. R. floridum, L'Her. (WILD BLACK CURRANT.) _Leaves sprinkled with +resinous dots_, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3--5-lobed, doubly +serrate; _racemes drooping, downy; bracts longer than the pedicels_; +flowers large, whitish; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, smooth; _fruit +round-ovoid, black, smooth_.--Woods, N. Eng. to Va., west to Ky., Iowa, +and Minn. + +8. R. rubrum, L., var. subglandulosum, Maxim. (RED CURRANT.) Stems +straggling or reclined; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely +3--5-lobed, serrate, downy beneath when young; _racemes from lateral +buds distinct from the leaf-buds, drooping_, calyx flat (green or +purplish); _fruit globose, smooth, red_.--Cold bogs and damp woods, +N. Eng. to N. J., west to Ind. and Minn. + +Sec. 3. SIPHOCALYX. _Thornless and prickless; leaves convolute in the bud; +racemes several-flowered; calyx-tube elongated; berry naked and +glabrous._ + +9. R. aureum, Pursh. (MISSOURI or BUFFALO CURRANT.) Shrub 5--12 deg. high; +leaves 3--5-lobed, rarely at all cordate; racemes short; flowers +golden-yellow, spicy-fragrant; tube of salverform calyx (6'' long or +less) 3 or 4 times longer than the oval lobes; stamens short; berries +yellow or black.--Banks of streams, Mo. and Ark. to the Rocky Mts., and +westward. Common in cultivation. + + +ORDER 36. CRASSULACEAE. (ORPINE FAMILY.) + +_Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers; viz., the petals +and pistils equalling the sepals in number (3--20), and the stamens the +same or double their number_,--technically different from Saxifrageae +only in this complete symmetry, and in the carpels (in most of the +genera) being quite distinct from each other. Also, instead of a +perigynous disk, there are usually little scales on the receptacle, one +behind each carpel. Fruit dry and dehiscent; the pods (follicles) +opening down the ventral suture, many-rarely few-seeded.--Stipules none. +Flowers usually cymose, small. Leaves mostly sessile, in Penthorum not +at all fleshy. + +[*] Not succulent; the carpels united, forming a 5-celled capsule. + +1. Penthorum. Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-beaked, +many-seeded. + +[*][*] Leaves, etc., thick and succulent. Carpels distinct. + +2. Tillaea. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Seeds few or +many. + +3. Sedum. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Stamens 8--10. Seeds many. + + +1. PENTHORUM, Gronov. DITCH STONE-CROP. + +Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, +forming a 5-angled, 5-horned, and 5-celled capsule, which opens by the +falling off of the beaks, many-seeded.--Upright weed-like perennials +(not fleshy like the rest of the family), with scattered leaves, and +yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked along the upper side of the naked +branches of the cyme. (Name from [Greek: pe/nte], _five_, and [Greek: +o(/ros], _a mark_, from the quinary order of the flower.) + +1. P. sedoides, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends.--Open wet +places, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. +July--Oct. Parts of the flower rarely in sixes or sevens. + + +2. TILLAEA, Mich. + +Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2--many-seeded.--Very +small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. +(Named in honor of _Michael Angelo Tilli_, an early Italian botanist.) + +1. T. simplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base (1--2' high); leaves +linear-oblong; flowers solitary, nearly sessile; calyx half the length +of the (greenish-white) petals and the narrow 8--10-seeded pods, the +latter with a scale at the base of each.--Muddy river-banks, Mass. to +Md. July--Sept. + + +3. SEDUM, Tourn. STONE-CROP. ORPINE. + +Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Follicles many-seeded; a +little scale at the base of each.--Chiefly perennial, smooth, and +thick-leaved herbs, with the flowers cymose or one-sided. Petals almost +always narrow and acute or pointed. (Name from _sedeo_, to sit, alluding +to the manner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and +walls.) + +[*] _Flowers perfect and sessile, as it were spiked along one side of +spreading flowering branches or of the divisions of a scorpioid cyme, +the first or central flower mostly 5-merous and 10-androus, the others +often 4-merous and 8-androus._ + +[+] _Flowers white or purple._ + +1. S. pulchellum, Michx. Stems ascending or trailing (4--12' high); +_leaves terete, linear-filiform_, much crowded; spikes of the cyme +several, densely flowered; _petals rose-purple_.--Va. to Ga., west to +Ky., E. Kan., and Tex.; also cultivated in gardens. July. + +2. S. Nevii, Gray. Stems spreading, simple (3--5' high); _leaves all +alternate_, those of the sterile shoots _wedge-obovate or spatulate_, on +flowering stems _linear-spatulate_ and flattish; cyme about 3-spiked, +densely flowered; _petals white_, more pointed than in the next; the +flowering 3 or 4 weeks later; leaves and blossoms smaller.--Rocky +cliffs, mountains of Va. to Ala. + +3. S. ternatum, Michx. Stems spreading (3--6' high); _leaves flat, the +lower whorled in threes, wedge-obovate_, the upper scattered, _oblong_; +cyme 3-spiked, leafy; _petals white_.--Rocky woods, N. Y. to Ga., west +to Ind. and Tenn. + +[+][+] _Flowers yellow._ + +S. ACRE, L. (MOSSY STONE-CROP.) Spreading on the ground, moss-like; +leaves very small, alternate, almost imbricated on the branches, ovate, +very thick; petals yellow.--Escaped from cultivation to rocky roadsides, +etc. July. (Nat. from Eu.) + +4. S. Torreyi, Don. Annual; stems simple or branched from the base +(2--4' high); _leaves flat_ or teretish, scattered, _oblong_, 2--3'' +long; petals rather longer than the _ovate sepals_; carpels at length +widely divergent.--Mo. to Ark. and Tex. + +[*][*] _Flowers in a terminal naked and regular cyme or cluster, more or +less peduncled; leaves flat, obovate or oblong, mostly alternate._ + +[+] _Flowers perfect, 5-merous, 10-androus._ + +5. S. telephioides, Michx. Stems ascending (6--12' high), stout, leafy +to the top; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed; cyme +small; _petals flesh-color_, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed; _follicles +tapering into a slender style_.--Dry rocks, N. J. to Ga., west to +western N. Y. and S. Ind. June. + +S. TELEPHIUM, L. (GARDEN ORPINE or LIVE-FOR-EVER.) Stems erect (2 deg. +high), stout; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound; _petals +purple_, oblong-lanceolate; _follicles abruptly pointed with a short +style_.--Rocks and banks, escaped from cultivation in some places. July. +(Adv. from Eu.) + +S. REFLEXUM, L. Glabrous, erect, 1 deg. high; _leaves crowded, cylindric, +subulate-tipped, spreading or reflexed; flowers yellow_, +pedicelled.--Coast of Mass.; western N. Y.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[+][+] _Flowers dioecious, mostly 4-merous and 8-androus._ + +6. S. Rhodiola, DC. (ROSEROOT.) Stems erect (5--10' high); leaves oblong +or oval, smaller than in the preceding; flowers in a close cyme, +greenish-yellow, or the fertile turning purplish.--Throughout Arctic +America, extending southward to the coast of Maine, and cliffs of +Delaware River; also in the western mountains. May, June. (Eu.) + + +ORDER 37. DROSERACEAE. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) + +_Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, +pentamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the +anthers fixed by the middle and turned outward, and a 1-celled capsule +with twice as many styles or stigmas as there are parietal +placentae._--Calyx imbricated. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, +anatropous, with a short and minute embryo at the base of the +albumen.--Leaves circinate in the bud, i.e., rolled up from the apex to +the base as in Ferns. A small family of insectivorous plants. + + +1. DROSERA, L. SUNDEW. + +Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are +taken for 6 or 10, slender, stigmatose above on the inner face. Capsule +3- (rarely 5-) valved; the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their +middle for the whole length.--Low perennials or biennials; the leaves +clothed with reddish gland-bearing bristles, in our species all in a +tuft at the base; the naked scape bearing the flowers in a 1-sided +raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the undeveloped apex, so that +the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine) is always highest. +The plants yield a purple stain to paper. (The glands of the leaves +exude drops of a clear glutinous fluid, glittering like dew-drops, +whence the name, from [Greek: drosero/s], _dewy_.) + +1. D. rotundifolia, L. (ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW.) _Leaves orbicular_, +abruptly narrowed into the _spreading hairy petioles_; seeds +spindle-shaped, the coat loose and chaff-like; flowers white, the parts +sometimes in sixes.--Peat-bogs, Lab. to Minn., Ind., and southward; +common. July, Aug. (Eu.) + +2. D. intermedia, Hayne, var. Americana, DC. _Leaves spatulate-oblong_, +tapering into the long rather _erect naked petioles_; seeds oblong, with +a rough close coat; flowers white. (D. longifolia, _Gray_, +Manual.)--Bogs, with the same range but less common. June--Aug.--Plant +raised on its prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.) + +3. D. linearis, Goldie. (SLENDER SUNDEW.) _Leaves linear_, obtuse, the +blade (2--3' long, scarcely 2'' wide) _on naked erect petioles_ about +the same length; seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat; +flowers white.--Shore of L. Superior, Mich., and Minn. + +4. D. filiformis, Raf. (THREAD-LEAVED SUNDEW.) _Leaves very long and +filiform_, erect, with no distinction between blade and stalk; seeds +spindle-shaped; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (1/2' broad).--Wet +sand, near the coast, Mass. to N. J. and Fla. + + * * * * * + +DIONAEA MUSCIPULA, Ellis, the VENUS'S FLY-TRAP,--so noted for the +extraordinary irritability of its leaves, closing quickly at the +touch,--is a native of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of N. C. +It differs in several respects from the character of the order given +above; the stamens being 15, the styles united into one, and the seeds +all at the base of the pod. + + +ORDER 38. HAMAMELIDEAE. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) + +_Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules; +flowers in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monoecious; the calyx +cohering with the base of the ovary, which consists of 2 pistils united +below, and forms a 2-beaked, 2-celled woody capsule, opening at the +summit, with a single bony seed in each cell, or several, only one or +two of them ripening._--Petals inserted on the calyx, narrow, valvate or +involute in the bud, or often none at all. Stamens twice as many as the +petals, and half of them sterile and changed into scales, or numerous. +Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight, in scanty albumen; +cotyledons broad and flat. + +[*] Flowers with a manifest calyx, or calyx and corolla, and a single +ovule suspended from the summit of each cell. + +1. Hamamelis. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short. + +2. Fothergilla. Petals none. Stamens about 24, long; filaments thickened +upward. + +[*][*] Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx and no corolla, +crowded into catkin-like heads. Ovules several or many in each cell. + +3. Liquidambar. Monoecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. +Capsules consolidated by their bases in a dense head. + + +1. HAMAMELIS, L. WITCH-HAZEL. + +Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a +scale-like 3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets +at its base. Petals 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute +in the bud. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the petals +anther-bearing, the others imperfect and scale-like. Styles 2, short. +Capsule opening loculicidally from the top; the outer coat separating +from the inner, which encloses the single large and bony seed in each +cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces.--Tall shrubs, with +straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From +[Greek: a(/ma], _at the same time with_, and [Greek: meli/s], _an +apple-tree_; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or some similar +tree.) + +1. H. Virginiana, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat +downy when young; blossoming late in autumn, when the leaves are +falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer.--Damp woods, N. Scotia +to Fla., west to E. Minn. and La. + + +2. FOTHERGILLA, L. + +Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx +bell-shaped, the summit truncate, slightly 5--7-toothed. Petals none. +Stamens about 24, borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all +alike; filaments very long, thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, +slender. Capsule cohering with the base of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, +with a single bony seed in each cell.--A low shrub; the oval or obovate +leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the summit; the flowers +appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by a scale-like +bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished _Dr. John Fothergill_.) + +1. F. Gardeni, L. (F. alnifolia, _L. f._)--Low grounds, Va. to N. C. +April, May. + + +3. LIQUIDAMBAR, L. SWEET-GUM TREE. + +Flowers usually monoecious, in globular heads or catkins; the sterile +arranged in a conical cluster, naked; stamens very numerous, intermixed +with minute scales; filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many +2-celled 2-beaked ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a +calyx, all more or less cohering together and hardening in fruit, +forming a spherical catkin or head; the capsules opening between the 2 +awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side. Ovules many, +but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled +seed-coat.--Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved +deciduous involucre. (A mongrel name, from _liquidus_, fluid, and the +Arabic _ambar_, amber; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice +which exudes from the tree.) + +1. L. Styraciflua, L. (SWEET GUM. BILSTED.) Leaves rounded, deeply +5--7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes +pointed.--Moist woods, from Conn. to S. Ill., and south to Fla. and Tex. +April.--A large and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray +bark commonly with corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when +bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn. The woody pods filled mostly +with abortive seeds, resembling sawdust. + + +ORDER 39. HALORAGEAE. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.) + +_Aquatic or marsh plants (at least in northern countries), with the +inconspicuous symmetrical_ (perfect or unisexual) _flowers sessile in +the axils of leaves or bracts, calyx-tube coherent with the ovary_ (or +calyx and corolla wanting in Callitriche), _which consists of 2--4 more +or less united carpels_ (or in Hippuris of only one carpel), _the styles +or sessile stigmas distinct_. Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short +in fertile flowers. Petals small or none. Stamens 1--8. Fruit +indehiscent, 1--4-celled, with a single anatropous seed suspended from +the summit of each cell. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen; +cotyledons minute. + +1. Myriophyllum. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, the parts in fours, +with or without petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Leaves often whorled, the +immersed pinnately dissected. + +2. Proserpinaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. +Leaves alternate, the immersed pinnately dissected. + +3. Hippuris. Flowers usually perfect. Petals none. Stamen, style, and +cell of the ovary only one. Leaves entire, in whorls. + +4. Callitriche. Flowers monoecious. Calyx and petals none. Stamen 1. +Ovary 4-celled, with 2 filiform styles. Leaves entire, opposite. + + +1. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. WATER-MILFOIL. + +Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, +of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4--8. Fruit +nut-like, 4-celled, deeply 4-lobed; stigmas 4, recurved.--Perennial +aquatics. Leaves crowded, often whorled; those under water pinnately +parted into capillary divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the +upper leaves, usually above water in summer; the uppermost staminate. +(Name from [Greek: myri/os], _a thousand_, and [Greek: phy/llon], _a +leaf_, i.e., Milfoil.) + +[*] _Stamens 8; petals deciduous; carpels even; leaves whorled in threes +or fours._ + +1. M. spicatum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except the +_floral ones or bracts_; these _ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly +shorter than the flowers_, which thus form an interrupted spike.--Deep +water, Newf. to N. Eng. and N. Y., west to Minn., Ark., and the +Pacific. (Eu.) + +2. M. verticillatum, L. _Floral leaves much longer than the flowers, +pectinate-pinnatifid_; otherwise nearly as n. 1.--Ponds, etc., common. +(Eu.) + +[*][*] _Stamens 4; petals rather persistent; carpels 1--2-ridged and +roughened on the back; leaves whorled in fours and fives, the lower with +capillary divisions._ + +3. M. heterophyllum, Michx. Stem stout; _floral leaves ovate and +lanceolate_, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid; +_fruit obscurely roughened._--Lakes and rivers, Ont. and N. Y. to Fla., +west to Minn. and Tex. + +4. M. scabratum, Michx. Stem rather slender; lower leaves pinnately +parted with few capillary divisions; _floral leaves linear_ (rarely +scattered), _pectinate-toothed or cut-serrate; carpels strongly 2-ridged +and roughened on the back_.--Shallow ponds, S. New Eng. to S. C., west +to Mo. and La. + +[*][*][*] _Stamens 4; petals rather persistent; carpels even on the +back, leaves chiefly scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems._ + +5. M. ambiguum, Nutt. _Immersed leaves pinnately parted_ into about 10 +very delicate capillary divisions; _the emerging ones pectinate, or the +upper floral linear_ and sparingly toothed or entire; _flowers mostly +perfect_; fruit (minute) smooth.--Ponds and ditches, Mass. to N. J. and +Penn.; also in Ind.--Var. CAPILLACEUM, Torr. & Gray, has stems +floating, long and very slender, and leaves all immersed and capillary. +Var. LIMOSUM, Torr., is small, rooting in the mud, with leaves all +linear, incised, toothed, or entire. + +6. M. tenellum, Bigelow. _Flowering stems nearly leafless and +scape-like_ (3--10' high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping +and tufted, bracts small, entire; _flowers alternate, monoecious_; fruit +smooth.--Borders of ponds, Newf. to N. Eng., west to Mich. + + +2. PROSERPINACA, L. MERMAID-WEED. + +Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. +Stamens 3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, +3-seeded, nut-like.--Low, perennial herbs, with the stems creeping at +base, alternate leaves, and small flowers sessile in the axils, solitary +or 3--4 together, in summer. (Name applied by Pliny to a Polygonum, +meaning _pertaining to Proserpine_.) + +1. P. palustris, L. _Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate_, the lower +pectinate when under water; fruit sharply angled.--Wet swamps, N. Eng. +to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex. + +2. P. pectinacea, Lam. _Leaves all pectinate_, the divisions +linear-awl-shaped; fruit rather obtusely angled.--Sandy swamps, near the +coast, Mass. to Fla. and La. + + +3. HIPPURIS, L. MARE'S TAIL. + +Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen one, +inserted on the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, +stigmatic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the +large anther. Fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded.--Perennial aquatics, +with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the +axils in summer. (Name from [Greek: i(/ppos] _a horse_, and [Greek: +ou)ra/], _a tail_.) + +1. H. vulgaris, L. Stems simple (1--2 deg. high); leaves in whorls of 8 or +12, linear, acute; fruit nearly 1'' long.--Ponds and springs, Penn. to +Ind. and Minn., and northward. (Eu.) + + +4. CALLITRICHE, L. WATER-STARWORT. + +Flowers monoecious, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same +leaf, wholly naked or between a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile +flower a single stamen; filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, +which by confluence becomes 1-celled, and opens by a single slit. +Fertile flower a single 4-celled ovary, either sessile or pedicelled, +bearing 2 distinct and filiform sessile, usually persistent stigmas. +Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4-lobed, 4-celled, separating at maturity +into as many closed 1-seeded portions. Seed pendulous, filling the cell; +embryo slender, straight or slightly curved, nearly the length of the +oily albumen.--Low, slender and usually tufted, glabrous, or beset with +minute (microscopic) stellate scales, with spatulate or linear entire +leaves, both forms of leaves often occurring on the same stem. (Name +from [Greek: kalo/s], _beautiful_, and [Greek: thri/x], _hair_, from the +often almost capillary stems.) + +[*] _Small annuals, forming tufts on moist soil, destitute of stellate +scales; leaves uniform, very small, obovate or oblanceolate, 3-nerved, +crowded; bracts none._ + +1. C. deflexa, Braun. var. Austini, Hegelm. Stems 1/2--1' high; fruit +small ({1/3}'' broad), broader than high, deeply notched above and +below, on a pedicel often nearly of its own length or nearly sessile; +lobes of the fruit narrowly winged and with a deep groove between them; +persistent stigmas shorter than the fruit, spreading or reflexed; leaves +1--2'' long. (C. Austini, _Engelm_)--On damp soil, N. Y. and N. J. to +Ill., Mo., and Tex. (S. Am.) + +[*][*] _Amphibious perennials; leaves with stellate scales, the floating +ones obovate and 3-nerved, the submersed linear (all uniform and narrow +in terrestrial forms) flowers usually between a pair of bracts._ + +2. C. verna, L. Fruit (1/2'' long) higher than broad, obovate, slightly +obcordate, usually thickest at the base, sessile, its lobes sharply +keeled or very narrowly winged above, and with a wide groove between +them; stigmas shorter than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous; +floating leaves crowded in a tuft, obovate, narrowed into a +petiole.--Common in stagnant waters, Penn. and N. J. to Fla., west to +Minn., Tex., and the Pacific. (Eu.) + +3. C. heterophylla, Pursh. Fruit smaller, as broad or broader than high, +deeply emarginate, thick, almost ventricose, sessile or nearly so, its +lobes obtusely angled, with a small groove between them; stigmas as long +as the fruit, erect, persistent; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, +broadly spatulate, often retuse, abruptly narrowed into a long +petiole.--Stagnant water, N. Y. and N. J. to S. Ind. and Mo. + +[*][*][*] _Submersed perennial, with numerous uniform linear 1-nerved +leaves; flowers without bracts; carpels separate nearly to the axis._ + +4 C. autumnalis, L. Stems 3--6' high; fruit large (1'' wide or more), +flattened, circular, deeply and narrowly notched, sessile or nearly so, +its lobes broadly winged, and with a very deep and narrow groove between +them; stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous; leaves all linear from a +broader base, retuse or notched at the tip (2--6'' long).--W. Mass., +Lake Champlain and N. New York, Lake Superior, and westward. (Eu.) + + +ORDER 40. MELASTOMACEAE. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) + +_Plants with opposite 3--7-ribbed leaves, and definite stamens, the +anthers opening by pores at the apex; otherwise much as in the_ +Onagraceae.--All tropical, except the genus + + +1. RHEXIA, L. DEER-GRASS. MEADOW-BEAUTY. + +Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued +above it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the +bud, oblique, inserted along with the 8 stamens on the summit of the +calyx-tube. Anthers long, 1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1; stigma +1. Capsule invested by the permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded +placentae projecting from the central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail +shell, without albumen.--Low perennial herbs, often bristly, with mostly +sessile 3--5-nerved and bristly-edged leaves, and large showy cymose +flowers; in summer; the petals falling early. (A name in Pliny for some +unknown plant, probably from [Greek: r(e~xis], _a crevice_, from the +place of growth.) + +[*] _Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the +attachment of the filament above its base; flowers cymose, peduncled._ + +1. R. Virginica, L. _Stem square_, with wing-like angles; _leaves +oval-lanceolate, sessile, acute_; calyx-tube and pedicels more or less +hispid with gland-tipped hairs; petals bright purple.--Sandy swamps; +coast of Maine to Fla., west to northern N. Y., Ind., Mo., and La. +Slender rootstocks tuberiferous. + +2. R. aristosa, Britt. Branches somewhat wing-angled; leaves +linear-oblong, sessile, not narrowed at base, naked or very sparsely +hairy; hairs of the calyx mostly below the throat, not gland-tipped; +petals sparsely villous, bright purple.--Egg Harbor City, N. J. (_J. E. +Peters_); also Sumter Co., S. C. (_J. D. Smith_). + +3. R. Mariana, L. _Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-oblong_, narrowed +below, mostly petiolate; petals paler.--Sandy swamps; N. J. to Fla., +west to Mo. and La. + +[*][*] _Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur; flowers few, +sessile._ + +4. R. ciliosa, Michx. Stem square, glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, +ciliate with long bristles; calyx glabrous.--Md. to Fla. and La. + + +ORDER 41. LYTHRACEAE. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx +enclosing but free from the 1--4-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous +capsule, and bearing the 4--7 deciduous petals and 4--14 stamens on its +throat; the latter lower down. Style 1; stigma capitate, or rarely +2-lobed._--Flowers axillary or whorled, rarely irregular, perfect, +sometimes dimorphous or even trimorphous, those on different plants with +filaments and style reciprocally longer and shorter. Petals sometimes +wanting. Capsule often 1-celled by the early breaking away of the thin +partitions; placentae in the axis. Seeds anatropous, without +albumen.--Branches usually 4-sided. + +[*] Flowers regular or nearly so. + +[+] Flowers mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves, sessile or +nearly so. + +1. Didiplis. Calyx short, without appendages. Petals none. Stamens 4. +Capsule indehiscent. Small aquatic. + +2. Rotala. Calyx short, the sinuses appendaged. Petals and stamens 4. +Capsule septicidal, with 3--4 valves. + +3. Ammannia. Flowers not trimorphous. Petals generally 4 or none. +Stamens 4. Capsule bursting irregularly. + +[+][+] Flowers in 3--many-flowered axillary cymes (rarely solitary). + +4. Lythrum. Calyx tubular. Petals usually 6. Stamens mostly 6 or 12. +Flowers cymose-spicate in one species. + +5. Decodon. Flowers trimorphous. Petals 5 (rarely 4). Stamens 8--10. +Capsule 3--4-valved, loculicidal. + +[*][*] Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical, with 6 petals and 11 +stamens. + +6. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at base. Petals +unequal. + + +1. DIDIPLIS, Raf. WATER PURSLANE. + +Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with no appendages at the +sinuses (or a mere callous point). Petals none. Stamens 4, short. +Capsule globular, indehiscent, 2-celled.--Submersed aquatic (sometimes +terrestrial), rooting in the mud, with opposite linear leaves, and very +small greenish flowers solitary in their axils. ("Didiplis means _two +doubling_;" from [Greek: dis], _twice_, and [Greek: diploos], _double_.) + +1. D. linearis, Raf. Leaves when submersed elongated, thin, closely +sessile by a broad base, when emersed shorter and contracted at base; +calyx with broad triangular lobes; style very short; capsules very +small. (Ammannia Nuttallii, _Gray_.)--From Minn. and Wisc. to Tex., east +to N. C. and Fla. + + +2. ROTALA, L. + +Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with tooth-like appendages at +the sinuses (abnormally, in our species). Petals 4 (in ours). Stamens 4, +short. Capsule globular, 4-celled, septicidal, the valves (under a +strong lens) transversely and densely striate. (Name a diminutive of +_rota_, a wheel, from the whorled leaves of the original species.) + +1. R. ramosior, Koehne. Leaves tapering at base or into a short petiole, +linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate; flowers solitary (rarely 3) +in the axils and sessile; accessory teeth of calyx as long as the lobes +or shorter. (Ammannia humilis, _Michx._)--Low or wet ground, Mass. to +Fla., west to Ind., Kan., and Tex.--With Ammannia-like habit, an +exception in the genus. + + +3. AMMANNIA, Houston. + +Flowers in 3--many-flowered axillary cymes. Calyx globular or +bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with a little horn-shaped +appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, +sometimes wanting. Stamens 4--8. Capsule globular, 2--4-celled, +bursting irregularly.--Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs, with opposite +narrow leaves, and small flowers in their axils, produced all summer. +(Named after _Paul Ammann_, a German botanist anterior to Linnaeus.) + +1. A. coccinea, Rottb. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2--3' long), with a +broad auricled sessile base; cymes subsessile, dense; petals purplish; +stamens more or less exserted; style usually slender; capsule included. +(A. latifolia, _Gray_, Manual, not _L._)--N. J. to Fla., west to +S. Ind., Kan., and Tex. The style varies much in length, sometimes in +the same specimen. Apparently the more developed form of the southern A. +latifolium, L., which, as limited by Koehne, has apetalous flowers, with +included stamens and short style. + + +4. LYTHRUM, L. LOOSESTRIFE. + +Calyx cylindrical, striate, 5--7-toothed, with as many little processes +in the sinuses. Petals 5--7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the +number, inserted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Capsule +oblong, 2-celled.--Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly +sessile leaves, and purple (rarely white) flowers; produced in summer. +(Name from [Greek: ly/thron], _blood_; perhaps from the styptic +properties of some species.) + +[*] _Stamens and petals 5--7; flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile +in the axils of the mostly scattered upper leaves; proper calyx-teeth +often shorter than the intermediate processes; plants smooth._ + +1. L. Hyssopifolia, L. Low annual (6--10' high), pale; leaves +oblong-linear, obtuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers; petals +pale-purple; stamens usually 4--6, included.--Marshes, near the coast, +Maine to N. J. (Eu.) + +2. L. lineare, L. Stem slender and tall (3--4 deg. high), bushy at top, +_with 2 margined angles; leaves linear, chiefly opposite_; petals +whitish; flowers with 6 included stamens and a short style, or the +stamens exserted and style short; _ovary on a thick short stalk; no +fleshy hypogynous ring_.--Brackish marshes, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. + +3. L. alatum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial; _branches with +margined angles; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute, with a +cordate or rounded base_, the upper mostly _alternate; calyx 2--4'' +long_; petals rather large, deep-purple; _stamens of the short-styled +flowers exserted; fleshy hypogynous ring prominent_.--Ont. to Minn., +south to Ga., Ark., and Col.; also near Boston. + +[*][*] _Stamens 12 (rarely 8 or 10), twice the number of the petals, 6 +longer and 6 shorter; flowers large, crowded and whorled in an +interrupted spike._ + +L. SALICARIA, L. (SPIKED LOOSESTRIFE.) More or less downy and tall; +leaves lanceolate, heart-shaped at base, sometimes whorled in threes; +flowers purple, trimorphous in the relative lengths of the stamens and +style.--Wet meadows, N. Scotia to Del. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +5. DECODON, Gmel. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE. + +Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5--7 erect +teeth, and as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the +sinuses. Petal 5. Stamens 10 (rarely 8), exserted, of two lengths. +Capsule globose, 3--5-celled, loculicidal.--Perennial herbs or slightly +shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary clusters +of trimorphous flowers. (Name from [Greek: de/ka], _ten_, and [Greek: +o)dou/s], _tooth_.) + +1. D. verticillatus, Ell. Smooth or downy; stems recurved (2--8 deg. long), +4--6-sided; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the +upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels; petals 5, +wedge-lanceolate, rose-purple (1/2' long); stamens 10, half of them +shorter. (Nesaea verticillata, _HBK._)--Swampy grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., +west to Ont., Minn., and La. Bark of the lower part of the stem often +spongy-thickened. + + +6. CUPHEA, Jacq. + +Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at +the base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as +many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens +mostly 12, approximate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved +gland at the base next the spur of the calyx, 1--2-celled; style +slender; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong, few-seeded, early ruptured +through one side.--Flowers solitary or racemose, stalked. (Name from +[Greek: kypho/s], _gibbous_, from the shape of the calyx.) + +1. C. viscosissima, Jacq. (CLAMMY CUPHEA.) Annual, very viscid-hairy, +branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple; +seeds flat, borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out +of the ruptured capsule.--Dry fields, R. I. to Ga., west to Kan. and La. + + +ORDER 42. ONAGRACEAE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with 4-merous (sometimes 2--3- or 5--6-merous) perfect and +symmetrical flowers; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2--4-celled +ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, or obsolete, the petals convolute +in the bud, sometimes wanting; and the stamens as many or twice as many +as the petals or calyx-lobes_, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. +Style single, slender; stigma 2--4-lobed or capitate. Pollen grains +often connected by cobwebby threads. Seeds anatropous, small, without +albumen.--Mostly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves. Stipules none +or glandular. + +[*] Parts of the flower in fours or more. + +[+] Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually loculicidal. + +[++] Calyx-limb divided to the summit of the ovary, persistent. + +1. Jussiaea. Petals 4--6. Stamens twice as many. Capsule elongated. + +2. Ludwigia. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsule short. + +[++][++] Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary (scarcely so in n. 3) and +deciduous from it. Flowers 4-merous. + +3. Epilobium. Seeds silky-tufted. Flowers small, not yellow. Lower +leaves often opposite. + +4. OEnothera. Seeds naked. Flowers mostly yellow. Leaves alternate. + +[+][+] Fruit dry and indehiscent, 1--4-seeded. Leaves alternate. + +5. Gaura. Calyx-tube obconical. Filaments appendaged at base. + +6. Stenosiphon. Calyx-tube filiform. Filaments not appendaged. + +[*][*] Parts of the flower in twos. Leaves opposite. + +7. Circaea. Petals 2, obcordate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1--2-seeded, +bristly. + + +1. JUSSIAEA, L. + +Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary; the lobes +4--6, herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4--9. Stamens twice as many as +the petals. Capsule 4--6-celled, usually long, opening between the +ribs. Seeds very numerous.--Herbs (ours glabrous perennials), with +mostly entire and alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers, in +summer. (Dedicated to _Bernard de Jussieu_, the founder of the Natural +System of Botany.) + +1. J. decurrens, DC. _Stem erect_ (1--2 deg. high), branching, _winged_ by +the decurrent lanceolate leaves; _calyx-lobes 4_, as long as the petals; +_capsule oblong-club-shaped, wing-angled_; seeds in several rows in each +cell.--Wet places, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ill., Ark., and La. + +2. J. repens, L. _Stem creeping, or floating and rooting_; leaves +oblong, _tapering into a slender petiole_; flowers large, +long-peduncled; _calyx-lobes and obovate petals 5_; pod woody, +cylindrical, with a tapering base; seeds quadrate, in 1 row in each +cell, adherent to the spongy endocarp.--In water, Ill. and Ky. to +E. Kan., Ark., and Tex. + + +2. LUDWIGIA, L. FALSE LOOSESTRIFE. + +Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary; the lobes 4, usually +persistent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Capsule short +or cylindrical, many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked.--Perennial herbs, with +axillary (rarely capitate) flowers, through summer and autumn. (Named +for _C. G. Ludwig_, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with +Linnaeus.) + +[*] _Leaves all alternate, sessile or nearly so._ + +[+] _Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow +petals (4--8'' long), equalling the ovate or lanceolate foliaceous lobes +of the calyx._ + +1. L. alternifolia, L. (SEED-BOX.) _Smooth_ or nearly so, branched (3 deg. +high); _leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute or pointed at both +ends_; capsules cubical, rounded at base, wing-angled.--Swamps, E. Mass. +to Fla., west to Mich., E. Kan., and La. + +2. L. hirtella, Raf. _Hairy_ all over; stems nearly simple (1--2 deg. high); +_leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends_; capsules +nearly as in the last, but scarcely wing-angled.--Moist pine barrens, +N. J. to Fla. and Tex. + +[+][+] _Flowers small, sessile (solitary or sometimes clustered) in the +axils, with very small greenish petals (in n. 5) or mostly none; leaves +mostly lanceolate or linear on the erect stems (1--3 deg. high) and numerous +branches; but prostrate or creeping sterile shoots often produced from +the base, thickly beset with shorter obovate or spatulate leaves. (Our +species glabrous, except n. 3.)_ + +3. L. sphaerocarpa, Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or +nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering +at base, those of runners obovate with a wedge-shaped base and +glandular-denticulate; _bractlets minute, obsolete, or none; capsules +globular or depressed_ (sometimes acute at base), not longer than the +calyx-lobes (less than 2'' long).--Water or wet swamps, E. Mass. to Fla. +and La. Bark below often spongy-thickened. + +4. L. polycarpa, Short & Peter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at +both ends, those of the runners oblong-spatulate, acute, entire; +_bractlets linear-awl-shaped and conspicuous on the base of the 4-sided +somewhat top-shaped capsule_, which is longer than the calyx-lobes.--Wet +places, E. Mass. and Conn. to Mich., Minn., E. Kan., and Ky. + +5. L. linearis, Walt. Slender, mostly low; leaves narrowly linear, those +of the short runners obovate; minute petals usually present; _bractlets +minute at the base of the elongated top-shaped 4-sided capsule_, which +is 3'' long and much longer than the calyx-lobes.--Bogs, pine barrens of +N. J., and southward. + +6. L. cylindrica, Ell. Much branched; leaves oblong- or +spatulate-lanceolate, much tapering at the base or even petioled; +_bractlets very minute at the base of the cylindrical capsule_, which is +3'' long, and several times exceeds the calyx-lobes.--Swamps, S. Ill. to +Fla. and Tex. + +[*][*] _Leaves all opposite; stems creeping or floating._ + +7. L. palustris, Ell. (WATER PURSLANE.) Smooth; leaves ovate or oval, +tapering into a slender petiole; petals none, or small and reddish when +the plant grows out of water; calyx-lobes very short; capsules oblong, +4-sided, not tapering at base, sessile in the axils (2'' +long).--Ditches, common. (Eu.) + +8. L. arcuata, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping; leaves oblanceolate, +nearly sessile; flowers solitary, long-peduncled; petals yellow, +exceeding the calyx (3'' long); capsules oblong-club-shaped, somewhat +curved ({1/3}' long).--Swamps, Va. to Fla. + + +3. EPILOBIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB. + +Calyx-tube not or scarcely prolonged beyond the ovary; the limb 4-cleft +or -parted, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8; anthers short. Capsule +linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the end.--Mostly +perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple, or white +flowers; in summer. A large genus, many of its species of difficult +limitation. The following provisional arrangement has been made by Prof. +W. TRELEASE, mainly in accordance with Haussknecht's revision of the +genus. (Name composed of [Greek: e)pi/], _upon_, and [Greek: lo/bion], +_a little pod_.) + +Sec. 1. _Flowers large, purple, in a long raceme; calyx-limb deeply parted; +petals entire; stamens and style successively deflexed; stigma of 4 long +lobes._ + +1. E. angustifolium, L. (GREAT WILLOW-HERB. FIRE-WEED.) Stem simple, +tall (4--7 deg.); leaves scattered, ample, lanceolate, nearly entire.--Low +grounds, especially in newly cleared lands; N. Eng. to N. C., west to +Minn. and E. Kan., and far north and westward. (Eu., Asia.) + +Sec. 2. _Flowers mostly small and corymbed or panicled; calyx-limb 5-cleft; +petals mostly deeply notched; stamens and style erect._ + +[*] _Stigma 4-parted; stem terete._ + +E. HIRSURUM, L. Densely soft-hairy, stout, branching (3--5 deg. high); +leaves mostly opposite, lance-oblong, serrulate, sessile; flowers in the +upper axils or in a leafy short raceme; petals 6'' long, +rose-purple.--Waste grounds, Mass. to N. Y. and Ont. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Stigma clavate; stem terete, without decurrent lines (or with +traces in n. 2); leaves numerous, the lower opposite, subentire, with +revolute margins._ + +2. E. lineare, Muhl. Usually much branched above and minutely +hoary-pubescent, 1--2 deg. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to a +short but distinct petiole, acutish; flowers numerous, pale; capsules +hoary, on pedicels as long as the leaves. (E. palustre, var. lineare, +_Gray_, mainly.)--Bogs, N. Eng. to Penn., Iowa, and northward. + +3. E. strictum, Muhl. Erect, 1--21/2 deg. high, densely beset with soft +spreading somewhat glandular white hairs; leaves broader, more obtuse +and with evident veins, very short-petioled or sessile; pubescence of +the capsule soft and spreading. (E. molle, _Torr._)--Bogs, Mass. to +Minn., south to Va. and Ill. + +[*][*][*] _Stigma clavate; stem somewhat quadrangular with 2--4 ridges +or hairy lines decurrent from some of the leaves._ + +[+] _Tall and mostly branching, many-flowered; leaves rather large, +toothed, not revolute, the lower opposite; seeds papillose._ + +4. E. coloratum, Muhl. Somewhat hoary-pubescent above or glandular, +1--3 deg. high; leaves lanceolate, sharply serrulate or denticulate, acute, +narrowed to conspicuous petioles; flowers pale, more or less nodding; +peduncles shorter than the leaves; seeds dark, unappendaged; coma +cinnamon-color.--Wet places, common. + +5. E. adenocaulon, Haussk. Differs in its more glandular pubescence +above, the often blunter and less toothed leaves abruptly contracted to +shorter petioles, flowers erect, paler seeds with a slight prolongation +at top, and a merely dingy coma.--Wet places through the Northern +States. + +6. E. glandulosum, Lehm. Subsimple; pubescence above not glandular; +leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly abruptly rounded to a sessile base and +more glandular-toothed; seeds larger.--Canada to the mountains of N. C. +(_fide_ Haussknecht). (Asia.) + +[+][+] _Mostly low, slender and simple (except forms of n. 10); leaves +chiefly opposite, less toothed; flowers few, nodding; seeds appendaged +at the apex._ + +[++] _Seeds areolate but not papillose; leaves not revolute._ + +7. E. anagallidifolium, Lam. Glabrate, a span high or less; leaves erect +or ascending, about equalling the internodes, elliptical-oblong to +narrowly obovate, entire or the upper denticulate, tapering to short +petioles; flowers purple; sepals rather obtuse; capsules glabrous on +peduncles exceeding the leaves.--White Mts. and Adirondacks (_fide_ +Haussknecht). (Eu.) + +8. E. lactiflorum, Haussk. Glabrous except the pubescent lines, 6--12' +high, with elongated internodes; leaves elliptical or the lowest +round-obovate, slightly repand-denticulate, obtuse, tapering into mostly +elongated petioles; flowers smaller, white; sepals more acute; seeds +more prominently appendaged.--White Mts., and northward (_fide_ +Haussknecht). (Eu.) + +[++][++] _Seeds papillose-roughened._ + +9. E. Hornemanni, Reichenb. Glabrate, 8--18' high; leaves mostly +horizontal, ovate, the upper acutish, remotely denticulate, abruptly +contracted to winged petioles, not revolute; seeds often only +slightly roughened, short and shortly appendaged. (E. alpinum, +_Man._)--White Mts., dells of the Wisconsin River (_Lapham_), and +northward. (Eu.) + +10. E. palustre, L. Slender, 1 deg. high or less, often branched, finely +pubescent; leaves erect or ascending, about equalling or longer than the +internodes, sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, +obtuse, with revolute margins; capsules pubescent to nearly glabrous, +mostly shorter than the slender peduncles; seeds fusiform, with long +beak. (E. palustre, var. lineare, _Man._, in part.)--Penn. to Minn. and +the White Mts., north and westward. (Eu.) + + +4. OENOTHERA, L. EVENING PRIMROSE. + +Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4, reflexed. +Petals 4. Stamens 8; anthers mostly linear and versatile. Capsule +4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds naked.--Leaves alternate. Flowers yellow, +white or rose-color. (An old name, of unknown meaning, for a species of +Epilobium.) + +Sec. 1. _Stigma-lobes linear, elongated (except in n. 7); calyx-tube +linear, slightly dilated at the throat; anthers linear._ + +[*] _Caulescent annuals or biennials; flowers erect in the bud, +nocturnal, yellow, the calyx-tips free; capsules sessile, coriaceous; +seeds in two rows in each cell._ + +[+] _Flowers in a leafy spike; capsules stout, oblong, slightly narrowed +above._ + +1. OE. biennis, L. (COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE.) Rather stout, erect (1--5 deg. +high), usually simple, more or less pubescent and hairy; leaves +lanceolate to oblong- or rarely ovate-lanceolate (2--6' long), acute or +acuminate, repandly denticulate, the lowest petioled; calyx-tube 1--21/2' +long, the tips of the sepals contiguous; petals 1/2--3/4' long; capsule more +or less pubescent or hirsute.--Throughout the U. S.--Var. CRUCIATA, +Torr. & Gray, with small narrow petals, appears to be merely a rare +garden (?) sport. E. Mass. + +Var. grandiflora, Lindl., has petals as long as the calyx-tube (1--21/2' +long).--Same range as the type, but not so common east. + +2. OE. Oakesiana, Robbins. Annual, more slender, not hairy, the +puberulence mainly appressed; calyx-tips not contiguous at base; +otherwise nearly as in the typical form of the last. (OE. biennis, var. +Oakesiana, _Gray._)--Dry places, E. Mass., R. I., and Conn. + +[+][+] _Flowers in a leafy spike or axillary; capsules linear._ + +3. OE. rhombipetala, Nutt. Rarely branching, appressed-puberulent and +subcanescent; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, the +lowest attenuate to a petiole and rarely pinnatifid, diminishing upward +into the close, elongated, conspicuously bracted spike; calyx +silky-canescent (tube 11/2' long); petals rhombic-ovate (6--10' +long).--Ind. to Minn. and Ark. + +4. OE. humifusa, Nutt. Stems decumbent or ascending (1/2--2 deg. long); +_hoary-pubescent with short dense appressed hairs; leaves_ narrowly +lanceolate or oblanceolate (1/4--1' long), _sparingly repand-dentate or +entire_, the radical leaves pinnatifid, the floral not reduced; capsule +1/2--1' long, silky, curved; seeds smooth.--On the sea-coast, N. J. to +Fla. + +5. OE. sinuata, L. Stems ascending or decumbent, simple or branched (1 deg. +high or more), _more or less strigose-pubescent_ and puberulent; +_leaves_ oblong or lanceolate (1--2' long), _sinuately toothed or often +pinnatifid_, the floral similar; capsule 1--11/2' long; _seeds strongly +pitted_.--N. J. to Fla., west to E. Kan. and Tex. Very variable. + +[*][*] _Caulescent perennial; flowers axillary, nodding in the bud, +white turning rose-color; capsules sessile, linear; seeds in a single +row._ + +6. OE. albicaulis, Nutt. Stems erect (1/2--4 deg. high), simple or branched, +white and often shreddy, glabrous or puberulent; leaves linear to +oblong-lanceolate (1--3' long), entire or repand-denticulate, or +sinuate-pinnatifid toward the base; calyx-tips free, throat naked; pods +1/2--2' long, often curved or twisted; seeds lance-linear, +smooth.--W. Minn. to N. Mex., and westward. + +[*][*][*] _Caulescent; flowers diurnal, yellow and erect in the bud +(except in n. 11); capsules obovate or clavate, quadrangular, the valves +ribbed and the angles more or less strongly winged (except in n. 7)._ + +7. OE. linifolia, Nutt. Annual or biennial, erect, very slender, simple +or diffuse (6--15' high), glabrous, the branchlets and capsules +puberulent; radical leaves oblanceolate, _cauline linear-filiform_ 1/2--1' +long; spikes loosely flowered; corolla 2--3'' long; _stigmas short; +capsules_ obovate to oblong-clavate, 2--3'' long, _not winged_, nearly +sessile.--Ill. to E. Kan., La., and Tex. + +8. OE. pumila, L. Biennial, puberulent, 1--2 deg. high; _leaves_ mostly +glabrous, _entire_, obtuse, the radical spatulate, the _cauline narrowly +oblanceolate_; _flowers loosely spiked_; corolla 4--12'' long; _capsule +glabrous_, oblong-clavate, 3--6'' long, sessile or on a short pedicel, +_slightly winged_. (Incl. OE. chrysantha, _Michx._)--Dry fields, +N. Scotia to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. June. + +9. OE. fruticosa, L. (SUNDROPS.) Biennial or perennial, erect, often +tall and stout (1--3 deg. high), villous-pubescent or puberulent or nearly +glabrous; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, _mostly denticulate; +raceme corymbed or loose_; petals 9--12'' long; _capsule subsessile or +with a pedicel shorter than itself_, prominently ribbed and _strongly +winged_.--Common and very variable. + +Var. linearis, Watson. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; capsule +usually shorter than the pedicel, rather less broadly winged. (OE. +linearis of _Man._, in part. OE. riparia, _Nutt._)--Conn. to Fla., west +to Mo. and La. + +Var. humifusa, Allen. Low, decumbent, somewhat woody, diffusely +branched, puberulent; branches slender, flexuous; leaves narrow; flowers +few, small; capsules pubescent, about equalling the pedicel. (OE. +linearis of _Man._, in part.)--Suffolk Co., L. Island. + +10. OE. glauca, Michx. Perennial, erect (2--3 deg. high), _glabrous +and glaucous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong_ (2--4' long), +repand-denticulate; _flowers in short leafy corymbs; petals 9--15'' +long; capsule_ glabrous, ovoid-oblong, _very broadly winged_, usually +abruptly contracted into a pedicel equalling or shorter than +itself.--Mountains of Va. to Ala., west to Ky. and E. Kan. + +11. OE. speciosa, Nutt. Perennial, erect or subdecumbent, finely +pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, repand-denticulate, or +more or less deeply sinuate-pinnatifid; _flowers large, white or rose_; +capsule clavate-obovate, strongly 8-ribbed, rigid, acute, stoutly +pedicelled.--Mo. to Kan. and Tex. + +[*][*][*][*] _Capsule oblong to ovate or orbicular, broadly winged, +rigid and sessile._ + +[+] _Acaulescent or nearly so; flowers white or rose-color._ + +12. OE. triloba, Nutt. Biennial or perennial, nearly glabrous; leaves +2--10' long, somewhat ciliate, long-petioled, runcinate-pinnatifid or +oblanceolate and only sinuate-toothed; calyx-tips free, the tube slender +(2--4' long); petals 6--12'' long; capsule ovate, 1/2--1' long, strongly +winged, net-veined.--Ky. to Miss. and Tex., west to the Pacific. + +Var. (?) parviflora, Watson. Flowers very small (1--2' long), fertilized +in the bud and rarely fully opening; fruit abundant, forming at length a +densely crowded hemispherical or cylindrical mass nearly 2' in diameter +and often 2--3' high.--Plains of Kan. and Neb. + +[+][+] _Low caulescent perennials; flowers axillary, yellow._ + +13. OE. Missouriensis, Sims. Stems decumbent; pubescence short and +silky, closely appressed, sometimes dense or wholly wanting; leaves +thick, oval to linear, mostly narrowly lanceolate (2--5' long), +acuminate, entire or repand-denticulate; calyx-tube 2--5' long; petals +broad, 1--21/2' long; capsules orbicular, very broadly winged (1--3' +long).--Mo. and Kan. to Tex. + +14. OE. Fremontii, Watson. Hoary with appressed silky pubescence; leaves +linear, pointed, entire; calyx-tube 1--2' long; petals 1/2--1' long; +capsule hoary, oblong, narrowed at base, 9'' long.--Central Kan. + +Sec. 2. _Stigma discoid; calyx-tube more broadly dilated above; anthers +oblong-linear; capsule mostly sessile, linear-cylindric; perennial, +somewhat woody, with axillary yellow flowers._ + +15. OE. Hartwegi, Benth., var. lavandulaefolia, Watson. Stems numerous +from a woody base, 3--6' high; _leaves numerous, hoary-puberulent_, +mostly linear, 1/4--1' long; _calyx-tube 1--2' long_; capsule 8--10'' +long.--Central Kan. to Col. and N. Mex. + +16. OE. serrulata, Nutt. Slender (3--15' high), simple or branched, +canescent or glabrous; leaves linear to lanceolate (1--3' long), +_irregularly and sharply denticulate; calyx-tube broadly funnnelform +(2--4' long)_, strongly nerved; petals broadly obovate (3--4'' long), +crenulate; capsule 9--15'' long.--Wisc. and Minn. to Mo., Tex., and +N. Mex. + + +5. GAURA, L. + +Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4 +(rarely 3), reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper +side. Stamens mostly 8, often turned down, as is also the long style. A +small scale-like appendage before the base of each filament. Stigma +4-lobed, surrounded by a ring or cup-like border. Fruit hard and +nut-like, 3--4-ribbed or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, usually +becoming 1-celled and 1--4-seeded. Seeds naked.--Leaves alternate, +sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish in fading, in +spikes or racemes, in our species quite small (so that the name, from +[Greek: gau~ros], _superb_, does not seem appropriate). + +[*] _Fruit sessile or nearly so._ + +1. G. biennis, L. _Soft-hairy or downy_ (3--8 deg. high); _leaves +oblong-lanceolate_, denticulate; _spikes wand-like; fruit oval or +oblong_, acute at both ends; 2--3'' long, ribbed, downy.--Dry banks, +N. Y. to Minn., and southward. Aug. + +2. G. parviflora, Dougl. Soft-villous and puberulent, 2--5 deg. high; +_leaves ovate-lanceolate_, repand-denticulate, _soft-pubescent; spikes +dense; fruit oblong-clavate_, narrowed to both ends, _4-nerved_, +obtusely angled above, 3--4'' long.--Mo. to La. and westward. + +3. G. coccinea, Nutt. _Canescent, puberulent or glabrate_ (6--12' high), +very leafy; _leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear_, +repand-denticulate or entire; flowers in simple spikes, rose-color +turning to scarlet; _fruit terete below, 4-sided and broader above_, +2--3'' long.--Minn. to Kan., and westward. + +[*][*] _Fruit slender-pedicelled._ + +4. G. filipes, Spach. Nearly smooth; stem slender (2--4 deg. high); leaves +linear, mostly toothed, tapering at base; branches of the panicle very +slender, naked; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit.--Open +places, Va. to Fla., west to Ill., Kan., and Ark. + + +6. STENOSIPHON, Spach. + +Calyx prolonged beyond the ovary into a filiform tube. Filaments (8) not +appendaged at base. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Otherwise as Gaura, which +it also resembles in habit. (From [Greek: steno/s], _narrow_, and +[Greek: si/phon], _a tube_.) + +1. S. virgatus, Spach. Slender, 2--4 deg. high, glabrous, leafy, leaves +narrowly lanceolate to linear, pointed, entire, much reduced above; +flowers numerous in an elongated spike, white, 1/2' long; fruit pubescent, +oblong-ovate, 8-ribbed, small.--E. Kan. to Col. and Tex. + + +7. CIRCAEA, Tourn. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. + +Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, +deciduous; lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens +2. Fruit indehiscent, small and bur-like, bristly with hooked hairs, +1--2-celled; cells 1-seeded.--Low and inconspicuous perennials, in cool +or damp woods, with opposite thin leaves on slender petioles, and small +whitish flowers in racemes, produced in summer. (Named from _Circe_, the +enchantress.) + +1. C. Lutetiana, L. Taller (1--2 deg. high); _leaves ovate_, slightly +toothed; _bracts none_; hairs of the _roundish 2-celled fruit +bristly_.--Very common. (Eu.) + +2. C. alpina, L. _Low_ (3--8' high), _smooth and weak; leaves +heart-shaped, thin, shining, coarsely toothed; bracts minute_; hairs of +the obovate-oblong _1-celled fruit_ soft and slender.--Deep woods, +N. Eng. to Ga., Ind., and Minn. (Eu.) + + +ORDER 43. LOASACEAE. (LOASA FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with a rough or stinging pubescence, no stipules, the +calyx-tube adherent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal +placentae_;--represented here only by the genus + + +1. MENTZELIA, Plumier. + +Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped; the limb 5-parted, persistent. +Petals 5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, +deciduous. Stamens indefinite, rarely few, inserted with the petals on +the throat of the calyx. Styles 3, more or less united into one; stigmas +terminal, minute. Capsule at length dry and opening by valves or +irregularly at the summit, few--many-seeded. Seeds flat, anatropous, +with little albumen.--Stems erect. Leaves alternate, very adhesive by +the barbed pubescence. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose-clustered. +(Dedicated to _C. Mentzel_, an early German botanist.) + +[*] _Seeds few, oblong, not winged; petals 5, not large; filaments all +filiform._ + +1. M. oligosperma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive (1--3 deg. high), much branched, +the brittle branches spreading; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed or +angled, often petioled; flowers yellow (7--10'' broad), opening in +sunshine; petals wedge-oblong, pointed; stamens 20 or more; capsule +small, about 9-seeded.--Prairies and plains, Ill. to Kan. and Col., +south to Tex. + +[*][*] _Seeds numerous, rounded and wing-margined; petals 10, large and +showy; outer filaments petaloid in n. 3; capsule large, oblong; leaves +sessile._ + +2. M. ornata, Torr. & Gray. Stout, 1--2 deg. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, +deeply repand-toothed or pinnatifid, the segments acute; calyx-tube +leafy-bracteate; petals 2--3' long, yellowish-white; filaments all +filiform or the outer dilated below; capsule 1{1/2}--2' long; seeds +narrowly margined.--On the plains, W. Dak. to central Kan. and Tex. + +3. M. nuda, Torr. & Gray. More slender, 1--5 deg. high; leaves somewhat +lanceolate, rather bluntly or shortly repand-dentate; _flowers half as +large as in the last; calyx not bracteate; outer filaments narrowly +dilated_, sterile; _capsule about 1' long; seeds plainly +winged_.--Plains of Dak. to central Kan. and Tex. + + +ORDER 44. PASSIFLORACEAE. (PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.) + +_Herbs or woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 +monadelphous stamens, and a stalked 1-celled ovary free from the calyx, +with 3 or 4 parietal placentae, and as many club-shaped styles._ + + +1. PASSIFLORA, L. PASSION-FLOWER. + +Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base into a short cup, imbricated in the +bud, usually colored like the petals, at least within; the throat +crowned with a double or triple fringe. Petals 5, on the throat of the +calyx. Stamens 5; filaments united in a tube which sheathes the long +stalk of the ovary, separate above; anthers large, fixed by the middle. +Berry (often edible) many-seeded; the anatropous albuminous seeds +invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-coat brittle, grooved.--Leaves +alternate, generally palmately lobed, with stipules. Peduncles axillary, +jointed. Ours are perennial herbs. (An adaptation of _flos passionis_, a +translation of _fior della passione_, the popular Italian name early +applied to the flower from a fancied resemblance of its parts to the +implements of the crucifixion.) + +1. P. lutea, L. Smooth, slender; _leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, +the lobes entire_; petioles glandless; flowers greenish-yellow (1' +broad); fruit 1/2' in diameter.--Damp thickets, S. Penn. to Fla., west to +Ill., Mo., and La. + +2. P. incarnata, L. Pubescent; _leaves 3--5-cleft, the lobes serrate_, +the base bearing 2 glands; flower large (2' broad), nearly white, with a +triple purple and flesh-colored crown; involucre 3-leaved; fruit as +large as a hen's egg.--Dry soil, Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Ark. Fruit +called _maypops_. + + +ORDER 45. CUCURBITACEAE. (GOURD FAMILY.) + +_Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils, dioecious or monoecious (often +gamopetalous) flowers, the calyx-tube cohering with the 1--3-celled +ovary, and the 5 or usually 21/2 stamens_ (i.e., 1 with a 1-celled and 2 +with 2-celled anthers) _commonly united by their often tortuous anthers, +and sometimes also by the filaments. Fruit_ (pepo) _fleshy, or sometimes +membranaceous_.--Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less +combined. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with +no albumen. Cotyledons leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or +veined.--Mostly a tropical or subtropical order; represented in +cultivation by the GOURD (LAGENARIA VULGARIS), PUMPKIN and SQUASH +(species of CUCURBITA), MUSKMELON (CUCUMIS MELO), CUCUMBER (C. SATIVUS), +and WATERMELON (CITRULLUS VULGARIS). + +[*] Fruit prickly. Seeds few, erect or pendulous. Flowers white. Annual. + +[+] Ovary 1-celled. Seed solitary, pendulous. + +1. Sicyos. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-lobed. +Fruit indehiscent. + +[+][+] Ovary 2--3-celled. Seeds few, erect or ascending. + +2. Echinocystis. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, +6-parted. Anthers 3. Fruit bladdery, 2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at +the top. + +3. Cyclanthera. Corolla 5-parted. Anther 1, annular. Fruit oblique and +gibbous. + +[*][*] Fruit smooth. Seeds numerous, horizontal, attached to the 3--5 +parietal placentae. Perennial. + +4. Melothria. Flowers small, greenish; corolla 5-parted. Slender, +climbing. Fruit small. + +5. Cucurbita. Flowers large, yellow, tubular-campanulate. Prostrate. +Fruit large. + + +1. SICYOS, L. ONE-SEEDED BUR-CUCUMBER. + +Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or +flattish corolla. Anthers cohering in a mass. Ovary 1-celled, with a +single suspended ovule; style slender; stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and +indehiscent, filled by the single seed, covered with barbed prickly +bristles which are readily detached.--Climbing annuals, with 3-forked +tendrils, and small whitish flowers; the sterile and fertile mostly from +the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate cluster, +long-peduncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.) + +1. S. angulatus, L. Leaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, the +lobes pointed; plant clammy-hairy.--River-banks, and a weed in damp +yards, N. H. and Quebec to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. +July--Sept. + + +2. ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr. & Gray. WILD BALSAM-APPLE. + +Flowers monoecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an +open spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2-celled, +with 2 erect ovules in each cell; stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length +dry, clothed with weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, +4-seeded, the inner part fibrous-netted. Seeds large, flat, with a +thickish hard and roughened coat.--Tall climbing annual, nearly smooth, +with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, and very numerous small +greenish-white flowers; the sterile in compound racemes often 1 deg. long, +the fertile in small clusters or solitary, from the same axils. (Name +composed of [Greek: e)chi nos], _a hedgehog_, and [Greek: ky/stis], _a +bladder_, from the prickly fruit.) + +1. E. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves deeply and sharply 5-lobed; fruit +oval (2' long); seeds dark-colored.--Rich soil along rivers, W. New Eng. +and Penn. to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. Also cult. for arbors. July--Oct. + + +3. CYCLANTHERA, Schrad. + +Flowers monoecious. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens united into +a central column, the anther solitary in our species and annular. Ovary +(1--3-) usually 2-celled and 4-locellate with 4 erect or ascending +ovules. Fruit spiny, obliquely ovoid and gibbous, beaked, bursting +irregularly. Seeds flattened.--Slender glabrous climbing annuals or +perennials, with very small racemose or panicled white sterile flowers +and a solitary fertile one in the same axil. (Name from [Greek: +ky/klos], _a circle_, and [Greek: a)nthe/ra], _anther_.) + +1. C. dissecta, Arn. Annual; leaves digitately 3--7-foliolate, the +oblong divisions somewhat lobed or toothed; tendrils simple or bifid; +fruit 1' long, on a short peduncle.--Central Kan. to Tex. and Mex. + + +4. MELOTHRIA, L. + +Flowers polygamous or monoecious; the sterile campanulate, the corolla +5-lobed; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, +then campanulate. Anthers more or less united. Berry small, pulpy, +filled with many flat and horizontal seeds.--Tendrils simple. Flowers +very small. (Altered from [Greek: me/lothron], an ancient name for a +sort of white grape.) + +1. M. pendula, L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing; leaves +small, roundish and heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish; sterile +flowers few in small racemes; the fertile solitary, greenish or +yellowish; berry oval, green, 4--6'' long.--Copses, Va. to Fla., west to +S. Ind. and La. + + +5. CUCURBITA, L. + +Flowers monoecious, mostly solitary. Calyx-tube campanulate; corolla +campanulate, 5-lobed to the middle. Filaments distinct; anthers linear, +united, sigmoid. Ovary oblong, with short thick style, 3--5 2-lobed +stigmas, and 3--5 parietal placentas; ovules numerous, horizontal. Fruit +smooth, fleshy with a hard rind, indehiscent.--Prostrate scabrous vines, +rooting at the joints, with large yellow flowers and large fruit. (The +Latin name for the Gourd.) + +1. C. foetidissima, HBK. Root very large, fusiform; leaves thick, +triangular-cordate; flowers 3--4' long; fruit globose or obovoid, 2--3' +in diameter. (C. perennis, _Gray_.)--Central Neb. to Tex., and +westward. + + +ORDER 46. CACTACEAE. (CACTUS FAMILY.) + +_Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of peculiar aspect, +globular or columnar and many-angled, or flattened and jointed, usually +with prickles. Flowers solitary, sessile; the sepals and petals +numerous, imbricated_ in several rows, the bases adherent to the +1-celled ovary.--Stamens numerous, with long and slender filaments, +inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by the union of the +sepals and petals. Style 1; stigmas numerous. Fruit a 1-celled berry, +with numerous campylotropous seeds on several parietal placentae. + +1. Mamillaria. Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing +tubercles. Flowers from between the tubercles. Ovary naked; berry +succulent. + +2. Opuntia. Branching or jointed plants; the joints flattened or +cylindrical. + + +1. MAMILLARIA. Haw. + +Flowers about as long as wide, the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped. +Ovary often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, naked, the +succulent berry exserted. Seeds yellowish-brown to black, +crustaceous.--Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing +cylindrical, oval, or conical tubercles, the flowers from distinct +woolly or bristly areoles at their base. (Name from _mamilla_, a nipple, +referring to the tubercles.) + +1. M. vivipara, Haw. Simple or cespitose, 1--5' high, the almost terete +tubercles bearing bundles of 5--8 reddish-brown spines (10'' long or +less), surrounded by 15--20 grayish ones in a single series, all +straight and very rigid; flowers purple, with lance-subulate petals and +fringed sepals; berry oval, green; seeds pitted, light brown.--Plains of +Dak. to Kan., and westward. + +2. M. Missouriensis, Sweet. Smaller, globose, with fewer (10--20) weaker +ash-colored spines; flowers yellow, 1--2' broad; berry subglobose, +scarlet; seeds few, black, pitted. (M. Nuttallii, _Engelm._)--S. Dak. to +central Kan., Tex., and westward. + + +2. OPUNTIA, Tourn. PRICKLY PEAR. INDIAN FIG. + +Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, +the inner roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds flat and margined, +covered with a white bony arillus. Embryo coiled around albumen; +cotyledons large, foliaceous in germination.--Stem composed of joints +(flattened in ours), bearing very small awl-shaped and usually deciduous +leaves arranged in a spiral order, with clusters of barbed bristles and +often spines also in their axils. Flowers in our species yellow, opening +in sunshine for more than one day. (A name of Theophrastus, originally +belonging to some different plant.) + +[*] _Spines small or none; fruit pulpy._ + +1. O. vulgaris, Mill. Prostrate or spreading, _light green_; joints +broadly obovate (2--4' long); _leaves minute_ (2--21/2'' long), +ovate-subulate, _generally appressed_, bristles short, greenish yellow, +rarely with a few small spines; flowers pale yellow (_about 2' broad), +with about 8 petals_; fruit 1' long.--Sandy fields and dry rocks, +Nantucket to S. C., near the coast; Falls of the Potomac. + +2. O. Rafinesquii, Engelm. Prostrate, _deep green_; joints broadly +obovate or orbicular (3--5' long); _leaves_ (3--4'' long), _spreading_; +bristles bright red-brown, with a few small spines and a single strong +one (9--12'' long) or none; flowers yellow (_21/2--31/2' broad), sometimes +with a reddish centre; petals 10--12_; fruit 11/2' long, with an +attenuated base.--Sterile soil, Nantucket and southward along the coast +to Fla., and in the Mississippi valley, from Mich. to Minn., and south +to Ky. and Ark. + +[*][*] _Very spiny, fruit dry and prickly._ + +3. O. Missouriensis, DC. Prostrate, _joints_ light green, _broadly +obovate, flat and tuberculate_ (2--6' long), leaves small (11/2--2'' +long); _their axils armed with a tuft of straw-colored bristles and +5--10 slender radiating spines_ (1--2' long); flowers light yellow +(2--3' broad), fruit with spines of variable length.--Wisc. to Mo., +westward across the plains, very variable. + +4. O. fragilis, Haw. Subdecumbent; _joints small_ (1--2' long or less), +_ovate, compressed or tumid, or even terete_; leaves hardly 1'' long, +red; _bristles few, larger spines 1--4, cruciate, with 4--6 smaller +white radiating ones below_; flowers yellow.--Minn. to Iowa and Kan., +and westward. + + +ORDER 47. FICOIDEAE. + +A miscellaneous group, _chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with +mostly opposite leaves and no stipules_. Differing from Caryophyllaceae +and Portulacaceae by having the ovary and capsule 2--several-celled, and +the stamens and petals sometimes numerous, as in Cactaceae (but the +latter wanting in most of the genera), seeds, as in all these orders, +with the slender embryo curved about mealy albumen. Our genera are +apetalous and with the calyx free from the ovary. + +1. Sesuvium. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5--60. Capsule +circumscissile. Succulent. + +2. Mollugo. Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent. + + +1. SESUVIUM, L. SEA PURSLANE. + +Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens +5--60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3--5, separate. Pod 3--5-celled, +many-seeded, circumscissile, the upper part falling off as a +lid.--Usually prostrate maritime herbs, with succulent stems, opposite +leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. (An unexplained name.) + +1. S. pentandrum, Ell. Annual, procumbent or sometimes erect; leaves +oblong- to obovate-spatulate, obtuse; flowers sessile, stamens 5. (S. +Portulacastrum, _Gray_, Manual, not _L._)--Sea coast, N. J. to Fla. + + +2. MOLLUGO, L. INDIAN-CHICKWEED. + +Sepals 5, white inside. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate with the +sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3. +Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away +from the many-seeded axis.--Low homely annuals, much branched, the +stipules obsolete. (An old Latin name for some soft plant.) + +M. VERTICILLATA, L. (CARPET-WEED.) Prostrate, forming patches; leaves +spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1-flowered +pedicels form a sort of sessile umbel, stamens usually 3.--Sandy +river-banks, and cultivated grounds. June--Sept. (An immigrant from +farther south.) + + +ORDER 48. UMBELLIFERAE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with small flowers in umbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx +entirely adhering to the 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary, the 5 petals and 5 +stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the +base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels._ Limb +of the calyx obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals either +imbricated in the bud or valvate with the point inflexed. The two +carpels (called _mericarps_) cohering by their inner face (the +_commissure_), when ripe separating from each other and usually +suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the axis +(_carpophore_); each carpel marked lengthwise with _5 primary ribs_, and +often with 4 intermediate (_secondary_) ones; in the _interstices_ or +_intervals_ between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (_vittae_), +which are longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing +aromatic oil. (These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) +Seed suspended from the summit of the cell, anatropous, with a minute +embryo in hard albumen.--Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly +compound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at base, rarely with true +stipules. Umbels usually compound, in which case the secondary ones are +termed _umbellets_; the whorl of bracts which often subtends the general +umbel is the _involucre_, and those of the umbellets the _involucels_. +The base of the styles is frequently thickened and cushion-like, and +called the _stylopodium_. In many the flowers are _dichogamous_, i.e. +the styles are protruded from the bud some time before the anthers +develop,--an arrangement for cross-fertilization.--A large family, some +of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with very poisonous +(acrid-narcotic) properties. The flowers are much alike in all, and the +fruits, inflorescence, etc., likewise exhibit comparatively small +diversity. The family is consequently difficult for the young student. + +I. Fruit with the secondary ribs the most prominent, winged and armed +with barbed or hooked prickles, the primary ribs filiform and bristly. + +1. Daucus. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally. Seed-face +flat. + +2. Caucalis. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally. Seed-face +deeply sulcate. + +II. Fruit with primary ribs only (hence but 3 dorsal ones on each +carpel). + +[*] Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, with the lateral ribs prominently +winged. + +[+] Caulescent branching plants, with white flowers. + +[++] Lateral wings distinct; oil-tubes usually more than one in the +intervals. + +3. Angelica. Stylopodium mostly depressed, but the disk prominent and +crenulate. Dorsal ribs strong. Stout perennials, with mostly coarsely +divided leaves. + +4. Conioselinum. Stylopodium slightly conical. Dorsal ribs prominent. +Tall slender glabrous perennial; leaves thin, finely pinnately compound. + +[++][++] Lateral wings closely contiguous; oil-tubes solitary; +stylopodium thick-conical. + +5. Tiedemannia. Dorsal ribs apparently 5, filiform. Smooth swamp herbs +with leaves few or reduced to hollow cylindrical petioles. + +6. Heracleum. Dorsal ribs filiform, the broad wings with a marginal +nerve. Oil-tubes obclavate. Petals conspicuous. Tall stout perennials, +with large leaves. + +[+][+] Caulescent branching plants, with depressed stylopodium and +yellow flowers. + +7. Pastinaca. Fruit with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and solitary +oil-tubes. + +8. Polytaenia. Fruit with a thick corky margin, obscure dorsal ribs, and +very numerous oil-tubes. + +[+][+][+] Acaulescent or nearly so, with filiform dorsal ribs, thin +wings, and no stylopodium. + +9. Peucedanum. Flowers white or yellow. Low western plants, of dry +ground, with thick roots and finely dissected leaves. + +[*][*] Fruit not flattened either way or but slightly, neither prickly +nor scaly. + +[+] Ribs all conspicuously winged; stylopodium depressed or wanting. + +10. Cymopterus. Low and glabrous, mostly cespitose perennials, with +pinnately compound leaves and white flowers. Oil-tubes 1 to several. +Western. + +11. Thaspium. Tall perennials, with ternately divided or simple leaves, +and yellow flowers (rarely purple). Oil-tubes solitary. + +[+][+] Ribs all prominent and equal but not winged; flowers white. + +12. Ligusticum. Ribs acute, with broad intervals. Stylopodium conical. +Oil-tubes numerous. Smooth perennials, with large compound leaves. + +13. AEthusa. Ribs very broad and corky, acute. Stylopodium depressed. +Oil-tubes solitary. Introduced annual. + +14. Coelopleurum. Ribs thick, corky (mostly obtuse). Oil-tubes solitary, +adherent to the seed, which is loose in the pericarp. Stout glabrous +sea-coast perennial. + +[+][+][+] Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky; +oil-tubes solitary. + +15. Crantzia. Small glabrous creeping perennials, rooting in the mud, +with small simple umbels and leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical +jointed petioles. + +[*][*][*] Fruit flattened laterally. + +[+] Carpels depressed dorsally; fruit short. + +[++] Seed-face flat; flowers mostly yellow. + +16. Foeniculum. Ribs prominent. Oil-tubes solitary. Stout aromatic herb, +with filiform-dissected leaves. + +17. Pimpinella. Ribs filiform. Oil-tubes numerous. Glabrous perennials, +with compound leaves. + +[++][++] Seed-face concave; flowers white (yellow in n. 20); ribs +filiform or obsolete. + +18. Eulophus. Oil-tubes numerous. Stylopodium conical. Glabrous +perennials from fascicled tubers, with pinnately compound leaves. + +19. Anthriscus. Fruit linear, long-beaked, without ribs or oil-tubes, +and with conical stylopodium. Leaves ternately decompound. + +20. Bupleurum. Fruit oblong, with slender ribs, no oil-tubes, and +prominent flat stylopodium. Leaves simple, perfoliate. + +[+][+] Carpels terete or slightly flattened laterally; flowers white +(except n. 24). + +[++] Seed-face flat (or somewhat concave in n. 28); fruit short. + +[=] Leaves 3-foliolate; stylopodium conical; oil-tubes solitary. + +21. Cryptotaenia. Ribs obtuse, equal; fruit linear-oblong. + +[=][=] Leaves once pinnate; stylopodium depressed; oil-tubes numerous. +Aquatic perennials. + +22. Sium. Fruit ovate to oblong; ribs prominent, corky, nearly equal. + +23. Berula. Fruit nearly globose; ribs inconspicuous; pericarp thick and +corky. + +[=][=][=] Leaves decompound. Oil-tubes solitary (none in n. 27). +Perennials. + +24. Zizia. Ribs filiform; stylopodium none. Flowers yellow. + +25. Carum. Ribs filiform or inconspicuous; stylopodium short-conical. +Leaf-segments filiform. Roots tuberous. + +26. Cicuta. Ribs flattish, corky, the lateral largest. Marsh perennials, +with serrate leaflets, the veins often running to the notches. + +27. AEgopodium. Ribs filiform; oil-tubes none; stylopodium conical. +Leaves biternate. + +[=][=][=][=] Leaves finely dissected; oil-tubes solitary. Very slender +annuals. + +28. Leptocaulis. Fruit bristly or tuberculate, with rather prominent +equal ribs. + +29. Discopleura. Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky. + +[++][++] Seed-face concave; fruit ovate, glabrous, with depressed +stylopodium, and no oil-tubes. + +30. Conium. An introduced biennial, with spotted stems, and large +decompound leaves. + +[++][++][++] Seed-face concave. Fruit linear-oblong, with conical +stylopodium. + +31. Chaerophyllum. Fruit glabrous, with small mostly solitary oil-tubes. + +32. Osmorrhiza. Fruit bristly, with oil-tubes obsolete. + +[+][+][+] Carpels (as well as fruit) strongly flattened laterally. + +[++] Seed lunate, deeply sulcate on the face; umbels compound, +leafy-bracted. + +33. Erigenia. Fruit nearly orbicular, with numerous oil-tubes. Low, +nearly acaulescent from a deep-seated tuber. Leaves ternately +decompound. + +[++][++] Seed straight, not sulcate; umbels simple. + +34. Hydrocotyle. Fruit more or less orbicular, with no oil-tubes. Low +perennials, in or near water, with creeping stems, and peltate or +reniform leaves. + +[*][*][*][*] Fruit obovoid or globose, densely prickly or scaly. + +35. Eryngium. Flowers sessile in dense bracteate heads, white or blue. +Leaves mostly rigid and more or less spinose. + +36. Sanicula. Flowers in irregularly compound few-rayed umbels, yellow. +Leaves palmate. + + +1. DAUCUS, Tourn. CARROT. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, flattened dorsally; stylopodium +depressed; carpel with 5 slender bristly primary ribs and 4 winged +secondary ones, each of the latter bearing a single row of barbed +prickles; oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs, two on the +commissural side; seed-face somewhat concave or almost flat.--Bristly +annuals or biennials, with pinnately decompound leaves, foliaceous and +cleft involucral bracts, and white flowers in compound umbels which +become strongly concave. (The ancient Greek name.) + +D. CAROTA, L. Biennial; stem bristly; ultimate leaf-segments lanceolate +and cuspidate; rays numerous.--Naturalized everywhere, from Eu. + + +2. CAUCALIS, L. + +Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattened laterally; +stylopodium conical; prickles barbed or hooked; seed-face deeply +sulcate. Otherwise as Daucus.--Our species annual. (The ancient Greek +name.) + +C. NODOSA, Hudson. Decumbent, branching only at base, stems 1--2 deg. long, +retrorsely hispid; umbels naked, opposite the leaves and nearly sessile, +of 2 or 3 very short rays.--Md., Iowa, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) + +C. ANTHRISCUS, Hudson, has 1--2-pinnate leaves with broad leaflets, and +more regularly compounded umbels.--Ohio, etc. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +3. ANGELICA, L. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally; primary ribs +very prominent, the laterals extended into broad distinct wings, forming +a double-winged margin to the fruit; oil-tubes one to several in the +intervals or indefinite, 2 to 10 on the commissure.--Stout perennials, +with ternately or pinnately compound leaves, large terminal umbels, +scanty or no involucres, small many-leaved involucels, and white or +greenish flowers. (Named _angelic_ from its cordial and medicinal +properties.) + +[*] _Seed adherent to the pericarp; oil-tubes one to several in the +intervals; uppermost leaves mostly reduced to large inflated petioles._ + +1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the divisions +quinate; _leaflets thin_, ovate-lanceolate (_1--3' broad), sharply and +irregularly toothed; fruit glabrous_, 11/2--3'' broad; oil-tubes mostly +one in the intervals (sometimes 2 or 3).--Along the Alleghanies from +Penn. to N. C. Aug. + +2. A. hirsuta, Muhl. _Pubescent above_; leaves twice pinnately or +ternately divided; _leaflets thickish_, lanceolate to oblong (_5--10'' +broad), serrate; fruit pubescent_, 2'' broad; oil-tubes 3--6 in the +intervals. (Archangelica hirsuta, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Dry ground, Conn. to +Minn., Tenn., and Fla. July. + +[*][*] _Seed loose; oil-tubes indefinite (25--30); upper petioles not so +prominent._ + +3. A. atropurpurea, L. Very stout, glabrous throughout, with dark purple +stem; leaves 2--3-ternately divided, the pinnate segments of 5--7 +lanceolate to ovate leaflets (1--11/2' broad), sharply mucronate-serrate. +(Archangelica atropurpurea, _Hoffm._)--River-banks, Lab. to Del., Ill. +and Minn. June. + + +4. CONIOSELINUM, Fisch. HEMLOCK-PARSLEY. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium slightly conical. Fruit oval, +flattened dorsally, glabrous, the dorsal ribs very prominent, the +lateral ones extended into broad wings; oil-tubes 1--4 in the intervals, +4--8 on the commissure; seed slightly concave on the inner face.--Tall +slender glabrous perennial, with finely 2--3-pinnately compound leaves, +few-leaved involucre or none, involucels of elongated linear-setaceous +bractlets, and white flowers. (Compounded of _Conium_ and _Selinum_, +from its resemblance to these genera.) + +1. C. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets pinnatifid; wings nearly as +broad as the seed; oil-tubes 2--3 in the intervals, sometimes 1 or +4.--Swamps and cold cliffs, from Maine to Minn., southward to N. C. (in +the higher mountains), Ind., Ill., and Mo. Aug.--Oct. + + +5. TIEDEMANNIA, DC. + +Calyx-teeth evident. Fruit ovate to obovate, flattened dorsally; dorsal +ribs filiform, the lateral broadly winged, closely contiguous and +strongly nerved next to the body (giving the appearance of 5 dorsal +ribs); oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2--6 on the commissure; +stylopodium short, thick-conical.--Glabrous erect aquatic herbs, with +leaves reduced to petioles or of few narrow leaflets; involucre and +involucels present, and flowers white. (Dedicated to the anatomist +_Prof. Tiedemann_, of Heidelberg.) + +1. T. teretifolia, DC. Stem hollow, 2--6 deg. high; _leaves reduced to +cylindrical hollow pointed nodose petioles_; oil-tubes filling the +intervals.--Ponds and swamps, Del. to Fla., and west to La. Aug., Sept. + +2. T. rigida, Coult. & Rose. (COWBANE.) Stem 2--5 deg. high; _leaves simply +pinnate_, with 3--9 linear to lanceolate entire or remotely toothed +leaflets; oil-tubes mostly small. (Archemora rigida, _DC._)--Swamps, +N. Y. to Minn., south to the Gulf. Aug. Poisonous; roots tuberiferous. + + +6. HERACLEUM, L. COW-PARSNIP. + +Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit broadly oval or obovate, like Pastinaca, but +with a thick conical stylopodium, and the conspicuous obclavate +oil-tubes extending scarcely below the middle.--Tall stout perennial, +with large ternately compound leaves, broad umbels, deciduous involucre, +and many-leaved involucels, white flowers, and obcordate petals, the +outer ones commonly larger and 2-cleft. (Dedicated to _Hercules_.) + +1. H. lanatum, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved, 4--8 deg. high; leaflets broad, +irregularly cut-toothed.--Wet ground, Newf. to the Pacific, and +southward to N. C., Ky., and Kan. June. + + +7. PASTINACA, L. PARSNIP. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, very much flattened dorsally; dorsal +ribs filiform, the lateral extended into broad wings, which are strongly +nerved toward the outer margin; oil-tubes small, solitary in the +intervals, 2--4 on the commissure; stylopodium depressed.--Tall stout +glabrous biennial, with pinnately compound leaves, mostly no involucre +or involucels, and yellow flowers. (The Latin name, from _pastus_, +food.) + +P. SATIVA, L. Stem grooved; leaflets ovate to oblong, +cut-toothed.--Introduced everywhere. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +8. POLYTAENIA, DC. + +Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit obovate to oval, much flattened dorsally; +dorsal ribs small or obscure in the depressed back, the lateral with +broad thick corky closely contiguous wings forming the margin of the +fruit; oil-tubes 12--18 about the seed and many scattered through the +thick corky pericarp.--A perennial mostly glabrous herb, with 2-pinnate +leaves (upper opposite and 3-cleft), the segments cuneate and incised, +no involucre, narrow involucels, and bright yellow flowers in May. +(Named from [Greek: poly/s], _many_, and [Greek: taini/a], _a fillet_, +alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.) + +1. P. Nuttallii, DC. Plant 2--3 deg. high; pedicels and involucels +pubescent.--Barrens, Mich, to N. Ala., west to the Rocky Mts. + + +9. PEUCEDANUM, L. + +Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. Fruit roundish to oblong, much flattened +dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform and approximate; the lateral extended +into broad closely coherent wings; oil-tubes 1--4 in the intervals, 2--6 +on the commissure.--Dry ground acaulescent (or short caulescent) herbs, +with fusiform roots, dissected leaves, no involucre, yellow or white +flowers, and stylopodium depressed or wanting. (The ancient Greek name.) + +1. P. nudicaule, Nutt. Pubescent, with peduncles 3--8' high; _leaves +bipinnate, the small oblong segments entire or toothed; involucels of +scarious-margined (often purplish) lanceolate bractlets; flowers white +or pinkish; fruit almost round_, emarginate at base, _glabrous_, with +wings hardly as broad as the body, and _indistinct or obsolete dorsal +ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals_.--Minn. to Iowa and Kan., +and westward. One of the earliest spring bloomers. + +2. P. foeniculaceum, Nutt. Tomentose or glabrous, with peduncles 8--12' +long; _leaves finely dissected, with short filiform segments; involucels +gamophyllous, 5--7-cleft, with conspicuously hairy margins; flowers +yellow; fruit broadly oblong, glabrous_, with wings half as broad as the +body, and _prominent dorsal ribs; oil-tubes 1--3 in the +intervals_.--Minn. to Tex. March--April. + +3. P. villosum, Nutt. More or less pubescent throughout, 3--8' high; +_leaves finely dissected, with very numerous narrow crowded segments; +involucels of ovate to linear bractlets; flowers yellow; fruit oval_, +with wings half as broad as the body, and _prominent dorsal ribs; +oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals_.--Minn. to Neb. and Dak., +southwestward to Ariz. Root much elongated. + + +10. CYMOPTERUS, Raf. + +Calyx-teeth more or less prominent. Fruit usually globose, with all the +ribs conspicuously winged; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals, +2--8 on the commissure. Stylopodium depressed. Seed-face slightly +concave.--Mostly low (often cespitose) glabrous perennials, from a thick +elongated root, more or less pinnately compound leaves, with or without +an involucre, prominent involucels, and white flowers (in ours). (From +[Greek: ky~ma], _a wave_, and [Greek: ptero/n], _a wing_, referring to +the often undulate wings.) + +1. C. glomeratus, Raf. Low (3--8'), with a short erect caudex bearing +leaves and peduncles at the summit, glabrous; rays and pedicels very +short, _making a compact cluster; involucre none; involucel of a single +palmately 5--7-parted bractlet_; fruit globose (3--4'' in diam.); wings +rather corky; _oil-tubes 4 or 5 in the intervals_.--Minn. and Wisc. to +Iowa and Ark., and westward. + +2. C. montanus, Torr. & Gray. Of similar habit (1--6' high), glaucous +and mostly glabrous; _rays 3--9'' long_, pedicels very short; _involucre +and involucels of mostly broad membranaceous usually green-veined +bracts_ (more or less united); fruit oblong to orbicular in outline +(3--6'' long); wings thin; _oil-tubes 1--3 in the intervals_.--Neb. to +central Kan., Tex., and westward. April. + + +11. THASPIUM, Nutt. MEADOW-PARSNIP. + +Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flattened +dorsally; carpel with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged; oil-tubes +solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Stylopodium wanting; +styles long.--Perennials (2--5 deg. high), with ternately divided leaves (or +the lower simple) and broad serrate or toothed leaflets, mostly yellow +flowers, and all the fruit pedicelled. (Name a play upon _Thapsia_, so +called from the island of Thapsus.) + +1. T. aureum, Nutt. _Glabrous; root-leaves mostly cordate, serrate; +stem-leaves simply ternate_ (rarely biternate); leaflets ovate to +lanceolate, round or tapering at base, serrate; _flowers deep yellow_; +fruit globose-ovoid, about 2'' long, _all the ribs equally +winged_.--Thickets and woodlands, throughout the Atlantic States and +west into the Miss. Valley. Fl. in summer and maturing fruit in late +summer or autumn. Very variable, an extreme form being + +Var. trifoliatum, Coult. & Rose. Leaves or leaflets crenate or crenately +toothed. (T. trifoliatum, _Gray_, Man., in part.)--Ohio to Ill., +westward to Oregon. The common western form. + +Var. atropurpureum, Coult. & Rose. Petals dark-purple. (T. trifoliatum, +var. atropurpureum, _Gray_, Man.)--Same range as the species. + +2. T. barbinode, Nutt. Loosely branched, _pubescent on the joints_, +sometimes puberulent in the umbels; _leaves 1--3-ternate; leaflets ovate +to lanceolate_, acute, with cuneate base, coarsely cut-serrate, often +ternately cleft or parted; _flowers light yellow_; fruit broadly oblong, +about 3'' long and 2'' broad, _with mostly 7 prominent wings_.--Banks of +streams, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. May--June.--Var. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, +Coult. & Rose, has narrower, more sharply cut leaflets, and fruit more +or less puberulent.--Penn. to Ill. + +3. T. pinnatifidum, Gray. Resembling the last, but _puberulent on the +branchlets, umbels, and fruit, with fewer leaves; leaflets +1--2-pinnatifid_, the lobes linear or oblong; one or two leaves near the +base often very large and long-petioled; flowers light yellow; fruit +oblong, 11/2--21/2'' long and 1--11/2'' broad, _all the ribs winged_, +generally three of them narrowly so. (T. Walteri, _Shuttlew._ in +herb.)--Barrens and mountains, Ky. to Tenn. and N. C. + + +12. LIGUSTICUM, L. LOVAGE. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or ovate, flattened laterally if at +all, glabrous; carpels with prominent equal acute ribs and broad +intervals; oil-tubes 2--6 in the intervals, 6--10 on the commissure. +Stylopodium conical.--Smooth perennials, from large aromatic roots, with +large ternately compound leaves, mostly no involucre, involucels of +narrow bractlets, and white flowers in large many-rayed umbels. (Named +from the country _Liguria_, where the officinal _Lovage_ of the gardens +abounds.) + +1. L. actaeifolium, Michx. (NONDO. ANGELICO.) Stem stout, branched above +(2--6 deg. high); _leaves very large, 3--4-ternate; leaflets broadly oblong +(2--5' long), coarsely serrate; fruit ovate (2--3'' long)_; seed with +angled back.--Rich ground, S. Penn. to Ky., southward to the Gulf. + +2. L. Scoticum, L. (SCOTCH LOVAGE.) Stem simple (1--2 deg. high); _leaves +biternate; leaflets ovate (1--2' long), coarsely toothed; fruit narrowly +oblong (4--5'' long)_; seed with round back.--Salt marshes, along the +coast from Nantucket northward. Aug. (Eu.) + + +13. AETHUSA, L. FOOL'S PARSLEY. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose, slightly flattened dorsally; +carpel with 5 thick sharp ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 +on the commissure.--Poisonous annuals, with 2--3-ternately compound +leaves, divisions pinnate, ultimate segments small and many cleft, no +involucre, long narrow involucels, and white flowers. (Name from [Greek: +ai)/tho], _to burn_, from the acrid taste.) + +AE. CYNAPIUM, L. A fetid, poisonous European herb, in cultivated grounds, +from N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn. June--Aug. + + +14. COELOPLEURUM, Ledeb. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose to oblong, with very prominent +nearly equal thick corky ribs (none of them winged); oil-tubes solitary +in the intervals and under the ribs, 2 on the commissure. Seed loose in +the pericarp.--Stout glabrous (or inflorescence puberulent) sea-coast +perennial, with 2--3-ternate leaves on very large inflated petioles, +few-leaved deciduous involucre, involucels of numerous small +linear-lanceolate bractlets (rarely conspicuous or even leaf-like), and +greenish-white flowers in many-rayed umbels. (From [Greek: koi~los], +_hollow_, and [Greek: pleuro/n], _a rib_.) + +1. C. Gmelini, Ledeb. Stem 1--3 deg. high; leaflets ovate, irregularly +cut-serrate (2--21/2' long); fruit 2--31/2'' long. (Archangelica Gmelini, +_DC._)--Rocky coasts, Mass. to Greenland. + + +15. CRANTZIA, Nutt. + +Calyx-teeth small. Fruit globose or slightly flattened laterally; dorsal +ribs filiform, the lateral thick and corky; oil-tubes solitary in the +intervals, 2 on the commissure.--Small perennials, creeping and rooting +in the mud, with hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped nodose petioles in +place of leaves, simple few-flowered umbels, and white flowers. (Named +for _Prof. Henry John Crantz_, an Austrian botanist of the 18th +century.) + +1. C. lineata, Nutt. Leaves very obtuse, 1--3' long, 1--2'' broad; fruit +1'' long, the thick lateral wings forming a corky margin.--In brackish +marshes along the coast, from Mass. to Miss. July. Very widely +distributed. + + +16. FOENICULUM, Adans. FENNEL. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, glabrous, with prominent ribs and +solitary oil-tubes.--Stout glabrous aromatic herb, with leaves dissected +into numerous filiform segments, no involucre nor involucels, and large +umbels of yellow flowers. (The Latin name, from _foenum_, hay.) + +F. OFFICINALE, All., the cultivated fennel from Europe, has become +naturalized along the shores of Md. and Va., and is a common escape. + + +17. PIMPINELLA, L. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong to ovate, glabrous, with slender +equal ribs, numerous oil-tubes, and depressed or cushion-like +stylopodium.--Glabrous perennials, with ternately or pinnately compound +leaves, involucre and involucels scanty or none, and white or yellow +flowers. (Name said to be formed from _bipinnula_, referring to the +bipinnate leaves.) + +1. P. integerrima, Benth. & Hook. Glaucous, 1--3 deg. high, slender, +branching; leaves 2--3-ternate, with lanceolate to ovate entire +leaflets; flowers yellow; fruit broadly oblong, 2'' long; stylopodium +small or wanting. (Zizia integerrima, _DC._)--Rocky hillsides, Atlantic +States to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark. May. + +P. SAXIFRAGA, L., var. MAJOR, Koch. Leaves simply pinnate, with sharply +toothed leaflets; flowers white; fruit oblong, 1'' long; stylopodium +cushion-like.--Rocky shores of Delaware River; Sycamore, Ohio. (Nat. +from Eu.) + + +18. EULOPHUS, Nutt. + +Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with equal +filiform ribs; oil-tubes 1--5 in the intervals; stylopodium conical, +with long recurved styles; seed-face broadly concave, with a central +longitudinal ridge.--Glabrous perennials (3--5 deg. high) from deep-seated +fascicled tubers, with pinnately or ternately compound leaves, +involucels of numerous narrowly lanceolate acuminate bractlets, and +long-peduncled umbels of white flowers. (Name from [Greek: eu~)], +_well_, and [Greek: lo/phos], _a crest_,--not well applied to a plant +with no crest at all.) + +1. E. Americanus, Nutt. Radical and lower stem-leaves large, +1--2-pinnately compound, with leaflets cut into short narrow segments; +upper stem-leaves ternate, with narrowly linear elongated leaflets; +fruit 2--3'' long.--Ohio to Ill. and Mo., south to Tenn. and Ark. July. + + +19. ANTHRISCUS, Hoffm. CHERVIL. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear, notched at base, long-beaked, +glabrous, without ribs (but beak ribbed); oil-tubes none, stylopodium +conical, seed-face sulcate.--Resembling _Chaerophyllum_ in vegetative +characters. (The ancient Roman name.) + +A. CEREFOLIUM, Hoffm. Mature fruit smooth and shining. (Chaerophyllum +sativum, _L._)--Naturalized in E. Penn. (From Eu.) + + +20. BUPLEURUM, L. THOROUGH-WAX. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, with very slender ribs, no +oil-tubes, depressed stylopodium, and seed-face somewhat +concave.--Smooth annual, with ovate perfoliate entire leaves, no +involucre, involucels of 5 very conspicuous ovate mucronate bractlets, +and yellow flowers. (Name from [Greek: bou~s], _an ox_, and [Greek: +pleuro/n], _a rib_.) + +B. ROTUNDIFOLIUM, L., is very common in fields and cultivated ground, +N. Y. to N. C., west to Mo. and Ark. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +21. CRYPTOTAENIA, DC. HONEWORT. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, with obtuse equal +ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and beneath each rib; +stylopodium slender-conical; seed-face plane.--A glabrous perennial, +with thin 3-foliolate leaves, no involucre, involucels of minute +bractlets or none, and white flowers. (Name from [Greek: krypto/s], +_hidden_, and [Greek: taini/a], _a fillet_, referring to the concealed +oil-tubes.) + +1. C. Canadensis, DC. Plant 1--3 deg. high; leaflets large, ovate (2--4' +long), pointed, doubly serrate, often lobed; umbels irregular and +unequally few-rayed; pedicels very unequal; fruit 2--3'' long, often +becoming curved.--N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. +June--Sept. + + +22. SIUM, Tourn. WATER PARSNIP. + +Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with prominent +corky nearly equal ribs; oil-tubes 1--3 in the intervals; stylopodium +depressed; seed-face plane.--Smooth perennials, growing in water or wet +places, with pinnate leaves and serrate or pinnatifid leaflets, +involucre and involucels of numerous narrow bracts, and white flowers. +(From [Greek: si/on], the Greek name of some marsh plant.) + +1. S. cicutaefolium, Gmelin. _Stout_, 2--6 deg. high; _leaflets 3--8 pairs_, +linear to lanceolate, sharply serrate and mostly acuminate, _2--5' long_ +(lower leaves sometimes submersed and finely dissected, as in +the next); _fruit 11/2'' long_, with prominent ribs. (S. lineare, +_Michx._)--Throughout N. America. + +2. S. Carsonii, Durand. _Weak_, 1--2 deg. high; _leaflets 1--3 pairs_, +linear, sharply serrate, _1--2' long; when submersed or floating, very +thin, ovate to oblong, usually laciniately toothed or dissected_, the +leaf sometimes reduced to the terminal leaflet; _fruit about 1'' +long_.--Mass., R. I., Conn., and Penn. + + +23. BERULA, Koch. + +Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit nearly round, emarginate at base, glabrous; +carpels nearly globose, with very slender inconspicuous ribs and thick +corky pericarp; oil-tubes numerous and contiguous about the seed-cavity; +seed terete.--Smooth aquatic perennial, with simply pinnate leaves and +variously cut leaflets, usually conspicuous involucre and involucels of +narrow bracts, and white flowers. (The Latin name of the Water-cress, of +Celtic origin.) + +1. B. angustifolia, Koch. Erect, 1/2--3 deg. high, leaflets 5--9 pairs, linear +to oblong or ovate, serrate to cut-toothed, often laciniately lobed, +sometimes crenate (1/2--3' long); fruit scarcely 1'' long. (Sium +angustifolium, _L_.)--Throughout the U. S. July, Aug. + + +24. ZIZIA, Koch. + +Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with filiform +ribs; oil-tubes large and solitary in the broad intervals, and a small +one in each rib; stylopodium wanting; seed terete.--Smooth perennials +(1--3 deg. high), with mostly Thaspium-like leaves, no involucre, involucels +of small bractlets, yellow flowers, and the central fruit of each +umbellet sessile. Flowering in early spring in open prairies and upland +meadows. (Named for _I. B. Ziz_, a Rhenish botanist.) + +1. Z. aurea, Koch. _Leaves_ (except the uppermost) _2--3-ternate_ the +radical very long-petioled; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, sharply +serrate; rays 15--25, stout (1--2' long); _fruit oblong, about 2'' +long_. (Thaspium aureum, var. apterum, _Gray_, Manual.)--Atlantic +States, west to Minn. and Tex. + +Var. Bebbii, Coult. & Rose. A more slender mountain form, with leaflets +more coarsely serrate, the radical leaves smaller and more simple; rays +2--8, slender (2--3' long); fruit oval, 1--11/2'' long.--W. Va. and Va. to +Ga. + +2. Z. cordata, DC. Radical leaves mostly long-petioled, _cordate or even +rounder, crenately toothed_, very rarely lobed or divided; _stem-leaves +simply ternate or quinate_, with the ovate or lanceolate leaflets +serrate, incised, or sometimes parted; _fruit ovate, 11/2'' long_. +(Thaspium trifoliatum, var. apterum, _Gray_, Manual.)--Same range as the +preceding, but extending farther westward. + + +25. CARUM, L. CARAWAY. + +Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with filiform or +inconspicuous ribs; oil-tubes solitary; stylopodium conical; seed-face +plane or nearly so.--Smooth erect slender herbs, with fusiform or +tuberous roots, pinnate leaves, involucre and involucels of few to many +bracts, and white (or yellowish) flowers. (Name perhaps from the +country, _Caria_.) + +C. CARUI, L. (CARAWAY.) Leaves pinnately compound, with filiform +divisions.--Naturalized in many places, especially northward. (Nat. from +Eu.) + +C. PETROSELINUM, Benth., the common PARSLEY, from Europe, with 3-pinnate +leaves, ovate 3-cleft leaflets, and greenish yellow flowers, is +occasionally found as an escape from cultivation. (Petroselinum sativum, +_Hoffm._) + + +26. CICUTA, L. WATER-HEMLOCK. + +Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit oblong to nearly orbicular, glabrous, with +strong flattish corky ribs (the lateral largest); oil-tubes conspicuous, +solitary; stylopodium depressed; seed nearly terete.--Smooth marsh +perennials, very poisonous, with pinnately compound leaves and serrate +leaflets, involucre usually none, involucels of several slender +bractlets, and white flowers. (The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.) + +1. C. maculata, L. (SPOTTED COWBANE. MUSQUASH ROOT. BEAVER-POISON.) Stem +_stout_, 2--6 deg. high, streaked with purple; leaves 2--3-pinnate, the +lower on long petioles; _leaflets lanceolate_ to oblong-lanceolate +(1--5' long), acuminate, coarsely serrate, the veins passing to the +notches; pedicels in the umbellets numerous, very unequal; fruit broadly +ovate to oval, 1--11/2'' long.--Throughout the U. S. Aug. + +2. C. bulbifera, L. _Rather slender_, 1--3 deg. high; leaves 2--3-pinnate +(sometimes appearing ternate); _leaflets linear_, sparsely toothed +(1--2' long); _upper axils bearing clustered bulblets_; fruit (rare) +scarcely 1'' long.--Common in swamps, N. Scotia to Del., west to Minn. +and Iowa. + + +27. AEGOPODIUM, L. GOUTWEED. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, glabrous, with equal filiform ribs, +and no oil-tubes; stylopodium conical and prominent; seed nearly +terete.--A coarse glabrous perennial, with creeping rootstock, biternate +leaves, sharply toothed ovate leaflets, and rather large naked umbels of +white flowers. (Name from [Greek: ai)/x], _goat_, and [Greek: po/dion], +_a little foot_, probably from the shape of the leaflets.) + +AE. PODAGRARIA, L., a common and troublesome weed in Europe, is reported +from R. I. to Del. and E. Penn. + + +28. LEPTOCAULIS, Nutt. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit very small, ovate, usually bristly or +tuberculate, with somewhat prominent ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the +intervals; stylopodium conical; seed-face plane or somewhat +concave.--Very slender smooth branching annuals, with finely dissected +leaves (segments filiform or linear), and small white flowers in very +unequally few-rayed pedunculate umbels. (Name from [Greek: lepto/s], +_slender_, and [Greek: kaulo/s], _a stem_.) + +1. L. divaricatus, DC. Plant 1--2 deg. high, with branches and umbels +diffusely spreading, the very slender rays 1/2--1' long and the longer +pedicels often 3--6'' long; fruit tuberculate, 1/2'' long. (Apium +divaricatum, _Benth. & Hook._)--N. C. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex.; +reported from Kan. April. + +2. L. patens, Nutt. Of similar habit, but the umbels shorter and more +strict, the rays 3--6'' long or less and the pedicels short; fruit +densely sharp-tuberculate or nearly smooth. (Apiastrum patens, _Coult. & +Rose._)--Central Neb. to Tex. and N. Mex. + + +29. DISCOPLEURA, DC. MOCK BISHOP-WEED. + +Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate, glabrous; carpel with dorsal +ribs filiform to broad and obtuse, the lateral very thick and corky, +those of the two carpels closely contiguous and forming a dilated obtuse +or acute corky band; oil-tubes solitary, stylopodium conical; seed +nearly terete.--Smooth branching annuals, with finely dissected leaves, +involucre of foliaceous bracts, involucels of prominent or minute +bractlets, and white flowers. (Name from [Greek: di/skos], _a disk_, and +[Greek: pleuro/n], _a rib_.) + +1. D. capillacea, DC. Plant 1--2 deg. high (or even 5--6 deg.); leaves dissected +into filiform divisions; umbel 5--20-rayed, involucre of filiform bracts +usually cleft or parted, and involucels more or less prominent, fruit +1--11/2'' long, ovate, acute.--Wet ground, Mass. to Fla., west to Ill., +Mo., and Tex. June--Oct. + +2. D. Nuttallii, DC. Similar in habit; involucral bracts short and +entire; fruit very small (1/2'' long), as broad as high, blunt.--Ill. (?) +to Ark., La., and Tex. + + +30. CONIUM, L. POISON HEMLOCK. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, somewhat flattened at the sides, +glabrous, with prominent wavy ribs; oil-tubes none, but a layer of +secreting cells next the seed, whose face is deeply and narrowly +concave.--Poisonous biennial, with spotted stems, large decompound +leaves with lanceolate pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and involucels of +narrow bracts, and white flowers. ([Greek: Ko/neion], the Greek name of +the Hemlock, by which criminals and philosophers were put to death at +Athens.) + +C. MACULATUM, L. A large branching European herb, in waste places, +N. Eng. to Penn., and west to Iowa and Minn. + + +31. CHAEROPHYLLUM, L. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit narrowly oblong to linear, notched at base, +with short beak or none, and equal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the +intervals, seed-face more or less deeply grooved.--Moist ground annuals, +with ternately decompound leaves, pinnatifid leaflets with oblong obtuse +lobes, mostly no involucre, involucels of many bractlets, and white +flowers. (Name from [Greek: chai/ro], _to gladden_, and [Greek: +phy/llon], _a leaf_, alluding to the agreeable odor of the foliage.) + +1. C. procumbens, Crantz. More or less hairy; stems slender, spreading +(6--18' high); umbels few-rayed; fruit narrowly oblong (21/2--31/2'' long), +glabrous, contracted but not tapering at the summit, the intervals +broader than the ribs.--N. Y. to N. C., west to Mich., Iowa, Ark., and +Miss. + +Var. Shortii, Torr. & Gray, has more broadly oblong to ovate (often +somewhat pubescent) fruit, not at all contracted at the summit.--Ky. to +Ark. and La. + + +32. OSMORRHIZA, Raf. SWEET CICELY. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear to linear-oblong, with prominent +caudate attenuation at base, very bristly, with equal ribs; oil-tubes +obsolete; seed-face concave.--Glabrous to hirsute perennials (1--3 deg. +high) from thick aromatic roots, with ternately compound leaves, ovate +variously toothed leaflets, few-leaved involucres and involucels, and +white flowers in few-rayed and few-fruited umbels. (Name from [Greek: +o)sme/], _a scent_, and [Greek: r(i/za], _a root_.) + +1. O. brevistylis, DC. Rather stout, _villous-pubescent_; leaves +2--3-ternate; leaflets 2--3' long, acuminate; fruit (not including the +caudate attenuation) 6'' long; _stylopodium and style 1/2'' long_.--From +N. Scotia westward through the Northern States, and in the mountains to +N. C. May, June. + +2. O. longistylis, DC. _Glabrous or slightly pubescent_; like the last, +but with the _style 1'' long or more_, and the seed-face more deeply and +broadly concave.--N. Scotia to Va., and west to Tenn., E. Kan., and Dak. + + +33. ERIGENIA, Nutt. HARBINGER-OF-SPRING. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit +didymous, nearly orbicular and laterally flattened, the carpels incurved +at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender ribs, and +several (1--3) small oil-tubes in the intervals; inner face of the seed +hollowed into a broad deep cavity.--A small glabrous vernal plant, +producing from a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two +2--3-ternately divided leaves, and a somewhat imperfect and +leafy-bracted compound umbel. Flowers few, white. (Name from [Greek: +e)rige/neia], _born in the spring_.) + +1. E. bulbosa, Nutt. Stem 3--9' high; leaf-segments linear-oblong; fruit +1'' long, 11/2'' broad.--W. New York to Md. and Tenn., and west to Wisc., +S. E. Minn., and Kan. + + +34. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. WATER PENNYWORT. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened laterally, orbicular or +shield-shaped; the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often +forming a thickened margin; oil-tubes none, but usually a conspicuous +oil-bearing layer beneath the epidermis.--Low, mostly smooth, marsh or +aquatic perennials, with slender creeping stems, and round shield-shaped +or kidney-form leaves, with scale-like stipules. Flowers small, white, +in simple umbels or clusters, which are either single or proliferous +(one above another), appearing all summer. (Name from [Greek: y(/dor], +_water_, and [Greek: koty/le], _a flat cup_, the peltate leaves of +several species being somewhat cup-shaped.) + +[*] _Pericarp thin except at the broad corky dorsal and lateral ribs; +leaves round-peltate, crenate; peduncles as long as the petioles, from +creeping rootstocks._ + +[+] _Fruit notched at base and apex; intermediate ribs corky._ + +1. H. umbellata, L. _Umbels many-flowered, simple_ (sometimes +proliferous); _pedicels 2--6'' long; fruit about 11/2'' broad_, strongly +notched, the dorsal ribs prominent but obtuse.--Mass. to Minn., south to +the Gulf. + +2. H. Canbyi, Coult. & Rose. _Umbels 3--9-flowered, generally +proliferous; pedicels very short_, but distinct; _fruit about 2 lines +broad_; carpels broader and more flattened than in the preceding, +sharper margined, the dorsal and lateral ribs much more prominent; +seed-section much narrower. (H. umbellata, var.? ambigua, _Gray_, +Manual).--N. J. to Md. + +[+][+] _Fruit not notched; intermediate ribs not corky._ + +3. H. verticillata, Thunb. Umbels few-flowered, proliferous, forming an +interrupted spike; pedicels very short or none; fruit 11/2--2'' broad; +dorsal and lateral ribs very prominent. (H. interrupta, _Muhl._)--Mass. +to Fla. + +[*][*] _Pericarp uniformly corky-thickened and ribs all filiform; leaves +not peltate; peduncles much shorter than the petioles._ + +[+] _Fruit small, without secondary ribs or reticulations; involucre +small or none._ + +4. H. Americana, L. Stems filiform, _branching and creeping; leaves +thin_, round-reniform, _crenate-lobed_ and the lobes crenate, shining; +few-flowered umbels _axillary and almost sessile_; fruit less than 1'' +broad; intermediate ribs prominent; no oil-bearing layer; seed-section +broadly oval.--Common. (Addendum) Propagating by filiform tuberiferous +stolons. + +5. H. ranunculoides, L. f. _Usually floating; leaves thicker_, +round-reniform, 3--7-cleft, the lobes crenate; _peduncles 1--3' long, +reflexed in fruit_; capitate umbel 5--10-flowered; fruit 1--11/2'' broad; +ribs rather obscure; seed-section oblong.--E. Penn. to Fla., thence +westward. + +[+][+] _Fruit larger (2--21/2'' broad), with prominent secondary ribs and +reticulations; the 2--4-flowered umbel subtended by two conspicuous +bracts._ + +6. H. Asiatica, L. Petioles and peduncles (1--2' long) clustered on +creeping stems or runners; leaves ovate-cordate, repand-toothed, +thickish; seed-section narrowly oblong. (H. repanda, _Pers._)--Md. to +Fla. and Tex. (Widely distributed in the tropics and southern +hemisphere.) + + +35. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. ERYNGO. + +Calyx-teeth prominent, rigid and persistent. Styles slender. Fruit ovate +or obovate, covered with little hyaline scales or tubercles, with no +ribs, and usually 5 slender oil-tubes on each carpel.--Chiefly +perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue +or white bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by +Dioscorides, of uncertain origin.) + +[*] _Stout, with parallel-veined elongated linear thick leaves._ + +1. E. yuccaefolium, Michx. (RATTLESNAKE-MASTER. BUTTON SNAKE-ROOT.) +Branching above, 1--6 deg. high; leaves rigid, tapering to a point (lower +sometimes 2--3 deg. long), the margins remotely bristly; heads ovate-globose +(9'' long), with ovate-lanceolate mostly entire cuspidate-tipped bracts +shorter than the head, and similar bractlets.--Dry or damp soil, N. J. +to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. July--Sept. + +[*][*] _Tall and often stout; leaves thick, not parallel-veined._ + +2. E. Virginianum, Lam. _Slender_ (1--3 deg. high); _radical and lower +stem-leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate, on long_ (sometimes 1 deg. long) +_fistulous petioles_, entire or with small hooked teeth; upper leaves +sessile, spiny-toothed or laciniate; heads ovate-oblong (6'' long), with +spiny-toothed or entire reflexed bracts, and _bractlets with 3 spiny +cusps_ (the middle one largest).--Margins of ponds and streams, N. J. to +Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Aug., Sept. + +3. E. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Stout (1--3 deg. high); lowest +stem-leaves broadly oblanceolate, spinosely toothed, the rest sessile +and _deeply palmately-parted into narrow incisely-pinnatifid spreading +pungent segments_; heads ovate-oblong (1--11/2' long), with pinnatifid +spinose bracts and 3--7-cuspidate bractlets, the terminal ones very +prominent and resembling the bracts.--Dry soil, E. Kan., Ark., and Tex. + +[*][*][*] _Prostrate and slender, rooting at the joints, diffusely +branched, with small thin unarmed leaves and very small heads._ + +4. E. prostratum, Nutt. Lower leaves oblong, entire, few-toothed, or +lobed at base; upper leaves smaller, clustered at the rooting joints, +ovate, few-toothed or entire (occasionally some additional trifid ones); +reflexed bracts longer than the oblong heads (2--4'' long).--Wet places, +S. Mo. to Fla. and Tex. + + +36. SANICULA, Tourn. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT. + +Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular; the carpels not +separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, +each with 5 oil-tubes.--Perennial rather tall glabrous herbs, with few +palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the root long-petioled. +Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or yellowish) +capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed. +Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name said to be from _sano_, to +heal; or perhaps from _San Nicolas_.) + +1. S. Marylandica, L. Stem 1--3 deg. high; leaves 3--7-parted, the divisions +mostly sharply cut and serrate; sterile flowers numerous and +long-pedicelled; fruit 11/2--2'' long, the styles longer than the +prickles.--Throughout our range, south to Ga. and Tenn., west to E. Kan. +and Minn. May--Aug. + +Var. Canadensis, Torr., has comparatively few and short-pedicelled +sterile flowers, and styles shorter than the prickles. (S. Canadensis, +_L._)--With the last, but westward only to Minn. and E. Kan. + + +ORDER 49. ARALIACEAE. (GINSENG FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with much the same characters as_ +Umbelliferae, _but with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a +few--several-celled drupe._--Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals not inflexed. + + +1. ARALIA, Tourn. GINSENG. WILD SARSAPARILLA. + +Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the +teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, epigynous, oblong or +obovate, lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, +alternate with the petals. Styles 2--5, mostly distinct and slender, or +in the sterile flowers short and united. Ovary 2--5-celled, with a +single anatropous ovule suspended from the top of each cell, ripening +into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds as cells. Embryo +minute.--Leaves compound or decompound. Flowers white or greenish, in +umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fruit, etc., warm and aromatic. +(Derivation obscure.) + +Sec. 1. ARALIA. _Flowers monoeciously polygamous or perfect, the umbels +usually in corymbs or panicles; styles and cells of the (black or dark +purple) fruit 5; stems herbaceous or woody; ultimate divisions of the +leaves pinnate._ + +[*] _Umbels numerous in a large compound panicle; leaves very large, +decompound._ + +1. A. spinosa, L. (ANGELICA-TREE. HERCULES' CLUB.) _Shrub, or a low +tree; the stout stem and stalks prickly_; leaflets ovate, pointed, +serrate, pale beneath.--River-banks, Penn. to Ind., and south to the +Gulf. July, Aug. + +2. A. racemosa, L. (SPIKENARD.) _Herbaceous; stem widely branched; +leaflets heart-ovate_, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy; umbels +racemose; _styles united_.--Rich woodlands, N. Brunswick to Minn., south +to the mountains of Ga. July. Well known for its spicy-aromatic large +roots. + +[*][*] _Umbels 2--7, corymbed; stem short, somewhat woody._ + +3. A. hispida, Vent. (BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA. WILD ELDER.) _Stem_ (1--2 deg. +high) _bristly, leafy_, terminating in a peduncle bearing several +umbels; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, +cut-serrate.--Rocky and sandy places, Newf. to Dak., south to the +mountains of N. C. June. + +4. A. nudicaulis, L. (WILD SARSAPARILLA.) _Stem scarcely rising out of +the ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf_ (1 deg. high) _and a +shorter naked scape_, with 2--7 umbels; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, +pointed, serrate, 5 on each of the 3 divisions.--Moist woodlands; range +of n. 3. May, June. The long horizontal aromatic roots a substitute for +officinal Sarsaparilla. + +Sec. 2. GINSENG. _Flowers dioeciously polygamous; styles and cells of the +red or reddish fruit 2 or 3; stem herbaceous, low, simple, bearing a +whorl of 3 palmately 3--7-foliolate leaves, and a simple umbel on a +slender peduncle._ + +5. A. quinquefolia, Decsne. & Planch. (GINSENG.) _Root large and +spindle-shaped, often forked_ (4--9' long, aromatic); stem 1 deg. high; +_leaflets long-stalked_, mostly 5, large and thin, obovate-oblong, +pointed; styles mostly 2; _fruit bright red_.--Rich and cool woods, Vt. +and W. Conn. to Minn., south to the mountains of Ga. July. + +6. A. trifolia, Decsne. & Planch. (DWARF GINSENG. GROUND-NUT.) _Root or +tuber globular_, deep in the ground (pungent to the taste, not +aromatic); stems 4--8' high; _leaflets 3--5, sessile_ at the summit of +the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse; styles usually 3; _fruit +yellowish_.--Rich woods, N. Scotia to Minn., south to Ga. April, May. + + +ORDER 50. CORNACEAE. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) + +_Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with opposite or alternate simple +leaves, the calyx-tube coherent with the 1--2-celled ovary, its limb +minute, the petals (valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the +margin of an epigynous disk in the perfect flowers; style one; a single +anatropous ovule hanging from the top of the cell; the fruit a +1--2-seeded drupe; embryo nearly as long as the albumen, with large +foliaceous cotyledons._--Including two genera, of which Nyssa is partly +apetalous. Bark bitter and tonic. + +1. Cornus. Flowers perfect, 4-merous. Leaves mostly opposite. + +2. Nyssa. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, 5-merous. Leaves alternate. + + +1. CORNUS, Tourn. CORNEL. DOGWOOD. + +Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely +4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4; filaments slender. +Style slender; stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a +2-celled and 2-seeded stone.--Leaves opposite (except in one species), +entire. Flowers small, in open naked cymes, or in close heads surrounded +by a corolla-like involucre. (Name from _cornu_, a horn; alluding to the +hardness of the wood.) + +Sec. 1. _Flowers greenish, in a head or close cluster, surrounded by a +large and showy, 4-leaved, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish +involucre; fruit bright red._ + +1. C. Canadensis, L. (DWARF CORNEL. BUNCH-BERRY.) _Stems low and simple_ +(5--7' high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody +trunk; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded +into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed; +_leaves of the involucre ovate_; fruit globular.--Damp cold woods, N. J. +to Ind. and Minn., and the far north and west. June. + +2. C. florida, L. (FLOWERING DOGWOOD.) _Tree_ 12--40 deg. high; leaves +ovate, pointed, acutish at the base; _leaves of the involucre obcordate_ +(11/2' long); _fruit oval_.--Dry woods, from S. New Eng. to Ont. and S. +Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June. Very showy in flower, scarcely +less so in fruit. + +Sec. 2. _Flowers white, in open flat spreading cymes; involucre none; fruit +spherical; leaves all opposite (except in n. 9)._ + +[*] _Pubescence woolly and more or less spreading._ + +3. C. circinata, L'Her. (ROUND-LEAVED CORNEL or DOGWOOD.) Shrub 6--10 deg. +high; _branches greenish_, warty-dotted; _leaves round-oval, abruptly +pointed, woolly beneath_ (2--5' broad); cymes flat; _fruit light +blue_.--Copses, in rich or sandy soil, or on rocks, N. Scotia to Dak., +south to Va. and Mo. June. + +4. C. sericea, L. (SILKY CORNEL. KINNIKINNIK.) Shrub 3--10 deg. high; +_branches purplish; the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the +narrowly ovate or elliptical pointed leaves silky-downy_ (often rusty), +pale and dull; cymes flat, close; calyx-teeth lanceolate; _fruit pale +blue_.--Wet places, Canada to Dak., south to Fla. and La. June. + +5. C. asperifolia, Michx. _Branches brownish; the branchlets, etc., +rough-pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate_, on short petioles, pointed, +_rough_ with a harsh pubescence _above, and downy beneath_; calyx-teeth +minute; fruit white. (C. Drummondii, _Mey._)--Dry or sandy soil, N. +shore of L. Erie to Minn. and the Gulf. May, June. A rather tall shrub. + +[*][*] _Pubescence closely appressed, straight and silky, or none._ + +6. C. stolonifera, Michx. (RED-OSIER DOGWOOD.) _Branches, especially the +osier-like shoots_ of the season, _bright red-purple, smooth; leaves +ovate_, rounded at base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute +close pubescence on both sides, _whitish underneath_; cymes small and +flat, rather few-flowered, smooth; _fruit white or lead-color_.--Wet +places; common, especially northward. Multiplies freely by prostrate or +subterranean suckers, and forms broad clumps, 3--6 deg. high. June. + +7. C. stricta, Lam. (STIFF CORNEL.) A shrub 8--15 deg. high; branches +brownish or reddish, smooth; _leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate_, +taper-pointed, acutish at base, _glabrous, of nearly the same hue both +sides; cymes loose, flattish_; _anthers and fruit pale blue_.--Swamps, +Va. to Ga. and Fla. April, May. + +8. C. paniculata, L'Her. (PANICLED CORNEL.) Shrub 4--8 deg. high, much +branched; _branches gray, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate_, +taper-pointed, acute at base, _whitish beneath_ but not +downy; _cymes convex, loose_, often panicled; _fruit white_, +depressed-globose.--Thickets and river-banks. June. + +9. C. alternifolia, L. f. Shrub or tree 8--25 deg. high; _branches greenish +streaked with white, the alternate leaves clustered at the ends_, ovate +or oval, long-pointed, acute at base, whitish and minutely pubescent +beneath; cymes very broad and open; _fruit deep blue_ on reddish +stalks.--Hillsides in copses, N. Brunswick to Minn., south to Ga. and +Ala. May, June. + + +2. NYSSA, L. TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. SOUR-GUM TREE. + +Flowers dioeciously polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the +summit of axillary peduncles. _Stam. Fl._ numerous in a simple or +compound dense cluster of fascicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals as in +fertile flower or none. Stamens 5--12, oftener 10, inserted on the +outside of a convex disk; filaments slender; anthers short. No pistil. +_Pist. Fl._ solitary, or 2--8, sessile in a bracted cluster, much larger +than the staminate flowers. Calyx with a very short repand-truncate or +minutely 5-toothed limb. Petals very small and fleshy, deciduous, or +often wanting. Stamens 5--10, with perfect or imperfect anthers. Style +elongated, revolute, stigmatic down one side. Ovary 1-celled. Drupe +ovoid or oblong, with a bony and grooved or striate 1-celled and +1-seeded stone.--Trees with entire or sometimes angulate-toothed leaves, +which are alternate, but mostly crowded at the ends of the branchlets, +and greenish flowers appearing with the leaves. (The name of a Nymph: +"so called because it [the original species] grows in the water.") + +1. N. sylvatica, Marsh. (TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK or SOUR GUM.) +Middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches; leaves oval or obovate, +commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous pubescent when young, at least +on the margins and midrib, shining above when old (2--5' long); _fertile +flowers 3--8_, at the summit of a slender peduncle; _fruit ovoid_, acid, +_bluish-black_ (about 1/2' long). (N. multiflora, _Wang._)--Rich soil, +either moist or nearly dry, S. Maine and N. Vt. to Mich., south to Fla. +and Tex. April, May. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. Wood firm, +close-grained and very unwedgeable, on account of the oblique direction +and crossing of its fibres. + +2. N. uniflora, Wang. (LARGE TUPELO.) A large tree; leaves oblong or +ovate, sometimes slightly cordate at base, long-petioled, entire or +angulate-toothed, pale and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young +(4--12' long); _fertile flower solitary_ on a slender peduncle; _fruit +oblong, blue_ (1' or more in length).--Deep swamps, S. Va. to S. Ill. +and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. April. Wood soft; that of the roots very +light and spongy. + + + + +DIVISION II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. + +Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter +composed of more or less united petals, that is, gamopetalous.[A] + +[Footnote A: In certain families, as in Ericaceae, etc., the petals in +some genera are nearly or quite separate. In Compositae and some others, +the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or a mere border, or even to +nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The student +might look for these in the first or the third division; but the +_artificial analysis_ prefixed to the volume provides for such +anomalies, and will lead him to the proper order.] + + +ORDER 51. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) + +_Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, +the calyx-tube coherent with the 2--5-celled ovary, the stamens as many +as_ (one fewer in Linnaea, doubled in Adoxa) _the lobes of the tubular or +rotate corolla, and inserted on its tube._--Fruit a berry, drupe, or +pod, 1--several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with small embryo in fleshy +albumen. + +Tribe I. SAMBUCEAE. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply +5-lobed. Stigmas 3--5, sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence terminal and +cymose. + +[*] Dwarf herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster. + +1. Adoxa. Fruit a dry greenish drupe, with 3--5 cartilaginous nutlets. +Cauline leaves a single pair and ternate. + +[*][*] Shrubs, with stamens as many as corolla-lobes and flowers in +broad compound cymes. + +2. Sambucus. Fruit berry-like, containing three small seed-like nutlets. +Leaves pinnate. + +3. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. +Leaves simple. + +Tribe II. LONICEREAE. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes +2-lipped. Style slender; stigma capitate. + +[*] Herbs, with axillary flowers. + +4. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-celled +drupe. Erect; flowers sessile. + +5. Linnaea. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit +dry, 3-celled, but only 1-seeded. Creeping, with long-pedunculate twin +flowers. + +[*][*] Erect or climbing shrubs, with scaly winter-buds. + +6. Symphoricarpos. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the +bell-shaped regular corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded; two of +the cells sterile. + +7. Lonicera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or +less irregular corolla. Berry several-seeded; all the 2 or 3 cells +fertile. + +8. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod +2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, slender. + + +1. ADOXA, L. MOSCHATEL. + +Calyx-tube reaching not quite to the summit of the 3--5-celled ovary; +limb of 3 or more teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4--6-cleft, bearing at +each sinus a pair of separate or partly united stamens with 1-celled +anthers. Style 3--5-parted. Dry drupe greenish, with 3--5 cartilaginous +nutlets.--A dwarf perennial herb with scaly rootstock and ternately +divided leaves, the cauline a single pair. An anomalous genus. (From +[Greek: a)/doxos], obscure or insignificant.) + +1. A. Moschatellina, L. Smooth, musk-scented; radical leaves +1--3-ternate, the cauline 3-cleft or 3-parted; leaflets obovate, +3-cleft; flowers several in a close cluster on a slender peduncle, +greenish or yellowish.--N. Iowa, Wisc., and Minn., and northward. (Eu., +Asia.) + + +2. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. ELDER. + +Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open urn-shaped, with a broadly +spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy +drupe, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets.--Shrubby plants, with a +rank smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate-pointed leaflets, and +numerous small and white flowers in compound cymes. (The Latin name, +perhaps from [Greek: sambu/ke], an ancient musical instrument.) + +1. S. Canadensis, L. (COMMON ELDER.) Stems scarcely woody (5--10 deg. high); +_leaflets 5--11, oblong_, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-parted; +_cymes flat; fruit black-purple_.--Rich soil, in open places, throughout +our range, and south and west. June, July.--Pith white. + +2. S. racemosa, L. (RED-BERRIED ELDER.) Stems woody (2--12 deg. high), the +bark warty; _leaflets 5--7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath; cymes +panicled, convex or pyramidal; fruit bright red_ (rarely white). (S. +pubens, _Michx._)--Rocky woods, N. Scotia to Ga., and westward across +the continent. May; the fruit ripening in June.--Pith brown. Both +species occur with the leaflets divided into 3--5 linear-lanceolate +2--3-cleft or laciniate segments. + + +3. VIBURNUM, L. ARROW-WOOD. LAURESTINUS. + +Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas +1--3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a +thin-crustaceous (flattened or tumid) stone.--Shrubs, with simple +leaves, and white flowers in flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes +bearing little appendages which are evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, +or with a pair of scales. (The classical Latin name, of unknown +meaning.) + +Sec. 1. _Cyme radiant, the marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged +flat corollas as in_ Hydrangea; _drupes coral-red turning darker, not +acid; stone sulcate; leaves pinnately veined; winter-buds naked._ + +1. V. lantanoides, Michx. (HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN WAYFARING-TREE.) Leaves +(4--8' across) round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, +closely serrate, the veins and veinlets beneath with the stalks and +branchlets very rusty-scurfy; cymes sessile, very broad and flat.--Cold +moist woods, N. Brunswick to Ont. and Penn., and in the mountains to +N. C. May. A straggling shrub; the reclining branches often taking +root. + +Sec. 2. _Cyme peduncled, radiant in n. 2; drupe light red, acid, globose; +stone very flat, orbicular, not sulcate; leaves palmately veined; +winter-buds scaly._ + +2. V. Opulus, L. (CRANBERRY-TREE.) Nearly smooth, upright (4--10 deg. high); +leaves 3--5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate +at base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, +entire in the sinuses; petioles bearing 2 glands at the apex.--Low +ground, along streams, from N. Brunswick far westward, and south to +Penn. June, July.--The acid fruit is a substitute for cranberries, +whence the names _High Cranberry-bush_, etc. The well-known SNOW-BALL +TREE, or GUELDER-ROSE, is a cultivated state, with the whole cyme turned +into showy sterile flowers. (Eu.) + +3. V. pauciflorum, Pylaie. A low straggling shrub; leaves glabrous or +loosely pubescent beneath, 5-ribbed at base, unequally serrate nearly +all round, with 3 short lobes at the summit; cyme few-flowered; stamens +shorter than the corolla.--Cold woods, Newf. and Lab. to the mountains +of N. Eng., westward to N. Mich. and the Rocky Mts. + +Sec. 3. _Cyme never radiant; drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at +maturity._ + +[*] _Leaves 3-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate base, somewhat +3-lobed; stipules bristle-shaped._ + +4. V. acerifolium, L. (DOCKMACKIE. ARROW-WOOD.) Shrub 3--6 deg. high; leaves +soft-downy beneath, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally toothed; +cymes small, slender-peduncled; stamens exserted; fruit crimson turning +purple; stone lenticular, hardly sulcate.--Cool rocky woods, from +N. Brunswick to N. C., and west to S. Minn. + +[*][*] _Leaves (with base inclined to heart-shaped) coarsely toothed, +prominently pinnately veined; stipules narrowly subulate; no rusty +scurf; fruit ovoid, blue or purple; the stone grooved; cymes peduncled._ + +[+] _Stone flat; leaves all short-petioled or subsessile._ + +5. V. pubescens, Pursh. (DOWNY A.) A low, straggling shrub; leaves ovate +or oblong-ovate, acute or taper-pointed, the veins and teeth fewer and +less conspicuous than in the next, the lower surface and very short +petioles soft-downy, at least when young; fruit dark-purple; the stone +lightly 2-sulcate on the faces.--Rocks, etc., Lower Canada to the +mountains of Ga., west to Iowa and Minn. June. + +[+][+] _Stone very deeply sulcate ventrally; leaves rather +slender-petioled._ + +6. V. dentatum, L. (ARROW-WOOD.) Smooth, 5--15 deg. high, with ash-colored +bark; leaves broadly ovate, very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly +veined; fruit 3'' long; cross-section of stone between kidney- and +horseshoe-shaped.--Wet places, N. Brunswick to N. Ga., and west to Minn. +June.--The pale leaves often with hairy tufts in the axils of the +straight veins. + +7. V. molle, Michx. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or ovate, scarcely +pointed, coarsely crenate or repand-toothed, the lower surface, +branchlets and cymes soft-downy, the latter with stellate pubescence; +fruit oily, larger and more pointed, the stone as in n. 6, but less +deeply excavated.--Coast of N. Eng. (Martha's Vineyard), to Tex. + +[*][*][*] _Leaves finely serrate or entire, bright green; veins not +prominent; stipules none; whole plant glabrous or with some minute rusty +scurf; fruit black or with a blue bloom, sweet, stone very flat and +even, broadly oval or orbicular._ + +[+] _Cymes peduncled, about 5-rayed; drupes globose-ovoid, 3'' long, +shrubs 5--12 deg. high, in swamps._ + +8. V. cassinoides, L. (WITHE-ROD.) Shoots scurfy-punctate; leaves +thickish and _opaque or dull_, ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse +acumination, _obscurely veiny_ (1--3' long), _with margins irregularly +crenulate-denticulate_ or sometimes entire; _peduncle shorter than the +cyme_. (V. nudum, var. cassinoides, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Newf. to N. J. and +Minn. Flowers earlier than the next. + +9. V. nudum, L. Obscurely scurfy-punctate; _leaves more veiny_, +thickish, oval, oblong or lanceolate, entire or obsoletely denticulate, +_lucid above_ (2--4' long); _peduncle usually equalling the +cyme_.--N. J. to Fla. + +[+][+] _Compound cymes sessile, 3--5-rayed; drupes oval, 5--7'' long._ + +10. V. Lentago, L. (SWEET VIBURNUM. SHEEP-BERRY.) _Leaves ovate, +strongly pointed_, closely and very _sharply serrate_; petioles long and +margined; cyme large; fruit oval, 1/2' long or more, ripe in autumn, +edible; tree 15--30 deg. high.--Woods and banks of streams, from the +Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and northward. Fl. in spring. + +11. V. prunifolium, L. (BLACK HAW.) _Leaves oval, obtuse_ or slightly +pointed, _finely and sharply serrate_, smaller than in the preceding +(1--2' long); fruit similar or rather smaller.--Dry or moist ground, +N. Y. to Mich., Kan., and southward. Flowering early.--A tall shrub or +small tree. + +12. V. obovatum, Walt. Shrub 2--8 deg. high; leaves obovate or spatulate, +obtuse, entire or denticulate, thickish, small (1--11/2' long), shining; +cymes small; fruit 5'' long, black.--River-banks and swamps, Va. to Fla. +May. + + +4. TRIOSTEUM, L. FEVER-WORT. HORSE-GENTIAN. + +Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, +gibbous at base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the +calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry +drupe, containing as many ribbed 1-seeded bony nutlets.--Coarse, hairy, +perennial herbs, leafy to the top; the ample entire pointed leaves +tapering to the base, but connate round the simple stem. Flowers +sessile, solitary or clustered in the axils. (Name an abbreviation of +_Triosteospermum_, alluding to the three bony nutlets.) + +1. T. perfoliatum, L. _Softly hairy_ (2--4 deg. high); _leaves oval, +abruptly narrowed below_, downy beneath; flowers brownish-purple, mostly +clustered; fruit orange-color, 1/2' long.--Rich woodlands, Canada and N. +Eng. to Minn., Iowa, and Ala. June. Also called TINKER'S-WEED, WILD +COFFEE, etc. + +2. T. angustifolium, L. Smaller, _bristly-hairy; leaves lanceolate, +tapering to the base_; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in +the axils.--Shady grounds, Va. to Ill., Mo., and Ala. May. + + +5. LINNAEA, Gronov. TWIN-FLOWER. + +Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost +equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the +base of the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but only +1-seeded, two of the cells having only abortive ovules.--A slender +creeping and trailing little evergreen, somewhat hairy, with +rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at the base into short +petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 pedicels at +the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla +purple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal _Linnaeus_, +who first pointed out its characters, and with whom this pretty little +plant was a special favorite.) + +1. L. borealis, Gronov.--Moist mossy woods and cold bogs, N. Eng. to +N. J. and the mountains of Md., west to Minn.; also far north and west. +June. (Eu.) + + +6. SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. SNOWBERRY. + +Calyx-teeth short, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly +4--5-lobed, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary +4-celled, only 2 of the cells with a fertile ovule; the berry therefore +4-celled but only 2-seeded. Seeds bony.--Low and branching upright +shrubs, with oval short-petioled leaves, which are downy underneath and +entire, or wavy toothed or lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white +tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or clusters. (Name +composed of [Greek: symphore/o], _to bear together_, and [Greek: +karpo/s], _fruit_; from the clustered berries.) + +[*] _Style bearded; fruit red; flowers all in short dense axillary +clusters._ + +1. S. vulgaris, Michx. (INDIAN CURRANT. CORAL-BERRY.) Flowers in the +axils of nearly all the leaves; corolla sparingly bearded; berries +small.--Rocky banks, western N. Y. and Penn. to Dak., Neb., and Tex. +July. + +[*][*] _Style glabrous; fruit white; flowers in clusters or sometimes +solitary._ + +2. S. occidentalis, Hook. (WOLFBERRY.) _Flowers in dense terminal and +axillary spikes_; corolla much bearded within; stamens and style +protruded.--Rocky ground, N. Mich. and Ill., west to the Rocky +Mts.--Flowers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in +the next. + +3. S. racemosus, Michx. (SNOWBERRY.) _Flowers in a loose and somewhat +leafy interrupted spike_ at the end of the branches; corolla bearded +inside; berries large.--Rocky banks, N. New Eng. and Penn., to Minn. and +westward; common in cultivation. June--Sept. Berries ripe in +autumn.--Var. PAUCIFLORUS, Robbins. Low, diffusely branched and +spreading; leaves smaller (about 1' long), the spike reduced to one or +two flowers in the uppermost axils.--Mountains of Vt. and Penn. to +Minn., Dak., and westward. + + +7. LONICERA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE. + +Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at +the base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary +2--3-celled. Berry several-seeded.--Leaves entire. Flowers often showy +and fragrant. (Named in honor of _Adam Lonitzer_, latinized _Lonicerus_, +a German herbalist of the 16th century.) + +Sec. 1. XYLOSTEON. _Upright bushy shrubs; leaves all distinct; peduncles +axillary, single, 2-flowered at the summit; the two berries sometimes +united into one; calyx-teeth not persistent._ + +[*] _Bracts (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries minute._ + +1. L. ciliata, Muhl. (FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branches straggling (3--5 deg. +high); _leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin_, downy +beneath; _filiform peduncles shorter than the leaves_; corolla +funnel-form, almost spurred at the base (greenish-yellow, 3/4' long), the +lobes nearly equal; _berries separate (red)_.--Rocky woods, N. Brunswick +to Penn. and Minn. May. + +2. L. caerulea, L. (MOUNTAIN F.) Low (1--2 deg. high); branches upright; +_leaves oval_, downy when young; _peduncles very short; bracts +awl-shaped, longer than the ovaries, which are united into one (blue) +berry_; flowers yellowish.--Mountain woods and bogs, Lab. to R. I., +Minn., and northward. May. (Eu.) + +3. L. oblongifolia, Muhl. (SWAMP F.) Shrub 2--5 deg. high, branches upright; +_leaves_ (2--3' long) _oblong_, downy when young, smooth when old; +_peduncles long and slender; bracts minute or deciduous; corolla deeply +2-lipped_ (1/2' long, yellowish-white); _berries (purple) united_ or +nearly distinct.--Bogs, N. New Eng. and N. Y., to Minn. June. + +[*][*] _The two flowers involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad +foliaceous bracts._ + +4. L. involucrata, Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous; branches +4-angular; leaves (2--5' long) ovate-oblong, mostly pointed, petioled, +and with a strong midrib, exceeding the peduncle; corolla yellowish, +viscid-pubescent, cylindraceous (6--8'' long); ovaries and globose +dark-purple berries distinct.--Deep woods; shores of L. Superior, and +north and westward. + +Sec. 2. CAPRIFOLIUM. _Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorled +clusters from the axils of the (often connate) upper leaves, forming +interrupted terminal spikes; calyx-teeth persistent on the (red or +orange) berry._ + +[*] _Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regular; stamens and style little +exserted._ + +5. L. sempervirens, Ait. (TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE.) Flowers in somewhat +distant whorls, scentless, nearly 2' long, deep red outside, yellowish +within or rarely throughout; leaves oblong, smooth, the lower petioled, +the uppermost pairs connate.--Copses, Conn. to Ind., and southward; +common in cultivation. May--Oct.--Leaves deciduous at the north. + +[*][*] _Corolla ringent; the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and +4-lobed; stamens and style conspicuously exserted._ + +[+] _Corolla-tube an inch long, glabrous inside; stamens and style +glabrous._ + +6. L. grata, Ait. (AMERICAN WOODBINE.) Leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, +obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united; flowers whorled in the uppermost +axils; corolla whitish with a purple tube, fading yellowish, not gibbous +at base, fragrant.--Rocky woodlands, N. J. and Penn. to Mich. and Mo., +and southward; also cultivated. May. + +[+][+] _Corolla hairy within, the tube 6'' long or less._ + +7. L. hirsuta, Eaton. (HAIRY HONEYSUCKLE.) Twining and rather +high-climbing; leaves deep green above, downy-hairy beneath, as well as +the branches, veiny, dull, broadly oval, the uppermost united, the lower +short-petioled; flowers in approximate whorls; tube of the +(orange-yellow) clammy-pubescent corolla gibbous at base, slender.--Damp +copses and rocks, Maine to Penn., Mich., and Minn. July.--A coarse +large-leaved species. + +8. L. Sullivantii, Gray. At length _much whitened with glaucous bloom_, +3--6 deg. high, glabrous; leaves oval and obovate-oblong (2--4' long), +sessile and mostly connate on the flowering stems, the uppermost into an +orbicular disk; corolla pale yellow; _filaments nearly glabrous_. (L. +flava of former edition, mainly.)--Ohio to Ill., Minn., and L. Winnipeg; +also in Tenn. and N. C. + +9. L. glauca, Hill. Glabrous, or lower leaf surface sometimes +puberulent, 3--5 deg. high; leaves oblong (2--3' long), glaucous but less +whitened than in the last, the 1--4 _upper pairs connate_; corolla +greenish-yellow or purplish; _tube only 3--4'' long, within and also +style and base of filaments hirsute_. (L. parviflora, _Lam._, and part +of var. Douglasii, _Gray._)--Rocky grounds, N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn., +and northward. + + +8. DIERVILLA, Tourn. BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE. + +Calyx-tube tapering at the summit; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, +persistent. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. +Pod ovoid-oblong, pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, +many-seeded.--Low upright shrubs, with ovate or oblong pointed serrate +leaves, and cymosely 3--several-flowered peduncles, from the upper axils +or terminal. (Named in compliment to _Dr. Dierville_, who brought it +from Canada to Tournefort.) + +1. D. trifida, Moench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled; +peduncles mostly 3-flowered; pod long-beaked.--Rocks, Newf. to the +mountains of N. C., west to Minn. June--Aug.--Flowers honey-color, not +showy, as are the Japanese species cultivated under the name of WEIGELA. + + +ORDER 52. RUBIACEAE. (MADDER FAMILY.) + +_Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed +stipules, or in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent +with the 2--4-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the +regular corolla (4--5), and inserted on its tube._--Flowers perfect, but +often dimorphous (as in Mitchella and Houstonia). Fruit various. Seeds +anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious +hard albumen.--A very large family, the greater part, and all its most +important plants (such as the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical. + +I. CINCHONEAE. Ovules numerous in each cell; leaves opposite. + +1. Houstonia. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, 4-lobed. Seeds rather +few, thimble-shaped or saucer-shaped. Low herbs. + +2. Oldenlandia. Corolla wheel-shaped in our species, 4-lobed. Seeds very +numerous and minute, angular. Low herbs. + +II. COFFEINEAE. Ovules solitary in the cells; leaves mostly opposite. + +[+] Flowers in a close and globose long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. +Shrubs. + +3. Cephalanthus. Corolla tubular; lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, +2--4-seeded. + +[+][+] Flowers twin; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2-eyed +berry. + +4. Mitchella. Corolla funnel-form; its lobes 4. A creeping herb. + +[+][+][+] Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs. + +5. Spermacoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form; lobes 4. Fruit +separating when ripe into 2 carpels, one or both of them opening. + +6. Diodia. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels; +otherwise as n. 5. + +III. STELLATAE. Ovules solitary; leaves in whorls, without stipules. + +7. Galium. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Calyx-teeth +obsolete. Fruit twin, separating into 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels. + +8. Sherardia. Corolla funnel-form. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Flowers +subsessile, involucrate. + +1. HOUSTONIA, L. + +Calyx 4-lobed, persistent; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla +salver-form or funnel-form, usually much longer than the calyx-lobes, +4-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4; anthers linear or +oblong. Style 1; stigmas 2. Ovary 2-celled. Pod top-shaped, globular, +or didymous, thin, its summit or upper half free from and projecting +beyond the tube of the calyx, loculicidal across the top. Seeds +rather few (4--20 in each cell), peltate and saucer-shaped or +globular-thimble-shaped, pitted.--Small herbs, with short entire +stipules connecting the petioles or narrowed bases of the leaves, and +cymose or solitary and peduncled flowers. These are dimorphous, in some +individuals with exserted anthers and short included style; in others +the anthers included and the style long, the stigmas therefore +protruding. (Named for _Dr. Wm. Houston_, an English botanist who +collected in Central America.) + +[*] _Small and delicate, vernal-flowering; peduncles 1-flowered; corolla +salver-form; upper half of the broad and somewhat 2-lobed pod free; +seeds globular, with a very deep round cavity occupying the inner face._ + +[+] _Perennial by delicate filiform creeping rootstocks or creeping +stems; peduncles filiform, 1--2' long._ + +1. H. caerulea, L. (BLUETS. INNOCENCE.) Glabrous; _stems erect_, slender, +sparingly branched from the base (3--5' high); _leaves oblong-spatulate_ +(3--4'' long); peduncle filiform, erect; corolla _light blue_, pale +lilac or nearly white with a yellowish eye, with tube much longer than +its lobes or than those of the calyx.--Moist and grassy places, N. Eng. +to Ga., west to Mich. and Ala.; producing from early spring to midsummer +its delicate little flowers. + +2. H. serpyllifolia, Michx. Like the last, but filiform +_stems prostrate_, extensively creeping and rooting; _leaves +orbicular to ovate_ (2--4'' long); corolla rather larger, and _deep +violet-blue_.--Along streamlets and on mountain-tops, Va. to Tenn. and +S. C. + +[+][+] _Winter-annuals, branching from the simple root; peduncles much +shorter._ + +3. H. patens, Ell. An inch to at length a span high, with ascending +branches and erect peduncles; leaves spatulate to ovate; corolla much +smaller than that of n. 1, violet-blue or purplish without yellowish +eye, _the tube longer than its lobes, twice the length of the +calyx-lobes_.--Dry or sandy soil, S. Va. to Tex. and Ill. (?) + +4. H. minima, Beck. More diffuse, _commonly scabrous_; stems at length +much branched and spreading (1--4' high); lowest leaves ovate or +spatulate, the upper oblong or nearly linear; earlier peduncles +elongated and spreading in fruit, the later ones short; _tube of the +purplish corolla not longer than its lobes or the ample calyx-lobes_ +(11/2'' long).--Dry hills, Mo. to Tex. March--May. + +[*][*] _Erect, mostly perennial herbs (6--20' high), with stem-leaves +sessile, and flowers in small terminal cymes or clusters; corolla +funnel-form, purplish, often hairy inside; seeds meniscoidal, with a +ridge across the hollowed inner face._ + +5. H. purpurea, L. Pubescent or smooth (8--15' high); _leaves varying +from roundish-ovate to lanceolate_, 3--5-ribbed; calyx-lobes longer than +the half-free globular pod.--Woodlands, Md. to Ark., and southward. +May--July.--Varying wonderfully, as into-- + +Var. ciliolata, Gray. A span high; leaves only 1/2' long, thickish; +cauline oblong-spatulate; radical oval or oblong, rosulate, +hirsute-ciliate; calyx-lobes a little longer than the pod.--Rocky banks, +from the Great Lakes and Minn. to Ky.; passing into + +Var. longifolia, Gray. A span or two high, mostly glabrous, +thinner-leaved; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear (6--20'' long); +radical oval or oblong, less rosulate, not ciliate.--Rocky or gravelly +ground, Maine to Minn., south to Ga. and Mo.; also northward. + +Var. tenuifolia, Gray. Slender, lax, diffuse, 6--12' high, with loose +inflorescence, and almost filiform branches and peduncles; cauline +leaves all linear, hardly over 1'' wide.--S. E. Ohio to Va., N. C., and +Tenn. + +Var. calycosa, Gray. Almost 1 deg. high; leaves broadly lanceolate, +thickish; calyx-lobes elongated (2--4'' long), much surpassing the +pod.--From Ill. (_Hall_) to Ark. and N. Ala. + +6. H. angustifolia, Michx. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root; +_leaves narrowly linear_, acute, 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled; +flowers crowded, short-pedicelled; lobes of the corolla densely bearded +inside; _pod obovoid, acute at base, only its summit free_, opening +first across the top, at length through the partition.--Barrens, Ill. to +Kan., south to Tex., Tenn., and Fla. + + +2. OLDENLANDIA, Plumier. + +Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla short, in our species wheel-shaped; +the limb 4-parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4; anthers short. Style 1 +or none; stigmas 2. Pod thin, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening +loculicidally across the summit. Seeds very numerous, minute and +angular.--Low herbs, with small stipules united to the petioles. +(Dedicated to the memory of _Oldenland_, a German physician and +botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope.) + +1. O. glomerata, Michx. An inconspicuous, pubescent or smoothish, +branched and spreading annual (2--12' high); leaves ovate to oblong; +flowers in sessile axillary clusters; corolla nearly wheel-shaped +(white), much shorter than the calyx.--Wet places, near the coast, N. Y. +to Fla. and Tex. + + +3. CEPHALANTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH. + +Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, +4-toothed; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much +protruded. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely +pyramidal, 2--4-celled, at length splitting from the base upward into +2--4 closed 1-seeded portions.--Shrubs, with the white flowers densely +aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. (Name composed of [Greek: +kephale/], _a head_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _a flower_.) + +1. C. occidentalis, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate or +lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short +intervening stipules.--Swamps and along streams, throughout the +continent. July, Aug. + + +4. MITCHELLA, L. PARTRIDGE-BERRY. + +Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla +funnel-form, 4-lobed; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, +valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style 1; stigmas 4, linear. Fruit a +berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two +flowers, with 4 small seed-like bony nutlets to each flower.--A smooth +and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate and shining petioled +leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers often tinged with +purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) berries, which remain +over winter. Flowers occasionally 3--6-merous, always dimorphous; all +those of some individuals having exserted stamens and included stigmas; +of others, included stamens and exserted style. (This very pretty plant +commemorates _Dr. John Mitchell_, an early correspondent of Linnaeus, and +an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.) + +1. M. repens, L.--Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees, +especially Coniferae, throughout our range and southward. June, +July.--Leaves often variegated with whitish lines. Rarely the two +flowers are completely confluent into one, with a 10-lobed corolla. + + +5. SPERMACOCE, Dill. BUTTON-WEED. + +Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or +salver-form, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft. +Fruit small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 +carpels, one of them usually carrying with it the partition, and +therefore closed, the other open on the inner face.--Small herbs, the +bases of the leaves or petioles connected by a bristle-bearing stipular +membrane. Flowers small, whitish, crowded into sessile axillary whorled +clusters or heads. (Name compounded of [Greek: spe/rma], _seed_, and +[Greek: akoke/], _a point_, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on the +fruit.) + +1. S. glabra, Michx. Glabrous perennial; stems spreading (9--20' long); +leaves oblong-lanceolate; heads many-flowered; corolla little exceeding +the calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base; +filaments and style hardly any.--River-banks, S. Ohio to Ark., Tex., and +Fla. Aug. + + +6. DIODIA, Gronov. BUTTON-WEED. + +Calyx-teeth 2--5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled; the +crustaceous carpels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. +Flowers 1--3 in each axil. Otherwise resembling Spermacoce. Flowering +all summer. (Name from [Greek: di/odos], _a thoroughfare_; the species +often growing by the wayside.) + +1. D. Virginiana, L. Smooth or hairy perennial; stems spreading (1--2 deg. +long); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile; corolla white +(1/2' long), the _slender tube abruptly expanded into the large limb; +style 2-parted; fruit oblong, strongly furrowed_, crowned mostly with 2 +slender calyx-teeth.--Low grounds along streams, southern N. J. to Fla., +west to Ark. and Tex. + +2. D. teres, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent annual; stem spreading +(3--9' long), nearly terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, +rigid; _corolla funnel-form_ (2--3'' long, whitish), with short lobes, +not exceeding the long bristles of the stipules; _style undivided; +fruit_ obovate-turbinate, _not furrowed_, crowned with 4 short +calyx-teeth.--Sandy soil, N. J. to W. Ill., Fla., and Tex. + + +7. GALIUM, L. BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS. + +Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped, +valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or +fleshy, globular, twin, separating when ripe into the 2 seed-like, +indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels.--Slender herbs, with small cymose flowers +(produced in summer), square stems, and whorled leaves, the roots often +containing a red coloring matter. (Name from [Greek: ga/la], _milk_, +which some species are used to curdle.) + +Sec. 1. _Naturalized species; fruit dry._ + +G. VERUM, L. (YELLOW BEDSTRAW.) Perennial; stems smooth, erect; leaves 8 +or sometimes 6 in the whorls, linear, roughish, soon deflexed; flowers +very numerous, paniculate, yellow; fruit usually smooth.--Dry fields, +E. Mass. (Nat. from Eu.) + +G. MOLLUGO, L. Perennial, smooth throughout; stems erect or diffuse, 2 +or 3 deg. long; leaves 8, or 6 on the branchlets, oblanceolate to nearly +linear; flowers very numerous in ample almost leafless panicles; fruit +smooth.--Roadsides and fields, N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) + +G. ANGLICUM, Huds. Annual, slender, diffuse, seldom 1 deg. high, glabrous; +leaves 5--7, oblanceolate to nearly linear (3'' long), their margins and +the angles of the stem spinulose-scabrous; flowers rather few, cymulose +on leafy branches, greenish-white, very small; fruit glabrous, more or +less tuberculate.--Roadsides, Bedford Co., Va. (_Curtiss_). (Nat. from +Eu.) + +G. TRICORNE, With. Annual, resembling _G. Aparine_, rather stout, with +simple branches; leaves 6 or 8, oblanceolate, cuspidate-mucronate, the +margins and stem retrorsely prickly-hispid; flowers mostly in clusters +of 3, dull white; fruits rather large, tuberculate-granulate, not hairy, +pendulous.--Fields, eastward. (Nat. from Eu.) + +Sec. 2. _Indigenous species; fruit dry._ + +[*] _Annual; leaves about 8 in a whorl; peduncles 1--3-flowered, +axillary; fruit bristly with hooked prickles._ + +1. G. Aparine, L. (CLEAVERS. GOOSE-GRASS.) Stem weak and reclining, +bristle-prickly backward, hairy at the joints; leaves lanceolate, +tapering to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib +(1--2' long); flowers white.--Shaded grounds, throughout the continent; +probably as an introduced plant eastward. + +[*][*] _Perennials; leaves in 4's, comparatively large, and broad +(narrower in n. 7 and 8), not cuspidate-pointed, more or less distinctly +3-nerved; fruit uncinate-hispid (except in n. 6 and 7)._ + +[+] _Peduncles loosely 3--several-flowered; flowers dull purple to +yellowish-white._ + +2. G. pilosum, Ait. _Hairy; leaves oval_, dotted, hairy (1' long), the +lateral nerves obscure; _peduncles 2--3-forked, the flowers all +pedicelled_.--Dry copses, R. I. and Vt. to Ill., E. Kan., and southward. + +Var. puncticulosum, Torr. & Gray. Almost glabrous; leaves varying to +elliptical-oblong, hispidulous-ciliate.--Va. to Tex. + +3. G. Kamtschaticum, Steller. Stems weak, mainly glabrous (1 deg. high); +_leaves orbicular_ to oblong-ovate, thin (1/2--1' long), slightly pilose; +flowers slenderly pedicellate; _corolla glabrous, yellowish-white_, not +turning dark, _its lobes merely acute_. (G. circaezans, var. montanum, +_Torr. & Gray_.)--Higher mountains of N. Eng., L. Canada, and far +westward. (Asia.) + +4. G. circaezans, Michx. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Smooth or downy (1 deg. high); +_leaves oval_, varying to ovate-oblong, _mostly obtuse_, ciliate (1--11/2' +long); _peduncles usually once forked, the branches elongated_ and +widely diverging in fruit, _bearing several remote flowers on very short +lateral pedicels_, reflexed in fruit; lobes of the _greenish corolla +hairy outside, acute or acuminate_.--Rich woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south +to Fla. and Tex. + +5. G. lanceolatum, Torr. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Nearly glabrous; _leaves_ +(except the lowest) _lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the +apex_ (2' long); _corolla glabrous, yellowish turning dull purple, lobes +more acuminate_; otherwise like the last.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to +N. Mich. and Minn. + +6. G. latifolium, Michx. Smooth (1--2 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate or +ovate-lanceolate_, acute (2' long), the midrib and margins rough; cymes +panicled, loosely many-flowered, the purple flowers on _slender +spreading pedicels; fruit smooth_, rather fleshy.--Dry woods, mountains +of Penn. to N. C. and Tenn. + +7. G. Arkansanum, Gray. Similar but lower; leaves lanceolate to linear +(1' long or less), the lateral nerves obscure or none.--S. Mo. and Ark. + +[+][+] _Leaves narrow; flowers bright white, numerous in a compact +panicle._ + +8. G. boreale, L. (NORTHERN BEDSTRAW.) Smooth (1--2 deg. high); leaves +linear-lanceolate; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth.--Rocky +banks of streams, Maine to Penn., Iowa, Minn., and westward. (Eu., +Asia.) + +[*][*][*] _Leaves in 4's, 5's, or 6's, small, 1-nerved; flowers white; +fruit smooth (flowers greenish and fruit hispid in n. 12.)_ + +[+] _Leaves pointless._ + +9. G. trifidum, L. (SMALL BEDSTRAW.) Stems weak, ascending (5--20' +high), branching, mostly roughened backwards on the angles; _leaves in +whorls of 4 to 6_, linear or oblanceolate, the margins and midrib rough; +_peduncles scattered, 1--7-flowered_; corolla-lobes and stamens often +only 3.--Sphagnous bogs and wet ground, throughout the continent. +Exceedingly variable.--Var. PUSILLUM, Gray, the smallest form; leaves +only in 4's, 3--4'' long, narrow, in age often reflexed; peduncles +1-flowered. In cold bogs, northward.--Var. LATIFOLIUM, Torr., the +larger and broadest-leaved form; leaves 6 or 7'' long, often 2'' wide. +From Canada, south and west. (Eu., Asia.) + +10. G. concinnum, Torr. & Gray. Stems low and slender (6--12' high), +with minutely roughened angles; _leaves all in 6's, linear, slightly +pointed_, veinless, the margins upwardly roughened; _peduncles 2--3 +times forked, diffusely panicled_; pedicels short.--Dry hills, Penn. to +Va., west to Minn., Iowa, and Ark. + +[+][+] _Leaves cuspidately mucronate or acuminate._ + +11. G. asprellum, Michx. (ROUGH BEDSTRAW.) _Stem_ much branched, _rough +backwards with hooked prickles_, leaning on bushes (3--5 deg. high); _leaves +in whorls of 6, or 4--5 on the branchlets, oval-lanceolate_, with almost +prickly margins and midrib; peduncles short, 2--3 times +forked.--Alluvial ground, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and +Mo. + +12. G. triflorum, Michx. (SWEET-SCENTED BEDSTRAW.) Stem (1--3 deg. long) +bristly-roughened backward on the angles; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, +bristle pointed, with slightly roughened margins (1--2' long); peduncles +3-flowered, the flowers all pedicelled, greenish; fruit beset with +hooked bristles.--Rich woodlands, throughout the continent. +Sweet-scented in drying. (Eu.) + +Sec. 3. _Perennial; fruit a berry; leaves in 4's, 1-nerved._ + +13. G. hispidulum, Michx. Hirsute-pubescent, scabrous, or sometimes +nearly smooth, 1--2 deg. high, diffusely branched; leaves oblong or oval, +mucronate (3--6'' long), pedicels solitary or commonly 2 or 3 from the +small involucral whorl, all naked, or one of them bracteolate; flowers +white; berry purple, glabrate.--Dry or sandy soil, southern N. J. to +Fla., along the coast. + + +8. SHERARDIA, Dill. + +Calyx-lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, the limb +4--5-lobed. Stamens 4--5. Style filiform, 2-cleft, stigmas capitate. +Fruit dry, twin, of 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.--A slender +procumbent herb, with square stems, lanceolate pungent leaves in whorls +of 4--6, and small subsessile blue or pinkish flowers surrounded by a +gamophyllous involucre. (Named for _Dr. William Sherard_, patron of +Dillenius.) + +S. ARVENSIS, L. The only species; sparingly naturalized from Eu. + + +ORDER 53. VALERIANACEAE. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules; the calyx-tube coherent +with the ovary, which has one fertile 1-ovuled cell and two abortive or +empty ones; the stamens distinct, 1--3, fewer than the lobes of the +corolla, and inserted on its tube._--Corolla tubular or funnel-form, +often irregular, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style +slender; stigmas 1--3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells +of the ovary disappearing), or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other +1-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo and no +albumen.--Flowers in panicled or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous +and antispasmodic.) + + +1. VALERIANA, Tourn. VALERIAN. + +Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are +rolled up inward in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like +1-celled fruit matures. Corolla commonly gibbous near the base, the +5-lobed limb nearly regular. Stamens 3.--Perennial herbs, with +thickened strong-scented roots, and simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in +many species imperfectly dioecious or dimorphous. (A mediaeval Latin name +of uncertain origin.) + +[*] _Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6--12' long); leaves +thickish._ + +1. V. edulis, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young; stem +straight (1--4 deg. high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely +ciliate, those of the root spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem +pinnately parted into 3--7 long and narrow divisions; flowers in a long +and narrow interrupted panicle, nearly dioecious; corolla whitish, +obconical (2'' long).--Wet plains and prairies, Ohio and Ont. to Iowa, +Minn., and westward. June. + +[*][*] _Root fibrous; leaves thin. (Stems 1--3 deg. high.)_ + +2. V. sylvatica, Banks. Smooth or minutely pubescent; _root-leaves ovate +or oblong, entire_, rarely with 2 small lobes; stem-leaves pinnate, with +3--11 oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets; cyme at first +close, many-flowered; _corolla inversely conical_ (3'' long, rose-color +or white).--Wet ground, Newf. to southern N. Y., N. Mich., westward and +northward. June. + +3. V. pauciflora, Michx. Smooth, slender, surculose; _root-leaves ovate, +heart-shaped, toothed_, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral +divisions; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3--7 ovate toothed leaflets; +branches of the panicled cyme few-flowered; tube of the (pale pink) +_corolla long and slender_ (1/2' long).--Woods and alluvial banks, +Penn. to S. Ill., Mo., and Tenn. June. + + +2. VALERIANELLA, Tourn. CORN SALAD. LAMB-LETTUCE. + +Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, +equally or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two +of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other +1-seeded.--Annuals and biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, +tender and rather succulent leaves (entire or cut-lobed towards the +base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered and bracted small +flowers.--Our species all have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and are +so much alike in aspect, flowers, etc., that good characters are only to +be taken from the fruit. They all have a rather short corolla, the limb +of which is nearly regular. (Name a diminutive of Valeriana.) + +[*] _Corolla bluish; fruit with a corky mass at the back of the fertile +cell._ + +V. OLITORIA, Poll. Fruit flattish, obliquely rhomboidal; empty cells as +large as the fertile, contiguous, the thin partition at length breaking +up.--Old fields, N. Y. to Penn. and La. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Corolla white; no corky mass behind the fertile cell._ + +[+] _Fertile cell broader than the empty ones; cross-section of fruit +triangular._ + +1. V. chenopodifolia, DC. Stems with long internodes and few forks; +glomerate cymes few, slender-peduncled; bracts broadly lanceolate; fruit +glabrous or pubescent, 2'' long. (Fedia Fagopyrum, _Torr. & +Gray_.)--Moist grounds, western N. Y. to Minn., south to Va. and Ky. + +[+][+] _Fertile cell as broad as the empty ones, beaked; cross-section +quadrate._ + +2. V. radiata, Dufr. Fruit ovate-tetragonal, _downy-pubescent_ +(sometimes glabrous); empty cells as thick as the oblong-ovate fertile +one, or thicker, _a broad shallow groove between them_. (Fedia radiata, +_Michx._)--Low grounds, Penn. to Minn., Tex., and Fla. + +3. V. stenocarpa, Krok. Fruit oblong-tetragonal, _commonly glabrous_; +oblong fertile cell thicker than the linear-oblong approximate empty +ones. (Fedia stenocarpa, _Engelm._)--W. Mo. and E. Kan. to Tex. + +[+][+][+] _Fertile cell much the narrowest, dorsally 1-nerved; section +roundish._ + +4. V. Woodsiana, Walp. Fruit 1'' long or more; fertile cell ovate, +tipped with a tooth; empty ones inflated, with oblong depression +(sometimes an open cavity) in the middle.--Moist grounds, N. Y. and +Penn. to Tex. + +Var. umbilicata, Gray. Empty cells becoming confluent, vesicular by +incurvation of the circular margin, forming a deep and round +umbilication. (Fedia umbilicata, _Sulliv._)--N. Y. to Ohio and +southward. + +Var. patellaria, Gray. Fruit saucer-shaped, emarginate at base and apex, +winged by the divergent cells. (Fedia patellaria, _Sulliv._)--Same +range. + + +ORDER 54. DIPSACEAE. (TEASEL FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in +dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the_ Composite Family; +_but the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has +albumen._--Represented by the following introduced species and by the +cultivated Sweet Scabious (_Scabiosa atropurpurea_). + + +1. DIPSACUS, Tourn. TEASEL. + +Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed +bracts among the densely capitate flowers; each flower with a 4-leaved +calyx-like involucel investing the ovary and fruit (achene). Calyx-tube +coherent with the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla +nearly regular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style +slender.--Stout and coarse biennials, hairy or prickly, with large +oblong heads. (Name from [Greek: dipsa/o], _to thirst_, probably because +the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some species hold water.) + +1. D. SYLVESTRIS, Mill. (WILD TEASEL.) Prickly; leaves lance-oblong; +leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chaff) +tapering into a long flexible awn with a straight point.--Roadsides; +rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of + +2. D. FULLONUM, L., the FULLER'S TEASEL, which has a shorter involucre, +and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising a nap +upon woollen cloth; it has escaped from cultivation in some places. +(Adv. from Eu.) + + +(Addendum) 2. SCABIOSA, Tourn. SCABIOUS. + +Characters of Dipsacus, but the green leaves of the involucre and +involucels not rigid nor spinescent. (Name from _scabies_, the itch, +from its use as a remedy.) + +S. AUSTRALIS, Wulf. Perennial, sparsely branched, nearly glabrous, +11/2--3 deg. high; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, the lower +oblanceolate, slightly toothed or entire; heads short-oblong; calyx +obtusely short-lobed; corolla pale blue.--Central N. Y. and Penn.; rare. +(Adv. from Eu.) + + +ORDER 55. COMPOSITAE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) + +_Flowers in a close head_ (the compound flower of the older botanists), +_on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) +stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube +(syngenesious)._--Calyx-tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb +(called a _pappus_) crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, +scales, teeth, etc., or cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla +either strap-shaped or tubular; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate +in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft +at the apex (in sterile flowers usually entire). Fruit seed-like +(_achene_), dry, containing a single erect anatropous seed, with no +albumen.--An immense family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without +stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious flowers. The +flowers with a strap-shaped (_ligulate_) corolla are called _rays_ or +_ray-flowers_; the head which presents such flowers, either throughout +or at the margin, is _radiate_. The tubular flowers compose the _disk_; +and a head which has no ray-flowers is said to be _discoid_. When the +head contains two sorts of flowers it is said to be _heterogamous_; when +only one sort, _homogamous_. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever +form or texture, are termed _scales_. The bracts or scales, which often +grow on the receptacle among the flowers, are called the _chaff_; when +these are wanting, the receptacle is said to be _naked_.--The largest +order of Phaenogamous plants. The genera are divided by the corolla into +three series, only two of which are represented in the Northern United +States. The first is much the larger. + + +Systematic Synopsis. + +SERIES I. TUBULIFLORAE. + +Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3--4-) +lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present +are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor +pistil). + +Tribe I. VERNONIACEAE. Heads discoid; the flowers all alike, perfect and +tubular, never yellow. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, +thread-shaped, minutely bristly-hairy all over.--Leaves alternate or +scattered. + +1. Elephantopus. Heads 3--5-flowered, several crowded together into a +compound head. Involucre of 8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy +bristles. + +2. Vernonia. Heads several--many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many +scales. Pappus double, the inner capillary, the outer of minute chaffy +bristles. + +Tribe II. EUPATORIACEAE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect +and tubular, never yellow. Branches of the style thickened upward or +club-shaped, obtuse, very minutely and uniformly pubescent; the +stigmatic lines indistinct. + +[*] Pappus a row of hard scales. + +3. Sclerolepis. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. +Leaves whorled. + +[*][*] Pappus of slender bristles. + +[+] Achene 5-angled; bristles of the pappus roughish. + +4. Mikania. Flowers and involucral scales only 4. Stems twining. + +5. Eupatorium. Involucre of more than 4 scales and the flowers few or +many. Stems not twining. + +[+][+] Achene 10-ribbed; involucral scales striate-nerved. + +6. Kuhnia. Pappus very strongly plumose. Scales of the involucre few. + +7. Brickellia. Involucral scales in several series. Pappus merely +scabrous. + +8. Liatris. Pappus plumose or only barbellate. Corolla red-purple, +strongly 5-lobed. Heads spicate or racemose, the involucre well +imbricated. + +9. Trilisa. Pappus minutely barbellate. Corolla rose-purple. Heads +corymbed or panicled, the involucre little imbricated. + +Tribe III. ASTEROIDEAE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike and tubular; +or else radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers not +caudate at base. Branches of the style in the perfect flowers flat, +smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly +terminate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or +triangular appendage which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside.--Leaves +alternate. Receptacle naked (destitute of chaff) in all our species. + +[*] 1. Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or +sometimes none at all. + +[+] Pappus of not numerous slender bristles. Heads radiate. Involucre of +firm scales with greenish tips, commonly coated with resin. West of the +Mississippi. + +10. Gutierrezia. Heads small, numerous. Ray and disk-flowers 3 or 4 +each, all fertile. Pappus of several short chaffy scales. +Suffrutescent; leaves very narrow. + +11. Amphiachyris. Heads small. Ray-flowers 5--10; pappus coroniform. +Disk-flowers infertile; pappus of several bristle-like scales. Annual; +leaves very narrow. + +12. Grindelia. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers all fertile. Pappus +of 2--8 rigid caducous awns. Coarse herbs with toothed leaves. + +[+][+] Pappus (at least of the disk) of copious slender or capillary +bristles. + +[=] Pappus double. + +13. Heterotheca. Resembling Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray +thicker than those of the disk and without pappus or nearly so. Western. + +14. Chrysopsis. Heads many-flowered; rays numerous. The outer pappus of +very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious +capillary bristles. + +[=][=] Pappus simple. + +15. Aplopappus. Heads many-flowered, many-radiate. Involucre +hemispherical. Pappus of many unequal bristles. Western. + +16. Bigelovia. Heads 3--4-flowered; rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. +Pappus a single row of capillary bristles. + +17. Solidago. Heads few--many-flowered; rays 1--16. Pappus of numerous +slender and equal capillary bristles. + +18. Brachychaeta. Heads 8--10-flowered, clustered; rays 4 or 5. Pappus a +row of minute bristles shorter than the achene. + +[*] 2. Ray-flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow. + +[+] Pappus none or very short, with or without a few awns. + +[++] Receptacle conical. Awns none. + +19. Bellis. Achenes marginless, flattened; pappus none. Involucral +scales equal. + +20. Aphanostephus. Achenes prismatic; pappus coroniform. Outer scales +shorter. + +[++][++] Receptacle flat or convex. Pappus usually with awns. + +21. Chaetopappa. Achenes fusiform; pappus of 5 or fewer thin chaff and +alternating awns. Western. + +22. Boltonia. Achenes very flat, thick-winged; pappus of short bristles +and usually 2--4 awns. + +[+][+] Pappus of a single row of awns or coarse rigid bristles, or in +the ray scale-like. + +23. Townsendia. Low or stemless, with linear-spatulate leaves and large +aster-like flowers. + +[+][+][+] Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles; receptacle +flat. + +24. Sericocarpus. Heads 12--20-flowered; rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong +or club-shaped, imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenes short, narrowed +downward, silky. + +25. Aster. Heads many-flowered, on leafy peduncles. Involucral scales +unequal, loosely or closely imbricated. Achenes flattish; pappus simple +(rarely double), copious. + +26. Erigeron. Heads many-flowered, on naked peduncles. Involucre of +narrow equal scales, little imbricated. Achenes flattened; pappus simple +and rather scanty, or with some outer minute scales. + +[*] 3. Rays none. Heads dioecious (all pistillate or all staminate). + +27. Baccharis. Heads many-flowered. Pappus capillary. Smooth glutinous +shrubs. + +Tribe IV. INULOIDEAE. Heads discoid (radiate only in Inula), the +pistillate flowers mostly filiform and truncate. Anthers sagittate, the +basal lobes attenuate into tails. Style-branches with unappendaged +obtuse or truncate naked tips. Pappus capillary or none. + +[*] 1. Receptacle naked. Involucre not scarious, imbricated. Not woolly. + +28. Pluchea. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the +centre, and many pistillate fertile ones around them. Pappus capillary. + +[*] 2. Receptacle chaffy. Involucral scales few, mostly scarious. Low +floccose-woolly annuals; flowers as in n. 28. + +29. Evax. Receptacle convex. Achenes obcompressed. Pappus none. Western. + +30. Filago. Receptacle subulate. Achenes terete. Outer flowers without +pappus. + +[*] 3. Receptacle naked. Involucral scales many, scarious. +Floccose-woolly herbs. + +31. Antennaria. Heads dioecious. Pappus of sterile flowers club-shaped, +of the fertile united at base and deciduous together. + +32. Anaphalis. Heads dioecious or nearly so. Pappus not thickened above +nor at all united at base. + +33. Gnaphalium. Heads all fertile throughout. Pappus all capillary. + +[*] 4. Corollas all somewhat broadly tubular and lobed. Involucre not +scarious. Receptacle naked. Pappus none. + +34. Adenocaulon. Head few-flowered and scales few; outer flowers +pistillate. Somewhat woolly. + +[*] 5. Heads radiate. Receptacle naked. Involucre herbaceous. Pappus +copious. + +35. Inula. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers yellow. Stout perennial. + +Tribe V. HELIANTHOIDEAE. Heads radiate or discoid. Involucre not scarious +(nut-like in fruit in n. 43, 44). Receptacle chaffy. Pappus never +capillary, sometimes none. Anthers not caudate. Style-branches truncate +or hairy-appendaged. + +[*] 1. Heads radiate (obscurely so in n. 41, sometimes discoid in +n. 36), the ray pistillate and fertile, the disk perfect but sterile. + +[+] Achenes turgid, triangular-obovoid; pappus none. + +36. Polymnia. Involucral scales in 2 rows, the 5 outer leaf-like, the +inner small. + +[+][+] Achenes flattened dorsally (obcompressed). + +37. Silphium. Achenes wing-margined, in several rows; pappus none or 2 +teeth. Scales thick, in several rows. + +38. Berlandiera. Achenes wingless, 5--12 in one row, without pappus. +Inner involucral scales obovate, outer smaller and more foliaceous. +Western. + +39. Chrysogonum. Achenes wingless, about 5; pappus a one-sided +2--3-toothed crown. Inner scales 5, chaff-like, the 5 outer longer and +leaf-like. + +40. Engelmannia. Achenes wingless, 8--10; pappus a scarious hispid +crown. Outer scales (about 10) leaf-like, inner coriaceous with green +tips. Western. + +41. Parthenium. Rays 5, very short, persistent. Pappus of 2 small +scales. Involucral scales short, roundish, in 2 rows. + +[*] 2. Fertile flowers 1--5, the corolla none or reduced to a tube; +staminate corolla funnel-form. Pappus none. + +[+] Heads with 1--5 pistillate flowers. Receptacle chaffy. + +42. Iva. Achenes short, thick. Involucre of few roundish scales. + +[+][+] Heads of two sorts on the same plant, the upper staminate with an +open cup-shaped involucre, the lower pistillate, of 1--4 flowers in a +closed bur-like involucre. + +43. Ambrosia. Scales of staminate involucre united. Fruit 1-seeded. + +44. Xanthium. Scales of staminate involucre distinct. Fruit 1--4-celled, +1--4-beaked. + +[*] 3. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid; disk-flowers all perfect and +fertile. Anthers blackish. Pappus none, or a crown or cup, or of one or +two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform chaffy +scales.--Leaves more commonly opposite. + +[+] Involucre double; the outer forming a cup. + +45. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenes obovoid; pappus +none. + +[+][+] Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales. + +[++] Chaff of the flat receptacle bristle-shaped. + +46. Eclipta. Ray short. Involucral scales 10--12, in two rows, +herbaceous. + +[++][++] Chaff scale-like, embracing or subtending the achenes. + +[=] Receptacle high, conical or columnar in fruit. Pappus none or a +short crown. + +47. Heliopsis. Rays fertile. Achenes 4-sided. Leaves opposite. + +48. Echinacea. Rays rose-colored, pistillate, sterile. Achenes short, +4-sided. Chaff spinescent. + +49. Rudbeckia. Rays neutral. Achenes 4-sided, flat at the top, +marginless. + +50. Lepachys. Rays few, neutral. Achenes flattened laterally and +margined. + +[=][=] Receptacle flat to convex. Achenes not winged nor very flat. + +51. Borrichia. Achenes 3--4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown. +Shrubby. + +52. Helianthus. Achenes flattened, bearing 2 very deciduous chaffy +pointed scales. + +[=][=][=] Receptacle convex (rarely conical). Achenes flat-compressed +laterally, winged or wingless, 2-awned. Leaves decurrent. + +53. Verbesina. Involucral scales closely imbricated in 2 or more rows. + +54. Actinomeris. Scales few, soon deflexed. Achenes obovate, squarrosely +spreading. + +[*] 4. Rays few, neutral, or wanting. Achenes obcompressed, i.e., +flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre (rarely terete). +Involucre double; the outer spreading and often foliaceous. Receptacle +flat. Leaves opposite. + +55. Coreopsis. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, +which are naked or barbed upward, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown. + +56. Bidens. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed +awns or teeth. + +57. Thelesperma. Inner involucre connate to the middle. Achenes terete. +Awns retrorsely bearded. + +[*] 5. Heads radiate or discoid; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. +Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of several chaffy scales. + +[+] Leaves alternate, entire. Disk-flowers purplish. + +58. Baldwinia. Rays numerous, long, neutral. Involucre much imbricated. +Receptacle deeply honey-combed. + +59. Marshallia. Rays none. Involucre of narrow leafy equal scales. +Receptacle chaffy. + +[+][+] Leaves opposite, serrate. Disk-flowers yellow. + +60. Galinsoga. Rays few, short, pistillate, whitish. Involucre of 4--5 +thin ovate scales. Receptacle chaffy. + +Tribe VI. HELENIOIDEAE. Nearly as Tribe V., but receptacle not chaffy +(somewhat so in n. 64). In our genera, the disk-flowers perfect and +fertile; the pappus a row of several chaffy scales (bristly-dissected in +n. 65); the involucre hardly at all imbricated (partly scarious in +n. 61). + +[*] Involucral scales distinct, not glandular-punctate. + +61. Hymenopappus. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Involucre colored. +Western. + +62. Actinella. Rays fertile, 3-toothed. Receptacle elevated. Involucre +appressed. Western. + +63. Helenium. Rays fertile or sterile, 3--5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. +Involucre small, reflexed. Leaves decurrent. + +64. Gaillardia. Ray 3-toothed, or none. Receptacle usually beset with +fine fimbrillate chaff. Outer involucral scales loose and leafy. +Pappus-chaff tipped with the projecting midvein. Western. + +[*][*] Dotted with oil-glands. Involucral scales united into a cup. + +65. Dysodia. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles. + +Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEAE. Distinguished from the last two tribes by the +more or less dry and scarious imbricated scales of the involucre. Heads +radiate (ray mostly white) or discoid, the perfect flowers sometimes +sterile and the pistillate rarely tubular. Achenes small; pappus a +short crown or none.--Mostly strong-scented; leaves alternate. + +[*] Receptacle chaffy, at least in part. Heads radiate, many-flowered. + +66. Anthemis. Achenes terete, angled or ribbed. Heads hemispherical, +rather large. + +67. Achillea. Achenes obcompressed. Heads small, campanulate or obovate. + +[*][*] Receptacle naked. + +[+] Heads rather large, pedunculate, radiate or rarely rayless. + +68. Matricaria. Receptacle conical. Rays pistillate or none. Pappus +crown-like or none. + +69. Chrysanthemum. Receptacle flattish. Rays many, pistillate. Pappus +none. + +[+][+] Heads mostly small, discoid, corymbed or paniculate. + +70. Tanacetum. Heads corymbed. Achene with broad summit; pappus a short +crown. + +71. Artemisia. Heads in panicled spikes or racemes. Achenes with narrow +summit; pappus none. + +Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDEAE. Heads radiate or discoid, the involucre little +or not at all imbricated, not scarious. Receptacle naked. Anthers +tailless. Pappus capillary. + +[*] Heads monoecious or subdioecious, the perfect flowers mostly +sterile, and the small (ligulate or tubular) ray-flowers in more than +one row (at least in the fertile heads). Style-branches obtuse, not +appendaged nor hispid. Leaves all radical. + +72. Tussilago. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monoecious. + +73. Petasites. Heads corymbed, subdioecious. Flowers white or purplish. + +[*][*] Flowers all fertile. Style-branches truncate or capitellate, +often appendaged. Involucral scales connivent-erect. + +[+] Leaves opposite. + +74. Arnica. Heads showy. Pappus rather rigid, scabrous. + +[+][+] Leaves alternate. Pappus soft-capillary, copious. + +75. Senecio. Heads usually radiate. Corollas yellow, 5-toothed. + +76. Cacalia. Heads discoid. Corollas white or cream-colored, 5-cleft. + +77. Erechtites. Heads discoid. Flowers whitish, the outer pistillate +with filiform corollas. + +Tribe IX. CYNAROIDEAE. Flowers all tubular and perfect (the outer +ray-like and neutral in n. 82). Involucre much imbricated. Anthers +caudate, long-appendaged at tip. Style-branches short or united, obtuse, +unappendaged, smooth, with often a pubescent ring below. Pappus mostly +bristly.--Leaves alternate. + +[*] Achenes attached by the base. Flowers all alike. + +[+] Leaves not prickly. Style-branches partly distinct. Filaments +glabrous. + +78. Arctium. Involucral scales hooked at the tip. Pappus of short rough +bristles. + +[+][+] Leaves prickly. Style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring +below. + +79. Cnicus. Pappus bristles plumose. Receptacle densely bristly. + +80. Carduus. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle densely bristly. + +81. Onopordon. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle deeply +honeycombed. + +[*][*] Achenes attached obliquely. Marginal flowers often enlarged and +ray-like. + +82. Centaurea. Involucral scales appendaged. Pappus double and bristly, +or very short or none. + +SERIES II. LIGULIFLORAE. Tribe X. CICHORIACEAE. + +Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers +perfect.--Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate. + +[*] Pappus none. + +83. Lampsana. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, +8--12-flowered. + +[*][*] Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles. + +84. Krigia. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Pappus of both chaff and +bristles. + +85. Cichorium. Involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many +bristle-form scales. + +[*][*][*] Pappus plumose. + +86. Tragopogon. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Achenes long-beaked. +Stems leafy. + +87. Leontodon. Involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform. Leaves radical. + +88. Picris. Outer involucral scales spreading. Achenes terete. Stems +leafy. + +[*][*][*][*] Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not +plumose. + +[+] Achenes not flattened, columnar or terete, often slender. + +[++] Achenes not beaked. + +[=] Flowers yellow or orange. + +89. Hieracium. Involucre imbricated. Pappus tawny. Pilose perennials. + +90. Crepis. Involucral scales in one row. Pappus white, soft. Not +pilose. + +[=][=] Flowers white or cream color or pinkish. Involucre calyculate. + +91. Prenanthes. Achenes short, blunt. Pappus tawny or brown. Stems leafy +and heads often nodding. + +92. Lygodesmia. Achenes long, tapering. Pappus white. Stems nearly +leafless; heads erect. Western. + +[++][++] Achenes beaked (sometimes beakless in n. 93). Flowers yellow. + +93. Troximon. Scapose. Involucre loosely imbricated. Achenes 10-ribbed. + +94. Taraxacum. Scapose. Involucre calyculate. Achenes 4--5-ribbed. + +95. Pyrrhopappus. Scapose or branched. Pappus reddish, the base +surrounded by a soft villous ring. + +96. Chondrilla. Stem branching, leafy. Involucre few-flowered, +calyculate. Pappus white. + +[+][+] Achenes flat or flattish. Pappus white, fine and soft. Involucre +imbricated. Leafy-stemmed, with panicled heads. + +97. Lactuca. Achenes more or less beaked. Flowers yellow or purplish. + +98. Sonchus. Achenes flattish, not at all beaked. Flowers yellow. + +The technical characters of the tribes, taken from the styles, require a +magnifying-glass to make them out, and will not always be clear to the +student. The following artificial analysis, founded upon other and more +obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner. + +Artificial Key to the Genera of the Tubuliflorae. + +Sec. 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none; corollas all tubular (or rarely +none). + +[*] 1. Flowers of the head all perfect and alike. + + Pappus composed of bristles: + + Double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles No. 2 + + Simple, the bristles all of the same sort. + + Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense + cluster 1 + + Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered. + + Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly-hairy + 78, 79, 80 + + Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like 81 + + Receptacle naked. + + Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple 8 + + Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish 6 + + Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles + 4, 5, 7, 9, 16 + + Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles 76, 77 + + Pappus composed of scales or chaff. + + Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls 3 + + Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate, dissected 61 + + Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers 59, 64 + + Pappus of 2 or few awns or teeth 53, 57, barbed in 55, 56 + + Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit 36, 68, 71 + +[*] 2. Flowers of two kinds in the same head. + + Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or + inconspicuous 82 + + Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile. + + Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers + 29, 30 + + Receptacle convex, chaffy. Achene flat, 2-awned 52 + + Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff. + + Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated 28, 32, 33 + + Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales + 26, 73, 77 + + Pappus a short crown or none. + + Achenes becoming much longer than the involucre 34 + + Achenes not exceeding the involucre 42, 70, 71 + +[*] 3. Flowers of two kinds in separate heads, the one pistillate, the +other staminate. + + Heads dioecious; in both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary + 27, 31, 32, 79 + + Heads monoecious; the fertile 1--2-flowered and closed. Pappus none + 43, 44 + +Sec. 2. Rays present; i.e. the marginal flowers or some of them with +ligulate corollas. + +[*] 1. Pappus of capillary bristles, at least in the disk. (Rays all +pistillate.) + + Rays occupying several rows 26, 72, 73 + + Rays in one marginal row, and + + White, purple or blue, never yellow 17, 24, 25, 26, 73 + + Yellow, of the same color as the disk. + + Pappus (at least in the disk) double, the outer short and minute + 13, 14 + + Pappus simple. + + Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves + alternate 75 + + Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite 74 + + Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate + 10, 11, 15, 17, 35 + +[*] 2. Pappus a circle of awns or rigid bristles (at least in the disk). + + Ray yellow, awns few (2--8) 12 + + Ray rose-color 23 + +[*] 3. Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles 65 + +[*] 4. Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles. + + Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 60 + + Heads 8--10-flowered. Receptacle naked 18 + + Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed 58 + + Heads many-flowered. Receptacle naked 62, 63 + + Heads many-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 64 + +[*] 5. Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or +chaffy scales corresponding with the edges or angles of the achene, +often with intervening minute bristles or scales. + +[+] Receptacle naked. + + Achene flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles and + usually 2--4 awns 22 + + Achene flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical 19 + + Achene terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish 69 + + Achene angled. Pappus a little cup or crown (or none). Receptacle + conical 20, 68 + + Achene fusiform. Pappus of few scales, usually with alternating awns + 21 + +[+][+] Receptacle chaffy. + + Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile); the disk-flowers perfect + and fertile. + + Receptacle mostly elevated (varying from convex to columnar), and + + Chaffy only at the summit; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none 66 + + Chaffy throughout. Achene flattened laterally if at all + 48, 49, 50, 52, 54 + + Receptacle flat or flattish. Achene flattened, parallel with the + scales or chaff 55, 56 + + Receptacle flat. Achene terete, 2-awned 57 + + Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers also perfect and + fertile. + + Achene much flattened laterally, 1--2-awned 53 + + Achene flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none 67 + + Achene 3--4-angular, terete or laterally flattish, awnless. + + Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected 66 + + Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple. + + Achene obovoid. Involucre a leafy cup 45 + + Achene 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales 47 + + Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple 46, 51 + + Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers staminate and sterile + (pistil imperfect). + + Receptacle chaffy 36-41 + + +1. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. ELEPHANT'S-FOOT. + +Heads discoid, 2--5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound +pedunculate head; flowers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8 +oblong dry scales. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of stout bristles, +chaffy-dilated at the base.--Perennials, with alternate leaves and +purplish flowers. (Name composed of [Greek: e)/lephas], _elephant_, and +[Greek: pou~s], _foot_.) + +[*] _Stem leafy; upper leaves very like the basal._ + +1. E. Carolinianus, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy; leaves +ovate-oblong, thin.--Dry soil, Penn. to Ill. and Kan., and southward. + +[*][*] _Stem scape-like, with a few bract-like leaves or naked._ + +2. E. tomentosus, L. Somewhat hairy; basal leaves obovate to narrowly +spatulate, silky and prominently veined beneath; heads large; +pappus-scales attenuate.--Va., Ky., and southward. + +3. E. nudatus, Gray. Strigose-puberulent; basal leaves thin, green, +spatulate-obovate or oblanceolate, not prominently veined beneath; heads +smaller; pappus scales broadly deltoid.--Del. and southward. + + +2. VERNONIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED. + +Heads discoid, 15--many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers perfect. +Involucre shorter than the flowers, of many much imbricated scales. +Receptacle naked. Achenes cylindrical, ribbed; pappus double, the outer +of minute scale-like bristles, the inner of copious capillary +bristles.--Perennial herbs, with leafy stems, alternate and acuminate or +very acute leaves and mostly purple flowers. Species very difficult. +(Named for _Wm. Vernon_, an early English botanist who travelled in this +country.) + +[*] _Heads large, 50--70-flowered._ + +1. V. Arkansana, DC. Tall, rather glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, +retrorsely denticulate; involucre very squarrose, the scales with long +filiform tips.--Mo., Kan., and southward. + +[*][*] _Heads 1/2' high or less, 15--40-flowered._ + +[+] _Leaves narrowly linear, glabrous, veinless, mostly entire._ + +2. V. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Low, nearly glabrous; heads few-flowered; +scales obtuse or acute.--Plains of Neb. and southward. + +[+][+] _Leaves broader, mostly sharply denticulate or rigidly serrate, +veined._ + +3. V. fasciculata, Michx. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate; heads +many, crowded; scales close, obtuse or the uppermost mucronate; achene +smooth.--Low grounds, Ohio and Ky. to Dak., and southward. Aug. + +4. V. altissima, Nutt. Usually tall; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong; +cyme loose; scales close, obtuse or mucronate; achenes hispidulous on +the ribs.--Low grounds, W. Penn. to Ill., and southward.--Heads +variable, 2--4'' high and the scales in few or many ranks; the var. +GRANDIFLORA, Nutt., with large heads, the involucre of 35--40 scales in +many ranks. + +5. V. Noveboracensis, Willd. Rather tall; leaves long-lanceolate to +lance-oblong; cyme open; involucre usually purplish; scales ovate and +lance-ovate tipped with a slender cusp or awn.--Low grounds near the +coast, Maine to Va., west to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Aug. + +Var. latifolia, Gray. Leaves broader; heads few; scales merely acute or +acuminate.--Penn. to Ohio and southward. + +6. V. Baldwinii, Torr. Tomentulose; heads small, at first globose; +leaves lance-oblong or -ovate; involucre hoary-tomentose, greenish, +squarrose, the scales acute or acuminate.--Prairies and barren hills; +E. Mo. to Kan. and Tex. July, Aug. Passes into n. 4. + + +3. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass. + +Head discoid, many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales linear, +equal, in 1 or 2 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes +5-angled; pappus a single row of 5 almost horny oval and obtuse +scales.--A smooth perennial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, +linear entire leaves in whorls of 4--6, and a terminal head of +flesh-colored flowers. (Name composed of [Greek: sklero/s], _hard_, and +[Greek: lepi/s], _a scale_, from the pappus.) + +1. S. verticillata, Cass.--In water; pine barrens, New Jersey and +southward. Aug. + + +4. MIKANIA, Willd. CLIMBING HEMP-WEED. + +Heads discoid, 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. +Flowers, achenes, etc., as in Eupatorium.--Twining perennials, climbing +bushes, with opposite commonly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and +corymbose-panicled flesh-colored flowers. (Named for _Prof. Mikan_, of +Prague.) + +1. M. scandens, L. Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat +triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the +base.--Copses along streams, E. New Eng. to Ky., and southward. +July--Sept. + + +5. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. THOROUGHWORT. + +Heads discoid, 3--many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical +or bell-shaped, of more than 4 scales. Receptacle flat or conical, +naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of +slender capillary barely roughish bristles.--Erect perennial herbs, +often sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose +heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of +summer. (Dedicated to _Eupator Mithridates_, who is said to have used a +species of the genus in medicine.) + +Sec. 1. EUPATORIUM proper. _Receptacle flat._ + +[*] _Heads cylindrical, 5--15-flowered; the purplish scales numerous, +closely imbricated in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate; +stout herbs, with ample mostly whorled leaves, and flesh-colored +flowers._ + +1. E. purpureum, L. (JOE-PYE WEED. TRUMPET-WEED.) Stems tall and stout, +simple; leaves 3--6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, +very veiny, roughish, toothed; corymbs very dense and compound.--Varies +greatly in size (2--12 deg. high), etc., and with spotted or unspotted, +often dotted stems, etc.,--including several nominal species.--Low +grounds; common. + +Var. amoenum, Gray. Low; leaves fewer, ovate or oblong; heads few, +3--5-flowered.--Mountains of Va. and N. Y. + +[*][*] _Heads 3--20-flowered; involucre 8--15 more or less imbricated +and unequal scales, the outer ones shorter; flowers white._ + +[+] _Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected; heads panicled, very small, +3--5-flowered._ + +2. E. foeniculaceum, Willd. (DOG-FENNEL.) Smooth or nearly so, +paniculately much-branched (3--10 deg. high); leaves 1--2-pinnately parted, +filiform.--Va., near the coast, and southward. Adv. near Philadelphia. + +[+][+] _Leaves long-petioled, the upper ones alternate; heads +12--15-flowered, in compound corymbs._ + +3. E. serotinum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched +(3--7 deg. high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, +triple-nerved and veiny, coarsely serrate (3--6' long); involucre very +pubescent.--Alluvial ground, Md. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. + +[+][+][+] _Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a narrow base, mostly +opposite; heads mostly 5-flowered._ + +[=] _Involucral scales with white and scarious acute tips._ + +4. E. album, L. _Roughish-hairy_ (2 deg. high), _leaves oblong-lanceolate, +coarsely toothed, veiny_; heads clustered in the corymb; _involucral +scales_ closely imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, _longer than the +flowers_.--Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of Long Island to Va., +and southward. + +Var. subvenosum, Gray. Less rough; leaves 1--2' long, finely toothed and +less veiny.--Long Island and N. J. + +5. E. leucolepis, Torr. & Gray. Minutely pubescent, simple (1--2 deg. high); +_leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, 1-nerved_, obtuse, _minutely +serrate, rough both sides_; corymb hoary.--Sandy bogs, Long Island, +N. J., and southward. + +[=][=] _Scales not scarious or obscurely so, obtuse, at length shorter +than the flowers._ + +6. E. hyssopifolium, L. Minutely pubescent (1--2 deg. high); _leaves narrow, +linear or lanceolate_, elongated, obtuse, 1--3-nerved, entire, or the +lower toothed, often crowded in the axils, _acute at the base_.--Sterile +soil, Mass. to Va., E. Ky., and southward. + +Var. laciniatum, Gray. Leaves irregularly and coarsely toothed or +laciniate.--Penn., Ky., and southward. + +7. E. semiserratum, DC. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2--3 deg. +high); _leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny_, serrate +above the middle, _tapering to the base_, the lower slightly petioled; +heads small. (E. parviflorum, _Ell._)--Damp soil, Va. to Ark., and +southward.--Leaves sometimes whorled in threes, or the upper alternate. + +8. E. altissimum, L. Stem stout and tall (3--7 deg. high), _downy; leaves +lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved_, entire, or +toothed above the middle, the uppermost alternate; corymbs dense; +_scales of the involucre obtuse_, shorter than the flowers.--Dry soil, +Penn. to Minn. and Ky.--Leaves 3--4' long, somewhat like those of a +Solidago. + +[+][+][+][+] _Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a broad base, opposite +or in threes; heads pubescent._ + +[=] _Heads 5--8-flowered; leaves not clasping._ + +9. E. teucrifolium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2--8 deg. high); _leaves +ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate_, obtuse or truncate at base, slightly +triple-nerved, veiny, _coarsely toothed or incised toward the base, the +lower shortly petioled, the upper alternate_; branches of the corymb +few, unequal; _scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, at length +shorter than the flowers_.--Low grounds, Mass. to Va., and southward +near the coast. + +10. E. rotundifolium, L. Downy-pubescent (2 deg. high); _leaves +roundish-ovate, obtuse_, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, +deeply crenate-toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (1--2' long); +corymb large and dense; _scales of the (5-flowered) involucre +linear-lanceolate_, slightly pointed.--Dry soil, R. I. to Va., near the +coast, and southward. + +Var. ovatum, Torr. Usually taller, leaves ovate, acute, hardly truncate +at base, more strongly serrate; heads 5--8-flowered. (E. pubescens, +_Muhl._)--Mass. to Va., near the coast. + +11. E. sessilifolium, L. (UPLAND BONESET.) Stem tall (4--6 deg. high), +_smooth_, branching; _leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from +near the rounded sessile base to the sharp point_, serrate, veiny, +smooth (3--6' long); corymb very compound, pubescent; _scales of the +5-flowered involucre oval and oblong, obtuse_.--Copses and banks, Mass. +to Ill., and southward along the mountains. + +[=][=] _Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long, widely +spreading; heads mostly 10--15-flowered; corymbs very compound and +large._ + +12. E. perfoliatum, L. (THOROUGHWORT. BONESET.) Stem stout (2--4 deg. high), +_hairy; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem_ +(connate-perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, +wrinkled, downy beneath (5--8' long); scales of the involucre +linear-lanceolate.--Low grounds; common and well-known.--Varies with the +heads 30--40-flowered, or with some or all of the leaves separated and +truncate at base. + +Var. cuneatum, Engelm. Leaves smaller, narrowed at base and separate, +and heads fewer-flowered. Perhaps a hybrid with n. 7.--Mo. and +southward. + +13. E. resinosum, Torr. _Minutely velvety-downy_ (2--3 deg. high); _leaves +linear-lanceolate, elongated_, serrate, _partly clasping_, tapering to +the point, slightly veiny beneath (4--6' long); scales of the involucre +oval, obtuse.--Wet pine barrens, N. J.--Name from the copious resinous +globules of the leaves. + +[*][*][*] _Heads 8--30-flowered; involucral scales nearly equal, in one +row; leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved, not +resinous-dotted; flowers white._ + +14. E. ageratoides, L. (WHITE SNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth, branching (3 deg. high); +_leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, +long-petioled_, thin (3--5' long); corymbs compound.--Rich woods; common +northward. + +15. E. aromaticum, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly simple; +_leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed_, +thickish.--Copses, Mass. to Va., and southward, near the coast.--Lower +and more slender than n. 14, with fewer, but usually larger heads; not +aromatic. + +Sec. 2. CONOCLINIUM. _Receptacle conical; involucral scales nearly equal, +somewhat imbricated._ + +16. E. coelestinum, L. (MIST-FLOWER.) Somewhat pubescent (1--2 deg. high), +leaves opposite, petiolate, triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, +coarsely and bluntly toothed; heads many-flowered, in compact cymes; +flowers blue or violet. (Conoclinium coelestinum, _DC._)--Rich soil, +N. J. to Mich., Ill., and southward. Sept. + + +6. KUHNIA, L. + +Heads discoid, 10--25-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales thin, +few and loosely imbricated, narrow, striate-nerved. Corolla slender, +5-toothed. Achenes cylindrical, 10-striate; pappus a single row of very +plumose (white) bristles.--A perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with +mostly alternate leaves, and paniculate-corymbose heads of cream-colored +flowers. (Dedicated to _Dr. Kuhn_, of Pennsylvania, who carried the +living plant to Linnaeus.) + +1. K. eupatorioides, L. Stems 2--3 deg. high; pubescence minute; leaves +varying from broadly lanceolate and toothed, to linear and entire.--Dry +soil, N. J. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Sept. Very variable.--Var. +CORYMBULOSA, Torr. & Gray, is a western form, stouter and somewhat more +pubescent, the heads rather crowded. + + +7. BRICKELLIA, Ell. + +Characters as in Kuhnia; involucral scales more numerous, and the +bristles of the pappus merely scabrous or at the most barbellate or +subplumose; leaves often all opposite. (_Dr. John Brickell_ of Georgia, +correspondent of Elliott and Muhlenberg.) + +1. B. grandiflora, Nutt. Nearly glabrous, 2--3 deg. high; leaves deltoid, +cordate, the upper deltoid-lanceolate, coarsely dentate-serrate, +acuminate, 4' long or less; heads about 40-flowered.--Shannon Co., Mo. +(_Bush_), Kan. to Col., New Mex., and westward. + + +8. LIATRIS, Schreb. BUTTON SNAKEROOT. BLAZING-STAR. + +Head discoid, few--many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales +well imbricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes +long and slender. Achenes slender, tapering to the base, 10-ribbed. +Pappus of 15--40 capillary bristles, manifestly plumose or only +barbellate.--Perennial herbs, often resinous-dotted, with simple stems +from a roundish corm or tuber, rigid alternate narrow entire leaves +(sometimes twisted so as to become vertical), and spicate or racemed +heads of handsome rose-purple flowers, appearing late in summer or in +autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.) + +[*] _Pappus very plumose; scales of the 5-flowered involucre with ovate +or lanceolate spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, +exceeding the flowers._ + +1. L. elegans, Willd. Stem (2--3 deg. high) and involucre hairy; leaves +linear, short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (3--20' +long).--Barren soil, Va. and southward. + +[*][*] _Pappus very plumose; scales of the cylindrical many-flowered +involucre imbricated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like; +corolla-lobes hairy within._ + +2. L. squarrosa, Willd. (BLAZING-STAR, etc.) Often hairy (6'--2 deg. high); +leaves rigid, linear, elongated; heads usually few (1' long); _scales +mostly with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips._--Dry soil, Penn. to +Minn., and southward.--Var. INTERMEDIA, DC. Heads narrow; scales +shorter, erect or nearly so.--Ont. to Neb. and Tex. + +3. L. cylindracea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6--18' high); leaves linear; +_heads_ few (1/2--{2/3}' long); _scales with short and rounded abruptly +mucronate appressed tips._--Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Minn. and +Mo. + +[*][*][*] _Pappus very plumose; heads 4--6-flowered; scales acuminate; +corolla-lobes naked._ + +4. L. punctata, Hook. Stout (10--30' high), from a branching or globose +rootstock; leaves narrowly linear or the upper acerose, rigid; heads +usually many in a dense spike.--Minn. to Kan., and southward. + +[*][*][*][*] _Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye; +corolla-lobes smooth inside._ + +5. L. scariosa, Willd. Stem stout (2--5 deg. high), pubescent or hoary; +_leaves_ (smooth, rough, or pubescent) _lanceolate_; the lowest +_oblong-lanceolate or obovate-oblong_, tapering into a petiole; heads +few or many, large, 25--40-flowered; _scales of the broad or depressed +involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous, with dry and scarious +often colored tips or margins._--Dry soil, New Eng. to Minn., and +southward.--Widely variable; heads 1' or less in diameter. + +6. L. pycnostachya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish; stem stout (3--5 deg. high), +very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear; +_spike thick and dense_ (6--20' long), heads about 5-flowered (1/2' long); +_scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved +or spreading colored tips_.--Prairies, from Ind. to Minn., and +southward. + +7. L. spicata, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy, stout +(2--5 deg. high); leaves linear, the lower 3--5-nerved; heads 8--12-flowered +({1/3}--1/2' long), crowded in a long spike; _scales of the +cylindrical-bell-shaped involucre oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, +with slight margins; achenes pubescent or smoothish_.--Moist grounds; +common from Mass. to Minn., and southward.--Involucre often resinous, +very smooth. + +Var. montana, Gray. Low and stout; leaves broader, obtuse; spike short +and heads large.--Mountain-tops, Va., and southward. + +8. L. graminifolia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (1--3 deg. high) +slender, leafy; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerved; heads several or +numerous, in a spike or raceme, 7--12-flowered; _scales of the obconical +or obovoid involucre spatulate or oblong, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, +rigid, appressed; achenes hairy_.--Va. and southward.--Inflorescence +sometimes panicled, especially in + +Var. dubia, Gray. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, +oblong, often ciliate.--Wet pine barrens, N. J., and southward. + + +9. TRILISA, Cass. + +Heads discoid, 5--10-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales nearly +equal, little imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla-lobes short-ovate or +oblong. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of rather rigid bristles, not +plumose.--Perennial herbs, fibrous-rooted, with broad entire leaves, +obscurely or not at all punctate, and cymules of small heads in a thyrse +or panicle. Flowers rose-purple, in autumn. (Name an anagram of +_Liatris_.) + +1. T. odoratissima, Cass. (VANILLA-PLANT.) _Very smooth; leaves pale_, +thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping; _heads +corymbed_. (Liatris odoratissima, _Willd._)--Low pine barrens, Va., and +southward.--Leaves exhaling the odor of Vanilla when bruised. + +2. T. paniculata, Cass. _Viscid-hairy_; leaves narrowly oblong or +lanceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, _heads +panicled_. (Liatris paniculata, _Willd._)--Va. and southward. + + +10. GUTIERREZIA, Lag. + +Heads few--several-flowered, radiate; rays 1--6, pistillate. Involucre +oblong-clavate; scales coriaceous with green tips, closely imbricated, +the outer shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Achenes short, +terete; pappus of about 9 chaffy scales, shorter in the +ray-flowers.--Suffrutescent (our species), glabrous and often glutinous, +much branched, with narrowly linear entire alternate leaves, and small +heads of yellow flowers in fastigiate or paniculate cymes. (From +_Gutierrez_, a noble Spanish family.) + +1. G. Euthamiae, Torr. & Gray. Low; leaves numerous, 1--2' long; heads +usually crowded, the disk- and short ray-flowers usually 3 or 4 +each.--Dry plains, Mont. and Minn. to central Kan., southward and +westward. + + +11. AMPHIACHYRIS, Nutt. + +Heads hemispherical; rays 5--10. Disk-flowers perfect but infertile. +Pappus of the ray minute, coroniform; of the disk-flowers of almost +bristle-like scales, more or less dilated and united at base.--A +diffusely much-branched annual, with heads solitary on the branchlets; +otherwise as Gutierrezia. (From [Greek: a)mphi/], _around_, and [Greek: +a)/chyron], _chaff_.) + +1. A. dracunculoides, Nutt. Rather low, slender; leaves narrowly linear, +the upper filiform; disk-flowers 10--20, their pappus of 5--8 +bristle-like chaff united at base and slightly dilated upward.--Plains, +Kan. and southward. + + +12. GRINDELIA, Willd. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate (or rayless); ray pistillate. Scales of the +hemispherical involucre imbricated in several series, with slender more +or less spreading green tips. Achenes short and thick, compressed or +turgid, truncate, glabrous; pappus of 2--8 caducous awns. Coarse +perennial or biennial herbs, often resinous-viscid, ours glabrous and +leafy with sessile or clasping alternate and spinulose-serrate or +laciniate rigid leaves, and large heads terminating leafy branches. Disk +and ray yellow. (Prof. _Grindel_, a Russian botanist.) + +1. G. squarrosa, Dunal. Leaves spatulate- to linear-oblong; involucre +squarrose; achenes not toothed; pappus-awns 2 or 3.--Prairies, Minn., +southward and westward; Evanston, Ill.--Var. NUDA, Gray. Rays wanting. +About St. Louis and westward. + +2. G. lanceolata, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate or linear; involucral scales +erect or the lower tips spreading; achenes with 1 or 2 short teeth at +the summit; awns 2.--Prairies, eastern Kan. to Ark., and southward. + + +13. HETEROTHECA, Cass. + +Characters as in Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thickish or +triangular, without pappus or obscurely crowned, and those of the disk +compressed, with a double pappus, the inner of numerous long bristles, +the outer of many short and stout bristles.--(From [Greek: e(/teros], +_different_, and [Greek: the/ke], _case_, alluding to the unlike +achenes.) + +1. H. Lamarckii, Cass. Annual or biennial, 1--3 deg. high, bearing numerous +small heads; leaves oval or oblong, the lower with petioles auricled at +base, the upper mostly subcordate-clasping.--S. E. Kan., and southward. + + +14. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Involucral +scales linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. +Achenes obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, hairy; pappus in all the +flowers double, the outer of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, +the inner of long capillary bristles.--Chiefly perennial, low herbs, +woolly or hairy, with rather large often corymbose heads terminating the +branches. Disk and ray-flowers yellow. (Name composed of [Greek: +chryso/s], _gold_, and [Greek: o)/psis], _aspect_, from the golden +blossoms.) + +[*] _Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear; achenes linear._ + +1. C. graminifolia, Nutt. _Silvery-silky_, with long close-pressed +hairs; stem slender, often with runners from the base, naked above, +bearing few heads; _leaves lanceolate or linear, elongated, grass-like, +nerved, shining_, entire.--Dry sandy soil, Del. to Va., and southward. +July--Oct. + +2. C. falcata, Ell. _Stems_ (4--10' high) very woolly; _leaves crowded, +linear, rigid, about 3-nerved_, entire, _somewhat recurved or +scythe-shaped, hairy_, or smooth when old, sessile; heads (small) +corymbed.--Dry sandy soil on the coast, pine barrens of N. J. to +Nantucket and Cape Cod, Mass. Aug. + +[*][*] _Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly +sessile, veined, not nerved; achenes obovate, flattened._ + +3. C. gossypina, Nutt. _Densely woolly all over; leaves spatulate or +oblong, obtuse_ (1--2' long); heads larger than in the next.--Pine +barrens, Va., and southward. Aug.--Oct. + +4. C. Mariana, Nutt. _Silky with long and weak hairs_, or when old +smoothish; _leaves oblong_; heads corymbed, on glandular peduncles.--Dry +barrens, from S. New York and Penn., southward, near the coast. +Aug.--Oct. + +5. C. villosa, Nutt. _Hirsute and villous-pubescent_; stem corymbosely +branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads; +_leaves narrowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence_ (as also the +involucre), _bristly-ciliate_ toward the base.--Dry plains and prairies, +Wisc. to Ky., and westward. July--Sept. Very variable.--Var. HISPIDA, +Gray. Low, hirsute and hispid, not canescent; heads small. Kan., west +and southward.--Var. CANESCENS, Gray. Wholly canescent with short +appressed pubescence; leaves narrow, mostly oblanceolate.--Kan. to Tex. + +6. C. pilosa, Nutt. Annual, soft-hirsute or villous; leaves +oblong-lanceolate; involucre viscid; outer pappus chaffy and +conspicuous--Kan. and southward. + + +15. APLOPAPPUS, Cass. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays many, pistillate. Involucre +hemispherical, of many closely imbricated scales in several series. +Receptacle flat. Achenes short, turbinate to linear; pappus simple, of +numerous unequal bristles.--Mostly herbaceous perennials, with alternate +rigid leaves. Ray- and disk-flowers yellow. (From [Greek: a(plo/os], +_simple_, and [Greek: pa/ppos], _pappus_.) + +1. A. ciliatus, DC. Annual or biennial, glabrous, 2--5 deg. high, leafy; +leaves oval (or lower obovate), obtuse, dentate with bristle-pointed +teeth; heads very large, few and clustered, the outer scales spreading; +achenes glabrous, the central abortive.--Mo., Kan., and southward. + +2. A. spinulosus, DC. Perennial, branching, puberulent or glabrate, low; +leaves narrow, pinnately or bipinnately parted, the lobes and teeth +bristle-tipped; heads small, the appressed scales bristle-tipped; +achenes pubescent.--Minn. to Kan., and southward. + +3. A. divaricatus, Gray. Annual, 1--2 deg. high, slender and diffusely +paniculate, rough-pubescent or glabrate; leaves rigid, narrow, entire or +with a few spinulose teeth, much reduced above; heads small and narrow, +the appressed scales subulate, attenuate; achenes silky.--Southern Kan. + + +16. BIGELOVIA, DC. RAYLESS GOLDEN-ROD. + +Heads 3--4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre +club-shaped, yellowish; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, +closely imbricated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped +prolongation in centre. Achenes somewhat obconical, hairy; pappus a +single row of capillary bristles.--Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, +oblanceolate or linear, 1--3-nerved. A large western genus, few species +approaching our limits. (Dedicated by De Candolle to _Dr. Jacob +Bigelow_, author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and of the American +Medical Botany.) + +1. B. nudata, DC. A smooth perennial; the slender stem (1--2 deg. high) +simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, +bearing small heads in a flat-topped corymb.--Low pine barrens, N. J. +(rare), and southward. Sept. + + +17. SOLIDAGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD. + +Heads few--many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1--16, pistillate. Scales of +the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except +n. 1 and 2). Receptacle small, not chaffy. Achenes many-ribbed, nearly +terete; pappus simple, of equal capillary bristles.--Perennial herbs, +with mostly wand-like stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never +heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or clustered; flowers both of the +disk and ray (except n. 6) yellow. (Name from _solidus_ and _ago_, to +join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed vulnerary qualities.) +Flowering in autumn. + +Conspectus of Groups. + + Heads small, sessile in flat-topped corymbs; leaves linear 41, 42 + + Heads all more or less pedicelled. + + Involucral scales rigid, with spreading herbaceous tips 1, 2 + + Involucral scales without green tips. + + Heads in a compound terminal corymb, not at all racemose 37--40 + + Heads small, mostly clustered in the axils of feather-veined + leaves 3--7 + + Heads mostly large, in a terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined. + + Western species 8, 9 + + Northern or mountain species 10--12 + + Heads mostly small or middle-sized; inflorescence paniculate + (sometimes thyrsoidal). + + Leaves 3-ribbed; heads in 1-sided spreading panicled racemes. + + Stem and leaves smooth and glabrous 29--32 + + Pubescent or scabrous 33--36 + + Leaves not 3-ribbed, or only obscurely triple-nerved. + + Heads large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire. Seashore 13 + + Panicle virgate or thyrsoid; leaves nearly entire 14--17 + + Heads very small in a short broad panicle; leaves nearly + entire 18--20 + + Heads racemosely paniculate; leaves ample, the lower serrate + 21--28 + +Sec. 1. VIRGAUREA. _Rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers; heads all more +or less pedicelled._ + +[*] _Scales of the much imbricated and rigid involucre with abruptly +spreading herbaceous tips; heads in clusters or glomerate racemes, +disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound +spike._ + +1. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout (2--5 deg. high), hairy above; leaves +large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined +petiole, serrate, veiny; heads numerous; scales obtuse or acute; +disk-flowers 16--24, the rays 12--16.--Rocky and wooded hills, Maine and +W. Vt. to Penn., Ohio, and the mountains of Va.; rather rare. + +2. S. petiolaris, Ait. Minutely hoary or downy; stem strict, simple +(1--3 deg. high); leaves small (1/2--2' long), oval or oblong, mucronate, +veiny, rough-ciliolate; the upper entire and abruptly very +short-petioled, the lower often serrate and tapering to the base; heads +few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender bracted pedicels; rays +about 10, elongated; scales of the pubescent involucre lanceolate or +linear-awl-shaped, the outer loose and spreading, more or less +foliaceous.--S. W. Ill. to Kan. and southward.--The name is misleading, +as the leaves are hardly petioled. + +[*][*] _Involucral scales without green tips and wholly appressed._ + +[+] _Heads small (3'' long), clustered along the stem in the axils of +the feather-veined leaves, or the upper forming a thyrse._ + +[++] _Achenes pubescent._ + + +3. S. caesia, L. Smooth; _stem terete, mostly glaucous_, at length much +branched and diffuse; _leaves lanceolate_ or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, +pointed, sessile; heads in very short clusters, or somewhat +racemose-panicled on the branches.--Rich woodlands, common; west to +S. E. Minn., Ill., and Ky. + +4. S. latifolia, L. Smooth or nearly so; _stem angled, zigzag_, simple +or paniculate-branched (1--3 deg. high); _leaves broadly ovate or oval, very +strongly and sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends_ (thin, +3--6' long); heads in very short axillary clusters, or the clusters +somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches; rays 3--4.--Moist shaded +banks; common northward, and south along the mountains. + +5. S. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so; stem angled, usually +branched; leaves oblong to long-lanceolate with narrowed entire base, +serrate above with subulate teeth; heads in small, loose clusters; rays +4--7.--Open woods at low elevations in the mountains of Va. and +southward. + +[++][++] _Achenes glabrous; inflorescence more thyrsoid._ + +6. S. bicolor, L. _Hoary or grayish with soft hairs_; stem mostly +simple; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or +the lower oval and tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate; _clusters +or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves_, forming an +interrupted spike or crowded panicle; scales very obtuse; _rays (5--14) +small, cream-color or nearly white_.--Var. CONCOLOR, Torr. & Gray, has +the _rays yellow_.--Dry copses, west to Minn. and Mo. + +7. S. monticola, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous; stem slender, 1--2 deg. +high; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or tapering at both ends, +the lower sparingly serrate; heads small, the scales acutish; rays +5--6.--Alleghany Mts., from Md. southward. + +[+][+] _Heads mostly large (smaller in n. 12), many-flowered, forming an +erect terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined._ + +[++] _Leaves numerous, short, sessile, entire, uniform in size and +shape; western._ + +8. S. Bigelovii, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, 2 deg. high; leaves oval and +oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends; thyrse rather loose; involucre +broad.--S. Kan. and southward. Probably running into the next. + +9. S. Lindheimeriana, Scheele. Less puberulent; leaves lanceolate or +oblong, more acute; heads narrower and more densely clustered; achenes +glabrous.--S. Kan. and southward. + +[++][++] _Northern or mountain species, bright green._ + +10. S. macrophylla, Pursh. _Stem stout_ (1--4 deg. high), _wand-like_, +pubescent near the summit, simple; _leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and +coarsely serrate with sharp salient teeth, large_ (lower 3--4' long), +all but the uppermost abruptly contracted into _long and margined +petioles; heads large_ (5--6'' long), many-flowered, crowded in an +oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2--18' long); scales +loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed; rays 8--10, elongated; +achenes smooth. (S. thyrsoidea, _E. Mey_.)--Wooded sides of mountains, +N. Maine to N. Y. (south to the Catskills), shore of L. Superior and +northward.--Very near a European form of S. Virgaurea. + +11. S. Virgaurea, Linn. An extremely variable and confused species in +the Old World, represented in North America by + +Var. alpina, Bigel. Dwarf (1--8' high), with few (1--12) pretty large +heads (3--4'' long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves +thickish, mostly smooth, spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse, finely +serrate or nearly entire, the uppermost lanceolate; heads few in a +terminal cluster or subsolitary in the upper axils; _scales_ lanceolate, +_acute or acutish_; rays about 12.--Alpine summits of Maine, N. H., and +N. Y., and shore of L. Superior. + +12. S. humilis, Pursh. Low (6--12' high) and smooth, bearing several or +numerous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, +etc., are mostly somewhat glutinous; _scales obtuse_; rays 6--8, short; +upper leaves lanceolate to linear, entire, the lower becoming spatulate +and sparingly serrate. (S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, _Gray_.)--Rocky +banks, W. Vt., along the Great Lakes, and northward; also on islands in +the Susquehanna, near Lancaster, and at the Falls of the Potomac.--At +the base of the White Mountains, on gravelly banks, occurs a form with +the minutely pubescent stout stem 1--2 deg. high, the leaves larger, +broader, and coarsely toothed, and the heads very numerous in an ample +compound raceme; rays occasionally almost white. + +Var. Gillmani, Gray. Larger (2 deg. high), rigid, with compound ample +panicle and laciniately toothed leaves.--Sand-hills of the lake-shores, +N. Mich. + +[+][+][+] _Heads small or middle-sized (large in n. 13 and 17), panicled +or sometimes thyrsoidal, not in a terminal corymbiform cyme; not +alpine._ + +[++] _Leaves veiny, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely +triple-nerved._ + +[=] 1. _Heads commonly large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, +elongated._ + +13. S. sempervirens, L. Smooth and stout (1--8 deg. high); leaves +lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, +obscurely triple-nerved; racemes short, in an open or contracted +panicle.--Salt marshes, or rocks on the shore, Maine to Va.--Heads +showy; the golden rays 7--10. Varies, in less brackish swamps, with +thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, tapering to each end, and +more erect racemes in a narrower panicle. + +[=] 2. _Heads small, in a narrow virgate or thyrsoid panicle; scales +thin, acute; leaves nearly entire._ + +14. S. stricta, Ait. _Very smooth_ throughout; _stem strict and simple, +wand-like_ (2--4 deg. high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed +lanceolate-oblong thickish leaves, gradually reduced upward to mere +bracts, the lowest oblong-spatulate; _heads crowded in a very narrow +compound spicate raceme_; rays 5--7. (S. virgata, _Michx._)--Damp pine +barrens, N. J. and southward. + +15. S. puberula, Nutt. _Stem_ (1--3 deg. high, simple or branched) _and +panicle minutely hoary; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the +base_, smoothish; the lower wedge-lanceolate and _sparingly toothed, +heads_ very numerous and _crowded in compact short racemes forming a +prolonged and dense_ narrow or pyramidal _panicle; scales +linear-awl-shaped_, appressed; rays about 10.--Sandy soil, Maine to Va. +and southward, mostly near the coast. + +[=] 3. _Heads middle-sized, in a thyrsoid panicle; involucral scales +rather firm, obtuse; leaves entire or little serrate, smooth._ + +16. S. uliginosa, Nutt. _Smooth_ nearly throughout; stem simple, strict +(2--3 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate_, pointed, the lower tapering into +winged petioles, partly sheathing at the base, sparsely serrulate or +entire; _racemes much crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like +panicle_; scales linear-oblong; rays 5--6, small. (S. stricta, +_Ait._)--Peat-bogs, Maine to Penn., Minn., and northward. Root-leaves +6--10' long. Flowers earlier than most species, beginning in July. + +17. S. speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout (3--6 deg. high), smooth; _leaves +thickish, smooth_ with rough margins, _oval or ovate_, slightly serrate, +the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined +petiole; _heads_ somewhat crowded _in numerous erect racemes, forming an +ample pyramidal or thyrsiform panicle_; peduncles and pedicels +rough-hairy; scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong; rays about 5, +large.--Var. ANGUSTATA, Torr. & Gray, is a dwarf form, with the racemes +short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound +spike.--Copses, Maine to Minn., and southward.--A very handsome species; +the lower leaves 4--6' long and 2--4' wide in the larger forms. + +[=] 4. _Heads very small in slender spreading secund clusters forming a +mostly short and broad panicle; leaves entire or nearly so._ + +18. S. odora, Ait. (SWEET GOLDEN-ROD.) _Smooth_ or nearly so throughout; +_stem slender_ (2--3 deg. high), _often reclined; leaves linear-lanceolate, +entire_, shining, _pellucid-dotted_; racemes spreading in a small +one-sided panicle; rays 3--4, rather large.--Border of thickets in dry +or sandy soil, Maine and Vt. to Ky., and southward.--The crushed leaves +yield a pleasant anisate odor; but an occasional form is nearly +scentless. + +19. S. tortifolia, Ell. Stem scabrous-puberulent, 2--3 deg. high; leaves +linear, short, commonly twisted, roughish-puberulent or glabrate; rays +very short.--Dry soil, coast of Va. and southward. + +20. S. pilosa, Walt. _Stem stout, upright_ (3--7 deg. high), _clothed with +spreading hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy beneath_, at +least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong and +entire, closely sessile; racemes many, recurved, in a dense pyramidal +panicle; rays 7--10, very short.--Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J. to +Va. and southward. + +[=] 5. _Heads small or middle-sized, racemosely paniculate; leaves broad +or ample, veiny, at least the lower serrate (or entire in n. 28); +involucral scales obtuse._ + +21. S. patula, Muhl. _Stem strongly angled, smooth_ (2--4 deg. high); +_leaves_ (4--8' long) _ovate_, acute, serrate, pale, _very smooth and +veiny underneath_, but the _upper surface very rough_, like shagreen; +racemes rather short and numerous on the spreading branches; heads +rather large.--Swamps; common. + +22. S. rugosa, Mill. _Rough-hairy, especially the very leafy stem_ +(1--6 deg. high); _leaves ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often +thickish and very rugose_; racemes spreading; involucral scales linear; +rays 6--9; the disk-flowers 4--7. (S. altissima, _Torr. & Gray_, not +_L._)--Borders of fields and copses; very common, presenting a great +variety of forms; usually one of the lowest of common _Golden-rods_. It +flowers early. Aug.--Sept. + +23. S. ulmifolia, Muhl. _Stem smooth_, the branches hairy; _leaves thin, +elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate_, pointed, _tapering to the base_, +loosely veined, beset with soft hairs beneath; racemes panicled, +recurved-spreading; involucral scales lanceolate-oblong; rays about +4.--Low copses; common.--Too near the last; distinguished only by its +smooth stem and thin larger leaves. + +24. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. _Smooth_; stem stout (1--3 deg. high), _very +leafy; leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate_, acute (2--3' long), +closely sessile, slightly serrate, strongly veined, _thick, smooth both +sides, shining above; heads in dense spreading racemes which are crowded +in a close pyramidal panicle_; peduncles and achenes strigose-pubescent. +(S. elliptica, _Torr. & Gray_, not _Ait._)--Swamps (fresh or brackish) +near the coast, Mass. to N. J. and southward.--Heads showy, 3'' long; +the rays 8--12. + +25. S. neglecta, Torr. & Gray. _Smooth_; stem stout (2--4 deg. high), less +leafy; _leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque; the upper +oblong-lanceolate_, mostly acute and nearly entire; the _lower +ovate-lanceolate or oblong_, sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole; +_racemes short and dense, at length spreading_, disposed in an elongated +or pyramidal close panicle; peduncles and achenes nearly +glabrous.--Swamps, Maine to Md., Wisc., and Minn.--Heads rather large, +crowded; the racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. Very +variable, the forms approaching n. 16 and 27. + +Var. linoides, Gray. The most slender form; radical leaves 4--8' long +and 4--6'' wide, the upper very small, erect, branches of panicle rather +few, one-sided; rays 2--5. (S. linoides, _Torr. & Gray._)--Mass. to +N. J. + +26. S. Boottii, Hook. Smooth, or scabrous-pubescent or below hirsute, +slender, often branched, 2--5 deg. high; leaves rather finely serrate, ovate +to oblong-lanceolate, pointed; the upper small, oblong to narrowly +lanceolate, often entire; heads loosely racemose; rays 1--5 or none; +achenes pubescent.--Dry grounds, Va. and southward. + +27. S. arguta, Ait. _Smooth; stem angled; leaves_ (large and thin) +_ovate_, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, _very sharply and strongly +serrate_ (entire only on the branches), _pointed at both ends_, the +lowest on margined petioles; _racemes pubescent, spreading, disposed in +an elongated open panicle; rays 6--7, large_; achenes usually glabrous. +(S. Muhlenbergii, _Torr. & Gray._)--Copses and moist woods, N. H. to +Penn., Ont., and N. E. Minn.--Racemes much shorter and looser than in +the next; the involucral scales thin and more slender; the heads +somewhat larger, fully 3'' long. + +28. S. juncea, Ait. _Smooth throughout_ (1--3 deg. high); _radical and lower +stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate_ with +spreading teeth, _pointed_, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles; +_the others lanceolate or narrowly oblong_, slightly triple-nerved, +tapering to each end, the _uppermost entire; racemes dense, naked, at +length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and flat corymb-like +panicle; rays 8--12, small_. (S. arguta, _Torr. & Gray._)--Var. +SCABRELLA, Gray, is somewhat roughish-pubescent (Wisc. to Ky.).--Copses +and banks; common. Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, +and the closely appressed rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, +etc. Heads seldom over 2'' long, the scales small and pale. + +[++][++] _Leaves more or less plainly 3-ribbed; heads in one-sided +spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample panicle. Not maritime._ + +[=] _Smooth and glabrous, at least the stem and bright green leaves._ + +[a.] _Leaves firm and rather rigid; involucral scales thickish, obtuse, +quite unequal._ + +29. S. Missouriensis, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1--3 deg. high); _leaves +linear-lanceolate_, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both +ends, with very rough margins; teeth, if any, sharp and rigid; heads and +dense crowded racemes nearly as in n. 28; _achenes nearly +glabrous_.--Dry prairies, from Wisc. and Ind. south and +westward.--Heads 1{1/2}--2'' long. + +30. S. Shortii, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, simple (2--4 deg. high), +minutely roughish-pubescent above; _leaves_ (the larger 2--3' long) +_oblong-lanceolate_, acute, the lower mostly serrate with a few fine +teeth; racemes mostly short in a crowded panicle; _achenes +silky-pubescent_.--Rocks at the Falls of the Ohio; Ark.--A handsome +species; heads 3'' long, narrow. + +[b.] _Leaves thinner; involucral scales thin, chiefly linear, obtuse._ + +31. S. serotina, Ait. _Stem_ stout (2--7 deg. high), _smooth, often +glaucous; leaves quite smooth both sides_, lanceolate, taper-pointed, +very sharply serrate, except the narrowed base, rough-ciliate; the ample +panicle pubescent; _rays 7--14, rather long_. (S. gigantea, of previous +ed.)--Copses and fence-rows; common, and presenting many varieties. +Seldom very tall. + +Var. gigantea, Gray. Commonly tall, 5--8 deg. high; leaves more or less +pubescent or hispidulous beneath. (S. gigantea, _Ait._; S. serotina of +previous ed.)--Thickets and low grounds, Can. to Tex. + +32. S. rupestris, Raf. _Stem smooth, slender_, 2--3 deg. high; _leaves +linear-lanceolate, tapering both ways, entire_ or nearly so; panicle +narrow; _heads very small; rays 4--6, very short_.--Rocky river-banks, +W. Va. to Ky. and Ind. + +[=][=] _Pubescent (at least the stem) or hispidulous-scabrous._ + +33. S. Canadensis, L. _Stem rough-hairy_, tall and stout (3--6 deg. high); +_leaves lanceolate_, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), +_more or less pubescent beneath and rough above; heads small; rays very +short_.--Borders of thickets and fields; very common.--Varies greatly in +the roughness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter +oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate;--in var. PROCERA, +whitish-woolly underneath; and in var. SCABRA also very rough above, +often entire, and rugose-veined. + +34. S. nemoralis, Ait. _Clothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary_ +(soft or roughish) _pubescence_; stem simple or corymbed at the summit +({1/2}--2{1/2} deg. high); leaves _oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong_, the +lower somewhat crenate-toothed and tapering into a petiole; racemes +numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a large and crowded +compound raceme or panicle which is usually turned to one side; scales +of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed; rays 5--9.--Dry sterile +fields; very common. Flowers very bright yellow, beginning early in +Aug.--Var. INCANA, Gray, of Minn., and westward, is a dwarf form, with +rigid oval or oblong leaves, rather strongly serrate or entire, and the +clusters of heads in a dense oblong or conical thyrse. + +35. S. radula, Nutt. Stem and _oblong or obovate-spatulate leaves rigid +and very rough, not hoary_, the upper sessile; scales oblong, rigid; +rays 3--6; otherwise nearly as in n. 34.--Dry hills, W. Ill., Minn. +Kan., and southward. + +36. S. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. _Stem_ (1--3 deg. high) _and lower surface +of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely +velvety-pubescent_, some of the leaves almost entire; racemes panicled, +short; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5.--S. W. Ill., +Mo., and southward. + +[+][+][+][+] _Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, +not at all racemose; leaves mostly with a strong midrib._ + +[++] Leaves flat, not 3-nerved. + +37. S. rigida, L. _Rough and somewhat hoary_ with a minute pubescence; +stem stout (2--5 deg. high), very leafy; corymb dense; _leaves oval or +oblong_, copiously feather-veined, thick and rigid; the upper closely +sessile by a broad base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire; heads +large, over 30-flowered; the rays 7--10.--Dry soil, N. Eng. to Minn., +and southward. + +38. S. Ohioensis, Riddell. _Very smooth_ throughout; stem wand-like, +slender, leafy (2--3 deg. high); _stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat_, +entire, obscurely feather-veined, closely sessile; the lower and radical +ones elongated, slightly serrate toward the apex, tapering into long +margined petioles; head numerous, on smooth pedicels, small, +16--20-flowered; the rays 6 or 7.--Moist meadows or prairies, W. New +York to Ind. and Wisc.--Root-leaves 1 deg. long; the upper reduced to 1--2', +with rough margins, like the rest. + +[++][++] _Leaves somewhat folded, entire, the lower slightly 3-nerved._ + +39. S. Riddellii, Frank. _Smooth and stout_ (2--4 deg. high), _very leafy_, +the branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent; _leaves +linear-lanceolate, elongated_ (4--6' long), acute, partly clasping or +sheathing, _mostly recurved_, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and +tapering into a long keeled petiole; _heads very numerous_, clustered, +20--30-flowered; the rays 7--9.--Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Minn. and +Mo.; Ft. Monroe, Va.--Heads larger than in the last, 2--3'' long. +Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the base, then gradually +recurved-spreading. + +40. S. Houghtonii, Torr. & Gray. _Smooth; stem rather low and slender_ +(1--2 deg. high); _leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish_, tapering +into a narrowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined +petioles; _heads few or several_, 20--30-flowered; the rays +7--9.--Swamps, north shore of Lake Michigan; Genesee Co., N. Y. July, +Aug.--Leaves rough-margined, 2--5' long, 2--4'' wide, 1-nerved, or the +lower obscurely 3-nerved above; veins obscure. Heads large, nearly 1/2' +long. Scales of the involucre obtuse. + +Sec. 2. EUTHAMIA. _Corymbosely much branched; heads small, sessile, in +little clusters crowded in flat-topped corymbs; the closely appressed +involucral scales somewhat glutinous; receptacle fimbrillate; rays +6--20, short, more numerous than the disk-flowers; leaves narrow, +entire, sessile._ + +41. S. lanceolata, L. _Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3--5-nerved_; the +nerves, margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent; +heads obovoid-cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters; _rays +15--20_.--River-banks, etc., in moist soil; common.--Stem 2--3 deg. high; +leaves 3--5' long. + +42. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Smooth, slender; _leaves very narrowly +linear, mostly 1-nerved, dotted_; heads obovoid-club-shaped, in numerous +clusters of 2 or 3, disposed in a loose corymb; _rays 6--12_.--Sandy +fields, Mass. to Ill., and southward; common near the coast. + + +18. BRACHYCHAETA, Torr. & Gray. FALSE GOLDEN-ROD. + +Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a +row of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene.--A +perennial herb, with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the _lower +ones heart-shaped_; the small yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed +or spiked on the branches. (Name composed of [Greek: brachy/s], _short_, +and [Greek: chi/te], _bristle_, from the pappus.) + +1. B. cordata, Torr. & Gray. Wooded hills, S. Ind. and E. Ky. to N. Ga. +Oct.--Plant 2--4 deg. high, slender, more or less pubescent. + + +19. BELLIS, Tourn. DAISY. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of +the involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, +naked. Achenes obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any +pappus.--Low herbs (all but our single species natives of the Old +World), either stemless, like the true _Daisy_, B. PERENNIS (which is +found as an occasional escape from cultivation), or leafy-stemmed, as is +the following. (The Latin name, from _bellus_, pretty.) + +1. B. integrifolia, Michx. (WESTERN DAISY.) Annual or biennial, +diffusely branched (4'--1 deg. high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or +oblong, the lower spatulate-obovate; heads on slender peduncles; rays +pale violet-purple.--Prairies and banks, Ky. and southwestward. +March--June. + +20. APHANOSTEPHUS, DC. + +Involucral scales in few series, broadly lanceolate, the outer shorter. +Achenes prismatic, the broad truncate apex bearing a short coroniform +pappus. Otherwise as Bellis.--Southwestern leafy-stemmed and branching +pubescent herbs, with solitary terminal daisy-like heads. ([Greek: +A)phane/s], _inconspicuous_, and [Greek: ste/phos], _crown_; in allusion +to the pappus.) + +1. A. Arkansanus, Gray. Diffuse, 1 deg. high; leaves oblong-spatulate to +broadly lanceolate, the lower often toothed or lobed; rays white to +purple, 1/2' long; pappus mostly 4--5-lobed.--Plains of Kan. and +southward. + + +21. CHAETOPAPPA, DC. + +Heads several-flowered, radiate; disk-flowers often sterile. Involucral +bracts imbricated in 2 or more rows, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, +naked. Achenes fusiform or compressed; pappus of 5 or fewer thin +nerveless paleae, alternating with rough bristly awns, or these +wanting.--Low southwestern branching annuals, with narrow entire leaves +and solitary terminal heads; ray white or purple. ([Greek: Chai/te], _a +bristle_, and [Greek: pa/ppos], _pappus_.) + +1. C. asteroides, DC. Slender, 2--10' high, pubescent; involucres +narrow, 2'' long; rays 5--12; achenes pubescent.--Dry grounds, Vernon +Co., Mo., and southward. + + +22. BOLTONIA, L'Her. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of +the hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, +with narrow membranaceous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, +naked. Achenes very flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined +with a callous wing, or in the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of +several minute bristles and usually 2--4 longer awns.--Perennial and +bushy-branched smooth herbs, pale green, with the aspect of Aster; the +thickish leaves chiefly entire, often turned edgewise. Flowers autumnal; +disk yellow; rays white or purplish. (Dedicated to _James Bolton_, an +English botanist of the last century.) + +[*] _Heads middle-sized, loosely corymbed._ + +1. B. asteroides, L'Her. Stems 2--8 deg. high; leaves lanceolate; involucral +scales acuminate; pappus of few or many minute bristles and 2 awns or +none. (B. glastifolia, _L'Her._, the awned form.)--Moist places along +streams; Penn. to Ill., and southward to Fla. Sept., Oct.--Var. +DECURRENS, Engelm., a large form with the leaves alate-decurrent upon +the stem and branches. Mo. (_Eggert_). + +2. B. latisquama, Gray. Heads rather larger; involucral scales oblong to +ovate, obtuse or mucronate-apiculate; pappus-awns conspicuous.--W. Mo. +and Kan. + +[*][*] _Heads small, panicled on the slender branches._ + +3. B. diffusa, L'Her. Stem diffusely branched; leaves lance-linear, +those on the branchlets very small and awl-shaped; rays short, mostly +white; pappus of several very short bristles and 2 short awns.--Prairies +of S. Ill. (_Vasey_), and southwestward. Aug.--Oct. + + +23. TOWNSENDIA, Hook. + +Heads many-flowered, the numerous ray-flowers (violet to white) in a +single series, fertile. Involucre broad, the lanceolate scariously +margined scales imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, naked. +Achenes obovate or oblong, flattened, with thickish margins and beset +with forked-capitellate hairs; pappus a single row of long awns or +coarse rigid bristles, or reduced in the ray to chaffy scales.--Low +scarcely caulescent herbs, with linear to spatulate entire leaves and +large heads. (Named for _David Townsend_, botanical associate of Dr. +Darlington of Penn.) + +1. T. sericea, Hook. Acaulescent silky-pubescent perennial; heads +sessile, solitary or few, 1/2--1' high; ray-pappus mostly bristly.--Dry +plains, central Neb., north and westward. April, May. + + +24. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. WHITE-TOPPED ASTER. + +Heads 12--20-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). +Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely +imbricated in several rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with +short and abrupt often spreading green tips. Receptacle +alveolate-toothed. Achenes short, inversely pyramidal, very silky; +pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles.--Perennial tufted herbs +(1--2 deg. high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small heads +mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb. Disk-flowers pale +yellow. (Name from [Greek: seriko/s], _silky_, and [Greek: karpo/s], +_fruit_.) + +[*] _Pappus rusty; leaves sparingly serrate, veiny, rather thin._ + +1. S. conyzoides, Nees. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or +the lower spatulate, ciliate; heads rather loosely corymbed, obconical +(4--6'' long).--Dry ground; Maine to Ohio, and southward. July. + +[*][*] _Pappus white; leaves entire, obscurely veined, firmer and +smaller._ + +2 S. solidagineus, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse, +with rough margins, tapering to the base; heads narrow (3'' long), in +close clusters, few-flowered.--Thickets, S. New Eng. to Tenn., and +southward. July. + +3. S. tortifolius, Nees. Hoary-pubescent; leaves obovate or +oblong-spatulate, short (1/2--1' long), vertical, both sides alike; heads +rather loosely corymbed, obovoid (4--5'' long).--Pine woods, Va. and +southward. Aug. + + +25. ASTER, L. STARWORT. ASTER. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; the ray-flowers in a single series, +fertile. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with +herbaceous or leaf-like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenes more +or less flattened; pappus simple, of capillary bristles (double in Secs. 4 +and 5).--Perennial herbs (annual only in Secs. 7 and 8), with corymbed, +panicled, or racemose heads; flowering in autumn. Rays white, purple, or +blue; the disk yellow, often changing to purple. (Name [Greek: a)ste/r], +_a star_, from the radiate heads of flowers.) + +Conspectus of Groups. + + Annuals, with copious fine soft pappus 53, 54 + + Pappus double 46--48 + + Scales closely imbricated, not green-tipped, often scarious-edged + 49--52 + + Scales closely imbricated, scarcely at all herbaceous; leaves cordate, + serrate 2, 3 + + Scales nearly equal, rigid, more or less foliaceous; pappus-bristles + rigid, some thickened at top 1 + + Scales with herbaceous tips or the outer wholly foliaceous. + ASTER proper. + + Pappus rigid; stem-leaves sessile, none cordate or clasping; heads + few, large 4--8 + + Leaves silvery-silky both sides, sessile, entire 14, 15 + + Lower leaves more or less cordate, petiolate 17--24 + + Leaves entire, lower not cordate, cauline sessile with + cordate-clasping base 16 + + Involucre (and branchlets) viscid or glandular; leaves not cordate, + mostly entire, the cauline all sessile or clasping 9--13 + + Lower leaves all acute at base; not glandular nor viscid nor + silky-canescent. + + Smooth and glabrous, usually glaucous; scales coriaceous at base; + leaves firm, usually entire 25--30 + + Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; scales squarrose; stem-leaves small, + linear, entire 31, 32 + + Scales closely imbricated, not coriaceous at base; branches + divaricate; heads many, small 33--35 + + Remaining species; branches erect or ascending. + + Stem-leaves auriculate-clasping or with winged-petiole-like + base; involucre lax 42--45 + + Stem-leaves sessile, but rarely cordate or auriculate at base + 36--41 + +Sec. 1. HELIASTRUM. _Pappus simple, coarse and rigid, the stronger bristles +somewhat clavate; scales rigid, more or less foliaceous, nearly equal._ + +1. A. paludosus, Ait. Stems 1 deg. high; glabrous or nearly so; heads 1/2' +high, rather few, racemose or spicate; outer scales lax, foliaceous; +rays purple; leaves linear, entire.--Mo. to Tex., thence to Car. and Ga. + +Sec. 2. BIOTIA. _Involucre obovoid-bell-shaped; the scales regularly +imbricated in several rows, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous +tips; rays 6--18 (white or nearly so); achenes slender; pappus slightly +rigid, simple; lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely +serrate; heads in open corymbs._ + +2. A. corymbosus, Ait. _Stem slender_, somewhat zigzag; _leaves thin, +smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, +taper-pointed_, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost +heart-shaped at the base and on slender naked petioles; _rays +6--9_.--Woodlands; common; especially northward. July, Aug.--Plant 1--2 deg. +high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, rounder and less rigid +exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves than the next; not rough, +but sometimes pubescent. + +3. A. macrophyllus, L. _Stem stout and rigid_ (2--3 deg. high); _leaves +thickish, rough, closely serrate_, abruptly pointed; the lower +heart-shaped (4--10' long, 3--6' wide), long-petioled; the upper ovate +or oblong, sessile or on margined petioles; heads in ample rigid +corymbs; _rays 10--15_ (white or bluish).--Moist woods; common +northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug., Sept.--Involucre 1/2' +broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, the innermost +much larger and thinner. + +Sec. 3. ASTER proper. _Scales imbricated in various degrees, with +herbaceous or leaf-like summits, or the outer entirely foliaceous; rays +numerous; pappus simple, soft and nearly uniform (coarser and more rigid +in the first group); achenes flattened._ (All flowering late in summer +or in autumn.) + +[*] 1. _Scales well imbricated, coriaceous, with short herbaceous mostly +obtuse spreading tips; pappus of rigid bristles; stem-leaves all +sessile, none heart-shaped or clasping; heads few, or when several +corymbose, large and showy._ + +[+] _Lowest leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, some rounded or subcordate at +base._ + +4. A. Herveyi, Gray. Slightly scabrous, 1--2 deg. high, the summit and +peduncles glandular-puberulent; leaves roughish, obscurely serrate, the +lower ovate on nearly naked petioles, the upper lanceolate; heads +loosely corymbose, 1/2' high; involucre nearly hemispherical, the scales +obscurely glandular, all erect, with very short or indistinct green +tips; rays violet, 1/2' long.--Borders of oak woods, in rather moist soil, +E. Mass, and R. I.; Mt. Desert. An ambiguous species, approaching the +last. + +[+][+] _Radical leaves all tapering into margined petioles; involucres +squarrose (hardly so in n. 8); rootstocks slender._ + +5. A. spectabilis, Ait. Stems 1--2 deg. high, roughish and +glandular-puberulent above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lower +spatulate-oblong, obscurely serrate or the upper entire; heads few, +hemispherical, 1/2' high; _scales glandular-puberulent and viscid_; mostly +with the _upper half herbaceous and spreading_; rays about 20, bright +violet, nearly 1' long.--sandy soil, Mass. to Del., near the coast, and +perhaps southward. Sept.--Nov. One of the handsomest species of the +genus. + +6. A. surculosus, Michx. Stems 1 deg. high or less, _from long filiform +rootstocks; leaves entire_ or nearly so, _rigid_, lanceolate or the +upper linear; _heads_ few or solitary, as in the last but generally +_smaller_, the _scales hardly glandular_.--Moist ground, coast of N. J., +and southward. + +7. A. gracilis, Nutt. Rootstocks occasionally tuberous-thickened; stems +slender, 1 deg. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, small +(1--2' long); heads few or several; involucre top-shaped, 3--4'' long, +glabrous, not glandular nor viscid, the _coriaceous whitish scales with +very short deltoid or ovate tips_; rays 9--12, 3--6'' long.--Pine +barrens, N. J. to N. C., E. Ky. and Tenn. + +8. A. radula, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth or +sparsely hairy, many-leaved (1--3 deg. high); _leaves oblong-lanceolate, +pointed, sharply serrate in the middle, very rough both sides and +rugose-veined_, closely sessile (2--3' long), nearly equal; _scales of +the bell-shaped involucre oblong, appressed, with very short and +slightly spreading herbaceous tips_; achenes smooth.--Bogs and low +grounds, Del. to Maine and northward, near the coast; also Pocono +Mountain, Penn. A dwarf form (var. STRICTUS, Gray) has oblong- to +linear-lanceolate nearly entire leaves, and usually solitary heads; +White Mountains, N. H., to Lab. Aug.--Rays light violet. Involucre +nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins. + +[*] 2. _Involucre and usually the branchlets viscidly or +pruinose-glandular, well imbricated or loose; pubescence not silky; +leaves entire (or the lower with few teeth), the cauline all sessile or +clasping; rays showy, violet to purple._ + +[+] _Heads small; involucre not squarrose. Extreme western._ + +9. A. Fendleri, Gray. Rigid, 1 deg. high or less; leaves firm, linear, +1-nerved, hispid-ciliate, 1' long or mostly much less; heads scattered, +3'' high; scales linear-oblong, obtuse, or the inner acute.--Central +Kan. (Ellis, _Dr. L. Watson_) and southwestward. + +[+][+] _Heads larger; involucral scales spreading, in few or many +ranks._ + +10. A. grandiflorus, L. _Rough with minute hispid hairs_; stems slender, +loosely much branched (1--3 deg. high); _leaves very small_ (1/4--1' long), +oblong-linear, obtuse, rigid, the uppermost passing into scales of the +hemispherical squarrose many-ranked involucre; rays bright violet (1' +long); achenes hairy.--Dry open places, Va. and southward.--Heads large +and very showy. + +11. A. oblongifolius, Nutt. _Minutely glandular-puberulent_, much +branched above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (1--2 deg. high); _leaves +narrowly oblong or lanceolate_, mucronate-pointed, partly clasping, +thickish (1--2' long by 2--5'' wide); involucral scales nearly equal, +broadly linear, appressed at the base; rays violet-purple; achenes +canescent.--Banks of rivers, from Penn. and Va. to Minn. and +Kan.--Heads middle-sized or smaller. + +Var. rigidulus, Gray. Low, with more rigid and hispidulous scabrous +leaves.--In drier places, Ill., Wisc., and southwestward. + +12. A. Novae-Angliae, L. _Stem stout, hairy_ (3--8 deg. high), corymbed at the +summit; _leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute, +auriculate-clasping, clothed with minute pubescence_, 2--5' long; +_scales nearly equal, linear-awl-shaped, loose, glandular-viscid_, as +well as the branchlets; rays violet-purple (in var. ROSEUS +rose-purple), very numerous; achenes hairy.--Moist grounds; +common.--Heads large. A peculiar and handsome species. + +13. A. modestus, Lindl. Pubescent or glabrate; stem slender, simple, +with few large heads terminating slender branchlets; leaves lanceolate, +very acute, narrowed to a sessile base, sparingly serrate or serrulate; +scales linear-attenuate, equal, mostly herbaceous; rays blue.--N. Dak. +and westward. + +[*] 3. _Leaves whitened, silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and +entire, mucronulate; involucre imbricated in 3 to several rows; rays +showy, purple-violet._ + +14. A. sericeus, Vent. Stems slender, branched; leaves silver-white, +lanceolate or oblong, _heads mostly solitary_, terminating the short +branchlets; _scales of the globular involucre similar to the leaves, +spreading_, except the short coriaceous base; _achenes smooth_, +many-ribbed.--Prairies and dry banks, Wisc. and Minn. to Ky., and +southward.--Heads large; rays 20--30. + +15. A. concolor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple; _leaves crowded, +oblong or lanceolate, appressed_, the upper reduced to little bracts; +_heads in a simple or compound wand-like raceme_; scales of the obovoid +involucre closely imbricated in several rows, appressed, rather rigid, +silky, lanceolate; _achenes silky_.--Dry sandy soil near the coast, +R. I., N. J., and southward.--Plant 1--3 deg. high, with the short leaves 1' +or less in length, grayish-silky both sides. + +[*] 4._Leaves entire, the lower not heart-shaped, the cauline all with +sessile and cordate-clasping base, the auricles generally meeting around +the stem._ + +16. A. patens, Ait. Rough-pubescent; stem loosely panicled above (1--3 deg. +high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, +terminating slender branchlets; leaves oblong-lanceolate or +ovate-oblong, often contracted below the middle, rough, especially above +and on the margins; scales of the minutely roughish involucre with +spreading pointed tips; achenes silky.--Var. PHLOGIFOLIUS, Nees, is a +form of shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin scarcely +rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above, mostly +much contracted below the middle.--Dry ground; common, Mass. to Minn., +and southward. Heads 1/2' broad, with showy deep blue-purple rays. + +[*] 5 _Lower leaves heart-shaped and petioled; no glandular or viscid +pubescence; heads with short and appressed green-tipped scales (except +in n. 16 and 23), mostly small and numerous, racemose or panicled._ + +[+] _Heads middle-sized, with many rays, and squarrose foliaceous +involucre._ + +17. A. anomalus, Engelm. Somewhat pubescent and scabrous; stems slender +(2--4 deg. high), simple or racemose-branched above; leaves ovate or +ovate-lanceolate, pointed, entire, the upper small and almost sessile; +scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in several rows, +appressed, with linear spreading leafy tips; achenes smooth.--Limestone +cliffs, W. Ill. and Mo. to Ark.--Rays violet-purple. + +[+][+] _Rays 10--20; involucral scales appressed or erect._ + +[++] _Leaves entire or slightly serrate; heads middle-sized; rays +bright-blue._ + +18. A. azureus, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound at +the summit, the branches slender and rigid; _leaves rough, the lower +ovate-lanceolate or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often hairy petioles; +the others lanceolate or linear, sessile_, on the branches awl-shaped; +involucre inversely conical.--Copses and prairies, western N. Y., and +Ohio to Minn., and southwestward. Involucre much as in A. laevis, but +smaller and slightly pubescent. + +19. A. Shortii, Hook. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing +very numerous heads in racemose panicles; _leaves smooth above, minutely +pubescent underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated_, +tapering gradually to a sharp point, _all but the uppermost more or less +heart-shaped at base, and on naked petioles_, none clasping; involucre +bell-shaped.--Cliffs and banks, Ohio to Ill., and southward.--A pretty +species, 2--4 deg. high; leaves 3--5' long. + +20. A. undulatus, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence; stem +spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles; _leaves ovate or +ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, roughish above, +downy underneath_, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the +others _abruptly contracted into short broadly winged petioles which are +dilated and clasping at the base_, or directly sessile by a heart-shaped +base; involucre obovoid, the scales less rigid.--Dry copses; common. + +[++][++] _Leaves conspicuously serrate; heads small; rays pale blue or +nearly white._ + +21. A. cordifolius, L. Stem much branched above, _the spreading or +diverging branches bearing very numerous panicled heads_; lower leaves +all heart-shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles; _scales +of the inversely conical involucre all appressed and tipped with very +short green points, obtuse or acutish_.--Woodlands; very common.--Heads +profuse, but quite small. Varies with the stem and leaves either smooth, +roughish, or sometimes hairy, also with the leaves all narrower. +Apparent hybrids with n. 35 also occur. + +22. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Stem rigid, erect, with _ascending branches +bearing numerous racemose heads_; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the +lower heart-shaped at base, on margined petioles; the upper lanceolate +or linear, pointed at both ends; _scales of the oblong involucre linear, +tapering into awl-shaped slender and loose tips_.--Dry ground, N. Y. and +Penn. to Ky., and northward.--Green, but usually more or less hairy or +downy; the heads rather larger than in the last, almost sessile. + +23. A. Drummondii, Lindl. Pale with fine gray pubescence; _leaves +cordate to cordate-lanceolate, mostly on margined petioles_, the +uppermost lanceolate and sessile; _scales acute or acutish_.--Passing +into the last. Open ground, etc., Ill. to Minn. and Kan. + +24. A. Lindleyanus, Torr. & Gray. Rather stout, 1--2 deg. high, sparsely +pubescent or nearly glabrous; _radical and lowest leaves ovate, +moderately or obscurely cordate_, the uppermost sessile and pointed at +both ends; _heads larger_, rather few in a loose thyrse or panicle, _the +linear-attenuate scales looser and less imbricated_; rays pale +violet.--Lab. to L. Superior; Lisbon, N. H. (_C. E. Faxon_), and +Mt. Desert (_Rand_). + +[*] 6. _Without heart-shaped petioled leaves, the radical and lower all +acute or attenuate at base; not glandular nor viscid, nor +silky-canescent._ + +[+] _Smooth and glabrous throughout (or nearly so, except forms of +n. 29), and usually pale and glaucous; involucral scales closely +imbricated, firm and whitish-coriaceous below, green-tipped; leaves +firm, usually entire._ + +[++] _Rays violet or blue; scales rather abruptly green-tipped; leaves +on the branchlets reduced to rigid subulate bracts._ + +25. A. turbinellus, Lindl. Stem slender, 3 deg. high, paniculately branched; +leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate, tapering to each end, with rough +margins; _involucre elongated-obconical_ or almost club-shaped (1/2' +long); the scales linear, with very short and blunt green tips; rays +violet-blue; achenes nearly smooth.--Dry hills, etc., Ill., Mo., and +southwestward.--Well-marked and handsome. + +26. A. laevis, L. Stouter, 2--4 deg. high; heads in a close panicle; leaves +thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more +or less clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base; scales of the +_short-obovoid or hemispherical involucre_ with short abrupt green tips; +rays sky-blue; achenes smooth.--Borders of woodlands; common. A variable +and elegant species. + +27. A. virgatus, Ell. Slender, strict and simple, with few or several +_racemose or terminal heads_, like those of the last; _leaves lanceolate +or linear, the lower usually long and narrow_.--S. W. Va., and +southward. + +28. A. concinnus, Willd. Not glaucous, slender, 1--3 deg. high; leaves +lanceolate, mostly somewhat serrate, the lowest spatulate-lanceolate on +winged petioles; _heads smaller_ than in the preceding, _numerous, +panicled_; rays violet.--Rare; Penn. and southward. + +[++][++] _Rays white or turning purplish; scales narrow, subulately +green-tipped; leaves mostly narrow, narrowed at base, on the branchlets +lax and attenuate._ + +29. A. polyphyllus, Willd. Often tall (4 or 5 deg. high), with virgate +branches; cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, 4 or 5' long; +heads paniculate; scales lanceolate-subulate, the outermost much +shorter; rays 4'' long.--N. Vt. to Wisc., and southward. Heads larger +and flowering earlier than the next. + +30. A. ericoides, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (1--3 deg. high); the simple +branchlets or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like +spreading branches; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed; +the others linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped; heads 3'' high or +less; involucral scales often nearly equal, with attenuate or awl-shaped +green tips.--Dry open places, S. New Eng. to Minn., and southward.--Var. +VILLOSUS, Torr. & Gray, is a hairy form, often with broader leaves; +chiefly in the Western States.--Var. PUSILLUS, Gray, is a dwarf slender +and glabrous form of the barrens of Lancaster, Penn. (_Porter_), with +very narrow or filiform leaves and very small few-flowered heads.--Var. +PRINGLEI, Gray, a low strict form, with few erect branches and rather +small heads. About Lake Champlain. + +[+][+] _Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; herbaceous tips of the involucral +scales squarrose or spreading; cauline leaves small, linear, entire, +scarcely narrowed at the sessile or partly clasping base; heads +numerous, small, racemose._ + +31. A. amethystinus, Nutt. Tall (2--5 deg. high), upright, much branched, +puberulent or somewhat hirsute; leaves not rigid; heads 3'' high, the +tips of the scales merely spreading; rays light clear blue.--Moist +grounds, E. Mass. to Ill. and Iowa. With the habit of n. 11. + +32. A. multiflorus, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence (1 deg. +high), much branched and bushy; the heads much crowded on the spreading +racemose branches; leaves rigid, crowded, spreading, with rough or +ciliate margins, the uppermost passing into the spatulate obtuse scales; +heads 2--3'' long; rays white or rarely bluish, 10--20.--Dry sandy soil; +common. + +[+][+][+] _Scales glabrous, closely imbricated (the outer regularly +shorter), not coriaceous, with short appressed green tips; branches +slender, divaricate or divergent; leaves lanceolate to subulate; heads +small (2--3'' high) and numerous._ + +[++] _Heads scattered, terminating minutely foliose slender branchlets._ + +33. A. dumosus, L. Smooth or nearly so, 1--3 deg. high; leaves linear or the +upper oblong, crowded, entire, with rough margins; scales linear +spatulate, obtuse, in 4--6 rows.--Thickets; common.--A variable species, +loosely branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an +obconical or bell-shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any +of the succeeding. Rays pale purple or blue, larger than in n. 34. Runs +into several peculiar forms. + +[++][++] _Heads racemosely unilateral upon very short minutely leafy +branchlets._ + +34. A. vimineus, Lam. _Smooth or smoothish_, 2--5 deg. high, bushy; leaves +linear or narrowly lanceolate, elongated, the larger ones remotely +serrate in the middle with fine sharp teeth; _scales of the involucre +narrowly linear, acute or acutish_, in 3 or 4 rows. (A. Tradescanti, of +previous ed.)--Var. FOLIOLOSUS, Gray, has linear entire leaves, the +ascending branches with more scattered paniculate heads.--Moist banks; +very common.--Heads very numerous, and usually crowded, smaller than in +the last. Rays white or nearly so. + +35. A. diffusus, Ait. _More or less pubescent_, much branched; _leaves_ +lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, +_sharply serrate in the middle; scales of the involucre linear, acute or +rather obtuse_, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. (A. miser, of previous +ed.)--Thickets, fields, etc.; very common, and extensively variable. +Leaves larger than in either of the preceding (2--5'); the involucre +intermediate between them, as to the form of the scales. Rays mostly +short, white or pale bluish-purple.--Var. THYRSOIDEUS, Gray, with +ovate-oblong to lanceolate leaves, the branches ascending and often +short, and the thyrsoid or spicate-glomerate heads less secund. N. Y. +to Ill.--Var. HIRSUTICAULIS, Gray, the slender stem and the midveins of +the long narrow leaves very hirsute. N. Y. and Ky.--Var. BIFRONS, Gray, +a luxuriant form with large thin leaves and rather larger heads loosely +disposed on the spreading branches. Ky. to Ill. + +[+][+][+][+] _Involucre various, the heads when numerous densely or +loosely paniculate on erect or ascending branches._ + +[++] _Cauline leaves sessile, but the base not cordate nor auriculate +(except in forms of n. 41), nor winged-petiole-like; glabrous or nearly +so._ + +[=] _Heads small or middle-sized; scales narrow, in several lengths, the +erect green tips not dilated._ + +36. A. Tradescanti, L. Stem much branched (2--4 deg. high); the numerous +heads (2--3'' high) somewhat panicled or racemed; leaves lanceolate to +linear, tapering to a long slender point (2--6' long), the lower +somewhat serrate in the middle; involucral scales linear, acutish, +partly green down the back. (A. tenuifolius, previous ed.)--Low grounds, +Mass. to Minn., and south to Va. and Ill. Rays short and narrow, white +or purplish. Some forms approach n. 32--34, others differ from A. +paniculatus only in the smaller heads and shorter ray. + +37. A. paniculatus, Lam. Stem (2--8 deg. high) much branched; the branches +and scattered heads (about 4'' high) loosely paniculate; leaves +long-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate; scales +narrowly linear, with attenuate green tips or the outermost wholly +green. (A. simplex, previous ed.)--Shady moist banks; common. Rays white +or purplish, 3--4'' long. Approaches in its different forms the +preceding and the two following. A slender form with linear leaves, in +northern bogs, resembles n. 40. + +38. A. salicifolius, Ait. Like the last; the leaves commonly shorter, +firmer, often scabrous, less serrate or entire; involucre more +imbricated, the firmer linear scales with shorter acute or +obtusish green tips; heads as large, disposed to be thyrsoid or +racemose-clustered; rays rarely white. (A. carneus, previous ed.)--Low +grounds, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; most abundant westward.--Var. +SUBASPER, Gray, a rigid scabrous form, with contracted leafy +inflorescence, the broad heads usually leafy-bracteate and the broader +scales often obtuse. Ill. to Tex. + +[=][=] _Heads small or middle-sized, the looser linear scales somewhat +equal and erect, and the acute green tips not dilated, the outer often +wholly herbaceous._ + +39. A. junceus, Ait. Slender, 1--3 deg. high, simple with few heads or +loosely branching; leaves linear or narrow, 3--5' long, entire or the +lower sparsely denticulate; heads small (3'' high); scales small, +narrow, in 2 or 3 rows, the outer more or less shorter; rays light +purple, 4--5'' long. (A. aestivus, previous ed., mainly.)--Wet meadows +and cold bogs, N. Scotia and N. Y. to Mich. and Minn. + +40. A. longifolius, Lam. (not of previous ed.) Stem 1--3 deg. high, more or +less branched and corymbosely panicled; leaves long-lanceolate to +linear-lanceolate (3--7' long), narrowed to both ends, entire or +sparsely serrulate; heads 4--5'' high, the scales nearly equal and +usually little imbricated, the outer looser; rays 3--4'' long, violet or +purplish, rarely whitish.--Low grounds, Lab. and northern N. Eng. to +Minn.--Var. VILLICAULIS, Gray, a low simple form, with few or solitary +heads, and the stem and midrib of the leaves densely white-villous +beneath. N. Maine, at Fort Kent (_Miss Furbish_). + +[=][=][=] _Heads middle-sized; scales in few to several rows, more or +less unequal, linear to spatulate, more herbaceous and firmer, the tips +often slightly spreading or squarrose._ + +41. A. Novi-Belgii, L. Rarely tall; leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, +entire or sparsely serrate, the upper partly clasping and often somewhat +auriculate; heads 4--5'' long; rays bright blue-violet. (A. longifolius, +previous ed.)--N. Brunswick to Ill. and Ga. The commonest late-flowered +Aster of the Atlantic border, and very variable. The typical form has +thin narrowly to oblong-lanceolate leaves, sometimes scabrous above, and +linear scales with narrow acute spreading or recurved tips.--Var. +LAEVIGATUS, Gray, is usually glabrous throughout, the thin leaves mostly +oblong-lanceolate, the upper half-clasping by an abrupt base; scales +nearly equal, loosely erect, with short acutish tips. N. Eng. and +eastward.--Var. LITOREUS, Gray, rigid, usually low, very leafy; leaves +thickish, usually very smooth, oblong to lanceolate, the upper sometimes +auriculate; scales in several loose rows, all but the innermost with +broadish obtuse tips, the outer usually spatulate. Salt-marshes and +shores, Can. to Ga.--Var. ELODES, Gray, slender, often low and simple; +leaves thickish, long, narrowly linear, entire, the uppermost small and +bract-like; scales narrow, with short and mostly spreading acutish tips. +Swamps, N. J. to Va. + +[++][++] _Cauline leaves conspicuously contracted into a +winged-petiole-like base or auriculate-clasping; involucre lax._ + +42. A. patulus, Lam. Glabrous or subpubescent, 1--4 deg. high; leaves ovate- +or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, narrowed at both +ends, the lower to a winged petiole, none auriculate or only obscurely +so; heads loosely panicled, about 4'' high; scales unequal, erect or +nearly so; rays light purple or white.--N. Brunswick and eastern +N. England. + +43. A. tardiflorus, L. Glabrous or stem somewhat pubescent (not hispid), +1--2 deg. high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly +with gradually narrowed and somewhat auricled base; heads often few, +corymbose, 4--5'' high; scales subequal, the outer foliaceous; rays pale +violet.--Lab. to the Mass. coast and White Mts. Not late-flowering. + +44. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem 1--3 deg. high, corymbose-panicled, hairy +above in lines; leaves rough above, smooth underneath, ovate-lanceolate, +sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and +rather abruptly narrowed to a long contracted entire portion, which is +abruptly dilated into a conspicuously auricled base; heads mostly 4'' +high, on short divergent peduncles; scales narrowly linear, tips +recurved spreading; rays light blue.--Borders of streams and rich woods, +W. New Eng. to Penn., Iowa, and Wisc. + +45. A. puniceus, L. Stem tall and stout 3--7 deg. high, rough-hairy all over +or in lines, usually purple below, panicled above; leaves +oblong-lanceolate, not narrowed or but slightly so to the auricled base, +coarsely serrate to sparingly denticulate in the middle, rough above, +nearly smooth beneath, pointed; heads 4--6'' high, subsessile; scales +narrowly linear, acute, loose, equal, in about 2 rows; rays long and +showy (lilac-blue, paler in shade).--Low thickets and swamps, very +common.--Var. LAEVICAULIS, Gray; stem mostly green, smooth and naked +below, sparsely hirsute above, 1--3 deg. high; leaves serrate.--Var. +LUCIDULUS, Gray; the very leafy stems glabrous or sparingly hispidulous; +leaves lanceolate, entire or slightly denticulate, glabrous and somewhat +shining; heads usually numerous, the scales less loose and less +attenuate. + +Sec. 4. DOELLINGERIA. _Pappus manifestly double, the inner of long +capillary bristles (some thickened at top), the outer of very short and +rigid bristles; scales short, without herbaceous tips; heads small, +corymbose or solitary; rays rather few, white; leaves not rigid, veiny._ + +46. A. umbellatus, Mill. Smooth, leafy to the top (2--7 deg. high); _leaves +lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed_ and tapering at the base (3--6' +long); heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs; involucral scales +rather close, obtusish, scarcely longer than the achenes. (Diplopappus +umbellatus, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Moist thickets; common, especially +northward. Aug.--Var. PUBENS, Gray; the lower surface of the leaves and +the branchlets tomentulose. Upper Mich. to Minn.--Var. LATIFOLIUS, +Gray; with shorter leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, less narrowed or +even rounded at base. (D. amygdalinus, _Torr. & Gray_.) Pine barrens, +etc., N. J., Penn., and southward. + +47. A. infirmus, Michx. Stem slender, often flexuous, 1--3 deg. high, less +leafy, bearing few or several heads on divergent peduncles; leaves +obovate to ovate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base and ciliate, the +midrib hairy beneath; scales more imbricated, thicker and more obtuse; +pappus more rigid. (D. cornifolius, _Darl._)--Open woodlands, E. Mass. +to Tenn., and southward. + +Sec. 5. IANTHE. _Pappus less distinctly double, the inner of bristles not +thickened at top, the outer shorter; scales well imbricated, appressed, +without herbaceous tips; rays violet; achenes narrow, villous; leaves +numerous, rigid, small, linear, 1-nerved and veinless._ + +48. A. linariifolius, L. Stems 3--20' high, several from a woody root; +heads solitary or terminating simple branches, rather large; leaves +about 1' long, rough-margined, passing above into the rigid acutish +scales. (D. linariifolius, _Hook_.)--Dry soil, common. Sept., Oct. Ray +rarely white. + +Sec. 6. ORTHOMERIS. _Pappus simple; scales imbricated, appressed, without +herbaceous tips, often scarious-edged or dry. Perennial, as all the +preceding._ + +49. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or roughish; stems clustered +(6--20' high), simple; _leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid_, entire, +tapering to the base, 1--3-nerved, with rough margins (2--4' long); +_heads small, in a flat corymb_; scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, +short; _rays white_ (2--4'' long).--Dry rocks, W. New Eng. to Minn., +along the Great Lakes, and northward. Aug.--Var. LUTESCENS, Gray; rays +small, pale yellow.--N. Ill. to Sask. + +50. A. acuminatus, Michx. Somewhat hairy; stem (about 1 deg. high) simple, +zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender; _leaves +oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed_ above, +wedge-form and entire at the base; involucral scales few and loosely +imbricated, linear-lanceolate, pointed, thin (3--5'' long); heads few or +several; rays 12--18, white, or slightly purple.--Cool rich woods; S. +Lab. to Penn., and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug.--There is a +depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the White Mountains. A monstrous +form occurs in Maine, having a chaffy receptacle and the flowers turned +to tufts of chaffy paleae. + +51. A. nemoralis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent; stem slender, simple +or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (1--2 deg. high); _leaves_ small +(1--11/2' long), rather _rigid, lanceolate_, nearly _entire, with revolute +margins_; scales of the inversely conical involucre narrowly +linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into awl-shaped bracts; rays +lilac-purple, elongated.--Bogs and swamps, N. J. to Newf. and Hudson's +Bay. Sept. + +52. A. tenuifolius, L. Very glabrous; stem often zigzag, simple or +forked, 6'--2 deg. high; heads rather large, terminal; _leaves few, +long-linear, tapering to both ends, rather thick and fleshy, entire_, +the upper subulate, pointed; involucre top-shaped, the scales +subulate-lanceolate with attenuate acute points; rays large, numerous, +pale purple. (A. flexuosus, _Nutt._)--Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. Sept. + +Sec. 7. OXYTRIPOLIUM. _Involucre as in Sec. 6; pappus simple, fine and soft; +glabrous annuals, bearing numerous small heads and with narrow entire +leaves._ + +53. A. subulatus, Michx. Stem 6--24' high; leaves linear-lanceolate, +pointed, flat, on the branches awl-shaped; scales of the oblong +involucre linear-awl-shaped, in few rows; rays somewhat in two rows, +short, not projecting beyond the disk, more numerous than the +disk-flowers, purplish. (A. linifolius, of previous ed.)--Salt marshes +on the coast, Maine to Va. Aug.--Oct. + +Sec. 8. CONYZOPSIS. _Scales of the campanulate involucre in 2 or 3 rows, +nearly equal, linear, the outer foliaceous and loose; pappus copious, +very soft; rays very short or without ligules; low annuals with numerous +rather small heads._ + +54. A. angustus, Torr. & Gray. Branching, 6--20' high, nearly glabrous; +leaves linear, entire, more or less short-ciliate; ray-flowers reduced +to a tube much shorter than the elongated style.--Minn. to Sask. and +westward, spreading east to Chicago, etc. (Siberia.) + + +26. ERIGERON, L. FLEABANE. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical; the narrow +rays very numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales narrow, equal and +little imbricated, never coriaceous, foliaceous, nor green-tipped. +Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent +and 2-nerved; pappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter +ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little +bristles or chaffy scales.--Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally +sessile leaves, and solitary or corymbed naked-pedunculate heads. Disk +yellow; ray white or purple. (Name from [Greek: e~)r], _spring_, and +[Greek: ge/ron], _an old man_, suggested by the hoariness of some vernal +species.) + +Sec. 1. CAENOTUS. _Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer than +the pappus; pappus simple; annuals._ + +1. E. Canadensis, L. (HORSE-WEED. BUTTER-WEED.) Bristly-hairy; _stem +erect, wand-like_ (1--5 deg. high); leaves linear, mostly entire, the +radical cut-lobed; _heads_ very numerous and small, cylindrical, +_panicled_.--Waste places; a common weed, now widely diffused over the +world. July--Oct.--Ligule of the ray-flowers much shorter than the tube, +white. + +2. E. divaricatus, Michx. _Diffuse and decumbent_ (3'--1 deg. high); leaves +linear or awl-shaped, entire; _heads loosely corymbed; rays purple_; +otherwise like n. 1.--Ind. to Minn., and southward. + +Sec. 2. TRIMORPHAEA. _Like Sec. 1, but a series of filiform rayless pistillate +flowers within the outer row of ray-flowers; biennial or sometimes +perennial._ + +3. E. acris, L. Hirsute-pubescent or smoothish; stem erect (10--20' +high); leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-oblong, entire; heads +several or rather numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly +hemispherical (4--5'' long), hirsute; rays purplish or bluish, equalling +or a little exceeding the copious pappus.--Lower St. Lawrence, across +the continent and northward. The var. DROEBACHENSIS, Blytt, more +glabrous and with the green involucre nearly or quite naked, occurs on +the shores of L. Superior. (Eu.) + +Sec. 3. ERIGERON proper. _Rays elongated (short in a form of n. 5), crowded +in one or more rows._ + +[*] _Annuals (or sometimes biennial), leafy-stemmed and branching; +pappus double, the outer a crown of minute scales, the inner of +deciduous fragile bristles, usually wanting in the ray._ + +4. E. annuus, Pers. (DAISY FLEABANE. SWEET SCABIOUS.) Stem stout (3--5 deg. +high), branched, _beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and +sharply toothed; the lowest ovate_, tapering into a margined petiole, +the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends; heads +corymbed; rays white, tinged with purple, not twice the length of the +bristly involucre.--Fields and waste places; a very common weed. +June--Aug. (Nat. in Eu.) + +5. E. strigosus, Muhl. (DAISY FLEABANE.) Stem panicled-corymbose at the +summit, _roughish_ like the leaves _with minute appressed hairs, or +almost smooth; leaves entire_ or nearly so, the upper _lanceolate_, +scattered, the lowest oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender +petiole; rays white, twice the length of the minutely hairy +involucre.--Fields, etc., common. June--Aug.--Stem smaller and more +simple than the last, with smaller heads but longer rays. A form with +the rays minute, scarcely exceeding the involucre, occurs in S. New +England. + +[*][*] _Leafy-stemmed perennials; pappus simple (double in n. 6)._ + +6. E. glabellus, Nutt. Stem (6--15' high) stout, hairy above, the +leafless summit bearing 1--7 large heads; leaves nearly glabrous, except +the margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely +sessile or partly clasping, the lower spatulate and petioled; rays (more +than 100, purple) more than twice the length of the hoary-hispid +involucre; pappus double, the outer of minute bristles.--Plains of +N. Wisc., and westward. June. + +7. E. hyssopifolius, Michx. Slightly pubescent, slender (6--12' high), +from filiform rootstocks; leaves short, very numerous, narrowly linear; +branches prolonged into slender naked peduncles, bearing solitary small +heads; rays 20--30, rose-purple or whitish. (Aster graminifolius, +_Pursh._)--Northern borders of N. Eng., L. Superior, and northward. + +8. E. bellidifolius, Muhl. (ROBIN'S PLANTAIN.) Hairy, _producing offsets +from the base; stem simple, rather naked above_, bearing few (1--9) +large heads on slender peduncles; root-leaves obovate and spatulate, +sparingly toothed, the cauline distant, lanceolate-oblong, +partly clasping, entire; _rays (about 50) rather broad, light +bluish-purple._--Copses and moist banks; common. May. + +9. E. Philadelphicus, L. (COMMON FLEABANE.) Hairy; _stem leafy_, +corymbed, bearing several small heads; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, +oblong; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly +entire, the lowest spatulate, toothed; _rays innumerable and very +narrow, rose-purple_ or flesh-color.--Moist ground; common. June--Aug. + +[*][*][*] _Perennial by rosulate offsets, with scape-like stems; pappus +simple._ + +10. E. nudicaulis, Michx. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root, oval +or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (1--2 deg. high), bearing 5--12 small +corymbed heads; rays white. (E. vernum, _Torr. & Gray_).--Low grounds, +E. Va. and southward. May. + + +27. BACCHARIS, L. GROUNDSEL-TREE. + +Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, dioecious, i.e., the +pistillate and staminate borne by different plants. Involucre +imbricated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and +thread-like; of the staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. +Achenes ribbed; pappus of capillary bristles, in the sterile plant +scanty and tortuous; in the fertile very long and copious.--Shrubs, +commonly smooth and resinous or glutinous. Flowers whitish or yellow, +autumnal. (Name of some shrub anciently dedicated to _Bacchus_.) + +1. B. halimifolia, L. Smooth and somewhat scurfy; branches angled; +leaves obovate and wedge-form, petiolate, coarsely toothed, or the upper +entire; heads scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the involucre +acutish.--Sea beaches, Mass. to Va., and southward.--Shrub 6--12 deg. high; +the fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white +pappus. + +2. B. glomeruliflora, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or nearly +so; heads larger, sessile in the axils or in clusters; scales of the +bell-shaped involucre broader, very obtuse.--Pine barrens, E. Va. (?), +and southward. + + +28. PLUCHEA, Cass. MARSH-FLEABANE. + +Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the central perfect, but +sterile, few, with a 5-cleft corolla; all the others with a +thread-shaped truncate corolla, pistillate and fertile. Involucre +imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers with tails. Achenes grooved; +pappus capillary, in a single row.--Herbs, somewhat glandular, emitting +a strong or camphoric odor, the heads cymosely clustered. Flowers +purplish, in summer. (Dedicated to the Abbe _Pluche_.) + +1. P. bifrons, DC. _Perennial_, 2--3 deg. high; _leaves closely sessile or +half-clasping_, oblong to lanceolate, sharply denticulate, veiny (only +2--3' long); heads clustered in a corymb; scales lanceolate.--Low +ground, Cape May, N. J., and southward. + +2. P. camphorata, DC. (SALT-MARSH FLEABANE.) _Annual, pale_ (2--5 deg. +high); _leaves scarcely petioled_, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thickish, +obscurely veiny, serrate; corymb flat; involucral scales ovate to +lanceolate. (P. foetida, _DC._)--Salt marshes, Mass. to Va., and +southward, and on river-banks westward to Ky., Ill., and Neb. (?) + + +29. EVAX, Gaertn. + +Heads rather many-flowered, discoid; flowers as in Pluchea, the central +usually sterile. Involucral scales few, woolly. Receptacle convex to +subulate, chaffy, the scarious chaff not embracing the smooth dorsally +compressed achenes. Anthers with tails or acutely sagittate; pappus +none.--Low, densely floccose-woolly annuals; extreme western. (Name of +uncertain signification.) + +1. E. prolifera, Nutt. A span high or less, simple or branching from the +base; leaves numerous, small and spatulate; heads in dense proliferous +clusters; receptacle convex; chaff subtending the sterile flowers +woolly-tipped, the rest more scarious and naked, oval or oblong.--Dak. +and W. Kan. to Tex. + + +30. FILAGO, Tourn. COTTON-ROSE. + +Heads and flowers as in Evax. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked +at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base; the chaff +resembling the proper involucral scales, each covering a single +pistillate flower. Achenes terete; pappus of the central flowers +capillary, of the outer ones mostly none.--Annual, low, branching woolly +herbs, with entire leaves, and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name +from _filum_, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these +plants.) + +F. GERMANICA, L. (HERBA IMPIA.) Stem erect, short, clothed with +lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of +woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a +similar head, and so on;--hence the common name applied to it by the old +botanists, as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves +above the parent.--Dry fields, N. Y. to Va. July--Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +31. ANTENNARIA, Gaertn. EVERLASTING. + +Heads many-flowered, dioecious; flowers all tubular; pistillate corollas +very slender. Involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. +Receptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete +or flattish; pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flowers +capillary, united at base so as to fall in a ring, and in the sterile +thickened and club-shaped or barbellate at the summit.--Perennial +white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) +heads. Corolla yellowish. (Name from the resemblance of the sterile +pappus to the _antennae_ of certain insects.) + +1. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. (PLANTAIN-LEAVED EVERLASTING.) Spreading by +offsets and runners, low (3--18' high); leaves silky-woolly when young, +at length green above and hoary beneath; those of the simple and +scape-like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed; the radical +obovate or oval-spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-nerved; heads in a small +crowded corymb; scales of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the +sterile, and acutish and narrower in the fertile plant.--Sterile knolls +and banks; common. March--May. + + +32. ANAPHALIS, DC. EVERLASTING. + +Characters as of Antennaria, but the pappus in the sterile flowers not +thickened at the summit or scarcely so, and that of the fertile flowers +not at all united at base; fertile heads usually with a few perfect but +sterile flowers in the centre. (Said to be an ancient Greek name of some +similar plant.) + +1. A. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. (PEARLY EVERLASTING.) Stem erect +(1--2 deg. high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves +broadly to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile, soon green above; +involucral scales pearly-white, very numerous, obtuse or rounded, +radiating in age. (Antennaria margaritacea, _R. Br._)--Dry hills and +woods, common northward. Aug. (N. E. Asia.) + + +33. GNAPHALIUM, L. CUDWEED. + +Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the outer pistillate and very +slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, +white or colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. +Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish; pappus a single row of +capillary rough bristles.--Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent +leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads; fl. in summer and autumn. +Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from [Greek: gna/phalon], _a lock of +wool_, in allusion to the floccose down.) + +Sec. 1. GNAPHALIUM proper. _Bristles of the pappus distinct._ + +1. G. polycephalum, Michx. (COMMON EVERLASTING.) Erect, woolly annual +(1--3 deg. high), fragrant; _leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base_, with +undulate margins, _not decurrent_, smoothish above; _heads clustered at +the summit of the panicled-corymbose branches_, ovate-conical before +expansion, then obovate; scales (whitish) ovate and oblong, rather +obtuse; perfect flowers few.--Old fields and woods; common. + +2. G. decurrens, Ives. (EVERLASTING.) Stout, erect (2 deg. high), annual or +biennial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the +branches, bearing numerous _heads in dense corymbed clusters; leaves +linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent_; scales yellowish-white, +oval, acutish.--Hillsides, N. J. and Penn. to Maine, Mich., Minn., and +northward. + +3. G. uliginosum, L. (LOW CUDWEED.) _Diffusely branched_, +appressed-woolly annual (3--6' high); leaves spatulate-oblanceolate or +linear, not decurrent; _heads (small) in terminal sessile capitate +clusters_ subtended by leaves; scales brownish, less imbricated.--Low +grounds; common, especially east and northward; perhaps introduced. +(Eu.) + +4. G. supinum, Villars. (MOUNTAIN CUDWEED.) Dwarf and tufted perennial +(2' high); leaves linear, woolly; heads solitary or few and spiked on +the slender simple flowering stems; scales brown, lanceolate, acute, +nearly glabrous; achenes broader and flatter.--Alpine summit of Mount +Washington; very rare. (Eu.) + +Sec. 2. GAMOCHAETA. _Bristles of the pappus united at the very base into a +ring, so falling off all together._ + +5. G. purpureum, L. (PURPLISH CUDWEED.) Annual, simple or branched from +the base, ascending (6--20' high), silvery-canescent with dense white +wool; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse, not decurrent, green above; +_heads_ in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked +at the wand-like summit of the stem; scales tawny, the inner often +marked with purple.--Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Va., and +southward. + + +34. ADENOCAULON, Hook. + +Heads 5--10-flowered; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas; +the marginal ones pistillate, fertile; the others perfect but sterile. +Involucral scales few, equal, in a single row, not scarious. Receptacle +flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes elongated at maturity, +club-shaped, beset with stalked glands above; pappus none.--Slender +perennials, with the alternate thin and petioled leaves smooth and green +above, white-woolly beneath, and few small (whitish) heads in a loose +panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, from [Greek: a)de/n], _a +gland_, and [Greek: kaulo/s], _a stem_). + +1. A. bicolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with +angular-toothed margins; petioles margined.--Moist woods, shore of Lake +Superior, and westward. Stem 1--3 deg. high. + + +35. INULA, L. ELECAMPANE. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; disk-flowers perfect and fertile. +Involucre imbricated, hemispherical, the outer scales herbaceous or +leaf-like. Receptacle naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes more or less +4--5-ribbed; pappus simple, of capillary bristles.--Coarse herbs, not +floccose-woolly, with alternate simple leaves, and large yellow flowers. +(The ancient Latin name.) + +I. HELENIUM, L. (ELECAMPANE.) Stout perennial (3--5 deg. high); leaves +large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the +others partly clasping; rays very many, narrow.--Roadsides and damp +pastures. Aug.--Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +36. POLYMNIA, L. LEAF-CUP. + +Heads broad, many-flowered, radiate, rays several (rarely abortive), +pistillate; disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucral scales in two +rows; the outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading; the inner small +and membranaceous, partly embracing the thick triangular-obovoid +achenes. Receptacle flat, membranous-chaffy. Pappus none.--Tall +branching perennial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves +large and thin, opposite, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with +dilated appendages like stipules at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. +Flowers light yellow; in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the Muse, +_Polyhymnia_, for no obvious reason.) + +1. P. Canadensis, L. _Clammy-hairy_, 2--5 deg. high; lower leaves deeply +pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3--5-lobed or angled, +petioled; heads small; _rays 5, obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the +involucre_, often minute or abortive, whitish-yellow; achenes 3-costate, +not striate.--Moist shaded ravines, Conn. to W. Vt., Minn., and +southward.--Var. RADIATA, Gray; ligules more developed, 3-lobed, 3--6'' +long, whitish. Ill. to Kan., and southward. + +2. P. Uvedalia, L. _Roughish-hairy, stout_ (4--10 deg. high); leaves broadly +ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile; the lower palmately lobed, +abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole; outer involucral scales very +large; _rays 10--15, linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of +the involucre_, yellow; achenes strongly striate.--Rich soil, +W. New York and N. J. to Mo., and southward. + + +37. SILPHIUM, L. ROSIN-WEED. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, +their broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows; disk-flowers +apparently perfect, but with entire style and sterile. Scales of the +broad and flattish involucre imbricated in several rows, thickish, broad +and with loose leaf-like summits, except the innermost, which resemble +the linear chaff of the flat receptacle. Achenes broad and flat, +dorsally compressed, surrounded by a wing notched at the top, without +pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin, the achene and +its subtending chaff usually falling together; those of the disk sterile +and stalk-like.--Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with copious +resinous juice, and large corymbose-panicled, yellow-flowered heads. +([Greek: Si/lphion], the ancient name of some resinous plant, +transferred by Linnaeus to this American genus.) + +[*] _Stem terete, alternate-leaved (root very large and thick)._ + +1. S. laciniatum, L. (ROSIN-WEED. COMPASS-PLANT.) _Rough-bristly +throughout_, stem stout (3--12 deg. high), leafy; _leaves pinnately parted_, +petioled but dilated and clasping at the base; _their divisions +lanceolate or linear_, acute, _cut-lobed or pinnatifid_, rarely entire; +heads few (1--2' broad), sessile or short-peduncled along the naked +summit; _scales ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points_; +achenes broadly winged and deeply notched, 6'' long.--Prairies, Mich. to +Dak., and southward. July.--Lower and root-leaves vertical, 12--30' +long, ovate in outline; on the wide open prairies disposed to present +their edges north and south; hence called _Compass-Plant_. + +2. S. terebinthinaceum, L. (PRAIRIE DOCK.) _Stem smooth, slender_ +(4--10 deg. high), panicled at the summit and bearing several or many, large +heads, leafless except toward the base; _leaves ovate_ and ovate-oblong, +somewhat heart-shaped, _serrate-toothed_, thick, rough, especially +beneath (1--2 deg. long, on slender petioles); _scales roundish, obtuse_, +smooth; achenes narrowly winged, slightly notched and 2-toothed.--Var. +PINNATIFIDUM, Gray, has the leaves deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies +into the ordinary form.--Prairies and oak-openings, Ohio and Mich. to +Minn., and southward. July--Sept. + +[*][*] _Stem terete or slightly 4-angled, leafy; leaves undivided (not +large), some opposite._ + +3. S. trifoliatum, L. _Stem smooth, often glaucous_, rather slender +(4--7 deg. high), branched above; stem-_leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire_ +or scarcely serrate, rough, _short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4_, the +uppermost opposite; heads loosely panicled; achenes rather broadly +winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top.--Dry plains and banks, Penn. +to Ohio, and southward. Aug. + +4. S. Asteriscus, L. _Stem hispid_ (2--4 deg. high); _leaves opposite, or +the lower rarely in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or +oval-lanceolate, coarsely toothed_, rarely entire, _rough-hairy_, the +lower short-petioled; heads nearly solitary (large), squarrose; achenes +obovate, winged, 2-toothed, the teeth usually awn-like.--Dry sandy soil, +Va. and southward. + +5. S. integrifolium, Michx. _Stem smooth or rough_, rather stout (2--4 deg. +high), rigid, 4-angular and grooved; _leaves all opposite, rigid, +lanceolate-ovate_, entire or denticulate, tapering to a sharp point +_from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping base_, rough-pubescent +or nearly smooth, thick (3--5' long); heads in a close forking corymb, +short-peduncled; achenes broadly winged, deeply notched.--Prairies, +Mich. to Minn., and southward. Aug. + +[*][*][*] _Stem square; leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6--15' +long)._ + +6. S. perfoliatum, L. (CUP-PLANT.) Stem stout, often branched above +(4--8 deg. high), leafy; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by +their bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed +into winged petioles which are connate by their bases; heads corymbose; +scales ovate; achenes winged and variously notched.--Rich soil along +streams, Mich. to Minn., and southward; common. Also escaped from +gardens eastward. July. + + +38. BERLANDIERA, DC. + +With the characters of Silphium, but the 5--12 fertile ray-flowers in a +single series. Involucral scales in about 3 series, thinner, the inner +dilated obovate, exceeding the disk, the outer smaller and more +foliaceous. Achenes obovate, not winged nor notched at the apex, and +without pappus, deciduous with the subtending scale and 2 or 3 of the +inner chaff.--Alternate-leaved perennials of the southern and +southwestern States; head pedunculate. (Named for _J. L. Berlandier_, a +Swiss botanist who collected in Texas and Mexico.) + +1. B. Texana, DC. Hirsute-tomentose or villous, 2--3 deg. high, very leafy; +leaves crenate, the radical oblong, petiolate, the cauline +oblong-cordate to subcordate-lanceolate, the upper closely sessile; +heads somewhat cymose, 1/2' broad.--S. W. Mo. to La. and Tex. + + +39. CHRYSOGONUM, L. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile; +the disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 outer +leaf-like oblong scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior +shorter and chaff-like concave scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear +chaff to each disk-flower. Achenes all in the ray, obovate, +obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the short scale of +the involucre behind it; pappus a small chaffy crown, 2--3-toothed, and +wanting on the inner side.--A hairy, perennial herb, with opposite +long-petioled leaves, and solitary long-peduncled heads of yellow +flowers, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the flowerless shoots +forming runners. (The Greek name of some plant, composed of [Greek: +chryso/s], _golden_, and [Greek: go/ny], _knee_.) + +1. C. Virginianum, L. Usually low (2--15' high); leaves ovate, mostly +obtuse, crenate, rarely somewhat cordate, or the radical obovate with +cuneate base; rays 1/2' long.--Dry soil, from southern Penn. to Fla. +May--Aug.--Var. DENTATUM, Gray; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely +dentate-serrate; involucral scales more acute.--High Island at the Falls +of the Potomac. + + +40. ENGELMANNIA, Torr. & Gray. + +Heads and flowers of the preceding genera. Rays 8--10. Involucre of +about 10 outer loose foliaceous scales, more or less dilated and +coriaceous at base, and several firm-coriaceous, oval or obovate, +concave inner ones with short abrupt green tips. Chaff of the flat +receptacle firm and persistent. Achenes flat, obovate, wingless, tardily +deciduous with the attached scale and chaff; pappus a firm scarious +hispid crown, more or less lobed.--A coarse hispid perennial, with +alternate deeply pinnatifid leaves, and somewhat paniculately disposed +heads on slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Named for the eminent +botanist, _Dr. George Engelmann_.) + +1. E. pinnatifida, Torr. & Gray. Stems 1--2 deg. high; heads 1/2' broad, and +rays 1/2' long.--Central Kan. to La., and westward. + + +41. PARTHENIUM, L. + +Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate; ray-flowers 5, with very +short and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, +pistillate and fertile; disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, +sterile. Involucre hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish +scales. Receptacle conical, chaffy. Achenes only in the ray, +obcompressed, surrounded by a slender callous margin, crowned with the +persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2 small chaffy scales.--Leaves +alternate. Heads small, corymbed; the flowers whitish. (An ancient name +of some plant, from [Greek: parthe/nos], _virgin_.) + +1. P. integrifolium, L. Rough-pubescent perennial (1--3 deg. high); leaves +oblong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3--6' long) cut-lobed +below the middle; heads many in a very dense flat corymb.--Dry soil, Md. +to Ill., Minn., and southward. June--Aug. + + +42. IVA, L. MARSH ELDER. HIGHWATER-SHRUB. + +Heads several flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the +staminate sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1--5) and +marginal, with a small tubular or no corolla; the latter with a +funnel-form 5-toothed corolla. Anthers nearly separate. Scales of the +involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among the +flowers. Achenes obovoid or lenticular, pappus none.--Herbaceous or +shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the lower opposite, and +small nodding greenish-white heads of flowers; in summer and autumn. +(Name of unknown derivation.) + +Sec. 1. _Heads spicate or racemose in the axils of leaves or leaf-like +bracts; fertile flowers with evident corolla._ + +1. I. frutescens, L. _Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth_ (3--8 deg. high); +leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, +the upper reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are +disposed, in leafy panicled racemes; fertile flowers and scales of the +involucre 5.--Salt marshes, coast of Mass. to Va. and southward. + +2. I. ciliata, Willd. _Annual_ (2--6 deg. high), _rough and hairy; leaves_ +ovate, pointed, coarsely toothed, _downy beneath, on slender ciliate +petioles_; heads in dense spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate +rough-ciliate bracts; scales of the involucre and fertile flowers +3--5.--Moist ground, from Ill. southward. + +Sec. 2. CYCLACHAENA. _Heads in panicled spikes, scarcely bracteate; corolla +of the 5 fertile flowers a mere rudiment or none._ + +3. I. xanthiifolia, Nutt. Annual, tall, roughish; leaves nearly all +opposite, hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest +heart-shaped, doubly or cut-toothed, or obscurely lobed; heads small, +crowded, in axillary and terminal panicles.--N. W. Wisc. to Minn., Kan., +and westward. + + +43. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAGWEED. + +Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant; +the fertile 1--3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, +at the base of the racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile +involucres flattish or top-shaped, of 7--12 scales united into a cup, +containing 5--20 funnel-form staminate flowers, with slender chaff +intermixed, or none. Anthers almost separate. Fertile involucre (fruit) +oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, resembling an achene (usually +with 4--8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row), and enclosing a +single flower which consists of a pistil only; the elongated +style-branches protruding. Achenes ovoid; pappus none.--Coarse homely +weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and +inconspicuous greenish flowers, in late summer and autumn; ours annuals, +except the last. (The Greek and later Latin name of several plants, as +well as of the food of the gods.) + +Sec. 1. _Sterile heads sessile in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre +extended on one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded, bristly-hairy +tooth or appendage; fertile involucre oblong and 4-angled._ + +1. A. bidentata, Michx. Hairy (1--3 deg. high), very leafy; leaves +alternate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short +lobe or tooth on each side near the base; fruit with 4 stout spines and +a central beak.--Prairies of Ill., Mo., and southward. + +Sec. 2. _Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the +involucre regular._ + +[*] _Leaves opposite, only once lobed; sterile involucre 3-ribbed on one +side._ + +2. A. trifida, L. (GREAT RAGWEED.) Stem stout (3--12 deg. high), +rough-hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval +lanceolate and serrate; petioles margined; fruit obovate, 5--6-ribbed +and tubercled.--Var. INTEGRIFOLIA, Torr. & Gray, is only a smaller +form, with the upper leaves, or all of them, undivided, ovate or +oval.--Moist river-banks; common. + +[*][*] _Leaves many of them alternate, all once or twice pinnatifid._ + +3. A. artemisiaefolia, L. (ROMAN WORMWOOD. HOG-WEED. BITTER-WEED.) Much +branched (1--3 deg. high), hairy or roughish-pubescent; _leaves thin, +twice-pinnatifid_, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath; _fruit_ +obovoid or globular, _armed with about 6 short acute teeth or +spines_.--Waste places everywhere.--Extremely variable, with finely cut +leaves, on the flowering branches often undivided; rarely the spikes +bear all fertile heads. + +4. A. psilostachya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2--5 deg. high), rough and +somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs; _leaves once pinnatifid, +thickish_, the lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised; +_fruit_ obovoid, _without tubercles or with very small ones_, +pubescent.--Prairies and plains, Ill., Wisc., Minn., and southwestward. +Perennial, with slender running rootstocks. + + +44. XANTHIUM, Tourn. COCKLEBUR. CLOTBUR. + +Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads, the latter +clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile +involucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate and +receptacle cylindrical. Fertile involucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or +oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to form a rough bur, +2-celled, 2-flowered; the flower consisting of a pistil and slender +thread-form corolla. Achenes oblong, flat, destitute of pappus.--Coarse +and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching stout stems, and +alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves; flowering in summer and +autumn. (The Greek name of some plant that was used to dye the hair +yellow; from [Greek: xantho/s], _yellow_.) + +[*] _Leaves attenuate to both ends, with triple spines at the base._ + +X. SPINOSUM, L. (SPINY CLOTBUR.) Hoary-pubescent; stems slender, with +slender yellow 3-parted spines at the axils; leaves lanceolate or +ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a short petiole, white-downy beneath, +often 2--3-lobed or cut; fruit ({1/3}' long) pointed with a single short +beak.--Waste places on the sea-board and along rivers, Mass. and +southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.) + +[*][*] _Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-nerved, dentate and often lobed, +long-petiolate; axils unarmed; fruit 2-beaked._ + +X. STRUMARIUM, L. Low (1--2 deg. high); fruit 6--8'' long, glabrous or +puberulent, with usually straight beaks and rather slender spines.--A +weed of barnyards, etc., sparingly nat. from Eu. (?) or Ind. (?). + +1. X. Canadense, Mill. Stouter, the stem often brown-punctate; fruit +about 1' long, densely prickly and more or less hispid, the stout beaks +usually hooked or incurved.--River-banks and waste places, common.--Var. +ECHINATUM, Gray, usually low, with still denser and longer, +conspicuously hirsute or hispid prickles. Sandy sea-shores and on the +Great Lakes. + + +45. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 6--9, fertile. Involucre double; +the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, united below by their +margins into a 4-angled or winged cup; the inner of small chaffy scales, +as many as the ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenes. +Receptacle convex or conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff. +Achenes very thick and obovoid, flat at the top; pappus none.--Erect +perennial herbs, with opposite coarsely toothed leaves, their sessile +bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yellow flowers, +on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of [Greek: tetra/gonos], +_four-angled_, and [Greek: the/ke], _a case_, from the shape of the +involucre.) + +1. T. helianthoides, L. Villous and somewhat viscid, 1--2 deg. high, simple; +leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, sessile by a narrow base; involucral +scales and rays about 1' long.--Sandy soil, Va. and southward. June. + + +46. ECLIPTA, L. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays short; disk-flowers perfect, +4-toothed, all fertile. Involucral scales 10--12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, +ovate-lanceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff. +Achenes short, 3--4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened +on the sides, hairy at the summit; pappus none, or an obscure +denticulate crown.--An annual rough herb, with slender stems and +opposite leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers white; anthers brown. +(Name from [Greek: e)klei/po], _to be deficient_, alluding to the +absence of pappus.) + +1. E. alba, Hassk. Rough with fine appressed hairs; stems procumbent, or +ascending and 1--3 deg. high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at each +end, mostly sessile, slightly serrate; rays equalling the disk. (E. +procumbens, _Michx._)--Wet river-banks, N. J. to Ill. and southward. +Peduncles very variable. (All tropical countries.) + + +47. HELIOPSIS, Pers. OX-EYE. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays 10 or more, fertile. Involucral +scales in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal; the outer leaf-like and somewhat +spreading, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical; chaff +linear. Achenes smooth, thick, 4-angular, truncate; pappus none, or a +mere border.--Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, +terminal. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers +yellow. (Name composed of [Greek: e(/lios], _the sun_, and [Greek: +o)/psis], _appearance_, from the likeness to the Sunflower.) + +1. H. laevis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1--4 deg. high); leaves ovate-lanceolate +or oblong-ovate, rather narrowly pointed, occasionally ternate; scales +(as in the next) with a rigid strongly nerved base; rays linear; pappus +none or of 2--4 obscure teeth.--Banks and copses, N. Y. to Ill. and +southward. Aug. + +2. H. scabra, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves, which are disposed +to be less narrowly pointed, the upper sometimes entire; rays broadly +oblong to linear or oblanceolate; pappus coroniform and chaffy or of 2 +or 3 conspicuous teeth. (H. laevis, var. scabra, _Torr. & +Gray_.)--Western N. Y. to Minn., Mo., and southward. + + +48. ECHINACEA, Moench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate +but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. +Receptacle conical; the lanceolate carinate spiny-tipped chaff longer +than the disk-flowers. Achenes thick and short, 4-sided; pappus a small +toothed border.--Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems +naked above and terminated by a single large head; leaves chiefly +alternate, 3--5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather persistent; disk +purplish. (Name formed from [Greek: e)chi~nos], _the hedgehog_, or +_sea-urchin_, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.) + +1. E. purpurea, Moench. _Leaves_ rough, often serrate; the lowest +_ovate, 5-nerved_, veiny, long-petioled; the others _ovate-lanceolate_; +involucre imbricated in 3--5 rows; stem smooth, or in one form +rough-bristly, as well as the leaves.--Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. +and Va. to Iowa, and southward; occasionally adv. eastward. July.--Rays +15--20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 1--2' long or more. Root thick, +black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular medicine under the +name of _Black Sampson_.--Very variable, and probably connects with + +2. E. angustifolia, DC. _Leaves_, as well as the slender simple stem, +_bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, +3-nerved, entire_; involucre less imbricated and heads often smaller; +rays 12--15 (2' long), rose-color or red.--Plains from Ill. and Wisc., +southwestward. June--Aug. + + +49. RUDBECKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre +leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar; +the short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenes 4-angular (in our species), +smooth, not margined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute +crown-like border.--Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and +showy terminal heads; the rays generally long, yellow, often darker at +base. (Named in honor of the _Professors Rudbeck_, father and son, +predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal.) + +[*] _Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow; leaves divided and +cut._ + +1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (2--7 deg. high); leaves smooth +or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5--7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; +upper leaves irregularly 3--5-parted, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, +pointed, or the uppermost undivided; heads long-peduncled; disk at first +globular or hemispherical; chaff truncate, downy at the tip; rays +oblanceolate (1--2' long), drooping.--Low thickets; common. +July--Sept.--Var. HUMILIS, Gray, low and glabrous, some of the radical +leaves undivided or with roundish divisions; heads smaller (1/2' high) and +ray shorter. Mountains of Va. and southward. + +[*][*] _Disk hemispherical to oblong-ovoid in fruit, dark purple or +brown._ + +[+] _Lower leaves 3-lobed or parted._ + +2. R. triloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2--5 deg. high), the +branches slender and spreading; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly +toothed, the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely-serrate +(those from the root pinnately parted or undivided); rays 8, oval or +oblong; chaff of the black-purple depressed-globular disk smooth, +awned.--Dry soil, Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. Aug.--Heads small, +but numerous and showy. + +3. R. subtomentosa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3--4 deg. high), downy, as +well as the petiolate ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves beneath; +heads short-peduncled; disk globular, dull brown; receptacle +sweet-scented; chaff downy at the blunt apex.--Prairies, Wisc., Ill., +Mo., and southward. + +[+][+] _Leaves undivided, rarely laciniately toothed._ + +4. R. hirta, L. _Biennial_, very rough and bristly-hairy throughout; +stems simple or branched near the base, stout (1--2 deg. high), naked above, +bearing single large heads; _leaves nearly entire; the upper oblong or +lanceolate, sessile_; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled; rays +(about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre; _chaff of the dull +brown disk hairy at the tip_, acutish.--Dry soil, western N. Y. to +Wisc., and southward. Now common as a weed in eastern meadows, +introduced with clover-seed from the West. June--Aug. + +5. R. fulgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bearing +single heads; _leaves spatulate-oblong_ or lanceolate, _partly clasping, +triple-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse_; rays about 12, +equalling or exceeding the ample involucre; _chaff of the dark purple +disk nearly smooth_ and blunt.--Dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ky., Mo., +and southward.--Variable, 1--3 deg. high; the rays orange-yellow. + +6. R. spathulata, Michx. Pubescence short and appressed; slender, 8'--3 deg. +high; leaves obovate or spatulate or the upper ovate to lanceolate, +sometimes all lanceolate or oblanceolate to linear, denticulate; heads +long-peduncled, smaller than in the preceding, the rays fewer and +broader.--Pine woods, Va. to Tenn., and southward. + +7. R. speciosa, Wenderoth. Roughish-hairy (1--2 deg. high), branched; the +branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large +heads; _leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, +petioled, 3--5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or incised_; +involucre much shorter than the numerous elongated (1--11/2') rays; chaff +of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth.--Dry soil, W. Penn. to Mich., +Mo., and southward. July. + + +50. LEPACHYS, Raf. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, neutral. Involucral scales +few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar; the chaff +truncate, thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the +flattened and margined achenes. Pappus none or 2 teeth.--Perennial +herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves; the grooved stems or +branches naked above, bearing single showy heads. Rays yellow or +party-colored, drooping; disk grayish. (Name from [Greek: lepi/s], _a +scale_, and [Greek: pachy/s], _thick_, from the thickened tips of the +chaff.) + +1. L. pinnata, Torr. & Gray. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slender +(4 deg. high), branching; leaflets 3--7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, +much shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2' +long).--Dry soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. July.--The +receptacle exhales a pleasant anisate odor when bruised. Achenes +slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top. + +2. L. columnaris, Torr. & Gray. Branching from the base, 1--2 deg. high; +leaflets 5--9, oblong to narrowly linear, entire or 2--3-cleft; disk +columnar, often 1' long or more; ray as long or shorter, yellow or (var. +PULCHERRIMA, Torr. & Gray) in part or wholly brown-purple.--Minn. to +Tex. + + +51. BORRICHIA, Adans. SEA OX-EYE. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical +involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and +persistent chaff. Achenes somewhat wedge-shaped, 3--4-angled; pappus a +short 4-toothed crown.--Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or +fleshy, with opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled +terminal heads of yellow flowers; anthers blackish. (Named for _Olof +Borrich_, a Danish botanist.) + +1. B. frutescens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6'--3 deg. +high); leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed +near the base; chaff rigidly pointed.--Va. and southward. + + +52. HELIANTHUS, L. SUNFLOWER. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several or many, neutral. Involucre +imbricated, herbaceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex; the +persistent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed smooth +achenes, which are neither winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous, +of 2 thin chaffy scales on the principal angles, and sometimes 2 or more +small intermediate scales.--Coarse and stout herbs, with solitary or +corymbed heads, and yellow rays; flowering toward autumn. (Named from +[Greek: e(/lios], _the sun_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _a flower_.) + +Sec. 1. _Annuals; leaves mostly alternate, petiolate; receptacle flat; disk +brownish._ + +1. H. annuus, L. (COMMON SUNFLOWER.) Tall, rough; leaves triple-ribbed, +ovate or the lower cordate, serrate; involucral scales broadly ovate to +oblong, long-pointed, ciliate; disk usually 1' broad or more.--Minn. to +Tex., and westward; long cultivated, and occasionally found in waste +grounds. + +2. H. petiolaris, Nutt. More slender, 1--3 deg. high; leaves oblong- or +ovate-lanceolate, smaller (1--3' long), mostly entire; scales lanceolate +or oblong-lanceolate, seldom ciliate; disk 1/2' broad or more.--Minn. to +Tex., and westward. + +Sec. 2. _Perennials; receptacle convex or at length low-conical; lower +leaves usually opposite._ + +[*] _Involucral scales loose, becoming squarrose, narrowly lanceolate, +pointed (1/2' long); disk usually purple or brownish; leaves linear, +1-nerved._ + +3. H. orgyalis, DC. Stem glabrous, tall, very leafy; leaves mostly +alternate, linear to filiform and entire, or the lowest lanceolate and +serrulate; scales filiform-attenuate.--Dry plains, Mo. to Neb., south +and westward. + +4. H. angustifolius, L. Stem slender (2--6 deg. high), usually scabrous; +leaves long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins; heads +loosely corymbed, long-peduncled; scales acute or pointed.--Low pine +barrens, N. J. to Ky., and southward. + +[*][*] _Involucral scales closer, more imbricated, short, unequal and +not foliaceous; leaves lanceolate to ovate, mostly opposite and +3-nerved._ + +[+] _Disk dark._ + +5. H. atrorubens, L. _Rough-hairy; stem slender_ (2--4 deg. high), smooth +and naked and forking above; _leaves thinnish, ovate or oval to +oblong-lanceolate_, or the lowest heart-shaped (3--6' long), serrate, +abruptly contracted into a margined petiole; heads small, corymbed; +scales ovate, obtuse, ciliolate, appressed; rays 10--16; pappus of 2 +fringed scales.--Dry soil, Va. to Ark., and southward. + +6. H. rigidus, Desf. _Stem stout_ (2--6 deg. high or more), simple or +sparingly branched, rough; _leaves very thick and rigid, rough both +sides, oblong-lanceolate_, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, +entire or serrate, the lowest oval; heads nearly solitary, pretty large; +scales ovate or oblong, obtuse, or mostly acute, ciliate, appressed; +rays 20--25, pappus of 2 large and often several small scales.--Dry +prairies, Mich. to Ill., and westward. + +[+][+] _Disk yellow._ + +7. H. laetiflorus, Pers. Closely resembling the last; leaves rather +thinner; heads single or corymbed; scales rather fewer (in 2 or 3 rows), +narrower and acute or mostly acuminate.--Dry open places, Ohio to Wisc. +and Minn., and southward.--Rays showy, 1--2' long. + +8. H. occidentalis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy, stem _slender, simple, +naked above_ (1--3 deg. high, sending out runners from the base), bearing +1--5 small heads on long peduncles; _lowest leaves oval or +lanceolate-ovate_, entire or obscurely serrate, _roughish-pubescent +beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles; the upper small +and remote_; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed, sometimes +ciliate.--Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward. + +[*][*][*] _Involucre looser, the scales more acuminate or elongated or +foliaceous; disk yellow (anthers dark)._ + +[+] _Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate; pubescence rather soft._ + +9. H. mollis, Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top (2--3 deg. high); leaves +ovate to lanceolate, with broad cordate clasping base, pointed; scales +lanceolate, seldom exceeding the disk.--Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and +southward. + +[+][+] _Leaves mostly alternate and 3-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath, +scabrous above; scales very long and loose, hairy; tips of chaff and +corolla-lobes hirsute._ + +10. H. tomentosus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4--8 deg. high); leaves +oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely +serrate, large (5--12' long), somewhat petioled; disk 1' broad; rays +12--16, about 1' long.--Rich woods, Ill.(?), Va., and southward along +the mountains. + +[+][+][+] _Leaves narrow, chiefly alternate, not 3-nerved, scabrous both +sides; heads rather small; scales loose, attenuate._ + +11. H. grosse-serratus, Martens. _Stem smooth and glaucous_, 6--10 deg. +high; _leaves elongated-lanceolate_ or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, +sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or attenuate at base, +_petioled_, often whiter and finely pubescent beneath; scales +lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate.--Dry plains, Ohio to Dak., Mo., and +southwestward.--Probably runs into the next. + +12. H. giganteus, L. _Stem hairy or rough_ (3--10 deg. high), branched +above; _leaves lanceolate_, pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire, +green both sides, narrowed and ciliate at base, but _nearly sessile_; +scales long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly +ciliate.--Var. AMBIGUUS, Torr. & Gray; leaves mostly opposite and +closely sessile by an obtuse base; perhaps a hybrid with n. 17.--Low +thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed; the pale yellow +rays 15--20; roots often becoming tuber-like. + +13. H. Maximiliani, Schrad. Resembling the last; stout, often simple, +1--10 deg. high; leaves becoming rigid and very scabrous, entire or +sparingly denticulate; heads rather large, usually short-peduncled, +terminal and in the upper axils; scales longer attenuate, more +rigid.--Prairies, Minn. to Tex. + +[+][+][+][+] _Leaves all or most of them opposite, 3-nerved (faintly in +n. 15)._ + +[++] _Heads very small (about 4'' broad); rays 5--8; scales few, short, +irregularly imbricated, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed +tips; stems smooth._ + +14. H. parviflorus, Bernh. Stem 3--6 deg. high, with numerous slender +branches above; _leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed_, somewhat +serrate, petioled, _rough above_, pale and puberulent beneath; peduncles +slender, rough; scales ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. (H. +microcephalus, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Thickets, Penn. to Ill., and southward. + +15. H. laevigatus, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender (1--6 deg. high), simple or +sparingly branched, glaucous, _glabrous throughout_, as well as the +slightly serrate _lanceolate leaves_ which are usually narrow and +attenuate to the base.--Dry soil, Alleghany Mts., and southward. + +[++][++] _Heads larger; rays usually over 10; spreading by creeping root +stocks._ + +[=] _Leaves sessile or subsessile to short-petiolate, serrulate or +entire._ + +16. H. doronicoides, Lam. Finely pubescent and roughish, 3--7 deg. high; +leaves _sessile_, ovate-oblong, acute, _triply-nerved above, the broadly +cuneate base, serrulate_; scales loose, attenuate, mostly 6--8'' long, +hairy. (H. cinereus, var. Sullivantii, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Dry ground, +Ohio to Mo. + +17. H. divaricatus, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top +(1--4 deg. high), _smooth below; leaves all opposite and divaricate, +ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved from the rounded or truncate sessile base_, +tapering gradually to a sharp point (3--6' long), serrate, _thickish, +rough both sides_; scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate, ciliate, +equalling the disk; rays 8--12.--Thickets and barrens; common.--Disk 6'' +wide; rays 1' long. + +18. H. hirsutus, Raf. _Stem_ simple or forked above, stout (1--4 deg. high), +_bristly-hairy; leaves all shortly petioled, ovate-lanceolate_, +gradually pointed, _slightly serrate_, rounded or obtuse at the base, +_very rough_ above, usually rough-hairy beneath; scales +ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk; rays about 12.--Dry +plains, Ohio to Wisc., and southward. + +19. H. strumosus, L. Stem (3--6 deg. high) very smooth below, often +glaucous; _leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point_, or +the lower ovate and acute, abruptly contracted into short margined +petioles, rough above, _whitish and naked or minutely downy underneath_; +scales broadly lanceolate with spreading tips, ciliate, equalling the +disk; rays 9--15.--Var. MOLLIS, Torr. & Gray, has the leaves downy +underneath, often subcordate, the scales looser and more +attenuate.--River-banks and low copses; common, especially westward. + +20. H. tracheliifolius, Willd. Like the last; leaves thinner and nearly +equally green both sides, more sharply serrate, all distinctly petioled; +scales all loose and spreading, exceeding the disk, often much +elongated.--Copses, Penn. and Ohio to Minn., and southward. + +[=][=] _Leaves longer-petiolate, thinnish or soft, coarsely serrate, +commonly broad; scales loose, hirsute-ciliate._ + +21. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branching (2--5 deg. high), smooth below; leaves +smooth or roughish, ovate, pointed, abruptly contracted into margined +petioles; scales lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, +sometimes foliaceous, the outer longer than the disk; rays about +10.--Copses and low banks of streams; N. Eng. to Minn. and southward, +common. + +22. H. tuberosus, L. (JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.) Pubescent or hirsute, 5--10 deg. +high; leaves ovate or subcordate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, +scabrous above, minutely pubescent or cinereous beneath; scales +lanceolate, attenuate, little exceeding the disk; rays 12--20. (H. +doronicoides, former ed.)--Penn. to Minn., and southward; often +cultivated.--Var. SUBCANESCENS, Gray; usually dwarf, the lower side of +the leaves whitish with soft fine pubescence. Minn. to Mo. + + +53. VERBESINA, L. CROWNBEARD. + +Heads several--many-flowered; the rays pistillate, or sometimes neutral +and sterile, few, or sometimes none. Involucral scales imbricated in 2 +or more rows. Receptacle rather convex (conical in n. 3); the chaff +concave. Achenes flat (compressed laterally), winged or wingless, +2-awned.--Mostly perennial herbs; the toothed leaves decurrent on the +stem. Flowers mostly yellow. ("Name metamorphosed from Verbena.") + +[*] _Heads narrow, small, cymosely paniculate; rays few, pistillate, +usually fertile; involucre erect._ + +1. V. occidentalis, Walt. Stem tall, 4-winged; _leaves opposite_, ovate +to oblong-lanceolate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, +often pubescent beneath (large and thin); heads in compound corymbs; +receptacle flattish; _flowers yellow_; rays 1--5, lanceolate; achenes +wingless. (V. Siegesbeckia, _Michx._)--Rich soil, S. Penn. to Ill., and +southward. July. + +2. V. Virginica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, +_downy-pubescent, like the lower surface of the_ ovate-lanceolate +feather-veined _alternate leaves_; heads in compound corymbs; receptacle +convex; _flowers white_; rays 3--4, oval; achenes winged.--Dry soil, +Penn.(?) to Ill., and southward. Aug. + +[*][*] _Heads broader, solitary or few._ + +3. V. helianthoides, Michx. Perennial; stem hairy (1--3 deg. high), widely +winged by the ovate to the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, +which are rough above and soft-hairy beneath; involucre appressed; rays +8--15, pistillate or neutral, usually sterile; achenes winged, tipped +with 2 fragile awns. (Actinomeris helianthoides, _Nutt._)--Prairies and +copses, Ohio to Iowa and southward. July. + +4. V. encelioides, Benth. & Hook. Annual, branching, 1--2 deg. high, +cinereous; leaves alternate, ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, the +petioles mostly winged and auriculate at base; involucral scales linear, +equal, foliaceous, spreading; rays numerous, fertile.--Kan. to Tex., and +westward. + + +54. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. + +Heads many-flowered; rays neutral, few or none. Involucral scales few, +herbaceous, nearly equal, soon deflexed beneath the globular disk. +Receptacle small, chaffy. Achenes flat, obovate, winged or wingless, at +maturity spreading in all directions; pappus of 2 or 3 smooth persistent +awns.--Tall branching perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, +tapering to the base and mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed; +flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from [Greek: a)kti/s], _a ray_, and +[Greek: meri/s], _a part_; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.) + +1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy, usually winged above (4--8 deg. +high); leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or +ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends; rays 2--8, irregular.--Rich +soil, Penn. and W. New York to Iowa, and southward. Sept. + + +55. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. +Involucre double; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous +and somewhat spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly +membranaceous. Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with +the fruit. Achenes flat, obcompressed (i.e., parallel with the scales of +the involucre), often winged, not narrowed at the top, 2-toothed or +2-awned, or sometimes naked at the summit, the awns not barbed +downwardly.--Herbs, generally with opposite leaves, and yellow or +party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from [Greek: ko/ris], _a bug_, +and [Greek: o)/psis], _resemblance_; from the form of the achene.) + +Sec. 1. _Style-tips truncate or nearly so; outer involucre small and short; +rays rose-color or yellow with brown base; pappus an obscure border or +none._ + +1. C. rosea, Nutt. Perennial; stem branching, leafy, smooth (6--20' +high); leaves linear, entire; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short +peduncles; rays rose-color, 3-toothed; achenes oblong, wingless.--Sandy +grassy swamps, Plymouth, Mass., to N. J., and southward; rare. Aug. + +2. C. cardaminefolia, Torr. & Gray. Annual, 6'--2 deg. high; leaves +1--2-pinnately divided, the lobes oval to lanceolate or above linear; +rays yellow with brown-purple base; achenes short, smooth or papillose, +winged.--Kan. to La. and Tex. + +3. C. tinctoria, Nutt. Annual, glabrous, 2--3 deg. high; leaves +1--2-pinnately divided, the lobes lanceolate to linear; achenes oblong, +wingless; rays yellow with more or less of crimson-brown.--Minn. to +Tex., etc.; common in cultivation. + +Sec. 2. _Style-tips abruptly cuspidate, hispid; involucres nearly equal; +achenes roundish, winged, incurved, often papillose and with a callus +inside at base and apex; pappus 2 small teeth or none; ray mostly yellow +and palmately lobed; perennials, with long-pedunculate heads; lower +leaves petiolate._ + +4. C. lanceolata, L. Smooth or hairy (1--2 deg. high), tufted, branched only +at the base; leaves all entire (the lower rarely with a pair of small +lateral lobes), lanceolate, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate; outer +scales ovate-lanceolate.--Rich or damp soil, Mich. and Ill. to Va., and +southward. July. Also cultivated in gardens. Heads showy; rays 1' +long.--Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Torr. & Gray, is a low form with crowded +narrow leaves and elongated peduncles.--Var. VILLOSA, Michx., is hirsute +below, the leaves rather broad. + +5. C. grandiflora, Nutt. Mostly glabrous; lower leaves lanceolate and +spatulate, entire, the _upper 3--5-parted with lanceolate to linear and +sometimes 2--3-parted lobes_; heads as in the last or larger.--S. Mo. to +Tex. and Ga. + +6. C. pubescens, Ell. More leafy, 1--4 deg. high, pubescent or nearly +glabrous; leaves thickish, oblong or the lower oval-obovate and the +upper oblong-lanceolate, entire or with 2--4 small lateral lobes; heads +usually smaller.--Va. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward. + +7. C. auriculata, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems 1--4 deg. high, +branching, sometimes with runners; leaves mostly petioled, the upper +oblong or oval-lanceolate, entire; the lower oval or roundish, some of +them variously 3--5-lobed or divided; outer scales oblong-linear or +lanceolate; achenes narrowly winged and strongly involute.--Rich woods +and banks, Va. to Ill., and southward. June--Sept. + +Sec. 3. _Style-tips cuspidate; achenes oblong, nearly straight, without +callus, the wing narrow or none; rays yellow, mostly entire or slightly +toothed._ + +[*] _Outer scales narrow, about the length of the inner, all more or +less united at base; rays mostly entire, acute; pappus 2-toothed or +none; leaves opposite, sessile, mostly 3-divided, appearing as if +whorled; perennial, 1--3 deg. high._ + +[+] _Leaves 3-cleft, but not to the base._ + +8. C. palmata, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, +rigid; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one +3-lobed.--Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southwestward. July. + +[+][+] _Leaves divided to the base, uppermost and lowest sometimes +simple._ + +9. C. senifolia, Michx. Plant minutely soft-pubescent; leaves each +divided into 3 sessile _ovate-lanceolate entire leaflets_, therefore +appearing like 6 in a whorl.--Sandy woods, Va. and southward. July. + +Var. stellata, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, and the leaves narrower.--Va., +Ky., and southward. + +10. C. delphinifolia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves divided into 3 +sessile _leaflets_ which are 2--5-_parted, their divisions lance-linear_ +(1--3'' broad), rather rigid; disk brownish.--Pine woods, Va. and +southward. July. + +11. C. verticillata, L. Glabrous; leaves divided into 3 sessile +_leaflets_ which are 1--2-_pinnately parted into narrowly linear or +filiform divisions_.--Damp soil, from Ont. and Mich. to Md., Ark., and +southward. Cultivated in old gardens, but not showy. July--Sept. + +[*][*] _Outer scales narrow, shorter, all united at base; rays entire, +obtuse; pappus none; leaves petiolate, pinnately 3--5-divided; +perennial._ + +12. C. tripteris, L. (TALL COREOPSIS.) Smooth; stem simple (4--9 deg. high), +corymbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire.--Penn. to +Wisc., Iowa, and southward. Aug.--Sept.--Heads exhaling the odor of +anise when bruised; disk turning brownish. + +[*][*][*] _Scales mostly distinct, the outer leafy, reflexed or +spreading; achenes flat, obovate or cuneate-oblong, 1-nerved on each +face, 2-toothed or 2-awned (rarely 4-awned); leaves petiolate, usually +pinnately 3--7-divided, the lobes serrate; annuals (or biennial), +branching. Approaching_ Bidens. + +[+] _Rays conspicuous, golden yellow._ + +[++] _Achenes cuneate, obscurely ciliate or naked; outer scales about +8._ + +13. C. aurea, Ait. Nearly glabrous, 1--3 deg. high; leaves variable, +commonly 3--7-divided, or some or all undivided, the segments incisely +serrate or lobed; _achenes broadly cuneate_, 1--2'' long, with 2 _very +short blunt spreading teeth_.--Wet ground, Va. to Fl. + +14. C. trichosperma, Michx. (TICKSEED SUNFLOWER.) Smooth, branched; +leaves short-petioled, nearly all 3--7-divided; leaflets lanceolate or +linear, cut-toothed, or the upper leaves only 3--5-cleft and almost +sessile; heads panicled-corymbose; _achenes narrowly wedge-oblong or the +inner ones wedge-linear_, about 4'' long, smooth or sparsely hairy, +marginless, _crowned with 2 erect triangular or awl-shaped stout +teeth_.--Swamps, Mass. to Va. near the coast. Also Buffalo, N. Y., to +Ill., where is a var. TENUILOBA, Gray, with shorter achenes, approaching +the last. Aug.--Oct. + +[++][++] _Achenes obovate, very flat, with thin ciliate margins._ + +15. C. aristosa, Michx. Somewhat pubescent; leaves 1--2-pinnately +5--7-divided, petioled; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid; +heads panicled-corymbose; outer scales 8--10, not exceeding the inner, +barely ciliate; _achenes_ with 2 (rarely 4) _long and slender diverging +awns_ as long as the achene itself.--Swamps, Ohio to Mich., Minn., and +southwestward. Aug.--Oct.--Var. MUTICA has two short divergent teeth or +points in place of the awns.--W. Ill. and southwestward. Forms occur +with the barbs of the awns spreading or retrorse, hybrids with _Bidens +frondosa_ or other species. + +16. C. involucrata, Nutt. Heads rather larger, the outer scales 12--20, +mostly exceeding the inner, slender and hispid; achenes with 2 short +acute teeth.--W. Ill. to Kan. and Tex. + +[+][+] _Rays none, or rarely rudimentary; outer scales usually 3--5, +loose, leafy, commonly surpassing the short-pedunculate heads; achenes +narrowly cuneate; plants glabrous, 1--3 deg. high; leaves petiolate._ + +17. C. bidentoides, Nutt. Paniculately branched; _leaves undivided, +lanceolate_, coarsely toothed, tapering at both ends; heads 6--10'' +long; _achenes nearly subulate_, bearing a pair of _very slender_ +upwardly roughened _awns surpassing the corolla_ (4'' long), but shorter +than the achene, often also 2 minute teeth alternate with the +awns.--Shores of Delaware River, near Philad., and Delaware Bay, to Md. +Hybridizes with _Bidens frondosa_. + +18. C. discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Diffusely branched, 1--2 deg. high; +_leaves ternately divided_, slender-petioled; leaflets +ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate; heads 2--3'' long; _achenes +linear-wedge-shaped_ (2--3'' long), bearing a pair of _short and stout_ +upwardly-barbed _awns of the length of the corolla_.--Wet banks and +swamps, Conn. to Ohio, Ill., and southward. July. + + +56. BIDENS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD. + +Heads many-flowered; the rays when present 3--8, neutral. Involucre +double, the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish; +the chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flattened parallel with the +scales of the involucre, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more +rigid and persistent awns which are downwardly barbed.--Annual or +perennial herbs, with opposite various leaves, and mostly yellow +flowers. (Latin, _bidens_, two-toothed.) + +[*] _Achenes flat, not tapering at the summit; outer involucre +foliaceous; annuals._ + +[+] _Heads erect, nearly rayless; leaves mostly petiolate._ + +1. B. frondosa, L. (COMMON BEGGAR-TICKS. STICK-TIGHT.) Smooth or rather +hairy, tall (2--6 deg. high), branching, _leaves 3--5-divided; leaflets +mostly stalked_, lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed; outer involucre +much longer than the head, ciliate below; _achenes wedge-obovate, +2-awned, ciliate_ (the bristles ascending except near the +summit).--Moist waste places; a coarse troublesome weed, the achenes, as +in the other species, adhering to clothing, etc., by their retrorsely +barbed awns. Hybrids occur with _Coreopsis aristosa_ and other species. +July--Oct. + +2. B. connata, Muhl. (SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS.) Smooth (1--2 deg. high); _leaves +lanceolate_ or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering +into margined slightly united petioles; _the lower often 3-divided, +their lateral divisions united at the base and decurrent on the +petiole_; outer scales longer than the head, few, mostly obtuse; _rays +none; achenes narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2--4-) awned, the margins +minutely retrorsely ciliate_.--E. New Eng. to Minn., and +southward.--Var. COMOSA, Gray, is stouter, the leaves commonly all +simple, upper ones nearly sessile, the heads larger and with very leafy +involucre. Ill., Ky., and westward. Aug.--Oct.--Var. PINNATA, Watson; +leaves nearly all pinnately divided, the 5--7 narrow divisions sparingly +incised; achenes 4-awned. Hennepin Co., Minn. (_F. L. Conillard_). + +[+][+] _Heads somewhat nodding, commonly radiate; leaves sessile, +undivided._ + +3. B. cernua, L. (SMALLER BUR-MARIGOLD.) Nearly smooth (5'--3 deg. high), +_leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate; heads_ nodding, +_with or without_ (light yellow) _rays_; outer involucre longer than the +head; achenes wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly +barbed.--Wet places, N. Eng. to Va., Mo., Minn., and northward. +July--Sept.--Rays, if any, smaller than in n. 4, and the outer involucre +more leaf-like. (Eu.) + +4. B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. (LARGER BUR-MARIGOLD.) Smooth, erect, or +reclining at the base (6'--2 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate_, tapering at +both ends, more or less connate, _regularly serrate_; outer involucre +mostly shorter than the _showy golden-yellow (1' long) rays_; achenes +wedge-shaped, with almost prickly downwardly barbed margins; awns 2, 3, +or 4.--Swamps; common. Aug.--Oct. + +[*][*] _Achenes linear, 4-sided, the inner longer and tapering upward._ + +5. B. bipinnata, L. (SPANISH NEEDLES.) Smooth annual, branched; leaves +1--3-pinnately parted, petioled; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly +wedge-shaped at the base; heads small, on slender peduncles; outer +involucre of linear scales equalling the short pale yellow rays, achenes +4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3--4-awned.--Damp soil, R. I. to +N. Y., Ill., and southward. + +[*][*][*] _Achenes terete, truncate at both ends, with 3--6 very long +awns smooth below._ + +6. B. Beckii, Torr. (WATER MARIGOLD.) Aquatic, perhaps perennial, +smooth; stems long and slender; immersed leaves crowded, capillary, many +times dissected, the few emerging ones lanceolate, slightly connate, +toothed; heads single, short-peduncled; involucre much shorter than the +showy (golden yellow) rays; achenes thickish, smooth (1/2' long), the +stout divergent awns (1' long) barbed only toward the apex.--Ponds and +slow deep streams, Mass. to N. J., Mo., and northward. Aug.--Oct. + + +57. THELESPERMA, Less. + +Heads many-flowered; rays about 8, neutral, or none. Involucre as in +Coreopsis, the inner connate to the middle, scarious-margined. +Receptacle flat, the scarious chaff falling with the nearly terete +wingless and beakless achenes; pappus of 2 stout subulate retrorsely +hispid awns.--Smooth herbs, with opposite dissected leaves and +pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. (From [Greek: thele/], _a nipple_, +and [Greek: spe/rma], _seed_, on account of the papillose achenes.) + +1. T. gracile, Gray. Perennial, rather rigid, 1--2 deg. high; leaves with +narrow or filiform divisions or the upper entire; outer scales very +short; rays short or usually none; achenes papillose.--Kan., south and +westward. + + +58. BALDWINIA, Nutt. + +Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate, the long and narrowly +wedge-shaped rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small +scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. +Receptacle strongly convex, with deep honeycomb-like cells containing +the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenes; pappus of 7--9 +lance-oblong erect chaffy scales.--A perennial herb, smoothish, with +slender simple stems (2--3 deg. high), bearing alternate oblanceolate +leaves, and a large showy long-pedunculate head. Rays yellow (1' long); +the disk often turning dark purple. (Named for the late _Dr. William +Baldwin_.) + +1. B. uniflora, Nutt.--Borders of swamps, Va. (?) and southward. Aug. + + +59. MARSHALLIA, Schreb. + +Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular and perfect, the corolla-lobes +slender and spreading. Involucral scales linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, +erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, +with narrowly linear rigid chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-angled; pappus +of 5 or 6 membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales.--Smooth and low +perennials, with alternate entire 3-nerved leaves, and long-pedunculate +heads (like those of a Scabious) terminating the simple stem or +branches. Flowers purplish; anthers blue. (Named for _Humphrey +Marshall_, of Pennsylvania, author of _Arbustum Americanum_, one of the +earliest works on the trees and shrubs of this country.) + +1. M. latifolia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, +sessile.--Dry soil, Va. and southward. + +2. M. caespitosa, Nutt. Stem commonly leafy only at base; leaves narrowly +oblanceolate to linear or the radical spatulate, obtuse.--Kan. to Tex. + + +60. GALINSOGA, Ruiz & Pavon. + +Heads several-flowered, radiate; rays 4--5, small, roundish, pistillate. +Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow +chaff. Achenes angled; pappus of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales +(sometimes wanting).--Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved thin +leaves, and small heads; disk yellow; rays whitish. (Named for +_Galinsoga_, a Spanish botanist.) + +G. PARVIFLORA, Cav. Smoothish (1 deg. high); leaves ovate, acute, somewhat +toothed; scales of the pappus 8--16.--Waste places, especially eastward; +spreading from year to year. (Adv. from S. Amer.) + + +61. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her. + +Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular and perfect, with large +revolute corolla-lobes. Involucral scales 6--12, loose and broad, thin, +the upper part petal-like (usually white). Receptacle small, naked. +Achenes top-shaped, with a slender base, striate; pappus of 15--20 blunt +scales in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from +[Greek: y(me/n], _membrane_, and [Greek: pa/ppos], _pappus_.)--Biennial +or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dissected leaves, and corymbed +small heads of usually whitish flowers. + +[*] _Pappus of very small roundish nerveless scales._ + +1. H. scabiosaeus, L'Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young, leafy to +the top (1--3 deg. high); leaves 1--2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong +lobes; involucral scales roundish, mainly whitish.--Sandy barrens, Ill. +and southward. May, June. + +2. H. corymbosus, Torr. & Gray. More slender, glabrate, naked above; +scales obovate-oblong, petaloid at apex.--Neb. to Ark. and Tex. + +[*][*] _Pappus of conspicuous spatulate 1-nerved scales; involucre +greener._ + +3. H. tenuifolius, Pursh. Slightly tomentose or glabrate, leafy, 1--2 deg. +high; divisions of the leaves narrowly linear or filiform, revolute; +involucral scales obovate-oblong; achenes long-villous.--Neb. to Ark. +and Tex. + + +62. ACTINELLA, Pers., Nutt. + +Heads many-flowered; rays several, wedge-oblong, 3-toothed, pistillate. +Scales of the hemispherical involucre ovate or lanceolate, membranaceous +or coriaceous, nearly equal, appressed in 2 or 3 ranks, little shorter +than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked. Achenes +top-shaped, densely silky-villous; pappus of 5 or more ovate or +lanceolate very thin chaffy scales.--Low herbs, with narrow alternate +leaves, dotted or sprinkled with resinous atoms as in the next genus and +bitter-aromatic; the solitary heads terminating scapes or slender naked +peduncles; flowers yellow. (Name a diminutive of _Actinea_, from [Greek: +a)kti/s], _ray_.) + +[*] _Involucre of numerous distinct not rigid scales; leaves entire._ + +1. A. linearifolia, Torr. & Gray. Annual or biennial, villous or +glabrate, 1 deg. high or less, simple or branched; leaves linear; peduncles +filiform.--S. Kan. to La., and Tex. + +2. A. acaulis, Nutt. Perennial, densely cespitose, the branches of the +caudex short and thick, with scape-like peduncles, canescently villous +or silky; leaves spatulate to linear, short.--Hills and plains bordering +the Rocky Mts. and scarcely reaching our limits; the var. GLABRA, Gray +(A. scaposa, var. glabra, _Man._), a greener glabrate form, has been +found on an Indian mound near Joliet, Ill. The less densely cespitose A. +SCAPOSA, Nutt., more loosely villous and the caudex with more slender +branches, is probably in S. Kan. + +[*][*] _Scales rigid, in 2 rows, the outer connate at base; leaves +ternately parted._ + +3. A. odorata, Gray. Annual, 1--2 deg. high, branching, leafy, somewhat +floccose-woolly; heads small, scattered; leaves 1--3-pinnately divided, +the lobes filiform.--Central Kan. to Tex., and westward. + + +63. HELENIUM, L. SNEEZE-WEED. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several, wedge-shaped, 3--5-cleft, +fertile or rarely sterile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear +or awl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenes top-shaped, +ribbed; pappus of 5--8 thin and 1-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve +usually extended into a bristle or point.--Erect, branching herbs (ours +perennial), with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled stem and +branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed (yellow, rarely +purple) heads; often sprinkled with bitter aromatic resinous globules. +(The Greek name of some plant, said to be named after _Helenus_, son of +Priam.) + +1. H. nudiflorum, Nutt. Somewhat puberulent, 1--3 deg. high; leaves narrowly +lanceolate or oblong to linear, entire, or the radical spatulate and +dentate; heads mostly small; disk brownish, globose; ray yellow or +partly brown-purple, sterile (neutral or style abortive), shorter than +or exceeding the disk. (Leptopoda brachypoda, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Ill. +and Mo. to N. Car. and Tex.; nat. near Philadelphia. Hybridizes with the +next. June--Aug. + +2. H. autumnale, L. Nearly smooth, 1--6 deg. high; leaves mostly toothed, +lanceolate to ovate-oblong; heads larger (about 6'' broad); disk yellow; +ray fertile, yellow.--Alluvial river-banks and wet ground, Conn. to +Minn., south and westward. Sept. + + +64. GAILLARDIA, Foug. + +Heads many-flowered; rays 3-cleft or -toothed, neutral or sometimes +fertile, or none. Involucral scales in 2--3 rows, the outer larger, +loose and foliaceous. Receptacle convex to globose, beset with +bristle-like or subulate or short and soft chaff. Achenes top-shaped, +5-costate, villous; pappus of 5--10 long thin scales, awn-tipped by the +excurrent nerve.--Erect herbs with alternate leaves and large showy +heads of yellow or purplish fragrant flowers on terminal or scapiform +peduncles. (Named after _Gaillard de Merentonneau_.) + +1. G. simplex, Scheele. Annual; leaves all radical, usually spatulate, +pinnatifid to entire; head globose on a naked scape, usually +rayless.--S. Kan. to Tex. + +2. G. lanceolata, Michx. Annual, leafy-stemmed, branched, 1--2 deg. high, +finely pubescent; leaves oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire; rays +rather few or none; chaff very short or obsolete.--S. Kan. to Tex. and +Fla. + +3. G. aristata, Pursh. Perennial, hirsute, often 2 deg. high; leaves +lanceolate to oblanceolate, broad or narrow, entire to coarsely +pinnatifid; rays usually numerous and long; chaff bristly or +subulate.--Dak., west and southward. + + +65. DYSODIA, Cav. FETID MARIGOLD. + +Heads many-flowered, usually radiate; rays pistillate. Involucre of one +row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. +Receptacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. +Achenes slender, 4-angled; pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into +numerous rough bristles.--Herbs, mostly annuals or biennials, dotted +with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor (as in Tagetes, the +FRENCH MARIGOLD of the gardens, which belongs to the same group); heads +terminating the branches; flowers yellow. (Name [Greek: dysodi/a], _an +ill smell_, which the plants exemplify.) + +1. D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched (6--18' +high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes +bristly-toothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the +involucre.--Roadsides, and banks of rivers, Minn. to Ill., Tenn., and +southwestward. Aug.--Oct. + + +66. ANTHEMIS, L. CHAMOMILE. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate or (in n. 1) neutral. +Involucre hemispherical, of many small imbricated dry and scarious +scales shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, with slender chaff at +least near the summit. Achenes terete or ribbed, glabrous, truncate; +pappus none or a minute crown.--Branching strong-scented herbs, with +finely pinnately dissected leaves and solitary terminal heads; rays +white; disk yellow. ([Greek: A)nthemi/s], the ancient Greek name of the +Chamomile.) + +A. COTULA, DC. (MAY-WEED.) Annual, acrid; rays mostly neutral; +receptacle without chaff near the margin; pappus none; leaves finely +3-pinnately dissected. (Maruta Cotula, _DC._)--Common by roadsides. +(Nat. from Eu.) + +A. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN CHAMOMILE.) Pubescent _annual or biennial_, +resembling May-weed, but not ill-scented; leaves less finely +1--2-pinnately parted; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, pointed; +pappus a minute border.--Waste places; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) + +A. NOBILIS, L. (GARDEN CHAMOMILE.) More downy and _perennial_, +pleasantly strong-scented; sterile shoots depressed or creeping; leaves +very finely dissected; chaff of the receptacle blunt; pappus +none.--Established near Lewiston, Delaware, _Nuttall._ (Adv. from Eu.) + + +67. ACHILLEA, L. YARROW. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, fertile. Involucral scales +imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenes +oblong, flattened, margined; pappus none.--Perennial herbs, with small +corymbose heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been +discovered by _Achilles_.) + +1. A. Millefolium, L. (COMMON YARROW or MILFOIL.) Stems simple; _leaves +twice-pinnately parted_; the divisions linear, 3--5-cleft, crowded; +corymb compound, flat-topped; _involucre oblong; rays 4--5, short_, +white (sometimes rose-color).--Fields and hills; common. Green and more +glabrate in fields in the Atlantic States, and perhaps in such cases +introduced. Aug. (Eu.) + +A. PTARMICA, L. (SNEEZEWORT.) _Leaves simple, lance-linear_, sharply +serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; _rays 8--12, much longer +than the broader campanulate involucre_; flowers white.--Mass., Mich., +etc.; rare. Apparently indigenous on the Lower St. Lawrence. (Adv. from +Eu.) + + +68. MATRICARIA, Tourn. WILD CHAMOMILE. + +Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the +involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at +least in fruit, naked. Achenes 3--5-ribbed, wingless; pappus a +membranaceous crown or border, or none.--Smooth and branching herbs +(ours annuals or biennials) with finely divided leaves and single or +corymbed heads. Rays white or none; disk yellow. (Named for reputed +medicinal virtues.) + +M. INODORA, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into fine almost filiform +lobes; _heads large_, naked-peduncled, and _with many long rays_; +achenes strongly 3-ribbed; pappus a short crown or border.--(Wild far +northward.) Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, _Prof. Verrill_. Aug. (Adv. from +Eu.) + +M. DISCOIDEA, DC. Low (6--9' high); leaves 2--3-pinnately parted into +short linear lobes; _heads rayless_, short-peduncled; scales oval, with +broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk; achenes more terete; +pappus obsolete.--Banks of the Mississippi opposite St. Louis. An +immigrant from Oregon, extending eastward and becoming naturalized near +railroad stations; also established in N. Europe. July--Sept. + + +69. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Tourn. OX-EYE DAISY. + +Heads many-flowered; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and +flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or +convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenes of disk and +ray similar, striate, without pappus.--Perennial herbs, with toothed, +pinnatifid, or divided leaves, and single or corymbed heads. Rays white; +disk yellow. (Old Greek name, [Greek: chrysa/nthemon], i.e. golden +flower.) + +C. LEUCANTHEMUM, L. (OX-EYE or WHITE DAISY. WHITE-WEED.) Stem erect, +nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head; root-leaves +spatulate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or +pinnatifid-toothed; scales of the involucre with rusty-brown margins. +(Leucanthemum vulgare, _Lam._)--Fields and meadows; abundant eastward. +June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and showy heads. It occurs +with abortive, deformed, or tubular and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.) + +C. PARTHENIUM, Pers. (FEVERFEW.) Tall, branched, leafy; leaves +twice-pinnately divided, the _divisions ovate, cut; heads corymbed_, +rather small. (Leucanthemum Parthenium, _Godron_.)--Escaped from gardens +in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +70. TANACETUM, L. TANSY. + +Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid; flowers all fertile, the marginal +chiefly pistillate and 3--5-toothed. Involucre imbricated, dry. +Receptacle convex, naked. Achenes angled or ribbed, with a large flat +top; pappus a short crown.--Bitter and acrid strong scented herbs (ours +perennial), with 1--3-pinnately dissected leaves, and corymbed heads. +Flowers yellow; in summer. (Name of uncertain derivation.) + +T. VULGARE, L. (COMMON TANSY.) Stem (2--4 deg. high) smooth; leaflets and +the wings of the petiole cut-toothed; corymb dense; pistillate flowers +terete, with oblique 3-toothed limb; pappus 5-lobed.--Var. CRISPUM has +the leaves more cut and crisped.--Escaped from gardens to roadsides; +Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) + +1. T. Huronense, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (1--3 deg. high); +lobes of the leaves oblong; heads large (1/2--{2/3}' wide) and +usually few; pistillate flowers flattened, 3--5-cleft; pappus +toothed.--St. John's River, Maine (_G. L. Goodale_), shores of the upper +Great Lakes, and westward. + + +71. ARTEMISIA, L. WORMWOOD. + +Heads discoid, few--many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal +ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Involucre +imbricated, dry and scarious. Receptacle small and flattish, naked. +Achenes obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus.--Herbs or shrubby +plants, bitter and aromatic, with small commonly nodding heads in +panicled spikes or racemes; flowering in summer. Corolla yellow or +purplish. (Ancient name of the Mugwort, in memory of _Artemisia_, wife +of Mausolus.) + +Sec. 1. _Receptacle smooth; marginal flowers pistillate and fertile; +disk-flowers perfect but sterile, the style mostly entire; root +perennial, except in n. 1._ + +[*] _Leaves dissected._ + +1. A. caudata, Michx. Smooth (2--5 deg. high); upper leaves pinnately, the +lower 2--3-pinnately divided; _the divisions thread-form_, diverging; +_heads small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle_; root +biennial.--Sandy soil, coast of N. H. to Va.; also Mich. to Minn., and +southward. + +2. A. Canadensis, Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down (1--2 deg. high); +lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, the upper 3--7-divided, _the +divisions linear, rather rigid; heads rather large, in panicled +racemes_.--Northern N. Eng. to the Great Lakes, Minn., and northward. +(Eu.) + +[*][*] _Leaves entire or some 3-cleft._ + +3. A. dracunculoides, Pursh. Tall (2--5 deg.), somewhat woody at base, +slightly hoary or glabrous; leaves linear and entire or the lower +3-cleft; heads small and numerous, panicled.--Sandy banks of streams, +Minn. to Ill., Mo., and westward. + +4. A. glauca, Pall. Strict, 1--2 deg. high, somewhat woody at base, minutely +silky-pubescent or glabrate; leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate; heads +as in the last.--Sask. to Minn. (Sib.) + +5. A. filifolia, Torr. Suffruticose, finely canescent, 1--3 deg. high; +leaves all filiform, the lower commonly 3-parted; heads very small and +numerous, crowded in a long leafy panicle.--Central Kan. to Neb., and +southwestward. + +Sec. 2. _Receptacle smooth; flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the +others perfect._ + +Two cultivated shrubby species, from Europe, with filiformly divided +leaves, have occasionally escaped from gardens and become spontaneous, +viz., A. ABROTINUM, L. (the SOUTHERNWOOD), of strict habit, with leaves +1--2-pinnatifid and pubescent heads, and A. PROCERA, L., with more +spreading branches, all the leaves finely 2-pinnatifid, and heads +glabrous. + +[*] _Tall (1--5 deg.) and branching perennials, whitened with fine and +close-pressed wool; heads small, in leafy panicles._ + +6. A. serrata, Nutt. Very leafy, 6--9 deg. high; leaves lanceolate or the +upper linear, serrate, white-tomentose beneath, green above; heads +greenish, oblong, 2'' long or less.--Ill. to Dak. + +7. A. longifolia, Nutt. Stem 2--5 deg. high; leaves linear or +linear-lanceolate, entire, usually glabrate above; heads oblong, +canescent, 2--3'' long--Minn. to Neb., and westward. + +8. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. (WESTERN MUGWORT.) _Whitened woolly_ +throughout; _leaves lanceolate_, the upper _mostly entire_, the lower +usually cut-lobed, toothed or pinnatifid, the upper surface sometimes +glabrate and green; heads campanulate, mostly sessile in narrow +panicles.--Dry banks, Sask. to Mich., Ill., Tex., and westward. Very +variable. + +A. VULGARIS, L. (COMMON MUGWORT.) _Leaves mostly glabrous and green +above_, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all pinnatifid, with the +divisions often cut-lobed, linear-lanceolate; heads small in open +panicles.--Waste places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Densely white-tomentose perennial; heads large, +racemose-glomerate._ + +9. A. Stelleriana, Bess. Stout, 1--2 deg. high, from a creeping base; leaves +obovate or spatulate, pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse.--Sandy sea-beaches, +E. Mass.; locally nat. from N. E. Asia? + +[*][*][*] _Less branched (1--3 deg.), biennial or annual, glabrous._ + +10. A. biennis, Willd. Strict, 1--3 deg. high; lower leaves twice-pinnately +parted, the upper pinnatifid; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves +cut-toothed; heads in short axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a +narrow and glomerate leafy panicle.--Gravelly banks, Ohio to Tenn., Mo., +and northwestward; rapidly extending eastward by railroad to Buffalo, +Philadelphia, etc. + +A. ANNUA, L. Tall, much branched; leaves 2-pinnately divided, the oblong +segments deeply pinnatifid; heads small, in a loose ample panicle.--Ind. +to Kan. (Nat. from Old World.) + +Sec. 3. _Receptacle hairy; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones +pistillate._ + +A. ABSINTHIUM, L. (WORMWOOD.) Rather shrubby (2--3 deg. high), silky-hoary; +leaves 2--3-pinnately parted, lobes lanceolate; heads hemispherical, +panicled.--Roadsides, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) + +11. A. frigida, Willd. Low (6--20' high), in tufts, slightly woody at +the base, white-silky; leaves pinnately parted and 3--5-cleft, the +divisions narrow-linear; heads globose, racemose.--Dry hills and rocks, +Sask. to Minn., W. Tex., and westward. + + +72. TUSSILAGO, Tourn. COLTSFOOT. + +Head many-flowered; ray-flowers in several rows, narrowly ligulate, +pistillate, fertile; disk-flowers with undivided style, sterile. +Involucre nearly simple. Receptacle flat. Achenes cylindrical-oblong; +pappus copious, soft and capillary.--A low perennial, with horizontal +creeping rootstocks, sending up simple scaly scapes in early spring, +bearing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or +toothed leaves later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. +(Name from _tussis_, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.) + +T. FARFARA, L.--Wet places, and along brooks, N. Eng., N. Y., and Penn.; +thoroughly wild. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +73. PETASITES, Tourn. SWEET COLTSFOOT. + +Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious; in the substerile plant with a +single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular sterile +ones in the disk; in the fertile plant wholly or chiefly of +pistillate flowers, tubular or distinctly ligulate. Otherwise as +Tussilago.--Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all from the +rootstock, white-woolly beneath, the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, +bearing heads of purplish or whitish fragrant flowers, in a corymb. (The +Greek name for the coltsfoot, from [Greek: pe/tasos], a broad-brimmed +hat, on account of its large leaves.) + +[*] _Pistillate flowers ligulate; flowers whitish._ + +1. P. palmata, Gray. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, palmately and +deeply 5--7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. (Nardosmia palmata, +_Hook._)--Swamps, Maine and Mass. to Mich., Minn., and northwestward; +rare. April, May.--Full-grown leaves 6--10' broad. + +2. P. sagittata, Gray. Leaves deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate, acute +or obtuse, repand-dentate.--N. Minn. and westward. + +[*][*] _Ligules none; flowers purplish._ + +P. VULGARIS, Desf. Rootstock very stout; leaves round-cordate, +angulate-dentate and denticulate.--About Philadelphia. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +74. ARNICA, L. + +Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped +involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, +fimbrillate. Achenes slender or spindle-shaped; pappus a single row of +rather rigid and strongly roughened-denticulate bristles.--Perennial +herbs, chiefly of mountains and cold northern regions, with simple +stems, bearing single or corymbed large heads and opposite leaves. +Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption of _Ptarmica_.) + +1. A. Chamissonis, Less. Soft-hairy; _stem leafy_ (1--2 deg. high), bearing +1 to 5 heads; _leaves thin, veiny_, smoothish when old, toothed; the +upper _ovate-lanceolate_, closely sessile, the lower narrower, tapering +to a margined petiole; scales pointed; pappus almost plumose. (A. +mollis, _Hook_.)--N. Maine, mountains of N. H. and northern N. Y., +shores of L. Superior, and westward. July. + +2. A. nudicaulis, Nutt. Hairy and rather glandular (1--3 deg. high); _leaves +thickish, 3--5-nerved, ovate or oblong_, all sessile, mostly entire and +near the root, the _cauline small_ and only one or two pairs; heads +several, corymbed, showy.--Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward. +April, May. + + +75. SENECIO, Tourn. GROUNDSEL. + +Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or none; involucre cylindrical to +bell-shaped, simple or with a few bractlets at the base, the scales +erect-connivent. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of numerous very soft +and slender capillary bristles.--Herbs, in the United States, with +alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow. +(Name from _senex_, an old man, alluding to the hoariness of many +species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.) + +[*] _Root annual or in n. 3 biennial; heads several or many in a corymb; +herbage glabrous or soon becoming so._ + +[+] _Rays none or minute._ + +S. VULGARIS, L. (COMMON GROUNDSEL.) Low, corymbosely branched, glabrate; +leaves pinnatifid and toothed; clasping tips of involucral scales +blackish; rays none.--Waste grounds. July--Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) + +S. VISCOSUS, L. Coarser, viscid-pubescent and strong-scented; leaves +2-pinnatifid; scales not black-tipped; rays minute.--Waste grounds, +coast of N. Eng. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[+][+] _Heads conspicuously radiate._ + +1. S. lobatus, Pers. (BUTTER-WEED.) Rather tall; leaves somewhat fleshy, +_lyrate or pinnate_, the divisions or leaflets crenate or cut-lobed, +variable; heads small in a naked corymb; _rays 6--12, conspicuous_.--Wet +grounds, N. Car. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward. April--July. + +2. S. palustris, Hook. Annual or biennial, loosely woolly or glabrate; +stem stout, 6'--2 deg. high; _leaves_ oblong-lanceolate, _irregularly +toothed or laciniate_, the upper with a heart-shaped clasping base; +_rays 20 or more_, short, pale yellow; pappus copious and becoming very +long.--Wet ground, Iowa to N. Wisc., Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Root perennial; heads small or middle-sized, in a naked corymb._ + +3. S. aureus, L. (GOLDEN RAGWORT. SQUAW-WEED.) _Smooth, or +floccose-woolly when young_ (1--3 deg. high); leaves thin, the radical +_simple and rounded_, the larger ones mostly heart-shaped, +crenate-toothed, _long-petioled_; _lower stem-leaves lyrate_; upper ones +lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping; corymb +umbel-like; rays 8--12.--Common everywhere. May, June. Varies greatly. + +Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Root-leaves thicker, round-obovate with a +cuneate or truncate base, or the earliest almost sessile in rosulate +tufts. (S. Elliottii, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Open grounds, Can. to Ind. and +Ga. + +Var. Balsamitae, Torr. & Gray. Less glabrate; root-leaves oblong, +spatulate, or lanceolate, narrowed to the petiole, serrate, the upper +lyrate-pinnatifid; heads rather small and numerous.--Common. + +4. S. tomentosus, Michx. (WOOLLY RAGWORT.) _Clothed with scarcely +deciduous hoary wool_ (1--2 deg. high); _root-leaves oblong_, obtuse, +crenate or entire, often large, on elongated stout petioles; the upper +sessile, similar or lyrate-pinnatifid; corymb flat-topped; rays +12--15.--Del. and mountains of Penn. (_Pursh._), to Fla. and Ark. May. + +5. S. canus, Hook. Usually low, persistently tomentose, rarely at all +glabrate; leaves much smaller, spatulate to oblong, all entire or some +cut-toothed or pinnatifid; achenes glabrous.--N. Minn., Dak., and +westward. + +6. S. integerrimus, Nutt. Woolly pubescent when young, soon glabrate and +green; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, entire or denticulate, the +upper bract-like, attenuate from a broad base; heads rather large (6'' +high), with green-tipped scales.--Sask. to Minn., and westward. + +7. S. lugens, Richards. Like the last; leaves usually repand- or +callous-denticulate; heads usually smaller, with mostly black-tipped +scales.--Subarc. Amer. to New Mex., in the mountains; reported from +Minn. and N. Iowa. + +[*][*][*] _Root perennial; heads large and often solitary._ + +8. S. Pseudo-Arnica, Less. Loosely white-woolly, sometimes becoming +glabrous; stem stout, 6--12' high, leafy to the top; leaves oblong, +repand, tapering into a narrow petiole-like base; heads 1--4, over an +inch in diameter; rays 20 or more, large.--Grand Manan Island, off Maine +(_Prof. Verrill_), to Lab., and northward. + + +76. CACALIA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN. + +Heads 5--many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucral +scales in a single row, erect-connivent, with a few bractlets at the +base. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenes oblong, smooth; +pappus of numerous soft capillary bristles.--Smooth and tall perennial +herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads, in +flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain +meaning.) + +[*] _Involucre 25--30-flowered, with several bracts at its base; +receptacle flat._ + +1. C. suaveolens, L. Stem grooved (3--5 deg. high); _leaves +triangular-lanceolate, halberd-shaped_, pointed, serrate, those of the +stem on winged petioles.--Rich woods, Conn. to Mich., Iowa, and +southward; rare. Sept. + +[*][*] _Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, its bracts minute or none; +receptacle bearing a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage +in the centre._ + +2. C. reniformis, Muhl. (GREAT INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Not glaucous; stem +(4--9 deg. high) grooved and angled; _leaves green both sides, dilated +fan-shaped, or the lowest kidney-form_ (1--2 deg. broad), _repand-toothed_ +and angled, palmately veined, petioled; the teeth pointed; corymbs +large.--Rich damp woods, N. J. to Ill., Minn., and southward along the +mountains. Aug. + +3. C. atriplicifolia, L. (PALE INDIAN P.) Glaucous; stem terete (3--6 deg. +high); leaves _palmately veined and angulate-lobed_, the lower +triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped, the upper rhomboid or +wedge-form, _toothed_.--Rich woodlands, western N. Y. to Wisc., Minn., +and southward. Aug. + +4. C. tuberosa, Nutt. (TUBEROUS INDIAN P.) Stem angled and grooved +(2--6 deg. high), from a thick or tuberous root; _leaves green both sides_, +thick, strongly _5--7-nerved_; the lower _lance-ovate or oval_, nearly +entire, tapering into long petioles; the upper on short margined +petioles, sometimes toothed at the apex.--Wet prairies, etc., Ohio to +Wisc., Minn., and southward. June. + + +77. ERECHTITES, Raf. FIREWEED. + +Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and fertile; the marginal +pistillate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre +in a single row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. +Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong, tapering at the end; pappus copious, +of very fine and white soft hairs.--Erect and coarse annuals, of rank +smell, with alternate simple leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of +whitish flowers. (The ancient name of some species of Groundsel, +probably called after _Erechtheus_.) + +1. E. hieracifolia, Raf. (FIREWEED.) Often hairy; stem grooved (1--6 deg. +high); leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile, the +upper auricled at base.--Moist woods; common, especially northward, and +in recent clearings that have been burned over; whence the popular name. +July--Sept. + + +78. ARCTIUM, L. BURDOCK. + +Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar. Involucre +globular; the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at base, +attenuate to long stiff points with hooked tips. Receptacle bristly. +Achenes oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely; pappus short, of +numerous rough bristles, separate and deciduous.--Coarse biennial weeds, +with large unarmed and petioled leaves, and small solitary or clustered +heads; flowers purple, rarely white. (Name probably from [Greek: +a)/rktos], _a bear_, from the rough involucre.) + +A. LAPPA, L. Stout, 1--3 deg. high; leaves roundish or ovate and mostly +cordate, or lanceolate with cuneate base, smooth above, somewhat +floccose-tomentose beneath, mostly sinuate-denticulate. (Lappa +officinalis, _All._)--The several reputed species of the genus are +scarcely distinguishable even as varieties. Var. MINUS, has rather small +ovoid subracemose heads (about 8'' broad), on short peduncles, glabrous +or somewhat cottony, the inner scales somewhat purplish-tipped, +equalling the flowers; leaves occasionally cut-toothed. By roadsides; +very common.--Var. MAJUS, with broader (1') green and glabrous +subcorymbose rather long-pedunculate heads. Less frequent.--Var. +TOMENTOSUM, a form of the last with more spherical webbed heads, with +purplish scales shorter than the flowers. Rare.--July--Oct. (Nat. from +Eu.) + + +79. CNICUS, Tourn. COMMON or PLUMED THISTLE. + +Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, rarely +imperfectly dioecious. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre +imbricated in many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle +thickly clothed with soft bristles or hairs. Achenes oblong, flattish, +not ribbed; pappus of numerous bristles united into a ring at the base, +plumose to the middle, deciduous.--Herbs, mostly biennial, with sessile +alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, prickly. Heads usually large, +terminal. Flowers reddish-purple, rarely white or yellowish; in summer. +(Latin name of the Safflower, from the Greek [Greek: kne~kos].) + +[*] _Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles._ + +C. LANCEOLATUS, Hoffm. (COMMON THISTLE.) Leaves decurrent on the stem, +forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above, woolly +with deciduous webby hairs beneath, prickly; flowers purple. (Cirsium, +_Scop._)--Pastures and roadsides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from +Eu.) + +[*][*] _Heads leafy-bracteate at base_ (see also n. 8); _proper scales +not prickly._ + +1. C. horridulus, Pursh. (YELLOW THISTLE.) Stem stout (1--3 deg. high), +webby-haired when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth, +lanceolate, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with +yellowish prickles; heads (1--11/2' broad) surrounded by leaf-like and +very prickly bracts, which usually equal the narrow scales; flowers pale +yellow or purple. (Cirsium, _Michx._)--Sandy fields, Mass. to Va., and +southward, near the coast. + +[*][*][*] _Scales appressed, the inner not at all prickly._ + +[+] _Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above; outer scales +successively shorter, and tipped with short prickles._ + +2. C. Pitcheri, Torr. _White-woolly throughout_, low; stem very leafy; +_leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated, +sometimes again pinnatifid divisions_, with revolute margins; flowers +cream-color. (Cirsium, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan, +Huron, and Superior. + +3. C. undulatus, Gray. _White-woolly throughout_, low and stout, leafy; +_leaves lanceolate-oblong_, partly clasping, undivided, +_undulate-pinnatifid_, or rarely pinnately parted, moderately prickly; +flowers reddish-purple. (Cirsium, _Spreng._)--Islands of L. Huron to +Minn., Kan., and westward. The heads vary much in size. + +4. C. altissimus, Willd. Stem downy, branching (3--10 deg. high), _leafy +quite to the heads; leaves_ roughish-hairy above, whitened with close +wool beneath, _oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, undivided, +sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatifid, or twice pinnatifid_, the lobes or +teeth weakly prickly; heads 11/2--2' high; flowers chiefly purple. +(Cirsium, _Spreng._)--Fields and copses, Mass. to Minn., and southward. + +Var. discolor, Gray. Stem 2--6 deg. high; leaves nearly all deeply +pinnatifid into lanceolate or linear lobes. (Cirsium discolor, +_Spreng._)--Common; N. Eng. to Ill., and southward. + +5. C. Virginianus, Pursh. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly +branched (1--3 deg. high), the _branches or long peduncles naked; leaves +lanceolate_, green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with +prickly bristles, _entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed_, sometimes the +lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid; heads small; outer scales scarcely +prickly; flowers purple. (Cirsium, _Michx._)--Woods and plains, Va., +Ohio, and southward. + +[+][+] _Leaves green both sides, or only with loose cobwebby hairs +underneath; heads large; scales scarcely prickly-pointed._ + +6. C. muticus, Pursh. (SWAMP THISTLE.) _Stem tall_ (3--8 deg. high), angled, +smoothish, panicled at the summit; branches sparingly leafy, bearing +single or few rather large _heads; leaves_ somewhat hairy above, +whitened _with loose webby hairs beneath_ when young, _deeply +pinnatifid, the divisions lanceolate_, acute, cut-lobed, +prickly-pointed; _scales of the webby and glutinous_ (sometimes +glabrate) _involucre_ closely appressed, _pointless_ or barely +mucronate; flowers purple. (Cirsium, _Michx._)--Swamps and low woods; +common. + +7. C. pumilus, Torr. (PASTURE THISTLE.) _Stem low_ and stout (1--2 deg. +high), hairy, bearing 1--3 very large _heads_ (11/2' broad), which are +often _leafy-bracted_ at the base; _leaves green_, lanceolate-oblong, +partly clasping, _somewhat hairy, pinnatifid, with short and cut very +prickly-margined lobes; outer scales prickly-pointed_, the inner very +slender; flowers purple or rarely white (fragrant, 2' long). (Cirsium, +_Spreng._)--Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the coast. + +[*][*][*][*] _Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely +prickly-pointed; heads imperfectly dioecious, small and numerous._ + +C. ARVENSIS, Hoffm. (CANADA THISTLE.) Perennial, slender, 1--2 deg. high, +the roots extensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or +slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; flowers +rose-purple. (Cirsium, _Scop._)--Cultivated fields, pastures, and +roadsides, common; a most troublesome weed, extremely difficult to +eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +80. CARDUUS, Tourn. PLUMELESS THISTLE. + +Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. +Otherwise as in Cnicus. (The ancient Latin name.) + +C. NUTANS, L. (MUSK THISTLE.) Biennial; leaves decurrent, sinuate, +spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple.--Fields near +Harrisburg, Pa., _Prof. Porter_. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +81. ONOPORDON, Vaill. COTTON or SCOTCH THISTLE. + +Receptacle deeply honeycombed, not setose. Pappus not plumose. Otherwise +as Cnicus.--Coarse, branching annuals, or biennials, with the stems +winged by the decurrent base of the lobed and toothed somewhat prickly +leaves. Heads large; flowers purple. (The ancient Greek name of the +plant.) + +O. ACANTHIUM, L. Stem (2--4 deg. high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scales +linear-awl-shaped.--Roadsides and waste places in the Atlantic States; +rather rare. July--Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +82. CENTAUREA, L. STAR-THISTLE. + +Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger +(as it were radiate) and sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre ovoid or +globose, imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Achenes obovoid +or oblong, attached obliquely at or near the base; pappus setose or +partly chaffy or none.--Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. +(Named from the _Centaur_, Chiron, famous for his skill in healing.) + +[*] _Achenes terete, 10-dentate; pappus of 10 long bristles and 10 short +inner ones._ + +C. BENEDICTA, L. Low branching annual, with clasping scarcely pinnatifid +cut leaves, and large sessile leafy-bracted heads; flowers yellow. +(Cnicus benedictus, _L._)--Roadsides and waste grounds, S. Atlantic +States; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Achenes compressed or 4-angled; pappus very short or none._ + +C. CYANUS, L. (BLUEBOTTLE.) Scales of the globular involucre +fringe-margined; _false rays large_; pappus very short; _leaves linear, +entire_, or toothed at the base; root annual.--Roadsides, escaped from +gardens. July.--Flowers blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from +Eu.) + +C. NIGRA, L. (KNAPWEED.) Scales of the globular involucre appendaged, +and with a black pectinately ciliate fringe; _rays wanting_; pappus very +short; _leaves lanceolate_, entire, or the lower lyrate-toothed, rough; +root perennial.--Waste places, E. New Eng. Aug.--Flowers purple. (Adv. +from Eu.) + +C. CALCITRAPA, L. (STAR-THISTLE.) Stem diffusely much branched; _leaves +pinnately lobed_ or spinulose-toothed; heads sessile, the middle _scales +of the ovoid involucre spiny_; pappus none; flowers purple; root +annual.--Seaports, N. Y., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.) + +C. JACEA, L. Like the last; heads rather larger, the brownish +scale-appendages lacerate; rays conspicuous, palmate.--Charlotte, Vt. +(_Pringle_); near N. Y., etc., on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +83. LAMPSANA, Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT. + +Heads 8--12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in +one row. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong; pappus none.--Slender +branching annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled +small heads; flowers yellow. (The [Greek: lampsa/ne] of Dioscorides was +evidently a wild Mustard.) + +L. COMMUNIS, L. Nearly smooth, 1--2 deg. high; lower leaves ovate, sometimes +lyre-shaped.--Roadsides, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +84. KRIGIA, Schreber. DWARF DANDELION. + +Heads several--many-flowered. Involucral scales several, in about 2 +rows, thin. Achenes short and truncate, top-shaped or columnar, terete +or angled; pappus double, the outer of thin pointless chaffy scales, the +inner of delicate bristles.--Small herbs, branched from the base; the +leaves chiefly radical, lyrate or toothed; the small heads terminating +the naked scapes or branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after _D. Krieg_, +an early German botanical collector in this country.) + +Sec. 1. KRIGIA proper. _Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of 5--7 short +roundish chaff and as many alternating bristles. Annual._ + +1. K. Virginica, Willd. Stems or scapes several (1--10' high), becoming +branched and leafy; earlier leaves roundish and entire, the others +narrower and often pinnatifid.--New Eng. to Minn., and southward. +April--Aug. + +Sec. 2. CYNTHIA. _Achenes more slender; pappus of 10--15 small oblong chaff +and 15--20 bristles. Perennial._ + +2. K. Dandelion, Nutt. Roots slender, tuberiferous; _scapes leafless_, +6--18' high; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, +entire or few-lobed. (Cynthia, _DC._)--Moist ground, Md. to Ky., and +southward. March--July. + +3. K. amplexicaulis, Nutt. _Roots fibrous; stem-leaves 1--3_, oblong or +oval, clasping, mostly entire; the radical ones on short winged +petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid; peduncles 2--5. (Cynthia +Virginica, _Don._)--Moist banks, Conn. to Minn., and southward. +June.--Stem 1--2 deg. high. + + +85. CICHORIUM, Tourn. SUCCORY or CHICORY. + +Heads several-flowered. Involucre double, herbaceous, the inner of 8--10 +scales, the outer 5, short and spreading. Achenes striate; pappus of +numerous small chaffy scales, forming a short crown.--Branching +perennials, with deep roots; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary +and terminal. Flowers bright blue, varying to purple or pink, showy. +(Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.) + +C. INTYBUS, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the +lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches +minute.--Roadsides; N. Eng. to Iowa and Minn. July--Oct. (Nat. from +Eu.) + + +86. TRAGOPOGON, L. GOAT'S-BEARD. + +Heads many-flowered. Involucre simple, of several erect lanceolate +attenuate equal scales. Achenes narrowly fusiform, 5--10-ribbed, +long-beaked; pappus of numerous long-plumose bristles.--Stout glabrous +biennials or perennials, with entire grass-like clasping leaves and +large solitary heads of yellow or purple flowers. (Name from [Greek: +tra/gos], _goat_, and [Greek: po/gon], _beard_.) + +T. PORRIFOLIUS, L. (SALSIFY. OYSTER-PLANT.) Stem 2--3 deg. high; peduncle +thickened and fistulous below the head; flowers purple; achenes and +pappus 3' long.--Sparingly escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.) + +T. PRATENSIS, L. (GOAT'S-BEARD.) Very similar; leaves somewhat broader +at base; peduncle little thickened; flowers yellow.--Fields, etc., +N. Eng. to N. J. and Minn. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +87. LEONTODON, L., Juss. HAWKBIT. + +Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several +bractlets at the base. Achenes spindle-shaped, striate, all alike; +pappus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and +flattened toward the base.--Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or +pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes bearing one or more yellow heads. +(Name from [Greek: le/on], _a lion_, and [Greek: o)dou/s], _a tooth_, in +allusion to the toothed leaves.)--The following belongs to the subgenus +OPORINIA, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles. + +L. AUTUMNALIS, L. (FALL DANDELION.) Leaves laciniate-toothed or +pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent; scape branched, 5--15' high; peduncles +thickened at the summit, scaly-bracteate.--Meadows and roadsides; +N. Eng. to Penn. June--Nov. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +88. PICRIS, L. + +Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer scales loose or +spreading. Achenes terete, with 5--10 rugose ribs; pappus of 1 or 2 +rows of plumose bristles.--Coarse rough-bristly annuals or biennials, +with yellow flowers. (The Greek name of some allied bitter herb, from +[Greek: pikro/s], _bitter_.) + +P. HIERACIOIDES, L. Rather tall, corymbosely branched, the bristles +somewhat barbed at tip; leaves lanceolate or broader, clasping, +irregularly toothed; achenes oblong, with little or no beak.--Sparingly +introduced. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +89. HIERACIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED. + +Heads 12--many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes +short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked; pappus a single row of +tawny and fragile capillary rough bristles.--Hispid or hirsute and often +glandular perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or +panicled heads of mostly yellow flowers; summer and early autumn. (Name +from [Greek: i(e/rax], _a hawk_.) + +Sec. 1. _Involucre not much imbricate, scarcely calyculate; achenes oblong; +pappus not copious._ + +H. AURANTIACUM, L. Low, long-hirsute, above hispid and glandular, the +involucral hairs dark; leaves all near the base of the simple peduncle; +heads clustered; flowers deep orange to flame-color.--Roadsides and +fields; N. Eng. to N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.) + +H. PRAEALTUM, Vill. Glaucous, 2 deg. high, only the base and lanceolate +leaves hairy; heads in an open cyme; flowers yellow.--N. New York +(_Ward_). (Nat. from Eu.) + +Sec. 2. _Heads large; involucre irregularly imbricated; achenes columnar; +pappus copious, unequal._ + +H. MURORUM, L. Stem scape-like, low; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, +toothed toward the subcordate base; heads few, dark-glandular.--Open +woods near Brooklyn, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.) + +1. H. Canadense, Michx. Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at the summit +(1--3 deg. high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, +remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost +slightly clasping.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward. + +Sec. 3. _Heads small; involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated._ + +[*] _Achenes columnar, not attenuate upward when mature; panicle not +virgate._ + +2. H. paniculatum, L. _Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched_, hairy +only below (1--3 deg. high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly +toothed, smooth; _heads_ (very small) _in a loose panicle_, on slender +and diverging pedicels, _12--20-flowered; achenes short_.--Open woods; +rather common. + +3. H. venosum, L. (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.) Stem or _scape_ (1--2 deg. high) +_naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a +spreading loose corymb_; leaves all radical or near the base, obovate or +oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and +glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked above with +purple veins; pedicels very slender; involucre 12--35-flowered; _achenes +linear_.--Dry plains and pine woods; common from the Atlantic to Minn. +and Iowa. + +4. H. Marianum, Willd. _Somewhat leafy_, 2--3 deg. high, hairy below; leaves +obovate-oblong, narrowed below, _the radical petiolate, rarely +purplish-veiny_; heads 20--40-flowered in a very open cymose panicle, +_the slender inflorescence commonly whitish-tomentulose and sparingly +glandular-hispid_.--Open woods and clearings; R. I. to western N. Y., +and southward.--Var. SPATHULATUM, Gray, a mountain form with leaves all +or mainly radical and very hairy. On Two-top Mountain, Penn. + +5. H. scabrum, Michx. Stem rather stout (1--3 deg. high), leafy, +_rough-hairy_, the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather +corymbose; the thickish pedicels and the hoary 40--50-flowered involucre +densely clothed with dark glandular bristles; leaves obovate or oval, +nearly entire, hairy.--Dry open woods; common. + +[*][*] _Achenes tapering upward; heads 15--30-flowered in a narrow or +virgate panicle._ + +6. H. Gronovii, L. (HAIRY H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple (1--3 deg. +high), _leafy and very hairy below, naked above_ and forming a long and +narrow panicle; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy; slender +peduncles and involucre sparingly glandular-bristly; _achenes with a +very taper summit_.--Dry sterile soil; common, especially southward. + +7. H. longipilum, Torr. (LONG-BEARDED H.) Stem wand-like, simple, stout +(2--3 deg. high), _very leafy toward the base, naked above_, and bearing a +small racemed panicle; the lower portion and both sides of the +oblong-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves thickly _clothed with very +long and upright bristles_ (often 1' long); peduncles and involucre +glandular-bristly; _achenes narrowed at the apex_.--Prairies, Mich. to +Minn., and southwestward. + + +90. CREPIS, L. + +Involucre few--many-flowered, commonly of a single row of equal scales, +often becoming thickened at base. Pappus copious, white and soft. +Annuals or biennials, not pilose. Otherwise as Hieracium. (The Greek +name of some plant, from [Greek: krepi/s], _a sandal_.) + +C. BIENNIS, L. Somewhat pubescent, 2 deg. high, leafy; leaves +runcinate-pinnatifid; heads rather large, corymbose; achenes oblong, +glabrous.--Vt., Mass.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) + +C. TECTORUM, L. Slender, branching from the base, 1 deg. high; leaves +narrow, runcinate; heads small, in a loose panicle; achenes fusiform, +the ribs scabrous.--In fields, Lansing, Mich., and on ballast. (Nat. +from Eu.) + + +91. PRENANTHES, Vaill. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. + +Heads 5--30-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in +a single row, and a few small bractlets at base. Achenes short, +linear-oblong, striate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of +copious straw-color or brownish and rough capillary bristles.--Perennial +herbs, with upright leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely +bitter) tubers, very variable leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly +nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish, often tinged with +purple; late summer and autumn. Our species belong to the subgenus +_Nabalus_. The original European species has soft white pappus. (Name +from [Greek: prene/s], _drooping_, and [Greek: a)/nthe], _blossom_.) + +[*] _Heads rather broad, 25--35-flowered, in a corymbose panicle._ + +1. P. crepidinea, Michx. Somewhat smooth; stem stout (5--9 deg. high), +bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters; leaves large (6--12' +long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, strongly-toothed, +contracted into winged petioles; pappus brown. (Nabalus, _DC._)--Rich +soil, Penn. and western N. Y. to Minn., and southward.--Flowers +cream-color. + +[*][*] _Heads narrow, 8--15-flowered, in a long raceme-like or thyrsoid +inflorescence; stems simple; cauline leaves sessile; pappus +straw-color._ + +[+] _Inflorescence pubescent, strict; heads nearly erect, +12--15-flowered._ + +2. P. racemosa, Michx. Stem 2--5 deg. high, smooth and glaucous, as well as +the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves; the lower tapering +into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping; +heads in crowded clusters; flowers purplish. (Nabalus, _DC._)--Plains, +N. Maine to N. J., Mo., and northward.--Var. PINNATIFIDA, Gray, the +leaves all lyrately pinnatifid. Hackensack marshes, N. J. + +3. P. aspera, Michx. Stem 2--4 deg. high, rough-pubescent, as well as the +oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves; upper leaves not +clasping; heads in small clusters; flowers larger, cream-color. (Nabalus +asper, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Iowa, and +southward. + +[+][+] _Whole plant glabrous; heads nodding, 8--12-flowered; thyrse +looser._ + +4. P. virgata, Michx. (SLENDER RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Slightly glaucous; +stem 2--4 deg. high, prolonged into a naked and slender spiked raceme +(1{1/2}--2 deg. long); heads clustered and mostly unilateral; leaves +lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the +lower toothed or pinnatifid; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales. +(Nabalus, _DC._)--Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Va., and southward. + +5. P. Mainensis, Gray. Stem 2 deg. high, leafy; leaves as in n. 2, but the +radical ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short petiole; heads +persistently drooping on slender pedicels.--St. John's River, N. Maine +(_Pringle_). Perhaps a hybrid between n. 2 and 7. + +[*][*][*] _Heads 5--18-flowered, racemose or paniculate, commonly +pendulous; leaves variable, mostly petiolate, the lower cordate or +truncate or hastate at base._ + +[+] _Involucre cylindrical; scales scarious-margined, the outer very +short, appressed._ + +[++] _Pappus reddish-brown; stem tall, generally purplish._ + +6. P. alba, L. (WHITE LETTUCE. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth and glaucous +(2--4 deg. high); stem corymbose-panicled at the summit; leaves angulate or +triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed or 3--5-cleft, the uppermost +oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, +8--12-flowered. (Nabalus, _Hook_.)--Borders of rich woods; common, +especially northward. + +[++][++] _Pappus dirty straw-color or whitish; leaves very variable._ + +7. P. serpentaria, Pursh. (LION'S-FOOT. GALL-OF-THE-EARTH.) Nearly +smooth; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit, commonly 2 deg. high; leaves +mostly deltoid, roughish; the lower variously 3--7-lobed, on margined +petioles; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile; +involucre (greenish, rarely purplish, sometimes slightly bristly) of +about 8 scales, 8--12-flowered; flowers purplish, greenish white, or +cream-color. (Nabalus Fraseri, _DC._)--Dry sandy or sterile soil, +New Eng. to Va., and southward. + +Var. nana, Gray. Stem more simple and strict, 6--16' high, smooth and +glabrous; inflorescence contracted, the clusters often sessile in most +of the axils. (Nabalus nanus, _DC._)--Mountains of northern N. Eng. and +N. Y., and northeastward. + +8. P. altissima, L. Smooth; stem tall and slender (3--7 deg. high); the +heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and +wand-like leafy panicle; leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, +heart-shaped, or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or +winged petioles, or frequently 3--5-parted, with the divisions entire or +again cleft; involucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5--6-flowered. +(Nabalus, _Hook._)--Rich moist woods; N. Eng. to Minn., and southward in +the mountains to Ga. + +[+][+] _Involucre campanulate-oblong; secondary basal scales 2--3, +linear, loose._ + +9. P. Boottii, Gray. Stem simple, dwarf (5--6' high), pubescent at the +summit; the heads in an almost simple raceme; lowest leaves +halberd-shaped or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, +nearly entire, tapering into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) +10--18-flowered, the proper scales 10--15, very obtuse; pappus +straw-color.--Alpine region, mountains of Maine, N. H., and N. New York. + + +92. LYGODESMIA, Don. + +Heads and flowers (5--10) nearly as in Nabalus; the cylindrical +involucre more elongated, and the achenes long and slender, tapering at +the summit; pappus whitish.--Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials, +with single erect heads of rose-purple flowers terminating almost +leafless or rush-like stems or branches. (Name composed of [Greek: +ly/gos], _a pliant twig_, and [Greek: de/sme], _a bundle_, from the +fascicled twiggy or rush-like stems.) + +1. L. juncea, Don. Stems (1 deg. high) tufted, branched, striate; lower +leaves lance-linear, 1--2' long, rigid, the upper awl-shaped and minute; +heads 5-flowered.--St. Croix River, Wisc., to Kan., and westward. July. + + +93. TROXIMON, Nutt. + +Head large, solitary, many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre +ovate or lanceolate, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenes +smooth, 10-ribbed, with distinct beak or none, pappus longer +than the achene, white, of copious and unequal rigid capillary +bristles.--Perennial scapose herbs, with elongated linear tufted +root-leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name probably from [Greek: tro/go], +_to chew_, of no obvious application.) + +1. T. cuspidatum, Pursh. Scape 1 deg. high, from a thickened caudex, leaves +lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a sharp point, entire, woolly on the +margins; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-pointed, achene +beakless.--Prairies, Wisc., N. Ill., and westward. April, May. + +2. T. glaucum, Nutt. Scape 1--2 deg. high; leaves linear to lanceolate, +entire to dentate or laciniate; head often pubescent or villous; achene +long-beaked.--Minn. to Neb. and southwestward. + + +94. TARAXACUM, Haller. DANDELION. + +Head many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape. Involucre +double, the outer of short scales; the inner of long linear scales, +erect in a single row. Achenes oblong-ovate to fusiform, 4--5-ribbed, +the ribs roughened, the apex prolonged into a very slender beak, bearing +the copious soft and white capillary pappus.--Perennials or biennials; +leaves radical, pinnatifid or runcinate; flowers yellow. (Name from +[Greek: tara/sso], _to disquiet_ or _disorder_, in allusion to medicinal +properties.) + +T. OFFICINALE, Weber. (COMMON DANDELION.) Smooth, or at first pubescent; +outer involucre reflexed. (T. Dens-leonis, _Desf._)--Pastures and fields +everywhere. Indigenous forms occur northward and in the Rocky Mountains. +April--Sept.--After blossoming, the inner involucre closes, and the +slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit is +forming; the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the +naked fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.) + + +95. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. FALSE DANDELION. + +Heads, etc., nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft pappus reddish or +rusty-color, and surrounded at base by a soft-villous ring.--Mostly +annual or biennial herbs, scapose or often branching and leafy below. +Heads solitary, terminating the naked summit of the stem or branches. +Flowers deep yellow. (Name composed of [Greek: pyr)r(o/s], +_flame-colored_, and [Greek: pappo/s], pappus.) + +1. P. Carolinianus, DC. Annual or biennial, stem branching (1--2 deg. high); +leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves +partly clasping.--Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April--July. + +2. P. scaposus, DC. Low, scapose, perennial by roundish tubers; leaves +all radical, pinnatifid.--Prairies; Kan. to Tex. + + +96. CHONDRILLA, Tourn. + +Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear +equal scales, and a row of small bractlets at base. Achenes terete, +several-ribbed, smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly +projections, from among which springs an abrupt slender beak; pappus of +copious very fine and soft capillary bristles, bright white.--Herbs of +the Old World, with wand-like branching stems, and small heads of yellow +flowers. (A name of Dioscorides for some plant which exudes a gum.) + +C. JUNCEA, L. Biennial, bristly-hairy below, smooth above (1--3 deg. high); +root-leaves runcinate; stem-leaves few and small, linear; heads +scattered on nearly leafless branches, 6--8'' long.--Fields and +roadsides, abundant in Md. and northern Va. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +97. LACTUCA, Tourn. LETTUCE. + +Heads several--many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or in fruit conical; +scales imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenes flat +(obcompressed, parallel to the scales), abruptly contracted into a beak, +which is dilated at the apex, bearing a copious and fugacious +very soft and white capillary pappus, its bristles falling +separately.--Leafy-stemmed herbs, with panicled heads; flowers of +variable color, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the +Lettuce, _L. sativa_; from _lac_, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.) + +Sec. 1. SCARIOLA. _Achenes very flat, orbicular to oblong, 1-nerved on each +face, with a filiform beak; biennial or annual; cauline leaves +sagittate-clasping._ + +L. SCARIOLA, L. (PRICKLY LETTUCE.) Stem below sparsely prickly-bristly, +as also the midrib on the lower face of the oblong or lanceolate +spinulose-denticulate vertical leaves; panicle narrow; heads small, +6--12-flowered; achenes striate.--Waste grounds and roadsides, Atlantic +States to Mo. and Minn. (Adv. from Eu.) + +1. L. Canadensis, L. (WILD LETTUCE.) Mostly tall (4--9 deg. high), very +leafy, smooth or nearly so, glaucous; leaves 6--12' long, pale beneath, +mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, the upper lanceolate and entire (rarely all +but the lower narrow and entire); heads about 20-flowered, 3--6'' long, +numerous, in long and narrow or diffuse panicles; flowers pale yellow; +achene oval, rather longer than the beak.--Rich damp soil, borders of +fields or thickets; common. + +2. L. integrifolia, Bigel. Less leafy, 3--4 deg. high, loosely branched +above or heads loosely panicled; leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate, +pointed, denticulate or entire; flowers yellow or purplish. (L. +Canadensis, var. integrifolia, _Torr. & Gray_.)--N. Eng. to Ill., and +southward. + +3. L. hirsuta, Muhl. Rather few-leaved, 2--3 deg. high, commonly hirsute at +base; leaves hirsute both sides or only on the midrib, mostly +runcinate-pinnatifid; heads in a loose open panicle; achenes +oblong-oval, about as long as the beak; flowers yellow-purple, rarely +whitish. (L. Canadensis, var. sanguinea, _Torr. & Gray_.)--E. Mass. to +Minn., and southward. + +4. L. Ludoviciana, DC. Glabrous, leafy, 2--5 deg. high; leaves oblong, +sinuate-pinnatifid and spinulosely dentate, ciliate; heads in an open +panicle; involucre more imbricate; flowers yellow.--Minn., Iowa, and +southwestward. + +Sec. 2. LACTUCASTRUM. _Achenes flat, lanceolate-oblong, tapering to a short +slender beak; perennial; flowers blue._ + +5. L. pulchella, DC. Pale or glaucous; stem simple, 1--2 deg. high; leaves +sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower +runcinate-pinnatifid; heads few and large, racemose, erect on +scaly-bracted peduncles; involucral scales imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks. +(Mulgedium, _Nutt._)--Upper Mich. to Minn.; common on the plains +westward. + +Sec. 3. MULGEDIUM. _Achenes thickish, oblong, contracted into a short thick +beak or neck; annual or biennial; flowers chiefly blue._ + +6. L. acuminata, Gray. Tall biennial (3--7 deg. high), with many small heads +in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles; leaves ovate to +oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, +sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted into a winged petiole, +the lowest occasionally sinuate or cleft at base, and the cauline +sagittate or hastate; achenes beakless; pappus white. (Mulgedium, +_DC._)--Borders of woods, N. Y. to Ill. and Fla. + +7. L. Floridana, Gaertn. Leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the upper often +with a heart-shaped clasping base; panicle larger; achenes distinctly +beaked; otherwise as n. 7.--Rich soil, Penn. to Ill., and southward. + +8. L. leucophaea, Gray. Nearly smooth biennial; stem tall (3--12 deg. high), +very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely +toothed, the upper cauline sessile and auriculate, sometimes clasping; +heads in a large and dense compound panicle; flowers bluish to +cream-color; achene short-beaked; pappus tawny. (Mulgedium, _DC._)--Low +grounds; rather common.--Var. INTEGRIFOLIA, Gray. Leaves undivided, or +the lower sinuate-pinnatifid. Ohio to Ill. + + +98. SONCHUS, L. SOW-THISTLE. + +Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less +imbricated. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked; pappus +copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly falling +together.--Leafy-stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with +corymbed or umbellate heads of yellow flowers; produced in summer and +autumn. (The ancient Greek name.) + +[*] _Annual (1--5 deg. high); flowers pale yellow._ + +S. OLERACEUS, L. (COMMON SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, +or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by +a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute; involucre downy when young; +achenes striate, also wrinkled transversely.--Waste places in manured +soil and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) + +S. ASPER, Vill. (SPINY-LEAVED S.) Stem leaves less divided and more +spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded; achenes +margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth.--With and like the last. (Nat. +from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Perennial, with creeping rootstocks; flowers bright yellow, in +large heads._ + +S. ARVENSIS, L. (FIELD S.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, +clasping by a heart-shaped base; peduncles and involucre bristly; +achenes transversely wrinkled on the ribs.--Roadsides, etc., N. Eng. and +N. Y.; becoming more common. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +ORDER 56. LOBELIACEAE. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) + +_Herbs with acrid milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, +an irregular monopetalous 5-lobed corolla, the 5 stamens free from the +corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always +by their anthers._--Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1; +stigma often fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in +copious albumen.--Nearly passing into the following order. + + +1. LOBELIA, L. + +Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split +down on the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip of +2 rather erect lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the +anthers in our species bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, +opening at the top.--Flowers axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes, in +summer and early autumn. (Dedicated to _Matthias De l'Obel_, an early +Flemish herbalist.) + +[*] _Flowers deep red, large; stem simple._ + +1. L. cardinalis, L. (CARDINAL-FLOWER.) Tall (2--4 deg. high), smoothish; +leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed; raceme elongated, rather +1-sided; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts.--Low +grounds, common.--Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy +intensely red flowers, varying rarely to rose-color or even white. +Hybrids with the next species also occur. + +[*][*] _Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white._ + +[+] _Flowers rather large (corolla-tube 5--6'' long), spicate-racemose; +stems leafy, 1--3 deg. high; perennial._ + +[++] _Leaves ovate to lanceolate, numerous; lip of corolla glabrous._ + +2. L. syphilitica, L. (GREAT LOBELIA.) _Somewhat hairy; leaves thin, +acute at both ends_ (2--6' long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly +1' long) pedicelled, longer than the leafy bracts; calyx hirsute, the +_sinuses with conspicuous deflexed auricles_, the short _tube +hemispherical_.--Low grounds, common.--Flowers light blue, rarely white. + +3. L. puberula, Michx. _Finely soft-pubescent; leaves thickish, obtuse_ +(1--2' long), with small glandular teeth; spike rather 1-sided; bracts +ovate; _sinuses of the calyx with short and rounded or often +inconspicuous auricles, the hairy tube top-shaped_.--Moist sandy +grounds, N. J. to Iowa, and south to Tex. and Fla.--Corolla bright +blue, 1/2' long. + +4. L. amoena, Michx. _Glabrous_ or nearly so; raceme virgate; leaves +narrower; bracts lanceolate or linear, often glandular-denticulate; +calyx-lobes long and very slender, usually without auricles, the tube +glabrous.--S. Atlantic States, in swamps.--Var. GLANDULIFERA, Gray; a +slender form with secund raceme, oval to lance-oblong obtuse +gland-toothed leaves, and the bracts and calyx-teeth beset with slender +gland-tipped teeth. S. Va. and southward. + +[++][++] _Leaves long and narrow, sparse above; lip of corolla pubescent +at base._ + +5. L. glandulosa, Walt. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; leaves, +bracts, and usually the lobes of the calyx, strongly glandular-toothed; +calyx-tube densely hispid, rarely sparsely so or smoothish, the sinuses +not auriculate.--Pine-barren swamps, S. Va. to Fla. + +[+][+] _Flowers smaller (corolla-tube not more than 2--3'' long)._ + +[++] _Stem leafy, mostly simple, continued into an elongated virgate +spike-like raceme; leaves lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or +repand._ + +6. L. leptostachys, A. DC. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate, +oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts; +calyx-lobes nearly equalling the corolla, with 10 _reflexed awl-shaped +appendages as long as the hemispherical tube_.--Sandy soil, Ohio to Ill. +and Mo.; also Va. to Ga. + +7. L. spicata, Lam. Stem slender, _strict_ (1--4 deg. high) from a biennial +(?) root, below and the barely denticulate leaves minutely pubescent; +lower and root-leaves obovate or spatulate, the upper reduced to linear +or club-shaped bracts; calyx-tube short, obconical or becoming almost +hemispherical, _sinuses not appendaged_.--Moist or dry, mostly gravelly +or sandy soil, N. New Eng. to Sask., south to Ark. and La. Fl. through +summer.--Var. PARVIFLORA, Gray, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly +subulate, and pale corolla but 3'' long. Swamps, Lancaster, Penn. +(_Porter_); beginning to flower in June.--Var. HIRTELLA, Gray; with +somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely hirsute-ciliate bracts and +calyx-lobes. Chiefly toward and beyond the Mississippi. + +[++][++] _Stem leafy, often paniculately branched; flowers loosely +racemose; sinuses of calyx not appendaged; annual or biennial._ + +[=] _Leaves chiefly linear, entire or denticulate; pod not inflated._ + +8. L. Canbyi, Gray. Stem strict (1--2 deg. high), minutely angled; _pedicels +shorter than the bracts and flowers_, minutely roughened under a lens; +_bractlets none; calyx-tube top-shaped, acute at base, only half the +length of the lobes_ (which, with the linear leaves, are sparsely +glandular-denticulate), in fruit becoming oblong, covering the whole +pod; corolla deep blue (fully 5'' long), more or less _bearded in the +throat_.--Wet places, N. J., Del., and S. C. + +9. L. Kalmii, L. Stem mostly low (4--18' high), minutely angled; +_pedicels filiform, not exceeding_ the linear or setaceous _bracts but +as long as the flower, minutely 2-bracteolate or 2-glandular above the +middle; calyx-tube top-shaped or obovoid_, fully half the length of the +lobes, in fruit rather longer than they, covering the whole pod, corolla +light blue, 4--5'' long.--Wet limestone rocks and banks, N. Eng. to +L. Winnipeg, south to Penn., Ind., and Minn. + +10. L. Nuttallii, Roem. & Schult. Stem very slender (1--2 deg. high), +terete; _pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the +flower_, usually with very minute bractlets near the base; _calyx-tube +very short, depressed-hemispherical in fruit_, the globular pod half +free; corolla pale blue, barely 3'' long.--Sandy swamps, N. J. and Penn. +to Ga. + +[=][=] _Leaves ovate or oblong, obtusely toothed; pod inflated, wholly +inferior._ + +11. L. inflata, L. (INDIAN TOBACCO.) Stems paniculately much branched +from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (1--2 deg. high); leaves +gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which exceed the lower +short-pedicelled flowers; calyx-tube ovoid.--Dry open fields.--Corolla +only 11/2--2'' long. Plant poisonous and a noted quack medicine. + +[++][++][++] _Stem scape-like, mostly simple, hollow; leaves fleshy; +fibrous-rooted perennials, very glabrous, mostly aquatic, with pale blue +or whitish flowers._ + +12. L. paludosa, Nutt. Nearly smooth; stem slender (1--4 deg. high); _leaves +flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate_ or oblong-linear, +glandular-denticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of +corolla bearded in the middle; calyx-tube about half the length of the +short lobes, hemispherical in fruit.--In water (but foliage emerged), +Del. to Fla. and La. + +13. L. Dortmanna, L. (WATER LOBELIA.) Very smooth; _scape thickish_ +(5--12' high), _few-flowered; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, +terete, hollow_, with a partition lengthwise; lower lip of corolla +slightly hairy; calyx-tube about as long as the lobes, in fruit much +longer.--Borders of ponds (often immersed), N. Eng. to N. Penn., +L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.) + + +ORDER 57. CAMPANULACEAE. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers; calyx +adherent to the ovary; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate +in the bud; the 5 stamens usually free from the corolla and +distinct._--Style 1, usually beset with collecting hairs above; stigmas +2 or more. Capsule 2--several-celled, many-seeded. Seed small, +anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. Flowers generally +blue and showy. + + +1. SPECULARIA, Heister. VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS. + +Calyx 5- (or 3--4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, +separate; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. +Stigmas 3. Capsule prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by +3 small lateral valves.--Low annuals, with axillary blue or purplish +flowers, in American species dimorphous, the earlier being +cleistogamous. (Name from _Speculum Veneris_, the early name of the +common European species.) + +1. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Somewhat hairy (3--20' high); _leaves roundish +or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base_, toothed; flowers sessile, +solitary or 2--3 together in the axils, only the upper or later ones +having a conspicuous and expanding corolla; _capsule oblong, short, +straight, opening rather below the middle_; seeds lenticular.--Sterile +open ground; common. May--Aug. + +2. S. leptocarpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous (6--12' +high); _leaves lanceolate_, with flowers closely sessile in their axils; +calyx-lobes of lower flowers 3; _capsule nearly cylindrical (6--9'' +long, 1'' thick), inclined to curve, opening by one or two uplifted +valves near the summit_; seeds oblong.--W. Mo. and Ark. to Col. and +W. Tex. Expanded corolla 6--9'' wide. + + +2. CAMPANULA, Tourn. BELLFLOWER. + +Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, +separate; the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and +cells of the capsule 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the +sides by as many valves or holes.--Herbs, with terminal or axillary +flowers; in summer. (A diminutive of the Italian _campana_, a bell, from +the shape of the corolla.) + +[*] _Style straight; openings of capsule below the middle._ + +[+] _Coarse pubescent many-flowered European species, sparingly +naturalized; perennial._ + +C. RAPUNCULOIDES, L. Smoothish, slender, erect; stem-leaves +ovate-lanceolate, pointed, the lower long-petioled and heart-shaped; +flowers nodding, single in the axil of bracts, forming racemes; corolla +oblong, 1' long.--Roadsides and fields, Canada and N. Eng. to Penn. + +C. GLOMERATA, L. (CLUSTERED B.) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect, 1 deg. +high; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping; flowers +sessile, clustered in the upper axils, forming a leafy head; corolla +open-bell-shaped, 1' long.--Roadsides, E. Mass. + +[+][+] _Slender perennials, mostly glabrous; flowers one or few, on +slender peduncles._ + +1. C. rotundifolia, L. (HAREBELL.) Slender, branching (5--12' high), +1--10-flowered; _root-leaves round-heart-shaped_ or ovate, mostly +toothed or crenate, long-petioled, early withering away; _stem-leaves_ +numerous, _linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire, smooth; calyx-lobes +awl-shaped_, from {1/3} to {2/3} the length of the bright-blue corolla +(which is 6--9'' long); _capsule nodding_.--Rocky shaded banks, +throughout the northern part of our range, and southward in the +mountains.--A delicate and pretty species, but with a most inappropriate +name, since the round root-leaves are rarely obvious. (Eu.) + +Var. arctica, Lange. Stems more upright and rather rigid; lowest leaves +spatulate; the very slender calyx-lobes soon spreading or deflexed; +corolla {2/3}--1' long. (C. rotundifolia, var. linifolia, _of +Man_.)--Shores of the Great Lakes, and northward. (Eu.) + +Var. velutina, DC., has the whole herbage canescently +pubescent.--Sand-hills of Burt Lake, Mich. (_E. J. Hill_). + +2. C. aparinoides, Pursh. (MARSH BELLFLOWER.) _Stem simple and slender, +weak_ (8--20' high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, _rough backward on +the angles, as are the_ slightly toothed _edges and midrib of the +linear-lanceolate leaves; peduncles diverging_, slender; _lobes of the +calyx triangular_, half the length of the bell-shaped nearly white +corolla; _capsule erect_.--Wet grassy grounds, throughout our range. +With somewhat the habit of a Galium. + +3. C. divaricata, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1--3 deg. +high); _leaves oblong-lanceolate_, pointed at both ends, _coarsely and +sharply toothed; flowers numerous_ on the branches of the large compound +panicle; _calyx-lobes awl-shaped_, about half the length of the +pale-blue small corolla (3'' long); style exserted.--Dry woods and +rocks, mountains of Va., E. Ky., and southward. + +[*][*] _Style declined and upwardly curved, much longer than the rotate +corolla; openings of the capsule close to the summit; inflorescence +spicate._ + +4. C. Americana, L. (TALL BELLFLOWER.) Annual; stem mostly simple (3--6 deg. +high); leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly +on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (21/2--6' long); spike 1--2 deg. +long; corolla light blue, 1' broad.--Moist rich soil, western N. Y. to +Minn., south to Ga. and Ark. + + +ORDER 58. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) + +_Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so; stamens +as many or twice as many as the 4--5-lobed or 4--5-petalled corolla, +free from but inserted with it; anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged, +or opening by terminal chinks or pores, introrse_ (except in Suborder +3); _style 1; ovary 3--10-celled_. Pollen compound, of 4 united grains +(except in Suborder 4). Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or +sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen.--A large family, very various in +many of the characters, comprising four well-marked suborders, as +follows:-- + +SUBORDER I. Vaccinieae. (WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY.) Calyx-tube adherent to the +ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-like fruit, crowned with the +short calyx-teeth. Anther-cells opening at the apex.--Shrubs or somewhat +woody plants, with scaly buds. + +1. Gaylussacia. Ovary 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit +a berried drupe with 10 small seed-like nutlets. + +2. Vaccinium. Berry 4--5-celled (or imperfectly 8--10-celled by false +partitions), many-seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube. + +3. Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells +not prolonged into a tube, but each 2-pointed. Slender trailing +evergreen. + +SUBORDER II. Ericineae. (HEATH FAMILY proper.) Calyx free from the ovary. +Corolla monopetalous, rarely polypetalous, hypogynous.--Shrubs or small +trees. + +Tribe I. ARBUTEAE. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla +deciduous. + +4. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5--10-seeded. + +Tribe II. ANDROMEDEAE. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (berry-like in n. 6). +Corolla deciduous. + +[*] Anther cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged. + +5. Epigaea. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed +sepals. + +[*][*] Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped. + +[+] Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit. + +6. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the capsule. Anthers +4-awned at top. + +[+][+] Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering. + +[++] Corolla urceolate to cylindrical, 5-toothed; not heath-like. + +7. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open, naked. Capsule +globular. Seeds mostly hanging on the central placenta. + +8. Oxydendrum. Calyx short, early open, naked. Capsule oblong-pyramidal. +Seeds all ascending. A small tree. + +9. Leucothoe. Calyx slightly or much imbricated, naked or bibracteate. +Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire. + +10. Cassandra. Calyx of rigid imbricated ovate sepals, bibracteate. +Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule splitting when ripe into an outer and +inner layer, the inner of 10 valves. + +[++][++] Corolla campanulate, 4--5-lobed or -parted; heath-like, with +acerose imbricated leaves. + +11. Cassiope. Calyx of ovate imbricated sepals. Capsule globular-ovoid, +4--5-valved, the valves 2-cleft. + +Tribe III. ERICEAE. Corolla persistent, becoming scarious. Capsule +septicidal. + +12. Calluna. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted. Leaves minute, opposite, +imbricate. + +Tribe IV. RHODODENDREAE. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous. + +[*] Anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top. + +[+] Flowers not from scaly buds; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous. + +13. Bryanthus. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and +heath-like. + +14. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches +receiving as many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear. + +[+][+] Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts +caducous. + +15. Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. +Leaves deciduous. + +16. Rhododendron. Flowers usually 5-merous. Corolla bell-shaped or +funnel-form, lobed or parted, often somewhat irregular. Leaves deciduous +or evergreen. + +17. Ledum. Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5--10. +Leaves evergreen. + +[*][*] Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales +firm and persistent. + +18. Leiophyllum. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted. + +19. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included. + +SUBORDER III. Pyroleae. (PYROLA FAMILY.) Calyx free from the ovary. +Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse in the bud, opening by pores at +the base (inverted in the flower). Seeds with a loose and translucent +cellular coat much larger than the nucleus. + +Tribe I. CLETHREAE. Shrubs or trees, with deciduous foliage (in ours). +Pollen-grains simple. Capsule 3-celled. + +20. Clethra. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex. + +Tribe II. PYROLEAE. Herbs or nearly so, with evergreen foliage. +Pollen-grains compound. Capsules 5- (rarely 4-) celled. + +21. Chimaphila. Stems leafy. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely +spreading. Style very short and top-shaped. Valves of the capsule +smooth on the edges. + +22. Moneses. Scape 1-flowered. Petals widely spreading. Style straight, +exserted; stigma 5-rayed. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges. + +23. Pyrola. Acaulescent. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely +spreading. Filaments awl-shaped. Style long. Valves of the capsule +cobwebby on the edges. + +SUBORDER IV. Monotropeae. (INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY.) Flowers nearly as in +Suborders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root-parasitic, entirely +destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech-drops. Seeds +as in Suborder 3. + +[*] Corolla monopetalous; anthers 2-celled. + +24. Pterospora. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed; anthers 2-awned on the back, +opening lengthwise. + +25. Schweinitzia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed; anthers opening +at the top. + +[*][*] Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals; calyx imperfect or bract-like. + +26. Monotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the +top. + + +1. GAYLUSSACIA, HBK. HUCKLEBERRY. + +Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10; +anthers awnless; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, +opening by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 10 +seed-like nutlets.--Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, +commonly sprinkled with resinous dots; the flowers (white tinged with +purple or red) in lateral and bracted racemes. (Named for the +distinguished chemist, _Gay-Lussac_.) + +[*] _Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, not resinous-dotted._ + +1. G. brachycera, Gray. (BOX-HUCKLEBERRY.) Very smooth (1 deg. high); leaves +oval, finely crenate-toothed; racemes short and nearly sessile; pedicels +very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped.--Wooded hills, Perry Co., +Penn., to Del. and Va. May.--Leaves resembling those of the Box. + +[*][*] _Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous +or waxy atoms._ + +2. G. dumosa, Torr. & Gray. (DWARF HUCKLEBERRY.) _Somewhat hairy_ and +glandular, low (1--5 deg. high from a creeping base), bushy; _leaves_ +obovate-oblong, _mucronate, green both sides_, rather thick and shining +when old; racemes elongated; _bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as +long as the pedicels; ovary bristly or glandular_; corolla bell-shaped, +fruit black (insipid).--Var. HIRTELLA has the young branchlets, racemes, +and often the leaves hairy.--Sandy swamps, Newf., along the coast to +Fla. and La.; the var. chiefly southward. June. + +3. G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray. (BLUE TANGLE. DANGLEBERRY.) _Smooth_ +(3--6 deg. high); branches slender and divergent; _leaves_ obovate-oblong, +blunt, _pale, glaucous beneath_; racemes slender, loose, _bracts oblong +or linear, deciduous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels_; +corolla globular-bell-shaped; fruit dark blue with a white bloom (sweet +and edible).--Low copses, coast of N. Eng. and mountains of Penn. to +Ky., south to La. and Fla. May, June. + +4. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray. (BLACK HUCKLEBERRY.) Much branched, rigid, +_slightly pubescent_ when young (1--3 deg. high), _leaves_ oval, +oblong-ovate or oblong, thickly clothed and at first _clammy, as well as +the flowers, with shining resinous globules_, racemes short, clustered, +one-sided; pedicels about the length of the flowers; _bracts and +bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous_, corolla ovoid-conical, or at +length cylindrical with an open mouth; fruit black, without bloom +(pleasant, very rarely white).--Rocky woodlands and swamps, Newf. to +Minn., south to N. Ga. May, June.--The common _Huckleberry_ of the +markets. + + +2. VACCINIUM, L. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY. CRANBERRY. + +Corolla various in shape; the limb 4--5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or +10; anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate and +prolonged upward into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry +4--5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8--10-celled by a false partition +stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta.--Shrubs with +solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers; the corolla white or reddish. +(Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.) + +Sec. 1. BATODENDRON. _Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed; anthers with long +tubes, and 2-awned on the back; berry (hardly edible) spuriously +10-celled; leaves deciduous but firm; flowers solitary or in +leafy-bracted racemes, slender-pedicelled._ + +1. V. arboreum, Marshall. (FARKLE-BERRY.) _Tall_ (6--25 deg. high), +smoothish; leaves obovate to oblong, entire or denticulate, mucronate, +bright green, shining above, at the south evergreen; _corolla white; +anthers included_; berries black, globose, small, many-seeded.--Sandy +soil, S. Ill. to Tex., Fla., and N. C. + +2. V. stamineum, L. (DEERBERRY. SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY.) Diffusely branched +(2--3 deg. high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, glaucous +or whitish underneath; _corolla greenish-white or purplish; anthers much +exserted_; berries greenish or yellowish, globular or pear-shaped, +large, few-seeded.--Dry woods, Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La. + +Sec. 2. CYANOCOCCUS. (BLUEBERRIES.) _Corolla cylindraceous to campanulate, +5-toothed; filaments hairy; anthers included, awnless; berry (sweet and +edible) blue or black with bloom, completely or incompletely 10-celled; +flowers in fascicles or short racemes, short-pedicelled, appearing from +large scaly buds with or before the leaves._ + +[*] _Corolla cylindraceous when developed._ + +3. V. virgatum, Ait. Low, more or less pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong to +cuneate-lanceolate, usually acute and minutely serrulate, thinnish, +shining at least above; flower-clusters sometimes virgate on naked +branches; corolla rose-color; berry black.--In swamps, south of our +range, but represented by + +Var. tenellum, Gray. Low form, mostly small-leaved, with smaller nearly +white flowers in shorter or closer clusters.--Va. to Ark., and +southward. + +[*][*] _Corolla shorter and broader._ (BLUEBERRIES or BLUE +HUCKLEBERRIES.) + +4. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. (DWARF BLUEBERRY.) Dwarf (6--15' high), +smooth, with green warty stems and branches; _leaves lanceolate or +oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, smooth and +shining both sides_ (or sometimes downy on the midrib underneath); +corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped; berries bluish-black and +glaucous.--Dry hills, N. J. to Ill., north to Newf. and Sask. The lowest +and earliest ripened of the blueberries.--Var. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Gray; a +dwarfer high-mountain or northern form, with narrower lanceolate +leaves.--White Mts. of N. H., Newf., and far northward. + +5. V. Canadense, Kalm. Low (1--2 deg. high); _leaves oblong-lanceolate or +elliptical, entire, downy both sides_, as well as the crowded +branchlets; corolla shorter; otherwise as the last.--Swamps or moist +woods, N. New Eng. to mountains of Penn., Ill., Minn., and northward. + +6. V. vacillans, Solander. (LOW BLUEBERRY.) _Low_ (1--21/2 deg. high), +_glabrous_, with yellowish-green branchlets; _leaves obovate or oval, +very pale or dull, glaucous_, at least underneath, minutely +ciliolate-serrulate or entire; corolla between bell-shaped and +cylindraceous, the mouth somewhat contracted.--Dry places, especially in +sandy soil, New Eng. to Mich. and Iowa, south to N. C. and Mo.--Berries +ripening later than those of n. 4. + +7. V. corymbosum, L. (COMMON or SWAMP-BLUEBERRY.) _Tall_ (5--10 deg. high); +_leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate_; corolla varying +from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical, +3--4'' long.--Swamps and low thickets, throughout our range and +southward. This yields the common _blueberry_ or _blue huckleberry_ of +the latter part of the season. The typical form has leaves with naked +entire margins, and may be pubescent or glabrous (var. GLABRUM, _Gray_, +Man.) Numerous gradations unite the following varieties:-- + +Var. amoenum, Gray. Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both +sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins.--Middle Atlantic States. + +Var. pallidum, Gray. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous +especially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth.--Common in the +Alleghanies southward, mostly on the higher ridges. + +Var. atrococcum, Gray. The most distinct form; leaves entire, downy or +woolly underneath even when old, as also the branchlets; berries +smaller, black, without bloom.--New Eng. to Penn. + +Sec. 3. VACCINIUM proper. (BILBERRIES.) _Corolla ovate to globular, +4--5-toothed; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-awned on the back, included; +berry 4--5-celled; leaves deciduous; flowers on drooping pedicels, +solitary or few together, appearing with or after the leaves; mostly +glabrous._ + +[*] _Parts of the flower mostly in fours; stamens 8._ + +8. V. uliginosum, L. (BOG BILBERRY.) Low and spreading (4'--2 deg. high), +tufted; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly +pubescent underneath; flowers single or 2--3 together from a scaly bud, +almost sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped; berries black with a bloom, +sweet.--Alpine tops of the high mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., shore of +L. Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Parts of the flower in fives; stamens 10; leaves membranaceous; +flowers solitary on short axillary peduncles, nodding._ + +9. V. caespitosum, Michx. Dwarf (3--6' high), tufted, _leaves obovate_, +narrowed at the base, smooth and _shining, serrate; corolla oblong_, +slightly urn-shaped; berries blue.--Alpine region of the White Mts., and +high northward.--Var. CUNEIFOLIUM, Nutt., is a foot high or less, +bushy, with cuneate-spatulate leaves rounded at the apex, passing in one +form to spatulate-lanceolate and acute.--Shores of L. Superior and +westward. + +10. V. myrtilloides, Hook. More erect, 1--5 deg. high; branchlets somewhat +angled; _leaves mostly ovate and acute or pointed_, sharply and closely +_serrulate, bright green_, nearly smooth; border of the calyx almost +entire; _corolla depressed-globular_, rather large; berries large, +black, rather acid.--Damp woods, shores of L. Superior, and +northwestward. May, June.--Pedicels 3--6'' long, drooping in flower, +erect in fruit. + +11. V. ovalifolium, Smith. Straggling, 2--12 deg. high; _leaves elliptical, +obtuse, nearly entire, pale_, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth; _corolla +ovoid_; berries blue.--Peat-bogs, shores of L. Superior, and +northwestward. May. + +Sec. 4. VITIS-IDAEA. _Corolla, berry, etc., as in Sec. 3; filaments hairy; +anthers awnless; leaves coriaceous and persistent; flowers in clusters +from separate buds, 4-merous (in our species); mostly glabrous; leaves +3--6'' long._ + +12. V. Vitis-Idaea, L. (COWBERRY. MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY. FOXBERRY.) Low +(6--10' high); branches erect from tufted creeping stems; leaves obovate +with revolute margins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted with +blackish bristly points underneath; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft; +berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, edible when cooked. Coast and +mountains of N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Superior, and far northward. +June. (Eu.) + +Sec. 5. OXYCOCCUS. _Corolla deeply 4-parted or -cleft, with linear reflexed +lobes; anthers exserted, awnless, with very long terminal tubes; berry +4-celled; flowers axillary or terminal, nodding on long filiform +pedicels._ + +[*] _Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries; +flowers axillary and solitary; corolla deeply 4-cleft; berries light +red, turning purple, insipid._ + +13. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1--4 deg. high); +leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin.--Damp +woods, higher Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July. + +[*][*] _Stems very slender, creeping or trailing; leaves small, entire, +whitened beneath, evergreen; pedicels erect, the pale rose-colored +flower nodding; corolla 4-parted; berries red, acid._--CRANBERRIES. + +14. V. Oxycoccus, L. (SMALL CRANBERRY.) Stems very slender (4--9' long); +_leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins_ (2--3'' long); +pedicels 1--4, terminal; filaments fully 1/2 as long as the +anthers.--Peat-bogs, N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. +June.--Berry 3--4'' broad, often speckled with white when young, seldom +gathered for market. (Eu., Asia.) + +15. V. macrocarpon, Ait. (LARGE or AMERICAN CRANBERRY.) Stems elongated +(1--4 deg. long), the flowering branches ascending; _leaves oblong, obtuse_, +less revolute (4--6'' long); pedicels several, becoming lateral, +filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers.--Peat-bogs, +N. C. to Minn. and everywhere northward, but scarcely westward. +June.--Berry 1/2--1' long. + + +3. CHIOGENES, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY. + +Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; limb 4-parted, persistent. Corolla +bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an +8-toothed disk, filaments very short and broad; anther-cells +ovate-oblong, separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely +2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. +Berry white, globular, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded.--A trailing +and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and +small Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with +revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset +with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on +short nodding peduncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name +from [Greek: chio/n], _snow_, and [Greek: ge/nos], _offspring_, in +allusion to the snow-white berries.) + +1. C. serpyllifolia, Salisb. Leaves 3--4'' long; berries 3'' broad, +bright white. (C. hispidula, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Peat-bogs, and mossy +woods, N. J. and Penn. to Minn., and northward; also southward in the +Alleghanies to N. C. May.--Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria +or Sweet Birch. + + +4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBERRY. + +Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. +Stamens 10, included; anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the +apex, opening by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5--10 seed-like +nutlets.--Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white +flowers in terminal racemes or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed +of [Greek: a)/rktos], _a bear_, and [Greek: staphyle/], _a grape_ or +_berry_, the Greek of the popular name.) + +1. A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. (BEARBERRY.) Trailing; _leaves thick and +evergreen_, obovate or spatulate, _entire, smooth; fruit red_.--Rocks +and bare hills, N. J. and Penn. to Mo., and far north and westward. May. +(Eu., Asia.) + +2. A. alpina, Spreng. (ALPINE BEARBERRY.) Dwarf, tufted and depressed; +_leaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled_ with strong netted veins, obovate; +_fruit black_.--Alpine summits in N. Eng., and high northward. +(Arctic-alpine around the world.) + + +5. EPIGAEA, L. GROUND LAUREL. TRAILING ARBUTUS. + +Corolla salver-form; the tube hairy inside, as long as the +ovate-lanceolate pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens +10, with slender filaments; anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. +Style slender, its apex (as in Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar +around and partly adnate to the 5 little lobes of the stigma. Capsule +depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded.--A prostrate or +trailing scarcely shrubby plant, bristly with rusty hairs, with +evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alternate leaves, on +slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axillary +clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of [Greek: e)pi/], _upon_, +and [Greek: ge~], _the earth_, from the trailing growth.) + +1. E. repens, L.--Sandy woods, or in rocky soil, especially in the shade +of pines, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla., and Ky.--Flowers appearing in +early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance, dimorphous as to style +and stamens and subdioecious. In New England called MAYFLOWER. + + +6. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN. + +Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, +included; anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal +pore. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, +enclosed when ripe by the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as +to appear as a globular red berry!--Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, +with alternate evergreen leaves and axillary (nearly white) flowers; +pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by Kalm to "_Dr. Gaulthier_," of +Quebec.) + +1. G. procumbens, L. (CREEPING WINTERGREEN.) Stems slender and +extensively creeping on or below the surface; the flowering branches +ascending, leafy at the summit (3--5' high); leaves obovate or oval, +obscurely serrate; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, +nodding.--Cool damp woods, mostly in the shade of evergreens, Maine to +Minn., and southward to N. Ga.; also far northward. July.--The bright +red berries (formed of the calyx) and the foliage have the well-known +spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. Usually called _Wintergreen_, +or sometimes in the interior _Tea-berry_. Eastward it is often called +_Checkerberry_ or _Partridge-berry_ (names also applied to Mitchella, +the latter especially so), also _Boxberry_. + + +7. ANDROMEDA, L. + +Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate +in the bud, but very soon separate or open. Corolla urceolate (in ours), +5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening +by a terminal pore. Capsule globular, 5-celled, 5-valved; the +many-seeded placentae borne on the summit or middle of the columella. +Seeds pendulous or spreading.--Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or +panicled and racemed (mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by +Linnaeus in allusion to the fable of _Andromeda_.) + +[*] _Anthers awned; capsule more or less globose; leaves thick and +evergreen._ + +1. A. polifolia, L. _Glabrous_, 6--18' high; leaves linear to +lanceolate-oblong, strongly revolute, _white beneath_; flowers in +terminal umbels; pedicels from axils of persistent scaly bracts; _each +anther-cell with a slender terminal ascending awn_.--Wet bogs, N. J. and +Penn. to Minn., and northward. + +2. A. floribunda, Pursh. Very leafy, 2--6 deg. high; _young branchlets, +etc., strigose-hairy_; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, +ciliate-serrulate, _glandular-dotted beneath_ (2' long); _racemes +crowded in short terminal panicles_, densely flowered; _each anther-cell +with a slender deflexed awn on the back_.--Moist hillsides, in the +Alleghanies from Va. to Ga. + +[*][*] _Anthers awnless; capsule 5-angled, with a thickened ridge at the +dorsal sutures; leaves thinnish and deciduous._ + +3. A. Mariana, L. (STAGGER-BUSH.) _Mostly glabrous_, 2--4 deg. high; leaves +oblong or oval (1--3' long); _fascicles of nodding flowers racemose on +naked shoots; filaments 2-toothed near the apex; capsule +ovate-pyramidal, truncate at the contracted apex_.--Low grounds, R. I. +to Fla.; also in Tenn. and Ark. Foliage said to poison lambs and +calves. + +4. A. ligustrina, Muhl. _Minutely pubescent_, 3--10 deg. high; leaves +obovate to lanceolate-oblong (1--2' long), serrulate or entire; _racemes +crowded in naked or leafy panicles; filaments flat, not appendaged; +capsule globular_.--Wet grounds, Canada to Fla. and Ark.--Var. +PUBESCENS, Gray, is a form with dense soft pubescence.--Va. to Ga. + + +8. OXYDENDRUM, DC. SORREL-TREE. SOUR-WOOD. + +Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the +bud. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, puberulent. Stamens 10; anthers fixed +near the base, linear, awnless, the cells tapering upward and opening by +a long chink. Capsule oblong-pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved; the +many-seeded placentae at the base of the cells. Seeds _all ascending_, +slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat extended at both ends into +awl-shaped appendages.--A tree with deciduous, oblong-lanceolate, +pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender petioles, and white +flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, +terminating the branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, +deciduous. Foliage acid (whence the name, from [Greek: o)xy/s], _sour_, +and [Greek: de/ndron], _tree_.) + +1. O. arboreum, DC. Tree 15--40 deg. high; leaves in size and shape like +those of the peach.--Rich woods, from Penn. to Ind., and southward, +mostly along the Alleghanies, to Fla. June, July. + + +9. LEUCOTHOE, Don. + +Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla ovate +or cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers naked, or the cells +with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore. Capsule +depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not +thickened; valves entire; the many-seeded placentae borne on the summit +of the short columella. Seeds mostly pendulous.--Shrubs with petioled +and serrulate leaves, and white scaly-bracted flowers in dense axillary +or terminal spiked racemes. (A mythological name.) + +[*] _Anthers awnless; stigma 5-rayed; racemes sessile, dense, with +persistent bracts, in the axils of thick and shining evergreen leaves; +calyx not bracteolate._ + +1. L. axillaris, Don. _Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly +pointed_ or acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, _on very short +petioles; sepals broadly ovate_.--Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. +Feb.--April.--Shrub 2--4 deg. high. + +2. L. Catesbaei, Gray. _Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed_, +serrulate with ciliate-spinulose appressed teeth, _conspicuously +petioled_ (3--6' long); _sepals ovate-oblong_, often acute.--Moist banks +of streams, Va. to Ga. along the mountains. May.--Shrub 2--4 deg. high, +with long spreading or recurved branches. Flowers exhaling the +unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms. + +[*][*] _Anthers awned; stigma simple; flowers very short-pedicelled, in +long one-sided racemes mostly terminating the branches; bracts +deciduous; leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate; calyx +bibracteolate._ + +3. L. recurva, Buckley. _Branches and racemes recurved-spreading_; +leaves lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed; _sepals ovate; anther-cells +1-awned; pod 5-lobed, seeds flat and cellular-winged_.--Dry hills, +Alleghanies of Va. to Ala. April.--Lower and more straggling than the +next. + +4. L. racemosa, Gray. _Branches and racemes mostly erect_; leaves oblong +or oval-lanceolate, acute; _sepals ovate-lanceolate; anther-cells each +2-awned; pod not lobed; seeds angled and wingless_.--Moist thickets, +Mass. to Fla. and La., near the coast. May, June.--Shrub 4--10 deg. high. +Corolla cylindrical. + + +10. CASSANDRA, Don. LEATHER-LEAF. + +Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, +and with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, +5-toothed. Stamens 10; anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and +opening by a pore at the apex, awnless. Capsule depressed, 5-celled, +many-seeded, the pericarp of 2 layers, the outer 5-valved, the +cartilaginous inner layer at length 10-valved. Seeds flattened, +wingless.--Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly evergreen and +coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers +white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-sided +leafy racemes. (_Cassandra_, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.) + +1. C. calyculata, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat.--Bogs, Newf. to +Minn., and south to Ga. + + +11. CASSIOPE, Don. + +Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, +imbricated in the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4--5-cleft. +Stamens 8 or 10; anthers fixed by the apex; the ovoid cells each opening +by a large terminal pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. +Capsule ovoid or globular, 4--5-celled, 4--5-valved, the valves 2-cleft; +placentae many-seeded, pendulous from the summit of the columella. Seeds +smooth and wingless.--Small, arctic or alpine evergreen plants, +resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary, nodding on slender +erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (_Cassiope_ was the mother of +Andromeda.) + +1. C. hypnoides, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1--4' high); +leaves needle-shaped, imbricated; corolla 5-cleft; style short and +conical.--Alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y., and high northward. + + +12. CALLUNA, Salisb. HEATHER. LING. + +Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter +and less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and +persistent. Stamens 8, distinct; anthers with a pair of deflexed +appendages on the back, the cells opening each by a long chink. Capsule +4-celled, septicidally 4-valved.--Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly +buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly extended at base into 2 sharp +auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches. Flowers axillary, or +terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches, forming close +mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or sometimes +white, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which +are more or less scarious. (Named from [Greek: kally/no], _to brush_ or +_sweep_, brooms being made of its twigs.) + +1. C. vulgaris, Salisb. Low grounds, Mass., at Tewksbury and W. +Andover; Maine, at Cape Elizabeth; also N. Scotia, C. Breton, Newf., +etc. Probably only introduced. + +Two European heaths, ERICA CINEREA and E. TETRALIX, have been found in +small patches on Nantucket Island. + + +13. BRYANTHUS, Steller. + +Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, deciduous. +Stamens 10, anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by +terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, septicidal (as are all the +succeeding), many-seeded.--Low alpine Heath-like evergreen undershrubs, +clothed with scattered linear and obtuse smooth or rough-margined +leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the +summit of the branches. Our species belongs to Sec. Phyllodoce. ([Greek: +Bry/on], _moss_, and [Greek: a)/nthos] _flower_, because growing among +mosses.) + +1. B. taxifolius, Gray. Calyx pubescent; corolla oblong-urn-shaped, +5-toothed, purplish, smooth; style included. (Phyllodoce taxifolia, +_Salisb._)--Alpine summits of the mountains of N. H. and Maine, and +northward. July. + + +14. KALMIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, +furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally +lodged; filaments long and thread-form. Capsule globose, 5-celled, +many-seeded.--Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite +entire coriaceous leaves, naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to +_Peter Kalm_, a pupil of Linnaeus, who travelled in this country about +the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.) + +Sec. 1. _Flowers in simple or clustered naked umbel-like corymbs; pedicels +from the axils of small and firm foliaceous persistent bracts; calyx +smaller than the pod, persistent; leaves and branches glabrous, or +nearly so._ + +1. K. latifolia, L. (CALICO-BUSH. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. SPOON-WOOD.) _Leaves +mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate_ or oblong, +acute at each end, petioled; flowers profuse, large and very showy, +varying from deep rose-color to nearly white; _corymbs terminal_, +many-flowered, clammy-pubescent; pod depressed, glandular.--Rocky hills +and damp soil, Canada and Maine, chiefly along the mountains to W. Fla., +west to Ohio, Ky., and Tenn. Usually a shrub 4--8 deg. high, but in the +mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets and often +tree-like (10--30 deg. high). May, June. + +2. K. angustifolia, L. (SHEEP LAUREL. LAMBKILL. WICKY.) Shrub 1--3 deg. +high; _leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish +underneath, light green above, narrowly oblong_, obtuse, petioled; +_corymbs lateral_ (appearing later than the shoots of the season), +slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth; +_pedicels recurved in fruit_.--Hillsides, Newf. to Mich., south to +N. Ga.; common. May, June. The flowers more crimson and two thirds +smaller than in the last. + +3. K. glauca, Ait. (PALE LAUREL.) _Branchlets 2-edged; leaves opposite, +nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with revolute margins_; +corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth; bracts large; flowers 1/2' broad, +lilac-purple; pod ovoid, smooth.--Cold peat-bogs and mountains, Newf. to +Penn., Minn., and northward. May, June.--Straggling, about 1 deg. high. + +Sec. 2. _Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils; calyx leafy, larger than +the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, deciduous; leaves and branches +bristly-hairy._ + +4. K. hirsuta, Walt. Branches terete; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4'' +long), becoming glabrous.--Sandy pine-barren swamps, S. E. Va. to Fla. +May--Sept.--Shrub 1 deg. high; corolla rose-color. + + +15. MENZIESIA, Smith. + +Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla +cylindraceous-urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens +8, included; anther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Capsule +ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a +loose coat.--A low shrub; the straggling branches and the alternate +deciduous leaves usually hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like +bristles. Flowers small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters +from scaly buds, greenish-white and purplish, nodding. (Named for +_Archibald Menzies_, who in Vancouver's voyage brought the original +species from the Northwest Coast.) + +1. M. glabella, Gray. Strigose-chaffy scales mostly wanting; leaves +obovate, barely mucronate-tipped, _glabrous_ or nearly so (1--2' long); +_filaments ciliate below; capsule glabrous_ or nearly so; _seeds +long-caudate at each end_.--Minnesota Point, L. Superior, and +northwestward. + +2. M. globularis, Salisb. More or less chaffy, 2--5 deg. high; leaves +obovate-oblong, prominently glandular-mucronate, _strigose-hirsute_ +especially above; _filaments glabrous; capsule beset with short +gland-tipped bristles; seeds merely apiculate_. (M. ferruginea, var. +globularis, of Manual.)--In the Alleghanies from Penn. to Ga. + + +16. RHODODENDRON, L. ROSE BAY, AZALEA, etc. + +Flowers almost always 5-merous. Calyx mostly small or minute. Corolla +various (but not contracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even +parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens sometimes as few as the +corolla-lobes, more commonly twice as many, usually declined; +anther-cells opening by a round terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, +5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like.--Shrubs or small trees, of +diverse habit and character, with chiefly alternate entire leaves, and +large and showy flowers in umbelled clusters from large scaly-bracted +terminal buds. ([Greek: R(ododendron], _rose-tree_; the ancient name.) + +Sec. 1. AZALEA. _Leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate; stamens (5 to 10) +and style more or less exserted and declined._ + +[*] _Flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales; corolla with +conspicuous funnel-form tube; stamens (chiefly 5) and style +long-exserted; 3--10 deg. high, with leaves obovate to oblong-oblanceolate._ + +[+] _Flowers appearing after the leaves._ + +1. R. arborescens, Torr. (SMOOTH AZALEA.) _Branchlets smooth; leaves_ +obovate, obtuse, _very smooth both sides, shining above_, glaucous +beneath, the margins bristly-ciliate; _calyx-lobes long and +conspicuous_, corolla slightly clammy. (Azalea arborescens, +_Pursh._)--Mountains of Penn. to N. C. June. Rose-colored flowers very +fragrant. + +2. R. viscosum, Torr. (CLAMMY A. WHITE SWAMP-HONEYSUCKLE.) _Branchlets +bristly_, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate +otherwise smooth leaves; _calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy, the tube +much longer than the lobes_. (Azalea viscosa, _L._)--Swamps, mostly near +the coast, Canada and Maine, to Fla. and Ark. June, July.--Var. GLAUCUM, +Gray. Leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or on both sides, +sometimes rough-hairy. N. Eng. to Va.--Var. NITIDUM, Gray. Dwarf, with +oblanceolate leaves green both sides. Mountains, N. Y. to Va. + +[+][+] _Flowers appearing before or with the leaves._ + +3. R. nudiflorum, Torr. (PURPLE A. PINXTER-FLOWER.) Leaves downy +underneath; _tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, +slightly glandular_. (Azalea nudiflora, _L._)--Swamps, Canada to Fla., +Ill., Mo., and Tex. April, May. The showy flowers vary from flesh-color +to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, some of them with 10 +stamens. + +4. R. calendulaceum, Torr. (FLAME-COLORED AZALEA.) Leaves hairy; _tube +of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy_. (Azalea calendulacea, +_Michx._)--Woods, mountains of Penn. to Ga. May. Covered just when the +leaves appear with a profusion of large orange blossoms, usually turning +to flame-color, not fragrant. + +[*][*] _Flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales; corolla +irregular, with short or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to the +base; the limb equalling the 10 stamens and style._ + +5. R. Rhodora, Don. Young parts sparingly strigose-hairy (1--2 deg. high); +leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent; corolla hardly 1' long, +purplish-rose-color, bilabiate, with the posterior lip 3-lobed, the +anterior of 2 oblong-linear and recurving nearly or quite distinct +petals. (Rhodora Canadensis, _L._)--Cool bogs, Newf. and N. Eng. to +mountains of Penn. + +Sec. 2. RHODODENDRON proper. _Leaves coriaceous and persistent; stamens +(commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes +equally spreading._ + +6. R. maximum, L. (GREAT LAUREL.) _Leaves_ 4--10' long, very thick, +_elliptical-oblong_ or lance-oblong, _acute, narrowed toward the base, +very smooth_, with somewhat revolute margins; pedicels viscid; corolla +bell-shaped, 1' broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish in the +throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish.--Damp deep +woods, rare from Maine to Ohio, but very common through the Alleghanies +from N. Y. to Ga. July.--Shrub or tree 6--35 deg. high. + +7. R. Catawbiense, Michx. _Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends, +smooth_, pale beneath (3--5' long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, +lilac-purple; pedicels rusty-downy.--High Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. June. +Shrub 3--6 deg. (rarely 20 deg.) high. + +8. R. Lapponicum, Wahl. _Dwarf_, prostrate in broad tufts (6' high); +_leaves_ (1/2' long) _elliptical, obtuse, dotted_ (like the branches) with +rusty scales; umbels few-flowered; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted, +violet-purple; _stamens_ 5--10.--Alpine summits of northern N. Y. and +N. Eng., to the Arctic Coast. July. (Arct. Eu. and Asia.) + + +17. LEDUM, L. LABRADOR TEA. + +Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct +petals. Stamens 5--10; anthers opening by terminal pores. Capsule +5-celled, splitting from the base upward, many-seeded; placentae borne on +the summit of the columella.--Low shrubs, with the alternate entire +leaves clothed with rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins +revolute; herbage slightly fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, small, +in terminal umbel-like clusters from large scaly buds; bracts or scales +thin and caducous. ([Greek: Le~don], the ancient Greek name of the +Cistus.) + +1. L. latifolium, Ait. Erect, 1--3 deg. high; leaves oblong or linear-oblong +(1--2' long), mostly 1/2' wide, very obtuse; stamens 5--7; capsule oblong, +acutish.--N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and northward, in cold bogs +and mountain woods. + +L. PALUSTRE, L., with linear leaves, 10 stamens, and short-oval capsule, +is found in Newfoundland and northwestward. (Eu.) + + +18. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. SAND MYRTLE. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. +Stamens 10, exserted; anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. +Capsule 2--3-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many-seeded.--A +low much-branched evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, etc., of the last +genus, but the crowded leaves sometimes opposite, scarcely petioled. +Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters. (Name formed of +[Greek: lei~os], _smooth_, and [Greek: phy/llon], _leaf_.) + +1. L. buxifolium, Ell. Shrub 6--10' high; leaves oval or oblong, smooth +and shining, 3--6'' long.--Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. May. + + +19. LOISELEURIA, Desv. ALPINE AZALEA. + +Calyx 5-parted, nearly as long as the bell-shaped and deeply 5-cleft +regular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included; anthers opening +lengthwise. Style short. Capsule ovoid, 2--3-celled, many-seeded, +2--3-valved; valves 2-cleft from the apex; placentae borne on the middle +of the columella.--A small depressed shrubby evergreen, much branched +and tufted, smooth, with coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short +petioles, with revolute margins. Flowers small, white or rose-color, +2--5 in a cluster, from a terminal scaly bud; scales or bracts thick and +persistent. (Named for _Loiseleur-Delongchamps_, a French botanist.) + +1. L. procumbens, Desv.--Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H., +and northward. June. (Eu., Asia.) + + +20. CLETHRA, Gronov. WHITE ALDER. + +Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct +obovate-oblong petals. Stamens 10, often exserted; anthers arrow-shaped, +erect in the bud, becoming inverted and opening by basal pores or short +slits. Style slender, 3-cleft at the apex. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, +many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx.--Shrubs or trees, with alternate +serrate deciduous leaves, and white flowers in terminal hoary racemes. +Bracts deciduous. ([Greek: Kle/thra], the ancient Greek name of the +Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.) + +1. C. alnifolia, L. (SWEET PEPPERBUSH.) Shrub 3--10 deg. high; _leaves +wedge-obovate, sharply serrate_, entire toward the base, prominently +straight-veined, smooth, green both sides, _racemes upright_, panicled; +_bracts shorter than the flowers_; filaments smooth.--Wet copses, Maine +to Va., near the coast, and southward. Covered in July and August with +handsome fragrant blossoms. + +2. C. acuminata, Michx. A tall shrub or small tree; _leaves oval or +oblong, pointed_, thin, finely serrate (3--7' long), pale beneath; +_racemes solitary, drooping; bracts longer than the flowers_; filaments +and pods hairy.--Woods in the Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July. + + +21. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. PIPSISSEWA. + +Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10; filaments +enlarged and hairy in the middle; anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less +conspicuously 2-horned. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly +immersed in the depressed summit of the globular ovary; stigma broad and +orbicular, disk-shaped, the border 5-crenate. Capsule, etc., as in +Pyrola, but splitting from the apex downward, the edges of the valves +not woolly.--Low, nearly herbaceous plants, with long running +underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining leaves, somewhat +whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems; the fragrant +(white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelled on a terminal peduncle. +(Name from [Greek: chei~ma], _winter_, and [Greek: phile/o], _to love_, +in allusion to one of the popular names, viz., _Wintergreen_.) + +1. C. umbellata, Nutt. (PRINCE'S PINE. PIPSISSEWA.) Leafy, 4--10' high; +_leaves wedge-lanceolate_, sharply serrate, _not spotted_; peduncles +4--7-flowered; petals flesh-color; anthers violet.--Dry woods, Nova +Scotia to Ga., west to the Pacific. June. (Eu.) + +2. C. maculata, Pursh. (SPOTTED WINTERGREEN.) _Leaves ovate-lanceolate, +obtuse at the base_, remotely toothed, _the upper surface variegated +with white_; peduncles 1--5-flowered.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to Ga., west +to Minn. and Miss. June, July.--Plant 3--6' high. + + +22. MONESES, Salisb. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA. + +Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped, naked; +anthers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, +exserted; stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and conspicuous radiating +lobes. Valves of the capsule naked. (Flowers occasionally tetramerous.) +Scape 1-flowered. Otherwise as Pyrola; intermediate between it and +Chimaphila. (Name formed of [Greek: mo/nos], _single_, and [Greek: +e( sis], _delight_, from the pretty solitary flower.) + +1. M. grandiflora, Salisb. A small perennial, with the rounded and veiny +serrate thin leaves (6--9'' long) clustered at the ascending apex of +creeping subterranean shoots; the 1--2-bracted scape (2--4' high) +bearing a white or rose-colored terminal flower 6'' wide. (M. uniflora, +_Gray_.)--Deep cold woods, Labrador to Penn., Ind., Minn., and westward. +June. (Eu.) + + +23. PYROLA, Tourn. WINTERGREEN. SHIN-LEAF. + +Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less +converging, deciduous. Stamens 10; filaments awl-shaped, naked; anthers +extrorse in the bud, but in the flower inverted by the inflexion of the +apex of the filament, more or less 4-celled, opening by a pair of pores +at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned base (by inversion the apparent apex). +Style generally long; stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule +depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved from the base upward +(loculicidal); the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds minute, +innumerable, resembling sawdust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated +coat.--Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots, +bearing a cluster of rounded petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a +simple raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less +scaly-bracted scape. (Name a diminutive of _Pyrus_, the Pear-tree, from +some fancied resemblance in the foliage.) + +[*] _Style straight, much narrower than the peltate 5-rayed stigma, +petals and stamens erect and connivent; anthers not narrowed below the +openings._ + +1. P. minor, L. Scape 5--10' high; _leaves roundish_, slightly +crenulate, thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole; flowers +small, crowded, white or rose-color; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, very +much shorter than the nearly _globose corolla; style short and +included_.--Cold woods, Lab., White Mts., L. Superior, and northward. + +2. P. secunda, L. Subcaulescent, 3--6' high; _leaves ovate, thin_, +longer than the petiole, scattered, _finely serrate_; racemes dense and +spike-like, the numerous small (greenish-white) _flowers all turned to +one side_, scarcely nodding; calyx-lobes ovate, very much shorter than +the oblong-oval petals; _style long, exserted_.--Rich woods, Lab. to +Minn., south to Md., and far northward. July. (Eu.) + +Var. pumila, Gray, is a smaller form, with rounded leaves 6'' or little +more in diameter, and 3--8-flowered scape.--High peat-bogs, N. Y. to +L. Superior, and northward. July, Aug. + +[*][*] _Style strongly declined, the apex curved upward, longer than the +connivent or spreading petals; stigma much narrower than the truncate +excavated ring-like apex of the style; anthers contracted below the +openings, forming a short neck; leaves denticulate or entire._ + +[+] _Petals and leaves acute, the latter ovate, coriaceous._ + +3. P. oxypetala, C. F. Austin. Leaves ovate, small (8--12'' long), +shorter than the slender petiole; scape (7--8' high) several-flowered; +flowers on ascending pedicels, not nodding; calyx-lobes +triangular-ovate, acute, short; petals lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, +greenish; anthers conspicuously mucronate at the apex, obtusely 2-horned +at base, not inverted; style straightish, scarcely exserted.--Wooded +hill near Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y. (_C. F. Austin_, in 1860). Not +since found; probably monstrous. + +[+][+] _Petals and leaves orbicular to oblong, very obtuse._ + +4. P. chlorantha, Swartz. _Leaves small_ (1' long), _roundish, thick, +dull, shorter than the petiole; scape few-flowered_, naked (5--8' high); +_calyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short_; the elliptical petals +converging (greenish-white); _anther-cells contracted into a distinct +neck_; style little exserted.--Open woods, Lab. to Penn., Minn., north +and westward. June, July. + +5. P. elliptica, Nutt. (SHIN-LEAF.) _Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or +obovate-oval, longer than the margined petiole_; raceme many-flowered; +_calyx-lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the_ obovate +rather spreading (greenish-white) _petals; anther-cells blunt_.--Rich +woods, N. Eng. to Md., Iowa, Minn., and northward. June. + +6. P. rotundifolia, L. _Leaves orbicular, thick, shining_, usually +shorter than the petiole; scape many-bracted (6--12' high), raceme +elongated, many-flowered; _calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate_, +acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, _one half or one third the length +of the_ roundish-obovate rather spreading (chiefly white) _petals; +anther-cells nearly blunt_.--Damp or sandy woods, throughout the +continent, south to N. Ga. Exhibits many varieties, such as, Var. +INCARNATA, DC., with flesh-colored to rose-purple flowers, and +triangular-lanceolate calyx-lobes. Cold woods and bogs, N. Eng. to +Minn., and northward.--Var. ASARIFOLIA, Hook., with oblate or +round-reniform leaves, and shorter ovate calyx-lobes; petals flesh- or +rose-colored (rarely white). With same range.--Var. ULIGINOSA, Gray, +with short broadly ovate calyx-lobes, subcordate to obovate dull leaves, +and rose-colored or purple flowers. Same range. (Eu.) + + +24. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. PINE-DROPS. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. +Stamens 10; anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. +Style short; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5-lobed, +5-celled, loculicidal, but the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds +very numerous, ovoid, tapering to each end, the apex expanded into a +broad reticulated wing many times larger than the body of the seed.--A +stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubescent root-parasitic herb +(1--2 deg. high); the wand-like stem furnished towards the base with +scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many +nodding (white) flowers, in a long bracted raceme. (Name from [Greek: +ptero/n], _a wing_, and [Greek: spora/], _seed_, alluding to the +singular wing borne by the seeds.) + +1. P. Andromedea, Nutt.--Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the +roots of pines, from W. New Eng. to N. Penn., N. Mich., and westward; +rare. + + +25. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. SWEET PINE-SAP. + +Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. +Corolla persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly +5-gibbous at the base. Stamens 10; anthers much shorter than the +filaments, fixed near the summit, awnless; the two sac-shaped cells +opening at the top. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled, with a short and thick +style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable.--A low and +smooth brownish plant, 3--4' high, with the aspect of Monotropa, +scaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first +nodding, flesh-color, with the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late +_L. D. von Schweinitz_.) + +1. S. odorata, Ell.--Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Md. (near +Baltimore) to N. C. April. + + +26. MONOTROPA, L. INDIAN PIPE. PINE-SAP. + +Calyx of 2--5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 +separate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are +gibbous or saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10; +filaments awl-shaped; anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1-celled, opening +across the top. Style columnar; stigma disk-like, 4--5-rayed. Capsule +ovoid, 8--10-grooved, 4--5-celled, loculicidal; the very thick placentae +covered with innumerable minute seeds, which have a very loose +coat.--Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or white, parasitic on +roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a Fungus; the +clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets, +furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1--several-flowered; +the summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of [Greek: +mo/nos], _one_, and [Greek: tro/pos], _turn_, from the summit of the +stem turned to one side.) + +Sec. 1. MONOTROPA proper. _Plant inodorous, 1-flowered; calyx of 2--4 +irregular scales or bracts; anthers transverse, opening equally by 2 +chinks; style short and thick._ + +1. M. uniflora, L. (INDIAN PIPE. CORPSE-PLANT.) Smooth, waxy-white +(turning blackish in drying, 3--8' high); stigma naked.--Dark and rich +woods, nearly throughout the continent. June--Aug. (Asia.) + +Sec. 2. HYPOPITYS. _Plant commonly fragrant; flowers several in a scaly +raceme; the terminal one usually 5-merous, the rest 3--4-merous; +bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals; anthers opening by a +continuous line into 2 very unequal valves; style longer than the ovary, +hollow._ + +2. M. Hypopitys, L. (PINE-SAP. FALSE BEECH-DROPS.) Somewhat pubescent or +downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4--12' high); pod globular or oval; +stigma ciliate.--Oak and pine woods, from Canada to Fla., west to +Oregon. June--Aug. (Eu.) + + +ORDER 59. DIAPENSIACEAE. + +_Low perennial herbs or suffruticulose tufted plants, glabrous or nearly +so, with simple leaves, no stipules, regular 5-merous flowers (except +the 3-celled ovary), stamens adnate to the corolla and sometimes +monadelphous (those opposite its lobes when present reduced to +staminodia); pollen simple; loculicidal capsule and seeds of_ +Ericaceae.--Flowers solitary or racemose. Style 1, with 3-lobed stigma. +Distinguished from the Ericaceae chiefly by the insertion of the stamens +upon the corolla. + +Tribe I. DIAPENSIEAE. Dwarf woody evergreens, with small entire crowded +coriaceous leaves. Staminodia none; filaments adnate to the campanulate +corolla up to the sinuses; anthers 2-celled. Calyx conspicuously +bracteolate. Flowers solitary. + +1. Pyxidanthera. Flowers sessile on short leafy branchlets. Anther-cells +awn-pointed at base, opening transversely. + +2. Diapensia. Flower (or at least fruit) on a scape-like peduncle. +Anther-cells blunt, obliquely dehiscent. + +Tribe II. GALACINEAE. Acaulescent, with creeping rootstocks sending up +long-petioled evergreen leaves, and a 1--several-flowered scape. +Staminodia present. + +3. Galax. Calyx minutely 2-bracteolate. Stamens monadelphous; anthers 1 +celled. + + +1. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. + +Sepals thin. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base, opening by a strictly +transverse line. Otherwise much as in Diapensia.--Prostrate and +creeping, with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed leaves, mostly +alternate on the sterile branches and somewhat hairy near the base. +Flowers solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name +from [Greek: pyxi/s], _a small box_, and [Greek: a)nthe/ra], _anther_, +the anther opening as if by a lid.) + +1. P. barbulata, Michx. (FLOWERING MOSS. PYXIE.) Leaves 3'' long.--Sandy +pine barrens of N. J. to N. C. April, May. + + +2. DIAPENSIA, L. + +Calyx of 5 concave imbricated coriaceous sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, +5-lobed; lobes rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the +corolla up to the sinuses, short; anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid +pointless cells, diverging below, each opening therefore by a +transverse-descending line. Capsule, enclosed in the calyx, +cartilaginous; cells few-seeded.--Alpine, growing in very dense convex +tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly +spatulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a scape-like 1-flowered +peduncle, 3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (1/2' wide). (Said to +be an ancient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely +applied by Linnaeus to this plant.) + +1. D. Lapponica, L. Leaves 3--5'' long; peduncle at length 1--2' +long.--Alpine summits of N Eng. and N. Y., and northward to Lab. and the +Arctic coast. July. (Eu., Asia.) + + +3. GALAX, L. + +Calyx 5-parted, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, +obovate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Filaments united in a +10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 +teeth opposite the petals naked, the alternate ones shorter and bearing +roundish 1-celled anthers, which open across the top. Style short, +stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled; columella none. Seeds numerous, +the cellular loose coat tapering to each end.--Evergreen herb, with a +thick matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red +roots, sending up round heart-shaped crenate-toothed and veiny shining +leaves (about 2' wide) on slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, +1--2 deg. high, bearing a wand-like spike or raceme of small and +minutely-bracted white flowers. (Name from [Greek: ga/la], _milk_,--of +no conceivable application to this plant.) + +1. G. aphylla, L.--Open woods, Va. to Ga. June. + + +ORDER 60. PLUMBAGINACEAE. (LEADWORT FAMILY.) + +_Maritime herbs, with regular 5-merous flowers, a plaited calyx, the 5 +stamens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and +the free ovary one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long +cord which rises from the base of the cell._--Only the STATICEAE or +MARSH-ROSEMARY TRIBE is represented in our region, in gardens by the +Thrift (_Armeria vulgaris_), on the coast by a single species of + + +1. STATICE, Tourn. SEA-LAVENDER. MARSH-ROSEMARY. + +Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, +2--3-bracted. Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. +Corolla of 5 nearly or quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 +stamens severally attached to their bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. +Fruit membranous and indehiscent, in the bottom of the calyx. Embryo +straight, in mealy albumen.--Sea-side perennials, with thick and stalked +radical leaves; the naked flowering stems or scapes branched into +panicles. ([Greek: Statike/], an ancient name given to this or some +other herb, on account of its astringency.) + +1. S. Limonium, L. Root thick and woody, very astringent; leaves oblong, +spatulate or obovate-lanceolate, 1-ribbed, tipped with a deciduous +bristly point, petioled; scape much-branched, corymbose-panicled (1--2 deg. +high); spikelets 1--3-flowered; flowers lavender-color; calyx-tube hairy +on the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the +sinuses. (Eu.) + +Var. Caroliniana, Gray, the plant of the Northern States, has more erect +branches, rather panicled inflorescence with at length scattered +flowers, and very acute or acuminate calyx-lobes.--Salt marshes along +the coast, from Lab. to Tex. Aug., Sept. + + +ORDER 61. PRIMULACEAE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as +many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla and +inserted opposite them_ (on the tube or base), _and a 1-celled ovary +with a central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or +many seeds._--Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. +(Corolla none in Glaux.) Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 6 or 8. Style and stigma +one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy albumen. Ovules amphitropous, +except in Tribe I. + +Tribe I. HOTTONIEAE. Ovary wholly free; ovules anatropous. Aquatic; +immersed leaves pectinate. + +1. Hottonia. Corolla short salver-form. Flowers verticillate and +racemose. + +Tribe II. PRIMULEAE. Ovary wholly free. + +[*] Stemless, leaves all in a cluster from the root; capsule dehiscent +by valves or teeth. + +2. Dodecatheon. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted. Stamens exserted, connivent +in a cone. + +3. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. +Stamens included. + +4. Androsace. Corolla short, very small, constricted at the throat. +Stamens included. + +[*][*] Stems leafy; corolla rotate (none in Glaux); leaves entire. + +[+] Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly +globose. + +5. Trientalis. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy only at the summit. + +6. Steironema. Corolla 5-parted. Five slender staminodia between the +fertile stamens. + +7. Lysimachia. Corolla 5--6-parted or 5--6-petalled. Staminodia none. +Leaves dotted. + +8. Glaux. Corolla none; the calyx petal-like. Flowers axillary. + +[+][+] Globose capsule circumscissile, the top falling off as a lid; +flowers axillary. + +9. Anagallis. Corolla longer than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite. + +10. Centunculus. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4--5-cleft. Leaves +alternate. + +Tribe III. SAMOLEAE. Ovary connate at base with the base of the calyx. + +11. Samolus. Corolla bell-shaped, with 5 staminodia in the sinuses. +Flowers racemose. + + +1. HOTTONIA, L. FEATHERFOIL. WATER VIOLET. + +Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a +short tube; limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, +5-valved; the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds +anatropous.--Aquatic perennials, with pectinate immersed leaves, and the +erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, +whorled at the joints, forming an interrupted raceme. (Named for _Prof. +Hotton_, a botanist of Leyden.) + +1. H. inflata, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, +scattered on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of +the cluster of peduncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints +(often as thick as one's finger); pedicels short.--Pools and ditches, +Mass. to S. Ind., and south to the Gulf. June--Aug. + + +2. DODECATHEON, L. AMERICAN COWSLIP. + +Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a +very short tube, thickened throat, and 5-parted reflexed limb; the +divisions long and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at base; +anthers long and linear, approximate in a slender cone.--Perennial +smooth herb, with fibrous roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate +leaves, and a simple naked scape, involucrate with small bracts at the +summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, nodding on slender +pedicels. Corolla rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name from [Greek: +do/deka], _twelve_, and [Greek: theoi/], _gods_, given by Pliny to the +primrose, which was believed to be under the care of the superior gods.) + +1. D. Meadia, L. (SHOOTING-STAR.) Rich woods, Penn. and Md. to Wisc., +south to Ga. and Tex. May, June.--Very handsome in cultivation. + + +3. PRIMULA, L. PRIMROSE. COWSLIP. + +Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above +the insertion of the stamens; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely +heart-shaped. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, splitting at +the top into 5 valves or 10 teeth.--Low perennial herbs, producing a +tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and simple scapes, bearing the flowers +in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of _primus_, from the flowering of the +true Primrose in early spring.) + +1. P. farinosa, L. (BIRD'S-EYE PRIMROSE.) Scape 3--10' high; leaves +elliptical or obovate-lanceolate, denticulate, _the lower side_ and the +3--20-flowered _involucre, etc., covered with a white mealiness_, at +least when young; corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye.--Maine to N. +shore of L. Superior, and northward. June, July. (Eu., Asia.) + +2. P. Mistassinica, Michx. Scape 2--6' high; leaves spatulate or +wedge-oblong, thin and veiny, _not mealy_; involucre 1--8-flowered; +lobes of the flesh-colored corolla broadly and deeply obcordate.--Wet +banks and shores, northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and +northward. May. (Eu.) + + +4. ANDROSACE, Tourn. + +Calyx 5-cleft; tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form; the +tube shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat; limb 5-parted. +Stamens and style included. Capsule 5-valved.--Small herbs, with +clustered root-leaves, and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An +ancient Greek name of a polyp, formerly believed to be a plant.) + +1. A. occidentalis, Pursh. Smoothish annual; scapes diffuse (2--4' +high), many-flowered; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, +entire, sessile; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than +the (white) corolla.--Bare hills, from Minn. to Ill. and Ark., and west +to the mountains. + + +5. TRIENTALIS, L. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. + +Calyx mostly 7-parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla +mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without tube. Filaments slender, +united in a ring at the base; anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. +Capsule few-seeded.--Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, +bearing a few alternate usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and +a whorl of thin veiny leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very +slender, bearing a delicate white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, +meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to the height of the plant.) + +1. T. Americana, Pursh. (STAR-FLOWER.) Spreading by very slender +elongated rootstocks; leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both +ends; petals finely pointed.--Damp cold woods, from Lab. to Minn., south +to N. Ind., and the mountains of Va. May.--Rootstocks often 1--2 deg. long +(_Hitchings_). + + +6. STEIRONEMA, Raf. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply 5-parted, +the sinuses rounded; divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, +erose-denticulate above, each separately involute around its stamen. +Filaments distinct or nearly so on the ring at base of corolla, +alternating with 5 subulate staminodia; anthers linear. Capsule +10--20-seeded.--Leafy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate +petioles, not punctate, the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming +whorls on the flowering branches. Peduncles slender, axillary, bearing +yellow flowers. (From [Greek: stei~ros], _sterile_, and [Greek: ne~ma], +_thread_, referring to the staminodia.) + +1. S. ciliatum, Raf. _Stem erect_ (2--4 deg. high); _leaves +lanceolate-ovate_ (2--6' long), tapering to an acute point, _rounded or +heart-shaped at base_, all on long and fringed petioles; _corolla longer +than the calyx_. (Lysimachia ciliata, _L._)--Low grounds and thickets, +common. July. + +2. S. radicans, Gray. _Stem slender, soon reclined_, the elongated +branches often rooting in the mud; _leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly +rounded at base, on slender petioles_; corolla about the length of the +calyx. (Lysimachia radicans, _Hook._)--Swampy river-banks, W. Va. to +Ark. and La.--Leaves and flowers nearly one half smaller than in the +last. + +3. S. lanceolatum, Gray. _Stem erect_ (10'--2 deg. high); _leaves +lanceolate, varying to oblong and linear, narrowed into a short margined +petiole_ or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long +petioles. (Lysimachia lanceolata, _Walt._)--Low grounds and thickets, +Ont. to Fla., Dak., and Tex. Polymorphous; the extremes are var. +HYBRIDUM, Gray, with cauline leaves from oblong to broadly linear, +common north and west,--and var. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Gray, with stems more +branched, a span to 2 deg. high, and the cauline leaves linear, acute at +both ends, more sessile, 1--2'' broad; mainly southward. + +4. S. longifolium, Gray. _Stem erect_, 4-angled, slender (1--3 deg. high), +often branched below; _stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated_ +(2--4' long, 2--3'' wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the +margins often a little revolute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or +spatulate; corolla (8--9'' broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes +conspicuously pointed. (Lysimachia longifolia, _Pursh._)--Banks of +streams, from western N. Y. to Va., Minn., and Iowa. July--Sept. + + +7. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. LOOSESTRIFE. + +Calyx 5--6 parted. Corolla rotate, the divisions entire, convolute in +bud. Filaments commonly monadelphous at base; anthers oblong or oval; +staminodia none. Capsule few--several-seeded.--Leafy-stemmed perennials, +with herbage commonly glandular-dotted. (In honor of King _Lysimachus_, +or from [Greek: ly/sis], _a release from_, and [Greek: ma/che], +_strife_.) + +Sec. 1. LYSIMACHIA proper. _Corolla yellow, rotate, and very deeply parted, +and with no teeth between the lobes; stamens more or less monadelphous, +often unequal; leaves opposite or whorled, or some abnormally +alternate._ + +[*] _Flowers (middle-sized) in a terminal leafy panicle; corolla without +marks._ + +L. VULGARIS, L., a coarse and tall European species, pubescent and +branching, with ovate-lanceolate distinctly petioled leaves, and +glandular filaments united to near the middle.--Naturalized in a few +places in E. Mass. + +[*][*] _Flowers (small) in a virgate terminal raceme or in the upper +axils; corolla dark-dotted or streaked; filaments conspicuously +monadelphous, unequal._ + +1. L. quadrifolia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (1--2 deg. high); _leaves +whorled_ in fours or fives (sometimes in twos, threes, or sixes, rarely +only opposite or partly alternate), ovate-lanceolate; _flowers_ on long +capillary peduncles _from the axils of the leaves_; lobes of the corolla +ovate-oblong.--Moist or sandy soil, N. Brunswick to Minn., and Ga. June. + +2. L. stricta, Ait. Stems 1--2 deg. high, often bearing oblong or moniliform +bulblets in the axils; smooth, at length branched, very leafy; _leaves +opposite_ or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end; _flowers_ +on slender pedicels _in a long raceme_ (5--12'), leafy at base; lobes of +the corolla lance-oblong.--Low grounds, Newf. to Minn., Ark., and N. Ga. +June--Aug. + +[*][*][*] _Flowers (rather large) solitary in the axils of ordinary +leaves; corolla not dark-dotted nor streaked; filaments slightly +monadelphous._ + +L. NUMMULARIA, L. (MONEYWORT.) Smooth; stems trailing and creeping; +leaves roundish, small, short-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered; +divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the +lance-ovate calyx-lobes and stamens.--Escaped from gardens into damp +ground in some places. July--Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) + +Sec. 2. NAUMBURGIA. _Corolla very deeply 5- (or 6--7-) parted into linear +divisions (somewhat purplish-dotted), with a small tooth in each sinus; +filaments distinct, equal; leaves opposite, the lowest scale-like._ + +3. L. thyrsiflora, L. (TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE.) Smooth; stem simple (1--2 deg. +high); all but the lower leaves lanceolate, the axils of one or two +middle pairs bearing short-peduncled head-like or spike-like clusters of +small light yellow flowers.--Cold swamps, from Penn. to S. Ill., Iowa, +and northwestward. June, July. (Eu.) + + +8. GLAUX, Tourn. SEA-MILKWORT. + +Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft; lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. +Stamens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Capsule +5-valved, few-seeded.--A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite +oblong and entire sessile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish +and white) flowers in their axils. (An ancient Greek name, from [Greek: +glauko/s], _sea-green_.) + +1. G. maritima, L.--Sea-shore of N. Eng. from Cape Cod northward. Also +in subsaline soil, Minn. to Neb., and westward. June. (Eu.) + + +9. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, +longer than the calyx; the divisions broad. Stamens 5; filaments +bearded. Capsule membranaceous, circumscissile, the top falling off like +a lid, many-seeded.--Low, spreading or procumbent herbs, mostly annuals, +with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and solitary flowers on axillary +peduncles. (The ancient Greek name, probably from [Greek: a)na/], +_again_, and [Greek: a)ga/llo], _to delight in_.) + +A. ARVENSIS, L. (COMMON PIMPERNEL.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than +the peduncles; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth or +stalked glands.--Waste sandy fields. June--Aug.--Flowers variable in +size, scarlet, sometimes purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the +approach of bad weather; whence the English popular name of "_Poor Man's +Weather-glass_." (Nat. from Eu.) + + +10. CENTUNCULUS, Dill. CHAFFWEED. + +Calyx 4--5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4--5-cleft, +wheel-shaped, with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the +summit of the pod (which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4 or 5; +filaments beardless.--Small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and +solitary inconspicuous flowers in their axils. (Derivation obscure.) + +1. C. minimus, L. Stems ascending (2--6' long); leaves ovate, obovate or +spatulate-oblong; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in +fours.--Low grounds, from Ill. and Minn, to Fla. and Tex., and westward. +(Eu.) + + +11. SAMOLUS, Tourn. WATER PIMPERNEL. BROOK-WEED. + +Calyx 5-cleft; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla +somewhat bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the +sinuses. True stamens 5, on the corolla-tube, included. Capsule globose, +5-valved at the summit, many-seeded.--Smooth herbs, with alternate +entire leaves, and small white racemed flowers. ("According to Pliny, an +ancient Druidical name.") + +1. S. Valerandi, L. Stem erect (6--12' high), leafy; leaves obovate or +spatulate, the basal rosulate; bracts none; slender pedicels ascending, +bracteolate in the middle. (Eu.)--Var. Americanus, Gray. More slender, +becoming diffuse; racemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and +spreading.--Wet places, through the U. S. June--Sept. + + +ORDER 62. SAPOTACEAE. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.) + +_Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate +leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers +usually in axillary clusters; the calyx free and persistent; the fertile +stamens commonly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla +and opposite them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of +appendages and scales (or sterile stamens); anthers turned outward; +ovary 4--12-celled, with a single anatropous ovule in each cell; seeds +large._--Albumen mostly none; but the large embryo with thickened +cotyledons. Style single, pointed.--A small, mostly tropical order, +producing the Sapodilla or Star-apple, and some other edible fruits. + + +1. BUMELIA, Swartz. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at +each sinus. Fertile stamens 5; anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, +petal-like, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. +Fruit small, resembling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and +erect seed, with a roundish scar at its base.--Flowers small, white, in +fascicles from the axils of the leaves. Branches often spiny. Leaves +often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard. (The ancient name of a +kind of Ash.) + +1. B. lycioides, Pers. (SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN.) Spiny (10--25 deg. high); +_leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate_, with a tapering base, +often acute, _reticulated, nearly glabrous_ (2--4' long); _clusters +densely many-flowered_, glabrous, fruit ovoid.--Moist ground, Va. to +S. Ill., Fla., and Tex. May, June. + +2. B. lanuginosa, Pers. Spiny (10--40 deg. high); _leaves oblong-obovate or +wedge-obovate, rusty-woolly beneath_, obtuse (11/2--3' long); _clusters +6--12-flowered_, pubescent; fruit globular.--Woods, S. Ill. to Fla. and +Tex. July. + + +ORDER 63. EBENACEAE. (EBONY FAMILY.) + +_Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular +flowers which have a calyx free from the 3--12-celled ovary; the stamens +2--4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before +them, their anthers turned inward, and the fruit a several-celled berry. +Ovules 1 or 2, suspended from the summit of each cell._ Seeds +anatropous, mostly single in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth +coriaceous integument; the embryo shorter than the hard albumen, with a +long radicle and flat cotyledons. Styles wholly or partly +separate.--Wood hard and dark-colored. No milky juice.--A small family, +chiefly tropical. + + +1. DIOSPYROS, L. DATE-PLUM. PERSIMMON. + +Calyx 4--6-lobed. Corolla 4--6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens +commonly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter +imperfect. Berry large, globular, surrounded at base by the thickish +calyx, 4--8-celled, 4--8-seeded.--Flowers dioeciously polygamous, the +fertile axillary and solitary, the sterile smaller and often clustered. +(Name, [Greek: Dio/s], _of Jove_, and [Greek: puro/s], _grain_.) + +1. D. Virginiana, L. (COMMON PERSIMMON.) Leaves thickish, ovate-oblong, +smooth or nearly so; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted; corolla pale +yellow, thickish, between bell-shaped and urn-shaped, 6--8'' long in the +fertile flowers, much smaller in the sterile; styles 4, two-lobed at the +apex; ovary 8-celled.--Woods and old fields, R. I. and N. Y. to Iowa, +and south to Fla. and La. June.--Tree 20--70 deg. high, with very hard +blackish wood; plum-like fruit 1' in diameter, exceedingly astringent +when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to +frost. + + +ORDER 64. STYRACACEAE. (STORAX FAMILY.) + +_Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, +and perfect regular flowers; the calyx either free or adherent to the +2--5-celled ovary; the corolla of 4--8 petals, commonly more or less +united at base; the stamens twice as many as the petals or more +numerous, monadelphous or polyadelphous at base; style 1; fruit dry or +drupe-like, 1--5-celled, the cells commonly 1-seeded._--Seeds +anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen; radicle slender, as +long as or longer than the flat cotyledons. Corolla hypogynous when the +calyx is free; the stamens adherent to its base. Ovules 2 or more in +each cell.--A small family, mostly of warm countries, comprising two +very distinct tribes. + +Tribe I. STYRACEAE. Calyx 4--8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2--4 times as +many as the petals, in one series; anthers linear or oblong, adnate, +introrse. Cotyledons flat.--Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and +stellate. + +1. Styrax. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. +Corolla mostly 5-parted. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. + +2. Halesia. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2--4-celled +ovary, which is 2--4-winged and 2--4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed. + +Tribe II. SYMPLOCINEAE. Calyx 5-cleft, imbricate. Stamens in several +series; anthers short, innate. Embryo terete. Flowers yellow. Pubescence +simple. + +3. Symplocos. Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base. + + +1. STYRAX, Tourn. STORAX. + +Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent +with the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted +(rarely 4--8-parted), large, the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice +as many as the lobes of the corolla; filaments flat, united at the base +into a short tube; anthers linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base +surrounded by the persistent calyx, 1-celled, mostly 1-seeded, dry, +often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard coat.--Shrubs or small +trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed +white and showy flowers on drooping peduncles; produced in spring. +Pubescence scurfy or stellate. (The ancient Greek name of the tree which +produces _storax_.) + +1. S. grandifolia, Ait. Shrub 4--12 deg. high; leaves obovate, acute or +pointed, _white-tomentose beneath_ (3--6' long); _flowers mostly in +elongated racemes_; corolla ({1/3}' long) convolute-imbricated in +bud.--Woods, S. Va. to Fla. + +2. S. pulverulenta, Michx. Shrub 1--4 deg. high; leaves oval or obovate (1 +or 2' long), _above sparingly puberulent, and scurfy-tomentose beneath; +flowers_ (1/2' long) _1--3 together in the axils_ and at the tips of the +branches, fragrant.--Low pine barrens, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex. + +3. S. Americana, Lam. Shrub 4--8 deg. high; leaves oblong, acute at both +ends (1--3' long), _smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers +axillary or in 3--4-flowered racemes_ (1/2' long); corolla valvate in the +bud.--Along streams, Va. to Fla., La., and Ark. + + +2. HALESIA, Ellis. SNOWDROP or SILVER-BELL-TREE. + +Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the +2--4-celled ovary. Petals 4, united at base, or oftener to the middle, +into an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. +Stamens 8--16; filaments united into a ring at base, and usually a +little coherent with the base of the corolla; anthers linear-oblong. +Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2--4-winged, within bony and +1--4-celled. Seeds single, cylindrical.--Shrubs or small trees, with +large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy white flowers, +drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short racemes, from +axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named +for _Stephen Hales_, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) + +1. H. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged, 11/2' +long.--Banks of streams, W. Va. to Ill., south to Fla. + + +3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. SWEET-LEAF. + +Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled +ovary. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at base. Stamens +very numerous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal; +filaments slender; anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly +1-celled and 1-seeded.--Shrubs or small trees, the leaves commonly +turning yellowish in drying, and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in +axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. (Name [Greek: sy/mplokos], +_connected_, from the union of the stamens.) + +1. S. tinctoria, L'Her. (HORSE-SUGAR, &c.) Leaves elongated-oblong, +acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely +pubescent and pale beneath (3--5' long); flowers 6--14, in close and +bracted clusters, odorous.--Rich ground, Del. to Fla. and La. +April.--Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle. + + +ORDER 65. OLEACEAE. (OLIVE FAMILY.) + +_Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft +(or sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite +4-petalous corolla, sometimes apetalous; the stamens only 2 (rarely or +accidentally 3 or 4); the ovary 2-celled, with 2 (rarely more) ovules in +each cell._--Seeds anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard +fleshy albumen, or without albumen.--The Olive is the type of the true +Oleaceae, to which belongs the Lilac (_Syringa_), etc.; and the Jessamine +(_Jasminum_) represents another division of the order. + +Tribe I. FRAXINEAE. Fruit dry, indehisccnt, winged, a samara. Leaves +pinnate. + +1. Fraxinus. Flowers dioecious, mostly apetalous, sometimes also without +calyx. + +Tribe II. OLEINEAE. Fruit, a drupe, or rarely a berry. Leaves simple. + +2. Forestiera. Flowers apetalous, dioecious or polygamous, from a scaly +catkin-like bud. Stamens 2--4. + +3. Chionanthus. Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous. Calyx and +corolla 4-merous, the latter with long and linear divisions. + +4. Ligustrum. Corolla funnel-form, 4-cleft, the tube longer than the +calyx. + + +1. FRAXINUS, Tourn. ASH. + +Flowers polygamous or (in our species) dioecious. Calyx small and +4-cleft, toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, or altogether +wanting in our species. Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4; anthers linear or +oblong, large. Style single; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a 1--2-celled samara +or _key-fruit_, flattened, winged at the apex, 1--2-seeded. Cotyledons +elliptical; radicle slender.--Light timber-trees, with petioled pinnate +leaves of 3--15 either toothed or entire leaflets; the small flowers in +crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The +classical Latin name.) + +[*] _Leaflets petiolulate; anthers linear-oblong; calyx small, +persistent._ + +[+] _Fruit winged only at the upper part of the terete or nearly terete +body._ + +1. F. Americana, L. (WHITE ASH.) _Branchlets and petioles glabrous_; +leaflets 7--9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth +or pubescent underneath, entire or sparingly serrate or denticulate; +_fruit_ (about 11/2' long) _marginless below, abruptly dilated into a +lanceolate, oblanceolate, or wedge-linear wing_ 2 or 3 times as long as +the terete cylindraceous body.--Rich or moist woods, common from the +Atlantic to Minn., E. Neb. and Kan. April, May.--A large and very +valuable forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth gray branchlets +and rusty-colored buds. Monoecious flowers rarely occur. + +[++][++] _Body of fruit more slender, tapering gradually from summit to +base, more or less margined upward by the decurrent wing._ + +2. F. pubescens, Lam. (RED ASH.) _Branchlets and petioles +velvety-pubescent_; leaflets 7--9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, +taper-pointed, almost entire, pale or more or less pubescent beneath; +_fruit 11/2--2' long, the edges gradually dilated into the linear or +spatulate wing_.--Low grounds, throughout our range; rare west of +Ohio.--Tree of middle or large size; inner face of outer bark of the +branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh. + +3. F. viridis, Michx. f. (GREEN ASH.) _Glabrous throughout; leaflets +5--9_, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base and +serrate above, _bright green both sides; fruit_ much as in n. 2.--Along +streams; common.--Intermediate forms occur with paler leaves somewhat +pubescent beneath. A small or middle-sized tree. + +[+][+] _Fruit with compressed and wing-margined body._ + +4. F. platycarpa, Michx. (WATER-ASH.) _Branchlets terete_, glabrous or +pubescent; leaflets 5--7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, +short-stalked; _fruit broadly winged_ (not rarely 3-winged), _oblong_ +(9'' wide), _with a tapering base_.--Deep river-swamps, Va. to La. +March. Tree of middle size. + +5. F. quadrangulata, Michx. (BLUE ASH.) _Branchlets square_, at least on +vigorous shoots, glabrous; leaflets 7--9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or +lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides; _fruit narrowly +oblong, blunt, and of the same width at both ends_, or slightly narrowed +at the base, often notched at the apex (11/2' long, 3--4'' wide).--Dry or +moist rich woods, Ohio to Mich. and Minn., south to Tenn.--Large timber +tree, the inner bark yielding a blue color to water. + +[*][*] _Lateral leaflets sessile; anthers short-oblong; flowers wholly +naked_. + +6. F. sambucifolia, Lam. (BLACK ASH.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous; +leaflets 7--11, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, obtuse +or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides, when young with +some rusty hairs along the midrib; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly +elliptical, blunt at both ends.--Swamps and wet banks, N. Scotia to +Minn., south to Va. and Mo.--Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough +and fissile wood. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Elder. + + +2. FORESTIERA, Poir. + +Flowers dioecious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of +last year's leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx of 4 +minute sepals. Stamens 2--4; anthers oblong. Ovary ovate, 2-celled, +with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell; style slender; stigma somewhat +2-lobed. Drupe small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded.--Shrubs, with opposite +and often fascicled deciduous leaves and small flowers. Fertile +peduncles short, 1--3-flowered. (Named for _M. Forestier_, a French +physician.) + +1. F. acuminata, Poir. Glabrous, somewhat spinescent, 5--10 deg. high; +leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, +often serrulate; drupe elongated-oblong, usually pointed.--Wet river +banks, S. W. Ind. to Mo., south to Tex. April. + + +3. CHIONANTHUS, L. FRINGE-TREE. + +Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear +petals, which are barely united at base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on +the very base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, +globular, becoming 1-celled, 1--3-seeded.--Low trees or shrubs, with +deciduous and entire petioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and +drooping graceful panicles, from lateral buds. (Name from [Greek: +chio/n], _snow_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _blossom_, alluding to the light +and snow-white clusters of flowers.) + +1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate; flowers +on slender pedicels; petals 1' long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to +5 or 6 in number; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid (6--8'' +long).--River banks, N. J. and S. Penn. to Fla., Tex., and Mo.; very +ornamental in cultivation. June. + + +4. LIGUSTRUM, Tourn. PRIVET. + +Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 2, on the tube of the +corolla, included. Berry 2-celled, 1--2 seeded.--Shrubs, with entire +leaves and small white flowers in terminal panicles. (The classical +name.) + +L. VULGARE, L. (PRIVET, or PRIM.) Leaves very smooth; berries +black.--Used for low hedges, and naturalized eastward; from Europe. + + +ORDER 66. APOCYNACEAE. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) + +_Plants almost all with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite) +leaves without stipules, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers; the 5 +lobes of the corolla convolute and twisted in the bud; the filaments +distinct, inserted on the corolla, and the pollen granular_; calyx free +from the two ovaries, which (in our genera) are distinct (forming +follicles), though their styles or stigmas are united into one.--Seeds +amphitropous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing +albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose).--Chiefly a tropical +family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in gardens by the +Oleander and Periwinkle. + +1. Amsonia. Seeds naked. Corolla-tube bearded inside. Anthers longer +than the filaments. Leaves alternate. + +2. Trachelospermum. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. +Filaments slender. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite. + +3. Apocynum. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. +Filaments short, broad and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite. + + +1. AMSONIA, Walt. + +Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded +inside, especially at the throat; the limb divided into 5 long linear +lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube, included; anthers obtuse at +both ends, longer than the filaments. Ovaries 2; style 1; stigma +rounded, surrounded with a cup-like membrane. Pod (follicles) 2, long +and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindrical, abrupt at both ends, packed +in one row, naked.--Perennial herbs, with _alternate leaves_, and pale +blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said to be named for a _Mr. +Charles Amson_.) + +1. A. Tabernaemontana, Walt. Loosely pubescent or hairy when young, soon +glabrous; leaves from ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, +taper-pointed; calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped; tube of the bluish corolla +little longer than the lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or +glabrous.--Low grounds, N. C. to S. Ind. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. +May, June. + + +2. TRACHELOSPERMUM, Lemaire. + +Calyx 5-parted, with 3--5 glands at its base inside. Corolla +funnel-form, not appendaged; limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included; +filaments slender; anthers arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip. Pods +(follicles) 2, slender, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of +down.--Twining plants, more or less woody, with opposite leaves and +small flowers in cymes. (Name from [Greek: tra/xelos], _a neck_, and +[Greek: spe/rma], _seed_, upon the supposition that the seed was +beaked.) + +1. T. difforme, Gray. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous; leaves +oval-lanceolate, pointed, thin; calyx-lobes taper-pointed; corolla pale +yellow. (Forsteronia difformis, _A. DC._)--Damp grounds, Va. to Fla. and +Tex. April. + + +3. APOCYNUM, Tourn. DOGBANE. INDIAN HEMP. + +Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 +triangular appendages below the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, on +the very base of the corolla; filaments flat, shorter than the arrow +shaped anthers, which converge around the stigma, and are slightly +adherent to it. Style none; stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit +of 2 long (2--7') and slender follicles. Seeds comose, with a tuft of +long silky down at the apex.--Perennial herbs, with upright branching +stems, opposite mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and +small and pale cymose flowers on short pedicels. (Ancient name of the +Dogbane, composed of [Greek: a)po/], _from_, and [Greek: ky/on], _a +dog_.) + +1. A. androsaemifolium, L. (SPREADING DOGBANE.) Smooth, or rarely +soft-tomentose, branched above; _branches divergently forking; leaves +ovate, distinctly petioled; cymes loose, spreading_, mostly longer than +the leaves; _corolla_ (pale rose-color, 4'' broad) _open-bell-shaped, +with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate pointed +divisions of the calyx_.--Borders of thickets; common. June, July. + +2. A. cannabinum, L. (INDIAN HEMP.) Glabrous or more or less +soft-pubescent; stem and branches _upright or ascending_ (2--3 deg. high), +terminated by _erect and close many-flowered cymes_, which are usually +shorter than the leaves; leaves from oval to oblong and even lanceolate, +short-petioled or sessile, with rounded or obscurely cordate base; +_corolla_ (greenish-white) _with nearly erect lobes, the tube not longer +than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx_.--Moist grounds and banks of +streams; common. Very variable. July, Aug. + + +ORDER 67. ASCLEPIADACEAE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) + +_Plants with milky juice, and opposite or whorled (rarely scattered) +entire leaves; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connected with the +stigma), sensible properties, etc., just as in the last family, from +which they differ in the commonly valvate corolla, and in the singular +connection of the anthers with the stigma, the cohesion of the pollen +into wax-like or granular masses_ (pollinia), etc., as explained under +the typical genus Asclepias. + +PERIPLOCA GRAECA, L., a woody climbing plant of the Old World, in +ornamental cultivation, and in one or two places inclined to be +spontaneous, represents a tribe with granulose pollen loosely aggregated +in two masses in each anther-cell. It has a brownish rotate corolla, +very hairy within, and with 5 awned scales in the throat. + +Tribe I. CYNANCHEAE. Anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect +scarious membrane, the cells lower than the top of the stigma; pollinia +suspended. + +[*] Stems erect or merely decumbent. + +1. Asclepiodora. Corolla rotate, merely spreading. Crown of 5 hooded +fleshy bodies, with a salient crest in each. Leaves alternate. + +2. Asclepias. Corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown as in n. 1, but +with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each hood. Leaves +usually opposite. + +3. Acerates. Corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in n. 1, but +with neither crest nor horn inside. Leaves mainly alternate. + +[*][*] Stems twining. Leaves mostly opposite. + +4. Enslenia. Corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous flat bodies, +terminated by a 2-cleft tail or awn. + +5. Vincetoxicum. Corolla rotate, spreading. Crown a fleshy 5--10-lobed +ring or disk. + +Tribe II. GONOLOBEAE. Anthers with short if any scarious tip, borne on +the margin of or close under the disk of the stigma; pollinia +horizontal. + +6. Gonolobus. Corolla rotate. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring. Stems +twining. + + +1. ASCLEPIODORA, Gray. + +Nearly as in Asclepias, but the corolla-lobes ascending or spreading, +and the hoods destitute of a horn, widely spreading and somewhat +incurved, slipper-shaped and laterally compressed, the cavity divided at +the apex by a crest-like partition.--Umbels solitary and terminal or +corymbed, loosely-flowered. Follicles oblong or ovate, often somewhat +muricate with soft spinous projections. ([Greek: A)sklepio/s] and +[Greek: do~ron] or [Greek: dorea/], _the gift of AEsculapius_.) + +1. A. viridis, Gray. Almost glabrous; stems short (1 deg. high); leaves +alternate, short-petioled, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 1--2' wide; +umbels several in a cluster, short-peduncled; flowers large (1' in +diameter), green, with a purplish crown. (Acerates paniculata, +_Decaisne_.)--Prairies, Ill. to Tex. and S. Car. June. + + +2. ASCLEPIAS, L. MILKWEED. SILKWEED. + +Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the divisions small, reflexed. Corolla +deeply 5-parted, the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. +_Crown_ of 5 hooded bodies seated on the tube of stamens, each +containing an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the +corolla; filaments united in a tube which encloses the pistil, anthers +adherent to the stigma, each with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a +membranaceous appendage, each cell containing a flattened pear-shaped +and waxy pollen-mass; the two contiguous pollen-masses of adjacent +anthers, forming pairs which hang by a slender prolongation of their +summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the stigma +(extricated from the cells by insects, and directing copious +pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the +style). Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles; the large depressed +5-angled fleshy stigmatic disk common to the two. Follicles 2, one of +them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, +margined, bearing a tuft of long silky hairs (_coma_) at the hilum, +downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta, which separates from +the suture at maturity. Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons +in thin albumen.--Perennial upright herbs, with thick and deep roots; +peduncles terminal or lateral and between the usually opposite petioles, +bearing simple many-flowered umbels, in summer. (The Greek name of +_AEsculapius_, to whom the genus is dedicated.) + +Sec. 1. _Corneous anther-wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate and +salient at base; horn conspicuous._ + +[*] _Flowers orange-color; leaves mostly scattered; juice not milky._ + +1. A. tuberosa, L. (BUTTERFLY-WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT.) Roughish-hairy +(1--2 deg. high); stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the +summit, and bearing usually numerous umbels in a terminal corymb; leaves +from linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled; +divisions of the corolla oblong (greenish-orange); hoods narrowly +oblong, bright orange, scarcely longer than the nearly erect and slender +awl-shaped horns; pods hoary, erect on deflexed pedicels.--Dry fields, +common, especially southward.--Var. DECUMBENS, Pursh. Stems reclining; +leaves broader and more commonly opposite, and umbels from most of the +upper axils.--Ohio to Ga., etc. + +[*][*] _Corolla bright red or purple; follicles naked, fusiform, erect +on the deflexed pedicels_ (except in n. 5); _leaves opposite, mostly +broad_. + +[+] _Flowers rather large; hoods about 3'' long and exceeding the +anthers; leaves transversely veined._ + +2. A. paupercula, Michx. Glabrous; stem slender (2--4 deg. high); leaves +elongated-lanceolate or linear (5--10' long), tapering to both ends, +slightly petioled, _umbels 5--12-flowered_; divisions of the red corolla +narrowly oblong; the _bright orange hoods_ broadly oblong, obtuse, much +exceeding the incurved horn.--Wet pine-barrens on the coast, N. J. to +Fla. and Tex. + +3. A. rubra, L. _Glabrous; leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from +a rounded or heart-shaped base_ to a very acute point, sessile or nearly +so (2--6' long, 1/2--21/2' wide), bright green; umbels many-flowered; +divisions of the corolla and hoods _oblong-lanceolate, purple-red; the +horn long and slender, straightish_.--Wet pine-barrens, etc., N. J. and +Penn. to Fla., La., and Mo. + +4. A. purpurascens, L. (PURPLE M.) Stem rather slender (1--3 deg. high); +_leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong_, the upper taper-pointed, _minutely +velvety-downy underneath_, smooth above, _contracted at base into a +short petiole; pedicels_ shorter than the peduncle, _3--4 times the +length of the dark purple lanceolate-ovate divisions of the corolla_; +hoods oblong, abruptly narrowed above; _the horn broadly scythe-shaped, +with a narrow and abruptly inflexed horizontal point_.--Dry ground, +N. Eng. to Minn., Tenn., and southward.--Flowers 6'' long. + +[+][+] _Flowers small; hoods 1'' long, equalling the anthers; veins +ascending._ + +5. A. incarnata, L. (SWAMP MILKWEED.) Smooth, or nearly so, in the +typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches of +the peduncles (2--3 deg. high), very leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute +or pointed, obtuse or obscurely heart-shaped at base; flowers +rose-purple; hoods scarcely equalling the slender needle-pointed +horn.--Swamps, common.--Var. PULCHRA, Pers.; leaves broader and +shorter-petioled, more or less hairy-pubescent, as well as the stem. +Milky juice scanty.--With the smooth form. + +[*][*][*] _Flowers greenish, yellowish, white, or merely +purplish-tinged; leaves opposite or whorled, or the upper rarely +scattered._ + +[+] _Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes, densely tomentose +(smooth, and only minutely echinate at the apex in n. 8), large (3--5' +long), ovate and acuminate, erect on deflexed pedicels; leaves large and +broad, short-petioled; umbels terminal and lateral._ + +6. A. speciosa, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose or glabrate, _the +many-flowered umbel and calyx densely tomentose_; leaves +_subcordate-oval_ to oblong; corolla-lobes purplish, ovate-oblong, +4--5'' long; hoods 5--6'' long, with a short inflexed horn, _the +truncate summit abruptly produced into a very long lanceolate-ligulate +appendage_.--Along streams, Minn. to Ark., and westward. + +7. A. Cornuti, Decaisne. (COMMON MILKWEED or SILKWEED.) Stem tall and +stout, finely soft-pubescent; _leaves_ oval-oblong (4--8' long), pale, +_minutely downy beneath, as well as the peduncles_, etc.; corolla-lobes +dull purple to white, 3--4'' long; _hoods_ rather longer than the +anthers, _ovate, obtuse, with a tooth each side of the short stout +claw-like horn_.--Rich ground, everywhere. + +8. A. Sullivantii, Engelm. _Very smooth_ throughout, tall; leaves +ovate-oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile; _hoods +obovate_, entire, _obtusely 2-eared at the base_ outside; flowers +larger (9'' long) and more purple than in the last; anther-wings +2-toothed at base; _pod_ nearly glabrous, obscurely _spiny chiefly on +the beak_.--Low grounds, Ohio to Kan. and Minn. + +[+][+] _Follicles wholly unarmed, either glabrous or +tomentulose-pubescent_. + +[++] _Erect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fruiting pedicels._ + +[=] _Umbel solitary, on a naked terminal peduncle; leaves sessile, +broad, transversely veined, wavy; glabrous and pale or glaucous._ + +9. A. Obtusifolia, Michx. Stem 2--3 deg. high; _leaves oblong with a +heart-shaped clasping base_, very obtuse or retuse (21/2--5' long); +peduncle 3--12' long; corolla pale greenish purple; hoods truncate, +somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter than the slender awl-pointed +horn.--Sandy woods and fields, not rare, especially southward. A second +umbel at the base of the peduncle occasionally occurs. + +10. A. Meadii, Torr. Stem slender (1--2 deg. high); leaves _ovate or +oblong-ovate_, obtuse or acutish (11/2--21/2' long), peduncle only twice the +length of the upper leaves, pedicels rather short, corolla +greenish-white; hoods rounded-truncate at summit, and with a sharp tooth +at each margin, somewhat exceeding the stouter horn.--Dry ground, Ill. +and Iowa. June. + +[=][=] _Umbels mostly more than one; peduncle not overtopping the +leaves._ + +[a.] _Leaves large, orbicular to oblong-lanceolate; hoods broad, little +if at all exceeding the anthers; glabrous or some minute pubescence on +young parts._ + +11. A. Jamesii, Torr. Stem stout (1 deg. high or more); leaves about 5 +pairs, approximate, _remarkably thick, rounded or broadly oval, often +emarginate, subcordate at base, nearly sessile_; umbels 2--3, densely +many-flowered, on short peduncles, corolla-lobes ovate, _greenish_; +hoods truncate, entire.--Plains of central Kansas and southwestward. + +12. A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. (POKE-MILKWEED.) Stem 3--5 deg. high; _leaves +broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both ends, +short-petioled_, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5--8' long); +lateral umbels several, _pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, long_ and +slender (1--3' long), equalling the peduncle; _corolla-lobes_ +ovate-oblong, greenish; hoods (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at +the summit, _the horn with a long projecting awl-shaped point_.--Moist +copses, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ark. + +13. A. variegata, L. Stem 1--2 deg. high; _leaves_ (4--5 pairs) _ovate, +oval, or obovate_, somewhat wavy, _contracted into short petioles_, +middle ones sometimes whorled; _pedicels (numerous and crowded) and +peduncle short, downy_; divisions of the _corolla ovate (white)_; hoods +orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish, the horn semilunar with a +horizontal point.--Dry woods, southern N. Y. to Ind., south to Fla., +Ark., and W. La. July.--Remarkable for its compact umbels of nearly +white flowers. + +[b.] _Leaves mostly pubescent or puberulent; hoods obtuse, entire, twice +or thrice the length of the anthers._ + +14. A. ovalifolia, Decaisne. Low (6--18' high), soft-downy, especially +the lower surface of the ovate or lanceolate-oblong acute short-petioled +leaves (11/2--3' long); umbels loosely 10--18-flowered, sessile or +peduncled; pedicels slender, hoods oblong, yellowish, with a small horn, +about the length of the oval greenish-white corolla-lobes (tinged with +purple outside).--Prairies and oak-openings, N. Ill. and Iowa, to Wisc. +and Dak. + +[++][++] _Follicles and pedicels erect; leaves often whorled; glabrous +or nearly so._ + +[=] _Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, thin, rather slender-petioled._ + +15. A. quadrifolia, L. Stem slender (1--2 deg. high), mostly leafless below, +bearing usually _one or two whorls_ of four in the middle and one or two +pairs _of ovate or ovate-lanceolate_ taper-pointed petioled leaves +(2--4' long); pedicels slender; corolla-lobes (_pale pink_) oblong; +hoods white, elliptical-ovate, the incurved horn short and thick.--Dry +woods and hills, N. Eng. to Minn., south to N. C. and Ark. + +16. A. perennis, Walt. Stems (1--2 deg. high) _persistent or somewhat woody +at the base; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both +ends_, thin, rather slender-petioled; _flowers white_, small; the small +hoods of the crown shorter than the needle-shaped horn; seeds sometimes +destitute of a coma!--Low grounds, S. Ind. and Ill. to Tex., and +eastward. + +[=][=] _Leaves narrowly linear to filiform; horn subulate, exserted; +column conspicuous._ + +17. A. verticillata, L. Stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, +very leafy to the summit, leaves filiform-linear, with revolute margins +(2--3' long, 1'' wide), 3--6 in a whorl; umbels small, lateral and +terminal; divisions of the corolla ovate (greenish-white); hoods +roundish-oval, about half the length of the incurved claw-shaped +horns.--Dry hills, common, especially southward.--Var. PUMILA, Gray, is +low and many-stemmed from a fascicled root; leaves much crowded, +filiform.--Dry plains, Neb. to Kan. and N. Mex. + +Sec. 2. _Anther-wings broadly rounded at base and conspicuously +auriculate-notched just above it; hoods with a minute horn exserted from +the 2-lobed apex._ + +18. A. stenophylla, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous; stems +slender (1--2 deg. high), leaves narrowly linear (3--7' long, 1--21/2'' wide), +the upper alternate, lower opposite; umbels several, short-peduncled, +10--15-flowered; corolla-lobes oblong, greenish; hoods whitish, +equalling the anthers, conduplicate-concave; follicles erect on +ascending pedicels.--Dry prairies, Neb. to E. Kan., south and westward. + + +3. ACERATES, Ell. GREEN MILKWEED. + +Nearly as in Asclepias; but the hoods destitute of crest or horn (whence +the name, from [Greek: a] privative, and [Greek: ke/ras], _a +horn_).--Flowers greenish, in compact many-flowered umbels. Leaves +opposite or irregularly alternate, short-petioled or sessile. +Pollen-masses slender-stalked. Follicles smooth, slender. + +[*] _Crown upon a short column and shorter than the globular mass of +anthers and stigma, leaves mainly alternate-scattered._ + +1. A. longifolia, Ell. Minutely roughish-hairy or smoothish; stem erect +(1--3 deg. high), very leafy; leaves linear (3--7' long); umbels lateral, on +peduncles of about the length of the slender pedicels; flowers 3'' long +when expanded.--Moist prairies and pine-barrens, Ohio to Minn., south to +Fla. and Tex. July--Oct. + +[*][*] _Crown sessile, the oblong hoods nearly equalling the anthers; +leaves often opposite and broader._ + +2. A. viridiflora, Ell. Minutely _soft-downy, becoming smoothish_; stems +ascending (1--2 deg. high); leaves oval to linear, thick (11/2--4' long); +_umbels nearly sessile, lateral_, dense and globose; flower (when the +corolla is reflexed) nearly 1/2' long, short-pedicelled.--Dry soil, +common, especially southward. July--Sept.--Runs into var. LANCEOLATA, +Gray, with lanceolate leaves 21/2--4' long;--and var. LINEARIS, Gray, with +elongated linear leaves and low stems; umbels often solitary. The latter +form from Minn., Dak., and southward. + +3. A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. _Hairy_, low (5--12' high); leaves +lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; _umbel solitary and terminal, +peduncled_; flowers smaller; _pedicels slender_.--Prairies, N. Ill. to +Minn., and westward. July. + + +4. ENSLENIA, Nutt. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate. +Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely +lobed at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at +base. Anthers nearly as in Asclepias; pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at +both ends, fixed below the summit of the stigma to the descending +glands. Follicles oblong-lanceolate, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in +Asclepias.--A perennial twining herb, smooth, with opposite heart-ovate +and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small whitish flowers in +raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedicated to _A. +Enslen_, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United +States early in the present century.) + +1. E. albida, Nutt. Climbing 8--12 deg. high; leaves 3--5' +wide.--River-banks, S. Penn. and Va. to Ill., Mo., and Tex. July--Sept. + + +5. VINCETOXICUM, Moench. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Crown flat and fleshy, +disk-like, 5--10-lobed, simple. Anthers, smooth follicles and seeds much +as in Asclepias.--Herbs, often twining. (Name from _vincens_, binding, +and _toxicum_, poison.) + +V. NIGRUM, Moench. More or less twining, nearly smooth; leaves ovate or +lance-ovate; flowers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster, on a +peduncle shorter than the leaves.--N. Eng. to Penn.; a weed escaping +from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +6. GONOLOBUS, Michx. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes +reflexed-spreading; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown small and +fleshy, annular or cup-shaped, in the throat of the corolla. Anthers +horizontal, partly hidden under the flattened stigma, opening +transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Follicles turgid, +mostly muricate with soft warty projections, sometimes ribbed. Seeds +with a coma.--Twining herbs or shrubs (ours herbaceous), with opposite +heart-shaped leaves, and corymbose-umbelled greenish or dark purple +flowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. Our species +belong to the typical section, with the crown simple and unappendaged, +and the corolla nearly veinless. (Name composed of [Greek: goni/a], _an +angle_, and [Greek: lobo/s], _a pod_, from the angled follicles of some +species.) + +[*] _Crown a low undulately 10-lobed fleshy disk; follicles unarmed, +glabrous, 3--5-costate or angled._ + +1. G. suberosus, R. Br. Leaves cordate with an open shallow or sometimes +deeper and narrow sinus, pointed, glabrate or hairy (3--5' long); umbels +3--9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole; _corolla broadly +conical in bud, abruptly pointed, twisted; lobes ovate_ or +triangular-lanceolate, _acute, pubescent inside; calyx half as long_. +(G. macrophyllus, _Chapman_.)--Near the coast, Va. to Fla. + +2. G. laevis, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate with a deep and narrow open +sinus, conspicuously acuminate (3--6' long); umbels 5--10-flowered, +barely equalling the petiole; _corolla elongated-conical in bud, not +twisted; lobes narrowly or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous inside, +3--4 times as long as the calyx_.--South of our range.--Passes into var. +MACROPHYLLUS, Gray, with _larger_ broadly cordate _leaves_, the _sinus +often closed_, finely pubescent beneath. (G. macrophyllus, +_Michx._)--River-banks, Va. to S. Ind., Mo., S. C., and Tex. + +[*][*] _Crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers; follicles muricate, +not costate._ + +[+] _Crown fleshy, merely 10-crenate, or the crenatures bidentate._ + +3. G. obliquus, R. Br. Leaves rounded- to ovate-cordate with a narrow +sinus, abruptly acuminate (3--8' long); _umbel many-flowered; corolla in +bud oblong-conical; its lobes linear-ligulate_ (5--6'' long, 1'' wide), +crimson-purple inside, dull or greenish and _minutely pubescent +outside_.--River-banks, mountains of Penn. and Va., to Ohio and Mo. +Flowers said to be fragrant. + +4. G. hirsutus, Michx. Commonly more hairy; leaves with the basal lobes +sometimes overlapping; _peduncles fewer-flowered; corolla in bud ovate, +its lobes elliptical-oblong_ (3--4'' long), _barely puberulent outside_, +dull or brownish-purple.--Md. and Va. to Tenn. and Fla. + +[+][+] _Crown thinner, the border lobed or toothed; leaves as in the +preceding._ + +5. G. Shortii, Gray. Resembles n. 3, but larger-leaved; corolla +oblong-conical in bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate (fully +6'' long); _crown about 10-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner, +narrower and longer, either emarginate or 2-parted_.--Along the +mountains, E. Ky. (_Short_) to N. W. Ga. (_Chapman_). + +6. G. Carolinensis, R. Br. Flower-bud oblong; corolla brownish-purple; +its lobes oblong or linear-oblong (4--5'' long); _crown undulately and +very obtusely 5-lobed and with a longer bifid subulate process in each +sinus_.--From Va. to La., extending north to Ark. and central Mo. + + +ORDER 68. LOGANIACEAE. (LOGANIA FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipules +or a stipular membrane or line between them, and with regular +4--5-merous 4--5-androus perfect flowers, the ovary free from the +calyx_; a connecting group between Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, +Scrophulariaceae (from all which they are known by their stipules) and +Rubiaceae, from which they differ in their free ovary; our +representatives of the family are all most related to the Rubiaceae, to +which, indeed, they have been appended. + +[*] Woody twiners; leaves evergreen, stigmas 4. + +1. Gelsemium. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style +slender. + +[*][*] Herbs; stigma single, entire or 2-lobed. + +2. Polypremum. Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in +the bud. + +3. Spigelia. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed +in the middle. + +4. Mitreola. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, +converging, united at the summit, and with a common stigma. + + +1. GELSEMIUM, Juss. YELLOW (FALSE) JESSAMINE. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed; the lobes imbricated +in the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and +slender; stigmas 2, each 2-parted, the divisions linear. Capsule +elliptical, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, +septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or several, winged. Embryo straight, +in fleshy albumen; the ovate flat cotyledons much shorter than the +slender radicle.--Smooth and twining shrubby plants with ovate or +lanceolate leaves, minute deciduous stipules, and showy yellow flowers, +of two sorts as to relative length of stamens and style. (_Gelsomino_, +the Italian name of the Jessamine.) + +1. G. sempervirens, Ait. (YELLOW JESSAMINE of the South.) Stem climbing +high; leaves short-petioled, shining, nearly persistent; flowers in +short axillary clusters; pedicels scaly-bracted; flowers very fragrant +(the bright yellow corolla 1--11/2' long); capsule flat, pointed.--Low +grounds, E. Va. to Fla. and Tex. March, April. + + +2. POLYPREMUM, L. + +Calyx 4-parted; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margined +base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in +the throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short; +anthers globular. Style 1, very short; stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule +ovoid, a little flattened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, loculicidally +2-valved, many-seeded.--A smooth, diffuse, much-branched, small annual, +with narrowly linear or awl-shaped leaves, connected at base by a slight +stipular line; the small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and +at the ends of the branches; corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered +from [Greek: poly/premnos], _many-stemmed_.) + +1. P. procumbens, L.--Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Md. to Tex.; +also adventive in Penn. June--Oct. + + +3. SPIGELIA, L. PINK-ROOT. WORM-GRASS. + +Calyx 5-parted; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed +at the summit, valvate in bud. Stamens 5; anthers linear. Style 1, +slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Capsule short, 2-celled, +twin, laterally flattened, separating at maturity from a persistent base +into 2 carpels, which open loculicidally, few-seeded.--Chiefly herbs, +with opposite leaves united by stipules, and the flowers spiked in +one-sided cymes. (Named for _Adrian Spiegel_, latinized _Spigelius_, who +wrote on botany early in the 17th century, and was perhaps the first to +give directions for preparing an herbarium.) + +1. S. Marilandica, L. (MARYLAND PINK-ROOT.) Stems simple and erect from +a perennial root (6--18' high); leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute; +spike simple or forked, short; corolla 11/2' long, red outside, yellow +within; tube 4 times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate; +anthers and style exserted.--Rich woods, N. J. to Wisc. and Tex. June, +July.--A well-known officinal anthelmintic, and a showy plant. + + +4. MITREOLA, L. MITREWORT. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat +funnel-form, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at +the base slightly adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled; styles 2, +short, converging and united above by a common stigma. Capsule exserted, +strongly 2-horned or mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each +horn, many-seeded.--Annual smooth herbs, 6'--2 deg. high, with small +stipules between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one +side of the branches of a terminal petioled cyme. (Diminutive of +_mitra_, a mitre, from the shape of the pod.) + +1. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, +petioled.--Damp soil, from E. Va. to Tex. + + +ORDER 69. GENTIANACEAE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) + +_Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile +entire and simple leaves_ (except in Tribe II.) _without stipules, +regular flowers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, +which are convolute (rarely imbricated and sometimes valvate) in the +bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placentae, or nearly the whole +inner face of the ovary ovuliferous; the fruit usually a 2-valved and +septicidal many-seeded capsule_.--Flowers solitary or cymose (racemose +in n. 8). Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-persistent; the +stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo in +fleshy albumen. (Bitter-tonic plants.) + +SUBORDER I. Gentianeae. Leaves always simple and entire, sessile, never +alternate. AEstivation of corolla never valvate. + +[*] Lobes of corolla convolute in the bud. + +[+] Style filiform, usually deciduous; anthers oblong to linear, mostly +twisting or curving in age. + +1. Erythraea. Parts of flower 5 or 4; corolla salver-form; anthers +twisting spirally. + +2. Sabbatia. Parts of flower 5--12; corolla rotate; anthers recurved or +revolute. + +3. Eustoma. Parts of flower 5 or 6; corolla campanulate-funnel-form; +anthers versatile, straight or recurving; calyx-lobes long-acuminate. + +[+][+] Style stout and persistent or none; anthers remaining straight. + +4. Gentiana. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the +sinuses, without spurs or glands. Calyx 4--5-cleft. + +5. Frasera. Corolla 4-parted, rotate; a fringed glandular spot on each +lobe. + +6. Halenia. Corolla 4--5-cleft, campanulate, and 4--5-spurred at the +base. + +[*][*] Lobes of corolla imbricate in the bud; no appendages. + +7. Bartonia. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat +campanulate. + +8. Obolaria. Calyx of 2 foliaceous sepals. Corolla 4-lobed, +oblong-campanulate. + +SUBORDER II. Menyantheae. Leaves all alternate and mostly petioled, +sometimes trifoliolate or crenate. AEstivation of corolla +induplicate-valvate. Marsh or aquatic perennials. + +9. Menyanthes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate. + +10. Limnanthemum. Corolla naked, or bearded on the margins only. Leaves +simple, rounded. + + +1. ERYTHRAEA, Richard. CENTAURY. + +Calyx 4--5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or +salver-form, with slender tube and 4--5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, +erect, twisting spirally. Style slender, single; stigma capitate or +2-lipped.--Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or +reddish flowers (whence the name, from [Greek: e)rythro/s], _red_); in +summer. + +E. CENTAURIUM, Pers. (CENTAURY.) Stem upright (6--12' high), +_corymbosely branched_ above; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish, the +basal rosulate, the uppermost linear; _cymes clustered, flat-topped, the +flowers all nearly sessile_; tube of the (purple-rose-colored) corolla +not twice the length of the oval lobes.--Waste grounds, shores of Lakes +Ontario and Michigan. (Adv. from Eu.) + +E. RAMOSISSIMA, Pers. Low (2--6' high); _stem many times forked above +and forming a diffuse cyme_; leaves ovate-oblong or oval, not rosulate +below; _flowers all on short pedicels_; tube of the (pink-purple) +corolla thrice the length of the elliptical-oblong lobes.--Wet or shady +places, N. J., E. Penn., and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) + +E. SPICATA, Pers. Stem strictly upright (6--10' high); the _flowers +sessile and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked +branches_; leaves oval and oblong, rounded at base, acutish; tube of the +(rose-colored or whitish) corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the +lobes oblong.--Sandy sea-shore, Nantucket, Mass., and Portsmouth, Va. +(Nat. from Eu.) + + +2. SABBATIA, Adans. + +Calyx 5--12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5--12-parted, +wheel-shaped. Stamens 5--12; anthers soon recurved. Style 2-cleft or +-parted, slender.--Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and +cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers, in summer. +(Dedicated to _L. Sabbati_, an early Italian botanist.) + +[*] _Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6--7-parted._ + +[+] _Branches all opposite and stems more or less 4-angled; flowers +cymose; calyx with long and slender lobes._ + +[++] _Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying._ + +1. S. paniculata, Pursh. _Stem brachiately much-branched_ (1--2 deg. high); +_leaves linear or the lower oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved_, nearly equalling +the internodes; calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla.--Low grounds, +Va. to Fla. + +2. S. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. _Stem simple_ (2--3 deg. high) bearing a +flat-topped cyme; _leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved_, the +upper acute, much shorter than the internodes; calyx-lobes longer and +flowers larger than in n. 1.--Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. + +[++][++] _Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish +eye._ + +3. S. brachiata, Ell. _Stem slightly angled_, simple below (1--2 deg. high); +_leaves linear and linear-oblong, obtuse_, or the upper acute; branches +rather few-flowered, forming an oblong panicle; calyx-lobes nearly half +shorter than the corolla.--Dry or low places, Ind. and N. C. to La. and +Fla. + +4. S. angularis, Pursh. _Stem somewhat 4-winged-angled_, much branched +above (1--21/2 deg. high), many-flowered; _leaves ovate_, acutish, 5-nerved, +with a _somewhat heart-shaped clasping_ base; calyx-lobes one third or +half the length of the corolla.--Rich soil, N. Y. to Ont. and Mich., +south to Fla. and La. + +[+][+] _Branches alternate (or the lower opposite in n. 5); peduncles +1-flowered_. + +[++] _Calyx-lobes foliaceous._ + +5. S. calycosa, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale, 1 deg. high or less; +leaves oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at base; calyx-lobes +spatulate-lanceolate ({2/3}--1' long), exceeding the rose-colored or +almost white corolla.--Sea-coast and near it, Va. to Tex. + +[++][++] _Calyx-lobes slender and tube very short (prominently costate +in n. 6, and longer, nearly or quite enclosing the retuse capsule)._ + +6. S. campestris, Nutt. Span or two high, divergently branched above; +leaves ovate with subcordate clasping base (1/2--1' long), on the branches +lanceolate; calyx equalling the lilac corolla (11/2--2' broad).--Prairies, +S. E. Kan. and W. Mo. to Tex. + +7. S. stellaris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking; _leaves oblong to +lanceolate_, the upper narrowly linear; _calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, +varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple +corolla_; style nearly 2-parted.--Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. Appears to +pass into the next; corolla in both at times pink or white. + +8. S. gracilis, Salisb. _Stem very slender_, at length diffusely +branched; branches and long peduncles filiform; _leaves linear_, or the +lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the _setaceous calyx-lobes, +which equal the rose-purple corolla_; style cleft to the +middle.--Brackish marshes, Nantucket, Mass., and N. J., to Fla. and La. + +9. S. Elliottii, Steud. Effusely much branched; _leaves small_, lower +cauline (6'' long or less) thickish, _from obovate to lanceolate_, upper +narrowly linear and rather longer, on the flowering branches subulate; +_calyx-lobes slender-subulate, very much shorter than the white +corolla_; style 2-parted.--Pine barrens, S. Va. (?) to Fla. + +[*][*] _Corolla 8--12-parted, large (about 2' broad)._ + +10. S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem (1--2 deg. high), loosely panicled above; +peduncles slender, 1-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes +linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) +corolla.--Borders of brackish ponds, Mass. to Fla. and Ala. + + +3. EUSTOMA, Salisb. + +Calyx 5- (rarely 6-) parted; its lobes long-acuminate, with carinate +midrib. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, deeply 5--6-lobed. Anthers +oblong, versatile, straight or recurving in age. Style filiform, nearly +persistent; stigma of 2 broad lamellae.--Glaucous large-flowered annuals, +with more or less clasping and connate leaves, and slender terminal and +more or less paniculate 1-flowered peduncles. (From [Greek: eu~)], +_well_, and [Greek: sto/ma], _mouth_, alluding to the open-mouthed +corolla.) + +1. E. Russellianum, Griseb. One or two feet high; leaves from ovate- to +lanceolate-oblong; lobes of lavender-purple corolla obovate (11/2' long), +4 times longer than the tube; anthers hardly curving in age.--Neb. to +Tex. + + +4. GENTIANA, Tourn. GENTIAN. + +Calyx 4--5-cleft. Corolla 4--5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate +plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style +short or none; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule oblong, 2-valved; the +innumerable seeds either borne on placentae at or near the sutures, or in +most of our species covering nearly the whole inner face of the +pod.--Flowers solitary or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. +(Name from _Gentius_, king of Illyria, who used some species +medicinally.) + +Sec. 1. GENTIANELLA. _Corolla (not rotate) destitute of extended plaits or +lobes or teeth at the sinuses; root annual._ + +[*] (FRINGED GENTIANS.) _Flowers large, solitary on long terminal +peduncles, mostly 4-merous; corolla campanulate-funnel-form, its lobes +usually fimbriate or erose, not crowned; a row of glands between the +bases of the filaments. Autumn-flowering._ + +1. G. crinita, Froel. Stem 1--2 deg. high; _leaves lanceolate or +ovate-lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base_; lobes of +the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the +bell-shaped tube of the blue corolla (2' long), the _lobes_ of which are +_wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the summit; ovary +lanceolate_.--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Dak., south to Iowa, Ohio, and in +the mountains to Ga. + +2. G. serrata, Gunner. Stem 3--18' high; _leaves linear or +lanceolate-linear_; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, +ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed; _lobes of the sky-blue +corolla spatulate-oblong_, with ciliate-fringed margins, _the fringe +shorter or almost obsolete at the summit; ovary elliptical or obovate_. +(G. detonsa, _Manual_.)--Moist grounds, Newf. and W. New York, to Iowa +and Minn., north and westward. + +[*][*] _Flowers smaller, 4--5-merous; corolla somewhat funnel-form or +salver-form, its lobes entire; peduncles short or none, terminal and +lateral on the acute-angled stem._ + +3. G. Amarella, L. Stems 2--20' high; leaves lanceolate to narrowly +oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate, the margins minutely scabrous; +calyx-lobes (4--5) foliaceous, lanceolate or linear; corolla mostly +blue, 1/2' long or more, _with a fimbriate crown at the base of the oblong +acute lobes; capsule sessile._--Var. acuta, Hook. f. Calyx almost +5-parted; crown usually of fewer and sometimes very few setae.--Lab. to +N. Vt. and N. Minn., west and northward. + +4. G. quinqueflora, Lam. Stem rather slender, branching (1--2 deg. high); +leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and heart-shaped base, +3--7-nerved, tipped with a minute point; branches racemed or panicled, +about 5-flowered at the summit; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx +awl-shaped-linear; corolla pale blue, 6--9'' long, its lobes +_triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, without crown, but the glands +at the base_ of the slender obconical tube _manifest; capsule +stipitate_.--Moist hills, Maine to Ont., Ill., and south along the +mountains to Fla.--Var. OCCIDENTALIS, Gray. Sometimes 2--3 deg. high, and +paniculately much-branched; calyx-lobes more leaf-like, +linear-lanceolate, reaching to the middle of the broader funnel-form +corolla.--Va. and Ohio to Minn., south to Tenn. and La. + +Sec. 2. PNEUMONANTHE. _Corolla (funnel-form or salver-form) with +thin-membranaceous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses; no crown nor +glands, capsule stipitate; autumn-flowering perennials, the flowers +large, sessile or short pedunculate and bibracteate (except in n. 12)._ + +[*] _Anthers unconnected or soon separate; leaves rough-margined; seeds +winged._ + +5. G. affinis, Griseb. _Stems clustered_, 1 deg. high or less; leaves oblong +or lanceolate to linear; _flowers numerous and thyrsoid-racemose_ or few +or rarely almost solitary; _calyx-lobes_ unequal, the longest rarely +equalling the tube, the shortest sometimes minute; corolla (blue or +bluish) 1' long or less, rather _narrowly funnel-form_, with ovate +spreading lobes, the plaits with _conspicuous laciniate appendages +sometimes equalling the lobes_.--Minn. to the Pacific. + +6. G. puberula, Michx. Stems (_mostly solitary_) erect or ascending +(8--16' high), mostly _rough_ and minutely pubescent above; _leaves +rigid_, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (1--2' long); _flowers +clustered_, rarely solitary; _calyx-lobes lanceolate_, much shorter than +the _bell-funnel-form open bright-blue corolla_, the spreading ovate +_lobes_ of which are _twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed +appendages_.--Dry prairies and barrens, western N. Y., Ohio, and Ky., to +Minn. and Kan. Oct. + +[*][*] _Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube; flowers in terminal +and often axillary clusters._ + +[+] _Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous; seeds conspicuously +winged; leaves rough-margined._ + +7. G. Saponaria, L. (SOAPWORT G.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth; +leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, narrowed at the +base; _calyx-lobes linear or spatulate_, acute, _equalling or exceeding +the tube_, half the length of the corolla; _lobes_ of the +club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse, erect or converging, short +and broad, but _distinct_, and more or less _longer than the +conspicuous_ 2-cleft and minutely toothed _appendages_.--Moist woods, +N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and La. + +8. G. Andrewsii, Griseb. (CLOSED G.) Stems upright, smooth; leaves +ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed; +_calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate_, recurved, _shorter than the +top-shaped tube_, and much shorter than the more oblong and truncate +mostly blue corolla, which is closed at the mouth, _its proper lobes +obliterated_, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe-toothed +and notched appendages.--Moist ground, N. Eng. to Minn., south to N. Ga. +Corolla blue with white plaits, or sometimes all white. + +[+][+] _Margins of leaves, bracts, etc., smooth and naked; terminal +flower-cluster leafy-involucrate; seeds winged._ + +9. G. alba, Muhl. Stems upright, stout; flowers sessile and crowded in a +dense terminal cluster; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped +closely clasping base, gradually tapering; calyx-lobes ovate or +subcordate, many times shorter than the tube of the corolla, +reflexed-spreading; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or +yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad +ovate lobes twice the length of the broad toothed appendages.--Low +grounds and mountain meadows, Ont. to Ill., Ky., and Va. + +10. G. linearis, Froel. Stems slender and strict, 1--2 deg. high; flowers +1--5 in the terminal cluster; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, with +somewhat narrowed base; bracts sometimes very finely scabrous; +calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate; corolla blue, narrow funnel-form, its +erect roundish-ovate lobes little longer than the triangular acute +appendages. (G. Saponaria, var. linearis, _Gray_.)--Bogs, mountains of +Md. to N. Y., N. Eng., and northward. + +Var. lanceolata, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate +ones almost ovate-lanceolate, appendages of corolla sometimes very short +and broad.--Minn. and L. Superior; also Herkimer Co., N. Y. + +Var. latifolia, Gray. Stout; leaves closely sessile, not contracted at +base, the lowest oblong-linear, the upper ovate-lanceolate; appendages +broad, acute or subtruncate.--L. Superior; N. Brunswick (flowers blue). + +[+][+][+] _Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth margins or nearly so; +seeds completely marginless._ + +11. G. ochroleuca, Froel. Stems ascending, mostly smooth; leaves +obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppermost +somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at base, calyx-lobes linear, unequal, +much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open +corolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple +stripes; its lobes ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly +toothed oblique appendages.--Dry or damp grounds, Penn. to Fla. and La. + +[*][*][*] _Anthers not connected; flowers terminal, solitary, commonly +peduncled and naked; seeds wingless._ + +12. G. angustifolia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6--15' high), +mostly simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla +open-funnel-form (2' long), azure-blue, also a greenish and white +variety, about twice the length of the thread-like calyx-lobes, +its ovate spreading lobes twice as long as the cut-toothed +appendages.--Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. + +PLEUROGYNE CARINTHIACA, Griseb., var. PUSILLA, Gray, a low few-flowered +annual, with rotate blue or bluish 4--5 parted corolla and a pair of +scale-like appendages on the base of its divisions, is found from the +Arctic Coast to the Lower St. Lawrence and Newfoundland, and was +reported by Pursh from the summits of the White Mountains, but has not +since been found. + + +5. FRASERA, Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO. + +Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each +division with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments +awl-shaped, usually somewhat monadelphous at base; anthers oblong, +versatile. Style persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oval, flattened, +4--14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined.--Tall and showy +herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly simple stems, bearing +whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open cymes, disposed +in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to _John Fraser_, an +indefatigable collector in this country toward the close of the last +century.) + +1. F. Carolinensis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (3--8 deg. high); +leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny; +panicle pyramidal, loosely flowered; corolla (1' broad) light +greenish-yellow, marked with small brown-purple dots, its divisions +oblong, mucronate, longer than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each +with a large round gland below the middle; capsule much flattened +parallel with the flat valves.--Rich dry soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., +south to Ga. + + +6. HALENIA, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN. + +Calyx 4--5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4--5-cleft, without folds +or fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, +which are glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the +oblong flattish capsule. Seeds rather numerous, oblong.--Small and +upright herbs, with yellowish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. +(Named for _John Halen_, a German botanist.) + +1. H. deflexa, Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9--18' high), simple +or branched above; leaves 3--5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and +petioled, the others oblong-lanceolate, acute; spurs cylindrical, +obtuse, curved, descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed +corolla.--Damp and cool woods, from N. Maine and W. Mass. to +L. Superior, Minn., and northward. + + +7. BARTONIA, Muhl. + +Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or +folds. Stamens short. Capsule oblong, flattened, pointed with a large +persistent at length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering +the whole inner surface of the pod.--Small annuals or biennials (3--10' +high), with thread-like stems, and little awl-shaped scales in place of +leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. (Dedicated to _Prof. Benjamin +Smith Barton_, of Philadelphia.) + +1. B. tenella, Muhl. Stems branched above, the branches or peduncles +mostly opposite, 1--3-flowered; _lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, +rather longer than the calyx_, or sometimes twice as long; _anthers +roundish_; ovary 4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform.--Open woods, +Newf. to Wisc., south to Va. and La. Aug.--Scales and branches +occasionally alternate. + +2. B. verna, Muhl. Stem 1--few-flowered; flowers 3--4'' long, larger; +_lobes of the corolla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of +the calyx; anthers oblong_; ovary flat.--Bogs near the coast, S. Va. to +Fla. and La. March. + + +8. OBOLARIA, L. + +Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla +tubular-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes +oval-oblong, or with age spatulate, imbricated in the bud! Stamens +inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short, persistent; +stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, the cell cruciform; the seeds +covering the whole face of the walls.--A low and very smooth +purplish-green perennial (3--8' high), with a simple or sparingly +branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish +flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly +sessile; in spring. (Name from [Greek: o)bolo/s], a small Greek coin, +from the thick rounded leaves.) + +1. O. Virginica, L. Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves +scale-like; flowers 4'' long.--Moist woods, N. J. to Ill., south to Ga. +and Tex. + + +9. MENYANTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-cleft, deciduous, the whole +upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned +inward. Style slender, persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule bursting +somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and +shining.--A perennial alternate-leaved herb, with a thickish creeping +rootstock, sheathed by the membranous bases of the long petioles, which +bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets; the flowers racemed on the naked scape +(1 deg. high), white or slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, +probably from [Greek: me/n], _month_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _a flower_, +some say from its flowering for about that time.) + +1. M. trifoliata, L.--Bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Ind. and Iowa, and far +north and westward. May, June. (Eu., Asia.) + + +10. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions +fringed or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inward in the +bud, bearing a glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none; +stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule few--many-seeded, at length +bursting irregularly. Seed-coat hard.--Perennial aquatics, with rounded +floating leaves on very long petioles, which, in most species, bear near +the summit the umbel of (polygamous) flowers, along with a cluster of +short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting forth new leaves from the +same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous stolons, flowering +all summer. (Name compounded of [Greek: li/mne], _a marsh_ or _pool_, +and [Greek: a)/nthemon], _a blossom_, from the situations where they +grow.) + +1. L. lacunosum, Grisebach. _Leaves entire_, round-heart-shaped (1--2' +broad), thickish, petioles filiform; lobes of the (white) corolla +broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at the base, +twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes; style none; _seeds +smooth and even_.--Shallow water, from Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and +La. + +2. L. trachyspermum, Gray. _Leaves larger_ (2--6' broad) and rounder, +thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate or +pitted beneath; petioles stouter; _seeds glandular-roughened_.--Ponds +and streams, Md. and Va. to Fla. and Tex. + + +ORDER 70. POLEMONIACEAE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and +5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a +3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, +loculicidal, few--many-seeded, the valves usually breaking away from the +triangular central column._--Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently +mucilaginous when moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight +in the axis of copious albumen. Calyx persistent, imbricated. Corolla +with a 5-parted border. Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants; +many are ornamental in cultivation.) + +1. Phlox. Corolla salver-form. Calyx narrow. Leaves opposite, entire. + +2. Gilia. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Calyx narrow, +partly scarious. Leaves mostly alternate, entire. + +3. Polemonium. Corolla open-bell shaped. Calyx herbaceous, bell-shaped. +Filaments slender, equal. Leaves alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted. + + +1. PHLOX, L. + +Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla +salver-form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the +tube of the corolla, included. Capsule ovoid, with sometimes 2 ovules +but ripening only a single seed in each cell.--Perennials (except a few +southern species, such as P. Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite +and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers +cymose, mostly bracted; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the +upper axils. ([Greek: Phlo/x], _flame_, an ancient name of Lychnis, +transferred to this North American genus.) Most of our species are +cultivated in gardens. + +Sec. 1. _Herbaceous, with flat (broad or narrow) leaves._ + +[*] _Stem strictly erect; panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered; +peduncles and pedicels very short; corolla-lobes entire. (Very common in +gardens.)_ + +1. P. paniculata, L. Stem stout (2--4 deg. high), smooth; leaves +oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the +base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base; _panicle ample, +pyramidal-corymbed; calyx-teeth awn-pointed_; corolla pink-purple +varying to white.--Open woods, Penn. to Ill., south to Fla. and La. +June, July. + +2. P. maculata, L. (WILD SWEET-WILLIAM.) Smooth, or barely roughish; +_stem spotted with purple_, rather slender (1--2 deg. high); lower leaves +lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from +the broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base, _panicle narrow, +oblong_, leafy below; _calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, +scarcely pointed_; corolla pink-purple.--Rich woodlands and along +streams, N. J. and N. Penn. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.--Var. +CANDIDA, Michx., is a white-flowered form, commonly with spotless stem. +With the ordinary form. + +[*][*] _Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect; flowers +in corymbed or simple cymes; corolla-lobes obovate or obcordate._ + +[+] _Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate; corolla-lobes rounded, entire; +glabrous or nearly so._ + +3. P. ovata, L. Stems ascending (1/2--2 deg. high), often from a prostrate +base; _leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate_, and +sometimes heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed; flowers pink or +rose-red, crowded, short-peduncled; _calyx-teeth_ short and broad, +_acute_. (P. Carolina, _L._)--Open woods, in the mountain region from +Penn. to Ala. June, July. + +4. P. glaberrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1--3 deg. high); _leaves +linear-lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate_, very smooth (except the +rough and sometimes revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point +(3--4' long); cymes few-flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers +peduncled (pink or whitish); _calyx-teeth_ narrower and very +_sharp-pointed_.--Prairies and open woods, N. Va. to Ohio and Minn., +south to Fla. and Mo. July. + +[+][+] _Calyx-teeth long and slender; more or less hairy or +glandular-pubescent._ + +[++] _No runners or prostrate sterile shoots._ + +5. P. pilosa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1--11/2 deg. high), usually +hairy, as are the _lanceolate or linear leaves_ (1--4' long), which +commonly _taper to a sharp point_; cymes at length open; _calyx-teeth +slender awl-shaped and awn-like_, longer than the tube, loose or +spreading; lobes of the pink-purple or rose-red (rarely white) corolla +obovate, entire.--Dry or sandy woods, prairies, etc., N. J. to Minn., +south to Fla. and Tex. May, June. + +6. P. amoena, Sims. Stems ascending (1/2--11/2 deg. high), mostly simple; +_leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong_, abruptly acute or +blunt (1/2--11/2' long), on sterile shoots often ovate; _cyme mostly compact +and sessile, leafy-bracted; calyx-teeth awl-shaped or linear_, +sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rather longer than the tube, straight; +lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely notched), purple, +pink, or sometimes white. (P. procumbens, _Gray_; not _Lehm._)--Dry +hills and barrens, Va. to Ky., south to Fla. + +[++][++] _Sterile shoots from the base creeping or decumbent; leaves +rather broad._ + +7. P. reptans, Michx. _Runners creeping_, bearing _roundish-obovate_ +smoothish and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4--8' high) and their +_oblong or ovate obtuse leaves_ (1/2' long) _pubescent_, often clammy; +cyme close, few-flowered; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the +length of the tube; _lobes of the reddish-purple corolla round-obovate, +mostly entire_.--Damp woods, in the Alleghany region, Penn. to Ky. and +Ga. May, June. + +8. P. divaricata, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent base +(9--18' high); _leaves oblong- or lance-ovate_ or the lower +oblong-lanceolate (11/2' long), acutish; cyme corymbose-panicled, +spreading, loosely-flowered; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, longer than +the tube; _lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or +wedge-obovate and notched_ at the end, or _often entire_, 1/2--{2/3}' +long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses +between them.--Rocky damp woods, W. Canada and N. Y. to Minn., south to +Fla. and Ark. May.--A form occurs near Crawfordsville, Ind., with +reduced flowers, the narrow entire acuminate corolla-lobes scarcely half +as long as the tube. + +[*][*][*] _Stems low, diffuse and branching; flowers scattered or barely +cymulose; corolla-lobes narrowly cuneate, bifid; calyx-lobes +subulate-lanceolate._ + +9. P. bifida, Beck. _Minutely pubescent_; stems ascending, branched +(5--8' high); leaves linear, becoming nearly glabrous (1/2--11/2' long, 11/2'' +wide); flowers few, on slender peduncles; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about +as long as the tube; _lobes of the pale purple corolla 2-cleft to or +below the middle_ (4'' long), equalling the tube, the _divisions +linear-oblong_.--Prairies of Ind. to Iowa and Mo. + +10. P. Stellaria, Gray. _Very glabrous_; leaves barely somewhat ciliate +at base, linear (1--2' long, 1'' wide or more), acute, rather rigid; +flowers scattered, mostly long-peduncled; _lobes of the pale blue or +almost white corolla bifid at the apex into barely oblong +lobes_.--Cliffs of Ky. River (_Short_), S. Ill., and Tenn. +(_Gattinger_). May. + +Sec. 2. _Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, with mostly +crowded and fascicled subulate and rigid leaves._ + +11. P. subulata, L. (GROUND or MOSS PINK.) Depressed, in broad mats, +pubescent (glabrate when old); leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or +narrowly linear (3--6'' long); cymes few-flowered; calyx-teeth +awl-shaped, rigid; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker +centre (sometimes white); lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely +entire.--Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, southern N. Y. to Mich., south +to Fla. and Ky. + + +2. GILIA, Ruiz & Pav. + +Calyx-lobes narrow and acute, the tube scarious below the sinuses. +Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Stamens equally or unequally +inserted. Capsule with solitary to numerous seeds.--Mostly herbs with +alternate leaves. Our species belongs to the Sec. _Collomia_, in which the +flowers are capitate-glomerate and foliose-bracted or scattered, stamens +unequally inserted in the narrow tube of the salver-form corolla, ovules +solitary, and leaves sessile and entire; annuals. (Dedicated to _Philip +Gil_, a Spanish botanist.) + +1. G. linearis, Gray. Branching and in age spreading, 6--18' high; +leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, +acute; corolla 6'' long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, very +slender, with small limb. (Collomia linearis, _Nutt._)--From Minn. west +to the Pacific. + + +3. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. GREEK VALERIAN. + +Calyx bell-shaped, herbaceous. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of +the very short tube of the open-bell-shaped or short funnel-form +corolla; filaments slender, declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. +Capsule few--several-seeded.--Perennials, with alternate pinnate leaves, +the upper leaflets sometimes confluent; the (blue or white) corymbose +flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from [Greek: po/lemos], +_war_, of doubtful application.) + +1. P. reptans, L. Smooth throughout or slightly pubescent; stems weak +and spreading (6--10' high, never creeping as the name denotes); +leaflets 5--15, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; corymbs few-flowered; +flowers nodding, calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the tube; _stamens and +style_ included; corolla light blue, about 1/2' wide; _capsules about +3-seeded_.--Woods, N. Y. to Minn., south to Ala. and Mo. May, June. + +2. P. caeruleum, L. (JACOB'S LADDER.) Stem erect (1--3 deg. high); leaflets +9--21, linear-lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, mostly crowded; +flowers numerous, in a thyrsus or contracted panicle; lobes of the calyx +longer than the tube; _stamens and style mostly exserted_ beyond +the bright blue corolla, which is nearly 1' broad; capsule +several-seeded.--Rare in our range, occurring in swamps and on mountains +in N. H., N. Y., N. J., and Md., but common in the western mountains and +far northward. + + +ORDER 71. HYDROPHYLLACEAE. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous +and 5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next +order; but the ovary entire and 1-celled with 2 parietal 4--many-ovuled +placentae, or rarely 2-celled by the union of the placentae in the axis; +style 2-cleft, or 2 separate styles; fruit a 2-valved 4--many-seeded +capsule._--Seeds mostly reticulated or pitted. Embryo small in copious +albumen.--Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one-sided cymes or false +racemes, which are mostly bractless and coiled from the apex when young, +as in the Borage Family. A small order of plants of no marked +properties; some cultivated for ornament. + +Tribe I. HYDROPHYLLEAE. Ovary and capsule 1-celled. Seeds pitted or +reticulated; albumen cartilaginous. Leaves cut-toothed, lobed or +pinnate. Style 2-cleft. + +[*] Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentae, which enclose the +ovules and seeds (in our plants only 4) like an inner pericarp. + +1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens exserted; anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in +fruit. + +2. Nemophila. Stamens included; anthers short. Calyx with appendages at +the sinuses. + +3. Ellisia. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in +fruit. + +[*][*] Ovary with narrow parietal placentae, in fruit projecting inward +more or less. + +4. Phacelia. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of +appendages. + +Tribe II. HYDROLEAE. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, the placentae often +projecting from the axis far into the cells. Albumen fleshy. Leaves +entire. Styles 2. + +5. Hydrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped. + + +1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. WATERLEAF. + +Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early +open in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes convolute in +the bud; the tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages +opposite the lobes, which cohere by their middle, while their edges are +folded inward, forming a nectariferous groove. Stamens and style mostly +exserted; filaments more or less bearded; anthers linear. Ovary +bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family); the 2 fleshy placentae +expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free +from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a +pair of ovules on the inner face. Capsule ripening 1--4 seeds, +spherical.--Perennials, with petioled ample leaves, and white or pale +blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of [Greek: y(/dor], _water_, +and [Greek: phy/llon], _leaf_; of no obvious application.) + +[*] _Calyx with minute if any appendages; rootstocks creeping, +scaly-toothed._ + +1. H. macrophyllum, Nutt. _Rough-hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate and +pinnatifid; the divisions 9--13, ovate, obtuse_, coarsely cut-toothed; +root-leaves 1 deg. long; _peduncle shorter than the petiole_; calyx-lobes +lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy; flowers (6'' long) +crowded in a globular cluster; anthers short-oblong.--Rich woods, Ohio +to Va. and Ala., west to the Mississippi. July. + +2. H. Virginicum, L. _Smoothish_ (1--2 deg. high); _leaves pinnately +divided_; _the divisions 5--7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed_, +sharply cut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost +confluent; _peduncles longer than the petioles_ of the upper leaves, +forked; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate; flowers 3'' long; +anthers oblong-linear.--Rich woods. June--Aug. + +3. H. Canadense, L. _Nearly smooth_ (1 deg. high); _leaves_ (3--5' broad) +_palmately 5--7-lobed, rounded_, heart-shaped at base, unequally +toothed, those from the root sometimes with 2--3 small and scattered +lateral leaflets; _peduncles mostly shorter than the petioles_, forked, +the nearly white flowers on very short pedicels; calyx-lobes +linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth, often with minute teeth in the +sinuses.--Damp rich woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of Va., and west to +the Mississippi. June--Aug.--Rootstocks thickened and very strongly +toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases of the stout petioles. + +[*][*] _Calyx with a small reflexed lobe in each sinus; stamens little +exserted._ + +4. H. appendiculatum, Michx. Hairy; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, +rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided, +cymes rather loosely flowered; filiform pedicels and calyx +bristly-hairy.--Damp woods, Ont. to mountains of N. C., west to Minn., +Iowa, and Mo. June, July. + + +2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. + +Calyx 5-parted, with a reflexed appendage in each sinus, more or less +enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped; the lobes +convolute in the bud; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or +scales inside. Stamens included; anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. +Placentae (bearing each 2--12 ovules), capsule and seeds as in +Hydrophyllum.--Diffuse and fragile annuals, with opposite or partly +alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered peduncles; the +corolla white, blue, or marked with purple. (Name composed of [Greek: +ne/mos], _a grove_, and [Greek: phile/o], _to love_.) Some handsome +species are garden annuals. + +1. N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent; stems +diffusely spreading (2--8' long); leaves parted or deeply cleft into +3--5 roundish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper +leaves all alternate; peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the +long petioles; flowers minute; corolla white, longer than the calyx; +placentae each 2-ovuled; capsule 1--2-seeded.--Moist woods, Va. to Fla., +west to Ark. and Tex. April--June. + + +3. ELLISIA, L. + +Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. +Corolla bell-shaped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed +above; the lobes imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 +minute appendages within. Stamens included. Placentae (each 2-ovuled), +fruit, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum.--Delicate and branching +annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, the lower opposite, and small +whitish flowers. (Named for _John Ellis_, a distinguished naturalist, an +English correspondent of Linnaeus.) + +1. E. Nyctelea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently +branched (6--12' high); leaves pinnately parted into 7--13 lanceolate or +linear-oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions; peduncles solitary in the +forks or opposite the leaves, 1-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate, +pointed, about the length of the cylindraceous (whitish) corolla (in +fruit ovate-lanceolate, nearly 1/2' long), capsule pendulous. (E. ambigua, +_Nutt._; merely a slender form.)--Shady damp places, N. J. to Va., west +to Minn. and Mo. May--July. + + +4. PHACELIA, Juss. + +Calyx 5-parted; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed; +the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the +2-cleft style) exserted; anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow +linear placentae adherent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting +inward more or less, the two often forming an imperfect partition +in the ovoid 4--many seeded capsule. (Ovules 2--30 on each +placenta.)--Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with simple, lobed, or +divided leaves, and often handsome (blue, purple, or white) flowers in +scorpioid raceme-like cymes. (Name from [Greek: pha/kelos], _a +fascicle_.) + +Sec. 1. PHACELIA proper. _Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta); +corolla campanulate, with narrow folds or appendages within, the lobes +entire._ + +1. P. bipinnatifida, Michx. Biennial; stem upright, hairy (1--2 deg. high), +leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3--5-divided, the divisions or leaflets +ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly +cut-lobed or pinnatifid, racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, +glandular-pubescent; pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading +or recurved.--Shaded banks, in rich soil, Ohio to Ill. and southward. +May, June.--Corolla bright blue, 6'' broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal +ciliate folds, covering as many externally keeled deep grooves. Stamens +bearded below and with the style exserted. + +Sec. 2. COSMANTHUS. _Ovules and seeds as in Sec. 1; corolla almost rotate, +with fimbriate lobes, and no appendages within; filaments +villous-bearded, rarely exserted; leaves pinnatifid, the upper +clasping._ + +2. P. Purshii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy; stem erect or ascending, +branched (8--12' high); _lobes of the stem-leaves 5--9, oblong or +lanceolate, acute; raceme many-flowered; calyx-lobes lance-linear; +corolla light blue_, varying to white (about 1/2' in diameter).--Moist +wooded banks, W. Penn. to Minn., and southward. April--June. + +3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or +ascending (5--8' long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3--5-divided into +roundish leaflets; the upper 5--7-cleft or cut-toothed, the _lobes +obtuse; raceme 3--10-flowered; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse_, +becoming spatulate; _corolla white_ (3--4'' broad).--Woods, high +mountains of Va. to Ala. May. + +Sec. 3. COSMANTHOIDES. _Ovules and seeds 2--8 on each placenta; corolla +rotate or campanulate, with entire lobes and no appendages._ + +4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading +(3--8' high); leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3--5 +short lobes; racemes solitary, loosely 5--15-flowered, pedicels +filiform, at length several times longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; +corolla open-campanulate, bluish-white (4--6'' broad); filaments hairy; +capsule globular, 6--12-seeded, a half shorter than the calyx.--Shaded +banks, Penn. and Ohio to Mo., south to S. C. and Tex. April--June. + +Var. hirsuta, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently +growing in more open dry soil; corolla larger, 5--7'' in diameter; seeds +4--8.--Prairies and barrens, S. W. Mo. to E. Tex.; also Va. and Ga. + +5. P. Covillei, Watson. Like the last; racemes 2--5-flowered; +calyx-lobes linear, in fruit 3'' long or more; corolla +tubular-campanulate with erect limb; filaments glabrous; capsule +depressed-globose; seeds 4, large.--Larkspur Island in the Potomac, five +miles above Washington. (_F. V. Coville._) + +Sec. 4. EUTOCA. _Ovules and seeds numerous on each placenta; corolla +rotate-campanulate, with 10 vertical lamellae within._ + +6. P. Franklinii, Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6--15' high), rather +stout; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear +lobes, which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid; racemes +short, dense, crowded into an oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear; corolla +blue.--Shores of L. Superior, thence north and westward. + + +5. HYDROLEA, L. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-campanulate or almost wheel-shaped, +5-cleft. Filaments dilated at base. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule +globular, 2-celled, with very large and fleshy many-seeded placentae, +thin-walled, 2--4-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds minute, +striate-ribbed.--Herbs or scarcely shrubby, growing in water or wet +places (whence the name, from [Greek: y(/dor], _water_), with entire +leaves, often having spines in their axils, and clustered blue flowers. + +1. H. affinis, Gray. Glabrous throughout; stem ascending from a creeping +base, armed with small axillary spines; leaves lanceolate, tapering to a +very short petiole; flowers in small axillary leafy-bracted clusters; +divisions of the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the +irregularly-bursting globose capsule.--Banks of streams, S. Ill. to Tex. + + +ORDER 72. BORRAGINACEAE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) + +_Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and +symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla_ +(except in Echium), _5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and +a usually deeply 4-lobed ovary_ (_as in_ Labiatae), _forming in fruit 4 +seed-like 1-seeded nutlets, or separating into two 2-seeded or four +1-seeded nutlets_.--Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex; radicle +pointing to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the +corolla imbricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on +one side of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, +which is rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand +(circinate or scorpioid), often bractless. (A rather large family of +innocent, mucilaginous, and slightly bitter plants; the roots of some +species yielding a red dye.) + +Tribe I. HELIOTROPIEAE. Ovary not lobed; fruit separating into 2--4 +nutlets. + +1. Heliotropium. Corolla salver-form. Stamens included. Nutlets +1--2-celled. + +Tribe II. BORRAGINEAE. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate +1-seeded nutlets in fruit; style rising from the centre between them. + +[*] Corolla and stamens regular. + +[+] Nutlets armed, attached laterally; corolla short, closed by 5 +scales. + +2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets horizontally radiate, much produced downward, +covered with barbed prickles. + +3. Echinospermum. Nutlets erect or ascending, the margin or back armed +with barbed prickles. + +[+][+] Nutlets not armed, attached more or less laterally. + +4. Krynitzkia. Corolla short, white, with closed throat. Nutlets +attached along the inner angle. + +5. Mertensia. Corolla trumpet-shaped with open throat, usually blue. +Nutlets fleshy, attached just above the base. + +[+][+][+] Nutlets unarmed, attached by the very base, ovoid, mostly +smooth and shining. + +[++] Scar flat, small. Racemes leafy-bracteate, except in n. 6. + +6. Myosotis. Corolla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and throat +crested. + +7. Lithospermum. Corolla salver-form to funnel-form, its rounded lobes +spreading; the throat either naked or with low crests. + +8. Onosmodium. Corolla tubular, unappendaged, its erect lobes acute. + +[++][++] Scar large and excavated. + +9. Symphytum. Corolla oblong-tubular, enlarged above and closed by 5 +scales. + +[*][*] Corolla irregular, limb and throat oblique and lobes unequal. + +10. Lycopsis. Corolla-tube curved, closed with hispid scales. Stamens +included. + +11. Echium. Dilated throat of corolla unappendaged. Stamens unequal, +exserted. + +ASPERUGO PROCUMBENS, L., a European annual, well marked by its much +enlarged membranaceous and veiny fructiferous calyx, has sparingly +appeared in waste grounds about New York and Philadelphia, and at +Pipestone, Minn. + + +1. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. TOURNSOLE, HELIOTROPE. + +Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, unappendaged, more or less plaited +in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short; stigma conical or +capitate. Fruit 2--4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and +2-seeded closed carpels, or more commonly into 4 one-seeded +nutlets.--Herbs or low shrubby plants; leaves entire; fl. in summer, +white (in our species). (The ancient name, from [Greek: e(/lios], _the +sun_, and [Greek: trope/], _a turn_, with reference to its flowering at +the summer solstice.) + +Sec. 1. HELIOTROPIUM proper. _Fruit 4-lobed, separating into four 1-celled +1-seeded nutlets. Style short._ + +[*] _Flowers in bractless one-sided scorpioid spikes._ + +H. EUROPAEUM, L. Erect annual (6--18' high), hoary-pubescent; leaves +oval, long-petioled; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs; calyx +spreading in fruit, hairy.--Waste places, southward; scarce. (Adv. from +Eu.) + +1. H. Curassavicum, L. Apparently annual, glabrous; stems ascending; +leaves lance-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless; +spikes in pairs.--Sandy seashore, Va.; saline soils, S. Ill., and south +and westward. + +[*][*] _Inflorescence not at all scorpioid; flowers scattered._ + +2. H. tenellum, Torr. A span to a foot high, paniculately branched, +slender, strigose-canescent; leaves narrowly linear, with revolute +margins; flowers often bractless.--Open dry ground, Ky. to Mo. and Kan., +south to Ala. and Tex. + +Sec. 2. EUPLOCA. _Fruit didymous, the 2 carpels each splitting into two +1-seeded nutlets; style elongated; flowers scattered, large._ + +3. H. convolvulaceum, Gray. Low annual, strigose-hirsute and hoary, much +branched; leaves lanceolate, or ovate or even linear, short-petioled; +flowers opposite the leaves and terminal; corolla 6'' broad, the +strigose-hirsute tube about twice as long as the linear sepals.--Sandy +plains, Neb. to W. Tex. A showy plant, with sweet-scented flowers. + +Sec. 3. TIARIDIUM. _Fruit 2-lobed, separating into two 2-celled 2-seeded +carpels, with sometimes a pair of empty false cells; style very short; +flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes._ + +H. INDICUM, L. Erect and hairy annual; leaves petioled, ovate or oval +and somewhat heart-shaped; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, +with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliophytum +Indicum, _DC._)--Waste places, along the great rivers, from S. Ind. to +Mo., and southward. (Adv. from India.) + + +2. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. HOUND'S-TONGUE. + +Corolla funnel-form, the tube about equalling the 5-parted calyx, and +throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; lobes rounded. Stamens included. +Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of +the style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked +prickles.--Coarse herbs, with a strong scent and petioled lower leaves; +the mostly panicled (so-called) racemes naked above, usually bracted at +base. Fl. all summer. (Name from [Greek: ky/on], _a dog_, and [Greek: +glo ssa], _tongue_; from the shape and texture of the leaves.) + +C. OFFICINALE, L. (COMMON HOUND'S-TONGUE.) Biennial; _clothed with short +soft hairs, leafy_, panicled above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely +sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; racemes nearly +bractless; _corolla reddish-purple_ (rarely white); nutlets flat on the +broad upper face, somewhat margined.--Waste ground and pastures; a +familiar and troublesome weed; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece +of sheep, etc. (Nat. from Eu.) + +1. C. Virginicum, L. (WILD COMFREY.) Perennial; _roughish with spreading +bristly hairs_; stem simple, _few-leaved_ (2--3 deg. high); stem-leaves +lanceolate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base; _racemes few +and corymbed, raised on long naked peduncles_, bractless; _corolla pale +blue_; nutlets strongly convex.--Open woods, Ont. and Sask. to Fla. and +La. + + +3. ECHINOSPERMUM, Lehm. STICKSEED. + +Corolla salver-form, short, imbricated in the bud, the throat closed +with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed laterally to +the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed, the +back armed all over or with 1--3 marginal rows of prickles which are +barbed at the apex, otherwise naked.--Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, +with small blue to whitish flowers in racemes or spikes; ours annuals or +biennials, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of [Greek: e)chi~nos], +_a hedgehog_, and [Greek: spe/rma], _seed_.) + +[*] _Racemes panicled, leafy-bracteate at base; slender pedicels +recurved or deflexed in fruit; calyx-lobes short, at length reflexed; +biennial, not hispid._ + +1. E. Virginicum, Lehm. (BEGGAR'S LICE.) Stem 2--4 deg. high; radical leaves +round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled; cauline (3--8' long) +ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; loosely +paniculate racemes divaricate; pedicel and flower each a line long; +_nutlets of the globose fruit equally short-glochidiate over the whole +back_. (Cynoglossum Morisoni, _DC._)--Borders of woods and thickets, +N. Eng. to Minn., south to Va. and La. + +2. E. deflexum, Lehm., var. Americanum, Gray. Diffusely branched, about +1 deg. high, leaves oblong to lanceolate, racemes lax, loosely paniculate; +flowers small; _nutlets of the globular-pyramidal fruit only marginally +glochidiate_.--Iowa, Minn., and northward. + +3. E. floribundum, Lehm. Rather strict, 2 deg. high or more; leaves oblong- +to linear-lanceolate, the lowest tapering into margined petioles; +racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict; corolla +larger (blue, sometimes white), 2--3'' in diameter; nutlets scabrous and +margined with a close row of flat subulate prickles.--Minn. and Sask., +and westward. + +[*][*] _Racemes leafy-bracteate, stout pedicels not deflexed; calyx +becoming foliaceous; leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate; +hispid annuals._ + +E. LAPPULA, Lehm. Erect, 1--2 deg. high, nutlets rough-granulate or +tuberculate on the back, the margins with a double row of slender +distinct prickles, or these irregular over most of the back.--Waste and +cultivated grounds, from Canada to the Middle Atlantic States. (Nat. +from Eu.) + +4. E. Redowskii, Lehm., var. occidentale, Watson. Erect, 1--2 deg. high, at +length diffuse; nutlets irregularly and minutely sharp-tuberculate, the +margins armed with a single row of stout flattened prickles sometimes +confluent at base.--Minn. to Tex., and westward. + + +4. KRYNITZKIA, Fisch. & Meyer. + +Calyx 5-parted or deeply cleft, erect or little spreading in fruit. +Corolla short, usually with more or less fornicate throat. Nutlets erect +and straight, unarmed, attached to the axis either at inner edge of base +or ventrally from the base upward.--Ours are very hispid annuals or +biennials, with small white flowers in scorpioid spikes. A large western +genus. (Dedicated to _Prof. J. Krynitzki_, of Cracow.) + +1. K. crassisepala, Gray. Annual, diffusely much branched, a span high, +very rough-hispid; _leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate_; flowers +very small, short-pedicelled, mostly bracteate; _lobes of the persistent +calyx closed over the fruit, the midrib below becoming much thickened_ +and indurated; nutlets ovate, acute, _dissimilar_, 3 of them +muricate-granulate and 1 larger and smooth, _attached from the base to +the middle_.--Plains, Sask. to Kan., Tex. and N. Mex. + + +5. MERTENSIA, Roth. LUNGWORT. + +Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, longer than the deeply +5-cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or +appendages in the open throat. Anthers oblong or arrow-shaped. Style +long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth or +wrinkled, obliquely attached next the base by a prominent internal +angle, the scar small.--Smooth or soft-hairy perennial herbs, with pale +and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in +loose and short panicled or corymbed raceme-like clusters, only the +lower one leafy-bracted; pedicels slender. (Named for _Prof. Francis +Charles Mertens_, a German botanist.) + +[*] _Corolla trumpet-shaped, with spreading nearly entire limb and naked +throat; filaments slender, exserted; hypogynous disk 2-lobed._ + +1. M. Virginica, DC. (VIRGINIAN COWSLIP. LUNGWORT. BLUE BELLS.) Very +smooth, pale, erect (1--2 deg. high); leaves obovate, veiny, those at the +root (4--6' long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1' long, many times +exceeding the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white; nutlets dull and +roughish.--Alluvial banks, N. Y. to Minn., S. C., and Ark. May. +Cultivated for ornament. + +[*][*] _Corolla with conspicuously 5-lobed limb, and crested throat._ + +[+] _Filaments broad and short; nutlets dull, wrinkled or roughish when +dry._ + +2. M. paniculata, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (1--2 deg. +high), loosely branched, _leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, +taper-pointed, ribbed, thin_; corolla (6'' long) somewhat funnel-form, +3--4 times the length of the lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx, +filaments broader and shorter than the anthers.--Shore of L. Superior +and north and westward. July and Aug. + +3. M. lanceolata, DC. Glabrous or hirsute, pale, 1 deg. high or less, simple +or branched, _leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear, smaller +(1--2' long), nearly veinless, obtuse or acute_; corolla-tube somewhat +longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes; _filaments generally longer than +the anthers_.--Dak. to N. Mex. and westward. + +[+][+] _Filaments longer and narrower than the anthers; nutlets shining, +utricular._ + +4. M. maritima, Don. (SEA LUNGWORT.) Spreading or decumbent, smooth, +glaucous; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate or spatulate, the upper +surface becoming papillose; corolla white, bell-funnel-form (3'' long), +twice the length of the calyx.--Sea-coast, on rocks and sand, Cape Cod +to Maine and northward; scarce. June--Aug. + + +6. MYOSOTIS, Dill. SCORPION-GRASS. FORGET-ME-NOT. + +Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or +5-cleft calyx, the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages +opposite the rounded lobes; the latter convolute in the bud! Stamens +included, on very short filaments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at +the base; the scar minute.--Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire +leaves, those of the stem sessile, and with small flowers in naked +racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasionally with one or two +small leaves next the base, prolonged and straightened in fruit. +Flowering through the season. (Name composed of [Greek: my/s], _mouse_, +and [Greek: ou~)s], [Greek: o)to/s], _ear_, in allusion to the aspect of +the short and soft leaves in some species; one popular name is +MOUSE-EAR.) + +[*] _Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked or +glandular._ + +M. PALUSTRIS, Withering. (TRUE FORGET-ME-NOT.) Perennial; stems +ascending from an oblique creeping base (9--20' high), loosely branched, +smoothish; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong; +calyx-lobes much shorter than its tube; limb of corolla 3 or 4 lines +broad, sky-blue with a yellow eye.--In wet ground, probably only escaped +from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.) + +1. M. laxa, Lehm. Perennial from filiform subterranean shoots; stems +very slender, decumbent; pubescence all appressed; leaves +lanceolate-oblong or somewhat spatulate; calyx-lobes as long as its +tube; limb of corolla 2 or 3'' broad, paler blue. (M. palustris, var. +laxa, _Gray_.)--In water and wet ground, Newf. to N. Y. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Calyx closing or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with +spreading hairs, some minutely hooked or gland-tipped; corolla small; +annual or biennial._ + +2. M. arvensis, Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or ascending +(6--15' high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish; _racemes naked at the +base and stalked_; corolla blue, rarely white; _pedicels spreading in +fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx_.--Fields, etc.; not very +common. (Eu.) + +3. M. verna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect +(4--12' high); _leaves obtuse_, linear-oblong, or the lower +spatulate-oblong; _racemes leafy at the base_; corolla very small, +white, with a short limb; _pedicels in fruit erect and appressed_ at the +base, usually abruptly bent outward near the apex, _rather shorter than +the deeply 5-cleft unequal_ (somewhat 2-lipped) _very hispid +calyx_.--Dry ground, rather common. May--July. + +M. VERSICOLOR, Pers. More slender than the last, simple at base; racemes +loose, mostly naked at base; _flowers almost sessile; corolla pale +yellow changing to blue or violet; calyx deeply and equally +5-cleft_.--Fields, Del. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +7. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. GROMWELL. PUCCOON. + +Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped; the open throat naked, +or with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage +opposite each lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft, its lobes rounded. +Anthers oblong, almost sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or +roughened, mostly bony or stony, fixed by the base; scar nearly +flat.--Herbs, with thickish and commonly red roots and sessile leaves; +flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and leafy-bracted, +sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of style. +(Name formed of [Greek: li/thos], _stone_, and [Greek: spe/rma], _seed_, +from the hard nutlets.) + +Sec. 1. _Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull; +throat of the (nearly white) corolla destitute of any evident folds or +appendages._ + +L. ARVENSE, L. (CORN GROMWELL.) Minutely rough-hoary, annual or +biennial; stems erect (6--12' high); leaves lanceolate or linear, +veinless; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx.--Sandy banks and +roadsides. May--Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) + +Sec. 2. _Nutlets smooth and shining, white like ivory; corolla +greenish-white or pale-yellow, small, with 5 distinct pubescent scales +in the throat; perennial._ + +L. OFFICINALE, L. (COMMON GROMWELL.) Much branched above, erect (1--2 deg. +high); _leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute_, with a few distinct +veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; _corolla exceeding the +calyx_.--Roadsides, N. Eng. to Minn. (Nat. from Eu.) + +1. L. latifolium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2--3 deg. high), +rough; _leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed_ (even +the floral ones 2--4' long), _ribbed-veined_, roughish above, finely +soft-pubescent beneath, the root leaves large and rounded; _corolla +shorter than the calyx_.--Open ground and borders of woods, W. New York +to Minn., south to Va. and Ark. + +Sec. 3. BATSCHIA. _Nutlets white, smooth and shining; corolla large, +salver-form or nearly so, deep orange-yellow, somewhat pubescent, the +tube much exceeding the calyx, and the throat appendaged. (Roots +perennial, long and deep, yielding a red dye.)_ + +[*] _Corolla-tube one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much +longer than the ample limb, the lobes entire; appendages little if at +all projecting._ + +2. L. hirtum, Lehm. _Hispid_ with bristly hairs (1--2 deg. high); +stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches +ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate; _corolla woolly-bearded at the base +inside_ (limb 8--12'' broad); _flowers distinctly peduncled_, crowded, +showy; _fruiting calyx_ (1/2' long) 3--4 times longer than the +nutlets.--Pine barrens, etc., N. Y. to Minn., south and westward. +April--June. + +3. L. canescens, Lehm. (PUCCOON of the Indians.) _Softly hairy_ and more +or less _hoary_ (6--15' high); _leaves obtuse_, linear-oblong, or the +upper ovate-oblong, more or less _downy beneath_ and roughish with close +appressed hairs above; _flowers sessile; corolla naked at the base +within; fruiting calyx_ (3'' long) _barely twice the length of the +nutlets_.--Plains and open woods, in sandy soil, Ont. to Va., Ala., and +westward. May. + +[*][*] _Corolla-tube in well-developed flowers 2--4 times the length of +the calyx and of its erose-toothed lobes, and the appendages conspicuous +and arching; later flowers small, cleistogenous._ + +4. L. angustifolium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, +6--18' high, minutely rough-strigose and hoary; leaves linear; flowers +pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts; the earlier large and showy +(corolla-tube 8--18'' long), the later and those of more diffusely +branching plants, with inconspicuous or small and pale corollas, without +crests, and the pedicels commonly recurved in fruit; nutlets usually +punctate. (L. longiflorum, _Spreng._; the long-flowered form.)--Dry and +sterile or sandy soil, Ind. and Mich. to Dak. and Tex., and westward. + + +8. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. FALSE GROMWELL. + +Calyx 5-parted; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or +tubular-funnel-form, not crested (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed), +the 5 acute lobes converging or barely spreading. Anthers oblong-linear +or arrow-shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat. Style thread-form, +much exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, erect, fixed by the base; +the scar minute, not hollowed out.--Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and +hispid, with oblong and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, +greenish, or yellowish flowers, in at length elongated and erect leafy +raceme-like clusters; in summer.--Our species belong to true ONOSMODIUM, +with smooth included anthers on very short filaments; the corolla rarely +twice the length of the calyx. (Named from the likeness to the genus +_Onosma_, which name means _ass-smell_.) + +1. O. Virginianum, DC. _Clothed all over with harsh and rigid appressed +short bristles_; stems rather slender (1--2 deg. high); _leaves narrowly +oblong_, or oblong-lanceolate (1--21/2' long), the lower narrowed at base; +_lobes of the narrow corolla lance-awl-shaped_, sparingly bearded +outside with long bristles.--Banks and hillsides, N. Eng. to Fla., Mo., +and La. + +2. O. Carolinianum, DC. _Shaggy all over with long and spreading bristly +hairs_; stem stout, upright (2--4 deg. high); _leaves ovate-lanceolate or +oblong-lanceolate_, acute; lobes of the rather broad corolla +_ovate-triangular or triangular-lanceolate, thickly hirsute +outside_.--Alluvial grounds, W. New York to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex. + +Var. molle, Gray. _Pubescence shorter and less spreading or appressed_, +1--2 deg. high; leaves mostly smaller (2' long), when young softly +strigose-canescent beneath. (O. molle, _Michx._)--Ill. to Minn., Tex., +and westward. + + +9. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. COMFREY. + +Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed, the short teeth +spreading; the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. +Stamens included; anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, +ovate, erect, fixed by the large hollowed base, which is finely toothed +on its margin.--Coarse perennial herbs, with thickened bitterish +mucilaginous roots; the nodding raceme-like clusters either single or in +pairs. (Ancient Greek name from [Greek: symphei~n], _to grow together_, +probably for its reputed healing virtues.) + +S. OFFICINALE, L. (COMMON COMFREY.) Hairy, branched, winged above by the +decurrent leaves; the lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a +petiole, the upper narrower; corolla yellowish-white, rarely +purplish.--Moist places; escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +10. LYCOPSIS, L. BUGLOSS. + +Corolla funnel-shaped, with curved tube and slightly unequal limb; the +throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales opposite the lobes. +Stamens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a +hollowed-out base.--Annuals. (Name from [Greek: ly/kos], _a wolf_, and +[Greek: o)/psis], _face_.) + +L. ARVENSIS, L. (SMALL BUGLOSS.) Very rough-bristly (1 deg. high); leaves +lanceolate; flowers in leafy raceme-like clusters; calyx as long as the +tube of the small blue corolla.--Dry or sandy fields, New Eng. to Va.; +scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +11. ECHIUM, Tourn. VIPER'S BUGLOSS. + +Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less +unequal spreading 5-lobed border; lobes rounded, the expanded throat +naked. Stamens mostly exserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets +roughened or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, +from [Greek: e)/chis], _a viper_.) + +E. VULGARE, L. (BLUE-WEED.) Rough-bristly biennial; stem erect (2 deg. +high), mostly simple; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers +showy, in short lateral clusters, disposed in a long and narrow thyrsus; +corolla reddish-purple changing to brilliant blue (rarely +pale).--Roadsides and meadows of the Middle Atlantic States. June. (Nat. +from Eu.) + + +ORDER 73. CONVOLVULACEAE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) + +_Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with +alternate leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers; a calyx of 5 +imbricated sepals, a 5-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted +in the bud (imbricate in n. 6); a 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary (or +in one tribe 2 separate pistils), with a pair of erect ovules in each +cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition between the +seeds, so becoming 4-celled; the embryo large, curved or coiled in +mucilaginous albumen._--Fruit a globular 2--6-seeded capsule. Flowers +mostly showy, on axillary peduncles; pedicels articulated, often +2-bracted. (Many are cultivated for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, +for its edible farinaceous roots, those of several species are +cathartic; e.g. Jalap.) + +Tribe I. DICHONDREAE. Carpels 2 or 4, distinct or nearly so; styles 2 +basilar. Creeping herbs. + +1. Dichondra. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Pistils 2, one-seeded. + +Tribe II. CONVOLVULEAE. Ovary entire. Leafy plants, mostly twiners. + +2. Ipomoea. Style undivided, with stigma capitate or 2--3-globose. + +3. Convolvulus. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at apex; stigmas 2, +linear-filiform to subulate or ovate. + +4. Breweria. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted; the divisions simple; stigmas +capitate. + +5. Evolvulus. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Not +twining. + +Tribe III. CUSCUTEAE. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, +never green. Embryo filiform, coiled, without cotyledons. + +6. Cuscuta. The only genus of the group. + + +1. DICHONDRA, Forst. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included. +Styles, ovaries, and utricular 1--2-seeded capsules 2, distinct. Stigmas +thick.--Small and creeping perennial herbs, soft pubescent, with +kidney-shaped entire leaves, and axillary 1-flowered bractless +peduncles. Corolla small, yellowish or white. (Name from [Greek: di/s], +_double_, and [Greek: cho/ndros], _a grain_, from the fruit.) + +1. D. repens, Forst. Leaves round kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both +sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (1--11/2'' long).--Wet ground, Va. +to Tex., near the coast. + + +2. IPOMOEA, L. MORNING GLORY. + +Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. +Corolla salver-form or funnel-form to nearly campanulate; the limb +entire or slightly lobed. Style undivided, terminated by a single +capitate or 2--3-globose stigma. Capsule globular, 4--6 (by abortion +fewer) -seeded, 2--4-valved. (Name, according to Linnaeus, from [Greek: +i)/ps], _a Bindweed_, and [Greek: o(/moios], _like_; but [Greek: i)/ps] +is _a worm_.) + +Sec. 1 QUAMOCLIT. _Corolla salver-form, or with somewhat funnel-form but +narrow tube; stamens and style exserted; flowers red. Annual twiners._ + +I. QUAMOCLIT, L. (CYPRESS-VINE.) Leaves pinnately parted into +linear-thread-shaped delicate parallel lobes; peduncles 1-flowered; +corolla narrow, scarlet-red, or sometimes white. (Quamoclit vulgaris, +_Choisy_.)--Sparingly spontaneous southward. (Trop. Amer., etc.) + +I. COCCINEA, L. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire or angled, sepals +awn-pointed; corolla light scarlet (1' long). (Quamoclit coccinea, +_Moench_.)--River banks, etc., Ohio to Ill., Va., and southward. +(Probably indigenous in N. Mex. and Arizona.) + +Sec. 2. IPOMOEA proper. _Corolla funnel-form or nearly campanulate, +contorted in the bud; stamens and style not exserted._ + +[*] (MORNING GLORY.) _Lobes of stigma and cells 3; sepals long and +narrow, attenuate upward, mostly hirsute below, corolla purple, blue, +and white._ + +I. HEDERACEA, Jacq. Stems retrorsely hairy, _leaves heart-shaped, +3-lobed_, the lobes acute or acuminate; peduncles short, or rather long, +1--3-flowered; calyx densely hairy below; corolla white and purple or +pale blue (1--11/2' long). (I. Nil. of Manual, not _Roth_.)--Waste and +cultivated ground, Penn. to Fla., and La. (Trop. Amer.) + +I. PURPUREA, Lam. (COMMON MORNING-GLORY.) Annual, stems retrorsely +hairy; _leaves heart shaped, acuminate, entire_; peduncles long, +umbellately 3--5-flowered; calyx bristly hairy below; corolla +funnel-form (2' long), purple, varying to white.--Escaped in cultivated +grounds. (Trop. Amer.) + +[*][*] _Stigma 2-lobed or entire; cells 2, each 2-seeded; sepals +broader, imbricated._ + +[+] _Leaves cordate, acuminate._ + +1 I. pandurata, Meyer. (WILD POTATO-VINE. MAN-OF-THE-EARTH.) Perennial, +smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining; leaves +occasionally contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped; +_peduncles longer than the petioles_, 1--5-flowered; _sepals smooth, +ovate-oblong, very obtuse_; corolla open-funnel-form (3' long), white +with purple in the tube.--Dry ground, Conn. to Mich., south to Fla. and +Tex. June--Aug. Stems long and stout, from a huge root, which often +weighs 10--20 pounds. + +2 I. lacunosa, L. Annual; rather smooth; stem twining and creeping, +slender; leaves entire or angled-lobed; _peduncles short_, +1--3-flowered; _sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-ciliate_ or hairy, +half the length of the sharply 5-lobed (white, 1/2--{1/3}' long) +corolla.--River-banks and low grounds, Penn. to Ill., south to S. C. and +Tex. + +[+][+] _Leaves linear; not twining._ + +3 I. leptophylla, Torr. Perennial, very glabrous; stems erect or +ascending (2--4 deg. high), with slender recurving branches, from an immense +root (weighing 10--100 pounds); leaves 2--4' long, 2--3'' wide, +short-petioled, acute; peduncles short, 1--2-flowered; sepals broadly +ovate, very obtuse, outer ones shorter; corolla pink-purple, +funnel-form, about 3' long.--Plains of Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and +westward. + + +3. CONVOLVULUS, Tourn. BINDWEED. + +Corolla funnel-form to campanulate. Stamens included. Style undivided or +2-cleft only at the apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or +ovate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled by spurious +partitions between the 2 seeds, or by abortion 1-celled, mostly +2--4-valved.--Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants, either twining, erect, +or prostrate. (Name from _convolvo_, to entwine.) + +Sec. 1 CALYSTEGIA. _Stigmas oval to oblong; calyx enclosed in 2 broad leafy +brats._ + +1 C. spithamaeus, L. _Downy; stem low and mostly simple, upright or +ascending_ (6--12' long); leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped +or auricled base; corolla white (2' long); stigmas oval. (Calystegia +spithamaea, _Pursh_.)--Dry and sandy or rocky soil; not rare. + +2. C. sepium, L. (HEDGE BINDWEED.) Glabrous, or more or less pubescent; +stem _twining or sometimes trailing extensively_; leaves +triangular-halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, acute or pointed, the basal +lobes obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed or sinuate-lobed; +peduncles 4-angled; bracts commonly acute; corolla white or tinged with +rose-color (11/2--2' long). (Calystegia sepium, _R. Br._)--Moist alluvial +soil, or along streams; N. Atlantic States and westward. (Eu., etc.) + +Var. Americanus, Sims. Glabrous; corolla pink or rose-purple; bracts +obtuse. (C. sepium of Am. authors mainly.)--Common, across the +continent. + +Var. repens, Gray. More or less pubescent; sterile and sometimes +flowering stems extensively prostrate; leaves more narrowly sagittate or +cordate, the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire; corolla +from almost white to rose-color; bracts very obtuse or acute. +(Calystegia sepium, var. pubescens, _Gray_.)--Common. + +Sec. 2. _Stigmas filiform; no bracts at or near the base of the calyx._ + +C. ARVENSIS, L. (BINDWEED.) Perennial; stem procumbent or twining, and +low; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base +acute; peduncles mostly 1-flowered; bracts minute, remote; corolla (9'' +long) white or tinged with reddish.--Old fields, N. Atlantic States. +(Eu.) + + +4. BREWERIA, R. Br. + +Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one +below; stigmas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and +Evolvulus.--Perennial prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs; flowers +small; in summer; corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named +for _Samuel Brewer_, an English botanist or amateur of the 18th +century.) + +1. B. humistrata, Gray. _Sparsely hairy_ or nearly smooth; leaves +varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base to linear, +mucronate or emarginate; peduncles 1--7-flowered; bracts shorter than +the pedicels; _sepals pointed, glabrous_ or nearly so; _corolla white; +filaments hairy; styles united at base_. (Bonamia humistrata, +_Gray_.)--Dry pine barrens, Va. to La. + +2. B. aquatica, Gray. _Minutely soft downy_ and somewhat hoary; +peduncles 1--3-flowered; _sepals silky; corolla pink or purple; +filaments smooth; styles almost distinct_; otherwise nearly as n. 1. +(Bonamia aquatica, _Gray_.)--Wet pine barrens and margins of ponds, +N. C. to Tex., extending into Mo. + +3. B. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish; _leaves very +narrowly linear_ or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, +nearly sessile; peduncles 1--3-flowered; _bracts resembling the leaves_, +mostly exceeding the flowers; _sepals hairy; filaments_ (scarcely hairy) +_and styles (united far above the middle) exserted from the open white +corolla_. (Bonamia Pickeringii, _Gray_.)--Dry pine barrens and prairies, +N. J. and southward; also W. Ill. + + +5. EVOLVULUS, L. + +Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at base. Corolla open funnel-form or almost +rotate. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas obtuse. Capsule 2-celled; the +cells 2-seeded.--Low and small herbs or suffrutescent plants, mostly +diffuse, never twining (hence the name, from _evolvo_, to unroll, in +contrast with Convolvulus). + +1. E. argenteus, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base, dwarf, +silky-villous all over; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or +the lower oblong spatulate and short-petioled, about 1/2' long; flowers +almost sessile in the axils; corolla purple, 3'' broad.--Sterile plains +and prairies, Dak. and Neb. to Mo. and Tex. + + +6. CUSCUTA, Tourn. DODDER. + +Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, +bell-shaped, or short-tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) +cleft, imbricate. Stamens with a scale-like often fringed appendage at +base. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled; styles distinct, or rarely united. +Capsule mostly 4-seeded. Embryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the +rather fleshy albumen, destitute of cotyledons, sometimes with a few +alternate scales (belonging to the plumule); germination occurring in +the soil.--Leafless annual herbs, with thread-like yellowish or reddish +stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of leaves; on rising from +the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of herbs and shrubs +on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of suckers +developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered, +mostly white; usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name +supposed to be of Arabic derivation.) + +Sec. 1. _Stigmas elongated; capsule circumscissile._ + +C. EPILINUM, Weihe. (FLAX DODDER.) Stems very slender, low; flowers +globular, sessile in dense scattered heads; corolla 5-parted, +short-cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions +of the calyx, persistent around the capsule; stamens included; scales +short, broad, crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary.--Flax-fields; +in Europe very injurious; sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the +Northern States. June. + +C. EPITHYMUM, Murr. Stems very slender; flowers capitate; corolla-lobes +spreading, the cylindrical tube longer than the suberect acute sepals; +scales large, contiguous, toothed; stamens exserted.--Occasionally found +in clover-fields. (Int. from Eu.) + +Sec. 2. _Stigmas capitate; capsule indehiscent._ + +[*] _Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule depressed-globose._ + +[+] _Flowers in dense or globular clusters; corolla with short and wide +tube, persistent at the base of the capsule; styles mostly shorter than +the ovary._ + +1. C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. _Stems coarse, orange-colored_; flowers white +(1--11/4' long); _lobes of calyx and corolla_ (mostly 4) _acute_, often +longer than the tube; _scales small, 2-cleft_, often reduced to a few +teeth; the thin capsule pale greenish-yellow.--Wet places, from Wisc. +and Minn. to Ark.; also in Penn. and Del., often on Polygonum. + +2. C. arvensis, Beyrich. _Stems pale and slender_, low; _flowers smaller_ +(hardly 1'' long); _calyx-lobes (5) obtuse_, mostly very broad; those of +the corolla acuminate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points, +_scales large, deeply fringed_.--Rather dry soil on various low plants, +N. Y. to Fla., west to the Pacific. Very variable. + +[+][+] _Flowers in panicled often compound cymes; styles slender, mostly +longer than the ovary; corolla withering on the summit of the large +capsule._ + +3. C. tenuiflora, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather +high-climbing; flowers (1'' long or less) on short thick pedicels, often +4-merous; lobes of calyx and corolla oblong, obtuse, the latter mostly +shorter than the slender deeply campanulate tube; scales shorter than +the tube, fringed.--On tall herbs and shrubs in wet places, Penn. to +Minn., and south to Tex. + +[*][*] _Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule pointed, the latter +enveloped or capped by the marcescent corolla; flowers in loose panicled +cymes._ + +[+] _Acute tips of the corolla-lobes inflexed._ + +4. C. decora, Engelm. Stems coarse; flowers fleshy and more or less +papillose; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; those of the broadly +campanulate corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, _spreading; +scales large, deeply fringed; capsule enveloped by remains of corolla_. +(C. indecora, _Choisy_.)--Var. PULCHERRIMA, Engelm. The larger form, +with coarser stems, and conspicuous flowers 11/2--21/2'' long and wide; +anthers and stigmas yellow or deep purple.--Wet prairies, on herbs and +low shrubs (principally Leguminosae and Compositae), from Ill. to Fla. and +Tex., and westward. + +5. C. inflexa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding; flowers of the same +structure, but _smaller_ (only 1'' long), generally 4-merous; corolla +deeper, _with erect lobes, finally capping the capsule; scales reduced +to a few teeth_.--Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) +or coarse herbs, southern N. Eng. to Neb. and Ark. + +[+][+] _Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading._ + +6. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high; corolla-lobes +mostly shorter than the deeply campanulate tube; scales copiously +fringed; _capsule globose, umbonate_.--Wet shady places, Canada to +Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. The commonest of our species. Flowers very +variable in size and compactness of clusters.--Var. LATIFLORA, Engelm., +is a form with flowers of more delicate texture, and shorter tube and +longer lobes to the corolla. Common northward. + +7. C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding; flowers larger +(2--3'' long), more delicate and whiter; lobes of corolla and calyx +shorter than its tube; slender styles longer; _ovary bottle-shaped; +capsule long-pointed_.--Shady valleys in the Alleghanies, from Md. and +Va., southward; on tall herbs, rarely shrubs. + +[*][*][*] _Sepals 5, distinct, surrounded by 2 or more similar bracts; +styles capillary; scales large, deeply fringed; capsule capped by the +marcescent corolla._ + +8. C. cuspidata, Engelm. Stems slender; flowers (11/2--21/4'' long) thin, +_on bracteolate pedicels in loose panicles_; the ovate-orbicular bracts +and sepals and the oblong corolla-lobes cuspidate or mucronate, rarely +obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube; styles many times longer than +the ovary, at length exserted.--Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, +some Leguminosae, etc., Neb. to Tex., occasionally down the Missouri as +far as St. Louis. + +9. C. compacta, Juss. Stems coarse; _flowers closely sessile in densely +compact clusters; bracts (3--5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly +crenate, appressed_, nearly equalling or much shorter than the +cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse +spreading lobes of the latter.--Along the west side of the Alleghanies +from Ont. to Ala., west to Mo. and Tex. In damp woods, almost always on +shrubs. + +10. C. glomerata, Choisy. Flowers _very densely clustered_, forming +knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much +imbricated with scarious oblong _bracts, their tips recurved-spreading; +sepals nearly similar_, shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the +corolla; stamens nearly as long as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse +spreading or reflexed corolla-lobes; style several times longer than the +ovary.--Wet prairies, Ohio to Minn., Kan., and Tex., mostly on tall +Compositae. The rope-like twists (1/2--3/4' thick), of white flowers with +golden yellow anthers imbedded in a mass of curly bracts, have a +singular appearance. + + +ORDER 74. SOLANACEAE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) + +_Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with colorless juice and alternate leaves, +regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels; the +corolla imbricate or valvate in the bud, and mostly plaited; the fruit a +2-celled (rarely 3--5-celled) many-seeded capsule or berry._--Seeds +campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in +fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, +inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentae in the axis, +often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the +fruits mostly narcotic, often very poisonous, while some are edible.)--A +large family in the tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It +shades off into Scrophulariaceae, from which the plaited regular corolla +and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it. + +[*] Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed; the lobes valvate and +their margins usually turned inward in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit +a berry. + +1. Solanum. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip. + +[*][*] Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud. +Anthers separate. + +[+] Fruit a berry, closely invested by an herbaceous (not angled) calyx. + +2. Chamaesaracha. Corolla plicate, 5-angulate. Pedicels solitary, +recurved in fruit. + +[+][+] Fruit a berry, enclosed in the bladdery-inflated calyx. Corolla +widely expanding. + +3. Physalis. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry +juicy, 2-celled. + +4. Nicandra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, +3--5-celled. + +[+][+][+] Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base. + +5. Lycium. Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, +2-celled. + +[+][+][+][+] Fruit a capsule. + +6. Hyoscyamus. Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled capsule, +which opens by the top falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens +somewhat irregular. + +7. Datura. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Capsule prickly, naked, more or +less 4-celled, 4-valved. Corolla funnel-form. + +8. Nicotiana. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule enclosed in +the calyx, 2-celled. + + +1. SOLANUM, Tourn. NIGHTSHADE. + +Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely +4--10-parted), the latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or +induplicate. Stamens exserted; filaments very short; anthers converging +around the style, opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry +usually 2-celled.--Herbs, or shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves +often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one; the peduncles also +mostly lateral and extra-axillary.--A vast genus, chiefly in warmer +regions, including the POTATO (S. TUBEROSUM) and the EGG-PLANT (S. +MELONGENA); while the TOMATO (LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM) is closely +related. (Name of unknown derivation.) + +[*] _Not prickly; anthers blunt; flowers and globose naked berries +small._ + +[+] _Perennial, climbing or twining._ + +S. DULCAMARA, L. (BITTERSWEET.) More or less pubescent; leaves +ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes +or leaflets at base; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes; berries +oval, red.--Moist banks and around dwellings. June--Sept. (Nat. from +Eu.) + + +[+][+] _Simple-leaved annuals._ + +1. S. triflorum, Nutt. Low, spreading, slightly hairy or nearly +glabrous; _leaves oblong, pinnatifid_ (7--9-lobed) with rounded sinuses; +peduncles 1--3-flowered; corolla white; _berries green_, as large as a +small cherry.--Central Kan., and westward; chiefly a weed near +dwellings. + +2. S. nigrum, L. (COMMON NIGHTSHADE.) Low, much branched and often +spreading, nearly glabrous, rough on the angles; _leaves ovate, +wavy-toothed_; _flowers_ white, _in small umbel-like lateral clusters_, +drooping; _calyx spreading_; filaments hairy; _berries_ globular, +_black_.--Shaded grounds and fields; common, appearing as if introduced, +but a cosmopolite. July--Sept. + +Var. VILLOSUM, Mill. Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous; leaves +small, conspicuously angular-dentate; filaments glabrous; berries +yellow.--Established near Philadelphia, from ballast. (Adv. from Eu.) + +S. GRACILE, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2--3 deg. +high), with virgate spreading branches; leaves _ovate and +ovate-lanceolate, nearly entire_; corolla white or bluish; _calyx +somewhat appressed to the black berry_.--Coast of N. C., and about +ballast near Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Am.) + +[*][*] _More or less prickly; anthers tapering upward; pubescence +stellate._ + +[+] _Perennial; fruit naked; anthers equal; corolla violet, rarely +white._ + +3. S. Carolinense, L. (HORSE-NETTLE.) _Hirsute or roughish-pubescent +with 4--8-rayed hairs; prickles stout, yellowish_, copious (rarely +scanty); _leaves oblong_ or ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or +sinuate-pinnatifid, racemes simple, soon lateral; _calyx-lobes +acuminate; berries about 6'' broad_.--Sandy soil and waste grounds, +Conn. to Iowa, south to Fla. and Tex. + +4. S. elaeagnifolium, Cav. _Silvery-canescent with_ dense scurf-like +pubescence of _many-rayed hairs; prickles small, slender_, more or less +copious or wanting; _leaves lanceolate_ to oblong and linear, +sinuate-repand or entire; _calyx-lobes slender_; berry _seldom 6'' in +diameter_.--Prairies and plains. E. Kan. to Tex., and westward. + +5. S. Torreyi, Gray. _Cinereous with a somewhat close pubescence of_ +about _equally 9--12-rayed hairs; prickles small and stout_, scanty or +nearly wanting; _leaves ovate_ with truncate or slightly cordate base, +sinuately 5--7-lobed (4--6' long); _calyx-lobes short-ovate, abruptly +long-acuminate_; berry 1' _in diameter_.--Prairies, etc., E. Kan. and +Tex. + +[+][+] _Annual; fruit closely covered; lowest anther much the longest, +corolla yellow._ + +6. S. rostratum, Dunal. Very prickly, somewhat hoary or yellowish with a +copious wholly stellate pubescence (1--2 deg. high); leaves 1--2-pinnatifid; +calyx densely prickly; stamens and style much declined.--Plains of Neb. +to Tex.; spreading eastward to Ill. and Tenn. + + +2. CHAMAESARACHA, Gray. + +Calyx herbaceous, closely investing the globose berry (or most of it), +obscurely if at all veiny. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the +bud. Filaments filiform; anthers separate, oblong.--Perennials, with +mostly narrow entire or pinnatifid leaves tapering into margined +petioles, and filiform naked pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted +or recurved in fruit. (_Saracha_ is a tropical American genus dedicated +to _Isidore Saracha_, a Spanish Benedictine; the prefix [Greek: +chamai/], _on the ground_.) + +1. C. sordida, Gray. Much branched from root or base, somewhat cinereous +with short viscid pubescence; leaves obovate-spatulate or cuneate-oblong +to oblanceolate, repand to incisely pinnatifid; calyx when young +villous-viscid; corolla pale yellow or violet-purple (6'' broad); berry +as large as a pea.--Dry or clayey soil, central and W. Kan. to Tex. and +Arizona. + + +3. PHYSALIS, L. GROUND CHERRY. + +Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much +inflated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla +between wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 +concave spots at the base; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely +5--10-toothed. Stamens 5, erect; anthers separate, opening +lengthwise.--Herbs (in this country), with the leaves often unequally in +pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding peduncles extra-axillary; flowering +through the summer. (Name [Greek: physali/s], _a bladder_, from the +inflated calyx.) + +[*] _Corolla large, white or tinged with blue, without dark centre, with +almost entire border; pubescence simple._ + +1. P. grandiflora, Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect; leaves lance-ovate, +pointed, entire or nearly so; corolla 1--2' wide when expanded, and with +a woolly ring in the throat; fruiting calyx globular, apparently nearly +filled by the berry.--S. shore of L. Superior to Sask.; Providence +Island, L. Champlain (_Perkins_). + +[*][*] _Corolla lurid greenish-white or yellow, mostly with dark centre, +3--10'' broad._ + +[+] _Annuals, glabrous or pubescence minute; anthers violet._ + +2. P. Philadelphica, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, oblique at base, +entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed; _corolla brownish- +or violet-spotted in the centre, 7--10'' broad_; calyx at maturity +globose and completely filled by the large reddish or purple berry and +open at the mouth.--In fertile soil, Penn. to Minn. and Tex. + +3. P. angulata, L. Much branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply +and irregularly _laciniate-toothed_; peduncles filiform; _corolla +unspotted, very small_ (3--6'' broad when expanded); fruiting calyx +conical-ovate with a truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely +inflated, at length well filled by the greenish-yellow berry.--Open rich +grounds, Penn. to Minn., and southward. + +[+][+] _Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular +simple hairs; fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal, carinately 5-angled, +closed, loosely enveloping the green or yellow berry; leaves ovate or +cordate._ + +4. P. pubescens, L. _Annual_, diffusely much branched or at length +decumbent; leaves angulate- or repand-toothed or nearly entire; +_corolla_ spotted with brown purple in the centre, 5--6'' _broad_ when +expanded, obscurely 5--10-toothed; _anthers violet_.--Low grounds, N. Y. +to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex., and westward.--A very doubtful form, +found at Independence, Kan. (_B. F. Bush_), has the small corolla (2'' +broad) yellow, without a brown centre, the anthers yellow, the fruiting +calyx smaller, and the berry viscid. + +5. P. Virginiana, Mill. _Perennial_, diffusely much branched and widely +spreading, or at first erect; leaves sometimes oblong, repand or +obtusely toothed, rarely entire; _corolla 9--12'' broad_, 5-angled or +5--10-toothed; _anthers yellow_. (P. viscosa, _Gray_, Man., not +_L._)--Light or sandy soils, Ont. and Minn. to Fla. and Tex.--Var. +AMBIGUA, Gray, is a coarse and very villous form with violet anthers. +Wisc., and westward. + +[+][+][+] _Perennials, mostly low, not viscid; pubescence stellate or +simple or nearly none; anthers almost always yellow._ + +6. P. viscosa, L. _Cinereous or when young almost canescent with short +stellate or 2--3-forked pubescence_; stems ascending or spreading from +_slender creeping subterranean shoots; leaves ovate or oval_, varying to +oblong and obovate, entire or undulate; corolla greenish-yellow, with a +more or less dark eye; _fruiting calyx globose-ovate; berry yellow or +orange_.--In sands on and near the coast, Va. to N. C. and Fla. + +7. P. lanceolata, Michx. _More or less hirsute-pubescent with short +stiff mostly simple hairs_, varying to nearly glabrous; stems from +rather _stout subterranean shoots_, angled, somewhat rigid; _leaves +oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate_, sparingly angulate-toothed to +undulate or entire; corolla ochroleucous, with a more or less dark eye; +_calyx commonly hirsute, in fruit pyramidal-ovate_ (1--11/2' long); _berry +reddish_. (P. Pennsylvanica, _Gray_, Man., in part; not _L._)--Dry open +ground, Penn. to Ill., Minn., and south and westward. + +Var. laevigata, Gray. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some very +short hairs on young parts.--Neb. to Tex., and westward. + +Var. hirta, Gray. A remarkable ambiguous form, with much of the +hirsute-pubescence of the leaves 2--3-forked, as also are some of the +abundant villous-hispid hairs of the stem.--Wet woods, Tex. to Mo., and +E. Kan. + + +4. NICANDRA, Adans. APPLE OF PERU. + +Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged +and bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3--5-celled globular dry berry. +Corolla with border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis.--An +annual smooth herb (2--3 deg. high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled +leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal +peduncles. (Named after the poet _Nicander_ of Colophon.) + +N. PHYSALOIDES, Gaertn.--Waste grounds, near dwellings and old gardens. +(Adv. from Peru.) + + +5. LYCIUM, L. MATRIMONY-VINE. + +Calyx 3--5-toothed or -cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of +the berry. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes +imbricated and not plaited in the bud. Stamens 5; anthers opening +lengthwise. Style slender; stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celled. +Shrubby, often spiny plants, with alternate and entire small leaves, and +mostly axillary small flowers. (Named from the country, _Lycia_.) + +L. VULGARE, Dunal. (COMMON M.) Shrub with long sarmentose +recurved-drooping branches, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny; leaves +oblong- or spatulate-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short +petiole; flowers on slender peduncles fascicled in the axils; corolla +short funnel-form, greenish-purple; style and slender filaments +equalling its lobes; berry oval, orange-red.--About dwellings, and +escaped into waste grounds in Penn., etc. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +6. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. HENBANE. + +Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, +with a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. +Capsule enclosed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely +all round near the apex, which falls off like a lid.--Clammy-pubescent, +fetid, narcotic herbs, with lurid flowers in the axils of angled or +toothed leaves. (Name composed of [Greek: y(/s], [Greek: y(o/s], _a +hog_, and [Greek: ky/amos], _a bean_; said to be poisonous to swine.) + +H. NIGER, L. (BLACK HENBANE.) Biennial or annual; leaves clasping, +sinuate-toothed and angled; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes; +corolla dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins.--Escaped +from gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +7. DATURA, L. JAMESTOWN-WEED. THORN-APPLE. + +Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the base in +fruit, the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large +and spreading 5--10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule +globular, prickly, 4-valved, 2-celled, with 2 thick placentae; projected +from the axis into the middle of the cells, and connected with the walls +by an imperfect false partition, so that the capsule is 4-celled except +near the top, the placentae as if on the middle of these false +partitions. Seeds rather large, flat.--Rank weeds, narcotic-poisonous, +with ovate leaves, and large showy flowers on short peduncles in the +forks of the branching stem; produced all summer and autumn. (Altered +from the Arabic name, _Tatorah_.) + +D. STRAMONIUM, L. (COMMON STRAMONIUM or THORN APPLE.) Annual, glabrous; +leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed or angled; _stem green; corolla white_ (3' +long), the border with 5 teeth; lower prickles of the capsule mostly +shorter.--Waste grounds; a well-known ill-scented weed. (Adv. from +Asia?) + +D. TATULA, L. (PURPLE T.) Mostly taller; _stem purple; corolla pale +violet-purple_; prickles of the capsule nearly equal.--Waste grounds, in +the Atlantic States. (Adv. from trop. Amer.) + + +8. NICOTIANA, Tourn. TOBACCO. + +Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, +usually with a long tube; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. +Capsule 2-celled, 2--4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute.--Rank +acrid-narcotic herbs, mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, +and racemed or panicled flowers. (Named after _John Nicot_, who was +thought to have introduced Tobacco (N. TABACUM, L.) into Europe.) + +N. RUSTICA, L. (WILD TOBACCO.) Annual; leaves ovate, petioled; tube of +the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the +calyx, the lobes rounded.--Old fields, from N. Y. westward and +southward; a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Of unknown nativity.) + + +ORDER 75. SCROPHULARIACEAE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) + +_Chiefly herbs (rarely trees), with didynamous stamens (or perfect +stamens often only 2, rarely 5) inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or +more or less irregular corolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the +bud; fruit a 2-celled and usually many-seeded capsule, with the +placentae; in the axis; seeds anatropous, or amphitropous, with a small +embryo in copious albumen._--Style single; stigma entire or 2-lobed. +Leaves and inflorescence various; but the flowers not terminal in any +genuine representatives of the order.--A large order of bitterish +plants, some of them narcotic-poisonous. + +I. ANTIRRHINIDEAE. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla covering the lower +in the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulas, etc.) Capsule usually +septicidal. + +Tribe I. VERBASCEAE. Corolla rotate. Flowers racemose. Leaves alternate. + +1. Verbascum. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all with bearded +filaments. + +Tribe II. ANTIRRHINEAE. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base +below, the throat usually with a palate. Capsule opening by chinks or +holes. Flowers in simple racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually +opposite or whorled. Stamens 4. + +2. Linaria. Corolla spurred at base; the palate seldom closing the +throat. + +3. Antirrhinum. Corolla merely saccate at base; the palate closing the +throat. + +Tribe III. CHELONEAE. Corolla tubular, or 2-lipped, not spurred nor +saccate below. Capsule 2--4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence +usually compound, of small axillary spiked or racemed or umbel-like +clusters or cymes, or when reduced to a single flower the peduncle +mostly 2-bracteate. Stamens 4, and usually a rudiment of the fifth. + +4. Scrophularia. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect +lobes and one spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on +the upper lip. + +5. Collinsia. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side; +the middle lobe of the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined +stamens. + +6. Chelone. Corolla tubular inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than +the others. Anthers very woolly. Seeds winged. + +7. Pentstemon. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the +rest. Seeds wingless. + +Tribe IV. GRATIOLEAE. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Capsule +2-valved. Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or leaves, peduncles +naked (or 2-bracteolate in n. 12). Leaves all or the lower ones +opposite. No trace of a fifth stamen. + +[*] Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar. + +8. Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated. + +9. Conobea. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short. + +10. Herpestis. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. +Corolla short. + +11. Limosella. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft, +nearly regular. Leaves alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Dwarf aquatic or +marsh plant. + +[*][*] Anther-bearing stamens 2; usually also a pair of sterile +filaments. + +12. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included; the sterile pair short +or none. + +13. Ilysanthes. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included; the sterile filaments +protruded. + +14. Micranthemum. Flowers minute. Calyx 4-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of +corolla short or none. Filaments with an appendage; sterile pair none. +Dwarf aquatic. + +II. RHINANTHIDEAE. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla covering +the upper in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidal. + +Tribe V. DIGITALEAE. Corolla wheel-shaped, salver-shaped, or bell-shaped. +Stamens 2 or 4, not approaching in pairs nor strongly didynamous; +anthers 2-celled. + +15. Synthyris. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 2--4-lobed, +irregular. Stamens 2 or 4. Leaves alternate. Flowers racemed. + +16. Veronica. Calyx 4-(rarely 3--5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or +salver-shaped, almost regular. Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or +whorled. Flowers racemed. + +Tribe VI. GERARDIEAE. Corolla with a spreading and slightly unequal +5-lobed limb. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs. Leaves opposite, or the +uppermost alternate. + +[*] Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers 1-celled. Flowers in a spike. + +17. Buchnera. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla +5-cleft. + +[*][*] Corolla bell-shaped to funnel-form; anthers 2-celled. + +18. Seymeria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not +longer than the lobe. + +19. Gerardia. Stamens strongly unequal, included. + +Tribe VII. EUPHRASIEAE. Corolla tubular, obviously 2-lipped; the upper +lip narrow, erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous +stamens. + +[*] Anther-cells unequal and separated. Capsule many-seeded. + +20. Castilleia. Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on +the upper, side. Upper lip of corolla elongated; the lower short, often +very small. + +21. Orthocarpus. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft. Upper lip of +corolla little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated lower +one. + +[*][*] Anther-cells equal. Capsule many--several-seeded. + +22. Schwalbea. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth much the +smallest. + +23. Euphrasia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, and +sides folded back. Capsule oblong. + +24. Bartsia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla entire and sides not +folded back. + +25. Rhinanthus. Calyx inflated, ovate. Capsule orbicular; seeds winged. + +26. Pedicularis. Calyx not inflated. Capsule ovate or sword-shaped; +seeds wingless. + +[*][*][*] Anther-cells equal. Capsule 1--4-seeded. + +27. Melampyrum. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule flat, +oblique. + + +1. VERBASCUM, L. MULLEIN. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped; the +lobes broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5, all the filaments, +or the 3 upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Capsule globular, +many-seeded.--Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate +leaves, those of the stem sessile or decurrent. Flowers in large +terminal spikes or racemes, ephemeral; in summer. (The ancient Latin +name, altered from _Barbascum_.) + +V. THAPSUS, L. (COMMON MULLEIN.) _Densely woolly throughout; stem tall +and stout, simple_, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute +leaves; _flowers_ (yellow, very rarely white) _in a prolonged and very +dense cylindrical spike_; lower stamens usually beardless.--Fields, a +common weed. (Nat. from Eu.) + +V. BLATTARIA, L. (MOTH M.) _Green and smoothish, slender_; lower leaves +petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper +partly clasping, _raceme loose_; filaments all bearded with violet +wool.--Roadsides, throughout our range. Corolla either yellow, or white +with a tinge of purple. (Nat. from Eu.) + +V. LYCHNITIS, L. (WHITE M.) _Clothed with thin powdery woolliness_; stem +and branches angled above; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, greenish +above; _flowers_ (yellow, rarely white) _in a pyramidal panicle_; +filaments with whitish wool.--Fields, N. Atlantic States, rather rare. +(Adv. from Eu.) + + +2. LINARIA, Tourn. TOAD-FLAX. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often +nearly closing the throat, spurred at base on the lower side. Stamens 4. +Capsule thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks. +Seeds many.--Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate (in +ours), fl. in summer. (Name from _Linum_, the Flax, which the leaves of +some species resemble.) + +[*] _Slender glabrous annual or biennial; leaves linear, entire and +alternate (or smaller, oblong, and opposite on procumbent shoots), small +blue flowers in a naked terminal raceme_. + +1. L. Canadensis, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple (6--30' high); +leaves flat (1--2'' wide); pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform +curved spur of the corolla.--Sandy soil, common. + +[*][*] _Perennial, erect (1--3 deg. high), glabrous, with narrow entire and +alternate pale leaves, and yellow flowers in a terminal raceme._ + +L. VULGARIS, Mill. (RAMSTED. BUTTER AND EGGS.) Leaves linear or nearly +so, extremely numerous; raceme dense; corolla 1' long or more, including +the slender subulate spur; seeds winged.--Fields and roadsides, +throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.) + +L. GENISTIFOLIA, Mill. Glaucous, paniculately branched; leaves +lanceolate, acute; flowers smaller and more scattered; seeds +wingless.--Sparingly naturalized near New York. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Annual, procumbent, much branched, with broad petioled veiny +alternate leaves, and small purplish and yellow flowers from their +axils._ + +L. ELATINE, Mill. Spreading over the ground, slender, hairy; leaves +hastate or the lower ovate, much surpassed by the filiform peduncles; +calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla 3--4'' long, including the +subulate spur.--Sandy banks and shores, Canada to N. C., rather rare. +(Nat. from Eu.) + +L. SPURIA, Mill. Like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves +and ovate or cordate calyx-lobes.--Occasionally occurs on ballast or +waste grounds near cities. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +3. ANTIRRHINUM, Tourn. SNAPDRAGON. + +Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded +palate. Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria.--Corolla +commonly showy, resembling the face of an animal or a mask; whence the +name (from [Greek: a)nti/], _like_, and [Greek: r(i/n], _a snout_.) Fl. +summer and autumn. + +A. ORONTIUM, L. A small-flowered annual or biennial, low, erect; leaves +lance-linear; spike loose, leafy; sepals longer than the purplish or +white corolla.--About gardens and old fields in Atlantic States. (Adv. +from Eu.) + +A. MAJUS, L. (LARGE SNAPDRAGON.) A large-flowered perennial, with oblong +smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme; sepals short; corolla 11/2--2' +long, purple or white.--Eastward, escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +4. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. FIGWORT. + +Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube; the 4 upper +lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower +spreading. Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and +confluent into one; the fifth stamen a scale-like rudiment at the summit +of the tube of the corolla. Capsule many-seeded.--Rank herbs, with +mostly opposite leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in +loose cymes, forming a terminal narrow panicle. (So called because a +reputed remedy for _scrofula_.) + +1. S. nodosa, L., var. Marilandica, Gray. Smooth perennial (3--5 deg. high), +stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, acuminate, +cut-serrate, rounded or rarely heart-shaped at base.--Damp grounds, +N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia, the type.) + + +5. COLLINSIA, Nutt. + +Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging +at the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft, +its lobes partly turned backward, the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe +keeled and sac-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth +stamen a gland-like rudiment. Capsule 4--many-seeded.--Slender +branching annuals or biennials, with opposite leaves, and handsome +party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, appearing whorled in the +axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late _Zaccheus Collins_, of +Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.) + +1. C. verna, Nutt. Slender (6--20' high), lower leaves ovate, the upper +ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; _whorls +about 6-flowered; flowers long-peduncled; corolla (blue and white) twice +the length of the calyx_.--Moist soil, western N. Y. to W. Va., Wisc., +and Ky. May, June. + +2. C. parviflora, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded, the upper +oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; _whorls 2--6-flowered; flowers +short-peduncled_; the small (blue) _corolla scarcely exceeding the +calyx_.--Shore of L. Superior, N. Mich., and westward. + + +6. CHELONE, Tourn. TURTLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD. + +Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with +the mouth a little open; upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the +middle, notched at the apex; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, +3-lobed at the apex, the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly +filaments and very woolly heart-shaped anthers, and a fifth sterile +filament smaller than the others. Seeds many, wing-margined.--Smooth +perennials, with upright branching stems, opposite serrate leaves, and +large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile in spikes or +clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts and +bractlets. (Name from [Greek: chelo/ne], _a tortoise_, the corolla +resembling in shape the head of a reptile.) + +1. C. glabra, L. A foot or two (or even 6--7 deg.) high; _leaves narrowly to +rather broadly lanceolate_ (4--5' long, 4--12'' wide), gradually +acuminate, serrate with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually +into a very short petiole; _bracts not ciliate; corolla white, or barely +tinged with rose._--Wet places, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. + +2. C. obliqua, L. Less strict or with spreading branches, 1--2 deg. high; +_leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong_ (2--5' long), sometimes +laciniately serrate, more veiny and duller, acute or obtuse at base, +mostly short-petioled; _bracts ciliolate; corolla deep and bright +rose-color_.--S. Ill. to Va. and Fla. + + +7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or +bell-shaped, either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped; the upper lip +2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, declined at the base, +ascending above, and a fifth sterile filament usually as long as the +others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wingless.--Perennials, +branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, the upper +sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, thyrsoid or +racemose-panicled. (Name from [Greek: pe/nte], _five_, and [Greek: +ste/mon], _stamen_; the fifth stamen being present and conspicuous, +although sterile.) + +[*] _Viscid or glandular above, more or less pubescent or glabrous +below; leaves often toothed or denticulate._ + +[+] _Thyrse somewhat open; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear; corolla +9--12'' long, the lower lip usually bearded within._ + +1. P. pubescens, Solander. _Stem 1--2 deg. high, viscid-pubescent_ (at least +the inflorescence); _leaves oblong to lanceolate_ (2--4' long), the +lowest and radical ovate or oblong, usually denticulate; _thyrse narrow; +corolla dull violet or purple_ (or partly whitish), _very moderately +dilated, the throat nearly closed by a villous-bearded palate; sterile +filament densely bearded_.--Dry or rocky grounds, S. Maine (_Miss +Furbish_) to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. + +2. P. laevigatus, Solander. _Stem 2--4 deg. high, mostly glabrous_ except the +inflorescence; leaves _firmer_, somewhat glossy, the _cauline ovate- or +oblong-lanceolate_ with subcordate clasping base (2--5' long); _thyrse +broader; corolla white_ (commonly tinged with purple), _abruptly and +broadly inflated, the throat widely open; sterile filament thinly +bearded above_.--Moist or rich soil, Penn. to Fla. and westward, where +the common form is + +Var. Digitalis, Gray. Stem sometimes 5 deg. high; corolla larger and more +abruptly inflated, white. (P. Digitalis, _Nutt._)--Penn. to Iowa, Mo., +Ark., etc. + +3. P. gracilis, Nutt. Glabrous or puberulent, viscid-pubescent above, 1 deg. +high or less; stem-leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, the radical +spatulate or oblong; corolla tubular-funnel-form or nearly cylindrical +with open throat, lilac-purple or whitish.--Minn. to Mo., and westward. + +[+][+] _Thyrse raceme-like. All extreme western._ + +4. P. Cobaea, Nutt. _Soft-puberulent_, 1 deg. high; _leaves ovate or oblong_, +or the lower broadly lanceolate and the upper cordate-clasping, _mostly +sharply toothed_; thyrse short; _corolla 2' long, broadly ventricose_, +dull purple or whitish.--Prairies, Kan. to Tex. + +5. P. tubiflorus, Nutt. _Wholly glabrous_ excepting the viscid ovate +sepals, 2--3 deg. high; _leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire or +sparsely toothed_, the floral shorter than the remote dense clusters of +the virgate thyrse; _corolla 9'' long, the narrow tube gradually dilated +upward_, white or whitish.--Low prairies, Kan. and Ark. + +6. P. albidus, Nutt. _Viscid-pubescent_, 6--10' high; _leaves +oblong-lanceolate or narrow_, entire or sparsely toothed; _clusters_ of +the strict thryse few-flowered, _approximate; sepals lanceolate, densely +pubescent; corolla_ 9'' long, _with shorter tube and more dilated +throat_.--Plains, Neb. to Dak. and Tex. + +[*][*] _Glabrous throughout and glaucous; leaves sessile, entire; thryse +raceme-like._ + +7. P. grandiflorus, Nutt. Stem 2--4 deg. high; _leaves_ thickish, the upper +and floral _rounded, all but the obovate radical ones clasping or +perfoliate_; pedicels short; _corolla 2' long, oblong-campanulate_, +nearly regular, lilac or lavender-blue; sterile filament hooked and +minutely bearded at the apex.--Prairies, from Ill. and Wisc. to Dak., +Neb., and Kan. + +8. P. glaber, Pursh. Stems 1--2 deg. high, _leaves_ mostly +_oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate_; thryse elongated, the +peduncles and pedicels very short; _corolla 1--11/2' long_, bright blue to +violet-purple, _dilated above_; anthers and apex of sterile filament +glabrous or sparsely hirsute.--Plains of E. Neb. to Dak., and westward. + +9. P. acuminatus, Dougl. Stems 6--20' high, stout; _leaves_ thick, the +lower _obovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate to broadly ovate or +cordate-clasping_, acute or acuminate; thyrse leafy below, very narrow; +_corolla 9'' long_, lilac or violet; sterile filament mostly bearded +above.--Kan. to Minn., and westward. + + +8. MIMULUS, L. MONKEY-FLOWER. + +Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla +tubular; upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower +spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes ovate. Seeds +numerous.--Herbs, with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on +solitary axillary and bractless peduncles. (Diminutive of _mimus_, a +buffoon, from the grinning corolla.) + +[*] _Erect from a perennial root, glabrous; leaves feather-veined; +corolla violet-purple._ + +1. M. ringens, L. Stem square (1--2 deg. high); _leaves oblong or +lanceolate, pointed, clasping_ by a heart-shaped base, serrate; +peduncles longer than the flower; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly +equal; corolla personate.--Wet places, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; +common. July--Sept.--Flower 1--11/2' long, rarely white. + +2. M. alatus, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; _leaves +oblong-ovate, tapering into a petiole_; peduncles shorter than the +calyx, which has very short abruptly pointed teeth; otherwise like the +last.--Wet places, western N. Eng. to Ill., south to N. C. and Tex. + +[*][*] _Leaves several-nerved and veiny, dentate, the upper sessile and +clasping; calyx oblique, the upper tooth longest; corolla yellow, the +lower lip bearded._ + +3. M. Jamesii, Torr. Diffusely spreading, smooth or smoothish; stems +creeping at base; stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, +equalling the peduncles; calyx ovate, inflated in fruit; throat of +corolla broad and open.--In water or wet places, usually in springs, +N. Mich. and Minn. to Ill., Kan., and westward. + +M. LUTEUS, L. Erect or with later branches spreading; leaves ovate to +roundish or subcordate; corolla deep yellow, with brown-purple dots or +blotches, often large.--Wet meadows, Norfolk, Ct. (Adv. from Calif.) + + +9. CONOBEA, Aublet. + +Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted. +Stamens 4, fertile; anthers approximate. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes +wedge-form. Seeds numerous.--Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, +and small solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Name unexplained.) + +1. C. multifida, Benth. Annual, diffusely spreading, much branched, +minutely pubescent; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions +linear-wedge-shaped; peduncles naked; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely +longer than the calyx.--Along streams and shores, Ohio to Ill., Ark., +and Tex.; also adv. below Philadelphia. July--Sept. + + +10. HERPESTIS, Gaertn. f. + +Calyx 5-parted; the upper division broadest, the innermost often very +narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft, and the +lower 3-lobed, or the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, all +fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous.--Low +herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary axillary flowers; in summer; +ours rather succulent perennials. (Name from [Greek: e(rpeste/s], _a +creeping thing_, the species being chiefly procumbent.) + +[*] _Corolla plainly bilabiate, the 2 upper lobes united to form the +upper lip; leaves many-nerved._ + +1. H. nigrescens, Benth. Erect or ascending, very leafy, glabrous; +leaves pinnately veined, oblong to cuneate-lanceolate (1--2' long), +serrate; pedicels equalling and the upper surpassing the leaves; corolla +whitish or purplish.--Wet places, Md. and N. C. to Tex., along and near +the coast. + +2. H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; _leaves +round-obovate, half-clasping_ (1/2--1' long), entire, basally nerved; +_peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx_; upper sepal ovate; +corolla white or pale blue.--Margins of ponds, Ill. to Minn., Mo., and +southward. + +3. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at base; _leaves +ovate, clasping_, entire, basally nerved; _peduncles shorter than the +calyx_; upper sepal heart-shaped; corolla blue.--Margin of pine-barren +ponds, N. J. and Md. to La.--Aromatic when bruised. + +[*][*] _Corolla obscurely bilabiate, the limb subequally 5-lobed; +stamens almost equal._ + +4. H. Monniera, HBK. Glabrous, prostrate and creeping; leaves spatulate +to obovate-cuneate, entire or somewhat toothed, nearly nerveless, +sessile; corolla pale blue.--River-banks and shores near the sea, Md. to +Tex. + + +11. LIMOSELLA, L. MUDWORT. + +Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, +5-cleft, nearly regular. Stamens 4; anthers confluently 1-celled. Style +short, club-shaped. Capsule globular, many-seeded; the partition thin +and vanishing.--Small annuals, growing in mud, usually near the +sea-shore, creeping by slender runners, without ascending stems; the +entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the simple 1-flowered +naked peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name from _limus_, +mud, and _sella_, seat.) + +1. L. aquatica, L., var. tenuifolia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no blade +distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form.--Brackish +river-banks and shores, Lab. to N. J., and far north and west. (Eu., +Asia, etc.) + + +12. GRATIOLA, L. HEDGE-HYSSOP. + +Calyx 5-parted, the narrow divisions nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla +entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, +posterior; the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style +dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded.--Low +herbs, mostly perennials, some apparently annuals, with opposite sessile +leaves, and axillary 1-flowered peduncles, usually with 2 bractlets at +the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer; all inhabiting wet or damp +places. (Name from _gratia_, grace or favor, on account of supposed +excellent medicinal properties.) + +Sec. 1. _Anthers with a broad connective, the cells transverse; stems +mostly diffusely branched, or creeping at base, soft viscid-pubescent or +smooth; corollas 4--6'' long; bractlets foliaceous, equalling the +calyx._ + +[*] _Sterile filaments minute or none; corolla whitish, with the tube +yellowish._ + +1. G. Virginiana, L. Stem clammy-puberulent above (4--6' high); leaves +lanceolate with narrow base, acute, entire or sparingly toothed, +_peduncles almost equalling the leaves_ (1/2--1' long); pod ovoid (2'' +long).--Very common. + +2. G. sphaerocarpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5--10' high); leaves +lance-ovate or oblong to oval-obovate (1--2' long), toothed; _peduncles +scarcely longer than the calyx_ and the large (3'') globular pod.--N. J. +and Md. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex. + +[*][*] _Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head; leaves +short (1/2--1' long)._ + +3. G. viscosa, Schwein. _Clammy-pubescent or glandular; leaves +ovate-lanceolate or oblong_, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the +peduncles; _corolla whitish, yellow within_.--Ky. to N. C. and Ga. + +4. G. aurea, Muhl. _Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, +entire_, equalling the peduncles; _corolla golden-yellow_ (1/2' +long).--Sandy swamps, Vt. and N. H. to Ohio, and south to Fla. + +Sec. 2. _Anthers with no broad connective, the cells vertical; sterile +filaments tipped with a head; hairy apparently annual plants, with erect +rigid and more simple stems._ + +5. G. pilosa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile +(1/2' long); flowers nearly sessile; corolla white, 3--4'' long, scarcely +exceeding the calyx.--Low ground, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. + + +13. ILYSANTHES, Raf. + +Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla short, erect, +2-lobed; the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, +included, posterior; the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat, +2-lobed, without anthers; one of the lobes glandular, the other smooth, +usually short and tooth-like. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovate or oblong, +many-seeded.--Small and smooth annuals, with opposite leaves, and small +axillary (purplish) flowers, on filiform naked pedicels, or the upper +racemed, produced all summer. (Name from [Greek: i)ly/s], _mud_, or +_mire_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_.) + +1. I. riparia, Raf. (FALSE PIMPERNEL.) Much branched, diffusely +spreading (4--8' high), or at first simple and erect, leafy; leaves +ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly toothed or entire, the upper partly +clasping; corolla 3'' long. (I. gratioloides, _Benth._)--Wet places; +common. + + +14. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. + +Calyx 4-lobed or 4- (rarely 5-) parted. Corolla short, 2-lipped, with +the upper lip considerably shorter than the lower, or 1-lipped, the +upper lip obsolete; lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe longest. Stamens +2, anterior, the short filaments with a glandular (mostly basal) +appendage; anthers 2-celled, didymous; no sterile filaments. Style +short; the stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globular, thin, with a very delicate +or evanescent partition, several--many-seeded.--Small, smooth, depressed +and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow water, with opposite +and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute white or +purplish flowers solitary in the axils of some of the middle leaves +(usually one axil floriferous, that of the other leaf sterile). (Name +formed of [Greek: mikro/s], _small_, and [Greek: a)/nthemon], _flower_.) + +1. M. Nuttallii, Gray. Branches ascending, 1--2' high; leaves +obovate-spatulate or oval; peduncles at length recurved, about the +length of the calyx, which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed and usually split +down on one side, in fruit becoming pear-shaped; middle lobe of the +corolla linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones; +appendage of the stamen nearly as long as the filament itself; stigmas +subulate.--Tidal mud of rivers, N. J. to Fla. Aug.--Oct. + + +15. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. + +Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2--4-lobed or +cleft. Stamens 2, inserted just below the upper sinuses, occasionally +with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted; anther-cells not +confluent. Style slender; stigma simple. Capsule flattened, rounded, +obtuse or notched, 2-celled (rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled), many-seeded, +loculicidal; the valves cohering below with the axis.--Perennial herbs, +with the simple stems beset with partly clasping bract-like alternate +leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, crenate. Flowers in a +raceme or spike, bracteate. (Name from [Greek: sy/n], _together_, and +[Greek: thyri/s], _a little door_; in allusion to the closed valves of +the pod.) + +1. S. Houghtoniana, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves ovate, heart-shaped; spike +dense (5--12' long); corolla (greenish-white or yellowish) not longer +than the calyx, usually 2--3-parted.--Oak-barrens and prairies, Mich. to +Minn., south to Ind., Ill., and Iowa. + + +16. VERONICA, L. SPEEDWELL. + +Calyx 4- (rarely 3--5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, +the border 4-parted (rarely 5-parted); the lateral lobes or the lower +one commonly narrower than the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the +upper lobe of the corolla, exserted; anther-cells confluent at the apex. +Style entire; stigma single. Capsule flattened, obtuse or notched at the +apex, 2-celled, few--many-seeded.--Chiefly herbs; leaves mostly opposite +or whorled; flowers blue, flesh-color, or white. (Derivation doubtful; +perhaps the flower of _St. Veronica_.) + +Sec. 1. LEPTANDRA. _Tall perennials, with mostly whorled leaves; racemes +terminal, dense, spiked; bracts very small; tube of the corolla longer +than its limb and much longer than the calyx; both sometimes 5-cleft._ + +1. V. Virginica, L. (CULVER'S-ROOT. CULVER'S PHYSIC.) Smooth or rather +downy; stem simple, straight (2--6 deg. high); leaves whorled in fours to +sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate; spikes +panicled; corolla small, nearly white; stamens much exserted; capsule +oblong-ovate, not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, +many-seeded.--Rich woods, Vt. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. July, +Aug. + +Sec. 2. VERONICA proper. _Corolla wheel-shaped; capsule more or less +notched, strongly flattened except in n. 2 and 3; low herbs._ + +[*] _Perennials, stoloniferous or rooting at base, with opposite usually +serrate leaves; racemes axillary, mostly opposite; corolla pale blue._ + +[+] _Capsule turgid, orbicular, many-seeded._ + +2. V. Anagallis, L. (WATER SPEEDWELL.) Smooth, creeping and rooting at +base, then erect; _leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a +heart-shaped base, ovate-lanceolate_, acute, serrate or entire (2--3' +long); pedicels spreading; corolla pale blue with purple stripes; +capsule slightly notched.--Brooks and ditches, N. Eng. to N. J., west to +the Rocky Mts. June--Aug. (Eu., Asia.) + +3. V. Americana, Schweinitz. (AMERICAN BROOKLIME.) Smooth, decumbent at +base, then erect (8--15' high); _leaves mostly petioled, ovate or +oblong_, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at base; +the slender pedicels spreading.--Brooks and ditches, common. June--Aug. + +[+][+] _Capsule strongly flattened, several-seeded._ + +4. V. scutellata, L. (MARSH SPEEDWELL.) _Smooth_, slender and weak +(6--12' high); _leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate; +racemes 1 or 2, very slender_ and zigzag; _flowers few and scattered_, +on elongated spreading or reflexed pedicels; capsule very flat, much +broader than long, notched at both ends or didymous.--Bogs, common. +June--Aug. (Eu., Asia.) + +5. V. officinalis, L. (COMMON SPEEDWELL.) _Pubescent_; stem _prostrate_, +rooting at base; _leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or +wedge-oblong, obtuse, serrate; racemes densely many-flowered_; pedicels +shorter than the calyx; capsule obovate-triangular, broadly +notched.--Dry hills and open woods, N. Eng. to Mich., and southward. +July. (Eu., Asia.) + +V. CHAMAEDRYS, L. Stem _pubescent_, at least in two lines, ascending from +a creeping base; _leaves subsessile, ovate or cordate, incisely crenate; +racemes loosely-flowered_; pedicels little longer than calyx; capsule +triangular-obcordate.--Sparingly introduced into Canada, N. Y., and +Penn. (Adv. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Leaves opposite; flowers in a terminal raceme; the lower bracts +leaf-like; capsules flat, several-seeded. Perennials (mostly turning +blackish in drying)._ + +6. V. alpina, L. Stem branched from the base, erect, simple (2--12' +high); _leaves elliptical_, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed, +_nearly sessile; raceme hairy, few-flowered, crowded_; capsule obovate, +notched.--Alpine summits of the White Mts. (Eu., Asia.) + +7. V. serpyllifolia, L. (THYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.) Much branched at the +creeping base, _nearly smooth_; branches ascending and simple (2--4' +high); leaves _ovate or oblong_, obscurely crenate, _the lowest +petioled_ and rounded, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts; _raceme +loose_; corolla whitish, or pale blue, with deeper stripes; capsule +rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched.--Roadsides and fields, +common; introduced and indigenous. May--July (Eu., Asia.) + +[*][*][*] _Annuals; floral leaves like those of the stem (or somewhat +reduced), the flowers appearing to be axillary and solitary, mostly +alternate; corolla shorter than the calyx._ + +[+] _Flowers short-pedicelled; floral leaves reduced; corolla shorter +than the calyx._ + +8. V. peregrina, L. (NECKWEED. PURSLANE SPEEDWELL.) Glandular-puberulent +or _nearly smooth_, erect (4--9' high), branched; _lowest leaves +petioled, oval-oblong, toothed_, thickish, the others sessile, obtuse; +the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer than the almost sessile +(whitish) flowers; _capsule orbicular, slightly notched_, +many-seeded.--Waste and cultivated grounds, in damp soil; throughout +U. S., and almost cosmopolite. April--June. + +V. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN SPEEDWELL.) Simple or diffusely branched (3--8' +high), _hairy; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate_; the uppermost +sessile, lanceolate, entire; _capsule inversely heart-shaped_, the lobes +rounded.--Cultivated grounds, Atlantic States to Tex., rather rare. +(Nat. from Eu.) + +[+][+] _Flowers long-pedicelled in axils of ordinary leaves; seeds +cup-shaped._ + +V. AGRESTIS, L. (FIELD SPEEDWELL.) _Leaves_ round or ovate, +crenate-toothed, the floral somewhat similar; calyx-lobes oblong; flower +small; _ovary many-ovuled_, but the _nearly orbicular and sharply +notched capsule_ 1--2 seeded.--Sandy fields, N. Brunswick to La., near +the coast. (Adv. from Eu.) + +V. BUXBAUMII, Tenore. _Leaves_ round or heart-ovate, crenately +cut-toothed ({2/3}--1' long); flower large (nearly 1/2' wide, blue); +calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit; _capsule +obcordate-triangular, broadly notched_, 16--24-seeded.--Waste grounds, +rare in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.) + +V. HEDERAEFOLIA, L. (IVY-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.) _Leaves_ rounded +or heart-shaped, _3--7-toothed or lobed_; calyx-lobes +somewhat heart-shaped; flowers small; _capsule turgid, 2-lobed, +2--4-seeded_.--Shaded places, N. J., Penn., etc. April--June. (Adv. from +Eu.) + + +17. BUCHNERA, L. BLUE-HEARTS. + +Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a +straight or curved tube and an almost equally 5-cleft limb, the lobes +oblong or wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in +pairs; anthers one-celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped +and entire. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded.--Perennial rough-hairy herbs +(doubtless root-parasitic), turning blackish in drying, with opposite +leaves, or the uppermost alternate; the flowers opposite in a terminal +spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. (Named in honor of _I. G. Buchner_, +an early German botanist.) + +1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (1--2 deg. high); lower +leaves obovate-oblong, the others ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, +sparingly and coarsely toothed, veiny; spike interrupted; calyx longer +than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple corolla (1' +long).--Moist sandy ground, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. +June--Aug. + + +18. SEYMERIA, Pursh. + +Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, +not longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. +Stamens 4, somewhat equal; anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, +2-celled; the cells equal and pointless. Capsule many-seeded.--Erect +branching herbs, with the general aspect and character of Gerardia, +leaves mostly opposite and dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost +alternate and bract-like. Flowers yellow, interruptedly racemed or +spiked. (Named for _Henry Seymer_, an English naturalist.) + +1. S. macrophylla, Nutt. (MULLEIN-FOXGLOVE.) Rather pubescent (4--5 deg. +high); leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly +lanceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised, the upper lanceolate; tube +of the corolla incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except +at the apex; style short, dilated and notched at the point; capsule +ovate, pointed.--Shady river-banks, Ohio to Iowa, south to Tex. July. + + +19. GERARDIA, L. + +Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla +campanulate-funnel-form, or somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 +more or less unequal spreading lobes, the 2 upper usually rather smaller +and more united. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous, included, hairy; +anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled, the cells parallel, often +pointed at base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened at the +apex. Capsule globular or ovate, pointed, many-seeded.--Erect branching +herbs (more or less root-parasitic); stem-leaves opposite, or the upper +alternate, the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1 flowered +peduncles, which often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or +yellow; in late summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated +herbalist, _John Gerarde_.) + +Sec. 1. DASYSTOMA. _Corolla yellow, the tube woolly inside, as well as the +anthers and filaments; anthers alike, awn-pointed at base; leaves rather +large, more or less incised or pinnatifid._ + +[*] _Pubescence partly glandular and viscid; corolla pubescent outside._ + +1. G. pedicularia, L. Annual or biennial, smoothish or pubescent, much +branched (2--3 deg. high), very leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, +and the lobes cut and toothed; pedicels longer than the hairy mostly +serrate calyx-lobes.--Dry copses; N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and +Ark. + +[*][*] _No glandular pubescence; corolla glabrous outside; perennial._ + +2. G. grandiflora, Benth. _Minutely downy_; stem much branched (2--4 deg. +high); _leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed or cut, the lower +pinnatifid_; pedicels rather shorter than the calyx; corolla (2' long) 4 +times the length of the broadly lanceolate entire or toothed +calyx-lobes.--Oak openings, Wisc. and Minn. to Tenn. and Tex. + +3. G. flava, L. (DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE.) _Pubescent with a fine close +down_; stem (3--4 deg. high) mostly simple; _leaves ovate-lanceolate or +oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or +pinnatifid; pedicels very short_; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather +shorter than the tube, corolla 11/2' long.--Open woods, N. Eng. to Wisc. +and Iowa, south to Ga. and Ark. + +4. G. quercifolia, Pursh. (SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE.) _Smooth and glaucous_ +(3--6 deg. high), usually branching; lower _leaves commonly +twice-pinnatifid; the upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire; +pedicels nearly as long as the calyx_; calyx-lobes lance-linear, acute, +as long as the at length inflated tube; corolla 2' long.--Dry woods, +N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ill. + +5. G. laevigata, Raf. _Smooth, not glaucous_; stem (1--2 deg. high) mostly +simple; _leaves lanceolate, acute, entire_, or the lowest obscurely +toothed; _pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube_; corolla 1' long. (G. +integrifolia, _Gray_.)--Oak-barrens, etc., Penn. to Mich, and Ill., +south in the mountains to Ga. + +Sec. 2. OTOPHYLLA. _Corolla purple (rarely white), naked within, as well as +the very unequal filaments; anthers dissimilar, pointless, glabrous or +sparingly hairy._ + +6. G. auriculata, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple (9--20' +high); _leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate_, sessile, _the lower +entire_, the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the +base; _flowers nearly sessile in the axils_ (1' long).--Low grounds and +prairies, W. Penn. to Minn., south to N. C. and Mo. + +7. G. densiflora, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy; _leaves +rigid, pinnately parted into 3--7 narrowly linear acute divisions_, +those subtending the _densely spicate flowers_ similar and crowded; +corolla over 1' long.--Prairies, E. Kan. to Tex. + +Sec. 3. GERARDIA proper. _Corolla purple or rose-color (rarely white); +calyx-teeth short; anthers alike, nearly pointless, pubescent; cauline +leaves linear or narrower, entire._ + +[*] _Perennnial; leaves erect, very narrow; pedicels erect, as long as +floral leaves._ + +8. G. linifolia, Nutt. Glabrous, 2--3 deg. high, sparingly or paniculately +branched; leaves flat, thickish, 1'' wide; calyx-teeth minute; corolla +1' long, minutely pubescent outside, villous within and lobes ciliate; +anthers and filaments very villous.--Low pine barrens, Del. to Fla. + +[*][*] _Annuals; herbage blackish in drying_ (except n. 13). + +[+] _Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule._ + +9. G. aspera, Dougl. Sparingly branched (1--2 deg. high); leaves long and +linear, rough; _pedicels (most of them alternate) equalling or +moderately exceeding the calyx_, which has _triangular-lanceolate acute +lobes about half as long as the tube_; corolla over 1' long.--Plains and +prairies, Mich, and W. Ind. to Dak. and W. Ark. + +10. G. purpurea, L. (PURPLE GERARDIA.) Stem (1--2 deg. high) with long and +rigid widely spreading branches; _leaves linear, acute, rough-margined_; +flowers large (1' long), bright purple, often downy; _pedicels shorter +than the calyx, mainly opposite; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed_, from very +short to about half as long as the tube.--Low grounds, mainly near the +coast and in the region of the Great Lakes. Very variable.--Var. +PAUPERCULA, Gray. Smoother, more simple; corolla usually only 1/2' long, +lighter rose-purple.--N. Eng. to Penn., N. Ill., Minn., and northward. + +11. G. maritima, Raf. (SEA-SIDE G.) Low (4--12' high), with shorter +branches; _leaves and short broad calyx-teeth rather fleshy and obtuse_; +pedicels about as long as the calyx; corolla 1/2' long.--Salt marshes +along the coast. + +[+][+] _Pedicels usually exceeding the corolla; woolly anthers cuspidate +at base._ + +12. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. (SLENDER G.) _Leaves narrowly linear_, acute, +the floral ones mostly like the others; _calyx-teeth very short, acute; +capsule globular, not exceeding the calyx_; corolla about 1/2' long.--Low +or dry ground, common.--Var. MACROPHYLLA, Benth. Stouter; larger leaves +11/2--2' long and almost 2'' wide, scabrous; pedicels ascending; +calyx-teeth larger; corolla little over 1/2' long. W. Iowa to W. La. and +Col.--Var. ASPERULA, Gray. Leaves all nearly filiform and upper face +hispidulous scabrous; inflorescence more paniculate; corolla small, the +expanded limb only 6'' in diameter. Dry bare hills, Mich, and N. Ind. to +Minn. and Mo. + +13. G. Skinneriana, Wood. _Leaves bristle-shaped_, as are the +branchlets, or the lower linear; _capsule ovate, mostly longer than the +calyx_, which has short setaceous teeth; corolla 4--6'' long. (G. +setacea, _Gray_, Man., not of _Walt._)--Sandy low ground, Mass. to +Minn., south to Fla. and La. + + +20. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. PAINTED-CUP. + +Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and +usually on the posterior side also; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. +Tube of the corolla included in the calyx; its upper lip (_galea_) long +and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened laterally, enclosing the 4 +unequal stamens; lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther cells oblong-linear, +unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule +many-seeded.--Herbs (root-parasitic), with alternate entire or cut-lobed +leaves; the floral ones usually dilated, colored, and more showy than +the yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to _Castillejo_, a +Spanish botanist.) + +1. C. coccinea, Spreng. (SCARLET PAINTED-CUP.) Hairy biennial or annual; +stem simple; root-leaves clustered, mostly entire, obovate or oblong; +those of the stem incised; the floral 3--5-cleft, bright scarlet toward +the summit (rarely yellow); calyx about the length of the pale yellow +corolla, _equally cleft both sides, the lobes quadrate-oblong, entire or +retuse_.--Low sandy ground, Maine to Minn., south to N. J., Tenn., and +Tex. + +2. C. pallida, Kunth, var. septentrionalis, Gray. Perennial, smooth or +sparingly hairy, at the summit woolly; _leaves mainly entire_, the lower +linear, upper broader; the floral oblong or obovate, greenish-white, +varying to yellowish, purple, or red; _calyx equally cleft, the lobes +oblong or lanceolate, 2-cleft_; corolla 1/2--1' long, the _galea decidedly +shorter than the tube_, not over 2 or 3 times as long as the +lip.--Alpine summits of N. Eng., N. shore of L. Superior, west and +northward. + +3. C. sessiliflora, Pursh. Perennial, 6--8' high, very leafy, +cinereous-pubescent; leaves mostly 3--5-cleft, with narrow diverging +sometimes cleft lobes; the floral similar or broader, _not at all +colored; calyx deeper cleft in front_, the narrow lobes deeply 2-cleft; +corolla 2' long, _the short galea but twice as long as the slender-lobed +lip_.--Prairies, Wisc. and Ill. to Dak. and Tex. + + +21. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. + +Corolla with the upper lip (_galea_) little longer and usually much +narrower than the inflated 1--3-saccate lower one. Otherwise nearly as +Castilleia. (Name from [Greek: o)rtho/s], _upright_, and [Greek: +karpo/s], _fruit_.) + +1. O. luteus, Nutt. Annual, pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid, +erect, 1 deg. high; leaves linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft; spike +dense; bracts broader, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers, not +colored; corolla golden-yellow, not 6'' long, 2--3 times as long as the +calyx.--Plains, N. Minn. to Col., and westward. + + +22. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. CHAFF-SEED. + +Calyx oblique, tubular, 10--12-ribbed, 5-toothed; the posterior tooth +much the smaller, the 2 anterior united higher than the others. Upper +lip of the corolla arched, oblong, entire; the lower little shorter, +erect, 2-plaited, with 3 very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, +included in the upper lip; anther-cells equal and parallel. Capsule +ovate, many-seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat.--A +perennial minutely pubescent upright herb (1--2 deg. high), with leafy +simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of rather large dull +purplish-yellow flowers; leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved, entire, +ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced to narrow bracts; pedicels +very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to _C. G. +Schwalbe_, an obscure German botanist.) + +1. S. Americana, L.--Wet sandy soil, Mass. to La., near the coast. +May--July. + + +23. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. EYEBRIGHT. + +Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, +scarcely arched, 2-lobed, and the sides folded back; lower lip +spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the +upper lip; anther-cells equal, pointed at the base. Capsule oblong, +flattened. Seeds numerous.--Herbs, with branching stems, and opposite +toothed or cut leaves. Flowers, small, spiked. (Name [Greek: +eu)thrasi/a], _cheerfulness_, in allusion to its reputed medicinal +properties.) + +1. E. officinalis, L. Low annual; leaves ovate or lanceolate, the lowest +crenate, the floral bristly-toothed; lobes of the lower lip of the +(whitish, yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched.--Coast of Maine and +Lower Canada; perhaps introduced from Eu.--Var. TATARICA, Benth., a low +form with small flowers (2--3'' long), and mostly rounded +leaves.--Alpine region of N. H., shore of L. Superior, and far +northward. + + +24. BARTSIA, L. + +Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla with upper lip entire and sides not +folded back. Otherwise much as Euphrasia.--Herbs, with opposite sessile +leaves, and subsessile flowers, in the upper axils and in a terminal +leafy spike. + +B. ODONTITES, Huds. A span or two high from an annual root, branching, +scabrous-pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely +serrate; spikes elongated, loosely-flowered; corolla small, +rose-red.--Coast of Maine and N. Scotia. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +25. RHINANTHUS, L. YELLOW-RATTLE. + +Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper +lip of corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, +but with a minute tooth on each side below the apex; lower lip 3-lobed. +Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers approximate, hairy, transverse; +the cells equal, pointless. Capsule orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, +orbicular, winged.--Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the +yellow flowers crowded in a one-sided leafy-bracted spike. (Name +composed of [Greek: r(i/n], _a snout_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _a +flower_, from the beaked upper lip in some species formerly of this +genus.) + +1. R. Crista-galli, L. Leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely +serrate, the floral bracts more incised with bristle-tipped teeth; +corolla 6'' long; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the +inflated calyx, whence the popular name.)--Coast of N. Eng. and alpine +region of N. H., to L. Superior, and northward. (Eu., Asia.) + + +26. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. LOUSEWORT. + +Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, +flattened, often beaked at the apex; the lower erect at base, 2-crested +above, 3-lobed; lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and +larger. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers transverse; the cells +equal, pointless. Capsule ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several +seeded.--Perennial herbs, with chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral +bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike. (Name from _pediculus_, +a louse; of no obvious application.) + +1. P. Canadensis, L. (COMMON LOUSEWORT. WOOD BETONY.) + +Hairy; stems simple, clustered (5--12' high); _leaves scattered, the +lowest pinnately parted, the others half-pinnatifid_; spike short and +dense; _calyx split in front, otherwise almost entire_, oblique; _upper +lip of the_ (dull greenish-yellow and purplish) _corolla hooded, +incurved_, 2-toothed under the apex; capsule _flat, somewhat +sword-shaped_.--Copses and banks, common. May--July. + +2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem upright (1--3 deg. high), nearly simple, +mostly smooth; _leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly +cut-toothed_; spike crowded; _calyx 2-lobed_, leafy-crested; _upper lip +of the_ (pale yellow) _corolla incurved_ and bearing a short truncate +beak at the apex, the lower erect, so as nearly to close the throat; +_capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx_.--Swamps, Conn. to Va., +Ohio, and Minn. + +3. P. Furbishiae, Watson. Tall (2--3 deg. high) pubescent or glabrate; leaves +lanceolate, _pinnately parted and the short oblong divisions +pinnatifid-incised_, or the upper simply pinnatifid and the lobes +serrate; bracts ovate, laciniate-dentate; _calyx-lobes_ 5, rather +unequal, linear-lanceolate, entire or toothed; _upper lip of corolla +straight_ and beakless, the truncate apex bicuspidate, the lower erect, +truncately 3-lobed; _capsule broadly ovate_.--Banks of the St. John's, +Aroostook Co., Maine (_Miss Kate Furbish_), and adjacent N. Brunswick. + + +27. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. COW-WHEAT. + +Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of +corolla cylindrical, enlarging above; upper lip arched, compressed, +straight in front; the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the +apex. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers approximate, oblong, +nearly vertical, hairy; the equal cells minutely pointed at base. Ovary +with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule flattened, oblique, +1--4-seeded.--Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves, the lower +entire, the upper mostly toothed at base. Flowers solitary in the upper +axils. (Name from [Greek: me/las], _black_, and [Greek: pyro/s], +_wheat_; from the color of the seeds of some species as they appear +mixed with grain.) + +1. M. Americanum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the floral +ones like the lower, or truncate at base and beset with a few bristly +teeth; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender +tube of the pale greenish-yellow corolla (5'' long).--Open woods; +common, from the Atlantic to Minn. and Iowa, especially eastward. +June--Sept. + + +ORDER 76. OROBANCHACEAE. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) + +_Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, +didynamous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentae; pod very +many-seeded; seeds minute, with albumen and a very minute +embryo._--Calyx persistent, 4--5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, +more or less 2-lipped, ringent, persistent and withering; upper lip +entire or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on +the tube of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, +ovoid, pointed with a long style; stigma large. Capsule 1-celled, +2-valved; each valve bearing on its face one placenta or a pair. Seeds +very numerous, minute.--Low, thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in +place of leaves, lurid yellowish or brownish throughout. Flowers +solitary or spiked. + +[*] Flowers of two sorts, scattered along slender panicled branches. + +1. Epiphegus. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla; the lower +fertile, with the corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts +inconspicuous. + +[*][*] Flowers all alike and perfect; sterns mostly simple. + +2. Conopholis. Flowers, densely spicate. Calyx deeply cleft in front. +Corolla 2-lipped Stamens exserted. + +3. Aphyllon. Flowers pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and +thyrsoid-spicate. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped. +Stamens included. + +4. Orobanche. Flowers sessile, spicate. Calyx cleft before and behind +almost to the base. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included. + + +1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. BEECH-DROPS. CANCER-ROOT. + +Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches; the upper +sterile, with a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style; the +lower fertile, with a very short corolla which seldom opens, but is +forced off from the base by the growth of the pod; stamens and style +very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma capitate, a little 2-lobed. Capsule +2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentae on each valve.--Herbs +slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched, with small +scattered scales, 6--12' high. (Name from [Greek: e)pi/], _upon_, and +[Greek: phego/s], _the Beech_, because it grows on the roots of that +tree.) + +1. E. Virginiana, Bart. Corolla of the upper (sterile) flowers whitish +and purple, 6--8'' long, curved, 4-toothed.--Common under Beech-trees, +parasitic on their roots; N. Brunswick to Wisc., south to Fla. and Ark. +Aug.--Oct. + + +2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallroth. SQUAW-ROOT. CANCER-ROOT. + +Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of +the irregularly 4--5-toothed calyx; its tube split down on the lower +side. Corolla tubular, swollen at base, strongly 2 lipped; upper lip +arched, notched at the summit, the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. +Stamens protruded. Stigma depressed. Capsule with 4 placentae, a pair on +the middle of each valve.--Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers, +regularly imbricate, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, +from [Greek: ko~nos], _a cone_, and [Greek: pholi/s], _a scale_). + +1. C. Americana, Wallroth.--Oak woods, growing in clusters among fallen +leaves; N. Eng. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tenn. May, June.--A singular +plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's +thumb, 3--6' high, covered with fleshy scales, which become dry and +hard. + + +3. APHYLLON, Mitchell. NAKED BROOM-RAPE. + +Flowers perfect, pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. +Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip more or +less spreading and 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens +included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped or crateriform. Capsule with 4 +placentae, equidistant or contiguous in pairs. Plants brownish or +whitish. Flowers (purplish or yellowish) and naked scapes minutely +glandular-pubescent. (Name from [Greek: a-] privative and [Greek: +phy/llon], _foliage_, alluding to the naked stalks.) + +[*] _Flowers solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without +bractlets; corolla with a long curved tube and spreading 5-lobed limb._ + +1. A. uniflorum, Gray. (ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT.) _Stem subterranean or +nearly so, very short_, scaly, often branched, each branch sending up +1--3 slender one-flowered scapes (3--5' high); _divisions of the calyx +lance-awl-shaped_, half the length of the corolla, which is 1' long, +with 2 yellow bearded folds in the throat, and obovate lobes.--Damp +woodlands, Newf. to Va. and Tex., and west to the Pacific. April, May. + +2. A. fasciculatum, Gray. _Scaly stem erect and rising 3--4' out of the +ground_, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles; _divisions of the +calyx triangular, very much shorter than the corolla_, which has rounded +short lobes.--Sandy ground, L. Michigan to Minn., southward west of the +Mississippi, and westward. On Artemisia, Eriogonum, etc. May. + +[*][*] _Caulescent, flowers densely spicate, with 1--2 bractlets at base +of calyx; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip less or not at all 2-cleft._ + +3. A. Ludovicianum, Gray. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3--12' high); +corolla somewhat curved, twice the length of the narrow lanceolate +calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. (Phelipaea Ludoviciana, +_Walp._)--Minn. to Ill. and Tex., and westward. + + +4. OROBANCHE, Tourn. BROOM-RAPE. + +Flowers spicate, sessile. Calyx cleft before and behind almost or quite +to the base, the divisions usually 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip +erect, 2-lobed or emarginate, the lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. +Stamens included.--Old World parasites, on roots of various plants. + +O. MINOR, L. A span to a foot high, pubescent, pale yellowish-brown, or +with purplish-tinged flowers in a rather loose spike; corolla 6'' +long.--Parasitic on clover, N. J. to Va. Sparingly and probably recently +introduced. + +(Addendum) O. RAMOSA, L. Often branched, 6' high or less, of a pale +straw-color; flowers 3-bracteate, the lateral bracts small; calyx +4-toothed, split at the back; corolla pale blue, 6--8'' long.--On the +roots of hemp and tobacco; Ky. (Int. from Eu.) + + +ORDER 77. LENTIBULARIACEAE. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) + +_Small herbs (growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, +and a 2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluently) +one-celled anthers, and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, +bearing several anatropous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no +albumen._--Corolla deeply 2-lipped, the lower lip larger, 3-lobed and +with a prominent palate, spurred at the base in front; the palate +usually bearded. Ovary free; style very short or none; stigma +1--2-lipped. Capsule often bursting irregularly. Scapes +1--few-flowered.--The following are the two principal genera. + +1. Utricularia. Calyx-lobes mostly entire. Upper lip of corolla erect. +Filaments strongly incurved. Foliage dissected; bladder-bearing. + +2. Pinguicula. Calyx with upper lip deeply 3- and lower 2-cleft. +Corolla-lobes spreading. Filaments straighter. Terrestrial, with entire +rosulate leaves next the ground. + + +1. UTRICULARIA, L. BLADDERWORT. + +Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the +palate on the lower lip projecting, often closing the throat; upper lip +erect. Anthers convergent.--Aquatic and immersed, with capillary +dissected leaves bearing little bladders, which float the plant at the +time of flowering; or rooting in the mud, and sometimes with few or no +leaves or bladders. Scapes 1--few-flowered; usually flowering all +summer. Bladders furnished with a valvular lid and usually with a few +bristles at the orifice. (Name from _utriculus_, a little bladder.) + +[*] _Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by +means of large bladders formed of the inflated petioles; the lower +leaves dissected and capillary, bearing small bladders; rootlets few or +none._ + +1. U. inflata, Walt. Swimming free; bladder-like petioles oblong, +pointed at the ends and branched near the apex, bearing fine thread-like +divisions; flowers 3--10 (large, yellow); the appressed spur half the +length of the corolla; style distinct.--In still water, Maine to Tex., +near the coast. + +[*][*] _Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immersed +branching stems, which commonly swim free, bearing capillary dissected +leaves with small bladders on their lobes; roots few and not affixed, or +none. (Mostly perennial, propagated from year to year by tuber-like +buds.)_ + +[+] _Cleistogamous flowers along the submersed copiously bladder-bearing +stems._ + +2. U. clandestina, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed stems, +several times forked, capillary; scapes slender (3--5' high); lips of +the yellow corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader and +3-lobed, somewhat longer than the approximate thick and blunt +spur.--Ponds, from N. Brunswick and N. Eng. to N. J., near the coast. + +[+][+] _No cleistogamous flowers._ + +[++] _Pedicels recurved in fruit; corolla yellow._ + +3. U. vulgaris, L. (GREATER BLADDERWORT.) Immersed stems (1--3 deg. long) +_crowded with 2--3-pinnately many-parted capillary leaves, bearing many +bladders_; scapes 5--12-flowered (6--12' long); _corolla closed_ (6--9'' +broad), the sides reflexed; spur conical, rather shorter than the lower +lip, thick and blunt in the European and the high northern plant; in the +common American plant less thick and rather acute.--Common in ponds and +slow streams, Newf. to Minn., south to Va. and Tex., and westward. (Eu., +Asia.) + +4. U. minor, L. (SMALLER B.) _Leaves scattered_ on the thread-like +immersed stems, 2--4 times _forked_, short; scapes weak, 2--8-flowered +(3--7' high); _upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the +depressed palate; spur very short and blunt, or almost none_.--Shallow +water, E. Mass, to Minn., south to N. J. and Ark., and westward. (Eu.) + +[++][++] _Pedicels erect in fruit, few and slender; corolla yellow._ + +5. U. gibba, L. _Scape_ (1--3' high) _1--2-flowered_, at base furnished +with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary +root-like leaves and scattered bladders; corolla 3--4'' broad, the lips +broad and rounded, nearly equal; the _lower_ with the sides reflexed, +_exceeding and approximate to the very thick and blunt conical gibbous +spur_.--Shallow water, Mass. to Mich., south to Va. and Ill.; Mt. Desert +(_F. M. Day_). + +6. U. biflora, Lam. _Scape_ (2--5' high) _1--3-flowered_, at the base +bearing somewhat elongated submersed branches with capillary root-like +leaves and numerous bladders; _corolla 4--6'' broad, the spur oblong, +equalling the lower lip_; seeds scale-shaped.--Ponds and shallow waters, +S. Ill. and Iowa to Tex.; also S. Va. (?), and Barnstable, Mass. (_W. +Deane_). + +7. U. fibrosa, Walt. _Leaves_ crowded or whorled on the small immersed +stems, several times forked, _capillary_; the bladders borne mainly +along the stems; flowers 2--6 (6'' broad); lips nearly equal, broad and +expanded, the upper undulate, concave, plaited-striate in the middle; +_spur nearly linear, obtuse_, approaching and almost equalling the lower +lip. (U. striata, _LeConte_.)--Shallow pools in pine barrens, L. Island +and N. J. to Fla. and Ala. + +8. U. intermedia, Hayne. _Leaves_ crowded on the immersed stems, +_2-ranked_, 4--5 times forked, _rigid_, the divisions linear-awl-shaped, +minutely bristle-toothed along the margins; _the bladders borne on +separate leafless branches_; upper lip of corolla much longer than the +palate; _spur conical-subulate, acute, appressed to the very broad +(6--8'') lower lip and nearly as long as it_.--Shallow pools, Newf. to +N. J., west to Iowa, Minn., and northward. (Eu., Asia.) + +[++][++][++] _Pedicels erect in fruit, rather long; corolla +violet-purple._ + +9. U. purpurea, Walt. Leaves whorled along the long immersed free +floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders; +flowers 2--4 (6'' wide); spur appressed to the 3-lobed 2-saccate lower +lip of the corolla and about half its length.--Ponds, Maine and N. Penn. +to Fla., mainly near the coast; also Lake Co., Ind. + +[*][*][*] _Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a few small +scales, the base rooting in the mud or soil; leaves small, awl-shaped or +grass-like, often raised out of the water, commonly few or fugacious; +air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or commonly none._ + +[+] _Flower purple, solitary; leaves bearing a few delicate lobes._ + +10. U. resupinata, B. D. Greene. Scape (2--8' high) 2-bracted above; +leaves thread-like, on delicate creeping branches; corolla (4--5'' long) +deeply 2-parted; spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the +dilated lower lip and remote from it, _both ascending_, the flower +resting transversely on the summit of the scape.--Sandy margins of +ponds, E. Maine to R. I., near the coast; also N. New York and Presque +Isle, L. Erie. + +[+][+] _Flowers 2--10, (chiefly) yellow; leaves entire, rarely seen._ + +11. U. subulata, L. Stem capillary (3--5' high); _pedicels capillary; +lower lip of the corolla flat_ or with its margins recurved, _equally +3-lobed_, much larger than the ovate upper one; _spur oblong_, acute, +straight, _appressed_ to the lower lip, which it nearly equals in +length.--Sandy swamps, and pine-barrens, Nantucket, Mass., to N. J., +Fla., and Tex., near the coast. + +Var. cleistogama, Gray. Only 1--2' high, bearing 1 or 2 evidently +cleistogamous purplish flowers, not larger than a pin's head; capsule +becoming 1'' long. (The unnamed Utricularia in the Man., p. 320).--With +the ordinary form; Barnstable and Nantucket, Mass., pine-barrens of +N. J., and southward. + +12. U. cornuta, Michx. Stem strict (3'--1 deg. high), 1--5-flowered; +_pedicels not longer than the calyx_; corolla 1' long, the _lower lip +large and helmet-shaped_, its centre very convex and projecting, while +the sides are strongly reflexed; upper lip obovate and much smaller; +_spur awl-shaped, turned downward_ and outward, about as long as the +lower lip.--Peat-bogs, or sandy swamps, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. +and Tex.; common. + + +2. PINGUICULA, Tourn. BUTTERWORT. + +Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open +hairy or spotted palate, the lobes spreading.--Small and stemless +perennials, growing on damp rocks, with 1-flowered scapes, and broad and +entire leaves, all clustered at the root, soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to +the touch (whence the name, from _pinguis_, fat). + +1. P. Vulgaris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical; scape and calyx a little +pubescent; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube +funnel-form; spur straightish.--Wet rocks, northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to +Minn., and far northward. (Eu., Asia.) + + +ORDER 78. BIGNONIACEAE. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) + +_Woody plants, monopetalous, didynamous or diandrous, with the ovary +commonly 2-celled by the meeting of the two parietal placentae or of a +projection from them, many-ovuled; fruit a dry capsule, the large flat +winged seeds with a flat embryo and no albumen, the broad and leaf-like +cotyledons notched at both ends._--Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. +Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular or 2-lipped, +deciduous; the lower lobe largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla; the +fifth or posterior one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or +rudimentary; anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long +style, with a 2-lipped stigma.--Leaves compound or simple, opposite, +rarely alternate. Flowers large and showy.--Chiefly a tropical family. + +1. Bignonia. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound, +tendril-bearing. + +2. Tecoma. Pod flattish contrary to the partition. Leaves compound, +without tendrils. + +3. Catalpa. Pod terete. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees; leaves simple. + + +1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. + +Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, +5-lobed and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the +fifth. Capsule linear, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and +partition. Seeds transversely winged.--Woody climbers, with chiefly +compound leaves, terminating in a tendril. (Named for the _Abbe +Bignon_.) + +1. B. capreolata, L. (CROSS-VINE.) Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong +leaflets and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves +in the axil resembling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, +1-flowered; corolla orange, 2' long; pod 6' long; seeds with the wing +11/2' long.--Rich soil, Va. to S. Ill and south to Fla. and La. April. +Climbing tall trees; a transverse section of the wood showing a cross. + + +2. TECOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER. + +Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little +irregular. Stamens 4. Capsule 2-celled, with the partition at right +angles to the convex valves. Seeds transversely winged.--Woody, with +compound leaves, climbing by aerial rootlets. (Abridged from the Mexican +name.) + +1. T. radicans, Juss. (TRUMPET CREEPER.) Leaves pinnate; leaflets 9--11, +ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed; stamens not protruded beyond +the tubular-funnel-form orange and scarlet corolla (21/2--3' long); pod +oblanceolate, 4--5' long.--Moist soil, Penn. to Ill., south to Fla. and +Tex. Common in cultivation farther north. + + +3. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. CATALPA. INDIAN BEAN. + +Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling; the undulate +5-lobed spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or +sometimes 4; the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Capsule very +long and slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-celled, the partition at right +angles to the valves. Seeds winged on each side, the wings cut into a +fringe.--Trees, with ovate or cordate and mainly opposite leaves. (The +aboriginal name.) + +1. C. speciosa, Warder. A large and tall tree, with thick bark; leaves +ample, heart-shaped, long-acuminate; corolla 2' long, nearly white, +inconspicuously spotted, with obconical tube and slightly oblique limb, +the lower lobe emarginate; capsule thick.--Low rich woodlands, S. Ind. +to Tenn., Mo., and Ark. May. + + +C. BIGNONIOIDES, Walt., of Ga., Ala. and Miss., very widely cultivated, +and formerly including the above species, is a low much branched tree, +with thin bark, smaller (11/2' long) thickly spotted corolla (with oblique +limb and lower lobe entire), and a much thinner capsule. + + +ORDER 79. PEDALIACEAE. + +_Herbs, with chiefly opposite simple leaves, and flowers as of the +preceding Order, except in structure of ovary and fruit, the former +being 1-celled, the latter fleshy-drupaceous, with wingless seeds and +thick entire cotyledons._--Ovary (in ours) 1-celled, with 2 parietal +intruded placentae expanded into 2 broad lamellae or united into a central +columella. + + +1. MARTYNIA, L. UNICORN-PLANT. + +Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and +somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Fruit fleshy, the flesh +at length falling away in 2 valves; the inner part woody, terminated by +a beak, which at length splits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the +apex between the horns, imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of +the two plates of each placenta, leaving a space in the centre, while by +reaching and cohering with the walls of the fruit they form 4 other +cells. Seeds several, wingless, with a thick roughened coat.--Low +branching annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor, stems +thickish; leaves simple, rounded; flowers racemed, large. (Dedicated to +_Prof. John Martyn_, of Cambridge, England.) + +1 M. proboscidea, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire or +undulate, the upper alternate; corolla dull white or purplish, or +spotted with yellow and purple; endocarp of the fruit crested on one +side, long-beaked.--Banks of the Mississippi and its lower tributaries, +from S. Ind., Ill., and Iowa, to northern Mexico. Also cultivated and +naturalized farther north. + + +ORDER 80. ACANTHACEAE. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) + +_Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous +stamens, inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the +lobes of which are convolute or imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-celled +and few- (4--12-) seeded capsule; seeds anatropous, without albumen, +usually flat and supported by hooked projections of the placentae +(retinacula)._--Flowers commonly much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style +thread-form; stigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually +flattened contrary to the valves and partition. Cotyledons broad and +flat.--Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family in +the warmer parts of the world; represented in gardens by THUNBERGIA, +which differs from the rest by the globular pod and seeds, the latter +not on hooks. + +[*] Corolla not obviously bilabiate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish, +spreading; stamens 4. + +1. Calophanes. Calyx-lobes long-filiform. Capsule 2--4-seeded. + +2. Ruellia. Calyx-lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Capsule +6--20-seeded. + +[*][*] Corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect and concave, lower spreading; +stamens 2. + +3. Dianthera. Capsule obovate, flattened, 4-seeded. + + +1. CALOPHANES, Don. + +Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted; its lobes elongated setaceous-acuminate +or aristiform. Corolla funnel-form, with ample limb, convolute in the +bud. Stamens 4, the anthers mucronate or sometimes aristate at base. +Ovules a single pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, +2--4-seeded.--Low branching perennials, pubescent or hirsute, with +proportionally large axillary nearly sessile flowers (solitary or few), +and blue corolla. (Name from [Greek: kalo/s], _beautiful_, and [Greek: +phai/no], _to appear_.) + +1. C. oblongifolia, Don. Stems visually erect and simple, 1/2--1 deg. high; +leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse, sessile (1' long or +less); corolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom 1' long; +calyx-lobes nearly distinct, filiform-setaceous, hirsute.--Pine-barrens, +S. Va. to Fla. + + +2. RUELLIA, Plumier. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with spreading ample border, +convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, the cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped +anthers parallel and nearly equal. Capsule narrow, in our species +somewhat flattened, contracted and seedless at the base, above +8--12-seeded. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat, when wet exhibiting under +the microscope innumerable tapering short bristles, their walls marked +with rings or spirals.--Perennials, with rather large and showy blue or +purple flowers, mostly in axillary clusters, sometimes also with small +flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx often +2-bracteolate. (Named for the early herbalist, _John Ruelle_.) + +1. R. ciliosa, Pursh. _Hirsute_ with soft whitish hairs (1--3 deg. high); +_leaves nearly sessile, oval_ or ovate-oblong (1--2' long); flowers 1--3 +and almost sessile in the axils; _tube of the corolla_ (1--11/2' long) +fully _twice the length of the setaceous calyx-lobes_; the throat +short.--Dry ground, Mich. to Minn., south to Fla. and La. +June--Sept.--Var. AMBIGUA, Gray. Sparingly hirsute-pubescent or +glabrate; leaves ovate-oblong, usually short-petioled, larger; tube of +corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx.--Va. and Ky. to Ala. +Appearing like a hybrid with the next. + +2. R. strepens, L. _Glabrous or sparingly pubescent_ (1--4 deg. high); +_leaves narrowed at base into a petiole_, ovate, obovate, or mostly +oblong (21/2--5' long); _tube of the corolla_ (about 1' long) little +longer than the dilated portion, _slightly exceeding the lanceolate or +linear calyx-lobes_.--Rich soil, Penn. to Wisc., south to Fla. and Tex. +July--Sept.--Var. CLEISTANTHA, Gray. Leaves commonly narrower and +oblong; flowers for most of the season cleistogamous.--Common with the +ordinary form. + + +3. DIANTHERA, Gronov. WATER-WILLOW. + +Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, notched; +the lower spreading, 3-parted, external in the bud. Stamens 2; anthers +2-celled, the cells separated and somewhat unequal. Capsule obovate, +flattened, contracted at base into a short stalk, 4-seeded.--Perennial +herbs, growing in water or wet places, with entire leaves, and purplish +flowers in axillary peduncled spikes or heads. (Name formed of [Greek: +di/s], _double_, and [Greek: a)nthera/], _anther_; the separated cells +giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.) + +1. D. Americana, L. Stem 1--3 deg. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, +elongated; spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncled; corolla 4--5'' +long.--In water, N. W. Vt. to Wisc., south to S. C. and Tex. July--Sept. + + +ORDER 81. VERBENACEAE. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) + +_Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or +irregular corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2--4-celled_ (in Phryma +1-celled) _fruit dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe into as +many 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets_; differing from the following order +in the ovary not being 4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and the +plants seldom aromatic or furnishing a volatile oil.--Seeds with a +straight embryo and little or no albumen.--A large order in the warmer +parts of the world, sparingly represented in cool regions. + + +Tribe I. VERBENEAE. Ovary 2--4-celled, with an erect anatropous ovule in +each cell. + +1. Verbena. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular. Fruit splitting +into 4 nutlets. + +2. Lippia. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx short, 2-cleft. Fruit +splitting into 2 nutlets. + +3. Callicarpa. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short. Fruit berry-like, +with 4 nutlets. + + +Tribe II. PHRYMEAE. Ovary 1-celled; ovule erect, orthotropous. + +4. Phryma. Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped. Fruit +an achene. + + +1. VERBENA, Tourn. VERVAIN. + +Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the +others. Corolla tubular, often curved, salver-form; the border somewhat +unequally 5-cleft. Stamens included; the upper pair occasionally +without anthers. Style slender; stigma mostly 2-lobed. Fruit splitting +into 4 seed-like nutlets.--Flowers sessile, in single or often panicled +spikes, bracted; produced all summer. (The Latin name for any sacred +herb; derivation obscure.)--The species present numerous spontaneous +hybrids. + +Sec. 1. _Anthers not appendaged; flowers small, in narrow spikes._ + +[*] _Spikes filiform, with flowers or at least fruits scattered, naked, +the inconspicuous bracts shorter than the calyx._ + +V. OFFICINALIS, L. (EUROPEAN V.) Annual, glabrous or nearly so, +loosely branched (1--3 deg. high); _leaves pinnatifid or 3-cleft, +oblong-lanceolate_, sessile, smooth above, the lobes cut and toothed; +spikes panicled; _flowers purplish_, very small.--Roadsides and old +fields, N. J. to Minn., south to Tex., and westward. (Nat. from Eu.) + +1. V. urticaefolia, L. (WHITE V.) Perennial, from minutely pubescent to +almost glabrous, rather tall (3--5 deg. high); _leaves oval or oblong-ovate, +acute, coarsely serrate, petioled_; spikes at length much elongated, +loosely panicled; flowers very small, _white_.--Waste or open grounds. +(Trop. Am.) + +[*][*] _Spikes thicker or densely flowered; the fruits crowded, mostly +overlapping each other; bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers; +perennial._ + +2. V. angustifolia, Michx. Low (6--18' high), often simple; _leaves +narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish_, slightly +toothed; spikes few or single; the purple flowers crowded, larger than +in the next.--Dry or sandy ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and +Ark. + +3. V. hastata, L. (BLUE VERVAIN.) Tall (4--6 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate +or oblong-lanceolate_, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, _petioled, the lower +often lobed and sometimes halberd-shaped_ at base; _spikes linear, +erect_, corymbed or panicled; flowers blue.--Waste grounds and +roadsides; common. + +4. V. stricta, Vent. (HOARY V.) _Downy with soft whitish hairs_, erect, +simple or branched (1--2 deg. high); _leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, +serrate_; _spikes thick_, somewhat clustered, hairy; flowers rather +large, purple.--Barrens and prairies, Ohio to Dak., south to Tex. and +N. Mex. + +[*][*][*] _Spikes thick, sessile and leafy-bracted; annual._ + +5. V. bracteosa, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy; leaves +wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled; spikes +single, remotely flowered; bracts large, the lower pinnatifid, longer +than the small purple flowers.--Prairies and waste grounds, Ohio to +Minn., south and westward. + +Sec. 2. _Anthers of the longer stamens glandular-tipped; flowers showy, +from depressed-capitate becoming spicate._ + +6. V. bipinnatifida, Nutt. _Hispid-hirsute_, 1/2--1 deg. high; _leaves_ +(11/2--4' long) _bipinnately parted_, or 3-parted into more or less +bipinnatifid divisions, the lobes commonly linear or broader; _bracts +mostly surpassing the calyx_; limb of bluish-purple or lilac corolla +4--5'' _broad_.--Plains and prairies, Kan. to Ark. and Tex., and +westward. + +7. V. Aubletia, L. Slender, 1 deg. high or less, _soft-pubescent or +glabrate_; _leaves_ (1--2' long) _ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with +a wedge-shaped base, incisely lobed and toothed_, often more deeply +3-cleft; _bracts shorter than or equalling the calyx_; limb of +reddish-purple or lilac (rarely white) corolla 6--8'' _broad_.--Open +woods and prairies, Ind. and Ill. to Fla., Ark., and N. Mex. + + +2. LIPPIA, Houst. + +Calyx short, often flattened, 2--4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla +2-lipped; upper lip notched, the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens +included. Style slender; stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, +2-seeded. (Dedicated to _Augustus Lippi_, an Italian naturalist and +traveller.) + +1. L. lanceolata, Michx. (FOG-FRUIT.) _Creeping extensively, roughish, +green; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate_, serrate above; +_peduncles axillary, slender, exceeding the leaves_, bearing solitary +closely bracted heads of bluish-white flowers; _bracts mucronate or +pointless_.--River-banks, E. Penn. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. +July--Sept. + +2. L. cuneifolia, Steud. Diffusely branched from a woody base, +procumbent _(not creeping), minutely canescent throughout; leaves rigid, +cuneate-linear_, incisely 2--6-toothed above the middle; peduncles +axillary, _mostly shorter than the leaves_; bracts rigid, broadly +cuneate, _abruptly acuminate_; corolla white (?).--Plains, W. Neb. to +central Kan. and Arizona. + + +3. CALLICARPA, L. + +Calyx 4--5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4--5-lobed, +nearly regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted; anthers opening at +the apex. Style slender, thickened upward. Fruit a small berry-like +drupe, with 4 nutlets.--Shrubs, with scurfy pubescence, and small +flowers in axillary cymes. (Name formed of [Greek: ka/llos], _beauty_, +and [Greek: karpo/s], _fruit_.) + +1. C. Americana, L. (FRENCH MULBERRY.) Leaves ovate-oblong with a +tapering base, acuminate, toothed, whitish beneath; cymes many-flowered; +calyx obscurely 4-toothed; corolla bluish; fruit violet-color.--Rich +soil, Va. to Tex., thence north to Mo. May--July. + + +4. PHRYMA, L. LOPSEED. + +Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped +teeth; the lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip +notched; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style +slender; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry, in the bottom of the calyx, oblong, +1-celled and 1-seeded. Seed orthotropous. Cotyledons convolute round +their axis.--A perennial herb, with slender branching stems, and +coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-petioled; the small +opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal spikes, strictly +reflexed in fruit. Corolla purplish or rose-color. (Derivation of the +name unknown.) + +1. P. Leptostachya, L. Plant 2--3 deg. high; leaves 3--5' long, thin; calyx +strongly ribbed and closed in fruit, the long slender teeth hooked at +the tip.--Moist and open woods, common. (E. Asia.) + + +ORDER 82. LABIATAE. (MINT FAMILY.) + +_Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or +less 2-lipped corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply +4-lobed ovary, which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or +achenes, surrounding the base of the single style in the bottom of the +persistent calyx, each filled with a single erect seed._--Nutlets smooth +or barely roughish and fixed by their base, except in the first tribe. +Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight (except in Scutellaria); radicle at +the base of the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed or sometimes +entire; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. +Style 2-lobed at the apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, +these often aggregated in terminal spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly +dotted with small glands containing a volatile oil, upon which depends +the warmth and aroma of the plants of this large and well-known family. + +I. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, attached obliquely or ventrally; ovary +merely 4-lobed. + +Tribe I. AJUGOIDEAE. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel, mostly exserted +from the upper side of the corolla. Calyx 5--10-nerved. + +[*] Limb of corolla merely oblique, of 5 nearly equal and similar lobes. + +1. Trichostema. Corolla lobes all declined. Calyx oblique. Stamens +exserted. + +2. Isanthus. Calyx bell shaped. Corolla small, the lobes spreading. +Stamens included. + +[*][*] Limb of corolla irregular, seemingly unilabiate, the upper lip +being either split down or very short; stamens exserted from the cleft. + +3. Teucrium. Corolla deeply cleft between the 2 small lobes of the upper +lip. + +4. Ajuga. Corolla with a very short and as if truncate upper lip. + +II. Nutlets smooth or granulate; scar basal, small; ovary deeply +4-parted. + +Tribe II. SATUREINEAE. Upper pair of stamens shorter or wanting; anthers +2-celled. Upper lip of corolla not galeate or concave. + +[*] Flowers in loose terminal panicled racemes; calyx 2-lipped, enlarged +and declined in fruit. + +5. Collinsonia. Lower lobe of corolla fimbriate, much the largest. +Stamens 2. + +6. Perilla. Corolla short, the lower lobe little larger. Stamens 4, +included. + +[*][*] Flowers in more or less crowded clusters or whorls, axillary or +spicate. + +[+] Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed, small. +Stamens erect, distant. + +7. Mentha. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal. + +8. Lycopus. Fertile stamens 2, and often 2 sterile filaments without +anthers. + +[+][+] Corolla more or less 2-lipped. + +[++] Stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor +curved. + +[=] Stamens 2, with or without rudiments of the upper pair. + +9. Cunila. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla +small. + +[=][=] Stamens 4, calyx 10--13-nerved, and hairy in the throat (except +n. 10). + +10. Hyssopus. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Stamens +exserted. + +11. Pycnanthemum. Calyx ovate or short-tubular, equally 5-toothed or +somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters. + +12. Origanum. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Spikes with large +colored bracts. + +13. Thymus. Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, 2-lipped. Bracts minute; +leaves very small. + +[++][++] Stamens (often 2 only in n. 16) ascending or arcuate, often +more or less converging (or ascending parallel under the erect upper lip +in n. 14 and 15). + +14. Satureia. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, naked in the throat, equally +5-toothed. + +15. Calamintha. Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, +2-lipped. Tube of corolla straight. + +16. Melissa. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, flattish on the upper side. +Corolla curved upward. + +17. Hedeoma. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. +Flowers loose. + +Tribe III. MONARDEAE. Stamens 2, ascending and parallel; anthers +apparently or really 1-celled. Corolla strongly 2-lipped. + +18. Salvia. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a long connective astride the +filament, bearing a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an +imperfect cell on the lower. + +19. Monarda. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of +2 cells confluent into one, the connective inconspicuous. + +20. Blephilia. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as in the last. + +Tribe IV. NEPETEAE. Stamens 4, the upper (inner) pair longer than the +lower,ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip concave +or arched, the lower spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved. + +[*] Anthers not approximate in pairs; their cells parallel or nearly so. + +21. Lophanthus. Stamens divergent, exserted; upper pair declined, lower +ascending. + +22. Cedronella. Stamens all ascending, not exceeding the lip of the +corolla. + +[*][*] Anthers more or less approximate in pairs; their cells divaricate +or divergent; filaments ascending, not exserted. + +23. Nepeta. Calyx more or less curved, equally 5-toothed. + +24. Dracocephalum. Calyx straight, the upper tooth much the larger. + +Tribe V. SCUTELLARINEAE. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel. Calyx +bilabiate, closed in fruit; the rounded lips entire. Corolla bilabiate, +the upper lip arched. + +25. Scutellaria. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side. + +Tribe VI. STACHYDEAE. Stamens 4, parallel and ascending under the galeate +or concave upper lip, the lower (outer) pair longer (except in n. 31, +32). Calyx 5--10-nerved, not 2-lipped (except in n. 26). + +[*] Calyx reticulate-veiny, deeply bilabiate, closed in fruit. + +26. Brunella. Calyx nerved and veiny; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the +lower 2-cleft. + +[*][*] Calyx thin, inflated in fruit, obscurely nerved, 3--5-lobed, +open. + +27. Physostegia. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anther cells parallel. + +28. Synandra. Calyx almost equally 4-lobed! Anther cells widely +divergent. + +[*][*][*] Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly 5--10-nerved or striate, +5--10-toothed. + +[+] Stamens included in the short corolla-tube, its upper lip merely +concave. + +29. Marrubium. Calyx tubular, 5--10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped +teeth. + +[+][+] Stamens ascending under the galeate upper lip of the corolla. + +[++] Stamens not deflexed after anthesis; naturalized from the Old +World. + +30. Ballota. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, expanding above into a +spreading 5-toothed border. Nutlets roundish at top. Upper lip of the +corolla erect. + +31. Phlomis. Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the +corolla arched. + +32. Leonurus. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid spiny-pointed teeth soon +spreading. Nutlets truncate and acutely 3-angled at top. Leaves cleft or +incised. + +33. Lamium. Calyx-teeth not spiny-pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, +truncate. + +34. Galeopsis. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped; the 5 teeth spiny-pointed. +Anthers transversely 2-valved, the smaller valve ciliate. + +[++][++] Stamens often deflexed or contorted after anthesis. + +35. Stachys. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed or the 2 upper +teeth united into one. Nutlets rounded at top. + + +1. TRICHOSTEMA, L. BLUE CURLS. + +Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft; the 3 upper teeth elongated +and partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed; the lobes +narrowly oblong, declined, nearly equal in length; the 3 lower more or +less united. Stamens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted +much beyond the corolla, curved; anther-cells divergent and at length +confluent.--Low annuals, somewhat clammy glandular and balsamic, +branched, with entire leaves, and mostly solitary 1-flowered pedicels +terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the production of axillary +branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed, namely, the short +teeth of the calyx upward, etc. Corolla blue, varying to pink, rarely +white, small; in summer and autumn. (Name composed of [Greek: thri/x], +_hair_ and [Greek: ste~ma], _stamen_, from the capillary filaments.) + +1. T. dichotomum, L. (BASTARD PENNYROYAL.) Viscid with rather minute +pubescence; _leaves lance-oblong or rhombic-lanceolate_, rarely +lance-linear, short-petioled.--Sandy fields, E. Mass. to Ky., south to +Fla. and Tex. + +2. T. lineare, Nutt. Puberulent, more slender and less forked; _leaves +linear_, nearly smooth.--Conn. to La., near the coast; in sandy ground. + + +2. ISANTHUS, Michx. FALSE PENNYROYAL. + +Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little +longer than the calyx; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and +obovate spreading lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, +incurved-ascending, scarcely exceeding the corolla.--A low, much +branched annual, clammy-pubescent, with nearly entire lance-oblong +3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on axillary 1--3-flowered +peduncles. (Name from [Greek: i)/sos], _equal_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], +_flower_, referring to the almost regular corolla.) + +1. I. caeruleus, Michx. Corolla 2--3'' long, little exceeding the +calyx.--Dry or sterile ground, Maine to Ill., Minn., and southward. +July, August. + + +3. TEUCRIUM, Tourn. GERMANDER. + +Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, +turned forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip; the lower lobe +much larger. Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 +upper lobes of the corolla; anther-cells confluent. (Named for _Teucer_, +king of Troy.) + +1. T. Canadense, L. (AMERICAN GERMANDER. WOOD SAGE.) Perennial, _downy_, +erect (1--3 deg. high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at base, +short-petioled, hoary underneath, the floral scarcely longer than the +oblique unequally-toothed calyx; whorls about 6-flowered, crowded in a +long and simple wand-like spike; _calyx canescent, the 3 upper lobes +very obtuse_ or the middle one acutish; corolla purple, rose, or +sometimes cream-color (6'' long).--Low grounds; not rare. July--Sept. + +2. T. occidentale, Gray. _Loosely pubescent; calyx villous with viscid +hairs, the upper lobes acute or middle one acuminate_; corolla 4--5'' +long; other wise like the last.--A western form, from Neb. +southwestward, and extending eastward (Ont., and near Philadelphia). + + +4. AJUGA, L. + +Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with very short and as if truncate upper lip; +the large and spreading lower lip with the middle lobe emarginate or +2-cleft. Stamens as in Teucrium, but anther-cells less confluent. (From +[Greek: a-] privative, and [Greek: zygo/n] (Latin _jugum_), _yoke_, from +the seeming absence of a yoke-fellow to the lower lip of the corolla.) + +A. REPTANS, L. Perennial, about 1 deg. high, with copious creeping stolons; +leaves obovate or spatulate, sometimes sinuate, the cauline +sessile, the floral approximate, subtending several sessile blue +flowers.--Naturalized near Saco, Maine, Montreal, etc. (Eu., N. Asia.) + + +5. COLLINSONIA, L. HORSE-BALM. + +Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped; upper lip +truncate and flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, +expanded at the throat, somewhat 2-lipped, the tube with a bearded ring +within; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, but the lower much larger and +longer, pendent, toothed or lacerate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, +the upper pair shorter), much exserted, diverging; anther-cells +divergent.--Strong-scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and +yellowish flowers on slender pedicels, in loose and panicled terminal +racemes. (Named in honor of _Peter Collinson_, a well-known patron of +science and correspondent of Linnaeus, who introduced it into England.) + +1. C. Canadensis, L. (RICH-WEED. STONE-ROOT.) Nearly smooth (1--3 deg. +high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3--6' long); panicle loose; +corolla 8--9'' long, lemon-scented; stamens 2.--Rich moist woods, N. +Brunswick to Wisc., south to Fla. and Mo. July--Sept. + + +6. PERILLA, L. + +Calyx as in Collinsonia. Corolla-tube included, the limb 5-cleft; lower +lobe a little larger. Stamens 4, included, erect, distant.--Coarse +aromatic annual, with small flowers in panicled and axillary racemes. (A +Greek and Latin proper name.) + +P. OCYMOIDES, L. Erect, branching, 2--3 deg. high; leaves ovate, coarsely +toothed; flowers white.--About dwellings and roadsides, S. Ill. +(_Schneck._) (Adv. from E. Asia.) + + +7. MENTHA, Tourn. MINT. + +Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla +with a short included tube; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally +4-cleft; the upper lobe broadest, entire or notched. Stamens 4, equal, +erect, distant.--Odorous perennial herbs; the small flowers mostly in +close clusters, forming axillary capitate whorls, sometimes approximated +in interrupted spikes, produced in summer, of two sorts as to the +fertility of the stamens in most species. Corolla pale purple or +whitish. Species mostly adventive or naturalized from Europe, with many +hybrids. ([Greek: Mi/nthe] of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that name, +fabled to have been changed into Mint by Proserpine.) + +[*] _Spikes narrow and leafless, densely crowded; leaves sessile or +nearly so._ + +M. SYLVESTRIS, L. (HORSE MINT of Eu.) _Finely pubescent or canescent; +leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate_, acute, sharply serrate, +often glabrous above; spikes rather slender, _canescently +pubescent_.--Roadsides, etc., Penn.--Var. ALOPECUROIDES, Baker. Leaves +larger, more nearly sessile, broadly oval and obtuse, often subcordate, +coarsely serrate, more veiny, but not rugose; approaching the +next.--Penn. and N. J. + +M. ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. _Soft-hairy_ or downy; _leaves_ broadly elliptical +to _round-ovate_ and somewhat heart-shaped, _rugose_, crenate-toothed; +spikes slender, _not canescent_.--Atlantic States, at a few stations, +Maine to Tex. + +M. VIRIDIS, L. (SPEARMINT.) _Nearly smooth; leaves oblong- or +ovate-lanceolate_, unequally serrate; bracts linear-lanceolate and +subulate, conspicuous.--Wet places; in all cultivated districts. + +[*][*] _Flowers pedicellate, less crowded, in interrupted leafless +spikes, or some in the upper axils; leaves petioled._ + +M. PIPERITA, L. (PEPPERMINT.) _Glabrous_ (somewhat hairy in var. +SUBHIRSUTA), very pungent-tasted; leaves ovate-oblong to +oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate; _spikes narrow, +loose_.--Along brooks, escaped everywhere. + +M. AQUATICA, L. (WATER MINT.) _Pubescent_ or smoothish; leaves ovate or +round-ovate; flowers in a terminal _globular or interrupted and oblong +head_, often with one or more clusters in the axils of the upper leaves; +calyx and usually the pedicels hairy. The common form has the stems +_hairy downward_.--Wet places, N. Eng. to Del.; rare.--Var. CRISPA, +Benth., is a glabrous or glabrate form, with lacerate-dentate and +crisped leaves.--Ditches, N. J., etc. + +[*][*][*] _Flowers in globular whorls or clusters, all in the axils of +the leaves, the uppermost axils not flower-bearing; leaves more, or less +petioled, toothed._ + +M. SATIVA, L. (WHORLED MINT.) _Stem hairy downward_; leaves ovate, +sharply serrate; calyx oblong-cylindrical with _very slender +teeth_.--Waste damp places, Mass. to Penn.; not common. Passes into the +next. + +M. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN MINT.) Lower and smaller-leaved than the last; +leaves obtusely serrate; _calyx bell-shaped, the teeth short_ and +broader.--Moist fields, N. Eng., etc.; rare. + +1. M. Canadensis, L. (WILD MINT.) _Leaves_ varying from ovate-oblong to +lanceolate, _tapering to both ends_; calyx oblong-bell-shaped, the teeth +rather short; hairs on the stem not conspicuously reflexed. The commoner +form is more or less hairy, and has nearly the odor of Pennyroyal.--Wet +places, through the northern U. States across the continent, and +northward. + +Var. glabrata, Benth. Leaves and stems almost glabrous, the former +sometimes very short-petioled; scent sweeter, as of Monarda.--Similar +range. + + +8. LYCOPUS, Tourn. WATER HOREHOUND. + +Calyx bell-shaped, 4--5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla +bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. +Stamens 2, distant; the upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. +Nutlets with thickened margins.--Perennial low herbs, glabrous or +puberulent, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed or pinnatifid leaves, +the floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary whorls +of small mostly white flowers; in summer. (Name compounded of [Greek: +ly/kos], _a wolf_, and [Greek: pou~s], _foot_, from some fancied +likeness in the leaves.) + +[*] _Stoloniferous, the long filiform runners often tuberiferous; leaves +only serrate._ + +[+] _Calyx-teeth usually 4, barely acutish, shorter than the mature +nutlets._ + +1. L. Virginicus, L. (BUGLE-WEED.) Stem obtusely 4-angled (6'--2 deg. high); +leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed, entire toward the base, +acuminate at both ends, short-petioled; calyx-teeth ovate.--Shady moist +places, Lab. to Fla., Mo., and northwestward across the continent. + +[+][+] _Calyx-teeth usually 5, very acute, longer than the nutlets._ + +[++] _Bracts minute; corolla twice as long as the calyx._ + +2. L. sessilifolius, Gray. Stem rather acutely 4-angled; _leaves closely +sessile_, ovate or lanceolate-oblong (1--2' long), sparsely sharply +serrate; _calyx-teeth subulate, rigid_. (L. Europaeus, var. +sessilifolius, _Gray_, Man.)--Pine barrens of N. J. to Cape Cod, Mass. +(_Deane_). + +3. L. rubellus, Moench. Stem rather obtusely 4-angled; leaves +_petioled_, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the +middle, _attenuate-acuminate at both ends (3' long)_; calyx-teeth +triangular-subulate, _not rigid-pointed_. (L. Europaeus, var. +integrifolius, _Gray_.)--Penn. to Minn., and southward. + +[++][++] _Outer bracts conspicuous; corolla hardly exceeding the calyx._ + +4. L. lucidus, Turcz., var. Americanus, Gray. Stem strict, stout, 2--3 deg. +high; leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate (2--4' long), acute or +acuminate, very sharply and coarsely serrate, sessile or nearly so; +calyx-teeth attenuate-subulate.--Sask. and Minn. to Kan., thence west to +Calif. + +[*][*] _Not stoloniferous; leaves incised or pinnatifid._ + +5. L. sinuatus, Ell. Stem erect, 1--3 deg. high, acutely 4-angled; leaves +oblong or lanceolate (11/2--2' long), acuminate, irregularly incised or +laciniate-pinnatifid, or some of the upper merely sinuate, tapering to a +slender petiole; calyx-teeth short-cuspidate; sterile filaments slender, +conspicuous, with globular or spatulate tips. (L. Europaeus, var. +sinuatus, _Gray_.)--Common. + + +9. CUNILA, L. DITTANY. + +Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. +Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched; the lower +spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant; sterile +filaments short, minute.--Perennials, with small white or purplish +flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient Latin name, of +unknown origin.) + +1. C. Mariana, L. (COMMON DITTANY.) Stems tufted, corymbosely much +branched (1 deg. high); leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or +heart-shaped at base, nearly sessile, dotted (1' long); cymes peduncled; +calyx striate.--Dry hills, southern N. Y. to S. Ind., south to Ga. and +Ark. + + +10. HYSSOPUS, Tourn. HYSSOP. + +Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. +Corolla short, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched, the +lower 3-cleft, with the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, +exserted, diverging.--Perennial herb, with wand-like simple branches, +lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and blue-purple flowers in small +clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.) + +H. OFFICINALIS, L.--Roadsides, etc., sparingly escaped from gardens. +(Adv. from Eu.) + + +11. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. MOUNTAIN MINT. BASIL. + +Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or +the three upper teeth more or less united, naked in the throat. Corolla +short, more or less 2-lipped; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, +entire or slightly notched; the lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and +obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, the lower pair rather longer; anther-cells +parallel.--Perennial upright herbs, with a pungent mint-like flavor, +corymbosely branched above, the floral leaves often whitened; the +many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and usually forming +terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips +mostly dotted with purple. Fl. summer and early autumn.--Varies, like +the Mints, with the stamens exserted or included in different flowers. +(Name composed of [Greek: pykno/s], _dense_, and [Greek: a)/nthemon], _a +blossom_, from the dense inflorescence.) + +[*] _Bracts and equal calyx-teeth awn-tipped, rigid, naked, as long as +the corolla; flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads; leaves +rigid, slightly petioled._ + +1. P. aristatum, Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent (1--2 deg. high); leaves +ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate +(1--2' long), roundish at the base.--Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. + +Var. hyssopifolium, Gray. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear, +nearly entire and obtuse.--Va. to Fla. + +[*][*] _Bracts and equal and similar calyx-teeth not awned._ + +[+] _Leaves linear or lanceolate, nearly sessile, entire, very numerous; +capitate glomerules small and numerous, densely cymose, imbricated with +many short appressed rigid bracts._ + +2. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. _Smoothish or minutely pubescent_ (2 deg. high); +_leaves lanceolate or lance-linear_, obtuse at base; _heads downy_; +bracts ovate or lanceolate; _calyx-teeth short and triangular_.--Dry +thickets, Mass. to Dak., south to Ga. and Ark. + +3. P. linifolium, Pursh. _Smoother and leaves narrower_ and heads less +downy than in the last; the narrower _bracts and lance-awl-shaped +calyx-teeth pungently pointed_.--Dry ground, Mass. to Minn., south to +Fla. and Tex. + +[+][+] _Leaves lanceolate to ovate, sessile or nearly so, denticulate or +entire; heads larger and fewer, with fewer and looser bracts._ + +4. P. muticum, Pers. _Minutely hoary_ throughout, or becoming almost +smooth, corymbosely much branched (1--21/2 deg. high); _leaves ovate or +broadly ovate-lanceolate_, varying to lanceolate, _rather rigid, acute, +rounded or slightly heart-shaped at base_, mostly sessile and minutely +sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green when old; _the floral ones_, +short bracts, and triangular or ovate calyx-teeth, _hoary with a fine +close down_; flower-clusters very dense.--Maine to S. Ill., south to +Fla. and Ark. + +Var. pilosum, Gray. Hoary with loose pubescence; leaves thinner, +oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute or acutish at base; bracts and +especially the narrower (often somewhat unequal) calyx-teeth often +villous-pubescent. (P. pilosum, _Nutt._)--Ohio to Iowa, Kan., and Ark. + +5. P. leptodon, Gray. _Soft-pubescent_, or glabrate below, loosely +branched; _leaves membranaceous, green_ (11/2--2' long), _lanceolate or +oblong-lanceolate_, subsessile; clusters larger and looser, +canescent-hirsute; _long-acuminate bracts and calyx-teeth +slender-subulate, villous-hirsute_.--S. Mo. to northwestern N. C. + +[+][+][+] _Leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, not at +all hoary; flowers in mostly terminal dense capitate clusters; calyx +hoary-pubescent._ + +6. P. Torreyi, Benth. _Puberulent_; stem strict and nearly simple (2--3 deg. +high); _leaves thin, linear-lanceolate_, tapering to both ends (mostly +2' long and 2--3'' wide), _nearly entire_; heads small; awl-shaped +calyx-teeth and mostly appressed bracts canescent.--Dry soil, southern +N. Y. to Penn. and Del. + +7. P. clinopodioides, Gray. _Pubescent; leaves broadly or +oblong-lanceolate, sharply denticulate_ (sometimes entire); heads fewer +and larger; bracts loose.--Dry soil, southern N. Y. to E. Penn. + +[*][*][*] _Calyx bilabiate (3 upper teeth united), the teeth and the +tips of the loose bracts not rigid; flowers in dense flattened glomerate +cymes; leaves thin, mostly serrate, petioled, the uppermost more or less +canescent._ + +8. P. Tullia, Benth. Leaves greener and _loosely soft-downy_, only the +floral ones whitened, otherwise resembling those of the next; cymes +dense; _bracts much surpassing the flowers_, their long awn-like points +and the awn-pointed calyx-teeth bearded with long loose hairs.--S. Va. +and N. C. to Tenn. and Ga. + +9. P. incanum, Michx. _Leaves_ ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed, +_downy above and mostly hoary with whitish wool underneath, the +uppermost whitened both sides; cymes open_; bracts linear-awl-shaped +and, with the calyx-teeth, more or less awn-pointed.--N. Eng. to Ont. +and Ind., south to Fla. and Tex. + +[*][*][*][*] _Calyx equally 5-toothed; heads few, large and globose +(terminal and in the upper axils of the thin petioled leaves); bracts +loose, ciliate-bearded._ + +10. P. montanum, Michx. Stem (1--3 deg. high) and ovate- or +oblong-lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous; bracts very acute or +awl-pointed, the outermost ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear; teeth +of the tubular calyx short and acute.--Alleghanies, from S. Va. and +Tenn. to Ga. and Ala. + + +12. ORIGANUM, Tourn. WILD MARJORAM. + +Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube +of the corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped; the upper lip +rather erect and slightly notched, the lower longer, of 3 nearly equal +spreading lobes. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging.--Perennials, with +nearly entire leaves, and purplish flowers crowded in cylindrical or +oblong spikes, imbricated with colored bracts. (An ancient Greek name, +composed of [Greek: o)/ros], _a mountain_, and [Greek: ga/nos], +_delight_.) + +O. VULGARE, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit; leaves petioled, +round-ovate; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish.--Roadsides, Atlantic +States. June--Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +13. THYMUS, Tourn. THYME. + +Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-nerved, hairy in the throat; the upper lip +3-toothed, spreading; the lower 2-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions +ciliate. Corolla short, slightly 2-lipped; the upper lip straight and +flattish, notched at the apex, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight +and distant, usually exserted.--Low perennials, with small and entire +strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitish flowers. (The ancient +Greek name of the Thyme, probably from [Greek: thy/o], _to burn +perfume_, because it was used for incense.) + +T. SERPYLLUM, L. (CREEPING THYME.) Prostrate; leaves green, flat, ovate, +entire, short-petioled; flowers crowded at the ends of the +branches.--Old fields, E. Mass. to Penn. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +14. SATUREIA, Tourn. SAVORY. + +Calyx bell shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. +Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, the lower +3-cleft. Stamens 4, somewhat ascending.--Aromatic plants, with narrow +entire leaves, often clustered, and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. +(The ancient Latin name.) + +S. HORTENSIS, L. (SUMMER SAVORY.) Pubescent annual; clusters +few-flowered; bracts small or none.--Escaping from gardens and sparingly +wild in Ohio to Ill., etc. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +15. CALAMINTHA, Tourn. CALAMINT. + +Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lipped; the +upper lip 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight tube and +an inflated throat, distinctly 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, flattish, +entire or notched; the lower spreading, 3-parted, the middle lobe +usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascending; the anthers usually +approximate in pairs.--Perennials, with mostly purplish or whitish +flowers, produced all summer; inflorescence various. (Name composed of +[Greek: kalo/s], _beautiful_, and [Greek: mi/ntha], _Mint_.) + +Sec. 1. _Flowers loose, without long-subulate bracts; calyx villous in the +throat._ + +[*] _Pubescent; peduncles short but mostly distinct; bracts minute._ + +C. NEPETA, Link. (BASIL-THYME.) Soft-hairy; stem ascending (1--3 deg. high); +leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate; corolla (3'' long) +twice the length of the calyx.--Dry waste grounds, Md. to Ark. (Nat. +from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Glabrous or nearly so; common peduncles hardly any; pedicels +1--5, slender, the conspicuous bracts subulate-acuminate; on wet +limestone river-banks._ + +1. C. glabella, Benth. Smooth; _stems diffuse or spreading (1--2 deg. +long)_; leaves slightly petioled, _oblong or oblong-linear_, narrowed at +base (8''--2' long), _sparingly toothed_ or nearly entire; clusters +3--5-flowered; corolla (purplish, 5--6'' long) fully twice the length of +the calyx.--S. Ind., Ky., and Tenn. + +2. C. Nuttallii, Gray. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright (5--9' +high), _with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters, +while sterile runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only +2--5'' long_. (C. glabella, var. Nuttallii, _Gray_.)--Niagara Falls to +Minn., south to Mo. and Tex. + +Sec. 2. _Flowers in sessile dense many-flowered clusters, and involucrate +with conspicuous setaceous-subulate rigid bracts; calyx nearly naked in +the throat._ + +3. C. Clinopodium, Benth. (BASIL.) Hairy, erect (1--2 deg. high); leaves +ovate, petioled, nearly entire; flowers (pale purple) in globular +clusters; hairy bracts as long as the calyx.--Borders of thickets and +fields, naturalized extensively, but indigenous from the Great Lakes to +the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia) + + +16. MELISSA, L. BALM. + +Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. +Corolla with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving +under the upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamintha.--Clusters +few-flowered, loose, one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts +resembling the leaves. (Name from [Greek: me/lissa], _a bee_; the +flowers yielding abundance of honey.) + +M. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON BALM.) Upright, branching, perennial, +pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, lemon-scented; corolla +nearly white.--Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +17. HEDEOMA, Pers. MOCK PENNYROYAL. + +Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, +13-nerved, bearded in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed, the +lower 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, notched at the +apex, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2; the upper pair +reduced to sterile filaments or wanting.--Low, odorous annuals, with +small leaves, and loose axillary clusters of flowers (in summer), often +forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from [Greek: e(dyo/smon], an +ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.) + +[*] _Sterile filaments manifest; leaves oblong-ovate, petioled, somewhat +serrate._ + +1. H. pulegioides, Pers. (AMERICAN PENNYROYAL.) Erect, branching, hairy; +whorls few-flowered; upper calyx-teeth triangular, the lower +setaceous-subulate; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exserted +(2--3'' long); taste and odor nearly of the true _Pennyroyal_ (Mentha +Pulegium) of Europe.--Common from N. Eng. to Dak., and southward. + +[*][*] _Sterile filaments minute or obsolete; leaves narrow, entire, +sessile or nearly so._ + +2. H. hispida, Pursh. Mostly low; _leaves linear, crowded, almost +glabrous_, somewhat hispid-ciliate; _bracts spreading or reflexed_; +upper flowers rather crowded; _calyx-teeth all subulate_, equalling the +bluish corolla.--Plains, Minn. and Dak. to W. Ill. and La. + +3. H. Drummondi, Benth. _Pubescent or puberulent_, a span or two high; +_leaves oblong to linear; bracts mostly erect_; calyx hirsute or hispid, +its teeth at length connivent, _the lower nearly twice as long as the +upper_.--Central Neb. and Kan. to Tex., and westward. + + +18. SALVIA, L. SAGE. + +Calyx 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft. +Corolla deeply 2-lipped, ringent; upper lip straight or scythe-shaped, +entire or barely notched, the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed, its +middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the +elongated transverse connective, one end of which, ascending under the +upper lip, bears a linear 1-celled (half-) anther, the other, usually +descending, bears an imperfect or deformed (half-) anther or none at +all.--Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, racemed, or panicled +whorls, produced in summer. (Name from _salvo_, to save, in allusion to +the reputed healing qualities of Sage.) + +[*] _Both anther-cells polliniferous; leaves mostly lyrately lobed or +pinnatifid._ + +1. S. lyrata, L. (LYRE-LEAVED SAGE.) Low perennial (10--20' high), +somewhat hairy; stem nearly simple and naked; root-leaves lyre-shaped or +sinuate-pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire; those of the stem mostly a +single pair, smaller and narrower; the floral oblong-linear, not longer +than the calyx; whorls loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme; +upper lip of the blue-purple pubescent corolla (nearly 1' long) short, +straight, not vaulted.--Woodlands and meadows, N. J. to Ill., south to +Fla. and Tex. + +[*][*] _Lower anther-cell wanting; the sterile ends of the connectives +mostly united._ + +[+] _Calyx obscurely bilabiate; corolla 8--12'' long, with prominently +exserted tube._ + +2. S. azurea, Lam., var. grandiflora, Benth. Cinereous-puberulent, 1--5 deg. +high; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate or serrate, +tapering to a short petiole; upper narrower, often linear, entire; +inflorescence spike-like, tomentulose-sericeous; calyx-teeth short, the +broad upper lip entire; corolla deep blue (varying to white).--E. Neb. +to Miss., Tex., and Col. + +[+][+] _Calyx deeply bilabiate; corolla 4--6'' long, the tube hardly at +all exserted._ + +3. S. lanceolata, Willd. _Puberulent_ or nearly glabrous, 5--12' high; +_leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong_, irregularly serrate or nearly +entire, _tapering to a slender petiole_; inflorescence virgate +spiciform, interrupted; _upper lip of calyx entire_, lower 2-cleft; +corolla blue, 4'' long, _little exserted; style glabrous or nearly +so_.--Plains, Iowa and Neb. to Tex. and Ariz. + +4. S. urticifolia, L. _Villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid_, or +glabrate, 1--2 deg. high; _leaves_ coarsely serrate, _ovate, with truncate +or cuneate base decurrent into a winged petiole_; inflorescence +racemose-spicate, of numerous distant clusters; calyx-lips divergent, +_the upper 3-toothed_, lower 2-cleft; corolla blue and white, +5--6'' long, _twice the length of the calyx; style strongly +bearded_.--Woodlands, Md. to Ky., south to Ga. and La. + +S. SCLAREA, L. (CLARY.) Villous-pubescent, viscid, stout, 2--3 deg. high; +leaves ample, long-petioled, ovate and cordate, crenate, rugose; the +floral forming bracts of the spike, tinged with white and rose-color; +corolla white and bluish, rather large, the long upper lip falcate and +compressed.--Escaped from gardens, Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) + +S. VERBENACEA, L. Pubescent or villous, 1--2 deg. high; leaves ovate or +oblong, often cordate at base, mostly sinuate-incised or moderately +pinnatifid, the lobes crenate-toothed, rugose; the few cauline mostly +sessile, the floral inconspicuous; raceme interrupted; calyx reflexed +after flowering; corolla bluish, small, the upper lip nearly +straight.--Sparingly seen in the Middle States. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +19. MONARDA, L. HORSE-MINT. + +Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually +hairy in the throat. Corolla elongated, with a slightly expanded throat, +and a strongly 2-lipped limb; lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal, the +upper erect, entire or slightly notched, the lower spreading, 3-lobed at +the apex, its lateral lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower +and slightly notched. Stamens 2, elongated, ascending, inserted in the +throat of the corolla; anthers linear (the divaricate cells confluent at +the junction).--Odorous erect herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and +pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely surrounded with +bracts. (Dedicated to _Nicolas Monardes_, author of many tracts upon +medicinal and other useful plants, especially those of the New World, in +the latter half of the 16th century.) + +[*] _Stamens and style exserted beyond the linear straight acute upper +lip of the corolla; heads solitary and terminal or sometimes 2 or 3; +leaves acutely more or less serrate; perennials._ + +[+] _Leaves petioled; calyx-teeth scarcely longer than the width of the +tube._ + +1. M. didyma, L. (OSWEGO TEA. BEE-BALM.) Somewhat hairy (2 deg. high), +acutely 4-angled; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, _the floral ones +and the large outer bracts tinged with red; calyx smooth, incurved, +nearly naked in the throat; corolla smooth (2' long), bright red_, +showy.--Moist woods by streams, N. Eng. to Mich., south to Ga. in the +mountains. July--Aug. + +2. M. clinopodia, L. Nearly glabrous to villous-pubescent; leaves +ovate-lanceolate and ovate; _bracts whitish; calyx moderately hirsute in +the throat; corolla slightly pubescent (1' long), dull white or +flesh-colored_.--Shady places, ravines, etc., Ont. to Ill., and along +the mountains to Ga. + +3. M. fistulosa, L. (WILD BERGAMOT.) Smoothish or downy, 2--5 deg. high; +_leaves_ ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost and outer bracts somewhat +colored (whitish or purplish); _calyx_ slightly curved, _very hairy in +the throat; corolla_ (1' long or more) _purple or purplish dotted_, +smooth or hairy.--Dry soil, Vt. and E. Mass, to Fla., and far westward. +Very variable; the following are the more marked forms.--Var. RUBRA, +Gray. Corolla bright crimson or rose-red; habit of n. 1, but upper lip +of corolla villous-bearded on the back at tip; throat of calyx with the +outer bristly hairs widely spreading. In moist ground, Alleghany +Mts.--Var. MEDIA, Gray. Corolla deep purple. Alleghany Mts.--Var. +MOLLIS, Benth. Corolla flesh-color to lilac, glandular, its upper lip +hairy outside or more bearded at the tip; leaves paler, soft-pubescent +beneath; throat of calyx mostly filled with dense beard, with sometimes +an outer row of bristles. Extends to Minn. and westward. + +[+][+] _Leaves nearly sessile; calyx-teeth elongated, lax; head +solitary._ + +4. M. Bradburiana, Beck. Leaves clothed with long soft hairs, especially +underneath; the floral and the outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, +purplish; calyx smoothish, contracted above, very hairy in the throat, +with awl-shaped awned teeth; corolla smoothish, bearded at the tip of +the upper lip, scarcely twice the length of the calyx, pale-purplish, +the lower lip dotted with purple.--Thickets, Ind. to Tenn. and Kan. + +[*][*] _Stamens not exceeding the falcate upper lip of the short +corolla; heads axillary or interrupted spicate; leaves lanceolate or +oblong, sparsely serrate, tapering into the petiole._ + +5. M. punctata, L. (HORSE-MINT.) _Perennial_, minutely downy (2--3 deg. +high); leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at base; _bracts_ +lanceolate, blunt, obtuse at base, sessile, yellowish and purple; teeth +of the downy calyx _short and awnless_, rigid, soon spreading; corolla +nearly smooth, _yellowish_, the upper lip _spotted with purple_, notched +at the apex, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx.--Sandy ground, N. Y. +to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. + +6. M. citriodora, Cerv. _Annual_, 1--3 deg. high; bracts narrowly oblong, +_their slender awned tips spreading or recurving; calyx-teeth slender_, +at length usually spreading; corolla _white or pinkish, not +spotted_.--Neb. to Tex. + + +20. BLEPHILIA, Raf. + +Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip +with 3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla +inflated in the throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped; upper lip +erect, entire, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes ovate and +rounded, larger than the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, +ascending, exserted (the upper pair minute or none); anthers, etc., as +in Monarda.--Perennial herbs, with nearly the foliage, etc., of Monarda; +the small pale bluish purple flowers crowded in axillary and terminal +globose whorls; in summer. (Name from [Greek: blephari/s], _the +eyelash_, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth.) + +1. B. ciliata, Raf. Somewhat downy (1--2 deg. high); _leaves almost sessile, +oblong-ovate, narrowed at base_, whitish-downy underneath; outer _bracts +ovate_, acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx; corolla +hairy.--Dry open places, Mass. to Minn., south to Ga. and Kan. + +2. B. hirsuta, Benth. Taller, hairy throughout; _leaves long-petioled, +ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at base_; the lower floral ones +similar, the uppermost and the _bracts linear-awl-shaped_, shorter than +the long-haired calyx; corolla smoothish, pale, with darker purple +spots.--Moist shady places, Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. and E. Tex. + + +21. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. GIANT HYSSOP. + +Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper +teeth rather longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip nearly +erect, 2-lobed, the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle +lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted; the upper pair declined, the lower +and shorter pair ascending, so that the pairs cross; anther-cells nearly +parallel.--Perennial tall herbs, with petioled serrate leaves, and small +flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes; in summer. (Name from +[Greek: lo/phos], _a crest_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _a flower_.) + +1. L. nepetoides, Benth. Stem stout, 21/2--6 deg. high, sharply 4-angled, +_smooth_, or nearly so; leaves ovate, somewhat pointed, coarsely +crenate-toothed (2--4' long); spikes 2--6' long, crowded with the ovate +pointed bracts; _calyx-teeth ovate, rather obtuse, little shorter than +the pale greenish-yellow corolla_.--Borders of woods, Vt. to Minn., +south to N. C. and Tex. + +2. L. scrophulariaefolius, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-angled) and lower +surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or less +_pubescent; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the purplish +corolla_ (spikes 4--15' long); otherwise like the last.--Same range. + +3. L. anisatus, Benth. Smooth, but the ovate acute _leaves +glaucous-white underneath_ with minute down; _calyx-teeth lanceolate, +acute_.--Plains, Wisc. to Minn., Neb., and westward.--Foliage with the +scent of anise. + + +22. CEDRONELLA, Moench. + +Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded +at the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed, the +lower 3-cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, +the lower pair shorter; anther-cells parallel.--Sweet-scented +perennials, with pale purplish flowers. (Name a diminutive of _cedrus_, +the cedar-tree, from the aromatic leaves of C. triphylla, the +_Balm-of-Gilead_ of English gardens.) + +1. C. cordata, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy; leaves broadly +heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx; +whorls few-flowered, at the summit of short ascending stems; corolla +hairy inside (11/2' long); stamens shorter than the upper lip.--Moist +shady banks, W. Penn. to Ky., south to the mountains of N. C. and Tenn. + + +23. NEPETA, L. CAT-MINT. + +Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in +the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or +2-cleft; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, +either 2-lobed or entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, +the lower pair shorter; anthers approximate in pairs, the cells +divergent.--Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thought to be derived from +_Nepete_, an Etrurian city.) + +Sec. 1. _Cymose clusters rather dense and many-flowered, forming +interrupted spikes or racemes; upper floral leaves small and +bract-like._ + +N. CATARIA, L. (CATNIP.) Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart-shaped, +oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath; corolla whitish, +dotted with purple.--Near dwellings; a very common weed. July--Sept. +(Nat. from Eu.) + +Sec. 2. GLECHOMA. _Leaves all alike; the axillary clusters loosely +few-flowered._ + +N. GLECHOMA, Benth. (GROUND IVY. GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND.) Creeping and +trailing; leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both +sides; corolla thrice the length of the calyx, light blue.--Damp or +shady places, common. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +24. DRACOCEPHALUM, Tourn. DRAGON-HEAD. + +Calyx tubular, 13--15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed; the upper tooth +usually much the largest. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip slightly +arched and notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe +largest and 2-cleft or notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending under +the upper lip, the lower pair shorter; anthers approximate by pairs, the +cells divergent.--Whorls many-flowered, mostly spiked or capitate, and +with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from [Greek: dra/kon], +_a dragon_, and [Greek: kephale/], _head_, alluding to the form of the +corolla in the original species.) + +1. D. parviflorum, Nutt. Annual or biennial; stem erect, leafy (8--20' +high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled; whorls +crowded in a terminal head or spike; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, +nearly equalling the bluish small slender corolla.--Rocky or gravelly +soil, northern N. Y. to Iowa and Minn., and westward. + + +25. SCUTELLARIA, L. SKULLCAP. + +Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped; the lips entire, closed in fruit, +the upper with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on +the back (the upper sepal); calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the +upper lip usually falling away. Corolla with an elongated curved +ascending tube, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, +entire or barely notched, the lateral lobes mostly connected with the +upper rather than the lower lip; the lower lobe or lip spreading and +convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper +lip; anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded, those of +the lower stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and +heart-shaped.--Bitter perennial herbs, not aromatic, the short peduncles +or pedicels chiefly opposite, 1-flowered, often 1-sided, axillary or +spiked or racemed; in summer. (Name from _scutella_, a dish, in +allusion to the appendage to the fruiting calyx.) + +Sec. 1. _Nutlets wingless, mostly marginless, on a low gynobase._ + +[*] _Flowers small (3'' long), in axillary and sometimes terminal +1-sided racemes._ + +1. S. lateriflora, L. (MAD-DOG SKULLCAP.) Smooth; stem upright, much +branched (1--2 deg. high); leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, +coarsely serrate, rounded at base, petioled (2--3'' long), the lower +floral ones similar; flowers blue, rarely white.--Wet shaded places, +common. + +[*][*] _Flowers larger (6--12'' long) in terminal single or panicled +racemes, the floral leaves gradually reduced to bracts._ + +[+] _Stem-leaves all cordate, crenate-toothed, slender-petioled; lateral +lobes of the corolla almost equalling the short upper lip._ + +2. S. versicolor, Nutt. _Soft hairy_, the hairs of the inflorescence, +etc., partly viscid-glandular; stem mostly erect (1--3 deg. high); _leaves +ovate or round-ovate_, very veiny, _rugose_, the floral reduced to +broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx; +racemes mostly simple; corolla bright blue with lower side and lip +whitish.--Banks of streams, Penn. to Wisc., Minn., and southward.--Var. +MINOR, Chapm. Low, slender, and thin-leaved; floral leaves +small.--Mountains of Va., etc. + +3. S. saxatilis, Riddell. _Glabrous or slightly hairy_; stem weak, +ascending (6--18' long), often producing runners, branched; _leaves +ovate or ovate-oblong_ (1--2' long), _thin, obtuse_; upper bracts oblong +or ovate, small, entire; raceme simple, loose.--Moist shaded banks, Del. +to Ohio, south in the mountains to Va. and Tenn. + +[+][+] _Stem-leaves crenate-dentate or serrate (or nearly entire in +n. 7), only the lowest if any cordate at base, more or less petioled; +lateral lobes of the blue corolla shorter than the galeate upper lip._ + +4. S. serrata, Andrews. _Green and nearly glabrous_; stem rather simple +(1--3 deg. high), with single loosely flowered racemes; _leaves serrate, +acuminate at both ends_, ovate or ovate-oblong; calyx, etc., somewhat +hairy; _corolla 1' long, narrow, its lips equal_ in length.--Woods, +Penn. to Ill. and N. C. + +5. S. canescens, Nutt. Stem branched above (2--4 deg. high), with the +_panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the +ovate or lance-ovate acute_ (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) +_crenate leaves whitish with fine soft down_, often becoming +rather glabrous; bracts oblong or lanceolate; _corolla 8--9'' +long_.--River-banks, Ont. and Penn. to the mountains of N. C. and N. +Ala., west to Kan. and Ark. + +6. S. pilosa, Michx. _Pubescent with spreading hairs_; stem nearly +simple (1--3 deg. high); _leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, +obtuse_, varying to roundish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at +base and long-petioled, the upper on short margined petioles, veiny; +bracts oblong-spatulate; racemes short, often branched; _corolla 6'' +long, rather narrow_, the lower lip a little shorter.--Dry or sterile +ground, southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. + +Var. hirsuta, Gray, is a large form (sometimes 3 deg. high), more hirsute, +with larger very coarsely crenate leaves (2--3' long).--Richer soil, Ky. + +Var. ovalifolia, Benth., is a form with shorter and finer pubescence, +and narrower less veiny leaves.--N. J. to Va. + +7. S. integrifolia, L. _Downy all over with a minute hoariness_; stem +commonly simple (1--2 deg. high); _leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, +mostly entire_, obtuse, very short-petioled; _corolla_ 1' long, _much +enlarged above, the ample lips equal_ in length.--Dry ground, N. Eng. to +Fla. and Tex. + +[*][*][*] _Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper mostly sessile +leaves, which resemble the lower ones but are occasionally reduced._ + +8. S. Wrightii, Gray. _Firm and woody at base, not stoloniferous +nor tuberiferous_, low, many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely +cinereous-puberulent, very leafy; leaves ovate or spatulate-oblong, +entire, subsessile (1/2' long), the upper floral shorter than the flowers; +corolla pubescent (1/2' long), usually violet.--Kan. to Tex. + +9. S. parvula, Michx. Herbaceous; _subterranean stolons +moniliform-tuberiferous_; minutely downy, dwarf (3--6' high), branched +and spreading; all but the lower leaves sessile and entire, the lowest +round-ovate, the others ovate or lance-ovate, slightly heart-shaped +(6--8'' long); corolla 2--4'' long.--Sandy banks, W. New Eng. to Minn., +south to Fla. and Tex.--Var. MOLLIS, Gray, is more spreading, softly +pubescent throughout, with larger less firm leaves.--Sandy banks, S. +Ill. to Kan. + +10. S. galericulata, L. _Herbaceous; subterranean stolons not +tuberiferous_; smooth or a little downy, erect (1--2 deg. high), simple; +leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly +heart-shaped at base (1--2' long); corolla violet-blue, 8--9'' long, +with slender tube, the large lower lip nearly erect.--Wet shady places; +common especially northward. (Eu.) + +Sec. 2. _Nutlets conspicuously winged, each raised on a slender base._ + +11. S. nervosa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender, 10--20' +high; lower leaves roundish, the middle ovate, toothed, somewhat +heart-shaped (1' long), the floral ovate-lanceolate, entire; nerve-like +veins prominent beneath; corolla bluish, 4'' long, the lower lip +exceeding the concave upper one.--Moist thickets, N. Y. to Ind., south +to Va. and Mo. + + +26. BRUNELLA, Tourn. SELF-HEAL. + +Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, +flattened on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, +2-lipped; upper lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth, the +lower 2-cleft. Corolla ascending, slightly contracted at the throat and +dilated at the lower side just beneath it, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, +arched, entire; the lower reflexed-spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes +oblong, the middle one rounded, concave, denticulate. Stamens 4, +ascending under the upper lip; filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the +lower tooth bearing the anther; anthers approximate in pairs, their +cells diverging.--Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and +3-flowered clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of round and +bract-like membranaceous floral leaves, imbricated in a close spike or +head. (Name said to be from the German _braune_, a disease of the +throat, for which this plant was a reputed remedy.) + +1. B. vulgaris, L. (COMMON SELF-HEAL or HEAL-ALL.) Leaves ovate-oblong, +entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish; corolla (violet or +flesh-color, rarely white) not twice the length of the purplish +calyx.--Woods and fields, Newf. to Fla., westward across the continent. +June--Sept. (Eu.) + + +27. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. FALSE DRAGON-HEAD. + +Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or +bell-shaped, more or less enlarged and slightly inflated in fruit. +Corolla funnel-form, with a much inflated throat, 2-lipped; upper lip +erect, nearly entire; the lower 3-parted, spreading, small, its middle +lobe larger, broad and rounded, notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the +upper lip; anthers approximate; the cells parallel.--Smooth perennials, +with upright wand-like stems, and sessile lanceolate or oblong mostly +serrate leaves. Flowers large and showy, rose or flesh-color variegated +with purple, opposite, crowded in simple or panicled terminal leafless +spikes. (Name from [Greek: phy~sa], _a bladder_, and [Greek: ste/ge], _a +covering_.) + +1. P. Virginiana, Benth. Stem 1--4 deg. high, terminated by a simple virgate +or several panicled spikes; leaves thickish; _calyx tubular-campanulate, +its teeth half the length of the tube; corolla 1' long_.--Wet grounds, +from N. Vt. west and southward. Varies greatly.--Var. DENTICULATA, +Gray. Slender and commonly low, with crenulate-denticulate or obscurely +serrate leaves, and slender or loosely-flowered spikes.--Middle Atlantic +States. + +2. P. intermedia, Gray. Slender, 1--3 deg. high, remotely leaved; leaves +linear-lanceolate, repand-denticulate; _spikes filiform_, rather +remotely flowered; _calyx short and broadly campanulate, its teeth +about as long as the tube; corolla 5--6'' long, much dilated +upward_.--Barrens, W. Ky. and Ark. to La. and Tex. + + +28. SYNANDRA, Nutt. + +Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny, almost +equally 4-toothed! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at +the throat; the upper lip slightly arched, entire, the lower spreading +and 3-cleft, with ovate lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at +the end. Stamens 4, ascending; filaments hairy; anthers approximate in +pairs under the upper lip; the two upper each with one fertile and one +smaller sterile cell, the latter cells cohering together (whence the +name; from [Greek: sy/n], _together_, and [Greek: a)ne/r], for +_anther_). + +1. S. grandiflora, Nutt. Hairy biennial, 1 deg. high; lower leaves +long-petioled, broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin, the floral +sessile, gradually reduced to bracts, each with a single sessile flower; +corolla 11/2' long, yellowish-white.--Shady banks of streams, S. Ohio to +Ill. and Tenn. In spring. + + +29. MARRUBIUM, Tourn. HOREHOUND. + +Calyx tubular, 5--10-nerved, nearly equally 5--10-toothed, the teeth +more or less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip +of the corolla erect, notched, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its +middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4, _included in the tube of the +corolla_.--Whitish-woolly bitter-aromatic perennials, branched at the +base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves, and many-flowered axillary +whorls. (A name of Pliny, from the Hebrew _marrob_, a bitter juice.) + +M. VULGARE, L. (COMMON HOREHOUND.) Stems ascending; leaves round-ovate, +petioled, crenate-toothed; whorls capitate; calyx with 10 recurved +teeth, the alternate ones shorter; corolla small, white.--Escaped from +gardens into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +30. BALLOTA, L. FETID HOREHOUND. + +Calyx nearly funnel-form; the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a +spreading regular border, with 5--10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the +tube of the corolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in +Marrubium. (The Greek name, of uncertain origin.) + +B. NIGRA, L. (BLACK HOREHOUND.) More or less hairy, but green, erect; +the root perennial; leaves ovate, toothed; whorls many-flowered, dense; +calyx-teeth 5, longer than the tube of the purplish corolla.--Waste +places N. Eng., Penn., etc. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +31. PHLOMIS, Tourn. JERUSALEM SAGE. + +Calyx tubular, 5--10-nerved, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of +the corolla arched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending +and approximate in pairs under the upper lip; the filaments of the upper +pair _longer than the others_ in P. tuberosa, with an awl-shaped +appendage at base; anther-cells divergent and confluent.--Leaves rugose. +Whorls dense and many-flowered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek +name of a woolly plant.) + +P. TUBEROSA, L. Tall perennial (3--5 deg. high), nearly smooth; leaves +ovate-heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral oblong-lanceolate; +bracts awl-shaped, hairy; upper lip of the purple corolla densely +bearded with white hairs on the inside.--S. shore of Lake Ontario, N. Y. +June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +32. LEONURUS, L. MOTHERWORT. + +Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are +awl-shaped, and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip +of the corolla oblong and entire, somewhat arched; the lower spreading, +3-lobed, its middle lobe larger, narrowly oblong-obovate, entire, the +lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers +approximate in pairs, the valves naked. Nutlets truncate and sharply +3-angled.--Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves, and close whorls of +flowers in their axils; in summer. (Name from [Greek: le/on], _a lion_, +and [Greek: ou)ra/], _tail_, i.e. _Lion's-tail_.) + +L. CARDIACA, L. (COMMON MOTHERWORT.) Tall perennial; leaves +long-petioled, the lower rounded, palmately lobed, the floral +wedge-shaped at base, 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate; upper lip of the +pale purple corolla bearded.--Waste places, around dwellings. (Nat. from +Eu.) + +L. MARRUBIASTRUM, L. Tall biennial, with elongated branches; stem-leaves +oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed; corolla (whitish) shorter than the +calyx-teeth, the tube naked within; lower lip rather erect.--Roadsides, +N. J. to Del., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.) + +L. SIBIRICUS, L. Tall biennial; leaves 3-parted, the divisions +2--5-cleft, or deeply 3--7-cleft and incised; corolla (purplish) twice +as long as the calyx, the upper lip fornicate, the lower little +spreading.--Waste grounds, Penn.; also far west. (Adv. from Eu. and +Asia.) + + +33. LAMIUM, L. DEAD-NETTLE. + +Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal +awl-pointed teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; upper lip ovate or +oblong, arched, narrowed at the base; the middle lobe of the spreading +lower lip broad, notched at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the +base, the lateral ones small, at the margin of the throat. Stamens 4, +ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs, 2-celled, +the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate.--Decumbent herbs, the lowest +leaves small and long-petioled, the middle heart-shaped and doubly +toothed, the floral subtending the whorled flower-cluster; spring to +autumn. (Name from [Greek: laimo/s], _throat_, in allusion to the +ringent corolla.) + +[*] _Annuals or biennials, low; flowers small, purple, in few whorls or +heads._ + +L. AMPLEXICAULE, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or cut, the +_upper ones clasping_; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower +spotted; lateral lobes truncate.--Rather common. (Nat. from Eu.) + +L. PURPUREUM, L. _Leaves_ roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, +crenate-toothed, _all petioled_.--N. Eng. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) + +(Addendum) L. INTERMEDIUM, Fries. Resembling L. purpureum, but the +calyx-teeth longer than the tube, the rather narrower corolla without a +hairy ring within near the base, and the nutlet longer (3 times as long +as broad).--Cultivated fields near Hingham, Mass. (_C. J. Sprague_). +(Adv. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Perennial, taller; flowers larger, in several axillary whorls._ + +L. ALBUM, L. Hairy; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, petioled; calyx-teeth +very slender, spreading; corolla white, the tube curved upward, +obliquely contracted near the base, where there is a ring of hairs +inside; lateral lobes of lower lip bearing a long slender tooth.--E. New +Eng. (Nat. from Eu.) + +L. MACULATUM, L. Like the last, but leaves more frequently marked with a +white spot on the upper face, and flowers purplish, with the ring of +hairs transverse instead of oblique.--Sparingly escaped. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +34. GALEOPSIS, L. HEMP-NETTLE. + +Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and +spiny-tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; upper lip ovate, +arched, entire; the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the lateral lobes ovate, +the middle one inversely heart-shaped; palate with 2 teeth at the +sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; _anther-cells +transversely 2-valved_; the inner valve of each cell bristly-fringed, +the outer one larger and naked.--Annuals, with spreading branches, and +several--many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are +nearly like the lower ones. (Name composed of [Greek: gale/e], _a +weasel_, and [Greek: o)/psis], _resemblance_, from some fancied likeness +of the corolla to the head of a weasel.) + +G. TETRAHIT, L. (COMMON HEMP-NETTLE.) _Stem swollen below the joints, +bristly-hairy; leaves ovate_, coarsely serrate; corolla purplish or +variegated, about twice the length of the calyx; or, in var. +GRANDIFLORA, 3--4 times the length of the calyx, often yellowish with a +purple spot on the lower lip.--Waste places, common. Aug., Sept. (Nat. +from Eu.) + +G. LADANUM, L. (RED H.) _Stem smooth or pubescent; leaves +oblong-lanceolate_, more or less downy; corolla red or rose-color (often +spotted with yellow), much exceeding the calyx.--E. New Eng., rare. Aug. +(Adv. from Eu.) + + +35. STACHYS, Tourn. HEDGE-NETTLE. + +Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5--10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper +teeth united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat; +upper lip erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so; +the lower usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe +largest and nearly entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip +(often reflexed on the throat after flowering); anthers approximate in +pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate.--Whorls 2--many-flowered, +approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence the name, from [Greek: +sta/chus], _a spike_). Flowers purple or rose-red, in summer. + +[*] _Root annual; stems decumbent, low._ + +S. ARVENSIS, L. (WOUNDWORT.) Hairy; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, +obtuse, crenate; whorls 4--6-flowered, distant; corolla (purplish) +scarcely longer than the unarmed calyx.--Waste places, E. Mass. (Adv. +from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Root perennial; stem erect._ + +[+] _Leaves obscurely or not at all cordate, sessile or short-petioled._ + +1. S. hyssopifolia, Michx. _Smooth and glabrous_, or the nodes hirsute; +stems slender (1 deg. high); _leaves linear-oblong or narrowly linear, +sessile_, obscurely toothed toward the apex; whorls 4--6-flowered, +rather distant; _corolla glabrous_, twice or thrice the length of the +triangular-awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth.--Wet sandy places, Mass. to +Mich., south to Fla. and Mo.--Var. AMBIGUA, Gray, is stouter (1--2 deg. +high), sometimes with scattered retrorse bristles on the angles of the +stem, and with broader (3--6'') serrulate leaves.--Ill. and Ky. to Ga. + +2. S. palustris, L. Stem 4-angled (2--3 deg. high), leafy, _hirsute with +spreading or reflexed hairs_, especially on the angles; _leaves_ +sessile, or the lower short-petioled, _oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, +crenately serrate_, rounded at base, _downy or hairy-pubescent_, +obtusish (2--4' long), the upper floral ones shorter than the nearly +sessile calyx; whorls 6--10-flowered, the upper crowded into an +interrupted spike; calyx hispid; the lance-subulate teeth somewhat +spiny, half the length of the corolla, diverging in fruit; _upper lip of +corolla pubescent_.--Wet ground, Newf. to Penn., westward across the +continent. + +3. S. aspera, Michx. Taller; _stem more commonly smooth on the sides, +the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles_; leaves hairy or +smoothish, as in the last, but _nearly all distinctly petioled_, the +lower floral as long as the flowers; spike often slender and more +interrupted; _calyx mostly glabrous_, the tube rather narrower and the +teeth more awl-shaped and spiny; _corolla glabrous throughout_. (S. +palustris, var. aspera, _Gray_.)--Wet ground, common. + +Var. glabra, Gray. More slender, _smooth and glabrous throughout_, or +with few bristly hairs; leaves taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, +mostly rounded or truncate at the base, _all more conspicuously +petioled_. (S. palustris, var. glabra, _Gray_.)--Western N. Y. to Ill., +and southward. + +[+][+] _Nearly all the leaves long-petioled and cordate._ + +4. S. cordata, Riddell. Rather weak, hirsute, 2--3 deg. high; leaves all +ovate- or oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate (2--5' long), the floral +mostly minute; spikes slender, of numerous few-flowered clusters; calyx +only 2'' long; corolla glabrous throughout (or nearly so), barely 5'' +long. (S. palustris, var. cordata, _Gray_.)--Thickets, S. Ohio to Iowa, +south to Va., Tenn., and Mo. + + +ORDER 83. PLANTAGINACEAE. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) + +_Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular 4-merous spiked flowers, the +stamens inserted on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless +monopetalous corolla, alternate with its lobes_;--chiefly represented by +the two following genera. + + +1. PLANTAGO, Tourn. PLANTAIN. RIBWORT. + +Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, mostly with dry membranaceous +margins. Corolla salver-form or rotate, withering on the pod, the border +4-parted. Stamens 4, or rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and +weak exserted filaments, and fugacious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or in +n. 5 falsely 3--4-) celled, with 1--several ovules in each cell. Style +and long hairy stigma single, filiform. Capsule 2-celled, +2--several-seeded, opening transversely, so that the top falls off like +a lid and the loose partition (which bears the peltate seeds) falls +away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen.--Leaves ribbed. Flowers +whitish, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape. +(The Latin name.) + +Sec. 1. _Stamens 4; flowers all perfect; corolla not closed over the +fruit_. + +[*] _Flowers proterogynous, the style first projecting from the unopened +corolla, the anthers long-exserted after the corolla has opened; seeds +not hollowed on the face (except in_ P. lanceolata). + +[+] _Corolla glabrous; leaves strongly ribbed; perennial._ + +[++] _Ribs of the broad leaves rising from the midrib._ + +1. P. cordata, Lam. Tall, glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or round-ovate +(3--8' long), long-petioled; spike at length loosely flowered; bracts +round-ovate, fleshy; capsule 2--4-seeded.--Along streams, N. Y. to +Minn., and southward. + +[++][++] _Ribs of the leaf free to the contracted base_. + +2. P. major, L. (COMMON PLANTAIN.) Smooth or rather hairy, rarely +roughish; _leaves ovate, oblong, oval_, or slightly heart-shaped, often +toothed, abruptly narrowed into a channelled petiole; _spike dense, +obtuse_; sepals round-ovate or obovate; _capsule ovoid, circumscissile +near the middle, 8--18-seeded; seeds angled, reticulated_.--Waysides and +near dwellings everywhere. Doubtless introduced from Eu., but native +from L. Superior and N. Minn., northward. + +3. P. Rugelii, Decaisne. Leaves as in the last, but paler and thinner; +_spikes long and thin, attenuate at the apex_; sepals oblong, acutely +carinate; _capsules cylindraceous-oblong, circumscissile much below the +middle, 4--9-seeded; seeds oval-oblong, not reticulated_. (P. +Kamtschatica, _Gray_, Man., not _Cham._)--Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. +and Tex. + +4. P. eriopoda, Torr. _Usually a mass of yellowish wool at the base; +leaves thickish, oblanceolate to obovate_, with short stout petioles; +spike dense or loose; _sepals and bract more or less scarious but not +carinate; capsule ovoid, never over 4-seeded_.--Moist and saline soil; +Red River valley, Minn., and westward; also on the Lower St. Lawrence. + +P. LANCEOLATA, L. (RIBGRASS. RIPPLEGRASS. ENGLISH PLANTAIN.) Mostly +hairy; scape grooved-angled, at length much longer than the _lanceolate +or lance-oblong leaves_, slender (9'--2 deg. high); spike dense, at first +capitate, in age cylindrical; bract and sepals scarious, brownish; +_seeds 2, hollowed on the face_.--Very common. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[+][+] _Corolla-tube externally pubescent; leaves linear or filiform, +fleshy, indistinctly ribbed; seeds 2--4; maritime, often woolly at +base_. + +5. P. decipiens, Barneoud. _Annual_, or sometimes biennial with a stout +rootstock, smooth, or the scape pubescent; leaves flat or flattish and +channelled, erect, nearly as long as the scape (5--12'), acuminate; +spike slender, rather loose. (P. maritima, var. juncoides, _Gray_, +Man.)--Salt marshes, Atlantic coast, from Labrador to N. J. The +characters distinguishing biennial specimens of this from the next are +obscure. + +6. P. maritima, L. _Perennial_; spikes dense.--Coast of Mass.; Gulf of +St. Lawrence to Lab. and Greenland. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Flowers of 2 sorts (as respects length of anthers and filaments) +on different plants, mostly cleistogamous; corolla-lobes broad, rounded, +persistently spreading; seeds 2, boat-shaped; inflorescence and narrow +leaves silky-pubescent or woolly; annual._ + +7. P. Patagonica, Jacq., var. gnaphalioides, Gray. White with silky +wool; leaves 1--3-nerved, varying from oblong-linear to filiform; spike +very dense (1/4--4' long), woolly; bracts not exceeding the calyx; sepals +very obtuse, scarious, with a thick centre.--Prairies and dry plains, +Minn. to Ind., Ky., and Tex., westward to the Pacific. Very +variable.--Var. NUDA, Gray; with sparse and loose pubescence, green and +soon glabrate rigid leaves, and short bracts.--Var. SPINULOSA, Gray; a +canescent form with aristately prolonged and rigid bracts.--Var. +ARISTATA, Gray; loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous, with +narrowly linear bracts 2--3 times the length of the flowers. (Nat. on +Martha's Vineyard, and about Boston.) + +Sec. 2. _Flowers subdioecious or polygamo-cleistogamous; the corolla in the +fertile (or mainly fertile) plant closed over the maturing capsule and +forming a kind of beak, and anthers not exserted; sterile flowers with +spreading corolla and long-exserted filaments; seeds mostly flat; small +annuals or biennial._ + +[*] _Leaves comparatively broad, short-petioled or subsessile; stamens +4._ + +8. P. Virginica, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2--9' high); leaves +oblong, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3--5 nerved, +slightly or coarsely and sparingly toothed; spikes mostly dense (1--2' +long); seeds usually 2.--Sandy grounds, S. New Eng. to S. Ill., south to +Fla. and Ariz. + +[*][*] _Leaves linear or filiform; flowers very small; stamens 2; spike +slender._ + +9. P. pusilla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (1--4' high); leaves entire; +_capsule short-ovoid, 4-seeded_, little exceeding the calyx and +bract.--Sandy soil, southern N. Y. to Va., west to the Rocky Mts. +Apr.--Aug. + +10. P. heterophylla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or some +of them below 2--4-lobed or toothed; _capsule oblong-conoidal, +10--28-seeded_, nearly twice the length of the calyx and bract.--Low +sandy ground, Penn. to Fla. and Tex. Apr.--June. + + +2. LITTORELLA, L. + +Flowers monoecious; the male solitary on a mostly simple naked scape; +calyx 4-parted, longer than the cylindraceous 4-cleft corolla; stamens +exserted on very long capillary filaments. Female flowers usually 2, +sessile at the base of the scape; calyx of 3 or 4 unequal sepals; +corolla urn-shaped, with a 3--4-toothed orifice. Ovary with a single +cell and ovule, tipped with a long laterally stigmatic style, maturing +as an achene. (Name from _litus_ or _littus_, shore, from the place of +growth.) + +1. L. lacustris, L. Stoloniferous but otherwise stemless; leaves terete, +linear-subulate, 1--2' long.--In water or on gravelly shores, Nova +Scotia and N. Brunswick, to L. Champlain (_Pringle_) and Ont. + + + + +DIVISION III. APETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. + +Corolla none; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), or +sometimes wanting altogether. + + +ORDER 84. NYCTAGINACEAE. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) + +_Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with mostly opposite +and entire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or +funnel-form calyx which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base +constricted above the 1-celled 1-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort +of nut-like pericarp; the stamens few, slender, and hypogynous; the +embryo coiled around the outside of mealy albumen, with broad foliaceous +cotyledons_ (in Abronia monocotyledonous by abortion).--Represented in +our gardens by the FOUR-O'CLOCK, or MARVEL OF PERU (MIRABILIS JALAPA), +in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla, the cup-like +involucre of each flower exactly imitating a calyx. + +1. Oxybaphus. Involucre of united bracts. Fruit wingless. Calyx bell +shaped. + +2. Abronia. Involucre of distinct bracts. Fruit 5-winged. Calyx +salver-form. + + +1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. + +Flowers 3--5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre, +which enlarges and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very +short tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in +the bud. Stamens mostly 3 (3--5), hypogynous. Style filiform; stigma +capitate. Fruit achene-like, several-ribbed or angled (pubescent in +ours).--Herbs, abounding on the western plains, with very large and +thick perennial roots, opposite leaves, and mostly clustered small +flowers. (Name [Greek: o)xyba/phon], _a vinegar-saucer_, or small +shallow vessel; from the shape of the involucre.) + +1. O. nyctagineus, Sweet. _Nearly smooth_; stem becoming repeatedly +forked, 1--3 deg. high; _leaves all petioled_ (except the uppermost reduced +ones), _from broadly ovate to lanceolate, rounded or cordate or cuneate +at base_; inflorescence loose and but slightly pubescent, the peduncles +slender (at first solitary in the axils); fruit oblong-obovate, 2'' +long, rather acutely angled.--Minn. and Wisc. to Tex. and La.; rare +escape from gardens in E. Mass. and R. I. + +2. O. hirsutus, Sweet. More or less _glandular-hirsute_, especially +about the nodes and the usually contracted inflorescence, 1--3 deg. high; +_leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, sessile_ and cuneate at base or +narrowed to a short petiole; stamens often 5; fruit with thickened +obtuse angles.--Plains of the Sask. to Wisc., Iowa., Neb., and Tex. + +3. O. angustifolius, Sweet. Often tall, _glabrous_ except the more or +less hirsute peduncles and involucres; _leaves linear_, thick and +glaucous, often elongated (2--6' long); fruit as in the last.--Minn. to +Tex., and westward. + + +2. ABRONIA, Juss. + +Involucre of 5--15 distinct bracts, enclosing numerous sessile flowers. +Calyx salver-form, with obcordate lobes. Stamens 5, included, adnate to +the calyx-tube. Style included; stigma linear-clavate. Perfect fruit +3--5-winged. Embryo monocotyledonous.--Low herbs, with thick opposite +petioled unequal leaves, axillary or terminal peduncles, and showy +flowers in solitary heads. (Name from [Greek: a(bro/s], _graceful_.) + +1. A. fragrans, Nutt. More or less viscid-pubescent, from a perennial +root; leaves oblong or ovate, truncate or cuneate at base; involucre +conspicuous, of broad ovate white and scarious bracts; flowers white, +fragrant, 4--10'' long; fruit coriaceous, obpyramidal, with narrow +undulate coarsely reticulated wings.--From W. Iowa to Utah and N. Mex. + + +ORDER 85. ILLECEBRACEAE. (KNOTWORT FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with mostly opposite and entire leaves, scarious stipules_ +(except in Scleranthus), _a 4--5-toothed or -parted herbaceous or +coriaceous persistent calyx_, no petals, _stamens borne on the calyx, as +many as the lobes and opposite them or fewer, styles 2 and often united, +and fruit a 1-seeded utricle._ Seed upon a basal funicle, the embryo (in +ours) surrounding the mealy albumen.--Small diffuse or tufted herbs, +with small greenish or whitish flowers in clusters or dichotomous cymes. + +1. Anychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted awnless calyx. Styles +hardly any. + +2. Paronychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted calyx; the sepals +hooded at the summit and bristle-pointed. Style 1, 2-cleft at the top. + +3. Scleranthus. Stamens borne on the throat of the indurated 5-cleft and +pointless calyx. Styles 2. Stipules none. + + +1. ANYCHIA, Michx. FORKED CHICKWEED. + +Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, +greenish. Stamens 2--3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle larger +than the calyx. Radicle turned downward.--Small, many times forked +annuals, with small stipules, and minute flowers in the forks, produced +all summer. (Same derivation as the next genus.) + +1. A. dichotoma, Michx. _More or less pubescent, short-jointed, low and +spreading_; leaves somewhat petioled, mostly very narrowly lanceolate or +oblanceolate; _flowers nearly sessile_ and somewhat clustered.--Mostly +in open places, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark. + +2. A. capillacea, DC. _Smooth, longer-jointed, slender and erect; leaves +thinner, broader and longer_ (5--15'' long); _flowers more stalked and +diffuse._ (A. dichotoma, var. capillacea, _Torr._)--Dry woodlands, same +range as the last, but more abundant northward. + + +2. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. WHITLOW-WORT. + +Sepals 5, linear or oblong, concave, awned at the apex. Petals (or +staminodia) bristle-form, or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style +2-cleft at the apex. Utricle enclosed in the calyx. Radicle +ascending.--Tufted herbs (ours perennial), with dry and silvery +stipules, and clustered flowers. (Greek name for a _whitlow_, and for a +plant thought to cure it.) + +1. P. argyrocoma, Nutt. Forming broad tufts, branched, _spreading; +leaves linear_ (1/2' long); _flowers densely clustered_, surrounded by +conspicuous _large silvery bracts_; calyx hairy, short-awned; petals +mere teeth between the stamens.--Bare mountain slopes of the White Mts., +and in the Alleghanies from Va. to Ga.; also coast of Maine and near +Newburyport, Mass. July. + +2. P. dichotoma, Nutt. Smooth, tufted; stems (6--12' high) _ascending_ +from a rather woody base; _leaves_ (1/2--11/2' long) _and bracts_ narrowly +_awl-shaped_; _cymes open, many-times forked_; sepals short-pointed; +minute bristles in place of petals.--Rocks, Md. to N. C. and Tex. +July--Sept. + +3. P. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Subcespitose, much branched from the +somewhat woody base, minutely puberulent; leaves filiform-subulate, +obtuse or mucronate; forked cymes rather close; calyx narrow-campanulate +with turbinate base.--Central Kan. to W. Neb., Col., and Tex. + + +3. SCLERANTHUS, L. KNAWEL. + +Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the utricle. +Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct.--Homely little weeds, with +awl-shaped leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. +(Name from [Greek: sklero/s], _hard_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_, +from the hardened calyx-tube.) + +S. ANNUUS, L. Much branched, spreading (3--5' high); flowers sessile in +the forks; calyx-lobes scarcely margined.--Waste places. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +ORDER 86. AMARANTACEAE. (AMARANTH FAMILY) + +_Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the next family, but the +flowers mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts; these +often colored, commonly 3 in number_; the 1-celled ovary in our genera +1-ovuled. (The greater part of the order tropical.) + +[*] Anthers 2-celled; flowers unisexual; leaves alternate. + +1. Amarantus. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 3 or +5 distinct erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit. + +2. Acnida. Flowers dioecious. Calyx none in the fertile flowers. + +[*][*] Anthers 1-celled; flowers perfect; leaves opposite. + +3. Iresine. Calyx of 5 sepals. Filaments united below into a cup. +Flowers paniculate. + +4. Froelichia. Calyx 5-cleft. Filaments united into a tube. Flowers +spicate. + +(Addendum) 5. Cladothrix. Flowers perfect, minute, axillary. Densely +white-tomentose. + + +1. AMARANTUS, Tourn. AMARANTH. + +Flowers monoecious or polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, +equal erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3, separate; +anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1-seeded utricle, +2--3-beaked at the apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening +transversely or sometimes bursting irregularly. Embryo coiled into a +ring around the albumen.--Annual weeds, of coarse aspect, with alternate +and entire petioled setosely tipped leaves, and small green or purplish +flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters; in late summer and +autumn. ([Greek: A)ma/rantos], _unfading_, because the dry calyx and +bracts do not wither. The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote Amarantus, +which the early botanists incorrectly altered to _Amaranthus_.) + +Sec. 1. _Utricle thin, circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid; +flowers polygamous._ + +[*] _Flowers in terminal and axillary simple or mostly panicled spikes; +stem erect (1--6 deg. high); leaves long-petioled; stamens and sepals 5._ + +[+] RED AMARANTHS. _Flowers and often leaves tinged with crimson or +purple._ + +A. HYPOCHONDRIACUS, L. Glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or +pointed at both ends; _spikes very obtuse_, thick, crowded, the terminal +one elongated and interrupted; _bracts long-awned; fruit 2--3-cleft at +the apex_, longer than the calyx.--Rarely spontaneous about gardens. +(Adv. from Trop. Amer.) + +A. PANICULATUS, L. Stem mostly pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate or +ovate-lanceolate; _spikes numerous and slender, panicled_, erect or +spreading; _bracts awn-pointed_; flowers small, green tinged with red, +or sometimes crimson; _fruit 2--3-toothed_ at the apex, longer than the +calyx.--Roadsides, etc. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) + +[+][+] GREEN AMARANTHS, PIGWEED. _Flowers green, rarely a little +reddish._ + +A. RETROFLEXUS, L. Roughish and more or less pubescent; leaves dull +green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate; the thick spikes +crowded in a stiff or glomerate panicle; bracts awn-pointed, rigid, +exceeding the acute or obtuse sepals.--Cultivated grounds, common; +indigenous southwestward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) + +A. CHLOROSTACHYS, Willd. Very similar, but smoother and deeper green, +with more slender, linear-cylindric, more or less flexuous spikes, the +lateral ones spreading or divaricate, and the sepals more frequently +acute or acuminate. (A. retroflexus, var. chlorostachys, +_Gray_.)--Cultivated grounds; apparently also indigenous +southwestward.--Var. HYBRIDUS, Watson, is similar, but smooth and still +more loosely panicled. (A. retroflexus, var. hybridus, _Gray_.) (Adv. +from Trop. Amer.) + +[*][*] _Flowers crowded in close and small axillary clusters; stems low, +spreading or ascending; stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2._ + +1. A. albus, L. (TUMBLE WEED.) Smooth, pale green; _stems whitish, erect +or ascending_, diffusely branched; leaves small, obovate and +spatulate-oblong, very obtuse or retuse; flowers greenish; sepals +acuminate, half the length of the _rugose fruit_, much shorter than the +_subulate rigid pungently pointed bracts; seed small, {2/3}'' +broad_.--Waste grounds, common. + +2. A. blitoides, Watson. Like the last, but _prostrate or decumbent_; +spikelets usually contracted; _bracts ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate_; +sepals obtuse or acute; _fruit not rugose; seed about 1'' broad_.--From +Minn. to Mo. and Tex., and westward, and introduced eastward as far as +western N. Y. + +A. BLITUM, L., resembles the last, but is usually erect, with shorter +and more scarious bracts, and a smaller seed more notched at the +hilum.--Near N. Y. City and Boston. (Adv. from Eu.) + +Sec. 2. _Utricle thinnish, bursting or imperfectly circumscissile; flowers +monoecious._ + +A. SPINOSUS, L. (THORNY AMARANTH.) Smooth, bushy-branched; stem reddish; +leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of _spines +in their axils_; upper clusters sterile, forming long and slender +spikes; the fertile globular and mostly in the axils; flowers +yellowish-green, small.--Waste grounds, N. Y. to E. Kan., and southward. +(Nat. from Trop. Amer.) + +Sec. 3. EUXOLUS. _Utricle rather fleshy, remaining closed or bursting +irregularly; no spines; bracts inconspicuous._ + +3. A. pumilus, Raf. Low or prostrate; leaves fleshy and obovate, +emarginate, strongly nerved; flower-clusters small and axillary; +_stamens and sepals_ 5, the latter half the length of the obscurely +5-ribbed fruit.--Sandy beaches, R. I. to Va. + +A. CRISPUS, Braun. Very slender, procumbent, pubescent; leaves small, +light green, rhombic-ovate to -lanceolate, acute, the margin crisped and +undulate; flowers in small axillary clusters; bracts and sepals +scarious, oblanceolate, acute or obtuse; utricle about as long, +roughened, not nerved nor angled. (A. viridis, _Man._)--Streets of +Albany, New York City and Brooklyn; doubtless introduced, but the native +habitat unknown. + + +2. ACNIDA, Mitch. WATER-HEMP. + +Characters of Amarantus, except that the flowers are completely +dioecious and the pistillate ones without calyx. Bracts 1--3, unequal. +Staminate calyx of 5 thin oblong mucronate-tipped sepals, longer than +the bracts; stamens 5, the anther-cells united only at the middle. +Stigmas 2--5, often long and plumose-hispid. Fruit somewhat coriaceous +and indehiscent, or a thin membranous utricle dehiscing irregularly +(rarely circumscissile), usually 3--5-angled. (Name from [Greek: a-] +privative, and [Greek: kni/de], _a nettle_.) + +Sec. 1. ACNIDA proper. _Fruit indehiscent, with firm and close pericarp._ + +1. A. cannabina, L. Usually stout, 2--6 deg. high or more, glabrous; leaves +lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, long-petioled; sepals of +sterile flowers ovate-oblong, obtuse or acutish; bracts usually thin and +lax, much shorter than the fruit, sometimes more rigid and longer; fruit +about 1'' long, obovate, the pericarp rather thin, more or less rugosely +angled; seed somewhat turgid, not angled, usually less than 1'' long, +shining.--Salt or brackish marshes, coast of N. Eng. to Fla. + +2. A. rusocarpa, Michx. Very similar; fruit larger, 11/2--2'' long, the +pericarp thicker, and the larger seed flattened with thick margins, +usually thickest on the cotyledonar side.--N. Y. (?) and Penn. to +S. Car.; apparently much less common than the last, though it is often +difficult to positively distinguish the species from the immature fruit. + +Sec. 2. MONTELIA. _Fruit dehiscing irregularly, the pericarp thin, loose +and usually roughened; not salt-marsh plants._ + +3. A. tuberculata, Moq. Tall and erect, or sometimes low and decumbent; +leaves lanceolate, acute or acutish or sometimes obtuse; sepals of +sterile flowers lanceolate, acute or acuminate; pistillate flowers +closely clustered in more or less dense naked or leafy axillary and +terminal spikes (or the axillary capitate); bracts rather rigid, +acuminate, equalling or exceeding the fruit; utricle about 1/2'' long; +seed shining, 1/2--{1/3}'' in diameter. (Montelia tamariscina, _Gray_, in +part.)--Ohio to Dak., Mo., Ala., and La. + +Var. subnuda, Watson. Erect or often prostrate, the lower clusters at +least of pistillate flowers more or less cymose and often in globose +heads; bracts thinner, narrow and lax, shorter than the fruit. (M. +tamariscina, var. concatenata, _Gray_, in part.)--W. Vt. (_Oakes_); Ont. +to Minn., and southward. Often appearing quite distinct from the type, +but intermediate forms are not rare. + + +3. IRESINE, P. Browne. + +Flowers mostly polygamous or dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. +Stamens mostly 5; filaments slender, united into a short cup at base; +anthers 1-celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening.--Herbs, +with opposite petioled leaves, and minute scarious-white flowers, +crowded into clusters or spiked and branching panicles; the calyx, etc., +often bearing long wool (whence the name, from [Greek: ei)resio/ne], a +wreath or staff entwined with fillets of wool). + +1. I. celosioides, L. Nearly glabrous, annual, erect, slender (2--4 deg. +high); leaves ovate-lanceolate; panicles very slender, often broad and +diffuse, naked; bracts and calyx silvery-white, the fertile calyx twice +longer than the broad bracts and densely silky-villous at base.--Dry +banks, Ohio to Kan., and far southward. Sept. + + +4. FROELICHIA, Moench. + +Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below +2--5-crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing +the indehiscent thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 +oblong 1-celled anthers, and as many sterile strap-shaped +appendages.--Hairy or woolly herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and +spiked scarious-bracted flowers. (Named for _J. A. Froelich_, a German +botanist of the last century.) + +1. F. Floridana, Moquin. Root annual; stem leafless above (1--3 deg. high); +leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath; spikelets crowded into an +interrupted spike; calyx very woolly, becoming broadly winged, the wings +irregularly toothed.--Dry sandy places, S. Minn, to Ill., Col., Tex., +and Fla. + +2. F. gracilis, Moq. More slender, with narrow leaves, the spikelets +smaller, and the crests of the matured calyx of nearly distinct rigid +processes--Col. to Tex., and is reported from Kansas. + + +(Addendum) 5. CLADOTHRIX, Nutt. + +Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, erect, rigid-scarious, somewhat +pilose. Stamens 5, the filaments united at base; anthers large, +1-celled. Stigma large, capitate, 2-lobed. Utricle globose, +indehiscent.--Densely stellate-tomentose low herbs or woody at base, +with opposite petiolate leaves and very small flowers solitary or few in +the axils. (Name from [Greek: kla/dos], _a branch_, and [Greek: thri/x], +_hair_, for the branching tomentum.) + +1. C. lanuginosa, Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, much branched; leaves +round-obovate to rhomboidal, 3--10'' long.--Central Kan. (_Meehan_) and +southwestward. + + +ORDER 87. CHENOPODIACEAE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) + +_Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly +alternate leaves and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish +flowers, with the free calyx imbricated in the bud; the stamens as many +as its lobes, or occasionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on +their base; the 1-celled ovary becoming a 1-seeded thin utricle or +rarely an achene. Embryo coiled into a ring around the mealy albumen, +when there is any, or else conduplicate, or spiral._--Calyx persistent, +mostly enclosing the fruit. Styles or stigmas 2, rarely 3--5. (Mostly +inert or innocent, weedy plants; several are pot-herbs, such as Spinach +and Beet.) + +[*] Embryo coiled into a ring about usually copious central albumen. +Leaves flat, not spiny. Stem not jointed. + +[+] Flowers perfect (or stamens only occasionally wanting), clustered or +panicled; calyx obvious, persistent. Seed-coat crustaceous. + +1. Cycloloma. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal +continuous membranaceous wing. Seed horizontal, crustaceous. Leaves +sinuate-toothed. + +2. Kochia. Like n. 1, but wing 5-lobed and seed-coat membranaceous. +Leaves entire. + +3. Chenopodium. Calyx 3--5-parted, unchanged or becoming fleshy in +fruit. + +4. Roubieva. Calyx 3--5-toothed, becoming saccate. Leaves pinnatifid. + +[+][+] Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the staminate in clusters, +mostly spiked; the pistillate without calyx, enclosed between a pair of +appressed axillary bracts. + +5. Atriplex. Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often +muricate. + +[+][+][+] Flowers perfect, naked or 1-sepaled, solitary in the axils of +the reduced upper leaves. + +6. Corispermum. Pericarp oval, flattened, adherent to the vertical seed. +Leaves linear. + +[*][*] Embryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplicate no albumen. Stem +fleshy, jointed; leaves reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth. +Flowers densely spiked, perfect. + +7. Salicornia. Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. +Calyx utricle-like. + +[*][*][*] Embryo coiled into a spiral; albumen mostly none. Leaves +fleshy, alternate. + +8. Suaeda. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent. + +9. Salsola. Embryo conical-spiral. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged. +Leaves spinescent. + + +1. CYCLOLOMA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED. + +Flowers perfect or pistillate, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the +concave lobes strongly keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit, at length +appendaged with a broad and continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens +5. Styles 3 (rarely 2). Seed horizontal, flat; coats crustaceous. Embryo +encircling the mealy albumen.--An annual and much-branched coarse herb, +with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and very small scattered +sessile flowers in open panicles. (Name composed of [Greek: ky/klos], _a +circle_, and [Greek: lo/ma], _a border_, from the encircling wing of the +calyx.) + +1. C. platyphyllum, Moquin.--Diffuse (6--15' high), more or less +arachnoid-pubescent or glabrate, light green or often deep +purple.--Sandy soil, Minn, to W. Ill., S. Ind., Ark., and westward +across the plains. + + +2. KOCHIA, Roth. + +Characters nearly as in Cycloloma, but the seed-coat membranaceous and +the albumen wanting.--Annuals or suffruticose perennials, with flat or +more usually linear and terete leaves. (Named for _W. D. J. Koch_, a +German botanist.) + +K. SCOPARIA, Schrad. Annual, erect, puberulent or glabrate, branching; +leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear; flowers in small axillary +clusters, sessile, each sepal developing a thick wing.--Sparingly +introduced; Vt., Ont., and Ill. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +3. CHENOPODIUM, Tourn. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEED. + +Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted or lobed, +unchanged in fruit or becoming succulent and berry-like, more or less +enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5; filaments filiform. +Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed horizontal or vertical, lenticular; the coat +crustaceous; embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy +albumen.--Weeds, usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers +sessile in small clusters collected in spiked panicles. (Named from +[Greek: che/n], _a goose_, and [Greek: pou~s], _foot_, in allusion to +the shape of the leaves.)--Our species are mostly annuals, flowering +through late summer and autumn, growing around dwellings, in manured +soil, cultivated grounds, and waste places. + +Sec. 1. _Annual, more or less mealy, not glandular nor aromatic; fruiting +calyx dry; seed horizontal; embryo a complete ring._ + +[*] _Pericarp very easily separated from the seed; leaves entire or +rarely sinuate-dentate._ + +1. C. Boscianum, Moq. Erect, slender (2 deg. high), loosely branched, often +_nearly glabrous; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate_ (1--2' long), +attenuate into a _slender petiole_, acute, the lower sinuate-dentate or +often all entire; flowers small, solitary or in small clusters upon the +slender branchlets; _calyx not strongly carinate_. (C. album, var. +Boscianum, _Gray_, Manual.)--N. Y. to Minn., south to N. C. and Tex. + +2. C. leptophyllum, Nutt. _Densely mealy_ or rarely nearly glabrous +(1/2--11/2 deg. high), simple or branched, often strict; _leaves linear_ +(1/2--1' long), entire, _rather shortly petioled_; flowers closely +clustered, in dense or interrupted spikelets; _calyx-lobes strongly +carinate_.--Sea-coast, Conn. to N. J., north shore of L. Erie, and from +Dak. to Col., N. Mex., and westward. + +[*][*] _Pericarp persistent upon the smooth seed; leaves more or less +sinuate-dentate (except in_ C. polyspermum). + +C. POLYSPERMUM, L. Low, often spreading, green and _wholly destitute of +mealiness; leaves all entire_, oblong or ovate and on slender petioles; +flowers very small, in slender panicles in all the axils, the thin lobes +of the calyx very incompletely enclosing the fruit; seed +obtuse-edged.--Sparingly naturalized in the Eastern States. (Adv. from +Eu.) + +C. ALBUM, L. (LAMB'S-QUARTERS. PIGWEED.) Erect (1--4 deg. high), _more or +less mealy; leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate_ or the +uppermost even linear, acute, _all or only the lower more or less +angulate-toothed_; clusters spiked-panicled, mostly dense; calyx (3/4'' +wide in fruit) with strongly carinate lobes, nearly or quite covering +the seed.--Introduced everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.)--Var. VIRIDE, Moq., +more common eastward, is less mealy and with less dense inflorescence. + +C. URBICUM, L. Rather pale or dull green, nearly destitute of mealiness, +with erect branches (1--3 deg. high); _leaves_ triangular, acute, _coarsely +and sharply many-toothed; spikes erect, crowded in a long and narrow +racemose panicle_; calyx-lobes not keeled; _seed with rounded +margins_.--Apparently throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.) + +C. MURALE, L. Resembles the preceding, but less erect, loosely branched +(1--2 deg. high); _leaves rhomboid-ovate_, acute, _coarsely and sharply +unequally toothed_, thin, bright green; _spikes or racemes +diverging, somewhat corymbed_; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled; _seed +sharp-edged_.--From N. Eng. to Mich, and Mo. (Adv. from Eu.) + +3. C. hybridum, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Bright green throughout; +stem widely much branched (2--4 deg. high); _leaves thin_ (2--6' long), +somewhat triangular and heart shaped, taper-pointed, _sinuate-angled_, +the angles extending into a _few large and pointed teeth_; racemes +diffusely and loosely panicled, leafless; calyx not fully covering the +fruit, its lobes keeled.--Indigenous from western N. Y. and Ky., +westward across the continent; introduced eastward. + +Sec. 2. _Annual or perennial herbs, somewhat mealy, not +glandular-pubescent; fruiting calyx dry; seed large, subglobose, +vertical, exserted; embryo a complete ring._ + +C. GLAUCUM, L. (OAK-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) _Low_ (5--12' high), _spreading, +glaucous-mealy; leaves sinuately pinnatifid-toothed_, oblong, obtuse, +pale green above; _clusters in axillary spikes_, small; _seed +sharp-edged_.--Throughout our range and westward. (Nat. from Eu.) + +C. BONUS-HENRICUS, L. (GOOD-KING-HENRY.) _Stout, erect_ (1--2 deg. high), +mostly simple; _leaves broadly triangular-hastate_ (2--3' long), obtuse +or acute, _subsinuate or entire; flowers somewhat densely paniculately +spiked; seed with obtuse edges_. (Blitum Bonus-Henricus, +_Reichenb._)--Sparingly introduced. (Adv. from Eu.) + +Sec. 3. _Annual, glabrous; calyx more or less fleshy in fruit and often +colored, enclosing the utricle; seed mostly vertical; embryo a complete +ring; flowers in crowded clusters, axillary or in spikes._ + +4. C. rubrum, L. (COAST BLITE.) Stem angled, much branched; leaves +thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge-shaped base +and above into a slender point, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the +upper linear-lanceolate; _clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes; +calyx-lobes 2--4, rather fleshy_; stamens 1--2; seed shining, the margin +acute. (Blitum maritimum, _Nutt._)--Sea-coast of Northern States, and in +saline places to Minn. (Eu.) + +5. C. capitatum, Watson. (STRAWBERRY BLITE.) Stem ascending, branching; +leaves triangular and somewhat halberd-shaped, sinuate-toothed; +_clusters simple (large), interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless; +stamens 1--5; calyx berry-like_ in fruit; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, +with a very narrow margin. (Blitum capitatum, _L._)--Dry rich ground, +along the Great Lakes, northward and westward. The calyx becomes pulpy +and bright red in fruit, when the large clusters look like strawberries. +(Eu.) + +Sec. 4. _Annual, not mealy, but more or less glandular-pubescent, aromatic; +calyx 2--3-parted, dry in fruit; seed often vertical; embryo not a +complete ring._ + +C. BOTRYS, L. (JERUSALEM OAK. FEATHER GERANIUM.) Glandular-pubescent and +viscid; _leaves slender-petioled_, oblong, obtuse, sinuate-pinnatifid; +_racemes cymose-diverging, loose, leafless_; fruit not perfectly +enclosed.--Widely introduced. (Nat. from Eu.) + +C. AMBROSIOIDES, L. (MEXICAN TEA.) Smoothish; _leaves slightly +petioled_, oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the +upper tapering to both ends; _spikes densely flowered, leafy_, or +intermixed with leaves; fruit perfectly enclosed in the calyx.--Waste +places, common throughout our range, especially southward. (Nat. from +Trop. Amer.) + +Var. ANTHELMINTICUM, Gray. (WORMSELD.) Leaves more strongly toothed, the +lower sometimes almost laciniate-pinnatifid; _spikes more elongated, +mostly leafless_.--From Long Island and southward, west to Wisc. and +Tex. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.) + + +4. ROUBIEVA, Moquin. + +Flowers minute, perfect or pistillate, solitary or 2--3 together in the +axils. Calyx urceolate, 3--5-toothed, becoming enlarged and saccate, +contracted at the apex and enclosing the fruit. Stamens 5, included; +styles 3, exserted. Fruit membranaceous, compressed, glandular-dotted. +Seed vertical. Embryo annular.--Perennial glandular herb, with alternate +pinnatifid leaves. + +R. MULTIFIDA, Moq. Prostrate or ascending, branching and leafy; leaves +lanceolate to linear (1/2--11/2' long), deeply pinnatifid with narrow lobes; +fruiting calyx obovate. (Chenopodium multifidum, _L._)--Sparingly +introduced in the Atlantic States. (Adv. from S. Amer.) + + +5. ATRIPLEX, Tourn. ORACHE. + +Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the staminate like the flowers of +Chenopodium, but sterile by the abortion of the pistil; the fertile +consisting simply of a naked pistil enclosed between a pair of appressed +foliaceous bracts, which are enlarged in fruit, and sometimes united. +Seed vertical. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen. In one +section, including the Garden Orache, there are some fertile flowers +with a calyx, like the staminate, but without stamens, and with +horizontal seeds.--Herbs (ours annuals) usually mealy or scurfy with +bran-like scales, with spiked-clustered flowers; in summer and autumn. +(The ancient Latin name, a corruption of the Greek, [Greek: +a)tra/phaxis].) + +A. ROSEUM, L. Hoary-mealy; leaves short-petioled or the upper sessile, +rhombic-ovate or oblong with a wedge-shaped base, coarsely +sinuate-toothed; fertile flowers mostly clustered in the axils; fruiting +bracts broad, often cut-toothed and warty.--Sparingly introduced at the +east. (Adv. from Eu.) + +1. A. patulum, L. Erect or prostrate (1--4 deg. high), dark green and +glabrous or somewhat scurfy; leaves narrowly lanceolate hastate (1--4' +long), the lower sometimes opposite, entire or sparingly +sinuate-dentate, petioled, the upper lanceolate to linear; flowers +clustered in rather slender spikes, the two kinds together or separate; +fruiting bracts ovate-triangular or rhombic-hastate, entire or toothed, +often muricate on the back, united to near the middle.--Very variable. +The typical form scarcely occurs except as naturalized from +Europe.--Var. HASTATUM, Gray. Erect or spreading, stout, at least the +lower leaves broadly triangular-hastate, often coarsely and irregularly +toothed. Salt and brackish places, on the coast from Can. to Va., along +the Great Lakes, and far westward.--Var. LITTORALE, Gray. Slender; +leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, rarely subhastate or toothed. Canada +to N. J., and westward along the Great Lakes.--Var. SUBSPICATUM, Watson. +A low erect and often simple form (3--12' high), usually quite scurfy; +leaves lanceolate-hastate (1/2--1' long). Minn. to central Kan., and +westward. + +2. A. arenarium, Nutt. _Silvery-mealy_, diffusely spreading; leaves +oblong, narrowed at base, nearly sessile; fruiting bracts broadly +wedge-shaped, united, 3-nerved, 2--5 toothed at the summit, and usually +strongly muricate and reticulate on the sides.--Sandy beaches, along the +coast, Mass. to Fla. + +3. A. argenteum, Nutt. Usually low, much branched, gray-scurfy, leafy; +leaves deltoid or subrhombic, often subhastate; staminate flowers in +terminal spikes; fruiting bracts round-rhombic, indurated, united, the +free margins more or less dilated and deeply toothed, the sides +variously appendaged.--Red River Valley, Minn., south and westward. + + +6. CORISPERMUM, A. Juss. BUG-SEED. + +Flowers perfect, single and sessile in the axils of the upper leaves +reduced to bracts, usually forming a spike. Calyx of a single delicate +sepal on the inner side. Stamens 1 or 2, rarely 5. Styles 2. Fruit oval, +flat, with the outer face rather convex and the inner concave, +sharp-margined, a _caryopsis_, i.e. the thin pericarp adherent to the +vertical seed. Embryo slender, coiled around a central albumen.--Low +branching annuals, with narrow linear alternate 1-nerved leaves. (Name +formed of [Greek: ko/ris], _a bug_, and [Greek: spe/rma], _seed_.) + +1. C. hyssopifolium, L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale; floral leaves +or bracts awl-shaped from a dilated base or the upper ovate and pointed, +scarious-margined; fruit wing-margined.--Sandy beaches along the Great +Lakes, central Neb., Tex., and westward.--Leaves usually pungent. + + +7. SALICORNIA, Tourn. GLASSWORT. SAMPHIRE. + +Flowers perfect, 3 together immersed in each hollow of the thickened +upper joints, forming a spike; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Calyx +small and bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy +and narrowly wing-bordered, enclosing the flattened thin utricle. +Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2, united at base. Seed vertical, without +albumen. Embryo thick, the cotyledons incumbent upon the radicle.--Low +saline plants, with succulent leafless jointed stems, and opposite +branches; the flower-bearing branchlets forming the spikes. (Name +composed of _sal_, salt, and _cornu_, a horn; saline plants with +horn-like branches.) + +1. S. mucronata, Bigel. Annual, erect, stout, naked below (2--12' high), +_turning red_ in age; _spikes thick, closely jointed; scales +mucronate-pointed and conspicuous_, especially when dry; _middle flower +half higher than the lateral ones_ or less, occupying nearly the whole +length of the joint; fruit pubescent; seed 1/2--3/4'' long. (S. Virginica, +_Gray_, Manual; not _L._)--Sea-coast from N. Scotia to Va. + +2. S. herbacea, L. Annual, erect or at length spreading (6--18' high), +_green; scales obscure and very blunt_, making a truncate barely +emarginate termination of _the longer joints_ of the stem or _elongated +narrower spikes_; middle flower much higher than the lateral ones, +slightly shorter than the joint; fruit pubescent; seed {2/3}--1'' +long.--Salt marshes of the coast and interior salt springs, and alkaline +localities. + +3. S. ambigua, Michx. Numerous tufted stems (3--12' long) decumbent or +ascending from a hard and rather _woody creeping base or rootstock_, +greenish, turning lead-colored; _spikes slender, short-jointed, the +scales short, acutish or acute; flowers nearly equal in height_ and +equalling the joint; seed pubescent, {1/3}'' long. (S. fruticosa, var. +ambigua, _Gray_, Manual.)--Sea-coast, Mass. to Fla. and Tex. + + +8. SUAEDA, Forskal. SEA BLITE. + +Flowers perfect, sessile in the axils of leafy bracts. Calyx 5-parted, +fleshy, enclosing the fruit (utricle) and often carinate or crested. +Stamens 5. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seed vertical or horizontal, with a +flat-spiral embryo, dividing the scanty albumen (when there is any) into +two portions.--Fleshy saline plants, with alternate nearly terete linear +leaves. (An Arabic name.) + +1. S. linearis, Moq. Annual, prostrate or usually erect, 1--2 deg. high, +branched; _leaves narrow at base_, 1/2--2' long, acute; floral bracts +acuminate, on slender branchlets; sepals very thick; anthers exserted; +seed horizontal, round-oval, black, 1/2'' broad. (S. maritima, _Gray_; not +_Dumort_.)--Sea-coast, N. Scotia to Fla.--A doubtful form of E. Mass. +has the bracts and shorter leaves obtuse, larger flowers on less slender +branchlets, and reddish seeds nearly 1'' broad. + +2. S. depressa, Watson. _Annual, decumbent_ or erect, branching from the +base; _leaves broadest at base_, the cauline 3--12'' long, the floral +lanceolate to ovate; one or more of the calyx-lobes _very strongly +carinate or crested_.--Saline soil, Red River Valley, Minn., to Col., +and westward. + + +9. SALSOLA, L. SALTWORT. + +Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx 5-parted, persistent and +enclosing the depressed fruit in its base; its divisions at length +horizontally winged on the back, the wings forming a broad and circular +scarious border. Stamens mostly 5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without +albumen, filled by the embryo, which is coiled in a conical spiral +(cochleate).--Herbs or slightly shrubby branching plants of the +sea-shore, with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped leaves, and +sessile axillary flowers. (Diminutive of _salsus_, salty.) + +1. S. Kali, L. (COMMON SALTWORT.) Annual, diffusely branching, bushy, +rough or smoothish; leaves all alternate, awl-shaped, prickly-pointed; +flowers single; calyx with the converging lobes forming a sort of beak +over the fruit, the large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orbicular +and spreading.--Sandy sea-shore, N. Eng. to Ga. Aug. (Eu.) +(Addendum)--Salsola Kali. This species has been found in Emmet Co., Iowa +(_Cratty_), at Yankton, Dak. (_Bruhin_), and in river-bottoms in N. W. +Neb. and central Dak. + + +ORDER 88. PHYTOLACCACEAE. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) + +_Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, having the +general characters of_ Chenopodiaceae, _but usually a several-celled +ovary composed of as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry +in fruit._ + + +1. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. POKEWEED. + +Calyx of 5 rounded and petal like sepals. Stamens 5--30. Ovary of 5--12 +carpels, united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit +forming a depressed globose 5--12-celled berry, with a single vertical +seed in each cell. Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen.--Tall +and stout perennial herbs, with large petioled leaves, and terminal +racemes which become lateral and opposite the leaves. (Name compounded +of [Greek: phyto/n], _plant_, and the French _lac_, lake, in allusion to +the crimson coloring matter which the berries yield.) + +1. P. decandra, L. (COMMON POKE or SCOKE. GARGET. PIGEON-BERRY.) Stamens +and styles 10.--Low grounds. July--Sept.--A smooth plant, with a rather +unpleasant odor, and a very large poisonous root, often 4--6' in +diameter, sending up stout stalks at length 6--9 deg. high; calyx white; +ovary green; berries in long racemes, dark-purple and filled with +crimson juice, ripe in autumn. + + +ORDER 89. POLYGONACEAE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and stipules in the form of +sheaths_ (ocreae, these sometimes obsolete) _above the swollen joints of +the stem; the flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent +calyx, a 1-celled ovary bearing 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single +erect orthotropous seed._ Fruit usually an achene, compressed or +3--4-angled or -winged. Embryo curved or straightish, on the outside of +the albumen, or rarely in its centre. Stamens 4--12, inserted on the +base of the 3--6-cleft calyx. (Juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably +acid, as in Sorrel; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.) + +[*] Flowers involucrate; stamens 9; stipules none. + +1. Eriogonum. Involucre several-flowered, with flowers exserted. Calyx +6-cleft. + +[*][*] Flowers without involucre; stamens 4 to 8. + +[+] Stipular sheaths manifest; ovule erect from the base of the cell. + +[++] Sepals 4 or 6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and +enlarging in fruit. + +2. Oxyria. Sepals 4. Stigmas 2. Achene orbicular-winged. Leaves +reniform. + +3. Rumex. Sepals 6. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled. + +[++][++] Sepals 5 (sometimes 4), equal and erect in fruit. Achene +triangular or lenticular. + +4. Polygonum. Embryo slender, curved around one side of the albumen. +Pedicels mostly fascicled. + +5. Fagopyrum. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons +twisted-plaited. + +6. Polygonella. Embryo slender, nearly straight. Pedicels solitary. +Leaves jointed at base. + +[+][+] Stipules obsolete; ovule hanging from the apex of a slender +stalk. + +7. Brunnichia. Calyx 5-parted, in fruit with a wing decurrent on the +pedicel. Tendril-climber. + + +1. ERIOGONUM, Michx. + +Flowers perfect, involucrate; involucre 4--8-toothed or lobed, usually +many-flowered; the more or less exserted pedicels intermixed with narrow +scarious bracts. Calyx 6-parted or -cleft, colored, persistent about the +achene. Stamens 9, upon the base of the calyx. Styles 3; stigmas +capitate. Achene triangular. Embryo straight and axile, with foliaceous +cotyledons.--Annuals or perennials, with radical or alternate or whorled +entire leaves, without stipules. (Name from [Greek: e)/rion], _wool_, +and [Greek: go/ny], _knee_.) + +1. E. annuum, Nutt. Annual, erect, leafy, naked above, 2 deg. high, +white-floccose-tomentose throughout; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at +both ends, short-petiolate, flat; bracts small, triangular; involucres +numerous in terminal cymes, turbinate, shortly pedicelled, 1--11/2'' long, +very tomentose; flowers white, the outer sepals oblong obovate, 1'' long +or less.--Central Kan. to Col., and southward. + +(Addendum) 2. E. Alleni, Watson. Perennial, white-tomentose throughout, +the tall scape-like stem repeatedly dichotomous above; radical leaves +lanceolate, long-petiolate, the upper in whorls of 4 or 5, ovate to +oblong-ovate, very shortly petiolate, much reduced above; involucres +mostly sessile; flowers glabrous, yellow, the segments elliptical.--Near +White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. (_T. F. Allen_). + + +2. OXYRIA, Hill. MOUNTAIN SORREL. + +Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals; the outer smaller and spreading, the +inner broader and erect (but unchanged) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, +sessile, tufted. Achene lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than the +calyx, surrounded by a broad veiny wing. Seed flattened contrary to the +wing. Embryo straight, in the centre of the albumen, slender.--Low +alpine perennial, with round-kidney-form and long-petioled leaves +chiefly from the root, obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish +flowers clustered in panicled racemes on a slender scape. (Name from +[Greek: o)xy/s], _sour_, in allusion to the acid leaves.) + +1. O. digyna, Hill. Leaves all round-kidney-form, usually notched at the +end; fruit orbicular.--Alpine region of the White Mts., and far north +and westward. (Eu.) + + +3. RUMEX, L. DOCK. SORREL. + +Calyx of 6 sepals; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at base, +spreading in fruit; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored, enlarged after +flowering (in fruit called _valves_) and convergent over the 3-angled +achene, veiny, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back. Stamens +6. Styles 3; stigmas tufted. Embryo slightly curved lying along one side +of the albumen, slender.--Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly +green) flowers, which are crowded and commonly whorled in panicled +racemes; the petioles somewhat sheathing at base. (The ancient Latin +name; of unknown etymology.) + +Sec. 1. LAPATHUM. (DOCK.) _Flowers perfect or monoeciously polygamous; +herbage not sour or scarcely so; none of the leaves halberd-shaped. +(Flowering through the summer.)_ + +[*] _Perennials, 1--7 deg. high, mostly with fusiform roots; valves not +bearing bristles._ + +[+] _Valves (large, 3'' broad or more, thin) all naked or one with a +small grain._ + +R. PATIENTIA, L. (PATIENCE DOCK.) A very tall species, with ovate-oblong +and lanceolate leaves (broadest above the base), those from the root +2--3 deg. long, and one of the heart-shaped nearly or quite entire valves +(3'' broad) bearing a small grain, or its midrib thickened at +base.--N. Eng and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.) + +1. R. venosus, Pursh. Stems from running rootstocks, erect (1 deg. high or +less), with conspicuous dilated stipules; leaves on short but rather +slender petioles, ovate or oblong to lanceolate (3--6'; long), acute or +acuminate, only the lowest obtuse at base; panicle nearly sessile, +short, dense in fruit; valves entire, glandless, broadly cordate with a +deep sinus, 9--12'' in diameter, bright rose-color.--Sask. to central +Mo. and Kan., and westward. + +[+][+] _Valves smaller, one or more of them conspicuously +grain-bearing._ + +[++] _Indigenous; leaves not wavy, none heart-shaped, except the lowest +of n. 5._ + +2. R. Britannica, L. (GREAT WATER-DOCK.) Tall and stout (5--6 deg. high); +leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather acute at both ends, transversely +veined, and with obscurely erose-crenulate margins (the lowest, +including the petiole, 1--2 deg. long, the middle rarely truncate or +obscurely cordate at base); racemes upright in a large compound panicle, +nearly leafless; whorls crowded; _pedicels capillary, nodding, about +twice the length of the fruiting calyx; the valves orbicular or +round-ovate_, very obtuse, obscurely heart-shaped at base, _finely +reticulated_, entire or repand-denticulate (2--3'' broad), all +grain-bearing. (R. orbiculatus, _Gray_.)--Wet places, N. Eng. to N. J., +west to Minn, and Kan. + +3. R. altissimus, Wood. (PALE DOCK.) Rather tall (2--6 deg. high); _leaves +ovate- or oblong-lanceolate_, acute, pale, thickish, obscurely veiny +(the cauline 3--6' long, contracted at base into a short petiole); +racemes spike-like and panicled, nearly leafless; whorls crowded; +_pedicels nodding, shorter than the fruiting calyx; valves broadly +ovate_ or obscurely heart-shaped, obtuse or acutish, entire, loosely +reticulated (about 2'' broad), one with a conspicuous grain, the others +with a thickened midrib or naked. (R. Britannica, _Gray_; not +_L._)--Moist grounds, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., and Kan. + +4. R. salicifolius, Weinmann. (WHITE DOCK.) Rather low (1--3 deg. high); +root white, _leaves narrowly or linear-lanceolate_, or the lowest +oblong; whorls much crowded; _pedicels much shorter than the fruiting +calyx; valves deltoid-ovate_, obtusish or acutish (about 11/2'' long), +one, two or sometimes all with a conspicuous often very large grain; +otherwise nearly as n. 3.--Salt marshes, from Newf. to N. Eng., about +the Great Lakes, and far westward. + +5. R. verticillatus, L. (SWAMP DOCK.) Rather tall (3--5 deg. high); leaves +lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, thickish, pale-green, +the lowest often heart-shaped at base; racemes nearly leafless, +elongated, loose, the whorls crowded or the lower ones distant; +fruit-bearing _pedicels slender, club-shaped, abruptly reflexed, 3--4 +times longer than the fruiting calyx; valves dilated-rhomboid, obtusely +somewhat pointed, strongly rugose-reticulated_, each bearing a very +large grain.--Wet swamps, common. + +[++][++] _Naturalized European weeds; lower leaves mostly heart-shaped +at base._ + +R. CRISPUS, L. (CURLED DOCK.) Smooth (3--4 deg. high); _leaves with strongly +wavy-curled margins, lanceolate_, acute, the lower truncate or scarcely +heart-shaped at base; _whorls crowded in prolonged wand-like racemes, +leafless above; valves round-heart-shaped, obscurely denticulate_ or +entire, mostly all grain-bearing.--In cultivated and waste ground, very +common. A hybrid of this with the next is reported from Mass., N. Y., +and Md. + +R. OBTUSIFOLIUS, L. (BITTER DOCK.) Stem roughish; _lowest leaves +ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse_, rather downy on the veins beneath, somewhat +wavy-margined, the _upper oblong-lanceolate, acute; whorls loose and +distant; valves ovate-halberd-shaped, with some sharp awl-shaped teeth +at base_, strongly reticulated, one of them principally +grain-bearing.--Fields, etc., common. + +R. SANGUINEUS, L. _Leaves oblong-lanceolate_, often fiddle shaped, +wavy-margined; _whorls distant, in long slender leafless spikes_; +pedicels very short, jointed at base; _valves narrowly oblong, obtuse, +entire_, one at least grain-bearing; veins of the leaf red, or +green.--Waste and cultivated ground. + +R. CONGLOMERATUS, Murray. (SMALLER GREEN DOCK.) Like the last, but +leaves not fiddle-shaped, and panicle leafy; pedicels short, jointed +below the middle; valves acutish, all grain-bearing.--Moist places. + +[*][*] _Annuals, low; valves bearing long awns or bristles._ + +6. R. maritimus, L. (GOLDEN DOCK.) Minutely pubescent, diffusely +branched, 6--12' high; leaves lance-linear, wavy-margined, the lower +auricled or heart-shaped at base; whorls excessively crowded in leafy +and compact or interrupted spikes; valves rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, +each bearing 2--3 long awn-like bristles on each side, and a large grain +on the back.--Sea-shore, Mass. to N. C.; also from Ill. to Minn., and +westward. + +Sec. 2. ACETOSA. (SORREL.) _Flowers dioecious, small, in a terminal naked +panicle; herbage sour; some leaves halberd-shaped; smooth perennials, +spreading by running rootstocks, flowering in spring._ + +7. R. hastatulus, Baldw. Stem simple, 1--2 deg. high; leaves nearly as in +the next; _pedicels jointed at or below the middle; valves of the +fruiting calyx round-heart-shaped_, thin, finely reticulated, naked, +_many times larger than the achene_. (R. Engelmanni, _Ledeb._)--S. W. +Ill. to E. Kan., Tex., and Fla.; Riverhead, Long Island (_Young_). + +R. ACETOSELLA, L. (FIELD or SHEEP SORREL.) Low (6--12' high); leaves +narrow-lanceolate or linear, halberd-form, at least those of the root, +the narrow lobes entire; _pedicels jointed with the flower; valves +scarcely enlarging in fruit, ovate_, naked.--Abundant everywhere. (Nat. +from Eu.) + +R. ACETOSA, L. (SORREL DOCK.) Like the last, but taller (1--3 deg. high); +leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate; _valves enlarging in fruit and +orbicular, the outer reflexed_.--Charlotte, Vt., and Penn Yan, N. Y. +(Nat. from Eu.) + + +4. POLYGONUM, Tourn. KNOTWEED. + +Calyx mostly 5-parted; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in +fruit, withering or persistent. Stamens 4--9. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3; +achene accordingly lenticular or 3-angular. Embryo placed in a groove on +the outside of the albumen and curved half-way around it; the radicle +and usually the cotyledons slender.--Pedicels jointed. Ours all +herbaceous, with fibrous roots (except n. 19), flowering through late +summer and early autumn. (Name composed of [Greek: poly/s], _many_, and +[Greek: go/ny], _knee_, from the numerous joints.) + +Sec. 1. POLYGONUM proper. _Flowers in axillary fascicles or spicate with +foliaceous bracts; leaves and bracts jointed upon a very short petiole +adnate to the short sheath of the 2-lobed or lacerate scarious stipules; +stems striate; calyx 5--6-parted, usually more or less herbaceous; +stamens 3--8, the 3 inner filaments broad at base; styles 3; cotyledons +incumbent; albumen horny; glabrous annuals, except n. 1._ (Sec. Avicularia, +_Meisn._) + +[*] _Leafy throughout._ + +1. P. maritimum, L. _Perennial_, at length woody at base (or sometimes +annual), prostrate, _glaucous_, the stout stems very shortly jointed; +_leaves thick_, oval to linear-oblong (3--10'' long), exceeding the +nodes; stipules very conspicuous; sepals petaloid; stamens 8; _achene +smooth and shining, exserted_.--Sea-coast from Mass. to Ga. (Eu.) + +2. P. aviculare, L. Slender, _mostly prostrate or ascending, +bluish-green_; leaves oblong to lanceolate (3--10'' long), usually acute +or acutish; _sepals hardly 1'' long_, green with pinkish margins; +stamens 8 (rarely 5); achene dull and minutely granular, mostly +included.--Common everywhere in yards, waste places, etc. (Eu., Asia.) + +3. P. erectum, L. _Stouter, erect_ or ascending (1--2 deg. high), +_yellowish_; leaves oblong or oval (1/2--21/2' long), usually obtuse; +_flowers mostly 11/2'' long_, often yellowish, on more or less exserted +pedicels, stamens 5--6; achene dull, included (P. aviculare, var. +erectum, _Roth_.)--Common, by waysides, etc. + +[*][*] _Leaves much reduced above and bract-like._ + +4. P. ramosissimum, Michx. Erect or ascending (2--4 deg. high), _yellowish +green_; leaves lanceolate to linear (1--21/2' long), acute; _flowers_ and +achene _as in_ n. 3, but sepals more frequently 6, the _stamens_ 3--6, +and the achene mostly smooth and shining--Sandy shores and banks of +streams, E. Mass to N. Y., west to Minn., Ark., Tex., and far westward. + +5. P. tenue, Michx. _Stem angled_, erect (1/2--11/2 deg. high), glabrous, or +slightly scabrous at the nodes; _leaves_ narrowly linear to lanceolate +(1--2' long), _3-nerved_, acute at each end and often cuspidate, the +margins somewhat scabrous and at length revolute; _flowers_ often +solitary, _nearly sessile; stamens_ 8; achene included, dull black--Dry +soil, N. Eng. to S. C., west to Minn., Mo., and Tex. + +6. P. camporum, Meisn. _Stem terete_, erect or ascending (2--3 deg. high), +glabrous; _leaves deciduous_, linear to oblong, usually short; _pedicels +slender, exserted from the scarious sheaths_; stamens 8.--E. Kan. to +Tex. + +Sec. 2. PERSICARIA _Flowers in dense spikes, with small scarious bracts; +leaves not jointed on the petiole; sheaths cylindrical, truncate, +entire, naked or ciliate-fringed or margined; calyx colored, 5-parted, +appressed to the fruit; stamens 4--8, filaments filiform; cotyledons +accumbent._ + +[*] _Sheaths and bracts not ciliate or fringed; sepals not punctate; +style 2-cleft._ + +7. P. lapathifolium, L. Annual, branching, 1--4 deg. high, glabrous or the +peduncles often minutely glandular; leaves lanceolate, attenuate upward +from near the cuneate base and acuminate somewhat scabious with short +appressed hairs on the midrib and margin or rarely floccose-tomentose +beneath; sheaths and bracts rarely somewhat ciliolate; spikes oblong to +linear (1/2--2' long), dense, erect or nearly so; flowers white or pale +rose-color; stamens 6; achene ovate, rarely 1'' broad. (P. nodosum, +_Pers._, P. incarnatum, _Man._, in part.)--Wet places; N. Eng. and Can. +to Ill., Wisc., and far westward. Very variable. (Eu.) + +Var. incarnatum, Watson. Leaves often large (6--12' long, 1--3' wide); +spikes more slender and elongated (2--4' long), nodding. (P. incarnatum, +_Ell._)--Penn. to Ill., Mo., and southward. + +Var. incanum, Koch. Low (6--12' high); leaves small, obtusish, more or +less hoary beneath with floccose tomentum; spikes short.--Cayuga Lake, +N. Y., Ont., shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.) + +8. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. A similar species, but the _branches above and +especially the peduncles beset with stipitate glands_; flowers larger +and often bright rose-color, in short erect spikes, often on exserted +pedicels; stamens usually 8; achene nearly orbicular, over 1'' +broad.--Moist soil, in open waste places, common. + +9. P. amphibium, L. Perennial, _aquatic_ or rooting in the mud, _stout +and glabrous_ or nearly so, not branching above the rooting base; +_leaves usually floating, thick_, smooth and shining above, mostly long +petioled, _elliptical to oblong_ or sometimes lanceolate, _acutish_, +cuneate or cordate at base (2--5' long); spike terminal, _dense, ovate +or oblong_ (1/2--1' long); flowers bright rose-color (11/2--3'' long); the 5 +stamens and 2-cleft style exserted.--Widely distributed and rather +common. (Eu., Asia) + +10. P. Muhlenberghii, Watson. Perennial, in muddy or dry places, +decumbent or suberect, _scabrous with short appressed or glandular +hairs; leaves thinner, rather broadly lanceolate, narrowly acuminate_ +(4--7' long); _spikes more elongated_ (1--3' long), often in pairs; +flowers and fruit nearly as in the last. (P. amphibium, var. terrestre, +_Gray_, Manual; not _Lurs_)--N. Eng. to Fla., westward across the +continent. + +[*][*] _Sheaths and bracts bristly ciliate or the sheaths foliaceously +margined._ + +[+] _Sepals not punctate; style 2-cleft; achene somewhat flattened._ + +11. P. Hartwrightii, Gray. _Perennial_, very closely allied to n. 9, +growing usually in mud, the ascending stems rooting at base and very +leafy, _more or less rough-hairy_, at least on the sheaths and bracts, +the former ciliate and _often with abruptly spreading foliaceous +borders_; leaves rather narrow (2--7' long), on very short petioles; +_flowers and fruit as in n. 9._--N. Eng. and N. Y., to Minn., Iowa, and +far westward. When growing in water the floating leaves are thicker and +glabrous. + +12. P. Careyi, Olney. Annual, erect, the stem (3--5 deg. high) and peduncles +_glandular-bristly; leaves narrowly lanceolate_, attenuate to both ends, +roughish; sheaths ciliate or sometimes margined; spikes slender, loose +and nodding; flowers purplish; _stamens mostly_ 5.--Shady swamps, S. +Maine and N. H. to Penn. and Ont. + +P. ORIENTALE, L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER.) Tall branching annual, _soft-hairy; +leaves ovate_ or oblong, pointed, distinctly petioled; _sheaths_ ciliate +or _often with an abrupt spreading border_; flowers large, bright +rose-color, _in dense cylindrical nodding spikes; stamens 7_.--Sparingly +escaped from gardens into waste grounds. (Adv. from India) + +P. PERSICARIA, L. (LADY'S THUMB.) Nearly _smooth and glabrous_ (12--18' +high); sheaths more or less bristly-ciliate; leaves lanceolate, pointed, +roughish, often marked with a dark triangular or lunar spot near the +middle; _spikes ovoid or oblong, dense, erect, on smooth_ (or at least +not glandular) _peduncles_; stamens mostly 6; _styles half 2--3-cleft_; +achene gibbous-flattened or sometimes triangular, smooth and +shining.--Waste and damp places, very common. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[+][+] _Sepals conspicuously dotted and leaves punctate (except n. 13), +with acrid juice; style mostly 3-parted, and achene triangular; sheaths +bristle-fringed._ + +13. P. hydropiperoides, Michx. (MILD WATER-PEPPER.) _Perennial, not +acrid_; stem smooth (1--3 deg. high), branching; the narrow _sheaths hairy_; +leaves narrowly lanceolate, sometimes oblong; _spikes erect, slender_, +sometimes filiform, often interrupted at base (1--21/2' long); flowers +small, flesh-color or nearly white; _sepals not dotted; stamens 8; +achene sharply triangular, smooth and shining_.--Wet places and in +shallow water; common, especially southward. + +14. P. Hydropiper, L. (COMMON SMARTWEED or WATER-PEPPER.) _Annual_, +1--2 deg. high, smooth; leaves narrowly to linear-lanceolate; _spikes +nodding_, usually short or interrupted; flowers mostly greenish; +_stamens_ 6; style 2--3-parted; _achene dull_, minutely striate.--Moist +or wet grounds; apparently introduced eastward, but indigenous north and +westward. (Eu.) + +15. P. acre, HBK. (WATER SMARTWEED.) _Perennial_, nearly smooth; stems +rooting at the decumbent base, 2--5 deg. high; leaves larger and longer than +in the last, taper-pointed; _spikes erect; flowers whitish_, sometimes +flesh-color; _stamens 8_; style _mostly 3-parted; achene smooth and +shining_.--Wet places; common, especially southward. + +Sec. 3. BISTORTA. _Glabrous alpine perennials, with thick creeping +rootstocks and simple stems; flowers in a spike-like raceme; calyx +colored, deeply 5-cleft; stamens 8; styles 3, long._ + +16. P. viviparum, L. Smooth, dwarf (4--8' high), bearing a linear erect +spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets in their +place); leaves lanceolate.--Alpine summits of N. Eng., shores of L. +Superior, and northward. (Eu.) + +Sec. 4. TOVARA. _Perennials; flowers in loose naked long and slender +spikes; calyx rather herbaceous (greenish), unequally 4-parted; stamens +5; styles 2, distinct, rigid and persistent on the smooth lenticular +achene._ + +17. P. Virginianum, L. Almost smooth; stem terete, upright (2--4 deg. high); +sheaths cylindrical, hairy and fringed; leaves ovate, or the upper +ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, rounded at the base, short-petioled, +rough-ciliate (3--6' long); flowers 1--3 from each bract, somewhat +curved, the styles deflexed in fruit, minutely hooked.--Thickets in rich +soil, common. (Asia.) + +Sec. 5. TINIARIA. _Annuals or perennials, mostly twining or climbing, and +with petioled cordate or sagittate leaves; flowers in loose panicles or +racemes or in terminal or axillary clusters; calyx green with colored +margins, 5- (rarely 4-) parted; stamens mostly 8; styles or stigmas 3_ +(2 in n. 18). + +[*] _Annuals, erect, or somewhat climbing by reflexed prickles on the +angles of the stem and petioles; sepals (pale rose-color or white) not +keeled; bracts chaff-like._ + +18. P. arifolium, L. (HALBERD-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) _Stem grooved-angled; +leaves halberd-shaped_, taper-pointed, _long-petioled_; flowers somewhat +racemed (few); peduncles glandular-bristly; calyx often 4-parted; +_stamens 6; styles 2_, very short; _achene lenticular_ (large).--Low +grounds. (Asia.) + +19. P. sagittatum, L. (ARROW-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) _Stem 4-angled; leaves +arrow-shaped, short-petioled_; flowers capitate; peduncles smooth; +_stamens mostly 8; styles 3_, slender; _achene sharply 3-angled_.--Low +grounds, common.--Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem and +midrib beneath, which are armed with fine and very sharp saw-toothed +prickles. (Asia.) + +[*][*] _Stems not prickly; calyx with the 3 outer divisions keeled, at +least in fruit; flowers in loose panicled racemes; bracts +short-sheathing._ + +P. CONVOLVULUS, L. (BLACK BINDWEED.) _Annual_, twining or procumbent, +low, _roughish, the joints naked_; leaves halberd-heart shaped, pointed; +flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes; _outer calyx-lobes +keeled_; achene smoothish.--Cult. and waste grounds, common. (Nat. from +Eu.) + +20. P. cilinode, Michx. _Perennial, minutely downy; the sheaths fringed_ +at the base with reflexed bristles; leaves heart-shaped and slightly +halberd-shaped, taper-pointed; racemes panicled; _calyx-lobes obscurely +keeled_; achene very smooth and shining.--Copses and rocky hills, N. +Eng. to mountains of N. C., west to Mich, and Minn. Climbing 3--9 deg. high. + +21. P. dumetorum, L., var scandens, Gray. (CLIMBING FALSE BUCKWHEAT.) +_Perennial, smooth; sheaths naked_; leaves heart-shaped or slightly +halberd-shaped, pointed; racemes interrupted, leafy; the 3 outer +_calyx-lobes strongly keeled and in fruit winged_; achene smooth and +shining.--Moist thickets, common. Twining 8--12 deg. high over bushes. + +P. CUSPIDATUM, Sieb. & Zucc. Perennial, erect, stout and tall, glabrous +except the loose axillary panicled racemes; leaves round-ovate, shortly +acuminate, truncate or cordate at base; outer sepals broadly winged in +fruit.--Occasionally escaped from gardens. (Japan.) + + +5. FAGOPYRUM, Tourn. BUCKWHEAT. + +Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parted, withering and nearly unchanged in +fruit. Stamens 8. Styles 3; stigmas capitate. Achene 3-sided, longer +than the calyx. Embryo large, in the centre of the albumen, which it +divides into 2 parts, with very broad and foliaceous plaited and twisted +cotyledons.--Glabrous annuals, with triangular-heart-shaped or +halberd-shaped leaves, semicylindrical sheaths, and corymbose racemes or +panicles of white flowers, often tinged with green or rose-color. (Name +from _fagus_, the beech, and [Greek: pyro/s], _wheat_, from the +resemblance of the grain to the beech-nut; so the English name +Buckwheat, from the German _buche_, beech.) + +F. ESCULENTUM, Moench. (BUCKWHEAT.) Smoothish; flower with 8 +honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens; achene acute +and entire, smooth and shining.--Old fields, remaining as a weed after +cultivation, and escaping into copses. June--Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) + +F. TATARICUM, Gaertn. (INDIA-WHEAT.) Flowers very small, on shorter +pedicels; achene very dull and roughish, the sides sulcate.--An +occasional escape from cultivation. (Adv. from Asia.) + + +6. POLYGONELLA, Michx. + +Flowers perfect or polygamous-dioecious. Calyx 5-parted, petaloid, +loosely persistent about the achene, the 3 inner divisions often +enlarging in fruit, in which case the outer are usually spreading. +Stamens 8. Styles 3, and achene 3-angular. Embryo slender, straight or +nearly so, toward one side of the albumen.--Slender glabrous annuals or +perennials, with alternate mostly linear leaves jointed at the base, and +rather rigid truncate or oblique naked sheaths and bracts. Flowers on +solitary jointed pedicels (nodding in fruit) in slender panicled +racemes. (Diminutive of Polygonum.) + +1. P. articulata, Meisn. Annual, erect, branching, glaucous, 4--12' +high; leaves linear-filiform, deciduous; flowers rose-color, nodding, in +very slender racemes, the calyx a little enlarged in fruit; 3 inner +filaments dilated at base; achene exserted, smooth. (Polygonum +articulatum, _Gray_.)--Dry, sandy soil; on the coast from Maine to +N. J., and along the Great Lakes. + + +7. BRUNNICHIA, Banks. + +Calyx 5-parted; the divisions somewhat petal-like, oblong, connivent and +coriaceous in fruit, the base and almost the whole length of the pedicel +winged on one side. Stamens 8; filaments capillary. Styles 3, slender; +stigmas depressed-capitate. Ovule pendulous on a slender erect +funiculus; seed erect, 6-grooved. Achene obtusely triangular, partly +3-celled, enclosed in the indurated calyx. Embryo in one of the angles +of the mealy albumen, somewhat curved.--Somewhat shrubby with grooved +stems, climbing by tendrils from the ends of the branches. (Named for +_F. Brunnich_, a Danish naturalist.) + +1. B. cirrhosa, Banks. Glabrous; leaves ovate or heart-shaped pointed, +entire; petioles dilated at base and partly clasping, but with no +distinct sheath or stipules; flowers greenish, 2--5 in a fascicle from +the axil of an awl-shaped bract, these crowded in axillary and terminal +racemes; pedicel jointed near the base; fruiting calyx with the wing 1' +long.--S. Ill. to S. C. and Fla. + + +ORDER 90. PODOSTEMACEAE. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.) + +_Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, some with the aspect of_ +Sea-weeds, _or others of_ Mosses _or_ Liverworts; _the minute naked +flowers bursting from a spathe-like involucre as in_ Liverworts, +_producing a 2--3-celled many-seeded ribbed capsule_;--represented in +North America by + + +1. PODOSTEMON, Michx. RIVER-WEED. + +Flowers solitary, nearly sessile in a tubular sac-like involucre, +destitute of floral envelopes. Stamens 2, borne on one side of the stalk +of the ovary, with their long filaments united into one for more than +half their length, and 2 short sterile filaments, one on each side; +anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl shaped. Capsule pedicellate, oval, +8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very numerous on a thick +persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen.--Leaves 2-ranked. +(Name from [Greek: pou~s], _foot_, and [Greek: ste/mon], _stamen_; the +two stamens being apparently raised on a stalk by the side of the +ovary.) + +1. P. ceratophyllus, Michx. Leaves rigid or horny, dilated into a +sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear +lobes.--Not rare in shallow streams, E. Mass, to Minn., and southward. +July--Sept.--A small olive-green plant, of firm texture, resembling a +Seaweed, tenaciously attached to loose stones by fleshy disks or +processes in place of roots. + + +ORDER 91. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. (BIRTHWORT FAMILY.) + +_Twining shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous +lurid calyx valvate in bud and coherent (at least at base) with the +6-celled ovary, which forms a many-seeded 6-celled capsule or berry in +fruit. Stamens 6--12, more or less united with the style; anthers +adnate, extrorse._--Leaves petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. +Seeds anatropous, with a large fleshy rhaphe, and a minute embryo in +fleshy albumen. A small family of bitter-tonic or stimulant, sometimes +aromatic plants. + +1. Asarum. Stemless herbs. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct +filaments. + +2. Aristolochia. Caulescent herbs or twining shrubs. Stamens 6, the +sessile anthers adnate to the stigma. + + +1. ASARUM, Tourn. ASARABACCA. WILD GINGER. + +Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less +distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into +a point. Capsule rather fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly or +loculicidal. Seeds large, thick.--Stemless perennial herbs, with +aromatic-pungent creeping root-stocks bearing 2 or 3 scales, then one or +two kidney-shaped or heart-shaped leaves on long petioles, and a +short-peduncled flower close to the ground in the lower axil; in spring. +(An ancient name, of obscure derivation.) + +Sec. 1. _Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary, the tips inflexed in bud; +filaments slender, much longer than the short anthers; style barely +6-lobed at the summit, with 6 radiating thick stigmas; leaves a single +pair, unspotted._ + +1. A. Canadense, L. Soft-pubescent; leaves membranaceous, kidney-shaped, +more or less pointed (4--5' wide when full grown); calyx bell-shaped, +the upper part of the short-pointed lobes widely and abruptly spreading, +brown-purple inside.--Hillsides in rich woods; common, especially +northward. (Addendum)--Asarum Canadense. In this species there are +rudimentary subulate petals, alternate with the calyx-lobes. + +Sec. 2. _Calyx-tube inflated bell-shaped, somewhat contracted at the +throat, its base adnate to the lower half of the ovary; limb 3-cleft, +short; anthers sessile or nearly so, oblong-linear; styles 6, fleshy, +diverging, 2-cleft, bearing a thick extrorse stigma below the cleft; +leaves thickish, persistent, usually only one each year, often +whitish-mottled; peduncle very short; rootstocks clustered, ascending._ + +2. A. Virginicum, L. Nearly glabrous; _leaves round-heart-shaped_ (about +2' wide); calyx short, reticulated within; anthers pointless.--Va. to +Ga., in and near the mountains. + +3. A. arifolium, Michx. _Leaves halberd-heart-shaped_ (2--4' long); +calyx oblong-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes; _anthers obtusely +short-pointed_.--Va. to Fla. + + +2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. BIRTHWORT. + +Calyx tubular; the tube variously inflated above the ovary, mostly +contracted at the throat. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers wholly adnate +to the short and fleshy 3--6-lobed or angled style. Capsule naked, +septicidally 6-valved. Seeds very flat.--Twining, climbing, or sometimes +upright perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or +axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers. (Named from reputed +medicinal properties.) + +Sec. 1. _Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the +small limb obtusely 3-lobed; anthers contiguous in pairs (making 4 cells +in a row under each of the three truncate lobes of the stigma); low +herbs._ + +1. A. Serpentaria, L. (VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT.) Stems (8--15' high) branched +at base, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong (or narrower) from a +heart-shaped base or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed; flowers all +next the root, short-peduncled.--Rich woods, Conn. to Fla., west to +Mich., Mo., and La. July.--The fibrous, aromatic-stimulant root is well +known in medicine. + +Sec. 2. _Calyx-tube strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the +mouth, the short limb obscurely 3-lobed; anthers contiguous in pairs +under each of the 3 short and thick lobes of the stigma; very tall +twining shrubs; flowers from one or two of the superposed accessory +axillary buds._ + +2. A. Sipho, L'Her. (PIPE-VINE. DUTCHMAN'S PIPE.) _Nearly glabrous; +leaves round-kidney-shaped_ (sometimes 8--12' broad); peduncles with a +clasping bract; calyx (11/2' long) with a brown-purple _abrupt flat +border_.--Rich woods, Penn. to Ga., west to Minn. and Kan. May. + +3. A. tomentosa, Sims. _Downy or soft-hairy; leaves round-heart-shaped_, +very veiny (3--5' long); _calyx yellowish_, with an _oblique_ dark +purple closed _orifice_ and a _rugose reflexed limb_.--Rich woods, +mountains of N. C. to Fla., west to S. Ill. and Mo. June. + +Sec. 3. _Calyx-tube straight, open, with ample 6-lobed limb, the lobes +appendaged; anthers equidistant; erect herbs; flowers in axillary cymose +fascicles._ + +A. CLEMATITIS, L., with long-petioled cordate leaves, from Europe, is +said to have permanently escaped near Ithaca, N. Y. (_Dudley_). + + +ORDER 92. PIPERACEAE. (PEPPER FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, and perfect flowers +in spikes, entirely destitute of floral envelopes, and with 3--5 more or +less separate or united ovaries._--Ovules few, orthotropous. Embryo +heart-shaped, minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the +albumen.--The characters are those of the Tribe _Saurureae_, the +_Piperaceae_ proper (wholly tropical) differing in having a 1-celled and +1-ovuled ovary. + + +1. SAURURUS, L. LIZARD'S-TAIL. + +Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with distinct filaments. Fruit +somewhat fleshy, wrinkled, of 3--4 indehiscent carpels united at base. +Stigmas recurved. Seeds usually solitary, ascending.--Perennial marsh +herbs, with heart-shaped converging-ribbed petioled leaves, without +distinct stipules; flowers (each with a small bract adnate to or borne +on the pedicel) crowded in a slender wand-like and naked peduncled +terminal spike or raceme (its appearance giving rise to the name, from +[Greek: sau~ros], _a lizard_, and [Greek: ou)ra/], _tail_). + +1. S. cernuus, L. Flowers white, fragrant; spike nodding at the end; +bract lanceolate; filaments long and capillary.--Swamps, Conn. to Ont., +Minn., Mo., and southward. June--Aug. + + +ORDER 93. LAURACEAE. (LAUREL FAMILY.) + +_Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marked +with minute pellucid dots, and flowers with a regular calyx of 4 or 6 +colored sepals, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from the 1-celled +and 1-ovuled ovary, and mostly fewer than the stamens; anthers opening +by 2 or 4 uplifted valves._--Flowers clustered. Style single. Fruit a +1-seeded berry or drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, +filled by the large almond-like embryo. + +[*] Flowers perfect, panicled; stamens 12, three of them sterile, three +with extrorse anthers. + +1. Persea. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled. Evergreen. + +[*][*] Flowers dioecious, or nearly so; stamens in the sterile flowers +9. Leaves deciduous. + +2. Sassafras. Flowers in corymb- or umbel-like racemes. Anthers +4-celled, 4-valved. + +3. Litsea. Flowers few in involucrate umbels. Anthers 4-celled, +4-valved. + +4. Lindera. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved. + + +1. PERSEA, Gaertn. ALLIGATOR PEAR. + +Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, persistent at the base of the +berry-like fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row +sterile and gland-like, the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i.e. with +each proper cell divided transversely into two), opening by as many +uplifted valves; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outward, the others +introrse.--Trees, with persistent entire leaves, and small panicled +flowers. (An ancient name of some Oriental tree.) + +1. P. Carolinensis, Nees. (RED BAY.) Hoary with a fine down, at least +when young; leaves oblong, pale, soon smooth above; peduncle bearing few +flowers in a close cluster; sepals downy, the outer shorter; berries +dark blue, on a red stalk.--Swamps, S. Del. to Fla. and Tex. May. A +small tree. + + +2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. + +Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx; the sterile kind +with 9 stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner +with a pair of stalked glands at the base of each; anthers 4-celled, +4-valved; fertile flowers with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid +ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue), supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy +reddish pedicel.--Trees, with spicy-aromatic bark, and very mucilaginous +twigs and foliage; leaves deciduous, often lobed. Flowers +greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled corymbed racemes, +appearing with the leaves, involucrate with scaly bracts. Leaf-buds +scaly. (The popular name, applied by the early French settlers in +Florida.) + +1. S. officinale, Nees. Trees 15--125 deg. high, with yellowish-green twigs; +leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed, soon glabrous.--Rich +woods, E. Mass. to S. Ont., Mich., E. Iowa and Kan., and south to the +Gulf. April. + + +3. LITSEA, Lam. + +Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyx; the sterile with 9 +stamens in 3 rows; their anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valved; +fertile flowers with 12 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular +ovary. Drupe globular.--Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves, and small +flowers in axillary clustered umbels. (Name of Chinese origin.) + +1. L. geniculata, Benth. & Hook. (POND SPICE.) Flowers (yellow) +appearing before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the +midrib beneath; branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag; +involucres 2--4-leaved, 2--4-flowered; fruit red. (Tetranthera +geniculata, _Nees._)--Swamps, Va. to Fla. April. + + +4. LINDERA, Thunb. WILD ALLSPICE. FEVER-BUSH. + +Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx; the sterile +with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner filaments 1--2-lobed and +gland-bearing at base; anthers 2-celled and 2-valved; fertile flowers +with 15--18 rudiments of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe +obovoid, red, the stalk not thickened.--Shrubs, with deciduous leaves, +and honey-yellow flowers in almost sessile lateral umbel-like clusters, +appearing before the leaves (in our species); the clusters composed of +smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4--6 flowers and surrounded by an +involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Leaf-buds scaly. (Named for _John +Linder_, a Swedish botanist of the early part of the 18th century.) + +1. L. Benzoin, Blume. (SPICE-BUSH. BENJAMIN-BUSH.) _Nearly smooth_ +(6--15 deg. high); _leaves oblong-obovate_, pale underneath.--Damp woods, N. +Eng. to Ont., Mich., E. Kan., and southward. March, April. + +2. _L. melissaefolia_, Blume. Young branches and buds _pubescent; leaves +oblong, obtuse or heart-shaped_ at base, downy beneath; umbels few.--Low +grounds, N. C. to Fla., west to S. Ill. and Mo. April. + + +ORDER 94. THYMELAEACEAE. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.) + +_Shrubs, with acrid and very tough (not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, +and perfect flowers with a regular and simple colored calyx, bearing +usually twice as many stamens as its lobes, free from the 1-celled and +1-ovuled ovary_, which forms a berry-like drupe in fruit, with a single +suspended anatropous seed. Embryo large; albumen little or none. + +1. Dirca. Calyx tubular, without spreading lobes. Stamens and style +exserted. + +2. Daphne. Calyx-lobes (4) spreading. Stamens included. Style very short +or none. + + +1. DIRCA, L. LEATHERWOOD. MOOSEWOOD. + +Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or +obscurely about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the +calyx above the middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style +thread-form; stigma capitate. Drupe oval (reddish).--A much-branched +bush, with jointed branchlets, oval-obovate alternate leaves, at length +smooth, deciduous, on very short petioles, the bases of which conceal +the buds of the next season. Flowers light yellow, preceding the leaves, +3 or 4 in a cluster from a bud of as many dark-hairy scales, forming an +involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy branch. (Name of +uncertain derivation.) + +1. D. palustris, L. Shrub 2--5 deg. high; the wood white, soft, and very +brittle; but the fibrous bark remarkably tough (used by the Indians for +thongs, whence the popular names).--Damp rich woods, N. Brunswick to +Minn. and Mo., south to the Gulf. April. + +2. DAPHNE, Linn. MEZEREUM. + +Calyx salver-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped, the border spreading and +4-lobed. Stamens 8, included; the anthers nearly sessile on the +calyx-tube. Style very short or none; stigma capitate. Drupe +red.--Hardy low shrub. (Mythological name of the nymph transformed by +Apollo into a Laurel.) + +D. MEZEREUM, L. Shrub 1--3 deg. high, with purple-rose-colored (rarely +white) flowers, in lateral clusters on shoots of the preceding year, +before the lanceolate very smooth green leaves; berries red.--Escaped +from cultivation in Canada, Mass., and N. Y. Early spring. (Nat. from +Eu.) + + +ORDER 95. ELAEAGNACEAE. (OLEASTER FAMILY.) + +_Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurfy leaves and perfect or +dioecious flowers_; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by +the erect or ascending albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming +pulpy and berry-like in fruit, strictly enclosing the achene. + +1. Elaeagnus. Flowers perfect. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate. + +2. Shepherdia. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite. + +1. ELAEAGNUS, Tourn. + +Flowers perfect. Calyx cylindric-campanulate above the persistent oblong +or globose base, the limb valvately 4-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 4, in +the throat. Style linear, stigmatic on one side. Fruit drupe-like, with +an oblong, 8-striate stone.--Leaves alternate, entire and petioled, and +flowers axillary and pedicellate. (From [Greek: e)lai/a], _the olive_, +and [Greek: a)/gnos], _sacred_, the Greek name of the Chaste-tree, +_Vitex Agnus-castus_.) + +1. E. argentea, Pursh. (SILVER-BERRY.) A stoloniferous unarmed shrub +(6--12 deg. high), the younger branches covered with ferruginous scales; +leaves elliptic to lanceolate, undulate, silvery-scurfy and more or less +ferruginous; flowers numerous, deflexed, silvery without, pale yellow +within, fragrant; fruit scurfy, round-ovoid, dry and mealy, edible, +4--5'' long.--N. W. Minn. to Utah and Montana. + + +2. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. + +Flowers dioecious; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the +bud) and 8 stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick +disk; the fertile with an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary +(the orifice closed by the teeth of the disk), and becoming berry-like +in fruit. Style slender; stigma 1-sided.--Leaves opposite, entire, +deciduous; the small flowers nearly sessile in their axils on the +branches, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for _John +Shepherd_, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.) + +1. S. Canadensis, Nutt. Leaves elliptical or ovate, nearly naked and +green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty scales beneath; fruit +yellowish-red, insipid.--Rocky or gravelly banks, Vt. and N. Y. to +Mich., Minn., and north and westward. May.--Shrub 3--6 deg. high, the +branchlets, young leaves, yellowish flowers, etc., covered with rusty +scales. + +2. S. argentea, Nutt. (BUFFALO-BERRY.) Somewhat thorny, 5--18 deg. high; +leaves cuneate-oblong, silvery on both sides; fruit ovoid, scarlet, acid +and edible.--N. Minn. to Col., and westward. + + +ORDER 96. LORANTHACEAE. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.) + +_Shrubby plants with coriaceous greenish foliage, parasitic on trees_, +represented in the northern temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe and +its near allies; distinguished from the next family more by the +parasitic growth and habit, and by the more reduced flowers, than by +essential characters. + +1. Phoradendron. Anthers 2-celled. Berry globose, pulpy. Leaves +foliaceous. + +2. Arceuthobium. Anthers a single orbicular cell. Berry compressed, +fleshy. Leaves scale-like, connate. + + +1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. FALSE MISTLETOE. + +Flowers dioecious, in short catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several +to each short fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx +globular, 3- (rarely 2--4-) lobed; in the staminate flowers a sessile +anther is borne on the base of each lobe, transversely 2-celled, each +cell opening by a pore or slit; in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube +adheres to the ovary; stigma sessile, obtuse. Berry 1-seeded, pulpy. +Embryo small, half imbedded in the summit of mucilaginous +albumen.--Yellowish-green woody parasites on the branches of trees, with +jointed much-branched stems, thick and firm persistent leaves (or only +scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of flowers. (Name +composed of [Greek: pho/r], _a thief_, and [Greek: de/ndron], _tree_; +from the parasitic habit.) + +1. P. flavescens, Nutt. (AMERICAN MISTLETOE.) Leaves obovate or oval, +somewhat petioled, longer than the spikes, yellowish; berries white.--On +various deciduous trees, N. J. to S. Ind., Mo., and southward. + + +2. ARCEUTHOBIUM, Bieb. + +Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or several from the same axil. +Calyx mostly compressed; the staminate usually 3-parted, the pistillate +2-toothed. Anthers a single orbicular cell, opening by a circular slit. +Berry compressed, fleshy, on a short recurved pedicel.--Parasitic on +Conifers, glabrous, with rectangular branches and connate scale-like +leaves; flowers often crowded in apparent spikes or panicles, opening in +summer or autumn and maturing fruit the next autumn. (From [Greek: +a)/rkeuthos], _the juniper_, and [Greek: bi/os], _life_.) + +1. A. pusillum, Peck. Very dwarf, the slender scattered or clustered +stems 3--10'' high, usually simple, olive-green to chestnut; scales +obtuse; flowers solitary in most of the axils; fruit narrowly oblong, +1'' long.--On _Abies nigra_; N. New York; Hanover, N. H. (_Jesup_). + + +ORDER 97. SANTALACEAE. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves; the 4--5-cleft calyx +valvate in the bud, its tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, which +contains 2--4 ovules suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free +central placenta which rises from the base of the cell, but the +(indehiscent) fruit always 1-seeded._--Seed destitute of any proper +seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of copious albumen; radicle +directed upward; cotyledons cylindrical. Stamens equal in number to the +lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the edge of the +fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small order, the greater part +belonging to warm regions. + +1. Comandra. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like clusters. Low herbaceous +perennials. + +2. Pyrularia. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, in short spikes or +racemes. Shrub. + + +1. COMANDRA, Nutt. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX. + +Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the +ovary with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens +inserted on the edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes +of the calyx, to the middle of which the anthers are connected by a tuft +of thread-like hairs. Fruit drupe-like or nut-like, crowned by the +persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity filled by the globular seed.--Low and +smooth (sometimes parasitic) perennials, with herbaceous stems from a +rather woody base or root, alternate and almost sessile leaves, and +greenish-white flowers in terminal or axillary small umbel-like +clusters. (Name from [Greek: ko/me], _hair_, and [Greek: a)/ndres], for +_stamens_, in allusion to the hairs on the calyx-lobes which are +attached to the anthers.) + +1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Stem 8--10' high, branched, very leafy; leaves +oblong, pale (1' long); _peduncles_ several and _corymbose-clustered at +the summit, several-flowered_; calyx-tube conspicuously continued as a +neck to the dry _globular-urn-shaped fruit; the lobes oblong; style +slender_.--Dry ground, common. May, June. Root forming parasitic +attachments to the roots of trees. + +2. C. pallida, A. DC. _Leaves narrower, more glaucous and acuter, linear +to narrowly lanceolate_ (or those upon the main stem oblong), all acute +or somewhat cuspidate; _fruit ovoid, larger_ (3--4'' long), sessile or +on short stout pedicels.--W. Minn. to S. W. Kan., and westward. + +3. C. livida, Richardson. _Peduncles_ slender, _axillary, +3--5-flowered_, shorter than the oval leaves; calyx-tube not continued +beyond the ovary, _the lobes ovate; style short_; fruit pulpy when ripe, +red.--Newf., N. Vt., sandy shores of L. Superior, and northward. + + +2. PYRULARIA, Michx. OIL-NUT. BUFFALO-NUT. + +Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 4--5-cleft, the lobes recurved, +hairy-tufted at base in the male flowers. Stamens 4 or 5, on very short +filaments, alternate with as many rounded glands. Fertile flowers with a +pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent tube of the calyx, naked at +the flat summit; disk with 5 glands; style short and thick; stigma +capitate-flattened. Fruit fleshy and drupe-like, pear shaped; the +globose endocarp thin. Embryo small; albumen very oily.--Shrubs or +trees, with alternate short-petioled and deciduous leaves; the small +greenish flowers in short and simple spikes or racemes. (Name a +diminutive of _Pyrus_, from the shape of the fruit.) + +1. P. pubera, Michx. Shrub straggling (3--12 deg. high), minutely downy when +young, at length nearly glabrous; leaves obovate-oblong, acute or +pointed at both ends, soft, very veiny, minutely pellucid-punctate; +spike small and few-flowered, terminal; calyx 5-cleft; fruit 1' long. +(P. oleifera, _Gray_.)--Rich woods, mountains of Penn. to Ga. Whole +plant, especially the fruit, imbued with an acrid oil. + + +ORDER 98. EUPHORBIACEAE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) + +_Plants usually with a milky acrid juice, and monoecious or dioecious +flowers, mostly apetalous, sometimes achlamydeous (occasionally +polypetalous or monopetalous); the ovary free and usually 3-celled, with +a single or sometimes a pair of ovules hanging from the summit of each +cell; stigmas or branches of the style as many or twice as many as the +cells; fruit commonly a 3-lobed capsule, the lobes or carpels separating +elastically from a persistent axis and elastically 2-valved; seed +anatropous; embryo straight, almost as long as and the flat cotyledons +mostly as wide as the fleshy or oily albumen._ Stipules often +present.--A vast family in the warmer parts of the world; most +numerously represented in northern countries by the genus Euphorbia, +which has very reduced flowers within a calyx-like involucre. + +[*] Flowers all without calyx, included in a cup-shaped calyx-like +involucre,--the whole liable to be mistaken for a single flower. + +1. Euphorbia. Involucre surrounding many staminate flowers (each of a +single naked stamen) and one pistillate flower (a 3-lobed pistil). + +[*][*] Flowers with a calyx, without involucre. + +[+] Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell; flowers monoecious. + +2. Pachysandra. Flowers in basal spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, +distinct. + +3. Phyllanthus. Flowers axillary. Stamens 3, united. + +[+][+] Seeds and ovules 1 in each cell. + +[a.] Flowers apetalous, in cymose panicles (2--3-chotomous); stamens 10, +erect in the bud. + +4. Jatropha. Calyx corolla-like, the staminate salver-form; armed with +stinging hairs. + +[b.] Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. Stamens inflexed in the bud. +Stellate-downy or scurfy, or hairy and glandular; leaves mostly entire. + +5. Croton. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely +2--4-) celled. + +6. Crotonopsis. Flowers scattered on the branchlets. Ovary and fruit +1-celled. + +[c.] Flowers in axillary spikes or racemes (except n. 9), apetalous +(except n. 7). Stamens 8 or more; anthers erect in the bud. + +7. Argythamnia. Petals and sepals 5. Stamens 10--15, united. Styles +bifid, linear. + +8. Acalypha. Calyx 4- (3--5-) parted. Stamens mostly 8. Fertile flowers +in the axils of leafy bracts. Stigmas finely dissected. + +9. Ricinus. Racemes terminal, subpanicled. Calyx 3--5-parted. Stamens +very numerous; the filaments repeatedly branched. Styles 2-parted. + +[d.] Flowers apetalous, in racemes or spikes pistillate at base. Stamens +2 or 3. Styles simple. + +10. Tragia. Flowers racemose. Calyx-lobes valvate in bud. Hirsute or +pubescent. + +11. Stillingia. Flowers spicate. Calyx-lobes imbricate in bud. Fertile +bracts glanduliferous. Glabrous. + + +1. EUPHORBIA, L. SPURGE. + +Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4--5-lobed involucre +(_flower_ of older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, and usually +bearing large thick glands (with or without petal-like margins) at its +sinuses. Sterile flowers numerous and lining the base of the involucre, +each from the axil of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single +stamen jointed on a pedicel like the filament; anther-cells globular, +separate. Fertile flower solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon +protruded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed and 3-celled ovary +with no calyx, or a mere vestige. Styles 3, each 2-cleft; the stigmas +therefore 6. Pod separating into 3 1-seeded carpels, which split +elastically into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled (ours only in Secs. 5 and +6).--Plants (herbs in the United States), with a milky acrid juice. +Peduncles terminal, often umbellate-clustered; in the first section +mostly appearing lateral, but not really axillary. (Named after +_Euphorbus_, physician to King Juba.) + +[A.] _Glands of the involucre with petal-like, usually white or +rose-colored, margins or appendages; these almost obsolete in n. 1._ + +Sec. 1. ANISOPHYLLUM. _Leaves all opposite, short-petioled, small, oblique +at base; stipules awl-shaped or scaly and often fringed, persistent; +stems much branched, spreading or usually procumbent; involucres +solitary in the forks or in terminal or pseudo-lateral clusters, small, +with 4 glands; seeds ash-colored (except in n. 10); annuals._ + +[*] _Seeds smooth and even; leaves entire; whole plant glabrous._ + +1. E. polygonifolia, L. Prostrate-spreading; _leaves oblong-linear_, +obtuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at base (4--8'' long); +stipules setaceously divided; peduncles in the forks, as long as the +petioles; lobes of the involucre longer than the _minute not appendaged +glands_; pods obtusely angled; seeds ovate (over 1'' long, the largest +of this section).--Sandy shores of the Atlantic and of the Great Lakes. + +2. E. Geyeri, Engelm. Procumbent; _leaves oblong-ovate_, obtuse, +slightly mucronate, mostly acutish at base, lowermost cordate (3--6'' +long); stipules setaceously divided; peduncles as long as the petioles, +at length in loose foliaceous lateral clusters; glands with _narrow +white or red appendages_; pods acutely angled; seeds ovate, acute at one +end (1/2'' long).--Sandy soil, Ill. to Wisc., Minn., and Kan. + +3. E. petaloidea, Engelm. Resembling the last, but half-erect and +spreading; _leaves longer, narrower, retuse or emarginate_; peduncles +longer than the petioles; involucres larger, _the broadly campanulate +appendages much larger and conspicuous_; pod obtusely angled; seeds +nearly 1'' long.--From Iowa and Mo., westward. + +4. E. serpens, HBK. Stems filiform, prostrate, and often rooting; +_leaves round-ovate_, obtuse or cordate at base (only 1/2--11/2'' long); +_stipules membranaceous, triangular_; peduncles much longer than the +petioles, at length in loose foliaceous lateral clusters; glands of the +very small involucre with _minute crenulate appendages_; pods acutely +angled; seeds obtusely angled (1/2'' long or less).--Rich soil, Ill. and +Iowa to Kan., and southward. Rarely adv. eastward. + +[*][*] _Seeds minutely roughened or transversely wrinkled or pitted; +leaves more or less serrulate, smooth or often hairy._ + +5. E. serpyllifolia, Pers. Glabrous, prostrate-spreading; _leaves +obovate-oblong_, narrowed at the very oblique base, sharply serrulate +toward the obtuse apex (3--6'' long, often with a red spot); stipules +lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles as long as or longer than the petioles, +at length in loose foliaceous lateral clusters; glands of the small +involucre with narrow somewhat toothed appendages; pods sharply angled; +_seeds acutely quadrangular, slightly cross-wrinkled_, often pitted +(nearly 3/4'' long).--Wisc. to Mo., and westward. + +6. E. glyptosperma, Engelm. Glabrous (or very rarely puberulent), +erect-spreading; _leaves linear-oblong_, mostly falcate, very unequal at +base, slightly serrulate toward the obtuse apex (2--5'' long); stipules +lanceolate, setaceously divided; peduncles as long as the petioles, in +dense foliaceous lateral clusters; glands of the very small involucre +with narrow crenulate appendages; pods sharply angled; _seeds sharply +4-angled and with 5 or 6 sharp transverse wrinkles_ (1/2'' long).--Ont. to +Wisc., Ill., Mo., and westward. + +7. E. maculata, L. Prostrate; stems puberulent or hairy; _leaves +oblong-linear_, very oblique at base, serrulate upward, more or less +pubescent or sometimes smoothish (4--6'' long), usually with a brown-red +spot in the centre; stipules lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles as long as +the petioles, in dense foliaceous lateral clusters; glands of the small +involucre minute, with narrow slightly crenate (usually red) appendages; +pods acutely angled, puberulent; _seeds ovate_ ({2/5}'' long), _sharply +4-angled and with about 4 shallow grooves across the concave +sides_.--Open places, roadsides, etc., common. + +8. E. humistrata, Engelm. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy; _leaves +elliptical or obovate_, very oblique at base, serrulate toward the apex, +sparsely hairy underneath (4--9'' long, sometimes with a brown spot +above); stipules lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles rather shorter than +the petioles, in dense scarcely foliaceous lateral clusters; _involucre +cleft on the back_, its (red or white) appendages truncate or crenate; +pods sharply angled, puberulent; _seeds ovate, obtusely angled, minutely +roughened_ (1/2'' long).--Rich soil, Ind. and W. Tenn. to Minn. and Kan. + +9. E. Preslii, Guss. Smooth or with scattered hairs, ascending or erect +(1--2 deg. high); leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, +ovate-oblong or oblong-linear, sometimes falcate, serrate (1/2--11/2' long), +often with a red spot or red margins; stipules triangular; peduncles +longer than the petioles, collected in loose leafy terminal cymes; +_appendages entire_, larger and white, or smaller and sometimes red; +_pod glabrous, obtusely angled; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, wrinkled +and tubercled_ (1/2'' long), blackish. (E. hypericifolia of _Man._, not +_L._)--Common throughout the U. S. east of the plains. + +Sec. 2. ZYGOPHYLLIDIUM. _Leaves opposite, on short petioles, not oblique, +with stipular glands; stems dichotomously branched, erect; cymes +terminal; involucres with 5 glands; seeds tuberculate._ + +10. E. hexagona, Nutt. Somewhat hairy (1 deg. high or more); branches +striate-angled; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire; involucre hairy +without and within; glands with green ovate-triangular appendages twice +their length; capsule smooth; seeds ovate.--Iowa to Tex., west to Col. +and Montana. + +Sec. 3. PETALOMA. _Uppermost leaves with conspicuous white petal-like +margins, whorled or opposite, the others scattered; erect annuals, with +leaves equal at base and entire, and with lanceolate deciduous stipules; +involucres 5-lobed, in an umbel-like inflorescence._ + +11. E. marginata, Pursh. Stem stout (2--3 deg. high), erect, hairy; leaves +sessile, ovate or oblong, acute; umbel with 3 dichotomous rays; glands +of the involucre with broad white appendages.--Minn. to Mo., west to +Col., also spreading eastward to Ohio, and frequently escaped from +gardens, where it is often cultivated for its showy broadly +white-margined floral leaves. + +Sec. 4. TITHYMALOPSIS. _Only the uppermost leaves whorled or opposite; +erect perennials, with entire leaves equal at base; stipules none; +involucres mostly 5-lobed, in the forks of the branches and terminal; +inflorescence umbelliform._ + +12. E. corollata, L. Glabrous or sometimes sparingly hairy (2--3 deg. high); +leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse; umbel 5- (3--7-) +forked, and the forks again 2--3- (or rarely 5-) forked; involucres +long-peduncled, with showy white appendages (appearing like petals), the +lobes minute and incurved; pod slender-pedicelled, smooth; seeds thick +(1'' long or more), ash-colored, slightly uneven.--Rich or sandy soil, +N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., west to Minn. and La., also adventive in Mass. +July--Oct. + +[B.] _Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendages._ + +Sec. 5. POINSETTIA. _Involucres in terminal clusters, 4--5-lobed, with few +(or often solitary) cup-shaped glands; erect annuals, with variable, +entire, dentate, or sinuate leaves, all or only the upper ones opposite; +the uppermost often colored, especially at base; stipules small and +glandular._ + +13. E. dentata, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (1 deg. high); leaves +ovate, lanceolate, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (1--2' long), +_only the lowest alternate_, the upper often paler at base; involucres +almost sessile, with 5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or sometimes more +_short-stalked glands_; seeds ovate-globular, slightly tubercled.--Rich +soil, Penn. to Tenn., Iowa, E. Kan., and southward. July--Sept. + +14. E. heterophylla, L. Erect (1--3 deg. high), glabrous; _leaves +alternate_, petioled, ovate-fiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or +lanceolate or linear and entire, often only those of the branches +linear; the upper usually with a red base; involucres about the length +of the peduncle, with 5 ovate incised lobes and a single or few and +_almost sessile glands_; seeds nearly globular, tubercled.--Slopes and +rocky soil, Minn. to W. Ill., Iowa and Mo. + +Sec. 6. TITHYMALUS. _Involucres in a terminal dichotomous or commonly +umbelliform inflorescence, 5- or usually 4-lobed, with as many flat or +convex entire or crescent-shaped glands; seeds carunculate (except +n. 15); ours ascending or erect, and mostly glabrous, without stipules._ + +[*] _Perennials with entire leaves, all or only the upper opposite; +involucres long-peduncled in a dichotomous inflorescence, mostly with 5 +transversely oblong glands; seeds without caruncle._ + +15. E. Ipecacuanhae, L. Stems many from a very long perpendicular root, +erect or diffusely spreading (5--10' long), forking from near the base; +leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, almost +sessile, glabrous; peduncles elongated (1/2--1' long); pod +long-pedicelled, obtusely angled, nearly smooth; seed ovate, white, +sparsely marked with impressed dots.--Sandy soil, near the coast; Conn. +to Fla.; also barrens of S. Ind. + +[*][*] _Leaves scattered, only the floral in the umbelliform +inflorescence whorled or opposite and of a different shape; glands +mostly 4._ + +[+] _Leaves serrulate or rarely entire; glands transversely oval, +obtuse._ + +[++] _Seeds smooth and even; pod warty or rough._ + +16. E. Darlingtonii, Gray. Tall _perennial_ (2--4 deg. high); _leaves +entire, minutely downy beneath_; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong +from a narrow base; the floral oval, very obtuse; the upper +roundish-dilated with a truncate base; umbel 5--8-rayed, then simply +forked; _pod minutely warty_; large globular seed with a small +caruncle.--Copses, N. Y. and Penn., to the mountains of N. C. +July--Sept. + +17. E. obtusata, Pursh. Erect _annual_ (1--2 deg. high); _leaves +oblong-spatulate_, minutely serrulate, _smooth, all obtuse_; upper ones +cordate at base; floral ones ovate, dilated, barely mucronate; umbel +once or twice divided into 3 rays, then into 2; _involucre with naked +lobes_ and small stipitate glands; _styles distinct_, longer than the +ovary, erect, _2-cleft to the middle_; pod beset with long warts.--Damp +woods, Va. to S. C., west to Iowa and Kan. May--July. + +E. PLATYPHYLLA, L. Erect _annual_ (8--18' high); upper _stem-leaves +lanceolate-oblong, acute_, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly +_with scattered hairs beneath_; floral ones triangular-ovate, +subcordate; umbel 5-rayed; _involucre with ciliate lobes_ and large +sessile glands; _styles_ longer than the ovary, _united at base, +slightly 2-cleft_; pod covered with depressed warts.--Along the St. +Lawrence and Great Lakes to Mich. June--Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) + +[++][++] _Seeds rugose or reticulated; leaves serrulate; annuals._ + +18. E. dictyosperma, Fischer & Meyer. Stem erect (8--18' high); _leaves_ +oblong- or obovate-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and _obtusely serrate_; +upper ones cordate at base; floral ones roundish-ovate or obscurely +heart-shaped, slightly mucronate; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then +2-forked; involucre with nearly naked lobes and _small almost sessile +glands_; styles shorter than the ovary, spreading or recurved; _pod +warty; seeds delicately reticulated_.--Prairies and roadsides, Md. to +Minn., Ala., and westward. May--July. + +E. HELIOSCOPIA, L. Stems ascending (6--12' high), stout; _leaves all +obovate_ and very rounded or retuse at the end, _finely serrate_, smooth +or a little hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped; umbel divided into 5 +rays, then into 3, or at length simply forked; _glands orbicular, +stalked; pods smooth and even; seeds with coarse honeycomb-like +reticulations_.--Waste places, eastward and along the Great Lakes to +Mich. July--Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[+][+] _Leaves entire; glands crescent-shaped or 2-horned._ + +[++] _Seeds smooth and dark-colored; perennials, with running +rootstocks._ + +E. ESULA, L. Stems clustered (1 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate or linear, +the floral_ (yellowish) _broadly heart-shaped_, mucronate; umbel divided +into many rays, then forking; _glands short-horned_ (brown); pods +smoothish and granular.--Mass., western N. Y., and Mich.; rare. (Adv. +from Eu.) + +E. CYPARISSIAS, L. Stems densely clustered (6--10' high); _stem-leaves +linear, crowded, the floral heart-shaped_; umbel many-rayed; _glands +crescent-shaped_; pods granular.--Escaped from gardens, common. (Nat. +from Eu.) + +E. NICAEENSIS, All. _Stout and tall_ glabrous perennial; _leaves oblong +or oblong-lanceolate_, the floral broadly heart-shaped, mucronate; +terminal umbel many-rayed, the rays forking; glands short-horned; _pods +finely wrinkled_.--A rare escape; Binghampton, N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.) + +[++][++] _Seeds sculptured, ash-colored; pod smooth; annuals or +biennials._ + +E. PEPLUS, L. Erect or ascending (5--10' high); _leaves petioled_, thin +round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate; umbel 3-rayed, then forking; +glands long-horned; lobes of the _pod 2-wing-crested_ on the back; +_seeds 2-grooved on the inner face, pitted on the back_ (scarcely over +1/2'' long).--Waste places, N. Eng. to N. J. and western N. Y. (Adv. from +En.) + +19. E. commutata, Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly decumbent base +(6--12' high); _leaves_ obovate, obtuse; the upper all _sessile_, the +upper floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long; umbel 3-forked; +glands with slender horns; _capsule obtusely angled; seeds ovate, pitted +all over_ (1'' long).--Along streams and shady slopes, Md. to Fla., +Minn., and Mo. + +[*][*][*] _Glabrous annual or biennial with entire opposite and +decussate leaves, an umbelliform inflorescence, and short-horned +glands._ + +E. LATHYRIS, L. Stem stout (2--3 deg. high); leaves thick, linear or oblong, +the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped; umbel 4-rayed, then +forking.--Sparingly escaped from gardens, N. Eng. to N. C. (Adv. from +Eu.) + + +2. PACHYSANDRA, Michx. + +Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4--5-parted. Petals none. +_Ster. Fl._ Stamens 4, separate; filaments long-exserted, thick and +flat; anthers oblong-linear. _Fert. Fl._ Ovary 3-celled; styles 3, +thick, awl-shaped, recurved, stigmatic down their whole length inside. +Ovules a pair in each cell, suspended, with the rhaphe dorsal (turned +away from the placenta). Capsule deeply 3-horned, 3-celled, splitting +into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seeded carpels.--Nearly glabrous, low and +procumbent perennial herbs, with matted creeping rootstocks, and +alternate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves, narrowed at base +into a petiole. Flowers each 1--3-bracted, the upper staminate, a few +fertile ones at base, unpleasantly scented; sepals greenish or purplish; +filaments white (their size and thickness giving the name, from [Greek: +pachu/s], _thick_, and [Greek: a)ne/r], used for _stamen_). + +1. P. procumbens, Michx. Stems (6--9' long) bearing several approximate +leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered spikes +along the base; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small +scales.--Woods, mountains of Ky., W. Va., and southward. March--May. + + +3. PHYLLANTHUS, L. + +Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx usually 5--6-parted, imbricated in +the bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3, erect in the bud, often united. +Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Capsule depressed; each carpel +2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds not carunculate.--Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, +with small stipules. (Name composed of [Greek: phy/llon], _leaf_, and +[Greek: a)/nthos], _blossom_, because the flowers in a few species are +borne upon leaf-like dilated branches.) + +1. P. Carolinensis, Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched; leaves +obovate or oval, short-petioled; flowers commonly 2 in each axil, almost +sessile, one staminate, the other fertile; calyx 6-parted; stamens 3; +styles 3, each 2-cleft; glands of the disk in the fertile flowers united +in a cup.--Gravelly banks, E. Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Ill. +July--Sept. + + +4. JATROPHA, L. + +Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, in a terminal open forking cyme; +the fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like, in the +staminate flowers often salver shaped, 5-lobed; in the pistillate, +5-parted, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct or +apparently united petals, or none. Glands of the disk opposite the +calyx-lobes. Stamens 10--30, in 2 or more whorls; filaments monadelphous +at base. Ovary mostly 3-celled; styles 3, united below, their summits +once or twice forked. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded, separating into 3 +two-valved carpels. Seed carunculate.--Perennial herbaceous or shrubby +plants, chiefly tropical, with alternate mostly long-petioled +palmately-veined leaves, and stipules.--Our species is of the section +CNIDOSCOLUS, with apetalous flowers, the staminate corolla salver-form, +and the plants mostly armed with stinging bristles. (Name said by +Linnaeus to be formed of [Greek: i)atro\n], _a remedy_, and [Greek: +pha/go], _to eat_.) + +1. J. stimulosa, Michx. (TREAD-SOFTLY. SPURGE-NETTLE.) Herbaceous, +from a long perennial root, branching (6'--2 deg. high); leaves +roundish-heart-shaped, 3--5-lobed nearly to the base, on long petioles; +the divisions entire or acutely toothed, cut, or even pinnatifid, often +discolored; flowers white, fragrant, 9'' long or more; filaments 10, +monadelphous only at the woolly base, or the outer set almost distinct. +(J. urens, var. stimulosa, _J. Muell._)--Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and +La. June--Sept. + + +5. CROTON, L. + +Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, mostly in terminal spike-like +racemes or spikes. _Ster. Fl._ Calyx 5- (rarely 4--6-) parted; the +divisions lightly imbricated or nearly valvate in the bud. Petals +usually present, as many, but mostly small or rudimentary, hypogynous. +Glands or lobes of the disk as many as and alternate with the petals. +Receptacle usually hairy. Stamens 5 or more; filaments with the anthers +inflexed in the bud. _Fert. Fl._ Calyx 5--10-cleft or parted, nearly as +in the staminate flowers; but petals none or minute rudiments. Ovary +3- (rarely 2--4-) celled, with a single ovule in each cell; styles as +many, from once to thrice 2-cleft. Capsule separating into as many +2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds carunculate.--Stellate-downy, or +scurfy, or hairy and glandular plants, mostly strong-scented; the +fertile flowers usually at the base of the sterile spike or cluster. +Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite, with or without +obvious stipules. ([Greek: Kroto/n], the Greek name of the Castor-oil +Plant, of this family.) + +[*] _Sterile flowers with 4-parted calyx, as many petals, a 4-rayed disk +and 8 stamens; fertile flowers with 5-parted calyx, very minute +rudimentary petals, and the 3 styles 2-cleft._ + +1. C. glandulosus, L. Annual, rough-hairy and glandular (1--2 deg. high), +somewhat umbellately branched; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely +toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side; fertile +flowers capitate-clustered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in +the forks and terminal.--Open waste places, Va. to Iowa, E. Kan. and +southward. + +[*][*] _Sterile flowers with 5-parted calyx, as many glands alternating +with the petals, and 10--14 stamens; fertile flowers with 7--12-parted +calyx, no petals, and the 3 styles twice or thrice 2-parted._ + +2. C. capitatus, Michx. Annual, densely soft-woolly and somewhat +glandular (1--2 deg. high), branched; leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong or +elongated-oblong, rounded at base, entire; petals obovate-lanceolate, +densely fimbriate; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base +of the short terminal sterile spike.--Barrens, N. J. to Ga., west to S. +Ind., Iowa, and E. Kan. July--Sept. + +[*][*][*] _Sterile flowers with unequally 3--5-parted calyx, as many +petals and scale-like glands, and 3--8 stamens; fertile flowers with +equally 5-parted calyx, no petals, 5 glands, and 2 sessile 2-parted +stigmas._ + +3. C. monanthogynus, Michx. Annual, whitish-stellate-pubescent and +rusty-glandular; stems (1--2 deg. high) slender, erect, below often +umbellately 3--4-forked, then repeatedly 2--3-forked or alternately +branched; leaves oblong-ovate or narrowly oblong, entire, often acutish +(6--12'' long, about twice the length of the petioles); flowers in the +forks, the sterile few on the summit of a short and erect peduncle, the +fertile few and clustered or mostly solitary on short recurved +peduncles; ovary 2-celled; fruit often by abortion 1-celled and +1-seeded; the seed broadly oval.--Barrens and dry prairies, S. Ind. to +N. C. and Fla., west to E. Kan. June--Sept. + +[*][*][*][*] _Dioecious; calyx equally 5-parted; petals none; stamens 10 +or more; styles twice or thrice dichotomously 2-parted._ + +4. C. Texensis, Muell. Annual, covered with a close canescent stellate +pubescence, dichotomously branched or spreading (1--2 deg. high); leaves +narrowly oblong-lanceolate to linear; staminate spikes or racemes very +short, often sessile; capsule stellate-tomentose and somewhat +muricate.--Mo. and Kan. to Ala., Tex., and westward. + + +6. CROTONOPSIS, Michx. + +Flowers monoecious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or +clusters, the lower fertile. _Ster. Fl._ Calyx equally 5-parted. Petals +5, spatulate. Stamens 5, opposite the petals; filaments distinct, +inflexed in the bud, enlarged at the apex. _Fert. Fl._ Calyx unequally +3--5-parted. Petals none. Glands (petal-like scales) 5, opposite the +sepals. Ovary 1-celled, simple, 1-ovuled, bearing a twice or thrice +forked style. Fruit dry and indehiscent, small, 1-seeded. Seed without +caruncle.--A slender low annual, with alternate or opposite +short-petioled linear or elliptical lanceolate leaves, which are green +and smoothish above, but silvery hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with +brownish scales underneath, as well as the branches, etc. (_Croton_ and +[Greek: o)/psis], _appearance_, for a plant with the aspect and general +character of Croton.) + +1. C. linearis, Michx.--Dry sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., west to Ill. and +Kan. July--Sept.--Fruit about 1'' long. + + +7. ARGYTHAMNIA, P. Browne. + +Flowers monoecious. Calyx 5-parted, valvate in the staminate flowers, +imbricate in the pistillate. Petals alternate with the calyx-lobes and +with the prominent lobes of the glandular disk. Stamens 5--15, united +into a central column in 1--3 whorls. Styles 1--3-cleft. Capsule +depressed, 3-lobed. Seeds subglobose, roughened or reticulated, not +carunculate.--Erect herbs or undershrubs, with purplish juice, and +alternate usually stipulate leaves. (Name from [Greek: a)/rgyros], +_silver_, and [Greek: tha/mnos], _bush_, from the hoariness of the +original species.) + +1. A. mercurialina, Muell. Stem erect, nearly simple (1--2 deg. high), +sericeous; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire, pubescent +with appressed hairs or glabrate, somewhat rigid; raceme +many-flowered, exceeding the leaves; ovary sericeous; capsule +appressed-pubescent.--Kan. to Ark. and Tex. + + +8. ACALYPHA, L. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY. + +Flowers monoecious; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes, with +the few or solitary fertile flowers at their base, or sometimes in +separate spikes. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted and valvate in +bud; of the fertile, 3--5-parted. Corolla none. Stamens 8--16; filaments +short, monadelphous at base; anther-cells separate, long, often +worm-shaped, hanging from the apex of the filament. Styles 3, the upper +face or stigmas cut-fringed (usually red). Capsule separating into 3 +globular 2-valved carpels, rarely of only one carpel.--Herbs (ours +annuals), or in the tropics often shrubs, resembling Nettles or +Amaranths; the leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules. Clusters of +sterile flowers with a minute bract; the fertile surrounded by a large +and leaf-like cut-lobed persistent bract. ([Greek: A)kale/phe], an +ancient name of the Nettle.) + +[*] _Fruit smooth or merely pubescent; seeds nearly smooth._ + +1. A. Virginica, L. Smoothish or hairy (1--2 deg. high), often turning +purple; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely serrate, +long-petioled; sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than +the large leaf like palmately 5--9-cleft fruiting bracts; fertile +flowers 1--3 in each axil.--Fields and open places, N. Eng. to Ont. and +Minn., south to the Gulf. July--Sept. + +Var. gracilens, Muell. Leaves lanceolate or even linear, less toothed +and shorter-petioled; the slender sterile spike often 1' long, and much +surpassing the less cleft or few-toothed fruiting bracts.--Sandy dry +soil, R. I. and Conn. to Fla., west to Ill., E. Kan. and Tex. + +[*][*] _Fruit echinate with soft bristly green projections; seeds +rough-wrinkled._ + +2. A. Caroliniana, Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and closely +serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled; sterile spikes +short, axillary; the fertile ones mostly terminal and elongated, their +bracts deeply cut into many linear lobes.--N. J. to Fla., west to Ohio, +Kan., and Tex. + + +9. RICINUS, Linn. CASTOR-OIL PLANT. + +Flowers in racemose or panicled clusters, the fertile above, the +staminate below. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens very numerous, with repeatedly +branching filaments. Styles 3, united at base, each bifid, red. Capsule +large, 3-lobed, with 3 large seeds.--A tall stately annual, with very +large alternate peltate and palmately 7--11-cleft leaves (often 1--2 deg. +broad). (The ancient Roman name of the plant.) + +R. COMMUNIS, L.--Cultivated extensively for ornament, and sparingly +escaped in Md., Mo., and southward. Very variable. + + +10. TRAGIA, Plumier. + +Flowers monoecious, in racemes, apetalous. _Ster. Fl._ Calyx 3--5- +(chiefly 3-) parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3; filaments +short; anther-cells united. _Fert. Fl._ Calyx 3--8-parted, persistent. +Style 3-cleft or 3-parted; the branches 3, simple. Capsule 3-celled, +3-lobed, bristly, separating into three 2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds +not carunculate.--Erect or climbing plants (perennial herbs in U. S.), +pubescent or hispid, sometimes stinging, with mostly alternate stipulate +leaves; the small flowered racemes terminal or opposite the leaves; the +sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base all with small +bracts. (Named for the early herbalist _Bock_, latinized _Tragus_.) + +1. T. innocua, Walt. _Erect_, paniculate-branched, _softly +hairy-pubescent_ (6--12' high); _leaves_ varying from obovate-oblong to +narrowly linear, _acute at base_, obtusely or sinuately few-toothed or +lobed, sometimes entire, _short-petioled or sessile_, paler beneath; +sterile calyx usually 4-parted; stamens 2. (T. urens, _L._)--Dry sandy +soil, E. Va. to Fla. and La. May--Aug.--Not stinging. + +2. T. nepetaefolia, Cav. _Erect or reclining_ or slightly twining, +hirsute with stinging hairs; _leaves ovate-lanceolate or +triangular-lanceolate_, or the lower ovate, _all somewhat cordate or +truncate at base_, coarsely cut-toothed, _short-petioled_; sterile calyx +usually 3-parted and stamens 3. (T. urticaefolia, _Michx._)--Virginia +(_Pursh_), and common southward to Fla. and Tex., Mo., Kan., and +westward.--T. STYLARIS, Muell., of the southwest, which is reported from +Kan., may be distinguished by its 4--5-parted sterile calyx, 4--5 +stamens, and elongated styles. + +3. T. macrocarpa, Willd. _Twining_, somewhat hirsute; _leaves deeply +cordate_, ovate, mostly narrowly acuminate, sharply serrate (3--5' +long), all but the uppermost _long-petioled_; pod 1/2' broad. (T. +cordata, _Michx._)--Ky. to Ga., Fla., and La. + + +11. STILLINGIA, Garden. + +Flowers monoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike. Petals and glands of +the disk none. Calyx 2--3-cleft or parted; the divisions imbricated in +the bud. Stamens 2 or 3; anthers adnate, turned outward. Style thick; +stigmas 3, diverging, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Seed +carunculate.--Smooth upright plants with the alternate leaves mostly +2-glandular at base; the fertile flowers few at the base of the dense +sterile spike (rarely separate); the bract for each cluster with a large +gland on each side. (Named for _Dr. B. Stillingfleet_.) + +1. S. sylvatica, L. Herbaceous (1--3 deg. high); leaves almost sessile, +oblong-lanceolate, serrulate; glands of the spike saucer-shaped.--Sandy +and dry soil, Va. to Fla., west to Kan. and Tex. June--Sept. + + +ORDER 99. URTICACEAE. (NETTLE FAMILY.) + +_Plants with stipules, and monoecious or dioecious or rarely (in the_ +Elm Family) _perfect flowers, furnished with a regular calyx, free from +the 1-celled (rarely 2-celled) ovary which forms a 1-seeded fruit; the +embryo in the albumen when there is any, its radicle pointing upward; +stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or +sometimes fewer._ Cotyledons usually broad. Stipules often deciduous.--A +large order (far the greater part tropical). + +Tribe I. ULMEAE. Flowers mostly polygamous, upon the last year's +branches. Anthers erect in the bud, extrorse. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit +a winged samara or nut-like. Seed suspended. Embryo straight.--Trees, +with alternate serrate pinnately veined leaves and fugacious stipules. + +1. Ulmus. Flowers preceding the leaves. Ovary 1--2-ovuled. Fruit winged +all around. + +2. Planera. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Ovule one. Fruit +wingless, nut-like. + +Tribe II. CELTIDEAE. As in Tribe I., but the dioecious-polygamous flowers +upon branches of the same year; anthers introrse; fruit a drupe; embryo +curved. + +3. Celtis. Ovary 1-ovuled. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Leaves +3-nerved at base. + +Tribe III. CANNABINEAE. Flowers dioecious; the sterile racemed or +panicled; the fertile in clusters or catkins, the calyx of one sepal +embracing the ovary. Filaments short, erect in the bud. Stigmas 2, +elongated. Ovary 1-celled, with a pendulous ovule, forming a small +glandular achene in fruit. Embryo curved or coiled.--Erect or climbing +herbs, with watery juice, mostly opposite lobed or divided leaves, +persistent stipules, and a fibrous inner bark. + +4. Cannabis. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Leaves 5--7-divided. +Erect. + +5. Humulus. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous +catkin in fruit. Leaves 3--5-lobed. Climbing. + +Tribe IV. MOREAE. Flowers unisexual, racemose, spicate or capitate; calyx +becoming fleshy or juicy in fruit. Anthers inflexed in the bud. Style +undivided or 2-parted, filiform; ovule pendulous; fruit an achene, +embryo curved.--Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and +fugacious stipules. + +6. Maclura. Sterile flowers in loose racemes; fertile in globose heads. +Leaves entire. + +7. Morus. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Leaves +dentate, 3-nerved. + +Tribe V. URTICEAE. Flowers unisexual. Filaments indexed in the bud. Style +or stigma simple. Ovary 1-celled, with an erect ovule, forming an achene +in fruit. Embryo straight.--Herbs with watery juice, tough fibrous bark, +and opposite or alternate leaves; often armed with stinging hairs. + +[*] Calyx in the fertile flowers of 2--5 separate or nearly separate +sepals. + +[+] Plant beset with stinging bristles. + +8. Urtica. Sepals 4 in both fertile and sterile flowers. Achene straight +and erect, enclosed by the 2 inner and larger sepals. Stigma capitate +tufted. Leaves opposite. + +9. Laportea. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or +apparently only 2. Stigma long-subulate. Achene very oblique, deflexed, +nearly naked. Leaves alternate. + +[+][+] Plant wholly destitute of stinging bristles. Leaves alternate. + +10. Pilea. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers unequal, all or +all but one small. Achene partly naked, straight and erect. Stigma +pencil-tufted. Smooth and shining. + +[*][*] Fertile calyx tubular or cup-shaped, enclosing the achene. +Unarmed. + +11. Boehmeria. Flower-clusters spiked, not involucrate. Style long and +thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side. Leaves opposite, serrate. + +12. Parietaria. Flowers in involucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted. +Leaves alternate, entire. + + +1. ULMUS, L. ELM. + +Calyx bell-shaped, 4--9-cleft. Stamens 4--9, with long and slender +filaments. Ovary 1--2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended +from the summit of each cell; styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic +along the inner edge. Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded membranaceous +samara, winged all around. Albumen none; embryo straight; the +cotyledons large.--Flowers polygamous, purplish or yellowish, in lateral +clusters, in our species preceding the leaves, which are strongly +straight-veined, short-petioled, and oblique or unequally somewhat +heart-shaped at base. Stipules small, caducous. (The classical Latin +name.) + +[*] _Flowers nearly sessile; fruit orbicular, not ciliate; leaves very +rough above._ + +1. U. fulva, Michx. (SLIPPERY or RED ELM.) Buds before expansion +soft-downy with rusty hairs (large); leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, +doubly serrate (4--8' long, sweet-scented in drying), soft-downy beneath +or slightly rough downward; branchlets downy; calyx-lobes and stamens +5--9; fruit (8--9'' wide) with the cell pubescent.--Rich soil, N. Eng. +to Dak., and southward. March, April.--A small or middle-sized tree +(45--60 deg. high), with tough reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner +bark. + +[*][*] _Flowers on slender drooping pedicels, which are jointed above +the middle; fruit ovate or oval, fringed-ciliate; leaves smooth above, +or nearly so._ + +2. U. Americana, L. (AMERICAN or WHITE ELM.) _Buds and branchlets_ +glabrous; _branches not corky_; leaves obovate-oblong or oval, abruptly +pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate (2--4' long), soft-pubescent +beneath, or soon glabrous; _flowers in close fascicles_; calyx with 7--9 +roundish lobes; _fruit glabrous_ except the margins (1/2' long), its sharp +points incurved and closing the notch.--Moist woods, especially along +rivers, in rich soil. April.--A large and well-known ornamental tree, +variable in habit, usually with spreading branches and drooping +branchlets. + +3. U. racemosa, Thomas. (CORK or ROCK ELM.) _Bud-scales downy-ciliate_ +and somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets; _branches often +with corky ridges_; leaves nearly as in the last, but with veins more +simple and straight; _flowers racemed_; fruit much as in the last, but +rather larger.--River-banks, S. W. Vt. to Ont. and central Minn., south +to Mo. and Ky. A large and very valuable tree. + +4. U. alata, Michx. (WAHOO or WINGED ELM.) _Bud-scales and branchlets +nearly glabrous; branches corky-winged_, at least some of them; leaves +downy beneath, ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, +small (1--21/2' long); calyx-lobes obovate; fruit downy on the face at +least when young.--Va. to S. Ind., S. Mo., and southward. March. A small +tree. + + +2. PLANERA, Gmelin. PLANER-TREE. + +Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 4--5-cleft. Stamens 4--5. Ovary +ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, crowned with 2 spreading styles which are +stigmatose down the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous and +nut-like, not winged. Albumen none; embryo straight.--Trees with small +leaves, like those of Elms, the flowers appearing with them, in small +axillary clusters. (Named for _J. J. Planer_, a German botanist.) + +1. P. aquatica, Gmel. Nearly glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, small; fruit +stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections.--Wet +banks, N. C. to Ky., S. Ill., and southward. April. A rather small tree. + + +3. CELTIS, Tourn. NETTLE-TREE. HACKBERRY. + +Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 5--6-parted, persistent. Stamens +5--6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule; stigmas 2, long and +pointed, recurved. Fruit a globular drupe. Embryo curved, nearly +enclosing a little gelatinous albumen; cotyledons folded and +crumpled.--Leaves pointed, petioled, inequilateral. Stipules caducous. +Flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or in pairs, peduncled, +appearing with the leaves, the lower usually staminate only, fascicled +or racemose along the base of the branches of the season. (A name of +Pliny's for an African species of Lotus.) + +1. C. occidentalis, L. (SUGARBERRY. HACKBERRY.) _Leaves reticulated_, +ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually +conspicuously and sharply so, more or less oblique at base, _sharply +serrate_, sometimes sparingly so or only toward the apex, scabrous but +mostly glabrous above, usually soft-pubescent beneath, at least when +young; fruit reddish or yellowish, turning dark purple at maturity, its +peduncle once or twice the length of the petiole.--Woods and +river-banks, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward. April, May.--A small or +sometimes large tree, with the aspect of an Elm, bearing sweet and +edible fruits as large as bird-cherries, at first obovate, ripe in +autumn; the flesh thin. Very variable in the form, texture, etc., of the +leaves.--Var. PUMILA, Gray. Low and straggling (4--10 deg. high); leaves +thin when mature, and smooth, _slightly acuminate_. River-banks, on +rocks, from Maryland southward. + +2. C. Mississippiensis, Bosc. _Leaves entire_ (rarely few-toothed), +_very long taper-pointed_, rounded at base, mostly oblique, thin, and +smooth; fruit small.--Ill. to Tenn., and southward. A small tree with +warty bark. (Addendum)--Celtis Mississippiensis. Common in low +river-bottoms of W. Mo. (_F. Bush_); described as having a very smooth +trunk, like a sycamore, and soft yellowish brittle wood, not +coarse-grained as in C. occidentalis. + + +4. CANNABIS, Tourn. HEMP. + +Flowers dioecious; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, +with 5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered, +1-bracted; the calyx of a single sepal enlarging at the base and folded +round the ovary. Achene crustaceous. Embryo simply curved.--A tall +roughish annual, with digitate leaves of 5--7 linear-lanceolate coarsely +toothed leaflets, the upper alternate; the inner bark of very tough +fibres. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure etymology.) + +C. SATIVA, L. (HEMP.) Stem 4--8 deg. high; leaves 4--8' broad; flowers +green.--Waste and cultivated ground. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +5. HUMULUS, L. HOP. + +Flowers dioecious; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals +and 5 erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary +spikes or catkins; bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in +fruit forming a sort of membranaceous strobile. Calyx of a single sepal, +embracing the ovary. Achene invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx. +Embryo coiled in a flat spiral.--Twining rough perennials, with stems +almost prickly downward, and mostly opposite heart-shaped and palmately +3--7-lobed leaves, with persistent ovate stipules between the petioles. +(A late Latin name, of Teutonic origin.) + +1. H. Lupulus, L. (COMMON HOP.) Leaves mostly 3--5-lobed, commonly +longer than the petioles; bracts, etc., smoothish; the fruiting calyx, +achene, etc., sprinkled with yellow resinous grains, which give the +bitterness and aroma to the hop.--Alluvial banks, N. Eng. to western +N. Y., the Great Lakes and westward, and south in the mountains to Ga. +July. (Eu., Asia.) + + +6. MACLURA, Nutt. OSAGE ORANGE. BOIS D'ARC. + +Flowers dioecious; the staminate in loose short racemes, with 4-parted +calyx, and 4 stamens inflexed in the bud; the pistillate in a dense +globose head, with a 4-cleft calyx enclosing the ovary. Style filiform, +long-exserted; ovule pendulous. Fruit an achene, buried in the greatly +enlarged fleshy calyx. Albumen none. Embryo recurved.--Trees with milky +juice, alternate entire pinnately veined leaves, caducous stipules, +axillary peduncles, and stout axillary spines. (Named for the early +American geologist, _William Maclure_.) + +1. M. aurantiaca, Nutt. A tree 30--50 deg. high; leaves ovate to +oblong-lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded at base, green and shining; +syncarp globose, yellowish green, 2--3' in diameter.--E. Kan. and Mo. to +N. Tex.; extensively used for hedges. Wood bright orange. + + +7. MORUS, Tourn. MULBERRY. + +Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the two kinds in separate axillary and +catkin-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted; lobes ovate. Stamens 4; filaments +elastically expanding. Ovary 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and +disappearing; styles 2, thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achene +ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole +spike thus becoming a thickened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate +fruit.--Trees with milky juice and broad leaves; sterile spikes rather +slender. (The classical Latin name.) + +1. M. rubra, L. (RED MULBERRY.) _Leaves_ heart-ovate, serrate, _rough +above, downy beneath_, pointed (on young shoots often lobed); flowers +frequently dioecious; _fruit dark purple_, long.--Rich woods, W. New +Eng. to S. Ont., Dak., E. Kan., and southward. May.--Large tree, +ripening its blackberry-like fruit in July. + +M. ALBA, L. (WHITE MULBERRY.) _Leaves_ obliquely heart-ovate, +acute, serrate, sometimes lobed, _smooth and shining; fruit +whitish_.--Spontaneous near houses. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +8. URTICA, Tourn. NETTLE. + +Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, clustered, the clusters mostly +in racemes, spikes, or loose heads. _Ster. Fl._ Sepals 4. Stamens 4, +inserted around the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. _Fert. Fl._ Sepals +4, in pairs; the 2 outer smaller and spreading; the 2 inner flat +or concave, in fruit membranaceous and enclosing the straight +and erect ovate flattened achene. Stigma sessile, capitate and +pencil-tufted.--Herbs, armed with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite; +stipules in our species distinct. Flowers greenish; in summer. (The +classical Latin name; from _uro_, to burn.) + +[*] _Perennials; flower-clusters in branching panicled spikes, often +dioecious._ + +1. U. gracilis, Ait. _Sparingly bristly_, slender (2--6 deg. high); _leaves +ovate-lanceolate_, pointed, serrate, 3--5-nerved from the rounded or +scarcely heart-shaped base, _almost glabrous, the elongated slender +petioles sparingly bristly_; spikes slender and loosely +panicled.--Fence-rows and moist ground, common. Stings few. + +U. DIOICA, L. _Very bristly and stinging_ (2--3 deg. high); _leaves ovate, +heart-shaped_, pointed, _very deeply serrate, downy beneath_ as well as +the upper part of the stem; _spikes much branched_.--Waste places and +roadsides, rather rare. Canada and N. Eng. to S. C., west to Minn. and +Mo. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Annuals; flower-clusters chiefly axillary and shorter than the +petiole, androgynous._ + +U. URENS, L. _Leaves elliptical or ovate_, very coarsely and deeply +serrate with long spreading teeth, the terminal teeth not longer than +the lateral ones; _flower-clusters 2 in each axil, small and +loose_.--Waste grounds, near dwellings, eastward; scarce. Plant 8--12' +high, with sparse stings. (Nat. from Eu.) + +2. U. chamaedryoides, Pursh. _Leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped_, the +upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed; _flower-clusters +globular_, 1--2 in each axil, and spiked at the summit.--Alluvial shaded +soil, from Ky. to the Gulf States. Slender, 6--30' high, sparsely beset +with stings. + + +9. LAPORTEA, Gaudichaud. WOOD-NETTLE. + +Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered, in loose cymes; the upper +widely spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile; the lower mostly +sterile. _Ster. Fl._ Sepals and stamens 5, with a rudiment of an ovary. +_Fert. Fl._ Calyx of 4 sepals, the two outer or one of them usually +minute, and the two inner much larger. Stigma elongated awl-shaped, +hairy down one side, persistent. Achene ovate, flat, extremely oblique, +reflexed on the winged or margined pedicel, nearly naked.--Perennial +herbs, with stinging hairs, large alternate serrate leaves, and axillary +stipules. (Named for _M. Laporte_.) + +1. L. Canadensis, Gaudichaud. Stem 2--3 deg. high; leaves ovate, pointed, +strongly feather-veined (3--7' long), long-petioled; fertile cymes +divergent; stipule single, 2-cleft.--Moist rich woods. July--Sept. + + +10. PILEA, Lindl. RICHWEED. CLEARWEED. + +Flowers monoecious or dioecious. _Ster. Fl._ Sepals and stamens 3--4. +_Fert. Fl._ Sepals 3, oblong, more or less unequal; a rudiment of a +stamen commonly before each in the form of a hooded scale. Stigma +sessile, pencil-tufted. Achene ovate, compressed, erect, partly or +nearly naked.--Stingless, mostly glabrous and low herbs, with opposite +leaves and united stipules; the staminate flowers often mixed with the +fertile. (Named from the shape of the larger sepal of the fertile flower +in the original species, which partly covers the achene, like the +_pileus_, or felt cap, of the Romans.) + +1. P. pumila, Gray. (RICHWEED. CLEARWEED.) Low (3--18' high); stems +smooth and shining, pellucid; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed, +3-ribbed and veiny; flower-clusters much shorter than the petioles; +sepals of the fertile flowers lanceolate, scarcely unequal.--Cool and +moist shaded places. July--Sept. + + +11. BOEHMERIA, Jacq. FALSE NETTLE. + +Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered; the sterile much as in +Urtica; the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2--4-toothed +calyx enclosing the ovary. Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and +papillose down one side. Achene elliptical, closely invested by the dry +and persistent compressed calyx.--No stings. (Named after _G. R. +Boehmer_, Professor at Wittenberg in the last century.) + +1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Perennial, smoothish or pubescent and more or +less scabrous; stem (1--3 deg. high) simple; leaves chiefly opposite (rarely +all alternate), ovate to ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, +3-nerved; stipules distinct; petioles short or elongated; flowers +dioecious, or the two kinds intermixed, the small clusters densely +aggregated in simple and elongated axillary spikes, the sterile +interrupted, the fertile often continuous, frequently leaf-bearing at +the apex.--Moist or shady ground, common. Very variable. + + +12. PARIETARIA, Tourn. PELLITORY. + +Flowers monoeciously polygamous; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect +intermixed in the same involucrate-bracted cymose axillary clusters; the +sterile much as in the last; the fertile with a tubular or bell-shaped +4-lobed and nerved calyx, enclosing the ovary and the ovoid achene. +Style slender or none; stigma pencil-tufted.--Homely, diffuse or tufted +herbs, not stinging, with alternate entire 3-ribbed leaves, and no +stipules. (The ancient Latin name, because growing on old walls.) + +1. P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Low, annual, simple or sparingly branched, +minutely downy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, veiny, roughish with +opaque dots; flowers shorter than the involucre; stigma sessile.--Shaded +rocky banks, E. Mass. and Vt. to Minn., and southward. June--Aug. + + +ORDER 100. PLATANACEAE. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.) + +_Trees, with watery juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves, sheathing +stipules, and monoecious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, +destitute of calyx or corolla; the fruit merely club-shaped 1-seeded +nutlets, furnished with a ring of bristly hairs about the base_; +consists only of the following genus (of uncertain relationship). + + +1. PLATANUS, L. SYCAMORE. BUTTONWOOD. + +Sterile flowers of numerous stamens, with club-shaped little scales +intermixed, filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, +consisting of inversely pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. +Style rather lateral, awl-shaped or thread-like, simple. Nutlets +coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below, containing a single orthotropous +pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen.--Large trees, with +the bark deciduous in broad thin brittle plates; dilated base of the +petiole enclosing the bud of the next season. (The ancient name, from +[Greek: platy/s], _broad_.) + +1. P. occidentalis, L. Leaves mostly truncate at base, angularly +sinuate-lobed or toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed; fertile heads +solitary, hanging on a long peduncle.--Alluvial banks, S. Maine to N. +Vt., Ont., S. E. Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Our largest tree, often +90--130 deg. high, with a trunk 6--14 deg. in diameter. + + +ORDER 101. JUGLANDACEAE. (WALNUT FAMILY.) + +_Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, and no stipules; flowers +monoecious, the sterile in catkins (aments) with an irregular calyx +adnate to the bract; the fertile solitary or in a small cluster or +spike, with a regular 3--5-lobed calyx adherent to the incompletely +2--4-celled but only 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit a kind of dry drupe, with a +crustaceous or bony nut-shell, containing a large 4-lobed orthotropous +seed._ Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy and oily, sinuous or corrugated, +2-lobed; radicle short, superior. Petals sometimes present in the +fertile flowers.--A small family of important trees, consisting chiefly +of the two following genera. + + +1. JUGLANS, L. WALNUT. + +Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral catkins from the wood of the +preceding year; the calyx adherent to the entire bracts or scales, +unequally 3--6-cleft. Stamens 12--40; filaments free, very short. +Fertile flowers solitary or several together on a peduncle at the end of +the branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, bearing 4 small petals at the +sinuses. Styles 2, very short; stigmas 2, somewhat club-shaped and +fringed. Fruit with a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent epicarp, and a mostly +rough irregularly furrowed endocarp or nut-shell.--Trees, with +strong-scented or resinous-aromatic bark, few-scaled or almost naked +buds (3 or 4 superposed, and the uppermost far above the axil), +odd-pinnate leaves of many serrate leaflets, and the embryo sweet and +edible. Pith in plates. (Name contracted from _Jovis glans_, the nut of +Jupiter.) + +1. J. cinerea, L. (BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT.) Leaflets 5--8 pairs, +oblong-lanceolate, pointed, rounded at base, downy, especially beneath, +the _petioles and branchlets downy with clammy hairs; fruit oblong, +clammy_, pointed, the nut deeply sculptured and rough with ragged +ridges, 2-celled at the base.--Rich woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of +Ga., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark. Tree 50--75 deg. high, with gray bark, +widely spreading branches, and lighter brown wood than in the next. + +2. J. nigra, L. (BLACK WALNUT.) Leaflets 7--11 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, +taper-pointed, somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at base, smooth above, +the lower surface and the _petioles minutely downy; fruit spherical_, +roughly dotted, the nut corrugated, 4-celled at top and bottom.--Rich +woods, W. Mass. and Conn. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., E. Kan., and +southward. A large and handsome tree (often 90--150 deg. high), with rough +brown bark, and valuable purplish-brown wood turning blackish with age. + + +2. CARYA, Nutt. HICKORY. + +Sterile flowers in slender lateral and clustered catkins; calyx naked, +adherent to the bract, unequally 2--3-parted. Stamens 3--10; filaments +short or none, free. Fertile flowers 2--5 in a cluster or short spike, +on a peduncle terminating the shoot of the season; calyx 4-toothed; +petals none. Stigmas sessile, 2 or 4, large, papillose, persistent. +Fruit with a 4-valved, firm and at length dry exocarp (involucre), +falling away from the smooth and crustaceous or bony endocarp or +nut-shell, which is incompletely 2-celled, and at the base mostly +4-celled.--Fine timber-trees, with hard and very tough wood, and scaly +buds, from which in spring are put forth usually both kinds of flowers, +the sterile below and the fertile above the leaves. Nuts ripen and fall +in October. ([Greek: Kary/a], an ancient name of the Walnut.) + +Sec. 1. _Sterile catkins fascicled (no common peduncle or sometimes a very +short one) from separate lateral scaly buds near the summit of shoots of +the preceding year; bud-scales few; fruit elongated-oblong; the +thin-shelled nut 2-celled below; seed sweet; leaflets short-stalked, +numerous._ + +1. C. olivaeformis, Nutt. (PECAN-NUT.) Minutely downy, becoming nearly +smooth; leaflets 13--15, oblong-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a +slender point, falcate, serrate; nut olive-shaped.--River bottoms, S. +Ind., S. Ill., and Iowa, to La. and Tex. A large tree (90--160 deg. high), +with delicious nuts. + +Sec. 2. _Sterile catkins in threes (rarely more) on a common peduncle from +the axil of the inner scales of the common bud, therefore at the base of +the shoot of the season, which, then bearing 3 or 4 leaves, is +terminated by the fertile flowers; fruit globular or oval; nut 4-celled +at base; leaflets sessile or nearly so._ + +[*] _Bud-scales numerous, about 10, successively enwrapping, the inner +ones accrescent, becoming thin and membranaceous and rather tardily +deciduous; husk of the fruit splitting promptly into 4 more or less +thick and when dry hard or woody valves; seed sweet and delicious._ (The +_hickory nuts_ of the market.) + +2. C. alba, Nutt. (SHELL-BARK or SHAG-BARK HICKORY.) Bark of trunk +shaggy, exfoliating in rough strips or plates; inner bud-scales becoming +large and conspicuous, persistent till the flowers are fully developed; +_leaflets 5--7_, when young minutely downy beneath, finely serrate, the +three upper obovate-lanceolate, the _lower pair much smaller_ and +oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed; fruit globular or depressed; +_nut white_, flattish-globular, barely mucronate, the shell +thinnish.--N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Erie and S. E. Minn., south to +Fla., E. Kan., and Tex. Large and handsome tree (70--90 deg. high, or more), +of great economic value. The principal hickory-nut of the markets. + +3. C. sulcata, Nutt. (BIG SHELL-BARK. KING-NUT.) Bark, etc., as in n. 1; +_leaflets 7--9_, more downy beneath; _fruit oval or ovate_, 4-ribbed +above the middle, the husk very thick; _nut large_ (11/4--2' long) and +usually angular, _dull white or yellowish, thick-walled, usually +strongly pointed at both ends_.--Central N. Y. and Penn. to S. Ind., +E. Kan., and Ind. Terr. Tree 70--90 deg. high, or more, in rich soil of +bottom lands. + +4. C. tomentosa, Nutt. (MOCKER-NUT. WHITE-HEART HICKORY.) _Bark close_, +rough, but not shaggy and exfoliating on old trunks; catkins, shoots, +and lower surface of the leaves _tomentose_ when young, resinous +scented; _leaflets_ 7--9, lance-obovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate, +pointed; _fruit globular or ovoid_, with a very thick and hard husk; +_nut globular, not compressed, 4-ridged toward the slightly pointed +summit, brownish_, very thick-shelled, 1' in diameter or smaller.--N. +Eng. to N. shore of L. Erie, E. Neb., and south to the Gulf. Tree +70--100 deg. high, usually on rich upland hillsides. + +5. C. microcarpa, Nutt. With rough close bark, small ovate buds, and the +glabrous foliage, etc., of n. 6; fruit small, subglobose, with rather +thin husk; nut thin-shelled, not angled.--N. Y. to Del., west to Mich. +and Ill. + +[*][*] _Bud-scales numerous or few; husk of the fruit thin and rather +friable at maturity, 4-valved only to the middle or tardily to near the +base; seed more or less bitter; bark of old trunk not exfoliating._ + +6. C. porcina, Nutt. (PIG-NUT or BROOM H.) Bud-scales nearly as in n. 4, +but smaller, caducous; shoots, catkins, and leaves _glabrous_ or nearly +so; _leaflets_ 5--7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed, +serrate; fruit pear-shaped, oblong, or oval; _nut oblong or oval_ +(11/2--2' long), with a _thick bony shell_; the oily seed at first sweet +in taste, then bitterish.--S. Maine to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., and +Tex. Tree 70--90 deg. high (rarely 120 deg.), on dry hills and uplands. + +7. C. amara, Nutt. (BITTER-NUT or SWAMP H.) Scales of the small +yellowish buds about 6, valvate in pairs, caducous in leafing; catkins +and young herbage more or less pubescent, soon becoming almost glabrous; +_leaflets_ 7--11, _lanceolate_ or oblong-lanceolate; fruit globular, +narrowly 6-ridged; _nut globular, short-pointed_, white (barely 1' +long), _thin-walled_; seed at first sweet-tasted, soon extremely +bitter.--Moist soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex. +Tree 50--75 deg. high; husk and nut-shell thinner and less hard than in +other species. + + +ORDER 102. MYRICACEAE. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) + +_Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in short +scaly catkins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves_,--differing +from the Birches chiefly in the 1-celled ovary with a single erect +orthotropous ovule, and the drupe-like nut. Involucre and perianth none. + + +1. MYRICA, L. BAYBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE. + +The only genus.--Flowers solitary under a scale-like bract and with a +pair of bractlets, the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in +ovoid or globular catkins, from axillary scaly buds; stamens 2--8; +filaments somewhat united below; anthers 2-celled. Ovary with 2--8 +scales at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit a small globular or +oblong nut, or dry drupe, coated with resinous grains or wax. ([Greek: +Myri/ke], the ancient name of the Tamarisk or some other shrub; perhaps +from [Greek: myri/zo], _to perfume_.) + +[*] _Mostly dioecious; fertile catkins ovoid; ovary with 2--4 scales at +base; nut globular; leaves entire or somewhat serrate._ + +1. M. Gale, L. (SWEET GALE.) Shrub 3--5 deg. high; _leaves +wedge-lanceolate_, serrate toward the apex, _pale, later than the +flowers; sterile catkins closely clustered_; nuts in imbricated heads, +2-winged by the two thick ovate scales which coalesce with its +base.--Wet borders of ponds, Newf. to N. Eng. and along the Great Lakes +to Minn., south in the mountains to Va. + +2. M. cerifera, L. (BAYBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE.) _Leaves oblong-lanceolate_, +narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed toward the apex, _shining +and resinous-dotted both sides, somewhat preceding the flowers, +fragrant; sterile catkins scattered_, oblong; scales wedge-shaped at the +base; nuts scattered and naked, bony, and incrusted with white +wax.--Sandy soil near the coast, from Nova Scotia to Fla. and Ala.; also +on L. Erie. Shrub 3--8 deg. high, but sometimes a tree 35 deg. high; fruit +sometimes persistent for 2 or 3 years. + +[*][*] _Frequently monoecious; fertile catkins globular; ovary +surrounded by 8 long linear-awl-shaped persistent scales; nut +ovoid-oblong; leaves pinnatifid with many rounded lobes._ + +3. M. asplenifolia, Endl. Shrub 1--2 deg. high, with sweet scented fern-like +linear-lanceolate leaves; stipules half heart-shaped; scales of the +sterile catkins kidney-heart-shaped, pointed. (Comptonia asplenifolia, +_Ait._)--Sterile hills, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Ind. + + +ORDER 103. CUPULIFERAE. (OAK FAMILY.) + +_Monoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate simple straight-veined +leaves, deciduous stipules, the sterile flowers in catkins (or +capitate-clustered in the_ Beech), _the fertile solitary, clustered, +spiked, or in scaly catkins, the 1-celled and 1-seeded nut with or +without an involucre._ Ovary more or less 2--7-celled, with 1 or 2 +pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell; but all the cells and ovules +except one disappearing in the fruit. Seed with no albumen, filled with +the embryo. + +Tribe I. BETULEAE. Flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 to each bract. +Sterile catkins pendulous. Stamens 2--4, and calyx usually 2--4-parted. +Fertile flowers with no calyx, and no involucre to the compressed and +often winged small nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. + +1. Betula. Stamens 2, bifid. Fertile scales thin, 3-lobed, deciduous +with the nuts. + +2. Alnus. Stamens 4. Fertile scales thick, entire, persisting after the +nuts have fallen. + +Tribe II. CORYLEAE. Sterile catkins pendulous, with no calyx; stamens 3 +or more to each bract and more or less adnate to it, the filaments often +forked (anthers 1-celled). Fertile flowers in a short ament or head, 2 +to each bract, and each with one or more bractlets which form a +foliaceous involucre to the nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. + +[*] Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of bractlets inside; +fertile flowers few. + +3. Corylus. Involucre leafy-coriaceous, enclosing the large bony nut. + +[*][*] Bract of staminate flower simple; fertile flowers in short +catkins; nut small, achene-like. + +4. Ostrya. Each ovary and nut included in a bladdery and closed bag. + +5. Carpinus. Each nut subtended by an enlarged leafy bractlet. + +Tribe III. QUERCINEAE. Sterile flowers with 4--7-lobed calyx and stamens +indefinite (3--20). Fertile flowers 1 or few, enclosed in a cupule +consisting of consolidated bracts, which becomes indurated (scaly or +prickly) and surrounds or encloses the nut. + +[*] Sterile flowers in slender catkins. + +6. Quercus. Cupule 1-flowered, scaly and entire; nut hard and terete. + +7. Castanea. Cupule 2--4-flowered, forming a prickly hard bur, +2--4-valved when ripe. + +[*][*] Sterile flowers in a small head. + +8. Fagus. Cupule 2-flowered, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply triangular +nuts. + + +1. BETULA, Tourn. BIRCH. + +Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, to each shield-shaped scale or bract +of the catkins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale bearing 4 short +filaments with 1-celled anthers (or strictly of two 2-parted filaments, +each division bearing an anther-cell). Fertile flowers 2 or 3 to each +3-lobed bract, without bractlets or calyx, each of a naked ovary, +becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nutlet (or small samara) +crowned with the two spreading stigmas.--Outer bark usually separable in +sheets, that of the branchlets dotted. Twigs and leaves often +spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly thin and light. Buds sessile, scaly. +Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, sessile, formed +in summer, remaining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding +their golden flowers in early spring, with or preceding the leaves; +fertile catkins oblong or cylindrical, peduncled, usually terminating +very short 2-leaved early lateral branches of the season. (The ancient +Latin name, of Celtic origin.) + +[*] _Trees, with brown or yellow-gray bark, sweet-aromatic as well as +the twigs, membranaceous and straight-veined Hornbeam-like leaves +heart-shaped or rounded at base, on short petioles, and sessile very +thick fruiting catkins; their scales about equally 3-cleft, rather +persistent; wing of fruit not broader than the seed-bearing body._ + +1. B. lenta, L. (CHERRY B. SWEET or BLACK BIRCH.) _Bark_ of trunk _dark +brown, close_ (outer layers scarcely laminate), very sweet-aromatic; +leaves ovate or oblong-ovate from a more or less heart-shaped base, +acuminate, sharply and finely doubly serrate all round, when mature +shining or bright green above and glabrous except on the veins beneath; +_fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical_ (1--11/4' long), the scales with +short and _divergent lobes_.--Rich woodlands, Newf. to N. Del., and +south in the mountains, west to Minn., and S. Ind. Tree 50--75 deg. high, +with reddish bronze-colored spray; wood rose-colored, fine-grained, +valuable for cabinet-work. + +2. B. lutea, Michx. f. (YELLOW or GRAY BIRCH.) _Bark_ of trunk +_yellowish- or silvery-gray, detaching in very thin filmy layers_, +within and the twigs much less aromatic; leaves (3--5' long) slightly or +not at all heart-shaped and often narrowish toward the base, +duller-green above and usually more downy on the veins beneath; fruiting +catkins _oblong-ovoid_ (1' or less in length, 6--9'' thick), the thinner +scales (5--6'' long) twice as large as in n. 1, and with narrower +_barely spreading lobes_.--Rich moist woodlands, Canada and N. Eng. to +Del., west to Minn.; also along high peaks to Tenn. and N. C. Often +60--90 deg. high at the north; wood whiter and less valuable. + +[*][*] _Trees, with chalky-white bark separable in thin sheets, ovate or +triangular leaves of firmer texture, on long slender petioles; fruiting +catkins cylindrical, usually hanging on rather slender peduncles; their +scales glabrous, with short diverging lobes, freely deciduous; wing of +the fruit much broader than its body._ + +3. B. populifolia, Ait. (AMERICAN WHITE BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH.) Trunk +usually ascending (15--30 deg. high); _leaves triangular_ (deltoid), _very +taper-pointed_ (usually abruptly), truncate or nearly so at the broad +base, _smooth and shining both sides_, except the resinous glands when +young. (B. alba, var. populifolia, _Spach_.)--Poor sandy soils, N. +Brunswick to Del., west to L. Ontario. Bark much less separable than +the next; leaves on slender petioles, tremulous as those of the aspen. + +4. B. papyrifera, Marshall. (PAPER or CANOE BIRCH. WHITE BIRCH.) _Leaves +ovate, taper-pointed_, heart-shaped or abrupt (or rarely wedge-shaped) +at base, _smooth and green above_, pale, glandular-dotted, and a little +hairy on the veins beneath, sharply and unequally doubly serrate, 3--4 +times the length of the petiole. (B. papyracea, _Ait._)--Rich woodlands +and stream-banks, N. Eng. to N. Penn., N. Ill., and Minn., and far north +and westward. Tree 50--75 deg. high, with bark freely splitting into +paper-like layers.--Var. MINOR, Tuckerman, is a dwarf form of the +alpine region of the White Mts. + +[*][*][*] _Tree, with greenish-brown bark, somewhat laminate, and +reddish twigs, ovate leaves whitish beneath, and soft-downy peduncled +fruiting catkins._ + +5. B. nigra, L. (RIVER or RED BIRCH.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acutish at +both ends, irregularly doubly serrate, whitish and (until old) downy +underneath; petioles and peduncle of nearly the same length (3--7'') and +with the oblong catkin tomentose; the bracts with oblong linear nearly +equal lobes; fruit broadly winged.--Banks of streams, Mass, to Fla., +west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. Tree 50--75 deg. high, with light-colored +wood and somewhat Alder-like leaves. + +[*][*][*][*] _Shrubs, with brownish bark, rounded or wedge-shaped +crenate and mostly small leaves of thickish or coriaceous texture, and +oblong or cylindrical glabrous and mostly erect catkins, on short +peduncles._ + +6. B. pumila, L. (LOW BIRCH.) Stems (2--8 deg. high) erect or ascending, +_not glandular_; young branches and lower face of young leaves mostly +_soft-downy; leaves_ obovate, roundish, or orbicular (6--16'' long), +_pale beneath, veinlets on both faces finely reticulated_; wing of the +fruit mostly narrower than the body.--Bogs, W. Conn, and N. J. to Ind. +and Minn., and northward throughout Canada. Leaves usually not at all +resiniferous or glandular-dotted. + +7. B. glandulosa, Michx. (DWARF BIRCH.) Stems erect or mostly spreading +(1--4 deg. high), or when alpine procumbent; _branchlets glabrous, +conspicuously dotted with resinous wart-like glands_; leaves roundish +wedge-obovate or sometimes orbicular (6--9'' long), green and glabrous +both sides, less reticulated; fruiting catkins mostly shorter and oblong +or oval; wing of the fruit narrower than or sometimes equalling the +body.--High mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., to L. Superior, and far +northward. + + +2. ALNUS, Tourn. ALDER. + +Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 4 or 5 bractlets and 3 +(rarely 6) flowers upon each short-stalked shield-shaped scale; each +flower usually with a 3--5-parted calyx and as many stamens; filaments +short and simple; anthers 2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong; the +fleshy scales each 2--3-flowered, with a calyx of 4 little scales +adherent to the scales or bracts of the catkin, which are thick and +woody in fruit, wedge-obovate, truncate, or 3--5-lobed, and +persistent.--Shrubs or small trees, with few-scaled leaf-buds, and +solitary or often racemose-clustered catkins, terminating leafless +branchlets or peduncles. (The ancient Latin name.) + +Sec. 1. _Flowers developed in spring with the leaves; the sterile from +catkins which have remained naked over winter; while the fertile have +been enclosed in a scaly bud; fruit with a conspicuous thin wing, as in_ +Birch. + +1. A. viridis, DC. (GREEN or MOUNTAIN ALDER.) Shrub 3--8 deg. high; leaves +round-oval, ovate, or slightly heart-shaped, glutinous and smooth or +softly downy beneath, irregularly serrulate or biserrulate with very +sharp and closely set teeth, sometimes sinuate-toothed and serrulate +(var. SINUATA, Regel), on young shoots often cut-toothed; fertile +catkins slender-stalked, clustered, ovoid (6--8'' long).--On mountains +and mountain streams, Newf. to W. Mass., N. Y., L. Superior, and far +north and west; also in the Alleghanies to N. C. (Eu., Asia.) + +Sec. 2. _Flowers developed in earliest spring, before the leaves, from +mostly clustered catkins which (of both sorts) were formed the foregoing +summer and have remained naked over winter; fruit wingless or with a +narrow coriaceous margin._ + +2. A. incana, Willd. (SPECKLED or HOARY A.) _Leaves broadly oval or +ovate, rounded at base_, sharply and often doubly serrate, _whitened and +mostly downy beneath_; stipules oblong-lanceolate; fruit +orbicular.--Borders of streams and swamps, Newf. to Mass., E. Neb., +Minn., and westward. Shrub or tree 8--20 deg. high; the common Alder +northward. (Eu., Asia.) + +3. A. serrulata, Willd. (SMOOTH A.) _Leaves obovate, acute at base_, +sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, _green both sides_, smooth +or often downy beneath; stipules oval; fruit ovate.--Borders of streams +and swamps, Mass. to Fla., west to S. E. Minn. and Tex.; common. Shrub +forming dense thickets, or sometimes at the south a small tree 6--35 deg. +high. + +Sec. 3. _Flowers in autumn (Sept.) from catkins of the season; the fertile +mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves, ripening the fruit a year +later; fruit wingless._ + +4. A. maritima, Muhl. (SEA-SIDE A.) Glabrous; leaves oblong, ovate, or +obovate with a wedge-shaped base, slender-petioled, sharply serrulate, +bright green, or rather rusty beneath; fruiting catkins large, ovoid or +oblong (9--12'' long, 6'' thick).--Borders of streams and swamps. S. +Del. and E. Md., near the coast. Small tree 15--25 deg. high. (E. Asia.) + + +3. CORYLUS, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT. FILBERT. + +Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of 8 (half-) +stamens with 1-celled anthers, their short filaments and pair of scaly +bractlets cohering more or less with the inner face of the scale of the +catkin. Fertile flowers several in a scaly bud, each a single ovary in +the axil of a scale or bract, and accompanied by a pair of lateral +bractlets; ovary tipped with a short limb of the adherent calyx, +incompletely 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules, one of them sterile; +style short; stigmas 2, elongated and slender. Nut ovoid or oblong, +bony, enclosed in a leafy or partly coriaceous cup or involucre, +consisting of the two bractlets enlarged and often grown together, +lacerated at the border. Cotyledons very thick (raised to the surface +in germination), edible; the short radicle included.--Shrubs or small +trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves, folded lengthwise in the +bud, flowering in early spring; sterile catkins single or fascicled from +scaly buds of the axils of the preceding year, the fertile terminating +early leafy shoots. (The classical name, probably from [Greek: ko/rys], +_a helmet_, from the involucre.) + +1. C. Americana, Walt. (WILD HAZEL-NUT.) _Leaves roundish-heart-shaped_, +pointed; _involucre open above_ down to the globose nut, _of 2 broad +foliaceous cut-toothed almost distinct bracts_, their base coriaceous +and downy, or with glandular bristles intermixed.--Thickets, +N. Eng. to Ont. and Dak., and southward. Twigs and petioles often +glandular-bristly. + +2. C. rostrata, Ait. (BEAKED HAZEL-NUT.) _Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, +somewhat heart-shaped_, pointed; _involucre of united bracts, much +prolonged_ above the ovoid nut _into a narrow tubular beak, densely +bristly_.--N. Scotia to northern N. J., Mich., Minn., and westward, and +south in the mountains to Ga. Shrub 2--6 deg. high. + + +4. OSTRYA, Micheli. HOP-HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD. + +Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several +stamens in the axil of each bract; filaments short, often forked, +bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers; their tips hairy. Fertile flowers in +short catkins; a pair to each deciduous bract, each of an incompletely +2-celled 2-ovuled ovary, crowned with the short bearded border of the +adherent calyx, tipped with 2 long-linear stigmas, and enclosed in a +tubular bractlet, which in fruit becomes a closed bladdery oblong bag, +very much larger than the small and smooth nut; these inflated +involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of strobile, in appearance +like that of the Hop.--Slender trees, with very hard wood, brownish +furrowed bark, and foliage resembling that of Birch; leaves open and +concave in the bud, more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flowers +in the spring, appearing with the leaves; the sterile catkins 1--3 +together from scaly buds at the tip of the branches of the preceding +year; the fertile single, terminating short leafy shoots of the season. +(The classical name.) + +1. O. Virginica, Willd. (AMERICAN HOP-HORNBEAM. LEVER-WOOD.) Leaves +oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly serrate, downy beneath, +with 11--15 principal veins; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy +at the base.--Rich woods, common, from the Atlantic to N. Minn., Neb., +E. Kan., and southward. Tree 25--45 deg. high; hop-like strobiles +full-grown in Aug. + + +5 CARPINUS, L. HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD. + +Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several +stamens in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract; filaments +very short, mostly 2-forked, the forks bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers +with hairy tips. Fertile flowers several, spiked in a sort of loose +terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts, each subtending a pair of +flowers, as in Ostrya; but the single involucre-like bractlet is open, +enlarged in fruit and foliaceous, merely subtending the small ovate +several-nerved nut.--Trees or tall shrubs, with smooth close gray bark, +in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined leaves resembling +the Beech; leaf-buds and inflorescence as in Ostrya. (The early Latin +name.) + +1. C. Caroliniana, Walter. (AMERICAN HORNBEAM. BLUE or WATER BEECH.) +Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, soon nearly +smooth; bractlets 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one +side, acute. (C. Americana, _Michx._)--Along streams, N. Scotia to Fla., +west to Minn., Iowa, E. Kan., and Tex. Tree or shrub, 10--45 deg. high, with +ridged trunk, and very hard wood. + + +6. QUERCUS, L. OAK. + +Sterile flowers in slender naked catkins; bracts caducous; calyx +2--8-parted or lobed; stamens 3--12; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers +scattered or somewhat clustered, consisting of a nearly 3-celled and +6-ovuled ovary, with a 3-lobed stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like +involucre which becomes an indurated cup (_cupule_) around the base of +the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons remaining underground in +germination; radicle very short, included.--Flowers greenish or +yellowish. Sterile catkins single or often several from the same lateral +scaly bud, filiform and hanging in all our species. (The classical Latin +name.) All flower in spring, and shed their nuts in Oct. of the same or +the next year. + +Sec. 1. LEUCOBALANUS. _Bark pale, often scaly; leaves and their lobes or +teeth obtuse, never bristle-pointed; stamens 6--8; scales of the cup +more or less knobby at base; stigmas sessile or nearly so; abortive +ovules at the base of the perfect seed; inner surface of nut glabrous; +fruit maturing the first year, often peduncled; kernel commonly +sweetish; wood tough and dense._ + +[*] _Leaves deciduous, lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale +beneath._--WHITE OAKS. + +1. Q. alba, L. (WHITE OAK.) Mature _leaves smooth, pale or glaucous +underneath, bright green above_, obovate-oblong, obliquely cut +into 3--9 oblong or linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes; _cup +hemispherical-saucer-shaped, rough or tubercled at maturity, naked, much +shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn_ (1' long).--All soils, Maine to +S. E. Minn., E. Kan., and south to the Gulf. A large and valuable tree; +lobes of the leaves short and broad (3--5), or deep and narrow (5--9). + +2. Q. stellata, Wang. (POST OAK. IRON OAK.) _Leaves grayish or +yellowish-downy underneath, pale and rough above, thickish_, sinuately +cut into 5--7 rounded divergent lobes, the upper ones much larger and +often 1--3-notched; _cup deep saucer-shaped, naked, one third or half +the length of the ovoid acorn_ (6--9'' long). (Q. obtusiloba, +_Michx._)--Sandy or sterile soil, Martha's Vineyard to Mich. and E. +Neb., south to Fla. and Tex.; common, especially southward. A small tree +with very durable wood. + +3. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. (BUR OAK. OVER-CUP or MOSSY-CUP OAK.) _Leaves_ +obovate or oblong, _lyrately-pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed, or +nearly parted_, sometimes nearly entire, irregular, downy or pale +beneath; the lobes sparingly and obtusely toothed, or the smaller ones +entire; _cup deep_, thick and woody (9''--2' across), conspicuously +imbricated with hard and thick _pointed scales, the upper ones awned_, +so as usually to make a mossy-fringed border; _acorn_ broadly ovoid +(1--11/2' long), _half immersed in or entirely enclosed by the cup_.--Rich +soil, N. Scotia to W. Mass. and Penn., west to Minn., central Neb., and +Kan. A large and valuable tree; extremely variable in the size and +fringe of the acorns.--Var. OLIVAEFORMIS, Gray, is only a narrower-leaved +form with unusually small oblong acorns. + +4. Q. lyrata, Walt. (OVER-CUP OAK. SWAMP POST OAK.) Leaves crowded at +the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong, acute at base, more or less +deeply _7--9-lobed, white-tomentose beneath_ or at length smoothish, +_the lobes triangular to oblong, acute or obtuse, entire_ or sparingly +toothed; fruit short-peduncled or sessile; cup round-ovate, thin, _with +rugged scales, almost covering the depressed-globose acorn_ +(8--10''long).--River swamps, S. E. Mo. to S. Ind., Tenn., N. C., and +southward.--A large tree, with flaky bark; intermediate between n. 3 and +n. 5. + +[*][*] _Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, but not lobed_ (except slightly +in n. 5), _whitish and more or less downy beneath; cup hoary, +hemispherical or a little depressed, about half as long as the +oblong-ovoid edible acorn_.--CHESTNUT-OAKS. + +5. Q. bicolor, Willd. (SWAMP WHITE OAK.) _Leaves_ obovate or +oblong-obovate, _wedge-shaped at base, coarsely sinuate-crenate_ and +often rather _pinnatifid_ than toothed, usually _soft-downy and +white-hoary_ beneath, the main primary veins 6--8 pairs, lax and little +prominent; fruiting _peduncle much longer than the petiole_; upper +scales of the cup awn-pointed, sometimes forming a mossy-fringed margin; +acorn scarcely 1' long.--Borders of streams and swamps, S. Maine to +Ont., Minn., and E. Kan., and south in the mountains to N. Ga.--A large +tree, with flaky bark. + +6. Q. Michauxii, Nutt. (BASKET-OAK. COW-OAK.) Leaves (5--6' long) oval +or obovate, acute, _obtuse or even cordate at base_, regularly _dentate_ +(commonly not deeply), _rather rigid, usually very tomentose beneath; +stamens usually 10_; fruit short-peduncled; cup shallow, tuberculate +with hard and stout acute scales, without fringe; acorn 11/2' long. (Q. +Prinus, var Michauxii, _Chapm._)--Borders of streams and swamps, Del. to +Fla., and in the west from S. Ind. to Mo., and south to the Gulf.--A +large and valuable tree, with gray flaky bark and large sweet edible +acorns. Intermediate forms appear to connect with n. 5, of which Dr. +Engelmann considered it a sub-species. + +7. Q. Prinus, L. (CHESTNUT-OAK.) _Leaves_ thick, varying, obovate or +oblong to lanceolate, sometimes acuminate, _with an obtuse or acute +base, undulately crenate-toothed, pale and minutely downy beneath_, the +main primary ribs 10--16 pairs, straight, prominent beneath; fruiting +_peduncles shorter than the petioles, often very short_; cup thick +(6--12'' wide), mostly tuberculate with hard and stout scales; acorn +large (sometimes 1--11/4' long). (Incl. var. monticola, _Michx._)--Rocky +banks and hillsides, E. Mass. to N. Y. and Ont., and south in the +mountains to N. Ala. A large tree, with thick and deeply furrowed bark, +rich in tannin. + +8. Q. Muhlenbergii, Engelm. (YELLOW OAK. CHESTNUT-OAK.) _Leaves_ (5--7' +long) _slender-petioled, often oblong or even lanceolate, usually acute +or pointed, mostly obtuse or roundish at base, almost equably and rather +sharply toothed_; cup subsessile, shallow, thin, of small appressed +scales, 5--7'' broad; acorn globose or obovate, 7--9'' long. (Q. Prinus, +var. acuminata, _Michx._)--Dry hillsides and rich bottoms, Mass. to +Del., along the mountains to N. Ala., west to Minn., E. Neb., and +Tex.--Leaves more like those of the Chestnut than any other; the primary +veins very straight, impressed above, prominent beneath. A tall tree, +with thin flaky bark. + +9. Q. prinoides, Willd. Like the last, but of _low stature_ (usually +2--4 deg. high), _with smaller more undulate leaves on shorter petioles_ +(3--6'' long), and deeper cups with _more tumid scales_. (Q. Prinus, +var. humilis, _Marsh._)--Same range as last. Apparently quite distinct +at the east, where it is very low, but running into Q. Muhlenbergii at +the far west. + +[*][*][*] _Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rarely +spiny-toothed._--LIVE OAKS. + +10. Q. virens, Ait. (LIVE OAK.) Leaves small, oblong or elliptical, +hoary beneath as well as the branchlets; peduncle usually conspicuous, +1--3-fruited; cup top-shaped; acorn oblong; cotyledons completely united +into one mass.--Along the coast from Va. to Fla. and Tex. Becoming a +large tree at the south, and formerly extensively used in ship-building. + +Sec. 2. MELANOBALANUS. _Bark dark, furrowed; leaves deciduous, their lobes +and teeth acute and bristle-pointed (at least in youth); stamens mostly +4--6; cup-scales membranaceous; styles long and spreading; abortive +ovules near the top of the perfect seed; inner surface of nut tomentose; +fruit maturing the second year, sessile or on short thick peduncles; +wood porous and brittle._--BLACK OAKS. + +[*] _Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, slender-petioled, not coriaceous, the +lobes or teeth conspicuously bristle-pointed._ + +[+] _Mature leaves glabrous on both sides or nearly so, oval, oblong or +somewhat obovate in outline, from moderately sinuate-pinnatifid to +deeply pinnatifid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late +autumn; large trees, with reddish coarse-grained wood; species closely +related and apparently readily hybridizing._ + +11. Q. rubra, L. (RED OAK.) _Cup saucer-shaped_ or flat, with a narrow +raised border (9--12'' in diameter), of rather fine closely appressed +scales, sessile or on a very short and abrupt narrow stalk or neck, +_very much shorter than the oblong-ovoid or ellipsoidal acorn_, which is +1' or less in length; leaves rather thin, turning dark red after frost, +moderately (rarely very deeply) pinnatifid, the lobes acuminate from a +broad base, with a few coarse teeth; bark of trunk dark gray, +smoothish.--Common both in rich and poor soil, westward to E. Minn. and +E. Kan. Timber coarse and poor.--Var. RUNCINATA, A. DC., is a form with +regular nearly entire lobes and the fruit nearly a half smaller; found +near St. Louis. + +12. Q. coccinea, Wang. (SCARLET OAK.) _Cup top-shaped, or hemispherical +with a conical base_ (7--9'' broad), coarsely scaly, covering half or +more of the _broadly or globular-ovoid acorn_, the scales somewhat +appressed and glabrate, or in western localities yellowish-canescent and +squarrose as in var. tinctoria; leaves in the ordinary forms, at least +on full-grown trees, bright green, shining above, turning red in autumn, +deeply pinnatifid, the slender lobes divergent and sparingly +cut-toothed; buds small; acorns 6--9'' long; bark of the trunk gray, the +interior reddish.--Moist or dry soil; common, from S. Maine to Del., +Minn., N. Mo., and south in the mountains. + +Var. tinctoria, Gray. (QUERCITRON, YELLOW-BARKED, or BLACK OAK.) Leaves +with broader undivided lobes, commonly paler and somewhat pubescent +beneath, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in autumn; cup-scales +large and loosely imbricated or squarrose when dry, yellowish gray, +pubescent; bark of trunk darker-colored and rougher on the surface, +thicker, and internally orange, much more valuable for the tanner and +dyer; buds longer and more pointed; cup sometimes less top-shaped. (Q. +tinctoria, _Bartram_.)--Dry or gravelly uplands, S. Maine to S. Minn., +E. Neb. and Tex. Intermediate forms connect this with the type. The bark +is largely used in tanning. + +Var. ambigua, Gray. (GRAY OAK.) Found along our northeastern borders to +Lake Champlain and northward, figured and briefly characterized by +Michaux as with the foliage of Q. rubra and the fruit of Q. coccinea. It +was considered by Dr. Engelmann as a form of Q. rubra with cups +hemispherical or even turbinate. + +13. Q. palustris, Du Roi. (SWAMP SPANISH or PIN OAK.) _Cup +flat-saucer-shaped_, sometimes contracted into a short scaly base or +stalk, fine-scaled (5--7'' broad), _very much shorter than the usually +globose or depressed acorn_, which is 5--7'' long; leaves deeply +pinnatifid with divergent lobes and broad rounded sinuses.--Low grounds; +rather common, from Mass. to Del. and Md., west to Minn., E. Kan., and +Ark. + +[+][+] _Mature leaves soft-downy beneath; cup saucer-shaped, with a +somewhat top-shaped base, about half the length of the fully developed +small acorn._ + +14. Q. falcata, Michx. (SPANISH OAK.) _Leaves grayish-downy or fulvous +underneath_, obtuse or rounded at base, _3--5-lobed above_ (sometimes +entire); _the lobes prolonged, mostly narrow and more or less +scythe-shaped_, especially the terminal one, entire or sparingly +cut-toothed; acorn globose, 4--5'' long.--Dry or sandy soil, Long Island +to Fla., and from S. Ind. to Mo. and Tex. A large or small tree, +extremely variable in foliage; bark excellent for tanning. + +15. Q. ilicifolia, Wang. (BEAR or BLACK SCRUB-OAK.) _Dwarf_ (3--8 deg. +high), straggling; _leaves_ (2--4' long) thickish, _obovate, +wedge-shaped at base, angularly about 5- (3--7-) lobed, white-downy +beneath_; lobes short and triangular, spreading; acorn ovoid, globular, +5--6'' long.--Sandy barrens and rocky hills, N. Eng. to Ohio and Ky. + +[*][*] _Leaves entire or with a few teeth (or somewhat 3--5-lobed at the +summit), coriaceous, commonly bristle-pointed; acorns globular, small +(not over 6'' long)._ + +[+] _Leaves thick, widening or often much dilated upward and more or +less sinuate or somewhat 3--5-lobed; acorns globular-ovoid._ + +16. Q. aquatica, Walter. (WATER-OAK.) _Leaves glabrous and shining, +obovate-spatulate or narrowly wedge-form, with a long tapering base_ and +an often obscurely 3-lobed summit, varying to oblanceolate; cup +saucer-shaped or hemispherical.--Wet grounds, around ponds, etc., Del. +to the Gulf, and from Ky. and Mo. to Tex.--Tree 30--40 deg. high; running +into many varieties, especially southward; the leaves on seedlings and +strong shoots often incised or sinuate-pinnatifid; then mostly +bristle-pointed. + +17. Q. nigra, L. (BLACK-JACK or BARREN OAK.) _Leaves broadly +wedge-shaped_, but sometimes rounded or obscurely cordate at the base, +_widely dilated_ and somewhat 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed) at the summit, +occasionally with one or two lateral conspicuously bristle-tipped lobes +or teeth, rusty-pubescent beneath, shining above, large (4--9' long); +_cup top-shaped_, coarse-scaly; acorn short-ovoid.--Dry sandy barrens, +or heavy clay soil, Long Island to S. Minn., E. Neb., and southward. A +small tree (sometimes 30--40 deg. high), of little value. + +[+][+] _Leaves not dilated upward, generally entire; acorn globose._ + +18. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (LAUREL or SHINGLE OAK.) _Leaves +lanceolate-oblong_, thickish, smooth, and _shining above, downy +underneath, the down commonly persistent_; cup between saucer-shaped and +top-shaped.--Rich woodlands, Penn. to Ga., west to S. Wisc., Iowa, +E. Neb., and N. Ark.--Tree 30--90 deg. high. The specific name is in +allusion to its early use for shingles. + +19. Q. Phellos, L. (WILLOW-OAK.) _Leaves linear-Lanceolate, narrowed to +both ends, soon glabrous_, light green (3--4' long); cup +saucer-shaped.--Bottom lands or rich sandy uplands, Staten Island to N. +Fla., west to S. Ky., Mo., and Tex. + +In addition to the above, the following hybrids have been recognized:-- + +Q. ALBA x MACROCARPA; N. Ill. (_Bebb_); central Ill. (_Hall_). + +Q. ALBA x STELLATA; N. Ill. (_Bebb_); D. C. (_Vasey_); S. C. +(_Mellichamp_). + +Q. ALBA x PRINUS; near Washington, D. C. (_Vasey._) + +Q. IMBRICARIA x NIGRA (Q. tridentata, _Engelmann_); S. Ill. +(_Engelmann_). + +Q. IMBRICARIA x PALUSTRIS; Mo. (_Engelmann_). + +Q. IMBRICARIA x COCCINEA (Q. Leana, _Nutt._); Ohio to Mo., and near +Washington, D. C. + +Q. PHELLOS x RUBRA (?) or COCCINEA (?) (Q. heterophylla, _Michx._); +Staten Island and N. J. to Del. and N. C. (BARTRAM'S OAK.) + +Q. PHELLOS x NIGRA (Q. Rudkini, _Britt._); N. J. (_Rudkin_). + +Q. ILICIFOLIA x COCCINEA (?); Uxbridge, Mass. (_Robbins._) + + +7. CASTANEA, Tourn. CHESTNUT. + +Sterile flowers interruptedly clustered in long and naked cylindrical +catkins; calyx mostly 6-parted; stamens 8--20; filaments slender; +anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers few, usually 3 together in an ovoid +scaly prickly involucre; calyx with a 6-lobed border crowning the +3--7-celled 6--14-ovuled ovary; abortive stamens 5--12; styles linear, +exserted, as many as the cells of the ovary; stigmas small. Nuts +coriaceous, ovoid, enclosed 2--3 together or solitary in the hard and +thick very prickly 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons very thick, +somewhat plaited, cohering together, remaining underground in +germination.--Leaves strongly straight-veined, undivided. Flowers +appearing later than the leaves, cream-color; the catkins axillary near +the end of the branches, wholly sterile or the upper ones androgynous +with the fertile flowers at the base. (The classical name, from that of +a town in Thessaly.) + +1. C. sativa, Mill., var. Americana. (CHESTNUT.) A large tree, _leaves +oblong-lanceolate, pointed_, serrate with coarse pointed teeth, acute at +base, when mature _smooth and green both sides_; nuts 2 or 3 in each +involucre, therefore flattened on one or both sides, very sweet. (C. +vesca, var., of the Manual.)--Rocky woods and hillsides, S. Maine to +Del., along the mountains to N. Ala., and west to S. Mich., S. Ind., and +Tenn. + +2. C. pumila, Mill. (CHINQUAPIN.) A spreading shrub or small tree; +_leaves oblong, acute_, serrate with pointed teeth, _whitened-downy +beneath_; involucres small, often spiked; the ovoid pointed nut scarcely +half as large as a common chestnut, very sweet, solitary, not +flattened.--Rich hillsides and borders of swamps, S. Penn. to Fla., west +to S. Ind. and Tex. + + +8. FAGUS, Tourn. BEECH. + +Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles, with deciduous +scale-like bracts; calyx bell-shaped, 5--7-cleft; stamens 8--16; +filaments slender; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers usually in pairs at +the apex of a short peduncle, invested by numerous awl-shaped bractlets, +the inner coherent at base to form the 4-lobed involucre; calyx-lobes 6, +awl shaped; ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell; styles 3, +thread-like, stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts sharply 3-sided, +usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-prickly coriaceous involucre, +which divides to below the middle into 4 valves. Cotyledons thick, +folded and somewhat united; but rising and expanding in +germination.--Trees, with a close and smooth ash-gray bark, a light +horizontal spray, and undivided strongly straight-veined leaves, which +are open and convex in the tapering bud and plaited on the veins. +Flowers appearing with the leaves, the yellowish staminate flowers from +the lower, the pistillate from the upper axils of the leaves of the +season. (The classical Latin name, from [Greek: pha/go], _to eat_, in +allusion to the esculent nuts.) + +1. F. ferruginea, Ait. (AMERICAN BEECH.) Tree 75--100 deg. high; leaves +oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed; +petioles and midrib soon nearly naked; prickles of the fruit mostly +recurved or spreading.--N. Scotia to Fla., west to Wisc., E. Ill., Mo., +and Tex. + + +ORDER 104. SALICACEAE. (WILLOW FAMILY.) + +_Dioecious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in catkins, one +to each bract, without perianth; the fruit a 1-celled and 2--4-valved +pod, with 2--4 parietal or basal placentae, bearing numerous seeds +furnished with long silky down._--Style usually short or none; stigmas +2, often 2-lobed. Seeds ascending, anatropous, without albumen. +Cotyledons flattened.--Leaves alternate, undivided, with scale-like and +deciduous, or else leaf-like and persistent, stipules. Wood soft and +light; bark bitter. + +1. Salix. Bracts entire. Flowers with small glands, disks none. Stamens +few. Stigmas short. Buds with a single scale. + +2. Populus. Bracts lacerate. Flowers with a broad or cup-shaped disk. +Stamens numerous. Stigmas elongated. Buds scaly. + + +1. SALIX, Tourn. WILLOW. OSIER. (By M. S. BEBB, Esq.) + +Bracts (_scales_) of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of 3--10, +mostly 2, distinct or united stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 small +glands. Fertile flowers also with a small flat gland at the base of the +ovary; stigmas short.--Trees or shrubs, generally growing along streams, +with terete and lithe branches. Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire +or glandularly toothed. Buds covered by a single scale, with an inner +adherent membrane (separating in n. 14). Catkins appearing before or +with the leaves. (The classical Latin name.) + +Sec. 1. _Aments borne on short lateral leafy branchlets; scales yellowish, +falling before the capsules mature; filaments hairy below, all free; +style very short or obsolete; stigmas thick, notched. Trees or large +shrubs; leaves taper-pointed._ + +[*] _Leaves closely serrate with inflexed teeth; capsules glabrous._ + +[+] _Stamens 3--5 or more._ + +[++] _Trees 15--50 deg. high, with rough bark and slender twigs; no petiolar +glands; sterile aments elongated, narrowly cylindrical; flowers somewhat +remotely subverticillate; scales entire, short and rounded, +crisp-villous on the inside._ + +1. S. nigra, Marsh. (BLACK WILLOW.) _Leaves narrowly lanceolate, very +long-attenuate from near the roundish or acute base to the usually +curved tip_, often downy when young, at length _green and glabrous_ +except the petiole and midrib; stipules large, semicordate, pointed and +persistent, or small, ovoid and deciduous; fruiting aments (11/2--3' long) +more or less dense; capsules ovate-conical, shortly pedicelled.--Banks +of streams and lakes, bending over the water; common.--Var. FALCATA, +Torr. Leaves narrower and scythe-shaped--Var. WARDI, Bebb. Leaves +broader, often 1' wide, glaucous and veined beneath; stipules large, +round-reniform; aments long, loosely flowered; capsules globose-conical, +long-pedicelled. Rocky islands of the Potomac (_Ward_); Falls of the +Ohio (_Short_); Mo. The leaves alone are easily mistaken for those of +n. 14.--A hybrid of this species with S. alba, var. vitellina, is found +in Wayne Co., N. Y. (_E. L. Hankenson_). + +2. S. amygdaloides, Anders. _Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate_, +2--4' long, attenuate-cuspidate, _pale or glaucous beneath; petioles +long and slender_; stipules minute, very early deciduous; _fertile +aments becoming very loose in fruit_ from the lengthening of the slender +pedicels.--Central N. Y. (_Dudley_) to Mo.; common westward. + +[++][++] _A shrub or small bushy tree, 6--15 deg. high, with smooth bark and +rather stout polished twigs; petioles glandular; sterile aments thick, +oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered; stamens commonly 5; scales +dentate, hairy at base, smooth above._ + +3. S. lucida, Muhl. (SHINING W.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate or narrower, +tapering to a very long acuminate point, at length coriaceous, smooth +and shining both sides; stipules small, oblong; fruiting aments often +persistent, the capsules becoming rigid and polished, as in the nearly +allied S. pentandra of Europe.--Banks of streams, N. Eng. to Penn., west +and northward. A beautiful species on account of its showy staminate +aments and large glossy leaves. + +[+][+] _Stamens mostly 2; capsules subsessile or very shortly +pedicelled; leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate._ + +S. FRAGILIS, L. (CRACK WILLOW.) _Leaves green and glabrous_, pale or +glaucous beneath, 3--6' long; stipules when present half-cordate; +stamens rarely 3--4; _capsule long-conical, shortly pedicelled_.--A tall +and handsome tree, which was planted at an early day about Boston and +elsewhere.--The var. DECIPIENS, Smith, with yellowish-white or crimson +twigs, buds black in winter, and smaller and brighter green leaves, +ought perhaps to be excluded, the plant so named by Barratt, etc., being +one of the hybrids mentioned below. (Adv. from Eu.) + +S. ALBA, L. (WHITE W.) _Leaves ashy-gray or silky-white on both +sides_, except when old, 2--4' long; stipules ovate-lanceolate, +deciduous; capsules ovate-conical, sessile or nearly so.--Var. CAERULEA, +Koch; twigs olive; old leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, dull bluish +green.--Var. VITELLINA, Koch; twigs yellow or reddish; old leaves +glabrous above.--A familiar tree of rapid growth, attaining a height of +50--80 deg. The typical form, with olive twigs and old leaves silky on both +sides, is rarely found with us, but the var. VITELLINA is common. Pure +S. FRAGILIS is also scarce, but a host of hybrids between the two, +representing S. viridis, _Fries_, S. Russelliana, _Smith_, etc., are the +commonest of introduced willows. These forms are rendered almost +inextricable by a further cross, by no means rare, with our native S. +lucida. (Adv. from Eu.) + +S. BABYLONICA, Tourn. (WEEPING W.) Extensively planted for ornament, and +in some places widely spread along river-banks and lake-shores by the +drifting of detached limbs. (Adv. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Leaves remotely denticulate with projecting teeth; stamens 2; +capsule glabrous or silky._ + +4. S. longifolia, Muhl. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2--4' long, tapering +at each end, nearly sessile, more or less silky when young, at length +smooth and green both sides; stipules small, lanceolate, deciduous; +aments linear-cylindric, often clustered at the ends of the branchlets; +capsule shortly pedicelled; stigmas large, sessile.--Found sparingly +along the Atlantic coast from Maine to the Potomac; common westward. A +shrub, rooting extensively in alluvial deposits and forming dense +clumps. This species is a peculiar American type, and exceedingly +variable; the earliest leaves after germination pinnately lobed. + +Sec. 2. _Aments lateral or terminal, with or without bracts; scales +persistent, colored at the tip; stamens 2 (usually 1 in n. 19), with +glabrous filaments (united and hairy in_ S. purpurea); _shrubs or small +trees._ + +[*] _Capsules tomentose._ + +[+] _Pedicels 3--6 times the length of the gland; style medium or none._ + +[++] _Large shrubs or small trees (8--15 deg. high); leaves obovate or +elliptic-lanceolate, 2--4' long, acute or acuminate, more or less +obscurely and irregularly serrate, thin becoming rigid, glaucous +beneath; fertile aments oblong-cylindric, 2--3' long, loosely flowered._ + +5. S. rostrata, Richardson. _Leaves dull green and downy above_, stoutly +veined and _soft-hairy beneath_, serrate, crenate or subentire; stipules +when present semi-cordate, toothed, acute; _aments appearing with the +leaves_, the sterile narrowed at base, pale yellow; capsules tapering to +a very long slender beak; _pedicels thread-like, much exceeding the +pale, rose-tipped, linear, thinly villous scales_; style scarcely any; +stigma-lobes entire or deeply parted. (S. livida, var. occidentalis, +_Gray_.)--Moist or dry ground, N. Eng. to Penn., and far west and +northward. Not spreading from the root but having rather the habit of a +small tree, with a distinct trunk. + +6. S. discolor, Muhl. (GLAUCOUS W.) _Leaves smooth and bright green +above, soon smooth beneath_, irregularly crenate-serrate, the serratures +remote at base, closer, finer and becoming obsolete toward the point; +stipules 1/2' long or more, and sharply toothed, or small and nearly +entire; _aments closely sessile, thick, oblong-cylindrical_, 1' long or +more, _appearing before the leaves_ in earliest spring; _scales dark red +or brown, becoming black, copiously clothed with long glossy hairs_; +style short but distinct.--Var. ERIOCEPHALA, Anders. Aments more densely +flowered and more silvery silky; leaves sometimes retaining a +ferruginous pubescence beneath even when fully grown.--Var. PRINOIDES, +Anders. Aments more loosely flowered, less silky; capsules more thinly +tomentose; style longer; stigma-lobes laciniate; leaves narrower. (S. +prinoides, _Pursh._) Includes narrow-leaved forms of the type, and +others which are probably hybrids with S. cordata.--Low meadows and +river-banks, common. The just expanding leaves are often overspread with +evanescent ferruginous hairs. + +[++][++] _Upland grayish shrubs, 1--8 deg. high; leaves oblanceolate, +pointed, the lowest obtuse, downy above becoming glabrate, beneath +glaucous, rugose-veined and softly tomentose, the margin revolute, +undulate-entire; aments ovoid or oblong, closely sessile, appearing +before the leaves, naked at base; capsules rather shortly pedicelled, +greenish or reddish, spreading; scales dark red or brownish; style +distinct; stigmas bifid._ + +7. S. humilis, Marsh. (PRAIRIE W.) _Leaves oblanceolate or +oblong-lanceolate_, the lowest obovate; _stipules medium-sized_, +semi-ovate, entire or oftener toothed; _petioles distinct_; aments often +recurved, about 1' long.--Dry plains and barrens, common. A shrub, 3--8 deg. +high, varying much in the size and shape of the leaves. Hybrids with +n. 6 have equally broad and large but duller green leaves, softly +tomentose beneath and with shorter petioles, the aments equally thick +but usually recurved, and the capsules on shorter pedicels. Small forms +apparently pass into the next. + +8. S. tristis, Ait. (DWARF GRAY W.) _Leaves small_ (1--2' long), +_crowded, linear-oblanceolate_, tapering to a _very short petiole; +stipules minute, deciduous_; aments very small, globular or oval, about +1/2' long in fruit.--Sandy plains or on the borders of hillside thickets, +common. A tufted shrub, 1--11/2 deg. high, rising from a strong large root. + +[++][++][++] _Low shrubs, 3--10 deg. high, of cold swamps, with slender +yellowish or reddish twigs; leaves lanceolate, smooth above, glaucous +beneath and covered when young with appressed silvery-silky hairs; +aments (especially the fertile) with a few leafy bracts at base; capsule +pedicelled, silvery-silky; stigmas bifid._ + +[=] _Shrubs of lowland swamps; leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2--3' long, +taper-pointed, finely and evenly serrate; stipules linear or +semi-cordate, deciduous; aments sessile or in fruit slightly peduncled; +style very short._ + +9. S. sericea, Marsh. (SILKY W.) Leaves at first (principally beneath) +very silky, turning black in drying; aments narrowly cylindrical, the +fertile densely flowered; capsule short-pedicelled, ovate-oblong, rather +obtuse.--Common, but more prevalent from the region of the Great Lakes +eastward. + +10. S. petiolaris, Smith. Leaves only slightly silky when young, soon +smooth, with less tendency to blacken in drying; fertile aments +ovoid-cylindric, in fruit broad and loose from the lengthening of the +pedicels; capsule rostrate from an ovate base, rather acute.--Var. +GRACILIS, Anders., has extremely loose aments, and very long-pedicelled +attenuate-rostrate capsules.--Common, but more prevalent from the Great +Lakes westward. This species, like the preceding, hybridizes freely with +S. cordata. + +[=][=] _Alpine shrub; leaves 1--2' long, repand-crenate; stipules +minute, fugacious; aments leafy-peduncled; style distinct._ + +11. S. argyrocarpa, Anders. Leaves tapering evenly to both ends, acute, +or the earliest obovate and obtuse, at length rigid, the margin slightly +revolute; petiole short; fruiting ament short (about 1' long), loosely +flowered; capsule tapering, densely silky-silvery; gland of the +staminate flower variously doubled.--Moist alpine ravines in a few +limited localities on or near Mt. Washington, N. H.; also in Lower +Canada and Lab. A bushy branched shrub, erect or depressed at base, +1--2 deg. high, growing in wide dense patches. A hybrid with n. 13 was +detected by Mr. _E. Faxon_ in Tuckerman's ravine (its leaves collected +by Dr. Gray as early as 1842!), appearing like a large form of the +species with the aments of S. phylicifolia. + +[+][+] _Pedicels twice the length of the gland; style elongated._ + +12. S. candida, Willd. (SAGE W. HOARY W.) Leaves lanceolate or +linear-lanceolate, 2--4' long, taper-pointed or the lowest obtuse, +rather rigid, downy above, becoming glabrate, _beneath covered with a +dense white tomentum_, the revolute margin subentire; _stipules +lanceolate, about as long as the petioles_; aments cylindrical, densely +flowered, 2' long in fruit; anthers red; the dark gland elongated; +capsule densely white-woolly; style dark red; stigmas short, spreading, +notched.--Cold bogs, N. Eng. and N. J. to Iowa, and northward.--A hoary +shrub 2--5 deg. high; young shoots white-woolly, the older red. Two +beautiful hybrids, with n. 10 and n. 14, have been found near Flint, +Mich. (_Dr. Clarke_). + +13. S. phylicifolia, L. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, +somewhat equally pointed or obtuse at both ends, remotely and minutely +repand-toothed, 2--3' long, _very smooth on both sides_, dark green and +shining above, glaucous beneath, at length coriaceous; _stipules +obsolete_; aments sessile with a few small bracts at base, 1' long, +rather densely flowered, oblong-cylindric, the fertile somewhat +stipitate, becoming 2' long in fruit; scales dark, silky-villous; +capsule conic-rostrate from an ovoid base; stigmas bifid or entire, +yellow drying black. (S. chlorophylla, of _Man._; S. chlorophylla, var. +denudata, _Anders_.)--Moist ravines on alpine summits of the White +Mountains, and of Mt. Mansfield, Vt.--A divaricately much branched shrub +1--10 deg. high; twigs glabrous, sometimes covered with a glaucous bloom. +(Eu.) + +S. VIMINALIS, L., the OSIER WILLOW of Europe, is occasionally planted, +but soon dies out. Some of its hybrids, as S. SMITHIANA, Willd., etc., +stand our climate better, but cannot be regarded as adventive. + +[+][+][+] _Capsules sessile; filaments and often the reddish anthers +united so as to appear as one._ + +S. PURPUREA, L. (PURPLE W.) Leaves oblanceolate or tongue shaped, +slightly serrulate, very smooth, glaucescent, subopposite; stipules +obsolete; aments densely flowered, narrow-cylindrical, the sterile at +least closely sessile, with only very small bracts at base; scale small, +round, crisp-villous, tipped with dark purple; capsules +grayish-tomentose, ovate-conical, obtuse.--Low grounds; commonly +cultivated for basket-rods. (Adv. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Capsules glabrous._ + +[+] _Tall shrubs, 4--10 deg. high; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, +2--4' long, acute or acuminate (on vigorous shoots rounded, truncate or +cordate at base), serrate; sterile aments very silky, with a few bracts +at base, 1' long or more, the fertile leafy-peduncled, in fruit 2' long +or more; capsules tapering, pointed._ + +[++] _Leaves soon smooth; capsules long-pedicelled; style medium._ + +14. S. cordata, Muhl. (HEART-LEAVED W.) _Leaves oblong-lanceolate or +narrower_, on the flowering branches often tapering at base, sharply +serrate, finely denticulate or subentire, _green both sides or scarcely +paler beneath_, the young often silky or downy, especially on the +midrib, not turning black in drying; stipules reniform or ovate, +serrate, usually large and conspicuous; _aments rather slender_; +capsules greenish or refuscent, 2--3'' long. (S. rigida, _Muhl._)--Var. +ANGUSTATA, Anders. Leaves narrower, gradually acuminate, finely +serrate.--In wet places and along streams, etc.; our most widely +distributed and variable species.--S. MYRICOIDES, Muhl. (S. cordata, +var. myricoides, _Darl_., Fl. Cestr., 3 ed.), is a hybrid between this +species and S. sericea, having the leaves, even those of the most +vigorous shoots, tapering and rather acute at base, glaucous or +glaucescent beneath and sparsely appressed-hairy; stipules small, ovate, +pointed; capsules more or less silky when young, becoming glabrate, +shortly pedicelled; twigs brittle at base. A hybrid with the European S. +incana (surprising on account of the rarity of the cultivated parent) is +found at Ithaca, N. Y. (_Dudley_). + +15. S. glaucophylla, Bebb. _Leaves varying from ovate with a broadly +rounded base to oblong-lanceolate_ and equally pointed at both ends +(3--4' long, nearly 2' wide), glandular-serrate, _subcoriaceous, +glabrous throughout, dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath_, +the young drying black; stipules large, ear-shaped, dentate; _aments +thick, oblong-cylindrical_, in size and silkiness resembling n. 6; +capsules attenuate-rostrate, 3--5' long, greenish, drying brown.--Var. +ANGUSTIFOLIA, Bebb; leaves narrower (3' long, 3/4' wide), pointed at both +ends. (S. angustata, of ed. 2, in part.)--Var. BREVIFOLIA, Bebb; leaves +obovate, about 1' long, strongly veined.--Common on the sand dunes of +Lake Michigan, and occasionally found away from the lake shore in N. +Ill. and Wisc. + +16. S. balsamifera, Barratt. _Leaves broadly rounded and usually +subcordate at base, at first very thin, subpellucid_ and of a rich +reddish color, _at length rigid, dark green above, paler or glaucous and +prominently reticulate-veined beneath_, slightly glandular-serrulate; +petioles long and slender; _stipules obsolete; fertile aments becoming +very lax in fruit_, the long slender pedicels 6--8 times the length of +the gland; style short. (S. pyrifolia, _Anders._)--In open swamps along +our northern boundary, Maine to Minn., and northward; White Mountains of +N. H. (_Little_, 1823; rediscovered by _Pringle_, and _C. E._ and _E. +Faxon_). A much branched shrub, growing in clumps; recent twigs +shining-chestnut on the sunny side. + +[++][++] _Leaves clothed, even when fully grown, with a long silky +tomentum on both sides, which is finally deciduous; capsule subsessile; +style elongated._ + +17. S. adenophylla, Hook. Leaves ovate or very broadly lanceolate, +cuspidate-acuminate (1--2' long), dull green both sides, very closely +serrate with fine projecting gland-tipped teeth; stipules conspicuous, +ovate-cordate, glandular-serrate, exceeding the short stout petioles, +which are dilated at base and embrace the obtuse silky buds; aments +leafy-peduncled, the fertile not rarely becoming 4' long, densely +flowered.--Shores of the Great Lakes, rooting extensively in the +sand-dunes. A large straggling shrub, with stout tomentose twigs and +crowded leaves. Hybridizes with S. cordata. + +[+][+] _Low erect shrub, 1--3 deg. high; leaves small, entire; capsules +oblong-cylindric; stigmas sessile or nearly so._ + +18. S. myrtilloides, L. Leaves elliptic-obovate, about 1' long, obtuse +or somewhat pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, somewhat coriaceous +when mature, revolute, reticulated, pale or glaucous beneath, fertile +aments oblong, loosely few-flowered, borne on long leafy peduncles; +capsules reddish green; pedicels slender, twice the length of the nearly +smooth greenish yellow scale.--Var. PEDICELLARIS, Anders.; leaves +oblong-linear or oblanceolate, 1--21/2' long.--Cold peat-bogs, N. Eng. and +N. J. to Iowa, and northward. (Eu.) + +[+][+][+] _Prostrate or creeping and matted alpine shrubs._ + +19. S. Uva-ursi, Pursh. (BEARBERRY W.) _Leaves elliptical_ and pointed, +or obovate and obtuse, less than 1' long, 3--4'' wide, tapering at base, +slightly toothed, strongly veined, smooth and shining above, pale and +rather glaucous beneath; _aments borne on slender lateral leafy +peduncles, oblong-cylindric_, 6--9'' long, the fertile lengthening to 2' +and narrowly cylindric, _densely flowered_ above, often loose below; +_scales_ obovate, rose-red at the tip, _covered with long silky hairs_; +stamens rarely 2; capsule ovate-conical, brownish at maturity; pedicel +scarcely exceeding the gland; style distinct. (S. Cutleri, +_Tuckerm._)--Abundant over all the alpine summits of N. New Eng. and +N. Y. Closely prostrate, spreading from a stout central root over an +area 1--2 deg. in diameter. + +20. S. herbacea, L. _Leaves roundish oval_, heart-shaped, obtuse or +retuse, less than 1' long, serrate, smooth and shining, reticulately +veined; _aments terminating 2-leaved branchlets, small, ovoid, 4--10 +flowered; scales_ concave, obovate, obtuse, _glabrous_ or slightly +pubescent; capsule subsessile.--Alpine summits of the White Mountains, +and far northward. A very small herb-like species, the half-underground +stems creeping and rooting to a considerable extent, the branches seldom +rising above 1--2' from the ground. (Eu.) + + +2. POPULUS, Tourn. POPLAR. ASPEN. + +Bracts (_scales_) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. +Flowers from a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. +Stamens 8--30, or more; filaments distinct. Stigmas 2--4, elongated. +Capsules 2--4-valved.--Trees, with broad and more or less heart-shaped +or ovate toothed leaves, and often angular branches. Buds scaly, covered +with resinous varnish. Catkins long and drooping, appearing before the +leaves. (The classical Latin name, of uncertain origin.) + +Sec. 1. _Styles 2, with 2--3 narrow or filiform lobes; capsules thin, +oblong-conical, 2-valved; seeds very small; leaves ovate._ + +[*] _Petioles laterally flattened; bracts silky; stamens 6--20; capsules +numerous, small, on very short pedicels._ + +P. ALBA, L. (WHITE POPLAR. ABELE.) The younger branches and the under +surface of the rhombic-oval sinuate-toothed acute leaves +white-tomentose; scales crenate, fringed.--Frequently cultivated for +shade, spreading widely by the root, and occasionally spontaneous. (Adv. +from Eu.) + +1. P. tremuloides, Michx. (AMERICAN ASPEN.) Small tree 20--50 deg. high, +with smooth greenish-white bark; _leaves roundish-heart-shaped_, with a +short sharp point, and _small somewhat regular teeth_, smooth on both +sides, with downy margins, on long slender petioles; _scales cut into +3--4 deep linear divisions_, fringed with long hairs.--Maine to the +mountains of Penn., N. Ky., Minn., and far north and westward. + +2. P. grandidentata, Michx. (LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.) Tree 60--75 deg. high, +with smoothish gray bark; _leaves roundish-ovate, with large and +irregular sinuate teeth_, when young densely covered with white silky +wool, at length smooth both sides; _scales cut into 5--6 unequal small +divisions_, slightly fringed.--Rich woods and borders of streams, +N. Scotia to the mountains of N. C., west to N. Minn. and Tenn. + +[*][*] _Petioles terete; bracts not silky; stamens 12--60._ + +3. P. heterophylla, L. (DOWNY POPLAR.) Tree 40--80 deg. high; leaves ovate +with a somewhat truncate or cordate base, obtuse, crenate, white-woolly +when young, at length nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins +beneath; fertile catkins few-flowered; capsules 1/2' long, equalling the +pedicels.--Borders of river swamps, Conn. to Ga., and in the west from +S. Ind. and Ill. to Ark. and W. La. + +Sec. 2. _Styles 2--4, with dilated lobes; capsules large, often thick, +subglobose to ovate-oblong, 2--4-valved; bracts mostly glabrous; seeds +1--2'' long._ + +4. P. balsamifera, L. (BALSAM POPLAR. TACAMAHAC.) Tree 50--75 deg. high, the +large buds varnished with a copious fragrant resin; _leaves +ovate-lanceolate, gradually tapering and pointed_, finely crenate, +smooth on both sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath, on terete +petioles 1/2--2' long; scales dilated, slightly hairy; _stamens 20--30; +capsule ovate, 2-valved_.--Borders of rivers and swamps, N. New Eng. to +Mich. and Minn., and far north and westward.--Var. CANDICANS, Gray. +(BALM OF GILEAD.) _Leaves broader and more or less heart-shaped_; +petiole commonly hairy. Common in cultivation, but rare or unknown in a +wild state. + +5. P. monilifera, Ait. (COTTON-WOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR.) Tree 75--150 deg. +high; _leaves broadly deltoid_, with numerous crenate serratures and +narrow very acute acumination, sometimes ovate, rarely cordate, on +elongated flattened petioles; scales lacerate-fringed, not hairy; +_stamens 60 or more; capsules_ on slender pedicels (4--5'' long) in long +catkins, _oblong-ovate, 3--4-valved_. (Incl. P. angulata, +_Ait._)--Borders of streams, western N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky +Mts. + + +Order 105. EMPETRACEAE. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) + +_Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen +of_ Heaths, _and the drupaceous fruit of_ Arctostaphylos, but the +divided or laciniate stigmas, etc., of some Euphorbiaceae;--probably only +an apetalous and polygamous or dioecious degenerate form of +Ericaceae,--comprising three genera, two of which occur within the limits +of this work, and the third farther south. + +1. Empetrum. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils. Sepals 3, +somewhat petal-like. + +2. Corema. Flowers collected in terminal heads. Calyx none. + + +1. EMPETRUM, Tourn. CROWBERRY. + +Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves +(inconspicuous), scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat +petal-like sepals. Stamens 3. Style very short; stigma 6--9-rayed. +Fruit a berry-like drupe, with 6--9 seed-like nutlets, each containing +an erect anatropous seed. Embryo terete, in the axis of copious albumen, +with a slender inferior radicle and very small cotyledons. (An ancient +name, from [Greek: e)n], _upon_, and [Greek: pe/tros], _a rock_.) + +1. E. nigrum, L. (BLACK CROWBERRY.) Procumbent and spreading; leaves +linear-oblong, scattered; fruit black.--Newf., Mount. Desert and +adjacent coast of Maine, alpine summits in N. Eng. and N. Y., L. +Superior, and northward. (Eu.) + + +2. COREMA, Don. BROOM-CROWBERRY. + +Flowers dioecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in +the axil of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated +bractlets, but no proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long +filaments. Style slender, 3- (or rarely 4--5-) cleft; stigmas narrow, +often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4--5) nutlets. Seed, etc., as +in the last.--Diffusely much-branched little shrubs, with scattered or +nearly whorled narrowly linear heath-like leaves. (Name [Greek: +ko/rema], _a broom_, from the bushy aspect.) + +1. C. Conradii, Torr. Shrub 6'--2 deg. high, diffusely branched, nearly +smooth; drupe very small, dry and juiceless when ripe.--Sandy pine +barrens and dry rocky places, N. J. and L. Island (?), Shawangunk Mts., +N. Y., coast of S. E. Mass. and Maine, to Newf. The sterile plant is +handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments and +brown-purple anthers. + + +ORDER 106. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. (HORNWORT FAMILY.) + +_Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute +axillary and sessile monoecious flowers without floral envelopes, but +with an 8--12-cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple +1-celled ovary, with a suspended orthotropous ovule, seed filled by a +highly developed embryo with a very short radicle, thick oval +cotyledons, and a plumule consisting of several nodes and +leaves._--Consists only of the genus + + +1. CERATOPHYLLUM. L. HORNWORT. + +Sterile flowers of 10--20 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an +achene, beaked with the slender persistent style.--Herbs growing under +water, in ponds or slow-flowing streams; the sessile leaves cut into +thrice-forked thread-like rigid divisions (whence the name from [Greek: +ke/ras], _a horn_, and [Greek: phy/llon], _leaf_). + +1. C. demersum, L. Fruit smooth, marginless, beaked with a long +persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the base +on each side.--Var. ECHINATUM, Gray, has the fruit mostly larger +(3'' long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly winged margin +spiny-toothed.--Slow streams and ponds, across the continent. (Eu., +etc.) + + +SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMAE. + +Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirely wanting; +the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and +fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often +more than two. + + +ORDER 107. CONIFERAE. (PINE FAMILY.) + +_Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or +needle-shaped entire leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers +in catkins or solitary, destitute of calyx or corolla._ Ovules +orthotropous or inverted. Embryo in the axis of the albumen, nearly its +length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of a homogeneous +large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on two sides.) + +SUBORDER I. Pinaceae. Fertile flowers in scaly aments becoming cones or +berry-like. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. Mostly +monoecious and evergreen. + +Tribe I. ABIETINEAE. (PINE FAMILY proper.) Fertile flowers in catkins, +consisting of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels in the form of +scales, each scale in the axil of a thin persistent bract; in fruit +forming a strobile or cone. Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each +scale, inverted. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3--16. Anthers spirally +arranged upon the stamineal column, which is subtended by involucral +scales. Buds scaly. Leaves scattered (or fascicled in n. 1 and 5), +linear to needle-shaped. + +[*] Cones maturing the second year, their scales becoming thickened and +corky. + +1. Pinus. Leaves 2--5 in a cluster, surrounded by a sheath of scarious +bud-scales. + +[*][*] Cones maturing the first year, their scales remaining thin. + +[+] Cones pendulous, their scales persistent; bracts smaller than the +scales; leaves jointed upon a prominent persistent base, solitary. + +2. Picea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides (tetragonal). + +3 Tsuga. Leaves petioled, flat. + +[+][+] Cones erect; bracts longer than the scales; leaf-scars not +prominent. + +4. Abies. Scales of the large cone deciduous. Leaves persistent, +solitary, keeled beneath. + +5. Larix. Scales of the small cone persistent. Leaves mostly fascicled, +flat, deciduous. + +Tribe II. TAXODIEAE. Fertile aments of several spirally arranged +imbricated scales, without bracts, becoming a globular woody cone. +Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale, erect. Leaves linear, +alternate; leaf-buds not scaly. + +6. Taxodium. Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous. + +Tribe III. CUPRESSINEAE. Scales of the fertile ament few, decussately +opposite or ternate, becoming a small closed cone or sort of drupe. +Ovules 2 or more in their axils, erect. Cotyledons 2 (rarely more). +Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usually scale-like and adnate, +the earlier free and subulate; leaf-buds not scaly. + +[*] Monoecious; fruit a small cone; leaves opposite and foliage more or +less 2-ranked. + +7. Chamaecyparis. Cone globose; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly +winged. + +8. Thuya. Cone pendulous, oblong, of 8--12 imbricated scales. Seeds 2, +2-winged. + +[*][*] Dioecious. Fruit berry-like, with bony ovate seeds. + +9. Juniperus. Fruit-scales 3--6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked. + +SUBORDER II. Taxaceae. (YEW FAMILY.) Flowers dioecious, axillary and +solitary, the fertile consisting of a naked erect ovule which becomes a +bony-coated seed more or less surrounded or enclosed by the enlarged +fleshy disk (or scale). + +10. Taxus. Leaves linear, scattered. Seed surrounded by a red berry-like +cup. + + +1. PINUS, Tourn. PINE. + +Sterile flower at the base of the shoot of the same spring, involucrate +by a nearly definite number of scales, consisting of numerous stamens +spirally inserted on the axis, with very short filaments and a +scale-like connective; anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 +united cells, the 2 lateral ones empty. Fertile catkins solitary or +aggregated immediately below the terminal bud, or lateral on the young +shoot, consisting of imbricated carpellary scales, each in the axil of a +persistent bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base. Fruit a +cone formed of the imbricated woody carpellary scales, which are +thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading +when ripe and dry; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at +the base of the scale; in separating carrying away a part of its lining +as a thin fragile wing. Cotyledons 3--12, linear.--Primary leaves thin +and chaff-like, merely bud-scales; from their axils immediately proceed +the secondary needle-shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5, +from slender buds, some thin scarious bud scales sheathing the base of +the cluster. Leaves when in pairs semicylindrical, becoming channelled; +when more than 2 triangular; their edges in our species serrulate. +Blossoms developed in spring; the cones maturing in the second autumn. +(The classical Latin name.) + +Sec. 1. _Leaves 5, each with a single fibro-vascular bundle; sheath loose, +deciduous; cones subterminal, their scales but slightly thickened at the +end and without prickle or point; bark smooth except on old trunks._ + +1. P. Strobus, L. (WHITE PINE.) Tree 75--160 deg. high; leaves very slender, +glaucous; sterile flowers oval (4--5'' long), with 6--8 involucral +scales at base; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical; cones narrow, +cylindrical, nodding, often curved (4--6' long); seed smooth; cotyledons +8--10.--Newf. to Penn., along the mountains to Ga., west to Minn. and +E. Iowa. Invaluable for its soft, light, white or yellowish wood, in +large trees nearly free from resin. + +Sec. 2. _Leaves in twos or threes, each with two fibro-vascular bundles; +sheath close; woody scales of the cones thickened at the end and usually +spiny-tipped._ + +[*] _Cones lateral; their scales much thickened at the end; leaves +rigid._ + +[+] _Leaves in threes (rarely in twos in n. 2)._ + +2. P. Taeda, L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD PINE.) _Leaves long (6--10'), with +elongated sheaths_, light green; cones elongated-oblong (3--5' long) and +tapering; _scales tipped with a stout incurved spine_.--Wet clay or dry +sandy soil, Del. to Fla. near the coast, thence to Tex. and Ark.--A tree +50--150 deg. high; staminate flowers slender, 2' long, with usually 10--13 +involucral scales; seeds with 3 strong rough ridges on the under side. + +3. P. rigida, Mill. (PITCH PINE.) _Leaves_ (3--5' long) dark green, +_from short sheaths_; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (1--31/2' long), often +in clusters; _scales with a short stout recurved prickle_.--Sandy or +barren soil, N. Brunswick to N. Ga., western N. Y. and E. Ky.--A tree +30--80 deg. high, with very rough dark bark and hard resinous wood; sterile +flowers shorter; scales 6--8. + +[+][+] _Leaves in twos (some in threes in n. 4 and 7)._ + +4. P. pungens, Michx. f. (TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE.) _Leaves stout, short_ +(11/4--21/2' long), crowded, bluish, the sheath short (very short on old +foliage); cones ovate (31/2' long), _the scales armed with a strong hooked +spine_ (1/4' long).--Alleghany Mts., Penn., to N. C. and Tenn.--A rather +small tree (20--60 deg. high); cones long-persistent. + +5. P. inops, Ait. (JERSEY or SCRUB PINE.) _Leaves short_ (11/2--3' long); +cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2--3' long), the _scales tipped +with a straight or recurved awl-shaped prickle_.--Barrens and sterile +hills, Long Island to S. C., mostly near the coast, west through Ky. to +S. Ind.--A straggling tree at the east, 15--40 deg. high, with spreading or +drooping branchlets; larger westward. Young shoots with a purplish +glaucous bloom. + +6. P. Banksiana, Lambert. (GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB PINE.) _Leaves short_ +(1' long), _oblique, divergent_; cones conical, oblong, usually curved +(11/2--2' long), smooth, the _scales pointless_.--Barren sandy soil, S. +Maine and N. Vt. to S. Mich., central Minn., and northward. Straggling +shrub or low tree. + +7. P. mitis, Michx. (YELLOW PINE.) _Leaves_ sometimes in threes, _from +long sheaths, slender_ (3--5' long); cones ovate- or oblong-conical +(barely 2' long), the _scales with a minute weak prickle_.--Usually dry +or sandy soil, Staten Island to Fla., S. Ind., S. E. Kan. and Tex.--A +straight tree, 50--100 deg. high, with dark green leaves more soft and +slender than the preceding. The western form has more rigid leaves and +more tuberculate and spiny cones. + +[*][*] _Cones terminal; leaves long and slender, in twos or threes._ + +8. P. resinosa, Ait. (RED PINE.) Leaves _in twos_ from long sheaths, +elongated (_5--6' long_), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth +_(about 2' long), their scales slightly thickened, pointless_; sterile +flowers oblong-linear (6--9'' long), subtended by about 6 involucral +scales which are early deciduous by an articulation above the base.--Dry +woods, Mass. to N. Penn., Mich., and Minn., and northward.--A tall tree, +with reddish, rather smooth bark and hard wood, not very resinous. + +9. P. palustris, Mill. (LONG-LEAVED, YELLOW, or GEORGIA PINE.) Leaves +_in threes_ from long sheaths, _very long_ (10--15'), crowded at the +summit of very scaly branches; sterile flowers 21/2--3' long, rose-purple; +_cones large_, cylindrical or conical-oblong _(6--10' long), the thick +scales armed with a short recurved spine_. (P. australis, +_Michx._)--Sandy soil, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex. A large tree, with +thin-scaled bark and exceedingly hard and resinous wood. + +(Addendum) 10. P. ponderosa, Dougl., var. scopulorum, Engelm. Leaves in +twos or usually threes from long sheaths, 3--6' long, rather rigid; +staminate flowers 1' long; cones subterminal, 2--3' long, oval, often +3--5 together, the prominent summit of the thick scales bearing a stout +straight or incurved prickle.--Central Neb. and westward in the Rocky +Mountains.--A large tree with very thick bark. + + +2. PICEA, Link. SPRUCE. + +Sterile flowers axillary (or sometimes terminal) on branchlets of the +preceding year; anthers tipped with a rounded recurved appendage, their +cells opening lengthwise. Fertile catkins and cones terminal; cones +maturing the first year, pendulous; their scales thin, not thickened nor +prickly-tipped, persistent. Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled +above and below (4-sided), pointing every way. Otherwise nearly as in +Pinus. (The classical Latin name.) + +1. P. nigra, Link. (BLACK SPRUCE.) _Branchlets pubescent_; leaves short +(usually 4--8'' long), either dark green or glaucous-whitish; _cones +ovate or ovate-oblong_ (10--20'' long), _mostly recurved, persistent_, +the _rigid scales_ with a thin denticulate edge. (Abies nigra, +_Poir._)--Swamps and cold mountain woods, New Eng. to Penn., central +Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to Ga. A tree +40--70 deg. high.--Var. RUBRA, Engelm. Leaves larger and darker; cones +larger, bright red-brown, more readily deciduous. + +2. P. alba, Link. (WHITE SPRUCE.) _Branchlets glabrous_; leaves more +slender, pale or glaucous; _cones nodding, cylindrical_ (about 2' long), +pale, _deciduous_, the thinner scales with an entire edge. (Abies alba, +_Michx._)--Northern New Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward.--A +handsomer tree than n. 1, 50--150 deg. high, in aspect more like a Balsam +Fir. + + +3. TSUGA, Carriere. HEMLOCK. + +Sterile flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last +year's leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales; anthers +tipped with a short spur or knob, their confluent cells opening +transversely; pollen-grains simple. Fertile catkins and cones on the end +of last year's branchlets; cones maturing the first year, pendulous; +their scales thin, persistent. Leaves scattered, flat, whitened beneath, +appearing 2-ranked. (The Japanese name of one of the species.) + +1. T. Canadensis, Carr. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse (1/2' long); +cones oval (6--8'' long), of few thin scales much longer than the +bracts. (Abies Canadensis, _Michx._)--Mostly hilly or rocky woods, N. +Scotia to Del., and along the mountains to Ala., west to Mich. and +Minn.--A tall tree, with light and spreading spray and delicate foliage, +bright green above, silvery beneath. + + +4. ABIES, Link. FIR. + +Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves; anthers tipped +with a knob, their cells bursting transversely; pollen as in Pinus. +Fertile catkins and cones erect on the upper side of spreading branches; +cones maturing the first year; their thin scales and mostly exserted +bracts deciduous at maturity. Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing +vesicles. Leaves scattered, sessile, flat, with the midrib prominent on +the whitened lower surface, on horizontal branches appearing 2-ranked. +(The classical Latin name.) + +1. A. balsamea, Miller. (BALSAM or BALM-OF-GILEAD FIR.) Leaves narrowly +linear (6--10'' long); _cones cylindrical_ (2--4' long, 1' thick), +violet-colored; _the bracts obovate_, serrulate, tipped with an abrupt +slender point, _shorter than the scales_.--Damp woods and mountain +swamps, Newf. to Penn., along the mountains to Va., west to Minn., and +northward. A slender tree or at high elevations a low or prostrate +shrub. + + +5. LARIX, Tourn. LARCH. + +Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year's growth +or more, short or globular, developed in early spring; the sterile from +leafless buds; the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells +opening transversely. Pollen-grains simple, globular. Cones as in +Spruce, the scales persistent.--Leaves needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, +all foliaceous, very many in a fascicle developed in early spring from +lateral scaly and globular buds, and scattered along the developed +shoots of the season. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. (The +ancient name.) + +1. L. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN OR BLACK LARCH. TAMARACK. +HACKMATACK.) Leaves short; cones ovoid (6--9'' long), of few rounded +scales, arranged in {2/5} order.--Chiefly in cold swamps, N. Penn. to N. +Ind. and central Minn., and far northward. A slender tree, 30--100 deg. +high, with hard and very resinous wood. + + +6. TAXODIUM, Richard. BALD CYPRESS. + +Flowers monoecious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile flowers +spiked-panicled, of few stamens; filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, +bearing 2--5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, +scaly, with a pair of ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, +closed, composed of very thick and angular somewhat shield-shaped +scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at the base. Cotyledons 6--9.--Trees, +with narrow linear 2-ranked light and deciduous leaves; a part of the +slender leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous in autumn. (Name +compounded of [Greek: ta/xos], _the yew_, and [Greek: ei~)dos], +_resemblance_, the leaves being Yew-like.) + +1. T. distichum, Richard. (AMERICAN BALD CYPRESS.) Leaves linear and +spreading; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering +branchlets.--Swamps, S. Del. to S. Ill. and Mo., and southward, where it +is a very large and valuable tree. March, April. + + +7. CHAMAECYPARIS, Spach. WHITE CEDAR. CYPRESS. + +Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. +Sterile flowers composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing +2--4 anther-cells under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of +shield-shaped scales decussate in pairs, bearing few (1--4) erect +bottle-shaped ovules at base. Cone globular, firmly closed, but opening +at maturity; the scales thick, pointed or bossed in the middle; the few +angled or somewhat winged seeds attached to their contracted base or +stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3.--Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very +small and scale-like or some awl-shaped closely appressed-imbricated +leaves, distichous branchlets, and exceedingly durable wood. (From +[Greek: chamai/], _on the ground_, and [Greek: kypa/rissos], _cypress_.) + +1. C. sphaeroidea, Spach. (WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves minute, pale, ovate or +triangular-awl-shaped, often with a small gland on the back, closely +imbricated in 4 rows; anther-cells 2 under each scale; cones small +(3--5'' in diameter) of about 3 pairs of scales; seeds slightly winged. +(Cupressus thyoides, _L._)--Swamps, S. Maine to Fla. and Miss. A tree +30--90 deg. high, the wood and fibrous shreddy bark, as well as foliage, +much as in Arbor Vitae. + + +8. THUYA, Tourn. ARBOR VITAE. + +Flowers mostly monoecious on different branches, in very small terminal +ovoid catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing +4 anther-cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the +base, each bearing 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. +Cotyledons 2.--Small evergreen trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, and +closely imbricated, small, appressed, persistent leaves; these of two +sorts, on different or successive branchlets; one awl-shaped; the other +scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate to the branch. ([Greek: Thyi~/a] or +[Greek: Thy/a], the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.) + +1. T. occidentalis, L. (ARBOR VITAE. WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves +appressed-imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets; scales of the +cones pointless; seeds broadly winged all round.--Swamps and cool rocky +banks, N. Brunswick to Penn., along the mountains to N. C., west to +Minn. A tree 20--50 deg. high, with pale shreddy bark, and light, soft, but +very durable wood. + +9. JUNIPERUS, L. JUNIPER. + +Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral +catkins. Anther-cells 3--6, attached to the lower edge of the +shield-shaped scale. Fertile catkins ovoid, of 3--6 fleshy coalescent +scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit forming a sort of berry, which is +scaly-bracted underneath, bluish-black with white bloom. Seeds 1--3, +ovate, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2.--Evergreen trees or shrubs, with +awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves, often of two shapes in Sec. 2. (The +classical name.) + +Sec. 1. OXYCEDRUS. _Aments axillary; leaves in whorls of 3, free and +jointed at base, linear-subulate, prickly-pointed, channelled and white +glaucous above._ + +1. J. communis, L. (COMMON JUNIPER.) Shrub or small tree, with spreading +or pendulous branches; leaves rigid, more or less spreading (5--9'' +long); berry dark blue (3'' or more in diameter).--Dry sterile hills, +common. + +Var. alpina, Gaud., is a decumbent or prostrate form, with shorter +(2--4'' long) less spreading leaves.--Maine to Minn., and northward. + +Sec. 2. SABINA. _Aments terminal; leaves mostly opposite, of two forms, +i.e., awl-shaped and loose, and scale-shaped, appressed-imbricated and +crowded, the latter with a resiniferous gland on the back._ + +2. J. Sabina, L., var. procumbens, Pursh. _A procumbent, prostrate or +sometimes creeping shrub_; scale-like leaves acute; _berry on short +recurved peduncles_, 3--5'' in diameter.--Rocky banks, borders of +swamps, etc., N. Eng. to N. Minn., and northward. + +3. J. Virginiana, L. (RED CEDAR or SAVIN.) _From a shrub to a tree +60--90 deg. high_, pyramidal in form; scale-like leaves obtuse or acutish, +entire; _berries on straight peduncles_, about 3'' in diameter.--Dry +hills or deep swamps, common. Bark shreddy, and heart-wood red and +aromatic. + + +10. TAXUS, Tourn. YEW. + +Flowers mostly dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, axillary from scaly +buds; the sterile small and globular, formed of a few naked stamens; +anther-cells 3--8 under a shield-like somewhat lobed connective. Fertile +flowers solitary, scaly-bracted at base, consisting merely of an erect +sessile ovule, with an annular disk, which becomes cup-shaped around its +base and at length pulpy and berry-like, globular and red, nearly +enclosing the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2.--Leaves evergreen, flat, +mucronate, rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical name, probably +from [Greek: to/xon], _a bow_; the wood anciently used for bows.) + +1. T. Canadensis, Willd. (AMERICAN YEW. GROUND HEMLOCK.) A low +straggling bush, the stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green +both sides. (T. baccata, var. Canadensis, _Willd._)--Moist banks and +hills, especially under evergreens; Newf. to N. J., Iowa, Minn., and +northward. + + +CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. + +Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and pith, but the +woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads which are irregularly +imbedded in the cellular tissue; perennial trunks destitute of annual +layers. Leaves mostly parallel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the +base, seldom separating by an articulation, almost always alternate or +scattered and not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes. +Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plumule alternate. + + +ORDER 108. HYDROCHARIDACEAE. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.) + +_Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers, sessile or +on scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral +envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and +coherent with the 1--3-celled ovary._ Stamens 3--12, distinct or +monadelphous; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit ripening under +water, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds ascending, without albumen; +embryo straight. + +Tribe I. HYDRILLEAE. Stem elongated, submerged, leafy. Spathes small, +sessile. + +1. Elodea. Leaves verticillate (rarely opposite). Perianth-tube +long-filiform. + +Tribe II. VALLISNERIEAE. Stemless. Leaves elongated. Spathes pedunculate. + +2. Vallisneria. Submerged; grass-like. Fertile flower solitary on a very +long scape. + +Tribe III. STRATIOTEAE. Stem very short, with crowded leaves. Spathes +pedunculate. Ovary 6--9-celled. + +3. Limnobium. Stemless, floating; broad leaves long-petioled. + + +1. ELODEA, Michx. WATER-WEED. + +Flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile tubular +2-cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute, with 3 sepals +barely united at base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals; +filaments short and united at base, or none; anthers 3--9, oval. Fertile +flowers pistillate or apparently perfect; perianth extended into an +extremely long capillary tube; the limb 6-parted; the small lobes +obovate, spreading. Stamens 3--9, often with imperfect anthers or none. +Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, each bearing a few +orthotropous ovules; the capillary style coherent with the tube of the +perianth; stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, +coriaceous, few-seeded.--Perennial slender submerged herbs, with +elongated branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid and veinless, +1-nerved, sessile, whorled or opposite leaves. The staminate flowers +(rarely seen) commonly break off, as in Vallisneria, and float on the +surface, where they expand and shed their pollen around the stigmas of +the fertile flowers, raised to the surface by the prolonged calyx-tube, +which varies in length according to the depth of the water. (Name from +[Greek: e(lo/des], _marshy_.) + +1. E. Canadensis, Michx. Leaves in 3's or 4's, or the lower opposite, +varying from linear to oval-oblong, minutely serrulate; stamens 9 in the +sterile flowers, 3 or 6 almost sessile anthers in the fertile. +(Anacharis Canadensis, _Planchon._)--Slow streams and ponds, common. +July. + + +2. VALLISNERIA, L. TAPE-GRASS. EEL-GRASS. + +Flowers strictly dioecious; the sterile numerous and crowded in a head +on a conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe +which is borne on a very short scape; stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers +solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe upon an exceedingly lengthened +scape. Perianth (calyx) 3-parted in the sterile flowers; in the fertile +with a linear tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, but not extended +beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate); also 3 linear small petals. +Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules very numerous, +scattered over the walls, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindrical, +berry-like.--Stemless plants, with long linear grass-like leaves, wholly +submerged. The staminate clusters being confined to the bottom by the +shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves break from their +short pedicels and float on the surface, where they shed their pollen +around the fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface by sudden +growth at the same time; afterwards the thread-form scapes (2--4 feet +long) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit under water to ripen. (Named +for _Ant. Vallisneri_, an early Italian botanist.) + +1. V. spiralis, L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like (1--6 deg. +long), obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and +netted-veined.--Common in slow waters, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. +and Tex. + + +3. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. AMERICAN FROG'S-BIT. + +Flowers dioecious, (or monoecious?) from sessile or somewhat peduncled +spathes; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled +flowers; the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. +Calyx 3-parted or cleft; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. +Filaments entirely united in a central solid column, bearing 6--12 +linear anthers at unequal heights; there are 3--6 awl-shaped rudiments +of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6--9-celled, with as many +placentae in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded berry in fruit; +stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped.--A stemless +perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, proliferous by runners, +with long-petioled and round-heart shaped leaves, which are +spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath; rootlets slender, hairy. +Sterile flowers rather small; the fertile larger; peduncle nodding in +fruit. Petals white? (Name from [Greek: limno/bios], _living in pools_.) + +1. L. Spongia, Richard. Leaves 1--2' long, faintly 5-nerved; peduncle of +sterile flower about 3' long and filiform, of the fertile only 1' long +and stout.--Stagnant water, N. J. to Fla.; also L. Ontario, Ill., and +Mo. + + +ORDER 109. BURMANNIACEAE. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.) + +_Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves, or those +at the root grass-like; the flowers perfect, with a 6-cleft corolla-like +perianth, the tube of which adheres to the 1-celled or 3-celled ovary; +stamens 3 and distinct, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth; +capsule many-seeded, the seeds very minute._--A small, chiefly tropical +family. + + +1. BURMANNIA, L. + +Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placentae in the axis. Filaments 3, very +short. Style slender; stigma capitate-3-lobed. Capsule often 3-winged. +(Named for _J. Burmann_, an early Dutch botanist.) + +1. B. biflora, L. Stem low and slender (2--4' high), 2-flowered at the +summit, or soon several-flowered; perianth (2--3'' long) bright blue, +3-winged.--Peaty bogs, Va. to Fla. + + +ORDER 110. ORCHIDACEAE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, clearly distinguished by their perfect irregular flowers, with +6-merous perianth adnate to the 1-celled ovary, with innumerable ovules +on 3 parietal placentae, and with either one or two gynandrous stamens, +the pollen cohering in masses._ Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved capsule, with +innumerable minute seeds, appearing like fine saw-dust. Perianth of 6 +divisions in 2 sets; the 3 outer (_sepals_) mostly of the same +petal-like texture and appearance as the 3 inner (_petals_). One of the +inner set differs more or less in figure, direction, etc., from the +rest, and is called the _lip_; only the other two taking the name of +_petals_ in the following descriptions. The lip is really the upper +petal, i.e. the one next to the axis, but by a twist of the ovary of +half a turn it is more commonly directed forward and brought next the +bract. Before the lip, in the axis of the flower, is the _column_, +composed of a single stamen, or in Cypripedium of two stamens and a +rudiment of a third, variously coherent with or borne on the style or +thick fleshy stigma; anther 2-celled; each cell containing one or more +masses of pollen (_pollinia_) or the pollen granular (in Cypripedium). +Stigma a broad glutinous surface, except in Cypripedium.--Perennials, +often tuber-bearing or tuberous-rooted; some epiphytes. Leaves +parallel-nerved, all alternate. Flowers often showy, commonly singular +in shape, solitary, racemed, or spiked, each subtended by a bract,--in +all arranged for fertilization by the aid of insects, very few capable +of unaided self-fertilization. + +Tribe I. EPIDENDREAE. Anther terminal, erect or inclined, operculate. +Pollinia smooth and waxy, 4 or 8 (2 or 4 in each cell), distinct, or +those in each cell (or all in n. 3 and 7) united at base. (Pollinia 8 +only in n. 7 of our genera.) + +[*] Green-foliaged plants, from solid bulbs, with 1 or 2 leaves. + +[+] Column very short; leaf solitary. + +1. Microstylis. Flowers racemose, minute, greenish. Petals filiform. + +[+][+] Column elongated; leaves radical. + +[++] Whole plant (except the flowers) green. + +2. Liparis. Leaves 2. Raceme few-flowered. Lip flat, entire. + +3. Calypso. Leaf solitary. Flower large, solitary. Lip saccate. + +[++][++] A single green autumnal leaf; otherwise mainly brownish or +purplish. + +4. Tipularia. Raceme many-flowered; flowers small, greenish; lip +3-lobed. + +5. Aplectrum. Raceme loose; flowers rather large; lip 3-ridged, not +spurred or saccate. + +[*][*] Leafless, with coralloid roots; whole plant brownish or +yellowish; flowers racemose. + +6. Corallorhiza. Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs. Flower gibbous or somewhat +spurred, and lip with 1--3 ridges; sepals and petals 1--3-nerved. + +7. Hexalectris. Pollinia 8, united. Flower not gibbous; sepals and +petals several-nerved; lip with 5--6 ridges. + +Tribe II. NEOTTIEAE. Anthers erect upon the back of the column at the +summit, or terminal and opercular. Pollinia granular or powdery, more or +less cohering in 2 or 4 delicate masses, and attached at the apex to the +beak of the stigma. + +[*] Anthers without operculum, erect upon the back of the short column. +Flowers small, in spikes or racemes. + +8. Listera. Stem from a fibrous root, 2-foliate. Lip flat, 2-lobed. + +9. Spiranthes. Stems leafy below, from tuberous-fascicled roots. Flowers +1--3-ranked in a twisted spike. Lip embracing the column below, with 2 +callosities at base. + +10. Goodyera. Leaves radical, white-reticulated. Lip entire, free from +the column, saccate, without callosities. + +[*][*] Anther operculate, erect and jointed upon the short column. Stem +stout, very leafy. + +11. Epipactis. Flowers racemose; perianth spreading; lip dilated above. + +[*][*][*] Anther terminal, operculate, incumbent; column elongated. Stem +scapose or few-leaved; flowers large, solitary or few. + +12. Arethusa. Leaf and flower solitary. Lip bearded, its base adherent +to the linear column. Pollinia 4. + +13. Calopogon. Leaf solitary, grass-like. Lip bearded, stalked, free. +Column winged at the apex. Pollinia 4. + +14. Pogonia. More or less leafy. Lip crested, free. Column clavate. +Pollinia 2. + +Tribe III. OPHRYDEAE. Anther without operculum, the cells adnate to the +top of the column and often continuous with the beak of the stigma. +Pollinia 2, of coarse grains united by an elastic web, each attached at +base by a stalk to a viscid gland. Flower (in ours) ringent and +spurred, spicate upon a leafy stem. + +15. Orchis. The two glands or viscid disks enclosed in a common pouch. + +16. Habenaria. The two glands naked, either approximate or widely +separated. + +Tribe IV. CYPRIPEDIEAE. Perfect anthers 2, lateral, the sterile one +forming a dilated fleshy appendage above the terminal stigma. Pollen +granular, not in masses. + +17. Cypripedium. Stems more or less leafy. Perianth spreading; lip an +inflated sac. + + +1. MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. ADDER'S-MOUTH. + +Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip +auricled or ovate at base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column +very small, terete, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the erect +anther between them. Pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 in each cell), +cohering by pairs at the apex, waxy, without any stalks, threads, or +gland.--Low herbs, from solid bulbs, producing simple stems, which bear +in our species a single leaf and a raceme of minute greenish flowers. +(Name composed of [Greek: mikro/s], _small_, and [Greek: styli/s], _a +column_ or _style_.) + +1. M. monophyllos, Lindl. Slender (4--6' high); leaf sheathing the base +of the stem, ovate-elliptical; _racemes spiked, long and slender; +pedicels not longer than the flowers_; lip long-pointed.--Cold wet +swamps, N. New Eng. to Penn., N. Ind., Minn., and northward. July. +(Eu.) + +2. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of the stem, ovate, +clasping; _raceme short and obtuse; pedicels much longer than the +flowers_; lip truncate-3-lobed at the summit, the middle lobe very +small.--Low moist ground, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo. +July.--Pollinia (at least sometimes) only 1 in each cell. + + +2. LIPARIS, Richard. TWAYBLADE. + +Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, +spreading. Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. +Column elongated, incurved, margined at the apex. Anther lid-like, +terminal; pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 to each cell), slightly united +in pairs, without stalk, threads, or gland.--Small, low herbs, with +solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a low scape, which bears a +raceme of few purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from [Greek: +liparo/s], _fat_ or _shining_, in allusion to the smooth or unctuous +leaves.) + +1. L. liliifolia, Richard. Leaves ovate; petals thread-like, reflexed; +_lip large_ (11/2' long), _wedge-obovate, abruptly short-pointed, +brown-purplish_.--Moist woodlands, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. +June. + +2. L. Loeselii, Richard. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, keeled; +_lip obovate or oblong_ (2'' long), mucronate, _yellowish-green, shorter +than the linear unequal petals and sepals_.--Bogs, N. Scotia to Md., S. +Ill., and Minn. (Eu.) + + +3. CALYPSO, Salisb. + +Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, +pointed. Lip larger than the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated +(9'' long), 2-pointed underneath the apex. Column broadly winged and +petal-like, ovate, bearing the lid-like anther just below the apex; +pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted, all sessile on a square gland.--A +little bog-herb; the solid bulbs producing a single ovate or slightly +heart-shaped thin leaf, as in Aplectrum, and a short (3--5' high) scape, +sheathed below, bearing a large and showy (variegated purple, pink, and +yellow) flower. (Name from the goddess _Calypso_.) + +1. C. borealis, Salisb.--Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in +moss, with a coralloid root beneath; Maine and Vt. to Mich. and Minn., +and northward. May.--A very local and beautiful plant. Lip somewhat +resembling that of a Lady's Slipper, woolly-hairy inside. (Eu.) + +4. TIPULARIA, Nutt. CRANE-FLY ORCHIS. + +Sepals and petals spreading, oblong; the latter rather narrower. Lip +prolonged beneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the +length of the flower (9--12'' long), 3-lobed; the middle lobe linear, a +little wavy, as long as the petals, the side lobes short and triangular. +Column narrow and wingless. Anther lid-like, terminal; pollen-masses 2, +waxy, each 2-parted, connected by a linear stalk with the transverse +small gland.--Herb with large solid bulbs connected horizontally, on a +distinct pedicel, producing in autumn a single ovate nerved and plaited +leaf on a slender petiole, purplish beneath, and in summer a long +slender scape, with 1 or 2 sheaths at base, bearing a raceme of many +small greenish flowers tinged with purple. (Name from a fancied +resemblance of the flowers to insects of the genus _Tipula_.) + +1. T. discolor, Nutt. Scape 10--18' high; lip blunt at the tip.--Sandy +woods, Vt. to N. J. and Fla., west to Mich.; very scarce. + + +5. APLECTRUM, Nutt. PUTTY-ROOT. ADAM-AND-EVE. + +Perianth neither gibbous nor with any trace of a spur or sac at the +base. Lip free, the palate 3-ridged. Otherwise the flowers and scape +(invested below with 3 greenish sheaths) as in Corallorhiza; but, +instead of a coral like root, a slender naked rootstock produces each +year a thick, globular, solid bulb or corm, often 1' in diameter (filled +with exceedingly glutinous matter), which sends up late in summer a +large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, petioled, green leaf, lasting +through the winter, and early in the succeeding summer its scape is +terminated by a loose raceme of dingy rather large flowers. (The name +composed of [Greek: a]- privative and [Greek: ple~ktron], _a spur_, from +the total want of the latter.) + +1. A. hiemale, Nutt. Stem 1 deg. high or more; perianth greenish-brown, or +the lip whitish, and somewhat speckled with purple, 5--6'' long.--Woods, +in rich mould; rather rare or local, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and +Mo.--Each corm lasts 2 or 3 years before it shrivels, so that 3 or 4 are +found horizontally connected. + + +6. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. CORAL-ROOT. + +Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique and gibbous or obscurely spurred at +base; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, +1--3-nerved, the upper arching; the lateral sepals ascending, their +bases with that of the lip forming the gibbosity or short spur which is +mostly adnate to the summit of the ovary; lip slightly adherent to the +base of the 2-edged straightish column, bearing a pair of projecting +ridges on the face below, spreading or recurved at the apex. Anther +terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, soft-waxy, +free.--Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with +much-branched and toothed coral-like root-stocks (probably +root-parasitical), sending up a simple scape, with sheaths in place of +leaves and bearing a raceme of rather small dull-colored flowers; fruit +reflexed. (Name composed of [Greek: kora/llion], _coral_, and [Greek: +r(i/za], _root_.) + +Sec. 1. _Small spur or sac adnate to the summit of the ovary; flowers +small; lip whitish or purplish, often mottled with crimson._ + +1. C. innata, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish or yellowish +(3--9' high), 5--12-flowered; pedicels very short; perianth 2--21/2'' +long; _lip somewhat hastately 3-lobed above the base_, the lamellae thick +and rather short; spur a very small protuberance; capsule oval or +elliptical (3--4'' long).--Swamps and damp woods, N. Eng. to northern +N. J., Ohio, Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to +Ga. May, June. (Eu.) + +2. C. odontorhiza, Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish; stem rather +slender, bulbous-thickened at base (6--16' high), 6--20-flowered; +pedicels rather slender; perianth about 3'' long; _lip entire_ or merely +denticulate, _thin_, broadly ovate or obovate, abruptly contracted into +a _claw-like base_, the lamellae a pair of short projections; the spur +represented by a small cavity wholly adnate to the summit of the ovary; +capsule at first very acute at base, at length short-oval (4'' +long).--Rich woods, E. Mass. (_Hitchings_) and Vt. to N. J. and Fla., +west to Mich, and Mo. May--July. + +3. C. multiflora, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9--18' high), +10--30-flowered; perianth 21/2--4'' long; _lip deeply 3-lobed_, with a +short narrowed base and with prominent lamellae; spur manifest and +protuberant; capsule oblong (6--9'' long), short-pedicelled.--Dry woods, +N. Eng. to Md., west to Mo., Iowa, and Minn. July--Sept. + +Sec. 2. _Spur none; the broadly gibbous somewhat saccate base wholly free +from the ovary; flowers large for the genus, purple, unspotted, more +expanding._ + +4. C. striata, Lindl. Plant purplish, stout (6--16' high), bearing +15--25 large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels; +perianth 6--7'' long; lip oval or obovate, perfectly entire, concave, +barely narrowed at the base, where it bears 1--3 short lamellae; all the +parts of the perianth marked with 3 darker nerves; pod oblong (9'' +long). (C. Macraei, _Gray_.)--Woods, from L. Erie westward along the +Great Lakes and to the Pacific. + + +7. HEXALECTRIS, Raf. + +Sepals and petals nearly equal, somewhat spreading, several-nerved, not +gibbous nor spurred at base, free. Lip obovate, with 5--6 prominent +ridges down the middle, 3-lobed above, the middle lobe somewhat concave. +Pollen-masses 8, united into a single fascicle. Otherwise as in +Corallorhiza. (Name probably from [Greek: e(/x], _six_, and [Greek: +a)lektryo/n], _a cock_, from the crests of the lip.) + +1. H. aphyllus, Raf. Stem 1--2 deg. high, beset with purplish scales, the +lower sheathing; flowers racemed, bracteate, brownish-purple, 6--8'' +long. (Bletia aphylla, _Nutt._)--Rich woods, Ky. and Mo. to Fla. and +Mex. + + +8. LISTERA, R. Brown. TWAYBLADE. + +Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly +drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless; +stigma with a rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at +the summit, erect, ovate; pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a +minute gland.--Roots fibrous. Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile +leaves in the middle, and a spike or raceme of greenish or +brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to _Martin Lister_, an early +and celebrated British naturalist.) + +[*] _Column very short; sepals ovate, reflexed; plants delicate, 4--8' +high._ + +1. L. cordata, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped +(1/2--1' long); raceme smooth; _flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not +longer than the ovary; lip_ linear, twice as long as the sepals, +1-toothed each side at base, _2-cleft_.--Cold woods, N. J. to Mich., +Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.) + +2. L. australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate; _raceme loose and slender; flowers +very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of +the ovary; lip_ linear, 3--4 times the length of the sepals, _2-parted, +the divisions linear-setaceous_.--Damp thickets, Oswego Co., N. Y., and +from N. J. to Fla. June. + +[*][*] _Column longer, arching or straightish._ + +3. L. convallarioides, Nutt. Plant 4--9' high; leaves oval or roundish, +and sometimes a little heart-shaped (1--11/2' long); raceme loose, +pubescent; pedicels slender, lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated +apex, and 1-toothed on each side at the base, nearly twice the length of +the narrowly lanceolate spreading sepals, purplish, {1/3}' long.--Damp +mossy woods, N. New Eng. to Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in +the mountains to N. C. + + +9. SPIRANTHES, Richard. LADIES' TRESSES. + +Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique on the ovary; the sepals and petals +all narrow, mostly erect or connivent, the three upper pieces sticking +together more or less, the two lower covering the base of the lip. Lip +oblong, short stalked or sessile, the lower part involute around the +column, and with a callous protuberance on each side of the base; the +somewhat dilated summit spreading or recurved, crisped, wavy, or rarely +toothed or lobed. Column short, oblique, bearing the ovate stigma on the +front, and the sessile or short-stalked (mostly acute or pointed) +2-celled erect anther on the back. Pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), +narrowly obovate, each 2-cleft, and split into thin and tender plates of +granular pollen united by elastic threads, and soon adhering at base to +the narrow boat-shaped viscid gland, which is set in the slender or +tapering thin beak terminating the column. After the removal of the +gland, the beak is left as a 2-toothed or 2-forked tip.--Roots +clustered-tuberous; stem more or less naked above, leaf-bearing below or +at the base. Flowers small (ours all white or greenish-white), bent +horizontally, 1--3-ranked in a spike, which is commonly more or less +spirally twisted (whence the name, from [Greek: spei/ra], _a coil_ or +_curl_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_). + +[*] _Flowers in 3 ranks, crowded in a close spike; leaves at the root +and base of the stem present at the flowering season._ + +1. S. latifolia, Torr. Low; naked stem or scape 4--9' (rarely 12') high, +smooth; _leaves all next the base, oblong or lance-oblong_ (1--4' long, +3--9'' wide), 3--5-nerved, contracted into a sheathing base; spike +narrow (1--3' long); _flowers small_ (2--3'' long); lip quadrate-oblong, +yellowish on the face, not contracted in the middle, thin, wavy-crisped +at the very obtuse or truncate apex, the small _callosities_ at the base +_oblong, marginal and adnate_ for their whole length; gland and beak of +the stigma short.--Moist banks, Vt. and W. Mass. to Mich. and Minn., +south to Del. and Md. + +2. S. Romanzoffiana, Cham. Stem _leafy below and leafy-bracted above_ +(5--15' high); leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to grassy-linear; +spike dense, oblong or cylindrical (1--4' long); perianth curved and the +summit _manifestly ringent_, pure white (4'' long), the sepals and +petals all connivent in the upper portion or galea; the _lip +ovate-oblong, contracted below the rounded wavy-crenulate much recurved +summit_, otherwise entire, the callosities at base globular and smooth; +gland oblong-linear and the 2-horned _beak of the stigma short_.--High +and cool bogs, N. New Eng. to Mich. and Minn., and northward; Norfolk, +Conn. (_Barbour_); central N. Y. July, Aug. (Ireland.) + +3. S. cernua, Richard. Stem _leafy below and leafy-bracted_ above +(6--20' high); _leaves linear-lanceolate_, the lowest elongated (4--12' +long, 2--9'' wide); spike cylindrical, rather dense (2--5' long) and +with the white fragrant flowers either pubescent or nearly smooth; +perianth horizontal or recurving (4--5'' long), the _lower sepals not +upturned_ or connivent with the upper; _lip oblong_ and very obtuse when +outspread, but conduplicate or the margins much incurved, wavy-crisped +above the middle, especially at the flattish and recurved-spreading +apex, the callosities at the base prominent, nipple-shaped, somewhat +hairy; gland of the stigma linear, in a _long and very slender +beak_.--Common in wet places, especially eastward and southward. Sept., +Oct. Very variable in size and foliage, often nearly losing its +root-leaves at flowering time.--A variety, growing in dry ground but +retaining its leaves and blooming somewhat later, has greenish +cream-colored or yellowish stronger-scented flowers. E. Mass. and Del. + +[*][*] _Flowers in one straight or spirally twisted rank._ + +[+] _Stem bearing elongated leaves at and toward the base, which mostly +persist during the flowering season._ + +4. S. praecox, Watson. Root of fleshy or tuberous-thickened fibres; stem +9'--2 deg. high; lower and root-leaves linear or lance-linear (3--8' long, +2--4'' wide) gradually tapering to the base, the upper reduced to +sheathing bracts; spike linear, dense (2--5' long), usually much +twisted, the axis, ovaries, etc., downy-pubescent; bracts ovate and +gradually, or rhombic-ovate and abruptly taper-pointed, surpassing the +ovary, the margins broadly hyaline; perianth 3'' long; lip ovate-oblong +when outspread, with rather small callosities at base, crisped at the +rounded slightly recurved apex; anther and beak of the stigma very +acute. (S. graminea, var. Walteri, _Gray_.)--Wet, grassy places, Mass. +to N. J. and Fla. + +[+][+] _Scape very slender, merely bracted; the leaves with a blade all +in a cluster at the ground, ovate or oblong, abruptly contracted into a +petiole, commonly withering away at or before flowering; flowers small, +and whole plant glabrous or nearly so; bracts small, sharp-pointed, not +longer than the capsule._ + +5. S. gracilis, Bigelow. _Roots clustered, tuberous-thickened_; scape +8--18' high, bearing a slender many-flowered one-sided or twisted spike; +perianth barely 11/2--2'' long; _lip oval_ when outspread, narrowly oblong +in natural form, _thickish and green above_ with thin white margins, the +recurved obtuse or acutish apex wavy-crisped, the callosities at the +base nipple-shaped.--Hilly woods and sandy plains, common. July--Oct. + +6. S. simplex, Gray. Root a _solitary oblong or spindle-shaped tuber_; +no leaves at flowering time; scape 5--9' high, bearing a small narrow +(rarely 1-sided) spike (1--3' long) of _very short flowers_ (perianth +1--11/2'' long); _lip thin, white, obovate-oblong_, the apex eroded and +crisped, the callosities at the base slender.--Dry sandy soil, E. Mass. +to N. J., Del., and Md. Aug., Sept. + + +10. GOODYERA, R. Br. RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN. + +Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire, and without callosities at base. +Otherwise as Spiranthes.--Root of thick fibres, from a somewhat fleshy +creeping rootstock, bearing a tuft of thickish petioled leaves, usually +reticulated with white veining. Scape, spike, and the greenish-white +small flowers usually glandular-downy. (Dedicated to _John Goodyear_, +an early English botanist.) + +Sec. 1. _Lip strongly saccate-inflated and with a short spreading or +recurved tip; anther short, borne on a distinct filament attached to the +back of the short column, blunt; gland-bearing tip or beak of the stigma +very short._ + +1. G. repens, R. Br. Small (5--8' high) and slender; leaves ovate, more +or less white-reticulated (about 1' long); _flowers several, in a loose +1-sided spike_; lip with an ovate recurved tip; sepals ovate.--Woods, +under evergreens, common northward and through the Alleghanies. Aug. +(Eu.) + +2. G. pubescens, R. Br. Larger; leaves strongly white-reticulated; scape +6--12' high, the _numerous crowded flowers not one-sided_; tip of the +_globular lip very short_; otherwise like the preceding, and too near to +it.--Rich woods, Newf. to Fla., west to Mich. and Minn. + +Sec. 2. _Lip barely saccate below, tapering and its sides involute above; +anther ovate, long-pointed, borne on the base of the very short column, +which is continued above the stigma into a conspicuous tapering +awl-shaped gland-bearing beak._ + +3. G. Menziesii, Lindl. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute (2--3' long), less +white-reticulated than the preceding, some not at all so; scape 9--12' +high; flowers rather numerous in a looser often 1-sided spike; +flower-buds less pubescent, elongated-ovate and pointed; lip with the +saccate-conduplicate lower portion gradually tapering into the narrow +barely spreading summit.--Woods, Gaspe and Tadousac, L. Can. (_J. A. +Allen, Goodale_); Crawford, N. H. (_Miss Minns_); western N. Y. to +Minn., and westward. July. + + +11. EPIPACTIS, Haller. + +Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading. Lip free, deeply concave at +base, narrowly constricted and somewhat jointed in the middle, the upper +portion dilated and petaloid. Column short, erect. Anther sessile behind +the broad truncate stigma, on a slender-jointed base; pollen-masses +coarsely granular, becoming attached to the gland capping the small +rounded beak of the stigma.--Stem leafy, with racemed flowers, +conspicuous bracts, and ovaries reflexed at maturity. (The ancient Greek +name of a plant.) + +1. E. Helleborine, Crantz. Stems 1--2 deg. high; leaves broadly ovate +(2--3' long), pointed, plicate, the upper narrower; raceme pubescent, +30--50-flowered, 1-sided; flowers varying from light greenish-yellow to +dark purple; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3--4'' long; petals rather +smaller; lip ovate, pointed above, with a dark centre. (E. latifolia, +_All._)--Near Syracuse and Buffalo, N. Y.; the only known stations. +(Eu.) + + +12. ARETHUSA, Gronov. + +Flower ringent; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at +base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and +recurved-spreading toward the summit; very slightly gibbous at base. +Column adherent to the lip below, petal-like, dilated at the apex. +Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate cells; pollen-masses +powdery-granular, 2 in each cell.--Beautiful low herbs, consisting of a +sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated usually by a +single large rose-purple flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden +in the sheaths of the scape, protruding after flowering. (Dedicated to +the nymph _Arethusa_.) + +1. A. bulbosa, L. Flower single (rarely 2), erect (1--2' long), with an +entire lip recurved at the apex and bearded-crested down the +face.--Bogs, Newf. to the mountains of N. C., west to Ind. and Minn. + + +13. CALOPOGON, R. Br. + +Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its +lip on the upper or inner side. Sepals and petals nearly alike, +lance-ovate, spreading, distinct. Lip spreading, distant from the +column, raised on a narrowed base or stalk, dilated at the summit, +strongly bearded along the upper side. Column free, slender, winged at +the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile; pollen-masses 4 (two in +each cell), of soft powdery grains, lightly connected by delicate +threads.--Scape from a small solid bulb, sheathed below by the base of +the grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several large flowers. Bracts +minute. (Name composed of [Greek: kalo/s], _beautiful_, and [Greek: +po/gon] _beard_, from the bearded lip.) + +1. C. pulchellus, R. Br. Leaf linear; scape about 1 deg. high, +2--6-flowered; flowers 1' broad, pink-purple; lip as if hinged at the +insertion, beautifully bearded toward the dilated summit with white, +yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs.--Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to +Minn. and Mo. + + +14. POGONIA, Juss. + +Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or +3-lobed. Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal +and lid-like, stalked; pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), +powdery-granular. ([Greek: Pogoni/as] _bearded_, from the lip of some +of the original species.) + +Sec. 1. _Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pale rose-color, +sometimes white._ + +1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Root of thick fibres; stem (6--9' high) +bearing a single oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle and a smaller +one or bract near the terminal flower, rarely one or two others with a +flower in the axil; flower 1' long, sweet-scented; lip spatulate, +appressed below to the column, beard-crested and fringed.--Bogs, Newf. +to Fla., west to N. Ind. and Minn. June, July. (Japan.) + +2. P. pendula, Lindl. Stem (3--8' high) from oblong tubers, bearing 3 to +7 alternate ovate-clasping very small (3--6'') leaves, the upper 1--4 +with drooping flowers in their axils on slender pedicels; perianth 1/2' +long, narrow; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughish or crisped +above, crestless.--Damp woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Wisc. and Mo. + +Sec. 2. _Sepals linear, dingy or brownish, longer and much narrower than +the erect or connivent petals; lip 3-lobed at the apex, crested down the +middle, beardless; flowers solitary (or rarely a pair), terminal; root a +cluster of fibres._ + +3. P. divaricata, R. Br. Stem (1--2 deg. high) bearing _a lanceolate leaf +in the middle, and a leafy bract_ next the flower, which is recurved on +the ovary; but the sepals ascending or diverging, spatulate-linear, +longer than the lanceolate-spatulate pointed and flesh-colored petals, +these about 1--11/2' long.--Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. June, July. + +4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Stem (6--12' high) naked, except some small +scales at the base and a _whorl of mostly 5 obovate or obovate-oblong +sessile leaves_ at the summit; flower dusky purplish, on a _peduncle +longer than the ovary and capsule; sepals more than twice the length of +the petals_, narrowly linear, spreading from a mostly erect base (11/2--2' +long); lip with a narrow crest down the middle.--Low woods, N. Eng. to +Fla., west to Ind. and Wisc.; rather rare, especially eastward. May, +June. Glaucous when young. Fruit-stalk erect, about 11/2' long, more than +half the length of the leaves. + +5. P. affinis, Austin. Somewhat smaller than the preceding; leaves paler +and rather narrower; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellowish or +greenish; _peduncle much shorter than the ovary and capsule; sepals but +little longer than the petals_, tapering to the base; lip crested over +the whole face and on the middle of the lobes.--Low woods, S. W. Conn., +S. New York, and N. New Jersey; rare. + + +15. ORCHIS, L. + +Flower ringent; the sepals and petals nearly equal. Lip turned downward, +coalescing with the base of the column, spurred below. Anther-cells +contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous coarse waxy grains, +which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic tissue into 2 large masses +(one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, the base of +which is attached to a gland or sticky disk of the stigma, the two +glands contained in a common little pouch or hooded fold, placed just +above the orifice of the spur. Flowers showy, in a spike.--Our species +with low scape-like stems, with 1 or 2 leaves at base, from +fleshy-fibrous roots. ([Greek: O(rchis], the ancient name.) + +1. O. spectabilis, L. (SHOWY ORCHIS.) Root of thick fleshy fibres, +_producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves_ (3--6' long), and a +few-flowered 4 angled scape (4--7' high); bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; +sepals and petals all lightly united to form the vaulted galea or upper +lip, pink-purple, the ovate undivided lip white.--Rich woods, +N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. May. + +2. O. rotundifolia, Pursh. Stem naked above, 1_-leaved at base_ (5--9' +high), from a slender creeping rootstock; leaf varying from almost +orbicular to oblong (11/2--3' long); flowers rose-purple, the lip white +and spotted with purple, 3-lobed, and the larger middle lobe dilated and +2-lobed or strongly notched at the summit (4--6'' long), exceeding the +ovate-oblong petals and sepals, and the slender depending spur. +(Habenaria rotundifolia, _Richardson_.)--Damp woods and bogs, N. Maine +to Vt., N. Y., Minn., and northward. + + +16. HABENARIA, Willd. REIN-ORCHIS. + +Glands or viscid disks (to which the pollen-masses are attached) naked +and exposed, separate, sometimes widely so (becoming attached, some to +the proboscis, others to the face or head of insects feeding upon the +nectar of the spur, the pollen thus carried from one blossom to +another); otherwise nearly as in true Orchis; the lateral sepals, +however, mostly spreading. (Name from _habena_, a thong or rein, in +allusion to the shape of the lip or spur of some species.) + +Sec. 1. GYMNADENIA. _Cells of the anther parallel and approximate, their +glands therefore contiguous. (Appendages of the stigma in our species +two or three and much developed, oblong or club-shaped.)_ + +1. H. tridentata, Hook. Stem slender (6--12' high), with a single oblong +or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts +above; spike 6--12-flowered, oblong; _flowers greenish or whitish, very +small; lip wedge-oblong, truncate, and with 3 short teeth at the apex_; +the slender and slightly club-shaped spur curved upward, longer than the +ovary.--Wet woods, N. Eng. to Minn. and Ind., and south in the mountains +to N. C. June, July.--Root of few fleshy fibres. Appendages of the +stigma three, oblong-club-shaped, one outside each orbicular gland and +one between them, rising as high as the anther-cell, their cellular +viscid summits receiving pollen in the unopened flower, and penetrated +by pollen-tubes! + +2. H. integra, Spreng. Root of very fleshy fibres (or some of them +tuber-like); stem several-leaved (15' high), the 1 or 2 lower leaves +elongated, oblong-lanceolate, acute, the others becoming smaller and +bract-like; spike densely many-flowered, oblong-cylindrical; _flowers +orange-yellow_, small, _lip ovate, entire_ or slightly crenulate or +wavy, shorter than the awl-shaped descending spur.--Wet pine-barrens, +N. J. to Fla. July.--Appendages of the stigma two, lateral, oblong, +fleshy; beak or middle appendage narrow. + +3. H. nivea, Spreng. Stem slender, 1--11/2 deg. high, many-leaved, the 1 or 2 +lower leaves lance-linear and 4--8' long, the others small and +bract-like; spike cylindrical, loosely many-flowered; _flowers +white, small_; petals and _entire lip linear-oblong_; spur +thread-shaped, ascending, as long as the white ovary, which is not +twisted.--Pine-barren swamps, S. Del. to Fla. Aug. + +Sec. 2. PERULARIA. _Cells of the anther nearly parallel, the valves of each +extended at base so as to form the sides of a deep oblong groove or +cavity, which is lined by the dilated orbicular and incurved gland. +(Flowers small, greenish, slender-spurred.)_ + +4. H. virescens, Spreng. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the +uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts of the +elongated raceme; petals ovate; flowers dull green; lip furnished with a +tooth on each side and a strong nasal protuberance in the middle of the +base, oblong, truncate-obtuse, about the length of the sepals, half the +length of the slender club-shaped spur.--Wet places, common; N. Eng. to +Fla., west to Minn. and Mo. June, July.--Stem 10--20' high; the spike at +first dense, with the bracts longer than the flowers, at length +elongated and often loose, the upper bracts shorter than the flowers, +which are quite small, and with scarcely a tinge of yellow, drying +brownish. + +Sec. 3. PLATANTHERA. _Cells of the anther sometimes parallel, more commonly +divergent, so that their tapering bases and the exposed glands +are more or less distant. (Root a cluster of fleshy fibres, or +tuberous-thickened.)_ + +[*] _Flowers greenish or white, small, numerous in a close spike; spur +not longer than the entire or merely notched narrow lip; anther-cells +almost parallel, wholly adnate; stem leafy._ + +[+] _Spur short and sac-like; the 3 sepals and 2 narrow petals erect; +glands small, rather widely separated._ + +5. H. bracteata, R. Br. Stem 6--12' high; lower leaves obovate, the +upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2--4 times +the length of the green flowers; spike 10--30-flowered; lip +oblong-linear or slightly spatulate, truncate and 2--3-toothed or lobed +at the tip, more than twice the length of the white spur. (H. viridis, +var. bracteata, _Reichenb._)--Damp woods and meadows, N. Eng. to Minn., +Iowa, Ind., south in the mountains to N. C., and far northward. + +[+][+] _Spur slender, incurved, about equalling the entire lip; lateral +sepals spreading._ + +6. H. hyperborea, R. Br. Stem very leafy (6'--2 deg. high); _leaves +lanceolate_, erect; spike dense (2--15' long); lower bracts lanceolate, +longer than the _(greenish) flowers; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat +equal_, the latter spreading from the base; anther somewhat overhanging +the transversely dilated stigma; _glands orbicular_; stalk of the +pollen-masses very slender and weak.--Peat bogs and wet cold woods, N. +Eng. to N. Y., S. Ill., Iowa, and northward. June, July. (Eu.) + +7. H. dilatata, Gray. Resembles n. 6, but usually more slender, with +narrower commonly _linear leaves; flowers white; lip lanceolate from a +rhomboidal-dilated base_, entire, its base with the bases of the petals +and sepals erect-connivent, above spreading; anther-cells almost +parallel; _glands approximate, large and strap-shaped, vertical_, nearly +as long as the pollen-mass and its short flat stalk together; stigma +narrow; a trowel-shaped conspicuous beak between the bases of the +anther-cells.--Cold bogs, Conn. to N. Y., Mich., Minn., and northward. + +[*][*] _Flowers greenish or white, 5--15 in a loose spike, rather large +for the size of the plant; scape or stem naked above, 1-leaved at base +(5--9' high); spur not longer than the lip; anther-cells wholly adnate, +arcuate and widely separated._ + +8. H. obtusata, Richardson. Leaf obovate or spatulate-oblong; upper +sepal very broad and rounded, the others and the petals lance-oblong; +lip entire, linear or lanceolate, deflexed (3'' long), about the length +of the tapering and curving spur.--Cold peat bogs, Maine and N. New Eng. +(Mt. Wachusett, Mass.), to Minn. and northward. (Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Flowers white or greenish, numerous in a loose spike, on a +naked scape, 2-leaved at base; spur longer than the narrow entire lip; +anther-cells widely diverging, their narrowed beak-like bases projecting +forward; stalk of the pollen-mass laterally affixed to the back of the +orbicular gland, the viscous face of which looks obliquely inward._ + +9. H. Hookeri, Torr. Leaves orbicular, spreading (3--4' broad); scape +mostly naked (1/2--1 deg. high), bearing 10--20 upright sessile +_yellowish-green flowers in a strict spike_; sepals ovate-lanceolate; +lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved, longer than the _lance-awl-shaped +petals; spur slender, acute, about the length of the ovary_ (nearly 1' +long).--Damp woods and borders of swamps, N. Scotia to N. J., west to +Minn. and Iowa.--Var. OBLONGIFOLIA, Paine, has oblong leaves (3--5' by +11/2--2'). N. Y. and Can. + +10. H. orbiculata, Torr. Leaves very large (4--8' wide), orbicular, +spreading flat on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath; scape +bracted (1--2 deg. high), bearing many spreading _greenish-white flowers in +a loose raceme_; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; _lip narrowly +linear and slightly spatulate, obtuse_, drooping, nearly thrice the +length of the oblong-lanceolate and falcate obtuse petals; _spur +curved_, slender (about 11/2' long), gradually _thickened_ toward the +blunt apex, _twice the length of the ovary_; anther-cells strongly +projecting at the free beak-like base (the glands nearly 1/4' +apart).--Rich woods (especially coniferous), Newf. to Penn. and in the +mountains to N. C., west to Mich. and Minn. + +[*][*][*][*] (FRINGED ORCHIS.) _Flowers several or many in an open +spike, with mostly foliaceous bracts; stem (rather tall) leafy; spur +thread-shaped or scarcely club-shaped, longer than the fringed, cleft, +or dissected lip; anther-cells widely separated and usually diverging, +their narrow beak-like bases, supported by the arms of the stigma, +strongly projecting forward or partly upward._ + +[+] _Lip pectinately fringed but undivided; flowers golden yellow or +white; anther-cells widely divergent, the orbicular glands as if raised +on a tentacle projecting far forward or slightly inward; ovary long, +tapering to the summit._ + +11. H. cristata, R. Br. Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated; the upper +gradually reduced to sharp-pointed _bracts, nearly the length of the +crowded (yellow) flowers_; spike oblong or cylindrical; petals rounded, +crenate; _lip ovate, with a lacerate-fringed margin, scarcely shorter +than the_ slender obtuse incurved _spur_, which is not half the length +of the ovary.--Bogs, N. J. to Fla. July. Flowers very much smaller than +in the next. + +12. H. ciliaris, R. Br. (YELLOW FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Stem 11/2--2 deg. high; +leaves oblong or lanceolate; the upper passing into pointed _bracts_, +which are _shorter than the ovaries_; spike oblong, rather closely +many-flowered; _flowers bright orange-yellow_; lateral sepal rounded, +reflexed; petals linear, cut-fringed at the apex; _lip oblong_ (6'' +long), _about half the length of the spur furnished with a very long and +copious capillary fringe_.--Wet sandy places, N. Eng. to Fla. and Tex., +west to Mich. and Ind. Our most handsome species. + +13. H. blephariglottis, Torr. (WHITE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Stem 1 deg. high; +leaves, etc., as in the last; _flowers white_, rather smaller; petals +spatulate, usually slightly cut or toothed at the apex; lip ovate- or +lanceolate-oblong, with the irregular capillary fringe of the margins +usually shorter than its disk, one third the length of the spur.--Peat +bogs and borders of ponds, Newf. to N. J., west to Mich. and Minn. +July.--Var. HOLOPETALA, Torr., has narrower petals with the toothing +obsolete, and the lip less fringed. + +[+][+] (GREENISH FRINGED-ORCHIS.) _Lip 3-parted above the stalk-like +base, the divisions cut into capillary fringes; flowers greenish- or +yellowish-white; anther-cells not very divergent, the beaked bases +projecting forward; the large glands oval or lanceolate, nearly facing +each other; ovary short-tapering above; spurs long, clavate._ + +14. H. leucophaea, Gray. Stem 2--4 deg. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate; the +bracts similar, rather shorter than the (large, fragrant) flowers; spike +commonly elongated, loose; _petals obovate, minutely cut-toothed; +divisions of the lip_ (7--10'' long) _broadly wedge-shaped or +fan-shaped, many-cleft to the middle into a copious thread-like fringe_; +spur longer than the ovary (1--11/2' long); glands transversely +oval.--Moist meadows, western N. Y. to Ky., Mo., and Minn. July. + +15. H. lacera, R. Br. (RAGGED FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong or +lanceolate; raceme loosely many-flowered; _petals oblong-linear, entire; +divisions of the lip narrow, deeply parted into a few long nearly +capillary lobes_; spur about the length of the ovary; _glands +oblong-linear_, as long as the stalk of the pollen-mass.--Bogs and moist +thickets, N. Scotia to N. C. and Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.; common. +July. + +[+][+][+] (PURPLE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) _Lip fan-shaped, 3-parted above the +stalk-like base, the divisions erosely fringed; flowers purple; +anther-cells widely separated, little divergent, the orbicular glands +oblique; ovary contracted only at the summit; the long curving spur +somewhat clavate._ + +16. H. psycodes, Gray. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the uppermost +passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; _raceme cylindrical, densely +many-flowered; lower sepals round-oval, obtuse; petals wedge-obovate or +spatulate, denticulate above_; divisions of the spreading lip broadly +wedge-shaped, many-cleft into a _short fringe_.--Wet meadows and bogs, +common; Newf. to N. C., west to Ind. and Minn. July, Aug.--Flowers +short-pedicelled, crowded in a spike of 4--10' in length, small, but +very handsome, fragrant; lip short-stalked, barely 1/2' broad and not so +long; the middle lobe broadest and more closely fringed, but not so +deeply cleft as the lateral ones. + +17. H. fimbriata, R. Br. Lower leaves oval or oblong, the upper few, +passing into lanceolate bracts; _spike or raceme oblong, +loosely-flowered; lower sepals ovate, acute; petals oblong, toothed down +the sides_; divisions of the pendent large lip (3/4--1' broad) fan-shaped, +more fringed.--Wet meadows, N. Scotia to N. J. and N. C., west to Mich. +June.--Flowers fewer (lilac-purple), 3 or 4 times larger than those of +the preceding. + +18. H. peramoena, Gray. Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate; +spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered; lower sepals round-ovate; +petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw; _divisions of the large lip +very broadly wedge-shaped, irregularly eroded-toothed_ at the broadly +dilated summit, _the lateral ones truncate, the middle one +2-lobed_.--Moist meadows and banks, Penn. and N. J. to Ill., and south +in the mountains. Aug.--Flowers large and showy (violet-purple); the lip +paler and 8--10'' long, variably toothed, but not fringed. + + +17. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. LADY'S SLIPPER. MOCCASON-FLOWER. + +Sepals spreading; all three distinct, or in most cases two of them +united into one under the lip. Petals spreading, resembling the sepals +but usually narrower. Lip a large inflated sac. Column declined; on each +side a fertile stamen, with its short filament bearing a 2-celled +anther; the pollen loose and pulpy or powdery-granular; on the upper +side a dilated-triangular, petal-like but thickish body, which answers +to the fertile stamen of other Orchids, and covers the summit of the +style; stigma terminal, broad, obscurely 3-lobed, moist and roughish +(not smooth and viscid as in the rest of the order). Pollen in most of +our species, especially in n. 6, exposed by the conversion of the face +of the anther into a viscid, varnish-like film, which adheres to +whatever touches it, carrying away some of the pollen.--Root of many +tufted fibres. Leaves large, many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at the +base. Flowers solitary or few, large and showy. (Name composed of +[Greek: Ky/pris], _Venus_, and [Greek: po/dion], _a sock_ or _buskin_, +i.e. _Venus's Slipper_.) + +Sec. 1. _The three sepals separate; stem leafy; flower solitary, drooping._ + +1. C. arietinum, R. Br. (RAM'S-HEAD L.) Stem slender (6--10' high); +upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the 2 lower and the petals linear +and nearly alike (greenish-brown), rather longer than the red and +whitish veiny lip (6'' long), which is somewhat pubescent, especially +within, and prolonged at the apex into a short blunt conical point; +leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceolate, nearly smooth.--Cold swamps and +damp woods, Maine to N. Y., Mich. and Minn., and northward. + +Sec. 2. _Two of the sepals united into one under the lip._ + +[*] _Stem leafy to the top, 1--3-flowered; lip slipper-shaped or +roundish, much inflated, horizontal, and with a rounded open orifice._ + +[+] _Sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals brownish, pointed, longer +than the lip._ + +2. C. candidum, Muhl. (SMALL WHITE LADY'S SLIPPER.) Slightly pubescent, +1-flowered; leaves lance-oblong, acute; petals and sepals greenish, +purple-spotted; _sepals ovate-lanceolate; lip_ (not 1' long) _white_, +striped with purple inside, flattish laterally, convex above; _sterile +stamen lanceolate_.--Bogs, N. Y. and Penn. to Minn., Mo., and Ky.; rare. +May, June. + +3. C. parviflorum, Salisb. (SMALLER YELLOW L.) Stem 1--2 deg. high leaves +oval, pointed; _sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate; lip flattish from +above, bright yellow_ (1' long or less); sterile stamen +triangular.--Bogs and low woods, Newf. to Ga., west to Minn. and E. Kan. +May, June.--Flowers fragrant; sepals and petals more brown-purple than +in the next, into which it seems to pass. + +4. C. pubescens, Willd. (LARGER YELLOW L.) Stem 2 deg. high, pubescent, as +are the broadly oval acute leaves; _sepals elongated-lanceolate; lip +flattened laterally_, very convex and gibbous above, 11/2--2' long, _pale +yellow_.--Bogs and low woods; same range as the last. + +[+][+] _Sepals and petals plane, rounded, white, not longer than the +lip._ + +5. C. spectabile, Swartz. (SHOWY L.) Downy, 2 deg. high; leaves ovate, +pointed; sepals round-ovate or orbicular, rather longer than the oblong +petals; _lip much inflated, white, pink-purple_ in front (11/2' long); +sterile stamen heart-ovate.--Peat-bogs, Maine and W. New Eng. to Minn. +and Mo., and south in the mountains to N. C. July.--The most beautiful +of the genus. + +[*][*] _Scape naked, 2-leaved at base, 1-flowered; sepals and petals +greenish, shorter than the drooping lip, which has a closed fissure down +its whole length in front._ + +6. C. acaule, Ait. (STEMLESS L.) Downy; leaves oblong; scape 8--12' +high, with a green bract at top; sepals oblong-lanceolate, pointed, +nearly as long as the linear petals; lip obovoid or oblong, rose-purple +(rarely white), nearly 2' long, veiny; sterile stamen rhomboid.--Dry or +moist woods; Newf. to N. C., west to N. Ind., Mich., and Minn. May, +June. + + +ORDER 111. BROMELIACEAE. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.) + +_Herbs (or scarcely woody plants, nearly all tropical), the greater part +epiphytes, with persistent dry or fleshy and channelled crowded leaves, +sheathing at the base, usually covered with scurf; 6-androus_; the +6-cleft perianth adherent to the ovary in the PINE-APPLE, etc., or free +from it in + +1. TILLANDSIA, L. LONG MOSS. + +Perianth plainly double, 6-parted; the 3 outer divisions (sepals) +membranaceous; the 3 inner (petals) colored; all connivent below into a +tube, spreading above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypogynous! or the +alternate ones cohering with the base of the petals; anthers introrse. +Ovary free; style thread-shaped; stigmas 3. Capsule cartilaginous, +3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved; the valves splitting into an inner and +an outer layer. Seeds several or many in each cell, anatropous, +club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted stalk, like a coma. +Embryo small, at the base of copious albumen.--Scurfy-leaved epiphytes. +(Named for _Prof. Tillands_ of Abo.) + +1. T. usneoides, L. (COMMON LONG MOSS or BLACK MOSS.) Stems +thread-shaped, branching, pendulous; leaves thread-shaped; peduncle +short, 1-flowered; flower yellow.--East Shore, Va., south to Fla., and +westward; growing on the branches of trees, forming long hanging tufts. + + +ORDER 112. HAEMODORACEAE. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with fibrous roots, usually equitant leaves, and perfect +3--6-androus regular flowers, which are woolly or scurfy outside; the +tube of the 6-lobed perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with +merely the lower part, of the 3-celled ovary._--Anthers introrse. Style +single, sometimes 3-partible; the 3 stigmas alternate with the cells of +the ovary. Capsule crowned or enclosed by the persistent perianth, +3-celled, loculicidal, 3--many-seeded. Embryo small, in hard or fleshy +albumen. A small family; chiefly of the southern hemisphere. + +[*] Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx-tube; style filiform; seeds +peltate, amphitropous. + +1. Lachnanthes. Stamens 3, exserted; anthers versatile. Leaves equitant. + +[*][*] Ovary free except at the base; style 3-partible; seeds +anatropous. + +2. Lophiola. Stamens 6, on the base of the woolly 6-cleft perianth. +Leaves equitant. + +3. Aletris. Stamens 6, in the throat of the warty-roughened and tubular +6-toothed perianth. Leaves flat, spreading. + + +1. LACHNANTHES, L. RED-ROOT. + +Perianth woolly outside, 6-parted down to the adherent ovary. Stamens 3, +opposite the 3 larger or inner divisions; filaments long, exserted; +anthers linear, fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, +declined. Capsule globular. Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and +rounded, fixed by the middle.--Herb, with a red fibrous perennial root, +equitant sword-shaped leaves, clustered at the base and scattered on the +stem, which is hairy at the top and terminated by a dense compound cyme +of dingy yellow and loosely woolly flowers (whence the name, from +[Greek: la/chne], _wool_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _blossom_). + +1. L. tinctoria, Ell.--Sandy swamps, near the coast, S. E. Mass., R. I., +and N. J. to Fla. July--Sept. + + +2. LOPHIOLA, Ker. + +Perianth densely woolly, deeply 6-cleft; the divisions nearly equal, +spreading, longer than the 6 stamens, which are inserted at their base. +Anthers fixed by the base. Capsule ovate, free from the perianth except +at the base, pointed with the awl-shaped style, which finally splits +into 3 divisions, one terminating each valve. Seeds numerous, oblong, +ribbed, anatropous.--A slender perennial herb, with creeping rootstocks +and fibrous roots, linear and nearly smooth equitant leaves; the stem +leafless and whitened with soft matted wool toward the summit, as also +the crowded or panicled cyme. Perianth dingy yellow inside; the lobes +naked only toward the tip, each clothed with a woolly tuft near the base +(whence the name, from [Greek: lophei~on], _a small crest_). + +1. L. aurea, Ker.--Boggy pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. June--Aug. + + +3. ALETRIS, L. COLIC-ROOT. STAR-GRASS. + +Perianth cylindrical, not woolly, but wrinkled and roughened outside by +thickly-set points which look like scurfy mealiness, the tube cohering +below with the base only of the ovary, 6-cleft at the summit. Stamens 6, +inserted at the base of the lobes; filaments and anthers short, +included. Style awl-shaped, 3-cleft at the apex; stigmas minutely +2-lobed. Capsule ovate, enclosed in the roughened perianth; the +dehiscence, seeds, etc., nearly as in Lophiola.--Perennial and smooth +stemless herbs, very bitter, with fibrous roots, and a spreading cluster +of thin and flat lanceolate leaves; the small flowers in a wand-like +spiked raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (2--3 deg. high). Bracts +awl-shaped, minute. ([Greek: A)letri/s], a female slave who grinds corn; +the name applied to these plants in allusion to the apparent mealiness +dusted over the blossoms.) + +1. A. farinosa, L. Flowers oblong-tubular, white; lobes +lanceolate-oblong.--Grassy or sandy woods, Mass. to Fla., Ill., and +Minn. July, Aug. + +2. A. aurea, Walt. Flowers bell-shaped, yellow (fewer and shorter); +lobes short-ovate.--Barrens, N. J. to Fla. July. + + +ORDER 113. IRIDACEAE. (IRIS FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with equitant 2-ranked leaves, and regular or irregular perfect +flowers; the divisions of the 6-cleft petal-like perianth convolute in +the bud in 2 sets, the tube coherent with the 3-celled ovary, and 3 +distinct or monadelphous stamens, alternate with the inner divisions of +the perianth, with extrorse anthers._--Flowers from a spathe of 2 or +more leaves or bracts, usually showy. Style single, usually 3-cleft; +stigmas 3, opposite the cells of the ovary, or 6 by the parting of the +style-branches. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds +anatropous; embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Rootstocks, tubers, or +corms mostly acrid. + +[*] Branches of the style (or stigmas) opposite the anthers. + +1. Iris. Outer divisions of the perianth recurved, the inner erect; +stigmas petal-like. + +[*][*] Branches of the style alternate with the anthers. Perianth +regular. + +2. Nemastylis. Stem from a coated bulb. Filaments united. Style-branches +2-cleft. + +3. Belamcanda. Stems from a creeping rhizome. Filaments distinct. +Stigmas dilated. + +4. Sisyrinchium. Root fibrous. Filaments united. Stigmas thread-like. + + +1. IRIS, Tourn. FLOWER-DE-LUCE. + +Perianth 6-cleft; the tube more or less prolonged beyond the ovary; the +3 outer divisions spreading or reflexed, the 3 inner smaller, erect. +Stamens distinct; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the +overarching petal-like stigmas (or rather branches of the style, bearing +the true stigma in the form of a thin lip or plate under the apex); most +of the style connate with the tube of the perianth. Capsule 3--6-angled, +coriaceous. Seeds depressed-flattened, usually in 2 rows in each +cell.--Perennials, with sword-shaped or grassy leaves, and large showy +flowers; ours with creeping and more or less tuberous rootstocks. +([Greek: I~)ris], the _rainbow_, anciently applied to this genus on +account of its bright and varied colors.) + +[*] _Stems leafy and rather tall (1--3 deg. high), from thickened +rootstocks, often branching; tube of the perianth shorter than the +divisions, which are beardless and crestless, the erect inner ones +(petals) much smaller than the outer._ + +[+] _Flowers violet-blue, variegated with green, yellow or white, and +purple-veined._ + +1. I. versicolor, L. (LARGER BLUE FLAG.) Stem stout, angled on one side; +_leaves sword-shaped_ (3/4' wide); ovary obtusely triangular with the +sides flat; flowers (21/2--3' long) short-peduncled, the funnel-form tube +shorter than the ovary; capsule oblong, turgid, with rounded +angles.--Wet places, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark. May, June. + +2. I. prismatica, Pursh. (SLENDER BLUE FLAG.) Stem _very slender_, +terete; _leaves narrowly linear_ (2--3'' wide); flowers +slender-peduncled (11/2--2' long), the tube extremely short; ovary +3-angled, each side 2-grooved; capsule sharply triangular. (I. +Virginica, _Man._; not _L._)--Marshes near the coast, Maine to N. C. +June. + +I. CAROLINIANA, Watson, resembling n. 1, but with longer laxer and +greener leaves, and the very large seeds in one row in each cell, +probably occurs in S. Va. + +(Addendum) 2^a. I. hexagona, Walt. Stems flexuous, often low and slender +(1--3 deg. high), leafy; leaves much exceeding the stem, 6--12'' broad; +flowers solitary and sessile in the axils, large, deep blue, variegated +with yellow, purple, and white; tube 1/2' long; segments about 3' long, +the inner narrow; capsule oblong-cylindric, 6-angled, 2' long--Prairies, +Ky. (_Short_) to W. Mo. (_Bush_), and on the coast from S. Car. +southward. + +[+][+] _Flowers copper-colored or dull reddish-brown; petals widely +spreading._ + +3. I. fulva, Ker. Stem and leaves as n. 1; tube of the perianth +cylindrical, as long as the 6-angled ovary; style-branches narrow. (I. +cuprea, _Pursh._)--Swamps, S. Ill. and Mo. to La. and Ga. May. + +[*][*] _Stems low (3--6' high), from tufted and creeping slender (or +here and there tuberous-thickened) rootstocks, 1--3-flowered; tube of +the perianth long and slender; the violet-blue divisions nearly equal._ + +4. I. verna, L. (DWARF IRIS.) _Leaves linear_, grass-like, rather +glaucous; the thread-like tube of the perianth about the length of the +divisions, which are oblong-obovate and on _slender claws_, the outer +ones slightly hairy down the orange-yellow base, _crestless_; capsule +obtusely triangular.--Wooded hillsides, Lancaster Co., Penn., to S. C., +west to Ky. and Ala. April.--Flowers sometimes white with yellowish +centre. + +5. I. cristata, Ait. (CRESTED DWARF IRIS.) _Leaves lanceolate_ (3--5' +long when grown); those of the spathe _ovate-lanceolate_, shorter than +the _thread-like tube of the perianth_, which is 2' long and _much +longer than the_ light blue obovate short-clawed _divisions_, the outer +ones _crested_ but beardless; capsule sharply triangular.--In the +mountains from Md. to N. C.; Trumbull Co., Ohio (_Ingraham_); knobs of +S. Ind. May.--Flowers fragrant. + +6. I. lacustris, Nutt. (LAKE DWARF IRIS.) _Tube of the perianth rather +shorter than the divisions_ (yellowish, 1/2--3/4' long), _dilated upward_, +not exceeding the spathe; otherwise as in the last, and too near +it.--Gravelly shores of Lakes Huron and Michigan. May. + +I. PSEUDACORUS, L., the YELLOW IRIS of European marshes, with very long +linear leaves and bright yellow beardless flowers, is reported as having +become established in Mass. and N. Y. + + +2. NEMASTYLIS, Nutt. + +Perianth spreading, the segments similar and nearly equal. Filaments +more or less united into a tube. Style short, its slender 2-parted +branches alternate with the anthers and exserted between them; stigmas +minute, terminal. Capsule oblong or ovate, truncate, dehiscent at the +summit. Seeds globose or angled.--Stems terete, from coated bulbs, with +few plicate leaves, and few fugacious flowers from 2-bracted spathes. +(Name from [Greek: ne~ma], _a thread_, and [Greek: styli/s], _style_, +for the slender style-branches.) + +1. N. geminiflora, Nutt. Stem 1--2 deg. high; spathes 2-flowered; perianth +pale blue-purple, 1--2' broad, the divisions oblong-obovate; capsule +obovate, 1/2' long.--E. Kan. to Tex. + + +3. BELAMCANDA, Adans. BLACKBERRY-LILY. + +Perianth 6-parted almost to the ovary; the divisions widely and equally +spreading, all nearly alike, oblong with a narrowed base, naked. Stamens +monadelphous only at base; anthers oblong. Style club-shaped, 3-cleft, +the narrow divisions tipped with a small dilated stigma. Capsule +pear-shaped; the valves at length falling away, leaving the central +column covered with the globose black and fleshy-coated seeds, imitating +a blackberry (whence the popular name).--Perennial, with rootstocks, +foliage, etc., of an Iris; the branching stems (3--4 deg. high) loosely +many-flowered; the orange-yellow perianth mottled above with +crimson-purple spots. (An East Indian name of the species.) + +B. CHINENSIS, Adans. (Pardanthus Chinensis, _Ker._)--Sparingly escaped +from gardens, Md. to S. Ind. and Mo. (Adv. from China, etc.) + + +4. SISYRINCHIUM, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS. + +Perianth 6-parted; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous +to the top. Stigmas thread-like. Capsule globular, 3-angled. Seeds +globular.--Low slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or +lanceolate leaves, mostly branching 2-edged or winged stems, and +fugacious umbelled-clustered small flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. (A +meaningless name, of Greek origin.) + +1. S. angustifolium, Mill. Scape (4--12' high) winged or wingless, +_simple, the spathe solitary_ and terminal, its outer bract more or less +elongated; flowers delicate blue, changing to purplish (rarely white), +the divisions of the perianth more or less notched, bristle-pointed and +ciliate; mature _seeds_ globose, _large_ (1/2'' broad), faintly pitted or +_nearly smooth_. (S. Bermudiana, var. mucronatum, _Gray_, excl. +descr.)--Moist meadows, etc., among grass; common everywhere. June--Aug. +(Addendum)--Sisyrinchium angustifolium. What appears to be a form of +this species with pale yellow flowers is found near Independence, Mo. +(_Bush_). + +2. S. anceps, Cav. Scape (6--18' high) usually branching and bearing 2 +or more peduncled spathes; seeds more ovate, much smaller, deeply +pitted. (S. Bermudiana, var. anceps, _Gray_, excl. descr.)--Similar +localities; common. + + +ORDER 114. AMARYLLIDACEAE. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) + +_Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, not scurfy or woolly, with +linear flat root-leaves, and regular (or nearly so) and perfect +6-androus flowers, the tube of the corolline 6-parted perianth coherent +with the 3-celled ovary; the lobes imbricated in the bud._--Anthers +introrse. Style single. Capsule 3-celled, several--many-seeded. Seeds +anatropous or nearly so, with a straight embryo in the axis of fleshy +albumen.--An order represented in our gardens by the _Narcissus, +Daffodil, Snowdrop_, etc., but with very few indigenous representatives +in this country. Bulbs acrid. Differs from Liliaceae chiefly in the +inferior ovary. + +[*] Capsule 3-valved, loculicidal; anthers versatile; perianth +funnel-shaped; glabrous. + +1. Zephyranthes. Flower naked in the throat; the tube short or none. +Bulbs coated. + +2. Hymenocallis. Flower with a slender tube and narrow recurved lobes; a +cup-shaped crown connecting the stamens. Bulbs coated. + +3. Agave. Flower equally 6-cleft, persistent, no crown. Fleshy-leaved, +not bulbous. + +[*][*] Capsule indehiscent; anthers sagittate; villous. + +4. Hypoxis. Perianth 6-parted nearly down to the ovary, persistent. Bulb +solid. + + +1. ZEPHYRANTHES, Herb. + +Perianth funnel-form, from a tubular base; the 6 divisions petal-like +and similar, spreading above; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked +throat; anthers versatile. Pod membranaceous, 3-lobed.--Leaves and low +scape from a coated bulb. Flowers solitary from a scarious simple bract. +(From [Greek: ze/phyros], _a wind_ and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_.) + +1. Z. Atamasco, Herb. (ATAMASCO LILY.) Leaves bright green and shining, +very narrow, channelled, the margins acute; scape 6--12' high; peduncle +short; spathe 2-cleft at the apex; perianth white and pink, 3' long; +stamens and style declined.--Penn. to Va. and Fla. June. (Addendum) +(Amaryllis Atamasco, _L._). + + +2. HYMENOCALLIS, Salisb. + +Perianth with a long and slender tube, and an equal 6-parted limb; lobes +long and narrow, recurved; the throat bearing a tubular or cup-shaped +corolla-like delicate crown, which connects the bases of the 6 exserted +stamens. Anthers linear, versatile. Capsule thin, 2--3-lobed; seeds +usually 2 in each cell, basal, fleshy, often like bulblets.--Scapes and +leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers white, fragrant, large and showy, +sessile in an umbel-like head or cluster, subtended by 2 or more +scarious bracts. (Name composed of [Greek: y(me/n], _a membrane_, and +[Greek: ka/llos], _beauty_.) + +1. H. occidentalis, Kunth. Leaves strap-shaped, glaucous, 1--11/2 deg. long, +9--18'' broad; scape 3--6-flowered; bracts narrow, 2' long; +perianth-tube about 21/2--4' long, the linear segments scarcely shorter; +the crown 12--15'' long, tubular below, broadly funnel-form above, the +margin deltoid and entire, or 2-toothed and erose, between the white +filaments, which are twice longer; anthers yellow; style green.--Marshy +banks of streams, S. Ill. to N. Ga. and Ala.--Apparently distinct from +H. lacera, _Salisb._ (Pancratium rotatum, _Ker._), of the southern +coast. + + +3. AGAVE, L. AMERICAN ALOE. + +Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted; the divisions nearly +equal, narrow. Stamens 6; anthers linear, versatile. Capsule coriaceous, +many-seeded. Seeds flattened.--Leaves thick and fleshy, often with +cartilaginous or spiny teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered +scape, from a thick fibrous-rooted crown. (Name from [Greek: a)gaue/], +_noble_,--not inappropriate as applied to A. AMERICANA, the +CENTURY-PLANT.) + +1. A. Virginica, L. (FALSE ALOE.) Herbaceous; leaves entire or +denticulate; scape 3--6 deg. high; flowers scattered in a loose wand-like +spike, greenish-yellow, fragrant, the perianth 9--12'' long, its narrow +tube twice longer than the erect lobes.--Dry or rocky banks, Md. and Va. +to Fla., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Tex. + + +4. HYPOXIS, L. STAR-GRASS. + +Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spreading; the 3 outer divisions a little +herbaceous outside. Stamens 6; anthers sagittate, erect. Capsule crowned +with the withered or closed perianth, not opening by valves. Seeds +globular, with a crustaceous coat, ascending, imperfectly anatropous, +the rhaphe not adherent quite down to the micropyle, the persistent +seed-stalk thus forming a sort of lateral beak. Radicle +inferior!--Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear leaves and +slender few-flowered scapes, from a solid bulb. (An old name for a plant +having sourish leaves, from [Greek: y(/poxys], _sub-acid_.) + +1. H. erecta, L. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbellately +1--4-flowered scape; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish +outside, yellow within.--Meadows and open woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west +to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. + + +ORDER 115. DIOSCOREACEAE. (YAM FAMILY.) + +_Plants with twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted +rootstocks, and ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves, small +dioecious 6-androus and regular flowers, with the 6-cleft calyx-like +perianth adherent in the fertile plant to the 3-celled ovary. Styles 3, +distinct._--Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, anatropous. Fruit usually a +membranaceous 3-angled or winged capsule. Seeds with a minute embryo in +hard albumen. + + +1. DIOSCOREA, Plumier. YAM. + +Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the +base of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth. Capsule 3-celled, +3-winged, loculicidally 3-valved by splitting through the winged angles. +Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat, with a membranaceous wing. (Dedicated +to the Greek naturalist, _Dioscorides_.) + +1. D. villosa, L. (WILD YAM-ROOT.) Herbaceous. Stems slender, from +knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes; leaves mostly +alternate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy +beneath, heart-shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9--11-ribbed; flowers pale +greenish-yellow, the sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in +drooping simple racemes; capsules 8--10'' long.--Thickets, S. New Eng. +to Fla., west to Minn., Kan., and Tex. + + +ORDER 116. LILIACEAE. (LILY FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical almost +always 6-androus flowers; the perianth not glumaceous, free from the +chiefly 3-celled ovary; the stamens one before each of its divisions or +lobes_ (i.e. 6, in one instance 4), _with 2-celled anthers; fruit a +few--many-seeded pod or berry; the small embryo enclosed in copious +albumen._ Seeds anatropous or amphitropous (orthotropous in Smilax). +Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium; the outer and inner ranks +of the perianth colored alike (or nearly so) and generally similar, +except in Trillium. + +SUBORDER I. Smilaceae. Shrubby or rarely herbaceous, the petiole of the +3--9-nerved netted-veined leaves often tendril-bearing. Flowers (in +ours) dioecious, in axillary umbels, small, with regular 6-parted +deciduous perianth. Anthers apparently 1-celled. Stigmas 3, sessile. +Fruit a 3-celled berry, with 1--2 pendulous orthotropous seeds in each +cell. Embryo minute in horny albumen. + +1. Smilax. Characters as above. + +SUBORDER II. Liliaceae proper. Never climbing by tendrils. Very rarely +dioecious. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. + +SERIES A. Floral bracts scarious. Stamens perigynous on the usually +withering-persistent nerved perianth; anthers introrse. Style undivided, +mostly persistent. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a berry. Leaves +transversely veined. + +[*] Scape from a coated bulb; fruit capsular; leaves linear. + +[+] Flowers umbellate; segments 1-nerved; pedicels not jointed. + +2. Allium. Perianth 6-parted. Capsule deeply lobed, often crested; cells +1--2-seeded. Very alliaceous. + +3. Nothoscordum. Perianth 6-parted. Seeds several in each cell. Not +alliaceous. + +4. Androstephium. Perianth tubular-funnel form. Filaments in the throat, +united into a crown. + +[+][+] Flowers racemose, 6-parted, the segments 3--several-nerved. + +5. Camassia. Flowers light blue, long racemose. Filaments filiform. + +6. Ornithogalum. Flowers greenish white, sub-corymbose. Filaments +dilated. + +[+][+][+] Flowers densely racemose; perianth urn-shaped, 6-toothed. + +7. Muscari. Flowers deep blue, small. Stamens included. + +[*][*] Stem or scape not from a bulb, several-flowered; capsule +many-seeded. + +8. Hemerocallis. Scape from a fleshy-fibrous root. Flowers few, large, +yellow, tubular-funnel-form; limb 6-parted. Stamens and long style +declined. Seeds globose. + +9. Yucca. Stem woody, leafy. Flowers white, campanulate, 6-parted. +Stigmas sessile. Seeds flat. + +[*][*][*] Leafy stems (scape in n. 10) from running rootstocks; fruit a +berry; leaves cordate to lanceolate (except n. 12); flowers white; +pedicels jointed. + +[+] Perianth gamophyllous, 6-lobed. + +10. Convallaria. Leaves sheathing the scape. Flowers racemose; perianth +bell-shaped. + +11. Polygonatum. Stem leafy. Flowers axillary; perianth cylindrical. + +[+][+] Perianth-segments distinct, small, spreading, persistent. + +12. Asparagus. Stems branching, the apparent leaves thread-like. Flowers +axillary. + +13. Smilacina. Stem simple, leafy. Flowers 6-parted, racemose or +paniculate. + +14. Maianthemum. Stem low, 2-leaved. Flowers 4-merous, racemose. + +SERIES B. Floral bracts none or foliaceous. Stamens hypogynous or at the +base of the distinct segments of the deciduous perianth (persistent in +n. 23); anthers extrorse or dehiscent laterally. Style undivided, +deciduous (stigmas sessile and persistent in n. 23). Fruit a loculicidal +capsule or a berry. Veinlets anastomosing (transverse in n. 15, 17--19). + +[*] Fruit a berry; stem or scape from a creeping rootstock; leaves +broad, alternate or radical; flowers narrowly campanulate. + +15. Streptopus. Stem leafy. Flowers axillary, on bent pedicels. Anthers +sagittate, acute; filaments deltoid or subulate. + +16. Disporum. Stem leafy. Flowers few, in terminal umbels. Anthers +oblong, obtuse; filaments slender. Veinlets anastomosing. + +17. Clintonia. Flowers umbellate on a scape, few or many. + +[*][*] Fruit a capsule. + +[+] Stems leafy, from a short or creeping rootstock; flowers few, +solitary, pendulous; capsule few-seeded. + +18. Uvularia. Stem terete. Leaves perfoliate. Flowers terminal. Capsule +truncate, 3-lobed. + +19. Oakesia. Stem angled. Leaves sessile. Flowers opposite the leaves. +Capsule acutely 3-winged. + +[+][+] Stem or scape from a bulb or corm; capsule many-seeded. + +20. Erythronium. Scape from a solid bulb, with a pair of leaves. Flower +solitary. Seeds angled, obovoid. + +21. Lilium. Stem leafy from a scaly bulb. Seeds horizontal, flattened. + +[*][*][*] Fruit a berry; stem from a tuber-like rootstock, bearing 1 or +2 whorls of leaves; flowers terminal; stigmas sessile. + +22. Medeola. Leaves in 2 whorls. Flowers umbellate. Perianth-segments +similar, colored, deciduous. + +23. Trillium. Leaves (3) in a terminal whorl. Flower solitary; outer +sepals leaf-like, persistent. + +SERIES C. Floral bracts green or greenish (rarely scarious), or none. +Stamens at the base of the distinct 1--several-nerved persistent +perianth-segments; anthers small, versatile. Styles or sessile stigmas +distinct. Capsule mostly septicidal. Seeds with a loose testa or +appendaged. Leaves with transverse veinlets (except in n. 24 and 25). + +[*] Stems leafy or bracteate, from a thick tuberous rootstock; flowers +racemose; anthers 2-celled; stigmas linear. + +24. Helonias. Leaves radical, oblanceolate. Flowers perfect. Capsule +broadly obovate, many-seeded. + +25. Chamaelirium. Stem very leafy. Flowers dioecious. Capsule oblong, +many-seeded. + +26. Xerophyllum. Stem very leafy; leaves very narrow. Flowers perfect. +Capsule few-seeded. + +[*][*] Stems distichously equitant-leafy, from a creeping rootstock; +flowers on bracteolate pedicels, racemose; anthers 2-celled; stigmas +small, terminal; seeds often appendaged. + +27. Tofieldia. Bractlets 3, verticillate. Styles short. Seeds +horizontal. + +28. Narthecium. Bractlet linear. Stigma slightly lobed. Seeds ascending. + +[*][*][*] Anthers heart- or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled and +peltate after opening; stigmas terminal; capsule 3-beaked by the +persistent styles; seeds angled or flattened and margined. + +[+] Stems tall, leafy, from a thick rootstock, pubescent above; flowers +polygamous, racemose-paniculate; seeds flat, winged. + +29. Melanthium. Sepals free from the ovary, their long claws bearing the +filaments. + +30. Veratrum. Sepals without claws, slightly adnate to the ovary. Leaves +strongly nerved and plicate. + +[+][+] Root mostly bulbous; glabrous; flowers racemose or panicled; +seeds narrow, angled; leaves linear. + +31. Stenanthium. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, without glands. + +32. Zygadenus. Sepals oblong to ovate, glandular toward the base. + +33. Amianthium. Flowers in a dense raceme. Sepals ovate-oblong, +glandless, free from the ovary. Cells of the capsule widely divergent, +1--2-seeded. + + +1. SMILAX, Tourn. GREENBRIER. CAT-BRIER. + +Flowers dioecious in umbels or axillary peduncles, small, greenish or +yellowish, regular, the perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Filaments +linear, inserted on the very base, the introrse anthers linear or +oblong, fixed by the base, apparently 1-celled. Ovary of fertile flowers +3-celled (1-celled, with single stigma, in n. 11); stigmas thick and +spreading, almost sessile; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, pendulous, +orthtropous; fruit a small berry.--Shrubby or rarely herbaceous, usually +climbing or supported by a pair of tendrils on the petiole of the ribbed +and netted-veined simple leaves. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure +meaning.) + +Sec. 1. _Stems herbaceous, not prickly; flowers carrion-scented; ovules 2 +in each cell; leaves membranous, mucronate-tipped; berries bluish-black +with a bloom._ + +1. S. herbacea, L. (CARRION-FLOWER.) Stem climbing, 3--15 deg. high; _leaves +ovate or rounded, mostly heart-shaped_ or truncate at base, abruptly +acute to short-acuminate, _7--9-nerved_, smooth; petioles 1/2--1' long; +peduncles elongated (3--4' long, or sometimes even 6--8' and much longer +than the leaves), 20--40-flowered; seeds 6.--Moist meadows and +river-banks; common, from the Atlantic to Minn., Mo., and Tex. June. +Very variable.--Var. PUBERULENTA, Gray, has the leaves more or less +soft-downy beneath. + +2. S. tamnifolia, Michx. Stem upright or climbing; leaves _mostly +5-nerved_, smooth, broadly ovate to lanceolate, truncate or cordate at +base, abruptly acute to acuminate, some of them _hastate with broad +rounded lobes_; peduncles longer than the petioles; berry smaller, +2--3-seeded.--Pine-barrens, N. J. to S. C. + +3. S. ecirrhata, Watson. Erect, 1/2--3 deg. high, _without tendrils_ (or only +the uppermost petioles tendril-bearing), glabrous; lower leaves reduced +to narrow scale-like bracts, the rest thin, 5--7-nerved, _broadly +ovate-elliptical_ to roundish, acute, mostly cordate at base, 2--5' +long, sometimes verticillate, sparsely pubescent beneath; peduncles +about equalling the petioles (1--21/2' long), on the lower part of the +stem; umbels 10--20-flowered; berry 3-seeded.--Md. to S. C., west to +Mich. and Mo. May, June. + +Sec. 2. _Stems woody, often prickly; ovules solitary; glabrous throughout._ + +[*] _Leaves ovate or roundish, etc., most of them rounded or +heart-shaped at base, and 5--9-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs +stronger and more conspicuous._ + +[+] _Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles (2--6''), +flattened; leaves thickish, green both sides._ + +4. S. Walteri, Pursh. Stem low, somewhat angled, prickly near the base +or unarmed; _leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat +heart-shaped_ or rounded at base (3--4' long); _berries +coral-red_.--Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. + +5. S. rotundifolia, L. (COMMON GREENBRIER. HORSE-BRIER.) Stem armed with +scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches; branchlets more or +less 4-angular; _leaves ovate or round-ovate_, often broader than long, +slightly heart-shaped, abruptly short-pointed (2--3' long); _berries +blue-black_, with a bloom.--Moist thickets, N. Eng. to Ga., west to +Minn. and Tex. Very variable, passing into var. QUADRANGULARIS, Gray, +which has branches, and especially branchlets, 4-angular, and is more +common west. + +[+][+] _Peduncle longer than but seldom twice the length of the short +petiole, flattened; leaves tardily deciduous or partly persistent; +berries black, with a bloom._ + +6. S. glauca, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angular branchlets +armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked; _leaves ovate_, rarely +subcordate, _glaucous beneath_ and sometimes also above, as well as the +branchlets when young (about 2' long), abruptly mucronate, the edges +smooth and naked.--Dry thickets, E. Mass. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Mo., +and Tex. + +7. S. bona-nox, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branchlets +sparsely armed with short rigid prickles; _leaves_ varying from +round-heart-shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to +fiddle-shaped and halberd-shaped or 3-lobed, _green and shining both +sides_, cuspidate-pointed, the margins often somewhat bristly-ciliate or +spinulose. (S. tamnoides, _Man._; probably not _L._)--Thickets; +Nantucket, Mass. (_L. L. Dame_); N. J. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo., and +Tex. + +[+][+][+] _Peduncle 2--4 times the length of the petiole; leaves ample +(3--5' long), thin or thinnish, green both sides; berries black; stem +terete and branchlets nearly so._ + +8. S. hispida, Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated; stem (climbing +high) below densely _beset with long and weak blackish bristly +prickles_, the flowering branchlets mostly naked; _leaves_ ovate and the +larger heart-shaped, pointed, slightly rough-margined, _membranaceous +and deciduous_; peduncles 11/2--2' long; sepals lanceolate, almost 3'' +long.--Moist thickets, Conn. to Va., west to Minn. and Tex. June. + +9. S. Pseudo-China, L. _Rootstock tuberous; stems and branches unarmed_, +or with very few weak prickles; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the +branchlets ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, +becoming firm in texture; peduncles flat (2--3' long).--Dry or sandy +soil, N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Mo. July. + +[*][*] _Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at +base into a short petiole, 3--5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous +beneath, many without tendrils; peduncles short, seldom exceeding the +petioles, terete; the umbels sometimes panicled; branches terete, +unarmed._ + +10. S. lanceolata, L. _Leaves thinnish_, rather deciduous, +ovate-lanceolate or lance-oblong; _stigmas 3; berries dull red_.--Rich +woods and margins of swamps, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. June. + +11. S. laurifolia, L. _Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen_, varying +from oblong-lanceolate to linear (21/2--5' long); _stigmas solitary_ and +_ovary 1-celled; berries black_ when ripe, 1-seeded, maturing in the +second year.--Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. and La. July, +Aug. + + +2. ALLIUM, L. ONION. GARLIC. + +Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at +the very base, 1-nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or +less persistent; the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at base. Style +persistent, but jointed upon the very short axis of the ovary, +thread-like; stigma simple. Capsule lobed, loculicidal, 3-valved, with +1--2 ovoid-kidney-shaped amphitropous or campylotropous black seeds in +each cell.--Strong-scented and pungent stemless herbs; the leaves and +scape from a coated bulb; flowers in a simple umbel, some of them +frequently changed to bulblets; spathe scarious, 1--2-valved. (The +ancient Latin name of the Garlic.) + +Sec. 1. _Bulbs cespitose, narrowly oblong and crowning a rhizome; coats +membranous._ + +[*] _Leaves (2 or 3) elliptic-lanceolate; ovules solitary in each cell._ + +1. A. tricoccum, Ait. (WILD LEEK.) Scape naked (4--12' high from +clustered pointed bulbs, 2' long), bearing an erect many-flowered umbel; +leaves 5--9' long, 1--2' wide; sepals oblong (greenish white), equalling +the nearly distinct filaments; capsule strongly 3-lobed.--Rich woods, +W. N. Eng. to Minn. and Iowa, south in the mountains to N. C. Leaves +appearing in early spring and dying before the flowers are developed. + +[*][*] _Leaves linear; ovules a pair in each cell._ + +2. A. Schoenoprasum, L. (CHIVES.) Scape naked or leafy at base (6--12' +high), bearing a globular _capitate umbel_ of many rose-purple flowers; +sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated +filaments; _leaves awl-shaped, hollow; capsule not crested_.--From N. +Brunswick and the Great Lakes to the Pacific. (Eu., Asia.) + +3. A. cernuum, Roth. (WILD ONION.) _Scape naked, angular_ (1/2--2 deg. high), +nodding at the apex, bearing a _loose or drooping few--many-flowered +umbel; leaves linear, flattened, sharply keeled_ (1 deg. long); sepals +oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color), shorter than the slender filaments and +style; _capsule 6-crested_.--In the Alleghanies to S. C., west to Minn., +Mo., Tex., and westward. + +Sec. 2. _Bulbs mostly solitary, not rhizomatous; coats often fibrous; +leaves narrowly linear, flat or channelled (terete in A. vineale)._ + +4. A. stellatum, Nutt. _Scape terete_ (6--18' high), slender, bearing an +_erect umbel_; bulb-coats membranous; _sepals broad_, acute; _stamens +and style exserted; capsule prominently 6-crested_.--Rocky slopes, Minn. +to W. Ill. and Mo., and westward. + +5. A. reticulatum, Fraser. Scape 3--8' high; _bulbs densely and coarsely +fibrous-coated_; spathe 2-valved; umbel rarely bulbiferous; sepals +ovate- to narrowly lanceolate, _thin and lax_ in fruit, _a third longer +than the stamens; capsule crested_.--Sask. to Iowa and N. Mex. + +6. A. Nuttallii, Watson. Scape 4--6 deg. high, from a _very fibrous-coated +bulb_; spathe usually 3-valved; sepals usually broader, _rather rigid_ +in fruit; _capsule not crested_.--Central Kan. to Tex., and westward. + +7. A. Canadense, Kalm. (WILD GARLIC.) Scape 1 deg. high or more; bulb-coats +somewhat fibrous; _umbel densely bulbiferous_ or few-flowered; sepals +narrowly lanceolate, obtusish, equalling or exceeding the stamens; +_capsule not crested_.--Moist meadows, N. Eng. to Minn., south to the +Gulf. May, June. + +A. VINEALE, L. (FIELD GARLIC.) Scape slender, clothed with the sheathing +bases of the leaves below the middle (1--3 deg. high); _leaves terete and +hollow_, slender, channelled above; _umbel often densely bulbiferous; +filaments much dilated, the alternate ones cuspidate_ on each side of +the anther.--Moist meadows and fields; a vile weed eastward. June. (Nat. +from Eu.) + + +3. NOTHOSCORDUM, Kunth. + +Flowers greenish or yellowish white. Capsule oblong-obovate, somewhat +lobed, obtuse, with the style obscurely jointed on the summit; cells +several-ovuled and -seeded. Filaments filiform, distinct, adnate at +base. Bulb tunicated, not alliaceous. Otherwise as in Allium. (Name from +[Greek: no/thos], _false_, and [Greek: sko/rdion], _garlic_.) + +1. N. striatum, Kunth. Scape 1 deg. high or less; bulb small, often +bulbiferous at base; leaves narrowly linear; flowers few, on slender +pedicels, the segments narrowly oblong, 4--6'' long; ovules 4--7 in each +cell. (Allium striatum, _Jacq._)--Prairies and open woods, Va. to Ind., +Neb., and southward. + + +4. ANDROSTEPHIUM, Torr. + +Perianth funnel-form, the cylindrical tube equalling the somewhat +spreading limb or shorter; segments 1-nerved. Stamens 6, in one row upon +the throat; the filaments united to form an erect tubular crown, with +bifid lobes alternate with the oblong versatile anthers. Capsule +sessile, subglobose-triquetrous, beaked by the stout persistent style; +seeds large, few to several in each cell.--Scape and linear leaves from +a membranous- or fibrous-coated corm; pale lilac flowers umbellate; +pedicels not jointed; involucral bracts several. (Name from [Greek: +a)ne/r], for _stamen_, and [Greek: ste/phos], _crown_, referring to the +stamineal crown.) + +1. A. violaceum, Torr. Scape 2--6' high; flowers 8--12'' long or more, +usually exceeding the stout pedicels, the tube nearly as long as the +limb; crown scarcely shorter than the limb.--Kan. to Tex. + + +5. CAMASSIA, Lindl. + +Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, 3--7-nerved, +slightly irregular, mostly deciduous; the 6 filiform filaments at their +base. Style thread-like, the base persistent. Capsule oblong or obovate, +3-angled, loculicidal, 3-valved, with several black roundish seeds in +each cell.--Scape and linear leaves from a coated bulb; the flowers in a +simple raceme, mostly bracted, on jointed pedicels. (From the native +Indian name _quamash_ or _camass_.) + +1. C. Fraseri, Torr. (EASTERN CAMASS. WILD HYACINTH.) Scape 1 deg. high or +more; leaves keeled; raceme elongated; bracts longer than the pedicels; +sepals pale blue, 3-nerved, 4--7'' long; capsule acutely +triangular-globose. (Scilla Fraseri, _Gray_.)--Rich ground, W. Penn. to +Minn. and E. Kan., and in the mountains to Ga. + + +6. ORNITHOGALUM, Tourn. STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM. + +Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading 3--7-nerved sepals. Filaments 6, +flattened-awl-shaped. Style 3-sided; stigma 3-angled. Capsule +membranous, roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each +cell, loculicidal.--Scape and linear channelled leaves from a coated +bulb. Flowers corymbed, bracted; pedicels not jointed. (An ancient +whimsical name from [Greek: o)/rnis], _a bird_, and [Greek: ga/la], +_milk_.) + +O. UMBELLATUM, L. Scape 4--9' high; flowers 5--8, on long and spreading +pedicels; sepals green in the middle on the outside.--Escaped from +gardens. (Nat. from Eu.) + +O. NUTANS, L. Scape 1 deg. high or more; flowers 5 or 6, large (1' long), +nodding on very short pedicels; filaments very broad.--Rarely escaped +from gardens; Penn. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +7. MUSCARI, Tourn. GRAPE-HYACINTH. + +Perianth globular or ovoid, minutely 6-toothed (blue). Stamens 6, +included; anthers short, introrse. Style short. Capsule loculicidal, +with 2 black angular seeds in each cell.--Leaves and scape (in early +spring) from a coated bulb; the small flowers in a dense raceme, +sometimes musk-scented (whence the name). + +M. BOTRYOIDES, Mill. Leaves linear, 3--4'' broad; flowers globular +(1--11/2'' long), deep blue, appearing like minute grapes.--Escaped from +gardens into copses and fence-rows. (Adv. from Eu.) + +M. RACEMOSUM, Mill. Leaves 1--11/2'' broad; flowers oblong-urceolate, +2--21/2'' long, deep blue, fragrant.--Rare escape, Md. and Penn. (Adv. +from Eu.) + + +8. HEMEROCALLIS, L. DAY-LILY. + +Perianth funnel-form, lily-like; the short tube enclosing the ovary, the +spreading limb 6-parted; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Anthers +as in Lilium, but introrse. Filaments and style long and thread-like, +declined and ascending; stigma simple. Capsule (at first rather fleshy) +3-angled, loculicidally 3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in +each cell.--Showy perennials, with fleshy-fibrous roots; the long and +linear keeled leaves 2-ranked at the base of the tall scapes, which bear +at the summit several bracted and large yellow flowers; these collapse +and decay after expanding for a single day (whence the name, from +[Greek: e(me/ra], _a day_, and [Greek: ka/llos], _beauty_.) + +H. FULVA, L. (COMMON DAY-LILY.) Inner divisions (petals) of the tawny +orange perianth wavy and obtuse.--Roadsides, escaped from gardens (Adv. +from Eu.) + + +9. YUCCA, L. BEAR-GRASS. SPANISH BAYONET. + +Perianth of 6 petal-like (white or greenish) oval or oblong and acute +flat sepals, withering-persistent, the 3 inner broader, longer than the +6 stamens. Stigmas 3, sessile. Capsule oblong, somewhat 6-sided, +3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled by a partition from the back, fleshy, +at length loculicidally 3-valved from the apex. Seeds very many in each +cell, flattened.--Stems woody, either very short or rising into thick +and columnar palm-like trunks, bearing persistent rigid linear or +sword-shaped leaves, and an often ample compound panicle or branched +raceme of showy flowers. (The native Haytian name for the root of the +Cassava-plant.) + +1. Y. angustifolia, Pursh. Caudex none or very short; leaves straight +_very stiff and pungent_, 1/2--2 deg. long by 1--6'' wide, filiferous on the +margin; _raceme mostly simple, nearly sessile_ (1--4 deg. long); flowers +11/2--21/2' wide; stigmas green, shorter than the ovary; capsule 6-sided (3' +long); _seeds 5--6'' broad_.--Dak. to Iowa, Kan., and N. Mex. May, +June. + +2. Y. filamentosa, L. (ADAM'S NEEDLE.) Caudex 1 deg. high or less, from a +running rootstock; leaves numerous, coriaceous, more or less tapering to +a short point, rough on the back, 11/2--2 deg. long by 1--3' wide, filiferous +on the margin; _panicle pyramidal, densely flowered, on a stout +bracteate scape, 4--9 deg. high_; flowers large; stigmas pale, elongated; +capsule 11/2' long; _seeds 3'' broad_.--Near the coast, Md. to Fla. and +La. July. Very variable. + + +10. CONVALLARIA, L. LILY OF THE VALLEY. + +Perianth bell-shaped (white), 6-lobed, deciduous; the lobes recurved. +Stamens 6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth; anthers +introrse. Ovary 3-celled, tapering into a stout style; stigma +triangular. Ovules 4--6 in each cell. Berry few-seeded (red).--A low +perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with slender running rootstocks, +sending up from a scaly-sheathing bud 2 oblong leaves, with their long +sheathing petioles enrolled one within the other so as to appear like a +stalk, and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of pretty and +sweet-scented nodding flowers. (Altered from _Lilium convallium_, the +popular name.) + +1. C. majalis, L.--High mountains of Va. to S. C. Apparently identical +with the European LILY OF THE VALLEY of the gardens. + + +11. POLYGONATUM, Tourn. SOLOMON'S SEAL. + +Perianth cylindrical-oblong, 6-lobed at the summit; the 6 stamens +inserted on or above the middle of the tube, included; anthers introrse. +Ovary 3-celled. with 2--6 ovules in each cell; style slender, deciduous +by a joint; stigma obtuse or capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. Berry +globular, black or blue; the cells 1--2-seeded.--Perennial herbs, with +simple erect or curving stems, from creeping thick and knotted +rootstocks, naked below, above bearing nearly sessile or half-clasping +nerved leaves, and axillary nodding greenish flowers; pedicels jointed +near the flower. (The ancient name, composed of [Greek: poly/s], _many_, +and [Greek: go/ny], _knee_, alluding to the numerous joints of the +rootstock and stem.)--Ours are alternate-leaved species, the stem terete +or scarcely angled when fresh. + +1. P. biflorum, Ell. (SMALLER SOLOMON'S SEAL.) Glabrous, except the +ovate-oblong or lance-oblong _nearly sessile leaves_, which are commonly +_minutely pubescent as well as pale or glaucous underneath_; stem +slender (1--3 deg. high); _peduncles 1--3- but mostly 2-flowered_; perianth +4--6'' long; _filaments papillose-roughened_, inserted toward the summit +of the perianth.--Wooded hillsides, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., +E. Kan., and Tex. + +2. P. giganteum, Dietrich. (GREAT S.) _Glabrous throughout_; stem stout +and mostly tall (2--7 deg. high), terete; _leaves ovate, partly clasping_ +(3--8' long), or the upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved; +_peduncles several-(2--8-) flowered_, jointed below the flower; flowers +5--9'' long; _filaments smooth and naked_, or nearly so, inserted on the +middle of the tube.--Meadows and river-banks, N. Eng. to Va., west to +the Rocky Mts. June. + + +12. ASPARAGUS, Tourn. ASPARAGUS. + +Perianth 6-parted, spreading above; the 6 stamens on its base; anthers +introrse. Style short; stigma 3-lobed. Berry spherical, 3-celled; the +cells 2-seeded.--Perennials, with much-branched stems from thick and +matted rootstocks, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers on jointed +pedicels. The narrow, commonly thread-like, so-called leaves are really +branchlets, acting as leaves, clustered in the axils of little scales +which are the true leaves. (The ancient Greek name.) + +A. OFFICINALIS, L. (GARDEN ASPARAGUS.) Herbaceous, tall, bushy-branched; +leaves thread-like.--A frequent escape from gardens. June. (Adv. from +Eu.) + + +13. SMILACINA, Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL. + +Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent (white). Stamens 6, +inserted at the base of the divisions; filaments slender, anthers short, +introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; style short and +thick, stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, 1--2-seeded.--Perennial +herbs, with simple stems from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate +nerved mostly sessile leaves, and white, sometimes fragrant flowers in a +terminal and simple or compound raceme. (Name a diminutive of _Smilax_, +to which, however, these plants bear little resemblance.) + +[*] _Flowers on very short pedicels in a terminal racemose panicle; +stamens exceeding the small (1'' long) segments; ovules collateral; +rootstock stout, fleshy._ + +1. S. racemosa, Desf. (FALSE SPIKENARD.) Minutely downy (1--3 deg. high); +leaves numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ciliate, +abruptly somewhat petioled; berries pale red, speckled with purple, +aromatic.--Moist copses, N. Brunswick to S. C., west to Minn., E. Kan. +and Ark. + +[*][*] _Flowers larger (2--3'' long), on solitary pedicels in a simple +few-flowered raceme; stamens included; ovules not collateral; rootstock +rather slender._ + +2. S. stellata, Desf. Plant (1 deg. high or less) nearly glabrous, or the +7--12 _oblong-lanceolate leaves_ minutely downy beneath when young, +slightly clasping; raceme sessile or nearly so; _berries +blackish_.--Moist banks, Lab. to N. J., west to E. Kan., Minn., and +westward. (Eu.) + +3. S. trifolia, Desf. Glabrous, _dwarf_ (2--6' high); _leaves 3_ +(sometimes 2 or 4), oblong, tapering to a _sheathing base_; raceme +peduncled; _berries red_.--Cold bogs, Lab. to N. Eng., west to Mich. and +Min. (Sib.) + + +14. MAIANTHEMUM, Wigg. + +Perianth 4-parted, with as many stamens. Ovary 2-celled; stigma 2-lobed. +Otherwise as in Smilacina.--Flowers solitary or fascicled, in a simple +raceme upon a low 2--3-leaved stem. Leaves ovate- to lanceolate-cordate. +(Name from _Maius_, May, and [Greek: a)/nthemon], _a flower_.) + +1. M. Canadense, Desf. Pubescent or glabrous (3--5' high); leaves +lanceolate to ovate, cordate at base with a very narrow sinus, sessile +or very shortly petioled; perianth-segments 1'' long. (Smilacina +bifolia, var. Canadensis, _Gray_.)--Moist woods, Lab. to N. C., west to +Minn. and Iowa. May. + + +15. STREPTOPUS, Michx. TWISTED-STALK. + +Perianth recurved-spreading from a bell-shaped base, deciduous; the 6 +distinct sepals lanceolate, acute, the 3 inner keeled. Anthers +arrow-shaped, extrorse, fixed near the base to the short flattened +filaments, tapering above to a slender entire or 2-cleft point. Ovary +with many ovules in each cell; style and sometimes the stigmas one. +Berry red, roundish-ovoid, many-seeded.--Herbs, with rather stout stems +from a creeping rootstock, forking and divergent branches, ovate and +taper-pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and small (extra-) +axillary flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender thread-like +peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the middle (whence +the name, from [Greek: strepto/s], _twisted_, and [Greek: pou~s], _foot_ +or _stalk_). + +1. S. amplexifolius, DC. Stem 2--3 deg. high, glabrous; _leaves very smooth, +glaucous underneath_, strongly clasping; _flower greenish-white_ (4--6'' +long) on a long abruptly bent peduncle; anthers tapering to a slender +entire point; _stigma entire, truncate_.--Cold moist woods, N. Eng. to +N. Minn., south to Ohio, Penn., and in the mountains to N. C. June. +(Eu.) + +2. S. roseus, Michx. _Lower leaves green both sides, finely ciliate_, +and the branches sparingly beset with short bristly hairs; _flower +rose-purple_ (3--4'' long), more than half the length of the slightly +bent peduncle; anthers 2-horned; _stigma 3-cleft_.--Cold damp woods, N. +Eng. to N. Minn., and south in the mountains to Ga. May. + + +16. DISPORUM, Salisb. + +Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, the 6 sepals lanceolate or linear, +deciduous. Filaments thread-like, much longer than the linear-oblong +blunt anthers, which are fixed by a point above the base and extrorse. +Ovary with 2 ovules (in our species) suspended from the summit of each +cell; style one; stigmas short, recurved-spreading, or sometimes united +into one! Berry ovoid or oblong, pointed, 3--6-seeded, red.--Downy low +herbs, with creeping rootstocks, erect stems sparingly branched above, +with closely sessile ovate thin and transversely veined leaves, and +greenish-yellow drooping flowers, on slender terminal peduncles, +solitary or few in an umbel. (Name from [Greek: di/s], _double_, and +[Greek: spora/], _seed_, in allusion to the 2 ovules in each cell.) + +1. D. lanuginosum, Benth. & Hook. Leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, +rounded or slightly heart-shaped at base, closely sessile, downy +beneath; flowers solitary, [or] in pairs; sepals linear-lanceolate, +taper-pointed (1/2' long), soon spreading, twice the length of the +stamens, greenish; style smooth; stigmas 3. (Prosartes lanuginosa, +_Don._)--Rich woods, western N. Y. to Va. and Ga., west to Ky. and +Tenn. May. + + +17. CLINTONIA, Raf. + +Perianth of 6 separate sepals, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 +stamens inserted at their base. Filaments long and thread-like; anthers +linear or oblong, extrorsely fixed by a point above the base, the cells +opening down the margins. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2--3-celled; +style long; stigmas 2 or 3, or in ours united into one. Berry +few--many-seeded.--Short-stemmed perennials, with slender creeping +rootstocks, bearing a naked peduncle sheathed at the base by the stalks +of 2--4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves; flowers rather large, +umbelled, rarely single. (Dedicated to _De Witt Clinton._) + +1. C. borealis, Raf. Scape and leaves 5--8' long; _umbel 3--6-flowered_; +perianth greenish-yellow, somewhat downy outside (3--4'' long); berry +ovoid, blue; _ovules 20 or more_.--Cold moist woods, Lab. to N. C., west +to Minn. + +2. C. umbellata, Torr. Flowers half the size of the last, white, +speckled with green or purplish dots; _umbel many-flowered_; berry +globular, black; _ovules 2 in each cell_.--Rich woods, in the +Alleghanies from N. Y. to Ga. + + +18. UVULARIA, L. BELLWORT. + +Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 distinct +sepals spatulate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtusely gibbous at base, with a +deep honey-bearing groove within bordered on each side by a callus-like +ridge. Stamens much shorter, barely adherent to their base; anthers +linear, much longer than the filaments, adnate and extrorse, but the +long narrow cells opening laterally. Style deeply 3-cleft; the +divisions stigmatic along the inner side. Capsule truncate, coriaceous, +3-lobed, loculicidal at the summit. Seeds few in each cell, obovoid, +with a thin white aril.--Stems rather low, terete, from a short +rootstock with fleshy roots, naked or scaly at base, forking above, +bearing oblong perfoliate flat and membranaceous leaves with smooth +margins, and yellowish drooping flowers, in spring, solitary on terminal +peduncles. (Name "from the flowers hanging like the _uvula_, or +palate.") + +1. U. perfoliata, L. _Glaucous throughout_, 1/2--11/2 deg. high, with 1--3 +leaves below the fork; _leaves glabrous_, oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, +acute; _perianth-segments granular-pubescent within_ (8--16'' long); +_stamens shorter than the styles; tip of the connective acuminate_; +cells of the capsule with 2 dorsal ridges and 2-beaked at the +apex.--Rich woods, N. Eng. to Dak., and southward. + +2. U. grandiflora, Smith. Yellowish-green, _not glaucous_; stem naked or +with a single leaf below the fork; _leaves whitish-pubescent beneath_, +usually somewhat acuminate; _perianth-segments smooth within_ or nearly +so (12--18'' long); _stamens exceeding the styles, obtusely tipped_; +capsule obtusely lobed. (U. flava, _Smith_.)--Rich woods, Canada to +Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. + + +19. OAKESIA, Watson. + +Flowers resembling those of Uvularia, but the segments obtuse or +acutish, carinately gibbous and without ridges within. Capsule +membranous, elliptical, acutish at each end or shortly stipitate, +triquetrous and acutely winged, very tardily dehiscent. Seeds globose, +with a very tumid spongy rhaphe.--Stem acutely angled, from a slender +creeping rootstock, with sessile clasping leaves scabrous on the margin, +and 1 or 2 flowers terminal on slender peduncles but soon appearing +opposite to the leaves by the growth of the branches. (Dedicated to +_William Oakes_.) + +1. O. sessilifolia, Watson. Leaves lance-oblong, acute at each end, +pale, glaucous beneath, sessile or partly clasping; sepals 7--12'' long; +anthers obtuse; capsule short-stipitate, 6--10'' long. (Uvularia +sessilifolia, _L._)--Low woods, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., +Neb. and Ark. + +2. O. puberula, Watson. Slightly puberulent; leaves bright green both +sides and shining, oval, mostly rounded at base, with rougher edges; +styles separate to near the base, not exceeding the acute anthers; +capsule not stipitate, 10--12'' long. (Uvularia puberula, +_Michx._)--Mountains, Va. to S. C. + + +20. ERYTHRONIUM, L. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET. + +Perianth lily-like, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, recurved or +spreading above, deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on +each side of the erect base, and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6', +awl-shaped; anthers oblong-linear, continuing erect. Style elongated. +Capsule obovate, contracted at base, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds rather +numerous, ovoid, with a loose membranaceous tip.--Nearly stemless herbs, +with two smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into petioles and +sheathing the base of the commonly one-flowered scape, rising from a +deep solid-scaly bulb. Flowers rather large, nodding, in spring. (The +Greek name for the purple-flowered European species, from [Greek: +e)rythro/s], _red_.) + +1. E. Americanum, Ker. (YELLOW ADDER'S-TONGUE.) Scape 6--9' high; leaves +elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, mottled with purplish and whitish and +commonly minutely dotted; _perianth light yellow_, often spotted near +the base (10--20'' long); style club-shaped; _stigmas united_.--Rich +ground, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark. + +2. E. albidum, Nutt. (WHITE DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.) Leaves +elliptical-lanceolate, less or not at all spotted; _perianth +pinkish-white_; inner divisions toothless; style more slender except at +the apex, bearing 3 short _spreading stigmas_.--Rich ground, N. Y. to +N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. + +3. E. propullans, Gray. _Offshoot arising from the stem, near the +middle_; leaves smaller and more acuminate; _flowers bright rose-color_, +yellowish at base (6'' long); _style slender; stigmas united_.--In rich +soil, Minn. and Ont. + + +21. LILIUM, L. LILY. + +Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 distinct sepals, +spreading or recurved above, with a honey-bearing furrow at the base, +deciduous; the 6 stamens somewhat adhering to their bases. Anthers +linear, extrorsely attached near the middle to the tapering apex of the +long filament, which is at first included, at length versatile; the +cells dehiscent by a lateral or slightly introrse line. Style elongated, +somewhat club-shaped; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, containing +numerous flat and horizontal (depressed) soft-coated seeds densely +packed in 2 rows in each cell. Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems, with +numerous alternate-scattered or whorled narrow sessile leaves, and from +one to several large and showy flowers; in summer. (The classical Latin +name, from the Greek [Greek: lei/rion].) + +[*] _Flowers erect, the sepals narrowed below into claws; bulbs not +rhizomatous._ + +1. L. Philadelphicum, L. (WILD ORANGE-RED LILY. WOOD LILY.) Stem 2--3 deg. +high; _leaves linear-lanceolate, whorled or scattered_; flowers (2--4' +long) 1--3, open-bell-shaped, _reddish-orange_ spotted with purplish +inside; the lanceolate sepals not recurved at the summit; bulb of thick +fleshy jointed scales.--Dry or sandy ground, N. Eng. to N. C., west to +Minn. and Mo. + +2. L. Catesbaei, Walt. (SOUTHERN RED LILY.) _Leaves linear-lanceolate, +scattered_; flower solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long-clawed sepals +wavy on the margin and recurved at the summit, _scarlet_, spotted with +dark purple and yellow inside; bulb-scales thin, narrow and +leaf-bearing.--Pine-barrens, N. C. to Fla., west to Ky. and Mo. + +[*][*] _Flowers nodding, the sepals sessile; bulbs rhizomatous._ + +3. L. superbum, L. (TURK'S-CAP LILY.) Stem 3--7 deg. high; _lower leaves +whorled_, lanceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, smooth; flowers (3' long) often +many (3--20 or 40) in a pyramidal raceme; _sepals strongly revolute_, +bright orange, with numerous dark purple spots inside.--Rich low +grounds, N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. + +4. L. Canadense, L. (WILD YELLOW LILY.) Stem 2--5 deg. high; _leaves +remotely whorled_, lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves +rough; flowers few (2--3' long), long-peduncled, oblong-bell-shaped, the +_sepals recurved-spreading above_, yellow or orange, usually spotted +with brown.--Moist meadows and bogs, N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn. +and Mo. + +5. L. Grayi, Watson. Stems 2--3 deg. high; leaves in whorls of 4--8, +lanceolate, acute or slightly acuminate, smooth; _flowers_ 1 or 2, +_nearly horizontal_, _the sepals_ (11/2--21/2' long) but _little spreading +above the rather broad base_, rather abruptly acute, deep reddish +orange, thickly spotted within.--Peaks of Otter, Va., and southward in +the mountains to N. C. + +L. TIGRINUM, Ker. (TIGER LILY.) Tall, pubescent above; leaves scattered, +narrowly lanceolate, dark green, 5--7-nerved, the upper axils +bulbiferous; flowers large, resembling those of L. superbum.--An escape +from gardens. (Adv. from E. Asia.) + + +22. MEDEOLA, Gronov. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT. + +Perianth recurved, the 3 sepals and 3 petals oblong and alike (pale +greenish-yellow), deciduous. Stamens 6; anthers shorter than the slender +filaments, oblong, extrorsely attached above the base, but the line of +dehiscence of the closely contiguous parallel cells lateral or slightly +introrse. Stigmas, or styles, stigmatic down the upper side, +recurved-diverging from the globose ovary, long and thread-form, +deciduous. Berry globose (dark purple), 3-celled, few-seeded.--A +perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (1--3 deg. high, clothed with +flocculent and deciduous wool), rising from a horizontal and tuberous +white rootstock (which has the taste of cucumber), bearing near the +middle a whorl of 5--9 obovate-lanceolate and pointed, sessile, lightly +parallel-ribbed and netted-veiny, thin leaves; also another of 3 (rarely +4 or 5) much smaller ovate ones at the top, subtending a sessile umbel +of small recurved flowers. (Named after the sorceress _Medea_, for its +supposed great medicinal virtues.) + +1. M. Virginiana, L.--Rich damp woods, N. Eng. to Minn., Ind., and +southward. June. + + +23. TRILLIUM, L. WAKE ROBIN. BIRTHROOT. + +Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, +larger, withering in age. Stamens 6; anthers linear, on short filaments, +adnate, usually introrse; the cells opening down the margins. Stigmas +sessile, awl-shaped or slender, spreading or recurved above, persistent, +stigmatic down the inner side. Ovary 3--6-angled. Berry ovate, usually +6-angled or -winged, 3-celled (purple or red). Seeds ovate, horizontal, +several in each cell.--Low perennial herbs, with a stout and simple stem +rising from a short and praemorse tuber-like rootstock, naked, bearing at +the summit a whorl of 3 ample, commonly broadly ovate, more or less +ribbed but netted-veined leaves, and a terminal large flower; +in spring. (Name from _triplum_, triple; all the parts being in +threes.)--Monstrosities are not rare with the calyx and sometimes petals +changed to leaves, or the parts of the flower increased in number. + +[*] _Ovary and fruit 6-angled and more or less winged._ + +[+] _Flower sessile; the very broad connective produced beyond the +anther-cells._ + +1. T. sessile, L. _Leaves sessile, ovate_ or rhomboidal, acute, often +blotched or spotted; sepals spreading; _sessile petals erect-spreading_, +narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, dark and dull purple, varying to +greenish, fruit globose, 6'' long.--Moist woods, Penn. to Fla., west to +Minn. and Ark. + +2. T. recurvatum, Beck. _Leaves contracted at the base into a petiole, +ovate, oblong, or obovate; sepals reflexed; petals_ pointed, the base +_narrowed into a claw_, oblong-lanceolate to -ovate, dark purple; fruit +ovate, strongly winged above, 9'' long.--Rich woods, Ohio and Ind. to +Minn. and Ark. + +[+][+] _Flower pedicelled; connective narrow, not produced; leaves +subsessile._ + +[++] _Pedicel longer than the flower; filament shorter than the anther._ + +3. T. erectum, L. Leaves very broadly rhombic (21/2--6' wide), shortly +acuminate; pedicel (1--3' long) usually more or less inclined or +declinate; _petals ovate to lanceolate_ (9--18'' long), brown-purple or +often white or greenish or pinkish; stamens equalling or exceeding the +_stout distinct spreading or recurved stigmas_; fruit ovate, 1' long, +reddish.--Rich woods, N. Scotia to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo. Flowers +ill-scented. + +4. T. grandiflorum, Salisb. Leaves less broadly rhombic-ovate (11/2--4' +wide); pedicel erect or ascending; _petals oblanceolate_, often broadly +so (11/2--21/2' long), white turning rose-color or marked with green; +stamens with stout filaments (persistently green about the fruit) and +anthers, _exceeding the very slender erect or suberect and somewhat +coherent stigmas_; fruit globose, 1/2--1' long.--Rich woods, Vt. to N. C., +west to Minn. and Mo. + +[++][++] _Pedicel short, recurved or strongly declinate; filaments +slender, about equalling the anther._ + +5. T. cernuum, L. Leaves very broadly rhombic-ovate (2--4' broad); +petals white or pink, ovate- to oblong-lanceolate (6--12'' long), wavy, +recurved-spreading; stamens with short anthers, shorter than the stout +recurved distinct stigmas; fruit ovate.--Moist woods, N. Eng. to Minn., +south to Ga. and Mo. + +[*][*] _Ovary and fruit 3-lobed or angled, not winged; filaments +slender, about equalling the anthers; pedicel erect or inclined; leaves +petiolate._ + +6. T. nivale, Riddell. (DWARF WHITE T.) Small (2--4' high); _leaves oval +or ovate, obtuse_ (1--2' long); _petals oblong, obtuse_ (6--15'' long), +_white_, scarcely wavy, spreading from an erect base, equalling the +peduncle; styles long and slender; fruit depressed globose, with 3 +rounded lobes, 3--4'' long.--Rich woods, W. Penn. and Ky. to Minn. and +Iowa. + +7. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. (PAINTED T.) _Leaves ovate, taper-pointed_; +_petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy_, widely spreading, +_white painted with purple stripes at the base_, shorter than the +peduncle; fruit broad-ovate, obtuse, 7--9'' long.--Cold damp woods and +bogs, N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Wisc. and Mo. + + +24. HELONIAS, L. + +Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong purple sepals, +persistent, several-nerved, glandless, turning green, shorter than the +thread-like filaments. Anthers 2-celled, roundish-oval, blue, extrorse. +Styles revolute, stigmatic down the inner side, deciduous. Capsule +obcordately 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved; the valves divergently +2-lobed. Seeds many in each cell, linear, with a tapering appendage at +both ends.--A smooth perennial, with many oblong-spatulate or +oblanceolate evergreen flat leaves, from a tuberous rootstock, producing +in early spring a stout hollow sparsely bracteate scape (1--2 deg. high), +sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by a simple and +short dense raceme. Bracts obsolete; pedicels shorter than the flowers. +(Name probably from [Greek: e(/los], _a swamp_, the place of growth.) + +1. H. bullata, L.--Wet places, Penn. and N. J. to Va.; rare and local. + + +25. CHAMAELIRIUM, Willd. DEVIL'S-BIT. + +Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading +1-nerved sepals, withering-persistent. Filaments and (white) anthers, as +in Helonias; fertile flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles +linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along the inner side. Capsule +ovoid-oblong, not lobed, of a thin texture, loculicidally 3-valved from +the apex, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, winged at each end.--Smooth +herb, with a wand-like stem from a (bitter) thick and abrupt tuberous +rootstock, terminated by a long wand-like spiked raceme (4--12' long) of +small bractless flowers; fertile plant more leafy than the staminate. +Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole. +(Name formed of [Greek: chamai/] _on the ground_, and [Greek: lei/rion], +_lily_, the genus having been founded on a dwarf undeveloped specimen.) + +1. C. Carolinianum, Willd. (BLAZING-STAR.) Stem 1--4 deg. high. (C. luteum, +_Gray_.)--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Neb. and Ark. June. + + +26. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx. + +Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading; sepals petal-like (white), +oval, distinct, without glands or claws, 5--7-nerved, at length +withering, about the length of the awl-shaped filaments. Anthers +2-celled, short, extrorse. Styles thread-like, stigmatic down the inner +side, persistent. Capsule globular, 3-lobed, obtuse (small), +loculicidal; the valves bearing the partitions. Seeds 2 in each cell, +collateral, 3-angled, not margined.--Herb with the stem simple, 1--4 deg. +high, from a thick tuberous rootstock, bearing a simple dense bracteate +raceme of showy flowers, and thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, +the upper reduced to bristle-like bracts; those from the root very many +in a dense tuft, reclined, a foot long or more, 1'' wide below, rough on +the margin, remarkably dry and rigid. (Name from [Greek: xero/s], +_arid_, and [Greek: phy/llon], _leaf_.) + +1. X. setifolium, Michx. Stem 1--4 deg. high. (X. asphodeloides, +_Nutt._)--Pine-barrens, N. J. to Ga. June. + + +27. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. FALSE ASPHODEL. + +Flowers perfect, usually with a little 3-bracted involucre underneath. +Perianth more or less spreading, persistent; the sepals (white or +greenish) concave, oblong or obovate, without claws, 3-nerved. Filaments +awl-shaped; anthers short, innate or somewhat introrse, 2-celled. Styles +awl-shaped; stigmas terminal. Capsule 3-angular, 3-partible or +septicidal; cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong, horizontal.--Slender +perennials, mostly tufted, with short or creeping rhizomes, and simple +stems leafy only at the base, bearing small flowers in a close raceme or +spike. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant, linear, grass-like. (Named for _Mr. +Tofield_, an English botanist of the last century.) + +[*] _Glabrous; pedicels solitary, in a short raceme or head; seeds not +appendaged._ + +1. T. palustris, Hudson. Scape leafless or nearly so (2--6' high), +slender, bearing a globular or oblong head or short raceme of whitish +flowers; leaves tufted, 1/2--11/2' long.--L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Stem and inflorescence pubescent; pedicels fascicled in threes; +seeds caudate._ + +2. T. glutinosa, Willd. Stem (6--16' high) and pedicels very _glutinous +with dark glands_; leaves broadly linear, short; perianth not becoming +rigid; capsule thin; seeds with a contorted tail at each end.--Moist +grounds, Maine to Minn., and northward; also south in the Alleghanies. +June. + +3. T. pubens, Ait. Stem (1--3 deg. high) and pedicels _roughened with minute +glands_; leaves longer and narrower; perianth rigid about the firm +capsule; seeds with a short white appendage at each end.--Pine-barrens, +N. J. to Fla. and Ala. July. + + +28. NARTHECIUM, Moehring. BOG-ASPHODEL. + +Sepals 6, linear-lanceolate, yellowish, persistent. Filaments 6, woolly; +anthers linear, introrse. Capsule cylindrical-oblong, attenuate upward +and bearing the slightly lobed sessile stigma, loculicidal, many-seeded. +Seeds ascending, appendaged at each end with a long bristle-form +tail.--Rootstock creeping, bearing linear equitant leaves, and a simple +stem or scape, terminated by a simple dense bracteate raceme; pedicels +bearing a linear bractlet. (Name an anagram of _Anthericum_, from +[Greek: a)nthe/rikos], supposed to have been the Asphodel.) + +1. N. Americanum, Ker. Stem 1 deg. high or more; leaves 1'' wide, +7--9-nerved; raceme dense (1--2' long); perianth-segments narrowly +linear (2--21/2'' long), scarcely exceeding the stamens. (N. ossifragum, +var. Americanum, _Gray_.)--Sandy bogs, pine-barrens of N. J. June, July. + + +29. MELANTHIUM, Linn. + +Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 separate and free widely +spreading somewhat heart-shaped or oblong and halberd-shaped or +oblanceolate sepals, raised on slender claws, cream-colored or greenish, +the base marked with 2 approximate or confluent glands, or glandless, +turning greenish brown and persistent. Filaments shorter than the +sepals, adhering to their claws often to near the summit, persistent. +Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled, +shield-shaped after opening, extrorse. Styles 3, awl-shaped, diverging, +tipped with simple stigmas. Capsule ovoid-conical, 3-lobed, of 3 +inflated membranaceous carpels united in the axis, separating when ripe, +and splitting down the inner edge, several-seeded. Seeds flat, broadly +winged.--Stems tall and leafy, from a thick rootstock, roughish-downy +above, as well as the open and ample pyramidal panicle (composed chiefly +of simple racemes), the terminal part mostly fertile. Leaves linear to +oblanceolate or oval, not plaited. (Name composed of [Greek: me/las], +_black_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_, from the darker color which +the persistent perianth assumes after blossoming.) + +[*] _Sepals with a conspicuous double gland at the summit of the claw._ + +1. M. Virginicum, L. (BUNCH-FLOWER.) Stem 3--5 deg. high, leafy, rather +slender; leaves linear (4--10'' wide); sepals flat, ovate to oblong or +slightly hastate (21/2--4'' long); capsule 6'' long; seeds 10 in each +cell, 2--3'' long.--Wet meadows, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and +Tex. + +2. M. latifolium, Desrouss. Leaves more oblanceolate, often 2' broad; +sepals undulate (2--3'' long), the very narrow claw nearly equalling the +orbicular or ovate blade; capsule 6--8'' long; styles more slender; +seeds 4--8 in each cell, 3--4'' long. (M. racemosum, _Michx._)--W. Conn. +to S. C. + +[*][*] _Sepals oblanceolate, without glands._ + +3. M. parviflorum, Watson. Stem rather slender (2--5 deg. high), sparingly +leafy, naked above; leaves oval to oblanceolate (2--4' wide), on long +petioles; sepals 2--3'' long, oblanceolate or spatulate, those of the +sterile flowers on claws; stamens very short; capsule 6'' long; seeds +4--6 in each cell, 4'' long. (Veratrum parviflorum, _Michx._)--In the +Alleghanies, Va. to S. C. + + +30. VERATRUM, Tourn. FALSE HELLEBORE. + +Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and separate +obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish) sepals, more or less contracted at +the base (but not clawed), nearly free from the ovary, not +gland-bearing. Filaments free from the sepals and shorter +than they, recurving. Anthers, pistils, fruit, etc., nearly as in +Melanthium.--Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems from a +thickened base producing coarse fibrous roots (very poisonous), +3-ranked, plaited and strongly veined leaves, and racemed-panicled dull +or dingy flowers; in summer. (Name from _vere_, truly, and _ater_, +black.) + +1. V. viride, Ait. (AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE. INDIAN POKE.) _Stem stout, +very leafy_ to the top (2--7 deg. high); _leaves broadly oval_, pointed, +_sheath-clasping; panicle pyramidal_, the _dense spike-like racemes_ +spreading; _perianth yellowish-green_, moderately spreading, +_the segments ciliate-serrulate; ovary glabrous_; capsule +many-seeded.--Swamps and low grounds, common. + +2. V. Woodii, Robbins. _Stem slender, sparingly leafy_ (2--5 deg. high); +_leaves oblanceolate_, only the lowest sheathing; _panicle very narrow; +perianth greenish-purple, with entire segments; ovary tomentose_, soon +glabrate; capsule few-seeded.--Woods and hilly barrens, S. Ind. to Mo. + + +31. STENANTHIUM, Gray. + +Flowers polygamous. Perianth spreading; the sepals narrowly lanceolate, +tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are united and +coherent with the base of the ovary, not gland-bearing, persistent, much +longer than the short stamens. Anthers, capsules, etc., nearly as in +Veratrum. Seeds nearly wingless.--Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem +from a bulbous base, long and grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves, and +numerous small flowers in compound racemes, forming a long terminal +panicle; in summer. (Name composed of [Greek: steno/s], _narrow_, and +[Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_, from the slender sepals and panicles.) + +1. S. angustifolium, Gray. Stem leafy (3--4 deg. high), _very slender; +leaves 2--3'' broad_; panicle elongated, nearly simple, very open, with +slender flexuous branches; flowers nearly sessile or the fertile on +short pedicels; sepals linear-lanceolate (white), 2--3'' long; _capsule +strongly reflexed_, narrowly oblong-ovate, with spreading beaks.--In the +Alleghanies from Va. to S. C. + +2. S. robustum, Watson. Resembling the last; _stem stout_, leafy, erect +(3--5 deg. high); _leaves 4--10'' broad_; panicle or raceme often 2 deg. long, +frequently compound with numerous slender branches; sepals (white or +green) 3--4'' long; _capsule erect_, ovate, with recurved beaks.--Penn. +to S. C., Ohio and Tenn. + + +32. ZYGADENUS, Michx. + +Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading; +the petal-like oblong or ovate sepals 1--2-glandular near the more or +less narrowed but not unguiculate base, which is either free, or united +and coherent with the base of the ovary. Stamens free from the sepals +and about their length. Anthers, styles, and capsule nearly as in +Melanthium. Seeds angled, rarely at all margined.--Very smooth and +somewhat glaucous perennials, with simple stems from creeping rootstocks +or coated bulbs, linear leaves, and rather large panicled greenish-white +flowers; in summer. (Name composed of [Greek: zygo/s], _a yoke_, and +[Greek: a)de/n], _a gland_, the glands being sometimes in pairs.) + +[*] _Glands on the perianth conspicuous._ + +[+] _Rootstock creeping; glands 2, orbicular, above the broad claw._ + +1. Z. glaberrimus, Michx. Stems 1--3 deg. high; leaves grass-like, +channelled, conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to a point; +panicle pyramidal, many-flowered; flowers perfect; sepals nearly free +(1/2' long), ovate, becoming lance-ovate, with a short claw.--Grassy low +grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. + +[+][+] _Root bulbous; glands covering the base of the sepals._ + +2. Z. elegans, Pursh. Stem 1--3 deg. high; leaves flat, carinate; raceme +simple or sparingly branched and few-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate; +base of the perianth coherent with the base of the ovary, the thin ovate +or obovate sepals marked with a large obcordate gland, the inner +abruptly contracted to a broad claw. (Z. glaucus, _Nutt._)--N. Eng. to +N. Ill., Minn., and westward. + +3. Z. Nuttallii, Gray. Like the last; raceme rather densely flowered, +with narrow bracts; perianth free; sepals with an ill-defined gland at +base, not at all clawed; seeds larger (3'' long).--Kan. to Tex. and Col. + +[*][*] _Glands of the perianth obscure; perianth small, rotate; bulb +somewhat fibrous._ + +4. Z. leimanthoides, Gray. Stem 1--4 deg. high, slender; leaves narrowly +linear; flowers small (4'' in diameter) and numerous, in a few crowded +panicled racemes; only a yellowish spot on the contracted base of the +divisions of the free perianth.--Low grounds, pine-barrens of N. J., to +Ga. + + +33. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. FLY-POISON. + +Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading; the distinct and free +petal-like (white) sepals oval or obovate, without claws or glands, +persistent. Filaments capillary, equalling or exceeding the perianth. +Anthers, capsules, etc., nearly as in Melanthium. Styles thread-like. +Seeds wingless, oblong or linear, with a loose coat, 1--4 in each +cell.--Glabrous, with simple stems from a bulbous base or coated bulb, +scape-like, few-leaved, terminated by a simple dense raceme of handsome +flowers, turning greenish with age. Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. +(From [Greek: a)mi/antos], _unspotted_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_; +a name formed with more regard to euphony than to good construction, +alluding to the glandless perianth.) + +1. A. muscaetoxicum, Gray. (FLY-POISON.) _Leaves broadly linear_, +elongated, obtuse (1/2--1' wide); _raceme simple_; capsule abruptly +3-horned; seeds oblong, with a fleshy red coat.--Open woods, N. J. to +Fla., west to Ky. and Ark. June, July. + + +ORDER 117. PONTEDERIACEAE. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) + +_Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a +spathe; the petal-like 6-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary; +the 3 or 6 mostly unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its +throat._--Perianth with the 6 divisions colored alike, _imbricated_ in 2 +rows in the bud, the whole together sometimes revolute-coiled after +flowering, then withering away, or the base thickened-persistent and +enclosing the fruit. Anthers introrse. Ovules anatropous. Style 1; +stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a perfectly or incompletely 3-celled +many-seeded capsule, or a 1-celled 1-seeded utricle. Embryo slender, in +floury albumen. + +1. Pontederia. Spike many-flowered. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy +persistent base enclosing the 1-seeded utricle. Stamens 6. + +2. Heteranthera. Spathe 1--few-flowered. Perianth salver-shaped. +Stamens 3. Capsule many-seeded. + + +1. PONTEDERIA, L. PICKEREL-WEED. + +Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped; the 3 upper divisions united to form the +3-lobed upper lip; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form +the lower part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable +to the base; after flowering the tube is revolute-coiled from the apex +downward, and its fleshy-thickened persistent base encloses the fruit. +Stamens 6; the 3 anterior long-exserted; the 3 posterior (often sterile +or imperfect) with very short filaments, unequally inserted lower down; +anthers versatile, oval, blue. Ovary 3-celled; two of the cells empty, +the other with a single suspended ovule. Utricle 1-celled, filled with +the single seed.--Stout herbs, growing in shallow water, with thick +creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled mostly heart-shaped +leaves, and a 1-leaved stem, bearing a spike of violet-blue ephemeral +flowers. Root-leaves with a sheathing stipule within the petiole. +(Dedicated to _Pontedera_, Professor at Padua at the beginning of the +last century.) + +1. P. cordata, L. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, blunt, or sometimes +triangular-elongated and tapering and scarcely cordate (var. +ANGUSTIFOLIA, Torr.); spike dense, from a spathe-like bract; upper lobe +of perianth marked with a pair of yellow spots (rarely all white); +calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6 toothed ridges.--N. Scotia to Fla., +west to Minn. and Tex. July--Sept. + + +2. HETERANTHERA, Ruiz & Pav. MUD-PLANTAIN. + +Perianth salver-form with a slender tube; the limb somewhat equally +6-parted, ephemeral. Stamens 3, in the throat, usually unequal; anthers +erect. Capsule 1-celled or incompletely 3-celled by intrusion of the +placentae, many-seeded.--Creeping, floating or submerged low herbs, in +mud or shallow water, with a 1--few-flowered spathe bursting from the +sheathing side or base of a petiole. (Name from [Greek: e(te/ra], +_different_, and [Greek: a)nthera/], _anther_.) + +[*] _Stamens unequal; 2 posterior filaments with ovate yellow anthers; +the other longer, with a larger oblong or sagittate greenish anther; +capsule incompletely 3-celled; leaves rounded, long-petioled; creeping +or floating plants._ + +1. H. reniformis, Ruiz & Pav. Leaves round-kidney-shaped to cordate and +acute; spathe 3--5-flowered; flowers white or pale blue.--Conn. to +N. J., west to Ill. and E. Kan., and southward. (S. Am.) + +2. H. limosa, Vahl. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse at both ends; +spathe 1-flowered; flowers larger, blue.--Va. to Mo. and La. (S. Am.) + +[*][*] _Stamens alike, with sagittate anthers; capsule 1-celled, with 3 +parietal placentae; leaves linear, translucent, sessile; submerged +grass-like herbs, with only the flowers reaching the surface._ + +3. H. graminea, Vahl. The slender branching stems clothed with leaves +and bearing a terminal 1-flowered spathe (becoming lateral); flowers +small, pale yellow, with a very long thread-like tube. (Schollera +graminifolia, _Willd._)--N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and E. Kan. + + +ORDER 118. XYRIDACEAE. (YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY.) + +_Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base of a naked +scape, which is terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, with +extrorse anthers, glumaceous calyx, and a regular colored corolla; the +3-valved mostly 1-celled capsule containing several or many orthotropous +seeds with a minute embryo at the apex of fleshy albumen._ + + +1. XYRIS, Gronov. YELLOW-EYED GRASS. + +Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are +densely imbricated in a head. Sepals 3; the 2 lateral glume-like, +boat-shaped or keeled and persistent; the anterior one larger and +membranaceous, enwrapping the corolla in the bud and deciduous with it. +Petals 3, with claws, which cohere more or less. Fertile stamens 3, with +linear anthers, inserted on the claws of the petals, alternating with 3 +sterile filaments, which are cleft and in our species plumose or bearded +at the apex. Style 3-cleft. Capsule oblong, free, 1-celled, +with 3 parietal more or less projecting placentae, 3-valved, +many-seeded.--Flowers yellow, produced all summer. Ours apparently all +perennials. ([Greek: Xyri/s], a name of some plant with 2-edged leaves, +from [Greek: xyro/n], a _razor_.) + +1. X. flexuosa, Muhl. Scape slender (10--16' high), barely flattened at +the summit, often from a bulbous base, very smooth, much longer than the +narrowly linear leaves, both commonly twisted with age; head +roundish-ovoid (3--4'' long); _lateral sepals_ oblong lanceolate, +_finely ciliate-scarious on the narrow wingless keel_, usually with a +minute bearded tuft at the apex, shorter than the bract.--Sandy or peaty +bogs, Mass. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo. + +Var. pusilla, Gray. Small and very slender, seldom twisted, 2--9' high, +the base not bulbous; head 2--3'' long.--White Mts. to Penn., west to +L. Superior. + +2. X. torta, Smith. Scape terete, with one sharp edge, slender, 9--20' +high, from a dark bulbous base, and with the _linear-filiform rigid +leaves_ becoming spirally twisted; head ovoid, becoming spindle-shaped, +or oblong and acute (5--9'' long); sepals exceeding the bract; _lateral +sepals winged on the keel and fringed above the middle_.--Pine barrens, +in dry sand, N. J. to Fla., Tex. and Ark. + +3. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Scape flattish, 1-angled below, 2-edged at the +summit, smooth, 1/2--2 deg. high, the base hardly bulbous; _leaves +linear-sword-shaped, flat_, 2--4'' broad; head globular-ovoid (5--7'' +long); _lateral sepals obscurely lacerate-fringed above on the winged +keel_, rather shorter than the bract.--Sandy swamps, near the coast, +Mass. to Fla. + +4. X. fimbriata, Ell. Scape somewhat angled, 2-edged above, rough (2 deg. +high), rather longer than the linear-sword-shaped or strap-shaped +leaves, the base not bulbous; head oblong-ovate (6--10'' long); _lateral +sepals_ lanceolate-linear, _nearly twice the length of the bract, above +the middle conspicuously fringed on the wing-margined keel, and even +plumose at the summit_.--Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. + + +ORDER 119. MAYACEAE. (MAYACA FAMILY.) + +_Moss-like aquatic plants, densely leafy, with narrowly-linear sessile +pellucid leaves, axillary naked peduncles terminated by a solitary +perfect 3-androus flower, herbaceous calyx, white corolla, and a +3-valved 1-celled several-seeded capsule._ + + +1. MAYACA, Aublet. + +The only genus. Perianth persistent, of 3 herbaceous lanceolate sepals, +and 3 obovate petals. Stamens alternate with the petals. Ovary with 3 +parietal few-ovuled placentae; style filiform; stigma simple.--Creeping +or floating in shallow water; the leaves 1-nerved, entire, notched at +the apex; the peduncle solitary, sheathed at base. (An aboriginal name.) + +1. M. Michauxii, Schott & Endl. Peduncles not much exceeding the leaves, +nodding in fruit.--Va. to Fla. and Tex. + + +ORDER 120. COMMELINACEAE. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) + +_Herbs, with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed and often +branching leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and 6-androus, often +irregular flowers, with the perianth free from the 2--3-celled ovary, +and having a distinct calyx and corolla_; viz., 3 persistent commonly +herbaceous sepals, and 3 petals, ephemeral, decaying or deciduous. +Stamens hypogynous, some of them often sterile; anthers with 2 separated +cells. Style 1; stigma undivided. Capsule 2--3-celled, 2--3-valved, +loculicidal, 3--several-seeded. Seeds orthotropous. Embryo small, +pulley-shaped, partly sunk in a shallow depression at the apex of the +albumen. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, parallel-veined, flat, +sheathed at base; the uppermost often dissimilar and forming a kind of +spathe.--Chiefly tropical. + +1. Commelina. Cyme sessile within a cordate or connate bract (spathe). +Petals unequal. Perfect stamens 3; filaments naked. + +2. Tradescantia. Bracts leaf-like or small and scarious. Petals equal. +Perfect stamens 6; filaments bearded. + + +1. COMMELINA, Dill. DAY-FLOWER. + +Flowers irregular. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal; the 2 lateral +partly united by their contiguous margins. Two lateral petals rounded or +kidney-shaped, on long claws, the odd one smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of +them fertile, one of which is bent inward; 3 of them sterile and +smaller, with imperfect cross-shaped anthers; filaments naked. Capsule +3-celled, two of the cells 2-seeded, the other 1-seeded or +abortive.--Stems branching, often procumbent and rooting at the joints. +Leaves contracted at base into sheathing petioles; the floral one +heart-shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded, forming a spathe +enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and are +recurved on their pedicel before and afterwards. Petals blue. Flowering +all summer. Ours all with perennial roots, or propagating by striking +root from the joints. (Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists. _J._ and +_G. Commelin_.) + +[*] _Ventral cells 2-ovuled (usually 2-seeded), the dorsal 1-ovuled._ + +1. C. nudiflora, L. _Slender and creeping_, glabrous; leaves lanceolate, +small (1--2' long); spathe cordate, acute, _with margins not united; +seeds reticulated_. (C. Cayennensis, _Richard._)--Alluvial banks, Del. +to Fla., west to Ind., Mo. and Tex. + +2. C. hirtella, Vahl. _Stout, erect_ (2--4 deg. high); leaves large, +lanceolate, _the sheaths brown-bearded_; spathes crowded, +_with margins united; seeds smooth_. (C. erecta, _Gray_, Man., not +_L._)--River-banks, Penn. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. + +[*][*] _Cells 1-ovuled, 1-seeded; seeds smooth; spathe cucullate; roots +sub-tuberous_. + +3. C. erecta, L. Slender, often low; _leaves linear; cells all +dehiscent_.--Penn. to Fla. + +4. C. Virginica, L. Slender, usually tall; _leaves lanceolate_ to +linear; _dorsal cell indehiscent, scabrous_.--Damp rich woods and banks, +southern N. Y. to Fla., west to Mich., Iowa, and Mo. + + +2. TRADESCANTIA, L. SPIDERWORT. + +Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. +Stamens all fertile; filaments bearded. Capsule 2--3-celled, the cells +1--2-seeded.--Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly +simple, leafy. Leaves keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters, +axillary and terminal, produced through the summer; floral leaves nearly +like the others. (Named for the elder _Tradescant_, gardener to Charles +the First of England.) + +[*] _Umbels terminal or sometimes lateral, sessile, subtended by 1 or 2 +leaf-like bracts; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, flowers blue._ + +1. T. Virginica, L. (COMMON SPIDERWORT.) Roots fleshy-fibrous, smooth or +only slightly villous, more or less glaucous, often tall and slender and +with linear leaves, rather rarely with 1 or 2 long lateral peduncles; +bracts usually a pair.--Rich ground, N. Y. to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., +and the Rocky Mts. Very variable.--Var. VILLOSA, Watson. Often dwarf, +more or less villous throughout as well as pubescent. Mississippi valley +and Gulf States.--Var. FLEXUOSA, Watson. Stout and dark green, with +large linear-lanceolate pubescent leaves, the stem usually flexuous, and +with several short lateral branches or sessile axillary heads. (T. +flexuosa, _Raf._)--Ohio to Ky. and Ga. T. pilosa, _Lehm._, is an +intermediate form. + +[*][*] _Umbel pedunculate, subtended by small subscarious bracts; +flowers small, rose-color._ + +2. T. rosea, Vent. Small, slender (6--10' high), smooth, erect from a +running rootstock; leaves very narrowly linear, grass-like.--Sandy +woods, Md. to Fla., west to Ky. and Mo. + + +ORDER 121. JUNCACEAE. (RUSH FAMILY.) + +_Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with small flowers, a regular and +hypogynous persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or +rarely 3 stamens with 2-celled anthers, a single short style, 3 filiform +hairy stigmas, and an ovary either 3-celled or 1-celled with 3 parietal +placentae, forming a loculicidal 3-valved capsule._ Seeds anatropous, +with a minute embryo enclosed at the base of the fleshy +albumen.--Flowers liliaceous in structure, but sedge-like in aspect and +texture. + +1. Juncus. Capsule 3-celled (or imperfectly so), many-seeded. Plants +never hairy, in moist ground or water. + +2. Luzula. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. Plant, often hairy, in dry +ground. + + +1. JUNCUS, Tourn. RUSH. BOG-RUSH. + +Capsule many-seeded, 3-celled, or 1-celled by the placentae not reaching +the axis. Stamens when 3 opposite the 3 outer sepals.--Chiefly +perennials, and in wet soil or water, with pithy or hollow and simple +(rarely branching) stems, and panicled or clustered small (greenish or +brownish) flowers, chiefly in summer. Plant never hairy. (The classical +name, from _jungo_, to join, alluding to the use of the stems for +bands.) + +Sec. 1. _Stems leafless and scape-like, from matted running rootstocks, +sheathed at base; the sheaths sometimes bearing terete knotless leaves +like the scape; flowers in sessile apparently lateral panicles, the +involucral leaf being similar to and continuing the scape._--JUNCUS +proper. + +[*] _Flowers solitary on the pedicels or ultimate ramifications of the +panicle._ + +[+] _Sheaths at base of the stem leafless._ + +[++] _Stamens 3._ + +1. J. effusus, L. (COMMON or SOFT RUSH.) Scape soft and pliant (2--4 deg. +high); inner sheaths awned; panicle diffusely much branched, +many-flowered; flowers small (11/4'' long), greenish; sepals lanceolate, +very acute, as long as the narrow triangular-obovate retuse and +pointless greenish-brown capsule; anthers as long as the filaments; +style very short; seeds small (about 1/4'' long), with short pale +points.--Marshy ground, very common. (Eu.)--Var. CONGLOMERATUS, Engelm. +Scape more distinctly striate; panicle closely crowded; capsule +short-pointed. In sphagnous swamps. + +[++][++] _Stamens 6._ + +2. J. filiformis, L. Scape very slender (1--2 deg. high), pliant; panicle +few-flowered, almost simple; flowers 11/2'' long; sepals lanceolate, the +inner a little shorter and less acute, longer than the broadly ovate +obtuse but mucronate greenish capsule; anthers shorter than the +filaments; style very short; seed (less than {1/3}'' long) short-pointed +at both ends, indistinctly reticulated.--N. Eng. to Mich., Neb., and +northward. (Eu.) + +3. J. Smithii, Engelm. Scape rather slender (2--3 deg. high); panicle +few-flowered, nearly simple; flowers brown (11/4'' long); outer sepals +lanceolate, acute, the inner a little shorter, obtusish, shorter than +the broadly ovate rather triangular acute deep chestnut-brown capsule; +anthers as long as the filaments; style short; seeds large ({1/3}'' long +or more), obtuse, short-appendaged at both ends, many-ribbed and +reticulated.--Sphagnous swamps, on Broad Mt. and in Lebanon Co., Penn. + +4. J. Balticus, Dethard, var. littoralis, Engelm. Scape rigid (2--3 deg. +high); panicle loose; flowers larger (2'' long), chestnut-brown with +green; sepals ovate-lanceolate, the outer sharp-pointed, the inner +obtusish, as long as the elliptical rather triangular obtuse and +mucronate deep brown capsule; anthers much longer than the broad +filaments; style about the length of the ovary; seeds rather large (1/2'' +long or more), nearly obtuse, delicately ribbed and cross lined.--Sandy +shores, Newf. to Mass., west to Penn., along the Great Lakes, and +westward.--Var. MONTANUS, Engelm. Sepals nearly equal; anthers 4 times +longer than the filament; capsule ovate-pyramidal, angled, beaked; seeds +smaller, narrower, apiculate.--Minn., west and northward. + +[+][+] _Innermost sheaths leaf-bearing; stamens 6._ + +5. J. setaceus, Rostkovius. Scape slender (1--3 deg. high); panicle loose, +rather few-flowered; flowers greenish (2'' long); sepals lanceolate, +sharp-pointed, especially the 3 shining exterior ones, spreading in +fruit, as long as the nearly globose beak-pointed greenish or +light-brown capsule; anthers as long as the filaments; style +conspicuous; seeds ({1/3}'' long) almost globose, ribbed and +cross-lined.--Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and La. + +[*][*] _Flowers in clusters, 6-androus; innermost sheaths at base of +stem leaf-bearing._ + +6. J. Roemerianus, Scheele. Scape stout and rigid (2--3 deg. high), its apex +as well as the leaves pungent; panicle compound, open and spreading, +brown; 3--6 greenish or light-brown flowers (11/2'' long) in a cluster; +outer sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, longer than the obtusish inner +ones, as long as the elliptical rather triangular obtuse mucronate brown +capsule; anthers much longer than the broad filaments; styles shorter +than the ovary; seeds ({1/3}'' long) oval, obtuse, very delicately +ribbed.--Brackish marshes, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. + +7. J. maritimus, L. Resembling the last, but with a rigid contracted +green panicle, an ovary attenuated into a style of nearly its own +length, a greenish acute capsule which usually exceeds the acute sepals, +and seeds with distinct tails and stronger ribs.--Known in this country +only from Coney Island, N. Y., where it is apparently indigenous. (Eu.) + +Sec. 2. _Stems simple (rarely branched), leafy at base or throughout; +leaves flat, or somewhat terete or setaceous and channelled, never +knotted; panicle or head terminal._--GRASSY-LEAVED JUNCI. + +[*] _Flowers in close heads (produced in late summer)._ + +[+] _Leaves thread-like, hollow; stamens 6; seeds few, large and +caudate; the single head (sometimes 2) 1--4-flowered._ + +8. J. stygius, L. Stems slender (6--16' high) from slender branching +rootstocks, 1--3-leaved below, naked above; heads 1 or rarely 2, of +3--4-flowers, about the length of the sheathing scarious awl-pointed +bract; flowers pale and reddish (21/2--3'' long); sepals lanceolate, the +inner obtusish, 3/4 the length of the oblong acuminate capsule, as long as +the slender stamens; filaments many times longer than the oblong +anthers; recurved stigmas shorter than the style; seeds oblong, with a +very loose coat prolonged at both ends (11/2'' long).--Peat-bogs, Newf. to +northern N. Y., west to Mich. and N. Minn. (Eu.) + +9. J. trifidus, L. Stems densely tufted from matted creeping rootstocks, +erect (5--10' high), sheathed and mostly leafless at base, 2--3-leaved +at the summit, the upper thread-like leaves subtending the sessile head; +flowers brown (11/2--2'' long); sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, equalling +or rather shorter than the ovate beak-pointed deep brown capsule; +anthers much longer than the filaments; seeds few, oblong, angled (1'' +long), short-tailed.--Alpine summits of N. Eng. and N. Y., and far +northward; also in N. J. (Eu.) + +[+][+] _Leaves flat and grass-like; stamens 3; stems flattened, simple, +leafy._ + +10. J. repens, Michx. Stems ascending (4--6' high) from a fibrous annual +root, at length creeping or floating; leaves short, linear, those of the +stem nearly opposite and fascicled; heads few in a loose leafy panicle, +3--12-flowered; flowers green (3'' long); sepals rigid, lance-subulate, +slender-pointed, the 3 outer as long as the linear triangular obtuse +capsule, the inner much longer; stamens as long as the outer sepals; +filaments many times longer than the oblong anthers; seeds small +({1/5}'' long), obovate, slightly pointed, very delicately ribbed and +cross-lined.--Miry banks, Md. to Fla. and La. + +11. J. marginatus, Rostk. Stem erect, from a bulbous and stoloniferous +base (1--3 deg. high); leaves long-linear; heads 3--8-flowered, panicled; +flowers purplish with green (11/2'' long); sepals oblong, the 3 outer +acute and slightly awned, the inner longer, mostly obtuse, as long as +the almost globular scarcely mucronate capsule; stamens exceeding the +outer sepals; purple anthers shorter than the filaments; style very +short; seeds (1/4--{1/3}'' long) slender, pointed at both ends and +strongly ribbed.--Moist sandy places, S. New Eng. to Fla., west to +Mich., Mo., and Tex.--Var. PAUCICAPITATUS, Engelm., has few large +8--15-flowered heads; and var. BIFLORUS, Engelm., has numerous small +2--3-flowered heads in much-branched panicles. + +[*][*] _Flowers solitary, panicled; stamens 6._ + +[+] _Stems slender, simple, tufted, leafy below; root perennial (fl. +early in summer)._ + +[++] _Seeds tail-pointed at both ends._ + +12. J. Vaseyi, Engelm. Stems rigid (1--21/2 deg. high); leaves nearly terete, +very slightly channelled on the inner side; panicle longer than the +involucral leaf, loose; flowers few, often one-sided, greenish or light +brown (2'' long or more); sepals lanceolate, acute, appressed, shorter +than the oblong and retuse green-brown capsule; anthers as long as the +filaments; style very short; seeds slender (1/2--{2/3}'' long), closely +ribbed.--N. Maine (_Pringle_); Mich. to Iowa and westward. + +13. J. Greenii, Oakes & Tuckerm. Stems rigid (1--2 deg. high); leaves nearly +terete, very deeply channelled (almost involute) on the inner side; +panicle usually much shorter than the principal erect involucral leaf, +dense, the numerous flowers often one-sided (13/4'' long); sepals +lanceolate, acute, light greenish-brown, appressed, shorter than the +ovoid-oblong obtuse greenish-brown capsule; anthers as long as the +filaments; style very short; seeds ovoid ({1/3}--{2/5}'' long), ribbed +and delicately cross-lined.--Sandy coast of N. Eng., N. Y., and N. J., +and on the east shore of Lake Michigan. + +[++][++] _Seeds merely apiculate at both ends._ + +14. J. tenuis, Willd. Stem wiry (9--18' high); leaves flat or +channelled; panicle shorter than the involucral leaves, loose, or rarely +crowded; flowers green (2'' long or more); sepals lanceolate, very +acute, spreading in fruit, longer than the ovoid retuse scarcely pointed +green capsule; anthers nearly equal to the filaments; style very short; +seeds small (about 1/4'' long), delicately ribbed and cross-lined.--Fields +and roadsides, very common. (Eu.)--Var. SECUNDUS, Engelm.; flowers +smaller, secund along the incurved branches. N. Eng. to Penn. and +Del.--Var. CONGESTUS, Engelm.; branches contracted into a head and the +flowers darker-colored. Minn. and westward. + +15. J. dichotomus, Ell. Stems rigid (11/2--2 deg. high) from a tumid base; +leaves filiform, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side; +panicle loose, often with 1-sided forked branches, mostly longer than +the involucral leaf; flowers greenish (2'' long or more); sepals +lanceolate, sharp-pointed, spreading in fruit, as long as the globular +beaked light mahogany-colored capsule; anthers nearly as long as the +filaments; style short; seeds small ({1/5}--1/4'' long), coarsely +cross-lined.--Low sandy grounds, N. J. to Fla. + +16. J. Gerardi, Loisel. (BLACK-GRASS.) Stems scarcely flattened, rigid +(1--2 deg. high); panicle contracted, usually longer than the bracteal leaf; +flowers chestnut-brown with green (13/4'' long); sepals oval-oblong, +obtuse, incurved, as long as the oval obtuse and mucronate capsule; +anthers much longer than the short filaments; style as long as the +ovary; seeds (nearly {1/3}'' long) obovate, delicately ribbed and +cross-lined.--Salt marshes; common along the coast and in W. New York; +rare about the Great Lakes. (Eu.) + +[+][+] _Stems branched, diffuse, leafy; root annual, fibrous._ + +17. J. bufonius, L. Stems low and slender (3--9' high), leafy, often +branched from the base; panicle spreading, mostly with one-sided +dichotomous branches; flowers remote, greenish (2--31/2'' long); sepals +linear-lanceolate, awl-pointed, the 3 outer much exceeding the inner and +the oblong obtuse capsule; stamens short; filaments scarcely longer than +the anthers, seeds elliptical, obtuse ({1/5}--{1/6}'' long).--Low +grounds, by roadsides; common. (Eu.) + +Sec. 3. _Stems leafy; leaves terete or laterally flattened, more or less +distinctly knotted by internal transverse partitions; panicle terminal, +with flowers chiefly in heads._--KNOTTY-LEAVED JUNCI. + +[*] _Seeds barely pointed, not caudate._ + +[+] _Flowers solitary or 2 together, panicled; stamens 6._ + +18. J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer. Stems slender and erect from a slender +running rootstock (6--18' high), bearing few thread-like slightly +knotted leaves, branching above into a compound spreading panicle, +bearing the flowers in the forks and along one side of the branches; +often with the flowers or in place of them are tufts of leaves; flowers +small (1--11/4'' long), greenish with red; sepals oblong, obtuse, the 3 +inner ones longer, but shorter than the oblong taper-beaked, 1-celled +capsule; anthers much longer than the filaments; style slender; seeds +(1/4'' long) obovate, short-pointed.--Sandy, wet or swampy places, Newf. +to Fla., west along the Great Lakes to Minn. The proliferous plants are +usually sterile and much larger, with larger diffuse panicles.--Var. +SUBTILIS, Engelm. Creeping or floating, with a single pair of flowers at +the end of the short stems.--Somerset Co., Maine (_C. E. Smith_); +Canada. + +[+][+] _Heads numerous, of 3--12-flowers (rarely more); in early +summer._ + +[++] _Stamens 6._ + +19. J. articulatus, L. Stems ascending or erect (9--15' high), tufted +from a short creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves; panicle +short, spreading, the crowded heads 3--8-flowered; flowers brown, rarely +pale (11/4--11/2'' long); sepals lance-oblong, acute or mucronate, or the 3 +inner obtuse and a little longer, shorter than the ovate-oblong acute or +abruptly mucronate-pointed incompletely 3-celled commonly deep +chestnut-brown shining capsule; anthers as long as the filaments; ovary +attenuate into a short style; seeds (less than {1/3}'' long) obovate, +attenuate below, abruptly pointed above.--Wet grounds, Newf. to Del., +west to western N. Y. and Mich. (Eu.) + +20. J. alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Stems erect (9--18' high) +from a creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves; panicle meagre, +with erect branches bearing distant greenish or light-brown heads, each +of 3--6 flowers (11/4--11/2'' long); sepals oblong, obtuse, the outer +mucronate or cuspidate and usually longer than the rounded inner ones, +as long as or shorter than the obtuse short-pointed incompletely +3-celled light-brown capsule; anthers as long as the filaments; style +short; seeds ({1/3}'' or more in length) spindle-shaped.--Wet sandy +banks, L. Champlain, Cayuga Lake, along the Great Lakes, and far west +and northward. (Eu.) + +21. J. militaris, Bigel. Stem stout (2--4 deg. high) from a thick creeping +rootstock, bearing a solitary stout erect leaf (1/2--31/2 deg. long) below the +middle, which overtops the crowded and rather contracted panicle; heads +numerous, 5--12- (rarely 25-) flowered; flowers brownish (11/2'' long); +sepals lanceolate, the outer awl-pointed, as long as the ovate-oblong +triangular taper-beaked 1-celled capsule; anthers longer than the +filaments; ovary attenuate into a slender style; seeds (1/4--{1/3}'' long) +globose-obovate, obtuse, abruptly pointed.--In bogs and streams, Maine +to Md. Sometimes producing, in flowing water, numberless capillary +submersed leaves, 2--3 deg. long, from the rootstock. + +[++][++] _Stamens 3._ + +22. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stems tufted, erect, slender (1--2 deg. long), +bearing about 2 leaves and a very loose spreading panicle; heads rather +few and large, 5--many-flowered, greenish, at length straw-colored or +darker; sepals lance-awl-shaped, sharp-pointed, equal (11/2--2'' long), as +long as the triangular-prismatic short-pointed 1-celled straw-colored or +light brown capsule; anthers a little shorter than the filaments; style +almost none; seeds small ({1/5}--{1/4}'' long), acute at both ends, +ribbed-reticulated.--N. Eng. to Ga., Minn. and Tex. May, June. Very +variable. Heads often proliferous in autumn. + +Var. debilis, Engelm. Stems slender (9--18' high); heads green, +3--6-flowered, in a loose panicle; flowers smaller (11/4--11/2'' long); +capsule longer than the sepals.--Wet sandy soil, N. J. to S. C., west to +Ohio, Mo., and Miss. Stem sometimes decumbent and rooting. + +Var. robustus, Engelm. Stems stout, tall (2--4 deg. high), bearing numerous +5--8-flowered light-brown heads in a large much-branched panicle; +flowers small (1--1{1/5}'' long); ovoid capsule scarcely longer than the +sepals.--Deep swamps, Ill. to Mo. and La. + +[+][+][+] _Heads few, crowded, of numerous flowers._ + +[++] _Stamens 3; stem rigid from a thick white horizontal rootstock._ + +23. J. brachycarpus, Engelm. Stem erect (1--21/2 deg. high), bearing about 2 +leaves and 2--10 densely flowered spherical heads (4--5'' wide) in a +slightly spreading crowded panicle much exceeding the involucral leaf; +flowers pale green (2'' long); sepals lance-linear, awl-pointed, the 3 +outer much longer than the inner, and the ovoid pointed 1-celled capsule +rather shorter; anthers much shorter than the filaments; style very +short; seeds ({1/5}'' long) abruptly apiculate.--Moist places in open +woods and prairies, Ohio and Mich. to Mo., Miss., and Tex. + +24. J. scirpoides, Lam. Stem erect (1--3 deg. high), rather slender, bearing +about 2 terete leaves with wide and open sheaths, and a panicle of few +or many densely-flowered pale-green spherical heads, much longer than +the involucral leaf, its branches erect and often elongated; heads +(3--4'' wide) 15--40-flowered; flowers 11/4--11/2'' long; sepals rigid, +awl-shaped and (especially the outer) bristly pointed, at length +pungent, as long as the stamens and nearly equalling the +oblong-triangular taper-pointed 1-celled capsule; anthers very small; +style elongated or very short, seeds ovoid, abruptly pointed at each end +(1/4'' long).--Wet sandy soil, Mass. to N. J. and S. C., west to Ind., +Mo., and Tex. + +Var. echinatus, Engelm. Stouter; leaves terete; branches of the compact +panicle short; heads larger (5--6'' wide), 40--80-flowered; flowers +13/4--2'' long); sepals narrower and more sharply pointed, the outer a +little longer than the inner; stamens shorter and anthers longer than in +the preceding, and seeds rather smaller and more slender.--Md. to Fla. + +Var. polycephalus, Engelm. Much stouter; leaves laterally flattened +(3--6'' wide); panicle spreading, branched, bearing many distant heads +as large as in the last; flowers 2--21/2'' long; the 3 outer sepals the +longer; anthers about as long as the filaments; seeds larger ({1/3}'' +long).--S. Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. + +[++][++] _Stamens 6._ + +25. J. nodosus, L. Stem erect (6--15' or 2 deg. high), slender from a +creeping thread-like and tuber-bearing rootstock, mostly with 2 or 3 +slender leaves; heads few or several, rarely single, 8--20-flowered +(31/2--4'' wide), overtopped by the involucral leaf; flowers brown +(11/2--2'' long); sepals lance-linear, awl-pointed (the 3 outer mostly a +little shorter), nearly as long as the slender triangular taper-pointed +1-celled capsule; anthers oblong, shorter than the filaments; style very +short; seeds (about 1/4'' long) obovate, abruptly mucronate.--Swamps and +gravelly banks, N. J. and Penn. to N. Ind. and Iowa, and +northward.--July, Aug.--Var. MEGACEPHALUS, Torr. Stem stout (1--3 deg. +high), with thick leaves; heads few and large (6--8'' wide), +30--80-flowered; flowers pale green (21/4--23/4'' long); outer sepals +longest; anthers linear, shorter than the filaments.--Western N. Y. to +Minn. and Mo., and westward. + +[*][*] _Seeds caudate._ + +[+] _Stamens 3._ + +26. J. Canadensis, J. Gay. Tufted stems erect, terete, smooth, bearing +2--3 leaves; heads few- or many-flowered, paniculate; sepals lanceolate, +the 3 outer shorter than the inner, not much longer than the stamens, +equal to or shorter than the triangular-prismatic almost 1-celled +usually short-pointed capsule; style mostly short; seeds more or less +distinctly tail pointed, delicately many ribbed.--Common almost +everywhere. Aug., Sept. Easily distinguished by its late flowering from +the similar n. 22. Very variable. + +Var. longicaudatus, Engelm. Stem stout and rigid (11/2--3 deg. high), bearing +in a decompound somewhat spreading panicle the numerous 5--50-flowered +heads; flowers greenish or light brown (11/2--2'' long); sepals +awl-pointed, mostly shorter than the abruptly short-pointed capsule; +seeds slender ({2/3}--1'' long), conspicuously tail-pointed.--Mass. to +S. C., west to Minn. and La. The most common form. + +Var. subcaudatus, Engelm. Stem slender, often decumbent (1--2 deg. high), +bearing in simpler spreading panicles fewer 8--20-flowered heads; +flowers greenish, as large as in the last; sepals awl-shaped, but not so +rigid; capsule mostly tapering; seeds large (1/2--{2/3}'' long), with +short white membranous appendages, not reticulated.--Conn. to Penn. and +Ga. + +Var. brachycephalus, Engelm. Stem slender (11/2--21/2 deg. high), bearing +numerous small 3--5-flowered heads in a large spreading panicle; flowers +greenish or light brown (11/4--11/2'' long); sepals mostly obtuse, shorter +than the brown abruptly short-pointed capsule; style longer than in +other forms; seeds smaller (1/4--{1/3}'' long), slender, with rather short +appendages.--Penn. and western N. Y., to Wisc. and Ill. + +Var. coarctatus, Engelm. Stem slender, shorter (9--18' high), bearing +fewer deep-brown 3--5-flowered heads in a somewhat erect contracted +panicle; flowers as large as in the last; sepals acute, or rarely +obtusish, much shorter than the prismatic abruptly pointed deep-brown +capsule; seeds as in the last.--N. Eng. to N. J., N. Minn., and +westward. + +[+][+] _Stamens 6._ + +27. J. asper, Engelm. Stems tufted, erect (2--3 deg. high), terete, stout, +rigid, and with the rigid leaves rough; panicle with rigid slightly +spreading branches, bearing scattered few- (2--6-) flowered heads; +flowers greenish with brown (21/2'' long); sepals ovate-lanceolate, +awl-pointed, rigid and strongly nerved, the outer much shorter than the +inner, these a little shorter than the triangular-ovoid beaked +incompletely 3-celled brown capsule, ovary tapering into a conspicuous +style; seeds large, oblong, with white or often reddish appendages (11/4'' +long).--Sphagnous swamps, N. J. Aug. + + +2. LUZULA, DC. WOOD-RUSH. + +Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded, one seed to each parietal +placenta.--Perennials, often hairy, usually in dry ground, with flat and +soft usually hairy leaves, and spiked-crowded or umbelled flowers. (From +_Gramen Luzulae_, or _Luxulae_, dim. of _lux_, light,--a name given to one +of the species from its shining with dew.) + +[*] _Pedicels 1-flowered, in a loose compound cyme or umbel._ + +1. L. vernalis, DC. Plant 6--9' high; leaves lance-linear, hairy; _umbel +mostly simple_; sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse capsule; seeds +with a curved appendage, (L. pilosa, _Willd_.)--Woods and banks, Newf. +to the mountains of N. C., west to Minn. (Eu.) + +2. L. spadicea, DC., var. melanocarpa, Meyer. Nearly smooth (1--3 deg. +high); leaves broadly linear; _corymb decompound, loose; pedicels +drooping_; sepals pointed, straw-color, about the length of the minutely +pointed and brown capsule; seeds not appendaged. (L. parviflora, var. +melanocarpa, _Gray_.)--Mountains of Maine, Vt., and northern N. Y., to +Mich. and N. Minn. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Flowers crowded in spikes or close clusters. (Plants 6--12' +high.)_ + +3. L. campestris, DC. _Leaves flat, linear; spikes 4--12, somewhat +umbelled_, ovoid, straw-color, some of them long-peduncled, others +nearly sessile; sepals bristle-pointed, longer than the obtuse capsules; +seeds with a conical appendage at base.--Dry fields and woods, common. +May. (Eu.) + +4. L. arcuata, Meyer. _Leaves channelled_, linear; _spikes 3--5, on +unequal often recurved peduncles_, ovoid, chestnut-brown; bracts +ciliate-fringed; sepals taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse capsule; +seeds not appendaged.--Alpine summits of the White Mts. and far +northward. (Eu.) + +5. L. spicata, Desvaux. _Leaves channelled_, narrowly linear; _flowers +in sessile clusters, forming a nodding interrupted spiked panicle_, +brown; sepals bristle-pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly +short-pointed capsule; seeds merely with a roundish projection at +base.--With the last, and more common. (Eu.) + + +ORDER 122. TYPHACEAE. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) + +_Marsh or aquatic herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and +monoecious flowers on a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper floral +envelopes._ Ovary 1--2-celled, with as many persistent styles and +(usually elongated) 1-sided stigmas; cells 1-ovuled. Fruit nut-like when +ripe, 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous; embryo +straight in copious albumen. Root perennial. + +1. Typha. Flowers in a cylindrical compact terminal spike, spathe-like +bract deciduous. + +2. Sparganium. Flowers in globular heads with foliaceous bracts. + + +1. TYPHA, Tourn. (CAT-TAIL FLAG.) + +Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem; +the upper part consisting of stamens only, inserted directly on the +axis, and intermixed with long hairs; the lower part consisting of +stipitate 1-celled ovaries, the stipes bearing club-shaped bristles, +which form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets minute, very +long-stalked.--Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Root-stocks +creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems, +erect, thickish. Flowering in summer. ([Greek: Ty/phe], the old Greek +name.) + +1. T. latifolia, L. (COMMON CAT-TAIL.) Stout and tall (4--6 deg. high), the +flat sheathing leaves 3--10'' broad, exceeding the stem; the staminate +and dark brown pistillate parts of the spike (each 3--6' long or more) +_usually contiguous_, the latter at length 1' in diameter; _pistillate +flowers without bractlets; stigma rhombic-lanceolate; pollen-grains in +fours_.--In marshes, throughout N. Am. (Eu.) + +2. T. angustifolia, L. Leaves narrower (3--6'' broad), taller, somewhat +convex on the back; pistillate and staminate inflorescence usually +separated by a short interval, the light brown spike becoming 5--6'' in +diameter; _pollen-grains simple; pistillate flowers with a linear stigma +and a hair-like bractlet_ slightly dilated at the summit.--N. Eng. to +N. J., west to Mich. and Mo.; less frequent, and mainly near the coast. +(Eu.) + + +2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. BUR-REED. + +Flowers collected in separate dense and spherical leafy-bracted heads, +which are scattered along the summit of the stem; the upper sterile, +consisting merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed; +the lower or fertile larger, consisting of numerous sessile 1--2-celled +pistils, each surrounded by 3--6 scales much like a calyx. Fruit +wedge-shaped or club-shaped, more or less corky toward the summit, the +hard endocarp perforated at the apex.--Rootstocks creeping and +stoloniferous; roots fibrous. Stems simple or branching, sheathed below +by the base of the linear leaves. Flowering through the summer. (Name +from [Greek: spa/rganon], _a fillet_, from the ribbon-like leaves.) + +[*] _Fruit sessile, broad and truncate, often 2-seeded; stigmas often 2, +elongated; scales rigid, nearly equalling the fruit; erect, with +branched inflorescence._ + +1. S. eurycarpum, Engelm. Stems stout, erect (2--4 deg. high); leaves mostly +flat and merely keeled; pistil attenuate into a short style bearing 1 or +2 elongated stigmas; fruit-heads 2--6 or more, 1' wide; fruit +many-angled (31/2--4'' long) when mature, with a broad and depressed or +retuse summit abruptly tipped in the centre.--Borders of ponds, lakes, +and rivers, N. Eng. to Va., west to the Pacific. + +[*][*] _Fruit comparatively narrow, and mostly somewhat stipitate, +1-celled, longer than the scales._ + +2. S. simplex, Huds. _Stems slender, erect_ (1/2--2 deg. high); _leaves more +or less triquetrous_ (21/2--4'' wide); fertile heads (1--4) of the usually +simple inflorescence often above the axils, sessile or peduncled, 6--8'' +wide in fruit; stigma linear, equalling the rather slender style or +shorter; nutlets pale, _fusiform_ or narrowly oblong (about 2'' long), +more or less contracted in the middle.--N. Eng. to N. J., west to +Mich., Minn., and northward. (Eu.) + +Var. androcladum, Engelm. Stouter (11/2--3 deg. high), with usually _broader +leaves_ (4--9'') and _branching inflorescence_, the head or peduncles +axillary or nearly so; fruiting _heads_ (1--7) often _larger_ (6--12'' +broad), the nutlets 2--3'' long. (S. androcladum, _Morong._)--In bogs or +shallow water, common; N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo. + +Var. angustifolium, Engelm. Very slender; leaves floating, long and +narrow (1/2--21/2'' wide), flat; inflorescence simple; heads (4--6'' broad) +and nutlets smaller.--Mountain lakes and slow streams, N. Y., N. Eng., +and northward; sometimes nearly out of water, dwarf and with shorter +erect leaves. + +Var. fluitans, Engelm. Floating in deep water, with long slender stems +and flat narrow leaves; inflorescence usually short, sparingly branched; +style stout with a short oval stigma; fruiting heads 4--6'' broad; +nutlets dark, as large as in the type. (S. androcladum, var. fluctuans, +_Morong._; not S. fluitans, _Fries._)--Ponds, Penn., W. Conn., White +Mts., N. Minn., and northward. + +3. S. minimum, Fries. _Usually floating, with very slender stems and +thin flat narrow leaves_; fertile heads 1 or 2, axillary, sessile or +peduncled (4--5'' wide); stigma oval, about as long as the short style, +scarcely surpassing the oval or obovate denticulate scales; _fruit +oblong-obovate_ (1--2'' long), pointed, somewhat triangular, the stipe +very short or none.--N. Eng. to Penn., N. Ind., Minn., north and +westward.--Stems 3--6' high when growing out of water, much longer when +submerged. (Eu.) + + +ORDER 123. ARACEAE. (ARUM FAMILY.) + +_Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny +leaves, and flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded by +a spathe._--Floral envelopes none, or of 4--6 sepals. Fruit usually a +berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen, or none, but filled with the large +fleshy embryo. A large family, chiefly tropical. Herbage abounding in +slender rhaphides.--The genuine Araceae have no floral envelopes, and are +almost all monoecious or dioecious; but the genera of the second +section, with more highly developed flowers, are not to be separated. + +[*] Spathe surrounding or subtending the spadix; flowers naked, i.e. +without perianth. + +1. Arisaema. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, covering only the base of +the spadix. + +2. Peltandra. Flowers monoecious, covering the spadix; anthers above, +ovaries below. + +3. Calla. Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole +of the short spadix. Spathe open and spreading. + +[*][*] Spathe surrounding the spadix in n. 4, none or imperfect in the +rest; flowers with a calyx or perianth and perfect, covering the whole +spadix. + +4. Symplocarpus. Spadix globular, in a fleshy shell-shaped spathe. +Stemless. + +5. Orontium. Spadix narrow, naked, terminating the terete scape. + +6. Acorus. Spadix cylindrical, borne on the side of a leaf-like scape. + + +1. ARISAEMA, Martius. INDIAN TURNIP. DRAGON ARUM. + +Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers monoecious or by +abortion dioecious, covering only the base of the spadix, which is +elongated and naked above. Floral envelopes none. Sterile flowers above +the fertile, each of a cluster of almost sessile 2--4-celled anthers, +opening by pores or chinks at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each +of a 1-celled ovary, tipped with a depressed stigma, and containing 5 or +6 orthotropous ovules erect from the base of the cell; in fruit a +1--few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the axis of albumen.--Low +perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock or corm, sending up a simple +scape sheathed with the petioles of the simple or compound veiny leaves. +(Name from [Greek: a)ri/s], a kind of _arum_, and [Greek: ai~(ma], +_blood_, from the spotted leaves of some species.) + +1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (INDIAN TURNIP.) _Leaves mostly 2, divided into +3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets; spadix mostly dioecious, +club-shaped_, obtuse, much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened +and incurved-hooded at the ovate-lanceolate, pointed summit.--Rich +woods, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and E. Kan. May.--Corm +turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice; +spathe with the petioles and sheaths green, or often variegated with +dark purple and whitish stripes or spots. + +2. A. Dracontium, Schott. (GREEN DRAGON. DRAGON-ROOT.) _Leaf usually +solitary, pedately divided_ into 7--11 oblong-lanceolate pointed +leaflets; _spadix often androgynous, tapering to a long and slender +point_ beyond the oblong and convolute pointed greenish spathe.--Low +grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. June.--Corms +clustered; petiole 1--2 deg. long, much longer than the peduncle. + + +2. PELTANDRA, Raf. ARROW ARUM. + +Spathe elongated, convolute throughout or with a dilated blade above. +Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and tapering spadix +throughout (or only its apex naked). Floral envelopes none. Anthers +sessile, naked, covering all the upper part of the spadix, each of 5 or +6 cells imbedded in the margin of a thick and shield-shaped connective, +opening by a terminal pore. Ovaries at the base of the spadix, each +surrounded by 4--5 staminodia connate into a cup, 1-celled, bearing +1--few amphitropous or nearly orthotropous ovules at the base; stigma +almost sessile. Fruit a leathery or fleshy berry, 1--3-seeded. Seed +obovate, surrounded by a tenacious jelly, the base empty, the upper part +filled with a large and fleshy spherical embryo; no albumen.--Stemless +herbs, with arrow-shaped leaves and simple scapes from a thick-fibrous +or subtuberous root. Fruit in a globose cluster, enclosed by the +persistent fleshy base of the spathe. (Name from [Greek: pe/lte], _a +target_, and [Greek: a)ne/r], for _stamen_, from the shape of the +latter.) + +1. P. undulata, Raf. Root of thick tufted fibres; scape 1--11/2 deg. high, +about equalling the leaves; basal lobes of the leaves rather long and +often acutish; spathe convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, mostly +green, 4--7' long; sterile portion of the spadix several times longer +than the pistillate; ovules several; fruit green; seeds 1--3. (P. +Virginica, _Kunth_, and most authors.)--Shallow water, New Eng. to Fla., +west to Mich. and Ind. June. + +2. P. alba, Raf. Rootstock tuberous, covered with thick-fleshy roots and +propagating by offshoots; lobes of the leaves mostly short and broad, +obtuse; spathe 3--4' long, the blade broader, acuminate, somewhat +expanded, white; sterile part of the spadix scarcely longer than the +pistillate; ovules and seeds solitary; berry scarlet, 5--6'' long. (P. +Virginica, _Schott._ Xanthosoma sagittifolia, _Chapm._, not _Schott._ +Caladium glaucum, _Ell._ Arum Virginicum, _L._, in part?)--Marshes, S. +Va.(?) and N. C. to Fla. + + +3. CALLA, L. WATER ARUM. + +Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface +white), persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers; the +lower perfect and 6-androus; the upper often of stamens only. Floral +envelopes none. Filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. +Ovary 1-celled, with 5--9 erect anatropous ovules; stigma almost +sessile. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded. Seeds with a conspicuous +rhaphe and an embryo nearly the length of the hard albumen.--A low +perennial herb, growing in cold bogs, with a long creeping rootstock, +bearing heart-shaped long-petioled leaves, and solitary scapes. (An +ancient name, of unknown meaning.) + +1. C. palustris, L.--Cold bogs, N. Scotia to N. J., west to Mich. and +Minn., and northward. June.--Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.) + + +4. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. SKUNK CABBAGE. + +Spathe hooded-shell-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in +fruit. Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely and densely covered +with perfect flowers, their 1-celled or abortively 2-celled ovaries +immersed in the fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite +the sepals, with at length rather slender filaments; anthers extrorse, +2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style 4-angled and awl-shaped; stigma +small. Ovule solitary, suspended, anatropous. Fruit a globular or oval +mass, composed of the enlarged and spongy spadix, enclosing the +spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is roughened with the +persistent fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds filled by the large +globular and fleshy corm-like embryo, which bears one or several +plumules at the end next the base of the ovary; albumen none.--Perennial +herb, with a strong odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat +alliaceous; a very thick rootstock, bearing a multitude of long and +coarse fibrous roots, and a cluster of very large and broad entire veiny +leaves, preceded in earliest spring by the nearly sessile spathes, which +barely rise out of the ground. (Name from [Greek: symploke/], +_connection_, and [Greek: karpo/s], _fruit_, in allusion to the +coalescence of the ovaries into a compound fruit.) + +1. S. foetidus, Salisb. Leaves ovate, cordate, becoming 1--2 deg. long, +short-petioled; spathe spotted and striped with purple and +yellowish-green, ovate, incurved; fruit (in autumn) 2--3' in diam., in +decay shedding the bulblet-like seeds, which are 4--6'' long.--Bogs and +moist grounds, N. Scotia to N. C., west to Minn. and Iowa. + + +5. ORONTIUM, L., GOLDEN-CLUB. + +Spathe incomplete and distant, merely a leaf-sheath investing the lower +part of the slender scape, and bearing a small and imperfect bract-like +blade. Flowers crowded all over the narrow spadix, perfect; the lower +with 6 concave sepals and 6 stamens; the upper ones with 4. Filaments +flattened; anthers 2-celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary +1-celled, with an anatropous ovule; stigma sessile, entire. Fruit a +green utricle. Seed without albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy, "with a +large concealed cavity at the summit, the plumule curved in a groove on +the outside." (_Torr._)--An aquatic perennial, with a deep rootstock, +long-petioled and entire oblong and nerved floating leaves, and the +spadix terminating the elongated scape; its rather club-shaped emersed +apex as thick as the spadix. (Origin of the name obscure.) + +1. O. aquaticum, L.--Ponds, Mass. to Fla. May. + + +6. ACORUS, L. SWEET FLAG. CALAMUS. + +Spadix cylindrical, lateral, sessile, emerging from the side of a simple +2-edged scape which resembles the leaves, densely covered with perfect +flowers. Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6; filaments linear; anthers +kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening across. Ovary 2--3-celled, with several +pendulous orthotropous ovules in each cell; stigma minute. Fruit at +length dry, gelatinous inside, 1--few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of +albumen.--Pungent aromatic plants, especially the thick creeping +rootstocks (_calamus_ of the shops), which send up 2-edged sword-like +leaves, and scapes somewhat like them, bearing the spadix on one edge; +the upper and more foliaceous prolongation sometimes considered as a +kind of open spathe. ([Greek: A)/koras], the ancient name, of no known +meaning.) + +1. A. Calamus, L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the +(yellowish-green) spadix.--Margins of rivulets, swamps, etc., N. Scotia +to Fla., west to Minn., Iowa, and E. Kan. + + +ORDER 124. LEMNACEAE. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) + +_Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of +distinct stem and foliage, being merely a frond, producing one or few +monoecious flowers from the edge or upper surface, and commonly hanging +roots from underneath; ovules rising from the base of the cell. Fruit a +1--7-seeded utricle. Seed large; the apex or radicular extremity of the +seed-coat separable as an operculum or lid_ (as in Cabomba, etc.). +_Embryo straight, surrounded by fleshy or sometimes very scanty +albumen._--The simplest, and some of them the smallest of flowering +plants, propagating by the proliferous growth of a new individual from a +cleft in the edge or base of the parent frond, remaining connected for +some time or separating, also by autumnal fronds in the form of minute +bulblets, which sink to the bottom of the water, but rise and vegetate +in spring; the flowers (in summer) and fruit scarce, in some species +hardly ever seen. Frond more or less cavernous; the upper surface +furnished with stomata.--These plants may be regarded as very simplified +Araceae. + +1. Spirodela. Frond 7--11-nerved, with several rootlets. + +2. Lemna. Frond 1--5-nerved, with a single rootlet. + +3. Wolffia. Frond thick, very minute (1/4--{2/3}' broad), without +rootlets. + + +1. SPIRODELA, Schleiden. + +Anther-cells bilocellate by a vertical partition and longitudinally +dehiscent. Ovules 2. Frond 7--11-nerved or more; rootlets several, with +axile vascular tissue. Otherwise as Lemna. (From [Greek: spei~ra], _a +cord_, and [Greek: de~los], _evident_.) + +1. S. polyrrhiza, Schleid. Fronds round-obovate (2--4'' long), thick, +purple and rather convex beneath, dark green above, palmately (mostly +7-) nerved. (Lemna polyrrhiza, _L._)--Very common in ponds and pools, +throughout N. Am., but very rarely found in flower or fruit. (Eu.) + + +2. LEMNA, L. DUCKWEED. DUCK'S-MEAT. + +Flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the frond, usually three +together surrounded by a spathe; two of them staminate, consisting of a +stamen only; the other pistillate, of a simple pistil; the whole +therefore imitating a single diandrous flower. _Ster. Fl._ Filament +slender; anther 2-celled, didymous; the cells dehiscent transversely; +pollen-grains large, spherical, muricate. _Fert. Fl._ Ovary 1-celled; +style and truncate or funnel-shaped stigma simple. Ovules and seeds +1--7.--Fronds 1--5-nerved, producing a single rootlet beneath (which is +destitute of vascular tissue), proliferous from a cleft in the margin +toward the base, and at length stipitate; the tissue abounding with +bundles of rhaphides. (An old Greek name of uncertain meaning.) + +[*] _Ovule solitary, orthotropous or nearly so; frond 1--3-nerved, +thin._ + +[+] _Fronds oblong, stalked at base, remaining connected._ + +1. L. trisulca, L. Fronds oblong to oblong-lanceolate (6--9'' long), +attenuate at base into a slender stalk, denticulate at the tip, very +obscurely 3-nerved, often without rootlets, usually several series of +offshoots remaining connected; spathe sac-like; seeds ovate, +amphitropous, with small round operculum.--Ponds and springy places, +N. Scotia to N. J., west to the Pacific. (Eu.) + +[+][+] _Fronds oblong to elliptical or round-ovate, sessile, soon +separating._ + +2. L. Valdiviana, Philippi. _Fronds elliptic-oblong_, small (about 1'' +long), rather thick, usually somewhat falcate, _obscurely 1-nerved; +spathe broad-reniform_; utricle long-ovate, pointed by the long style; +_seed orthotropous_, oblong, _with a prominent acute operculum_. (L. +Torreyi, _Austin._)--Pools, N. J. and southward, westward across the +continent. (S. Am.) + +3. L. perpusilla, Torr. _Fronds obovate or roundish-obovate_, oblique +(1--11/2'' long), _obscurely 3-nerved_; utricle ovate; style rather long; +_seed orthotropous_, ovate or oval, obtuse, _with scarcely apiculate +operculum_.--N. Y. and N. J., west to Mich. and Wisc.--Var. TRINERVIS, +Austin, has larger, distinctly 3-nerved fronds, and an unequally cordate +seed. + +4. L. minor, L. _Fronds round- to elliptic-obovate_ (1--21/2'' in +diameter), rather thick, _very obscurely 3-nerved; spathe sac-like_; +utricle short-urn-shaped, tipped with a short style; seed +oblong-obovate, _amphitropous, with prominent rounded +operculum_.--Stagnant waters, throughout N. Am. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Ovules 2--7, anatropous; fronds very thick and spongy, flat +above, very obscurely 5-nerved (11/2--3'' long)._ + +5. L. gibba, L. Fronds obovate-elliptic to nearly orbicular, almost +hemispherical, soon separating; bract sac-like.--Mo. (?) to Ariz. and +Calif. + + +3. WOLFFIA, Horkel. + +Flowers central, bursting through the upper surface of the globular (or +in some foreign ones flat) and loosely cellular frond, only 2; one +consisting of a single stamen with a 1-celled 2-valved anther; the other +of a globular ovary, tipped with a very short style and a depressed +stigma. Ovule orthotropous, rather oblique in the cell. Utricle +spherical. Albumen thin.--Fronds rootless, proliferous from a cleft or +funnel-shaped opening at the base, the offspring soon detached; no +rhaphides.--The simplest and smallest of flowering plants, from +1/4--{2/3}'' long (an African and Cuban species much larger), floating as +little grains on the water. (Named for _John Fred. Wolff_, who wrote on +Lemna in 1801.) + +1. W. Columbiana, Karsten. Globose or globular, {1/3}--{2/3}'' long, +very loosely cellular, light green all over, not dotted; stomata 1--6; +the opening at the base circular and with a thin border.--Floating +rather beneath the surface of stagnant waters, Conn. to N. J., west to +Minn. and La. + +2. W. Brasiliensis, Weddell. Oblong, smaller and more densely cellular, +flattish and deep green with many stomata above, tumid and pale below, +brown-dotted all over, anterior edge sharp, opening at base +circular.--Growing with the last, but floating on the surface. + + +ORDER 125. ALISMACEAE. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) + +_Marsh herbs, with scape-like stems, sheathing leaves, and perfect or +monoecious or dioecious flowers; perianth of 3 herbaceous persistent +sepals and as many (often conspicuous) white deciduous petals, which are +imbricate or involute in bud; stamens 6 or more, included; ovaries +numerous, distinct, 1-celled and mostly 1-ovuled, becoming achenes in +fruit_ (in our genera); _seeds erect; campylotropous._--Roots fibrous; +leaves radical, petiolate and strongly nerved with transverse veinlets, +the earlier sometimes without blade; flowers long-pedicellate, mostly +verticillate, in a loose raceme or panicle, with lanceolate scarious +bracts slightly connate at base. + +1. Alisma. Flowers perfect, usually 6-androus. Carpels flattened, in one +whorl. + +2. Sagittaria. Flowers mostly unisexual. Stamens rarely few. Carpels +flattened, in dense heads, winged. + +3. Echinodorus. Flowers perfect. Stamens 6 or more. Carpels capitate, +turgid and ribbed, often beaked. + + +1. ALISMA, L. WATER-PLANTAIN. + +Flowers perfect. Petals involute in the bud. Stamens definite, mostly 6. +Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming +flattened coriaceous achenes, which are dilated and 2--3-keeled on the +back.--Roots fibrous. Leaves all from the root, several-ribbed, with +connected veinlets. Scape with whorled panicled branches. Flowers +small, white or pale rose-color. (The Greek name; of uncertain +derivation.) + +1. A. Plantago, L. Perennial by a stout proliferous corm; leaves +long-petioled, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate or even linear, acute, +mostly rounded or heart shaped at base, 3--9-nerved; panicle loose, +compound, many-flowered (1--2 deg. long); carpels obliquely obovate, forming +an obtusely triangular whorl in fruit.--Shallow water and ditches, +across the continent. Very variable as to foliage, but the leaves +usually more broadly cordate-ovate than in Old World forms (var. +Americanum, _R. & S._); when growing under water thinner and narrowly +lanceolate. (Eu., etc.) + + +2. SAGITTARIA, L. ARROW-HEAD. + +Flowers monoecious, or often dioecious in n. 1 and 4, and polygamous in +n. 7. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. +Ovaries many, crowded in a spherical or somewhat triangular depressed +head on a globular receptacle, in fruit forming flat membranaceous +winged achenes.--Marsh or aquatic, mostly perennial, stoloniferous +herbs, with milky juice and fibrous roots; the scapes sheathed at base +by the bases of the long cellular petioles, of which the primary ones, +and sometimes all, are flattened, nerved, and destitute of any proper +blade (i.e. are phyllodia); when present the blade is arrow-shaped or +lanceolate, nerved and with cross-veinlets as in Alisma. Flowers +produced all summer, whorled in threes, with membranous bracts; the +sterile above. (Name from _sagitta_, an arrow, from the prevalent form +of the leaves.) + +Sec. 1. SAGITTARIA proper. _Flowers monoecious, with the lower whorls +pistillate, or dioecious; stamens few or numerous, covering the +receptacle; sepals spreading or reflexed in fruit._ + +[*] _Filaments numerous, narrow, as long as or longer than the +linear-oblong anthers; bracts 3, distinct; fruiting heads larger._ + +1. S. variabilis, Engelm. Scape (1/4--4 deg. high) angled, with one or more of +the lower whorls fertile; leaves very various, almost always sagittate; +bracts mostly pointed; pedicels of the fertile flowers at least half the +length of the sterile ones; petals wholly white; filaments glabrous, +nearly twice the length of the anthers; achenes obovate (about 1'' +long), winged on both margins, with a long curved or usually horizontal +beak 1/4--{1/3} its length. (S. sagittaefolia, _L._, var. variabilis, _M. +Micheli._)--In water or wet places, very common; exceedingly variable in +size and foliage, ordinarily with narrow halberd-shaped or sagittate +leaves,--sometimes dioecious, with large, broad and obtuse leaves (var. +OBTUSA), or monoecious, with large, broad and acute leaves (var. +LATIFOLIA), or the narrow leaves with long and linear diverging lobes +(var. ANGUSTIFOLIA), or with some leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, +others more or less sagittate (var. DIVERSIFOLIA), etc. Root propagating +by stolons tuberiferous at the extremity.--The European species has the +fertile pedicels only {1/3} or 1/4 the length of the sterile; claws of the +petals purple-tinged; filaments not longer than the anthers; and achenes +almost orbicular, very broadly winged and with a short straight beak. + +Var. pubescens, Engelm. Upper part of petiole and scape and especially +the orbicular-ovate obtuse bracts and sepals pubescent or woolly; beak +of fruit horizontal.--N. J. and Penn. to Ga. + +Var. (?) gracilis, Engelm. Lobes of the sagittate leaves very narrowly +linear (1/2--2'' wide); achene narrowly cuneate-obovate (2'' long), the +beak long, stout, and strongly recurved, the sides usually strongly +1--3-crested. (S. cristata, _Engelm._?)--Mass. to western N. Y.; Iowa. + +2. S. lancifolia, L. Scape 2--5 deg. high, with several of the lower whorls +fertile; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, rarely linear, all with a +tapering base, thick or coriaceous (6--18' long and on a long and stout +petiole, never sagittate), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick +midrib; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate; pedicels slender, the fertile +scarcely shorter than the sterile ones; filaments pubescent; achenes +falcate, winged on the back, pointed with an incurved beak.--Swamps, Md. +to Ky., Mo., and southward. (W. Ind.) + +[*][*] _Filaments very short, with enlarged mostly glandular base; +anthers ovate or short-oblong; fruiting heads small; bracts more or less +connate; leaves very rarely sagittate._ + +3. S. heterophylla, Pursh. Scape weak (3'--2 deg. high), at length +procumbent; leaves lanceolate or lance-oval, entire, or with one or two +narrow basal sagittate appendages; _bracts roundish, obtuse_; flowers of +the lowest whorl fertile and _almost sessile_; the sterile on long +pedicels; filaments glandular-pubescent; _achenes narrowly obovate with +a long erect beak_.--N. Eng to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo. Varies as to +foliage, the leaves being broad (var. ELLIPTICA, Engelm.), or rigid and +narrowly lanceolate with stout petioles (var. RIGIDA, Engelm.), or +nearly linear (var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Engelm.) + +4. S. graminea, Michx. Scape 3'--2 deg. high; _phyllodia flat_, mostly +_broadly linear, acuminate_; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear, on long +slender petioles, sometimes reduced to the petiole merely; bracts rather +obtuse; whorls of flowers often few, all staminate or the lower fertile; +_pedicels_ slender, _spreading_, nearly equal; _filaments 15--20, +glandular-pubescent; achene small_ (1/2'' long), narrowly obovate, almost +beakless, _winged on the back, flat and scarcely costate on the +sides_.--N. Eng. to Minn., south to the Gulf; very variable. + +5. S. teres, Watson. _Phyllodia terete, very acutely attenuate_ upward, +3--12' long, very rarely bearing a narrow blade; scape 1/2--11/2 deg. high; +bracts connate at base; _pedicels_ in 1--3 whorls, all very _slender and +spreading_, 1 or 2 fruiting, 1/2--1' long; filaments 12, dilated, +pubescent; _achene_ obovate, 1'' _long, with an erect beak_, the margins +and sides _crenately several-crested_.--In shallow water, S. New Eng. to +N. J. (Hyannis, Mass., _Deane_; Wading River, L. I., _Miller_; barrens +of N. J., _Torrey_.) Phyllodia usually very strongly nodose. +(Addendum)--Sagittaria teres has been collected also at Brewster, Mass. +(_Farlow_). + +6. S. natans, Michx., var. lorata, Chapm. Usually dwarf; _leaves linear, +strap-shaped, obtuse or acutish_, 1--6' long, equalling or shorter than +the scape, very rarely with a narrow blade; pedicels in 1--3 whorls, +only 1 or 2 fruiting, _stouter and recurved_; bracts connate or +spathe-like; _filaments 6--8, glabrous; achene_ obovate, _short-beaked, +1'' long_, the margins and sides _crenately crested_. (S. pusilla, +_Pursh._)--In mud or shallow water, near the coast; N. Y. to Fla. + +Var. (?) gracillima, Watson. Scape and the almost or wholly bladeless +leaves very slender and greatly elongated (2--4 deg. long, 1'' wide); +pedicels all elongated, in usually distant whorls, the lower pistillate, +slender and spreading; fruit unknown. (S. natans, _Engelm._ in Torr. +Bull. ix. 4.)--In deep water of streams in E. Mass. (_Hitchings, Boott, +C. E. Faxon_, etc.) Wholly submerged, only 1 or 2 flowers appearing at a +time, floating on the surface. The fruit, maturing under water, has not +yet been collected. + +Sec. 2. LOPHIOCARPUS. _Fertile flowers perfect; stamens 9--15, at the base +of the receptacle; sepals erect and embracing the fruit._ + +7. S. calycina, Engelm. Scape weak (3--9' high), at length mostly +procumbent; usually only the lowest whorl fertile, with pedicels as long +as those of the sterile flowers, recurved in fruit; bracts orbicular, +obtuse or rarely pointed; filaments slightly rough, as long as the +anthers; achenes obovate with a short horizontal style; leaves broadly +halberd-shaped, obtuse or acutish, with wide spreading lobes, often +wider than long, or lanceolate or sometimes reduced to linear +phyllodia.--Maine to Del., west to Wisc., Mo., and Tex. Quite variable, +several forms being enumerated, as var. SPONGIOSA, with spongy texture +and bladeless submerged leaves, eastward; and westward, var. FLUITANS, +with lance-linear floating leaves. + + +3. ECHINODORUS, Richard. + +Flowers perfect. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6--21 or more. +Ovaries several or many, imbricated in a head, forming thick and ribbed +achenes in fruit, often beaked with a projecting persistent +style.--Mostly annuals, with the habit of Sagittaria, the naked stems +sparingly branched or simple, and the flowers on rather short pedicels, +in whorls of 3--6 or more. Fl. summer and autumn. (Name from [Greek: +e)chino/des], _prickly_, or from [Greek: e)chi~nos], and [Greek: doro/s] +_a leathern bottle_, applied to the ovary, which is in most species +armed with the persistent style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of +fruit.) + +1. E. parvulus, Engelm. Scapes 1--3' high; shoots often creeping and +proliferous; _leaves lanceolate or spatulate, acute_ (1/2--11/2' long, +including the petiole); umbel single, 2--8-flowered; pedicels reflexed +in fruit; flower 3'' broad; _stamens 9; styles much shorter than the +ovary; achenes beakless_, obtusely few-ribbed.--In mud, Mass. to Mich. +and E. Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. (S. Am.) + +2. E. rostratus, Engelm. _Scape erect_, 3'--2 deg. high, longer than the +leaves; _leaves broadly ovate, cordate or truncate at base, obtuse_ (the +blade 1--3' long); umbel proliferous, in a branched panicle; flower 5'' +broad; _stamens 12; styles longer than the ovary; achenes beaked_, +acutely many-ribbed.--Swamps and ditches, Ill. to Fla., Mo., and Tex.--A +low form (var. LANCEOLATUS, Engelm.) has the leaves lanceolate with an +acute base. Ill., Mo. + +3. E. radicans, Engelm. _Stems or scape prostrate, creeping_ (2--4 deg. +long), proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers; leaves somewhat +truncately broadly heart-shaped, obtuse (2--8' broad), long-petioled; +flowers 6--9'' broad; _stamens about 21; styles shorter than the ovary; +achenes short-beaked_, the keeled back denticulate.--Swamps, Ill. to +N. C. and Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. + + +ORDER 126. NAIADACEAE. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) + +_Marsh or mostly immersed aquatic herbs, with stems jointed and leafy +or_ (in Triglochin) _naked and scape-like, leaves sheathing at base or +stipulate, and flowers perfect or unisexual, often spathaceous, with +perianth of 4 or 6 herbaceous distinct valvate segments, or membranous +and tubular or cup-shaped, or none._ Stamens 1, 2, 4 or 6, with extrorse +anthers. Ovaries 1--6, distinct or more or less coherent, 1-celled, +usually 1-ovuled, in fruit follicular or capsular or an indehiscent +berry or utricle. + +SUBORDER I. Juncagineae. Marsh plants, with terete bladeless leaves; +flowers perfect, spicate or racemose, with herbaceous 6- (rarely 3-) +lobed perianth; carpels 3 or 6, more or less united, separating at +maturity. Seeds anatropous; embryo straight. + +1. Triglochin. Ovaries 3--6, united until maturity. Leaves radical. +Flowers bractless, in a spike-like raceme terminating a jointless scape. + +2. Scheuchzeria. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, at length divergent. +Flowers bracteate in a loose raceme upon a leafy stem. + +SUBORDER II. Naiadeae. Immersed aquatics, with flat leaves; ovaries +solitary or distinct, 1-ovuled. + +[+] Flowers perfect, spiked or clustered; anthers 4 or 2, sessile; +leaves alternate. + +3. Potamogeton. Spike peduncled. Sepals 4, herbaceous. Anthers 4. +Ovaries 4, sessile. + +4. Ruppia. Flowers on an enclosed spadix, at length long-exserted, +without perianth. Anther-cells 4, distinct. Ovaries 4, becoming +stipitate. + +[+][+] Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, naked, monandrous; +leaves opposite (alternate in n. 6). + +5. Zannichellia. Monoecious. Pistils (2--5) from a cup-shaped involucre +or sheath. + +6. Zostera. Pistils and stamens alternate in 2 vertical rows on the +inner side of a leaf-like enclosed spadix. Stigmas 2, linear. Stem +creeping. + +7. Naias. Dioecious; pistil solitary, naked. Stamen enclosed in a +membranous spathe. Stems floating, with opposite or ternate leaves. + + +1. TRIGLOCHIN, L. ARROW-GRASS. + +Sepals and petals nearly alike (greenish), ovate, concave, deciduous. +Stamens 3--6; anthers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into +a 3--6-celled compound ovary; stigmas sessile; ovules solitary. Capsule +splitting when ripe into 3--6 carpels, which separate from a persistent +central axis.--Perennials, with rush-like, fleshy leaves, below +sheathing the base of the wand-like naked and jointless scape. Flowers +small, in a spiked raceme, bractless. (Name composed of [Greek: +trei s], _three_, and [Greek: glochi/n], _point_, from the three points +of the ripe fruit in n. 1 when dehiscent.) + +[*] _Fruit of 3 carpels._ + +1. T. palustris, L. Scape (6--18' high) and leaves slender; _sepals and +stamens 6; fruit linear-club-shaped; carpels_ when ripe separating from +below upward, leaving a triangular axis, _awl-pointed at +base_.--Marshes, western N. Y. to Ill., Minn., and westward. Aug. (Eu., +Asia, etc.) + +2. T. striata, Ruiz & Pav. Scape (6--12' high) and leaves slender; +flowers very small; _sepals and stamens 3; fruit globose-triangular_, or +when dry 3-lobed. (T. triandra, _Michx._)--Sea-shore, Md. to Fla. +(S. Am., etc.) + +[*][*] _Fruit of 6 carpels (rarely 5)._ + +3. T. maritima, L. Scape (1--3 deg. high) and leaves thickish, fleshy; fruit +ovate or oblong, acutish; carpels rounded at base and slightly grooved +on the back, the edges acute.--Salt-marshes along the coast, Lab. to +N. J., and in saline places in the interior across the continent. (Eu., +Asia, etc.) + + +2. SCHEUCHZERIA, L. + +Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish-yellow), but +the latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6; anthers linear. Ovaries 3, +globular, slightly united at base, 2--3 ovuled, bearing flat sessile +stigmas, in fruit forming 3 diverging and inflated 1--2 seeded pods, +opening along the inside.--A low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed +rootstock, tapering into the ascending simple stem, which is zigzag, +partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like conduplicate leaves, and +terminated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with sheathing bracts; +leaves tubular at the apex. (Named for _John_ and _John Jacob +Scheuchzer_, distinguished Swiss botanists early in the 18th century.) + +1. S. palustris, L.--Peat-bogs, N. Brunswick to N. J., westward across +the continent. June. (Eu., Asia.) + + +3. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. PONDWEED. + +Flowers perfect. Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, +opposite the sepals; anthers nearly sessile, 2-celled. Ovaries 4 (rarely +only one), with an ascending campylotropous ovule; stigma sessile or on +a short style. Fruit drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed; +endocarp (_nutlet_) crustaceous. Embryo hooked, annular, or cochleate, +the radicular end pointing downward.--Herbs of fresh, or one in +brackish, ponds and streams, with jointed mostly rooting stems, and +2-ranked leaves, which are usually alternate or imperfectly opposite; +the submersed ones pellucid, the floating ones often dilated and of a +firmer texture. Stipules membranous, more or less united and sheathing. +Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud, mostly raised on a peduncle +to the surface of the water. (An ancient name, composed of [Greek: +potamo/s], _a river_, and [Greek: gei/ton], _a neighbor_, from the place +of growth.)--By _fruit_, the full-grown fresh or macerated fruit is +intended; by _nutlet_, that with the fleshy outer portion or epicarp +removed. All except n. 19 flower in summer; the month mentioned +indicates the time of ripening of the fruit. + +Sec. 1. _Leaves of two sorts; floating ones more or less coriaceous, with a +dilated petioled blade, different in form from the thinner submersed +ones._ + +[*] _Submersed leaves reduced to narrowly grass-like or filiform sessile +phyllodia._ + +[+] _Stems rather stout; stipules free; spikes all emersed, cylindrical +and densely fruited; fruits fleshy and turgid, obliquely obovate._ + +1. P. natans, L. _Stem simple or sparingly branched_; floating leaves +all long-petioled, elliptical or ovate, somewhat cordate at base, obtuse +but with a blunt point, 21--29-nerved; upper submersed leaves +lanceolate, early perishing, the lower (later in the season) very +slender (3--7' long, barely 1'' wide); upper _stipules very long, acute; +peduncle about the thickness of the stem_; spikes 1--2' long; sides of +the turgid _nutlet with a small deep impression in the middle_; embryo +coiled into an incomplete elliptical ring.--Ponds and ditches, N. Scotia +to Va., westward across the continent. In deeper or flowing water the +plant becomes more slender and often wholly submersed (var. PROLIXUS, +_Koch_).--Aug., Sept. (Eu., Asia.) + +2. P. Oakesianus, Robbins. Stem more slender, _much branched_; floating +leaves smaller (1--11/2' long), ovate- or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, +fewer-(17--23-) nerved; lowest submersed ones almost capillary (only +1/4--1/2'' wide), continuing through the flowering season; spikes shorter +(3/4--1' long), on _peduncles much thicker than the stem_; fruit smaller +and more acute; _sides of the turgid nutlet not at all impressed_; +curvature of the embryo nearly circular, its apex directed to a point +above its base.--Ponds, and especially pools and stagnant ditches, Mass. +to N. J.; also Anticosti. Aug. + +3. P. Pennsylvanicus, Cham. _Stems compressed_, often simple from the +creeping rootstocks; floating leaves chiefly opposite (1--31/2' long), +11--17-nerved, oblong, tapering into a _short petiole_, the lower +gradually narrowing and passing into the submersed ones, which are very +numerous and approximate, 2-ranked, linear (2--5' long, and 1--21/2'' +wide), 5--7-nerved, the lateral nerves slender and nearly marginal, the +space within the inner nerves _coarsely cellular-reticulated; stipules +very obtuse_; spikes numerous, about the length of the thickened +peduncle; _fruit round-obovate_, flattish, 3-keeled when dry; _nutlet +distinctly impressed on the sides_; curvature of the embryo transversely +oval. (P. Claytonii, _Tuckerm._)--Still or flowing water, N. Brunswick +to S. C., west to N. Ind. and Minn. July, Aug. + +[+][+] _Like the preceding section, but all the parts small, slender and +delicate, only the fertile plants producing floating leaves; spikes very +small and few-flowered; propagated by autumn buds._ + +4. P. Vaseyi, Robbins. Very delicate; stem almost capillary; _floating +leaves obovate_ (3--5'' long) and about the length of their filiform +petioles, with 5 nerves deeply impressed beneath, cross-veins distinct; +submersed leaves filiform-linear, very attenuate (1--2' long, {1/8}--1/4'' +wide) and acute; _stipules_ not adnate, scarious, _long_, acute; spikes +all emersed, few, interrupted-oblong, 3--5-flowered, on a thickish +peduncle; fruit oblique, round-obovate ({2/3}'' long), compressed, +slightly sharp-margined, tipped with a distinct recurved style, the +sides impressed and face acute; upper portion of the embryo circularly +incurved, its apex transverse to the fruit.--Canada and N. Eng.; also +Ill. The fruiting form, with floating leaves, rare; the submerged form +apparently much more abundant. + +5. P. lateralis, Morong. Stem filiform, branching; _floating leaves +elliptical_ (4--6'' long by 2'' wide), with 5--7 nerves deeply impressed +beneath, tapering at base into a somewhat dilated petiole shorter than +the blade; _submersed leaves linear_, acute (1--3' long by 1/4--1/2'' wide), +1--3-nerved, the mid-nerve with fine veins or cellular reticulations on +each side, bi-glandular at base; _stipules short; peduncles with a very +peculiar lateral appearance_, widely spreading at maturity, sometimes +even recurved, often thicker than the stem; spikes often interrupted +(2--4-flowered); fruit obliquely obovate (hardly 1'' long), the back +much curved, with two fine grooves upon it; embryo oval in its curve, +the apex nearly touching the base.--Mass. and Mich.; rare. Undeveloped +specimens resemble P. pusillus. + +[+][+][+] _Stems slender or filiform, much branched; floating leaves +sometimes wanting; stipules adnate to the base of the leaf; spikes of +two kinds, one emersed, cylindrical and many-flowered, on a club-shaped +peduncle, the other submersed, globular and few-flowered; fruit flat, +cochleate, with thin or scarcely any flesh and a thin nutlet; embryo +spiral._ + +6. P. Spirillus, Tuckerm. Floating leaves oval to lance-oblong and +lanceolate (the largest 10'' long, 4'' wide), usually obtuse, about +equalling the _rather dilated petioles_, with 5--many nerves beneath +deeply impressed; upper submersed leaves either with or without a +lance-oblong or broad-linear proper blade; the numerous lower ones +narrow-linear, tapering toward the obtuse apex (3/4--11/2' long, 1/4--{2/3}'' +wide); stipules early lacerate; _submersed flowers usually solitary on +very short erect peduncles; fruit_ with the back either _winged and with +4--5 distinct teeth or wingless and entire; embryo coiled 13/4 +turns_.--Rivers, and even far up small streams, N. Eng. to Va., west to +Mich. and Mo. June--Aug.--Stem less slender than in the next. + +7. P. hybridus, Michx. Floating leaves oval to lance-oblong (the largest +10'' long, 6'' wide), often acute, longer than the _filiform petioles_, +with about 5--7 nerves beneath deeply impressed; submersed leaves very +numerous, almost setaceous (1--3' long, very rarely 1/2'' wide); stipules +obtuse; emersed spikes 4--7'' long; _submersed_ spikes 1--4-flowered, +their _peduncles_ (of their own length) _frequently recurved; fruit +minute, about 8-toothed on the margin; embryo coiled 11/2 turns_.--Shallow +stagnant waters, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and N. Mex. +June--Aug. + +[*][*] _Submersed leaves lanceolate, rarely oval or linear, +membranaceous; spikes dense, many-flowered, on stout peduncles._ + +8. P. rufescens, Schrad. Stem simple; floating leaves (often wanting) +2--5' long, rather thin, _wedge-oblanceolate, narrowed into a short +petiole_, 11--17-nerved; _submersed leaves almost sessile_, lanceolate +and lance-oblong, smooth on the margin, fewer-nerved; stipules broad, +hyaline, obtuse, upper ones acuminate; spike 1--2' long, often somewhat +compound; fruit obovate, lenticular, pitted when immature, with an acute +margin and pointed with the rather long style; embryo incompletely +annular.--In streams or ponds, N. Brunswick to N. J., west to Minn. and +Tex. Aug., Sept. (Eu.) + +9. P. fluitans, Roth. Stem often branching below; _floating leaves +thinnish, lance-oblong or long-elliptical_, often acute, +_long-petioled_, 17--23-nerved; _submersed leaves very long_ (3--12', by +2--12'' wide), _lanceolate and lance-linear_, 7--15-nerved, coarsely +reticulated; peduncles somewhat thickened upward; fruit obliquely +obovate, obscurely 3-keeled when fresh, and distinctly so when dry, the +middle one winged above and sometimes with 3--5 shallow indentations; +the rounded slightly curved face surmounted by the short style; nutlet +with the sides scarcely impressed; upper part of the embryo circularly +in-curved. (P. lonchites, _Tuckerm._)--In streams or rarely in ponds, +N. Brunswick to N. J., west to Minn. and Iowa. Aug., Sept. (Eu.) + +10. P. pulcher, Tuckerm. Stem simple, black-spotted; _leaves of three +kinds_; floating ones becoming very large (41/2 by 31/2'), _roundish-ovate +and cordate or ovate-oblong_, 25--37-nerved, _all alternate; upper +submersed ones (3--5) usually lanceolate_, acute at base and very +long-acuminate, 10--15-nerved, very thin, cellular each side of the +midrib, undulate, short-petioled; _lowest_ (2--4 near the base of the +stem) _thicker, plane, oval or oblong_ with a rounded base, or +spatulate-oblong, on longer petioles; stipules rather short and obtuse; +peduncles thicker than the stem; fruit with a rounded back and angular +face, pointed, distinctly 3-keeled when fresh, sharply so when dry; +nutlet with two deep dorsal furrows, and a sinus below the angle in +front; sides flat; embryo circularly much incurved above.--Ponds, Vt. to +Ga. and Mo. July, Aug. + +11. P. amplifolius, Tuckerm. Stems simple, of very variable length; +_floating leaves_ (sometimes wanting) large, _oblong or lance-ovate_, +sometimes slightly cordate at base, abruptly acutish, 30--50-nerved, on +_rather long petioles_; submersed leaves often very large (reaching 7' +by 2'), lanceolate or oval, acute at each end, _usually much recurved, +undulate_, mostly on short petioles; _stipules very long and tapering to +a point_, soon becoming loose; peduncles thickened upward, in deep water +much elongated; fruit very large (over 2'' long), rather obliquely +obovate, 3-keeled, with a broad stout beak; nutlet slightly impressed on +the sides; upper part of the embryo curved into a ring.--Ponds and +rivers, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. Aug., Sept. + +12. P. Illinoensis, Morong. _Stem stout, branching_ towards the summit; +floating leaves opposite, oval or ovate (2--5' long by 11/2--2' broad), +19--25-nerved, rounded or subcordate at base, with a short blunt point +at apex, on short petioles, _submersed leaves rather few, +oblong-elliptical_, acute at each end, _usually ample_ (largest 8' by +11/2'); _stipules coarse, obtuse, strongly bicarinate_ (2' long); +peduncles often clustered at the summit (2--4' long), thickening upward; +_fruit roundish-obovate_ (13/4--2'' long), 3-keeled on the back, middle +keel prominent; nutlet flattened and slightly impressed on the sides, +obtuse or pointed at base; apex of embryo directed transversely +inward.--Streams and ditches, western N. Y. to Ill., Iowa, and Minn. +Very near the last. + +13. P. heterophyllus, Schreb. _Stem slender, very branching_ below; +floating leaves mostly thin, variable, but with a short blunt point, +9--15-nerved, usually 1--2' long and 6--9'' wide; submersed ones usually +lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, narrowed toward +the base, about 7-nerved on the stem and 3-nerved on the branches; upper +ones petioled, lower sessile; _stipules obtuse_, loose; peduncles +somewhat thickened upward; fruit small, roundish, compressed, scarcely +keeled; embryo annular above. (P. gramineus, _Fries_.)--Still or flowing +water, common. Varies exceedingly in its submersed leaves, peduncles, +etc.; the var. GRAMINIFOLIUS (Fries), growing in rapid streams, with +stems much elongated and less branched, and the flaccid submersed leaves +2--7' long by 2--10'' wide. + +Var. (?) myriophyllus, Robbins. Sending up from running rootstocks many +short repeatedly dichotomous and densely leafy stems; fertile stems very +slender; floating leaves small, delicate, lance-oblong, on long filiform +petioles; submersed stem-leaves larger, early perishing; those of the +branches (deep-green) linear-oblanceolate, very small (3/4--1' long), +acute, sometimes minutely serrulate; spike slender, loosely-flowered, +much shorter than the thickened peduncle.--Apponaug Pond, R. I., without +fruit. + +13^a. P. Zizii, Mert. & Koch. Resembling P. lucens, but smaller, much +branched at base; _upper leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, +long-petioled_ and _sometimes emersed_, the others subsessile, all +usually numerous, undulate and _shining_; peduncle elongated. (P. +lucens, var. minor, _Nolte_. Also P. gramineus, var. (?) spathulaeformis, +_Robbins_; P. spathaeformis, _Tuckerm._; "P. varians, _Morong_.")--N. Eng +to Fla., and westward. Connecting with the next section. (Eu.) + +Sec. 2. _Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly sessile, membranaceous +and dilated, lanceolate, oblong, or oval; stipules obtuse, becoming +loose._ + +14. P. lucens, L. Stem thick, branching, sometimes very large; _leaves +more or less petioled_, oval or lanceolate, _mucronate_, often rough +serrulate, _frequently shining_; peduncles often elongated; _fruit_ +roundish and compressed, _with obtuse margins, slightly keeled_; embryo +circularly incurved above.--Ponds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Pacific. +Aug., Sept. (Eu.) + +Var. (?) Connecticutensis, Robbins. Stem flexuous; _leaves_ all +submersed, nearly sessile, lanceolate, _acuminate, crisped, not shining +nor serrulate; fruit larger, distinctly keeled_; nutlet thick and +hard.--Lake Saltonstall, East Haven, Conn. + +15. P. praelongus, Wulf. Stem very long, branching, flexuous; _leaves_ +lance-oblong or lanceolate (sometimes 7' long), _half-clasping, obtuse +with a boat-shaped cavity_ at the extremity, thence splitting on +pressure; stipules scarious, very obtuse; spikes rather loose-flowered; +_peduncles very long_ (sometimes reaching 20'); _fruit_ obliquely +obovate, compressed, _sharply keeled_ when dry; style terminating the +nearly straight face; curve of the embryo oval and longitudinal.--Ponds +and large rivers, N. Scotia to Mass., west to Minn. and Iowa. Sept., +Oct.--Stem white; foliage bright green. (Eu.) + +16. P. perfoliatus, L. Stem branching; _leaves orbicular, ovate or +lanceolate from a cordate-clasping base_, usually obtuse and often +minutely serrulate; peduncles short, cylindrical; _fruit_ irregularly +obovate, _obtusely margined_; embryo incurved in an oval.--Ponds and +slow streams, common. N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and Iowa. Sept., +Oct. (Eu.) + +Var. lanceolatus, Robbins. Larger; _leaves long-lanceolate_ from a +cordate clasping base and _acuminate_, wavy, 3--41/2' long; _peduncles +thickened upward_.--Same range as the species, and extending west to the +Pacific. + +17. P. crispus, L. _Stem compressed; leaves linear-oblong_, +half-clasping, obtuse, _serrulate, crisped-wavy, 3-nerved; fruit +long-beaked_; upper portion of the embryo incurved in a large +circle.--Flowing and stagnant waters, Mass. to N. J. and Va., west to +western N. Y. June, July. (Eu.) + +18. P. Mysticus, Morong. _Stem very slender_ and irregularly branching, +nearly filiform (1--3 deg. high); _leaves oblong-linear_ (1/2--11/2' long by +2--3'' wide), 5--7-nerved, _finely undulate and entire, obtuse or +bluntly pointed, abruptly narrowing at base, sessile or partly +clasping_; spikes few, capitate (4--6-flowered). on erect peduncles +(1--2' long); fruit (immature) obovate, small (hardly 3/4'' long), +_obscurely 3-keeled on the back_, a little beaked by the slender +recurved style.--Mystic Pond, Medford, Mass. + +Sec. 3. _Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly membranaceous and +sessile, linear or setaceous._ + +[*] _Stipules free from the sheathing base of the leaf._ + +19. P. zosteraefolius, Schum. _Stem branching, wing-fattened; leaves_ +linear and grass-like (commonly 4' by 11/2''), _abruptly pointed, with +many fine and 3 larger nerves_; stipules (seen young) oblong, very +obtuse; _spikes cylindrical_, 12--15-flowered, _not half as long as the +peduncle_; fruit obliquely obovate, somewhat keeled and with slight +teeth on the back, the sides not impressed, the face arching and +terminated by the short style; _summit of the large embryo lying +transverse to the fruit_. (P. compressus, _Fries_; not _L._?)--Still and +slow-flowing waters, N. Eng. to N. J., Iowa, and Minn. Aug., Sept. (Eu.) + +20. P. Hillii, Morong. Stem slender, _widely branching, flattish_; +leaves linear, _acute_ (1--21/2' long by 1/2--11/4'' wide), _3-nerved_, the +lateral nerves delicate and near the margin; stipules whitish, striate, +obtuse (3--5'' long); _spikes capitate_ (3--6-fruited), _on short +spreading or recurved peduncles_; fruit as in the last.--Mich. and +western N. Y. + +21. P. obtusifolius, Mertens & Koch. _Stem flattened, very branching; +leaves_ linear, tapering toward the base, obtuse and mucronate or very +acute, _3- (rarely 5-) nerved; stipules elongated_, very obtuse; _spike +ovate, continuous_, 5--8-flowered, _about the length of the peduncle_; +fruit oval, apiculate with the style, not keeled when fresh, _upper +portion of embryo_ coiled inward and _lying transverse to the +fruit_.--Slow streams and ponds, Canada and N. Eng. to western N. Y. and +Mich. Sept., Oct. (Eu.) + +22. P. pauciflorus, Pursh. _Stem filiform, flattish and very branching; +leaves narrowly linear_ (1--2' long and seldom 1/2'' wide), +acute, _obscurely 3-nerved; stipules obtuse; spikes_ capitate, +1--4- _(usually 2-) flowered_, on short club-shaped peduncles; _fruit +roundish-lenticular_; the _back_ more or less _crested_; upper portion +of the embryo incurved in a circle.--Still or stagnant waters, N. +Brunswick to Ga., Iowa, Minn., and westward. + +Var. Niagarensis, Gray. Stem often longer (1--3 deg.); leaves larger +(11/2--31/2' long by 1'' wide or less), 3--5-nerved at base, very acute and +mucronate, narrowed to the subpetiolate base. (P. Niagarensis, +_Tuckerm_.)--Running water, Great Lakes to S. C.; also in Cal. + +23. P. pusillus, L. _Stem slender_, flattish or nearly cylindrical, +often very branching; _leaves narrow- or setaceous-linear_, acuminate, +_acute or subacute, 1--3-nerved_, furnished with _translucent glands_ on +each side at the base; stipules at first obtuse; spikes interrupted or +capitate, 2--8-flowered, on rather long peduncles; _fruit_ obliquely +elliptical, _scarcely keeled; apex of embryo_ incurved and _directed +obliquely downward_.--Pools and ditches, N. Scotia to N. J., west to +Minn. and Mo., and westward.--Leaves sometimes almost setaceous (var. +tenuissimus, _Koch_). + +Var. polyphyllus, Morong. Dwarf form (3--5' high), divaricately +branching from the base, very leafy throughout; leaves very obtuse, not +cuspidate, 3-nerved; non-flowering but abundantly provided with +propagating buds which are formed on the thickened and hardened ends of +the branches and closely invested by imbricated leaves.--In a shallow +pool, S. Natick, Mass. + +24. P. mucronatus, Schrad. Resembling P. pusillus, but stem less +branching; _leaves broader_ (almost 1'' wide), _often 5-nerved; spikes +interrupted_. (P. pusillus, var. major, _Fries_.)--N. Brunswick to +western N. Y., Mich., and Minn. July. (Eu.) + +25. P. gemmiparus, Robbins. Stem filiform, branching, terete, varying +greatly in height; _leaves hair-like_, sometimes not as broad as the +stem, often with no apparent midrib, _tapering to the finest point_ +(1--3' long), bi-glandular at base; stipules 1/2--1' long; spikes few +(3--6-flowered), _interrupted_, on long filiform peduncles; _propagating +buds very numerous_; fruit like that of P. pusillus, very rare. (P. +pusillus, var.? gemmiparus, _Robbins_.)--Slow-moving streams and still +water, Mass. Aug., Sept. + +26. P. Tuckermani, Robbins. _Very slender and delicate_ from a creeping +rootstock, of a fine light green; stem filiform with several short and +repeatedly dichotomous leaf-bearing branches; _leaves_ thin and flat, +but _setaceous and tapering to near the fineness of a hair_ (1--4' long +and {1/3}'' extreme width), obscurely 1--3-nerved, with a few coarse +reticulations; stipules rather persistent below, {1/3}' long, obtuse; +_peduncle solitary, very long_, rather thickened upward; _spike +4--8-flowered, in fruit continuous, oblong; fruit thick-lenticular_, +obscurely 3-keeled; _nutlet slightly impressed on the sides; shell thick +and hard_; embryo nearly annular.--Cold ponds, White Mountains of N. H., +N. Y., and N. J. + +[*][*] _Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf._ + +27. P. pectinatus, L. _Stem filiform_, repeatedly dichotomous; _leaves +very narrowly linear_, attenuate to the apex, 1-nerved with a few +transverse veins; _spikes interrupted_, on long filiform peduncles; +fruit obliquely broad-obovate, compressed, _bluntly keeled_; shell of +nutlet very thick; _embryo spirally incurved_.--N. Brunswick to Fla., +westward across the continent. Aug.--Oct. (Eu.) + +28. P. marinus, L. Resembling narrow-leaved forms of the last species, +_low and very leafy_; peduncles much elongated; _fruit much smaller_ +(1'' long) and thinner, round-obovate, _not keeled_ upon the rounded +back, tipped with the broad sessile stigma; _embryo annular_.--Western +N. Y., Ill., Mich., and southward. Probably the range of this species +is much more extensive than indicated, as it has been confounded with P. +pectinatus. + +29. P. Robbinsii, Oakes. _Stem_ ascending from a creeping base, _rigid_, +very branching, _invested by the bases of the leaves and stipules; +leaves crowded in two ranks, recurved-spreading_, narrow-lanceolate or +linear (3--5' long and 2--3'' wide), acuminate, _ciliate-serrulate_ with +translucent teeth, many-nerved; stipules obtuse when young, their nerves +soon becoming bristles; _spikes numerous, loosely few-flowered_, on +short peduncles; fruit oblong-obovate (2'' long), _keeled with a +broadish wing_, acutely beaked; embryo stout, ovally annular.--In ponds +and slow streams, N. Brunswick to N. J., the N. shore of L. Superior, +and far westward. + + +4. RUPPIA, L. DITCH-GRASS. + +Flowers perfect, 2 or more approximated on a slender spadix, which is at +first enclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf, entirely +destitute of floral envelopes, consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each +with 2 large and separate anther-cells, and 4 small sessile ovaries, +with solitary campylotropous suspended ovules; stigma sessile, +depressed. Fruit small obliquely ovate pointed drupes, each raised on a +slender stalk which appears after flowering; the spadix itself also then +raised on an elongated thread-form peduncle. Embryo ovoid, with a short +and pointed plumule from the upper end, by the side of the short +cotyledon.--Marine herbs, growing under water, with long and thread-like +forking stems, and slender almost capillary alternate leaves, sheathing +at the base. Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion. +(Dedicated to _H. B. Ruppius_, a German botanical author of the early +part of the 18th century.) + +1. R. maritima, L. Leaves linear-capillary; nut ovate, obliquely erect, +11/2'' long; fruiting peduncles capillary (3--6' long); stipes 1--12'' +long.--Shallow bays, along the entire coast; also occasionally in saline +places in the interior. (Eu., Asia, etc.) + + +5. ZANNICHELLIA, Micheli. HORNED PONDWEED. + +Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same +axil; the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament +bearing a 2--4-celled anther; the fertile of 2--5 (usually 4) sessile +pistils in the same cup-shaped involucre, forming obliquely oblong +nutlets in fruit, beaked with a short style, which is tipped by an +obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma. Seed orthotropous, +suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent and coiled.--Slender +branching herbs, growing under water, with mostly opposite long and +linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing membranous stipules. +(Named in honor of _Zannichelli_, a Venetian botanist.) + +1. Z. palustris, L. Style at least half as long as the fruit, which is +flattish, somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less toothed +on the back (not wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile; or, in +var. PEDUNCULATA, both the cluster and the separate fruits evidently +peduncled.--Ponds and slow streams, throughout N. America, but not +common. July. (Eu., Asia.) + + +6. ZOSTERA, L. GRASS-WRACK. EEL-GRASS. + +Flowers monoecious; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately +arranged in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like +spadix, which is hidden in a long and sheath-like base of a leaf +(spathe); the sterile flowers consisting of single ovate or oval +1-celled sessile anthers, as large as the ovaries, and containing a tuft +of threads in place of ordinary pollen; the fertile of single +ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an +awl-shaped style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule; stigmas +2, long and bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, +enclosing an oblong longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short +and thick (proper cotyledon almost obsolete), with an open chink or +cleft its whole length, from which protrudes a doubly curved slender +plumule.--Grass-like marine herbs, growing wholly under water, from a +jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed by the bases of the very +long and linear, obtuse, entire, grass-like, ribbon-shaped leaves +(whence the name, from [Greek: zoste/r], _a band_). + +1. Z. marina, L. Leaves obscurely 3--5-nerved.--Common in shoal water of +bays along the coast, from Newf. to Fla. (Eu.) + + +7. NAIAS, L. NAIAD. + +Flowers dioecious or monoecious, axillary, solitary and sessile; the +sterile consisting of a single stamen enclosed in a little membranous +spathe; anther at first nearly sessile, the filament at length +elongated. Fertile flowers consisting of a single ovary tapering into a +short style; stigmas 2--4, awl-shaped; ovule erect, anatropous. Fruit a +little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a loose and separable membranous +epicarp. Embryo straight, the radicular end downward.--Slender branching +herbs, growing under water, with opposite and linear leaves, somewhat +crowded into whorls, spinulose-toothed, sessile and dilated at base. +Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves +in the axils; in summer. ([Greek: Naia/s], _a water-nymph_.) + +1. N. marina, L. _Stem rather stout and often armed with broad prickles; +leaves broadly linear_ (3--18'' long), _coarsely and sharply toothed_, +the dilated base entire; fruit 2--21/2'' long; _seed very finely lineate, +oblong_, slightly compressed. (N. major, _All._)--Marshes and +salt-springs of western N. Y. and Mich. Teeth of one or more brownish +cells upon a many-celled base. (Eu.) + +Var. gracilis, Morong. Internodes long (1--3') and nearly naked, with +only a few teeth above; leaves very narrow, the dilated base also +toothed; fruit smaller.--Canoga marshes, western N. Y.; also in Fla. + +Var. recurvata, Dudley. Stems short, inclined to be dichotomously +branched, recurved-spreading; leaves usually recurved, the teeth +prominent, the dilated base with a projecting tooth each side.--Cayuga +marshes, N. Y. + +2. N. flexilis, Rostk. & Schmidt. _Stems usually very slender; leaves +very narrowly linear_ (1/2--1' long), _very minutely serrulate_; fruit +11/2'' long, narrowly oblong; _seeds lance-oval, smooth and +shining_.--Ponds and slow streams, N. Scotia to S. C., Iowa and Minn. +Teeth on the margins of the leaves 1-celled. (Eu.)--Var. ROBUSTA, +Morong. Stem stout, few-leaved, sparsely branching, elongated; leaves +flat, abruptly acute.--E. Mass., Mich., and Tex. + +3. N. Indica, Cham., var. gracillima, A. Br. Branches alternate; +_leaves_ very narrowly linear, _nearly capillary_, straight, _serrate, +the rounded lobes of the sheathing base spinulose-ciliate; fruit linear, +impressed-dotted between the numerous ribs_.--Mass. to Penn., west to +Ind. and Mo. Teeth of 3 cells each. + + +ORDER 127. ERIOCAULEAE. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) + +_Aquatic or marsh herbs, stemless or short-stemmed, with a tuft of +fibrous roots, a cluster of linear and often loosely cellular grass-like +leaves, and naked scapes sheathed at the base, bearing dense heads of +monoecious or rarely dioecious small 2--3-merous flowers, each in the +axil of a scarious bract; the perianth double or rarely simple, chaffy; +anthers introrse_; the fruit a _2--3-celled 2--3-seeded capsule_; seeds +pendulous, orthotropous; embryo at the apex of mealy albumen.--Chiefly +tropical plants, a few in northern temperate regions. + +1. Eriocaulon. Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-form +in the staminate flowers; stamens twice as many as its lobes (4). +Anthers 2-celled. + +2. Paepalanthus. Perianth as in the last; stamens only as many as the +corolla-lobes (3). Anthers 2-celled. + +3. Lachnocaulon. Perianth simple, of 3 sepals. Stamens 3, monadelphous +below. Anthers 1-celled. + + +1. ERIOCAULON, L. PIPEWORT. + +Flowers monoecious and androgynous, i.e. both kinds in the same head, +either intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, +rarely dioecious. _Ster. Fl._ Calyx of 2 or 3 keeled or boat-shaped +sepals, usually spatulate or dilated upward. Corolla tubular, +2--3-lobed, each of the lobes bearing a black gland or spot. Stamens +twice as many, one inserted at the base of each lobe and one in each +sinus; anthers 2-celled. Pistils rudimentary. _Fert. Fl._ Calyx as in +the sterile flowers, often remote from the rest of the flower (therefore +perhaps to be viewed as a pair of bractlets). Corolla of 2 or 3 separate +narrow petals. Stamens none. Ovary often stalked, 2--3-lobed, +2--3-celled; style 1; stigmas 2 or 3, slender. Capsule membranaceous, +loculicidal.--Leaves mostly smooth, loosely cellular and pellucid, flat +or concave above. Scapes or peduncles terminated by a single head, +involucrate by some outer empty bracts. Flowers, also the tips of the +bracts, etc., usually white-bearded or woolly. (Name compounded of +[Greek: e)/rion], _wool_, and [Greek: kaulo/s], _a stalk_, from the wool +at the base of the scape.)--Our species are all stemless, wholly +glabrous excepting at the base and the flowers, with a depressed head +and dimerous flowers. + +1. E. decangulare, L. _Leaves obtuse_, varying from linear-lanceolate to +linear-awl-shaped, rather rigid; scapes 10--12-ribbed (1--3 deg. high); head +hemispherical, becoming globular (2--7'' wide); scales of the involucre +acutish, straw-color or light brown; _chaff_ (bracts among the flowers) +_pointed_.--Pine-barren swamps, N. J. to Fla. July--Sept. + +2. E. gnaphalodes, Michx. _Leaves spreading_ (2--5' long), +_grassy-awl-shaped_, rigid, or when submersed thin and pellucid, +tapering gradually to a _sharp point_, mostly shorter than the sheath of +the _10-ribbed scape_; scales of the involucre very obtuse, turning +lead-color; _chaff obtuse_.--Pine-barren swamps, N. J. to Fla. + +3. E. septangulare, Withering. _Leaves short_ (1--3' long), _awl-shaped, +pellucid_, soft and very cellular; _scape 4--7-striate_, slender, 2--6' +high, or when submersed becoming 1--6 deg. long, according to the depth of +the water; _chaff acutish_; head 2--3'' broad; the bracts, chaff, etc., +lead-color, except the white coarse beard.--In ponds or along their +borders, Newf. to N. J., west to Ind., Mich., and Minn. July, Aug. (Eu.) + + +2. PAEPALANTHUS, Martius. + +Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla +of the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower +ternary throughout. Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon. (Name from +[Greek: paipa/le], _dust_ or _flour_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_, +from the meal-like down or scurf of the heads and flowers of many South +American species.) + +1. P. flavidulus, Kunth. Tufted, stemless; leaves bristle-awl-shaped (1' +long); scapes very slender, simple, minutely pubescent (6--12' high), +5-angled; bracts of the involucre oblong, pale straw-color, those among +the flowers mostly obsolete; perianth glabrous; sepals and petals of the +fertile flowers linear-lanceolate, scarious-white.--Low pine-barrens, S. +Va. to Fla. + + +3. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth. HAIRY PIPEWORT. + +Flowers monoecious, etc., as in Eriocaulon. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla +none! _Ster. Fl._ Stamens 3; filaments below coalescent into a +club-shaped tube around the rudiment of a pistil, above separate and +elongated; anthers 1-celled! _Fert. Fl._ Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by +3 tufts of hairs (in place of a corolla). Stigmas 3, two-cleft.--Leaves +linear-sword-shaped, tufted. Scape slender, bearing a single head, +2--3-angled, hairy. (Name from [Greek: la/chnos], _wool_, and [Greek: +kaulo/s], _stalk_.) + +1. L. Michauxii, Kunth.--Low pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. + + +ORDER 128. CYPERACEAE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) + +_Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots, mostly solid stems_ +(culms), _closed sheaths, and spiked chiefly 3-androus flowers, one in +the axil of each of the glume-like imbricated bracts _(scales, glumes)_, +destitute of any perianth, or with hypogynous bristles or scales in its +place; the 1-celled ovary with a single erect anatropous ovule, in fruit +forming an achene._ Style 2-cleft with the fruit flattened or +lenticular; or 3-cleft and fruit 3-angular. Embryo minute at the base of +the somewhat floury albumen. Stem-leaves when present 3-ranked.--A +large, widely diffused family. + +I. Flowers all perfect, rarely some of them with stamens or pistal +abortive; spikes all of one sort. + +Tribe I. SCIRPEAE. Spikelets mostly many-flowered, with only 1 (rarely 2) +of the lower scales empty. + +[*] Scales of the spikelet strictly 2-ranked, conduplicate and keeled. + +[+] Flowers destitute of bristles and of beak to the achene, +inflorescence terminal. + +1. Cyperus. Spikelets few--many-flowered, usually elongated or slender. + +2. Kyllinga. Spikelets 1-flowered (but of 3 or 4 scales), glomerate in a +sessile head. + +[+][+] Flower furnished with bristles; achene beaked; inflorescence +axillary. + +3. Dulichium. Spikelets 6--10-flowered, slender, clustered on an +axillary peduncle. + +[*][*] Scales of the several--many-flowered spikelet imbricated all +round (subdistichous in n. 5). + +[+] Achene crowned with the bulbous persistent base of the style +(usually deciduous in n. 7); flowers without inner scales (bractlets). + +[++] Hypogynous bristles (perianth) generally present; culm naked. + +4. Eleocharis. Spikelets solitary, terminating the culm. Stamens 3. + +[++][++] Bristles always none; culm leafy. + +5. Dichromena. Spikelets crowded into a leafy-involucrate head, +laterally flattened, the scales more or less conduplicate and keeled. +Many of the flowers imperfect or abortive. + +6. Psilocarya. Spikelets in broad open cymes. Style almost wholly +persistent. + +7. Fimbristylis. Spikelets in an involucrate umbel. Culm leafy at base. +Style usually wholly deciduous. + +[+][+] Style not bulbous at base. + +[++] Flowers without inner scales, but bristles generally present. + +8. Scirpus. Spikelets solitary or clustered, or in a compound umbel, the +stem often leafy at base and inflorescence involucrate. Barbed bristles +3--8 or none. Stamens mostly 3. + +9. Eriophorum. As Scirpus, but the bristles naked, exserted and often +silky in fruit. Stamens 1--3. + +[++][++] Flower with one or more inner scales. + +10. Fuirena. Scales of the spikelet awned below the apex. Flower +surrounded by 3 stalked petal-like scales alternating with 3 bristles. + +11. Hemicarpha. Flower with a single very minute hyaline scale next the +axis of the spikelet; bristles none. + +12. Lipocarpha. Flower enclosed by 2 inner scales, one next the axis, +the other in front of the achene; bristles none. + +Tribe II. RHYNCHOSPOREAE. Spikelets mostly 1--2-flowered, with 2--many of +the lower scales empty. + +13. Rhynchospora. Spikelets terete or flattish; scales convex, either +loosely enwrapping or regularly imbricated. Achene crowned with a +persistent tubercle or beak, and commonly surrounded by bristles. + +14. Cladium. Spikelets terete, few-flowered, the scales, etc., as in the +preceding. Achene destitute of tubercle. No bristles. + +II. Flowers unisexual. + +Tribe III. SCLERIEAE. Flowers monoecious; the staminate and pistillate in +the same or in different clustered spikes. Achene naked, bony or +crustaceous, supported on a hardened disk. + +15. Sclerlia. Spikes few-flowered; lower scales empty. No bristles or +inner scales. + +Tribe IV. CARICEAE. Flowers monoecious in the same (androgynous) or in +separate spikes or sometimes dioecious. Achene enclosed in a sac +(_perigynium_). + +16. Carex. Hypogynous bristle short and enclosed in the perigynium or +none. + + +1. CYPERUS, Tourn. GALINGALE. (Pl. 1.) + +Spikelets many--few-flowered, mostly flat, variously arranged, mostly in +clusters or heads, which are commonly disposed in a simple or compound +terminal umbel. Scales 2-ranked, conduplicate and keeled (their +decurrent base below often forming margins or wings to the hollow of the +joint of the axis next below), deciduous when old. Stamens 1--3. No +bristles or inner scales. Style 2--3-cleft, deciduous. Achene lenticular +or triangular, naked at the apex.--Culms mostly triangular, simple, +leafy at base, and with one or more leaves at the summit, forming an +involucre to the umbel or head. Peduncles or rays unequal, sheathed at +base. All flowering in late summer or autumn. ([Greek: Ky/peiros], the +ancient name.) + +Sec. 1. PYCREUS. _Achene lenticular, the edge turned to the rhachis; +spikelet flattened, many flowered; rhachis narrow, not winged. Annuals._ + +[*] _Umbel simple or capitate, rarely slightly compound._ + +1. C. flavescens, L. Culms 4--10' high, spikelets 5--8'' long; involucre +3-leaved, very unequal; spikelets becoming linear, obtuse, clustered on +the 2--4 very short rays (peduncles); _scales obtuse, straw-yellow; +stamens 3; achene shining, orbicular_, its superficial cells +oblong.--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Mich., Ill., and southward. (Eu., +etc.) + +2. C. diandrus, Torr. (Pl. 1, fig. 1--4.) Spikelets lance-oblong +(3--9''), scattered or clustered on the 2--5 very short or unequal rays; +_scales rather obtuse, purple-brown_ on the margins or nearly all over; +_stamens 2, or sometimes 3; achene dull, oblong-obovate_; otherwise much +like the last.--Low grounds, common from the Atlantic to Minn., Ark., +and N. Mex.--Var. CASTANEUS, Torr. Scales more firm and browner; with +the type. + +3. C. Nuttallii, Torr. Culms 4--12' high; spikelets lance-linear, acute +and very flat (1/2--1' long), crowded on the few usually very short (or +some of them distinct) rays; _scales oblong, yellowish-brown_, rather +loose; _stamens 2; achene oblong-obovate, very blunt, dull_.--Mostly in +salt or brackish marshes, along the coast from Mass. to the Gulf. + +4. C. polystachyus, Rottb., var. leptostachyus, Boeckl. Culms very +slender, 6--15' high; leaves and elongated involucre very narrow; +spikelets few to many on the 4--8 rays, linear, acute, 2--9'' long; +_scales thin, ovate, acute, closely imbricated, pale brown_; stamens 2; +_achene linear-oblong or clavate, short-pointed, grayish and minutely +pitted_. (C. microdontus, _Torr._)--Margins of ponds and streams, Va. to +Fla. and Tex. + +[*][*] _Umbel compound._ + +5. C. flavicomus, Vahl. Culm stout (1--3 deg. high); leaves of the involucre +3--5, very long; spikelets linear (4--9'' long), spiked and crowded on +the whole length of the branches of the several-rayed umbel, spreading; +_scales oval, very obtuse, yellowish and brownish, broadly scarious- +(whitish-) margined; stamens 3; achene obovate, mucronate_, +blackish.--Low grounds, Va. to Fla. + +Sec. 2. CYPERUS proper. _Achene triangular; spikelets usually +many-flowered, more or less flattened, with carinate scales, the rhachis +marginless or nearly so (winged in n. 12)._ + +[*] _Stamen 1; spikelets short and small (11/2--5'' long) in globular +heads, ovate or linear-oblong, many-flowered; achene oblong-obovate to +linear._ + +[+] _Low annuals; involucre 2--3-leaved; heads few; scales pointed._ + +6. C. aristatus, Rottb. Dwarf (1--5' high); _spikelets chestnut-brown, +oblong becoming linear_, 7--13-flowered, in 1--5 ovate heads (sessile +and clustered, or short-peduncled); _scales nerved, tapering to a long +recurved point_; achene oblong-obovate, obtuse. (C. inflexus, +_Muhl._)--Sandy wet shores; common. Sweet-scented in drying. + +7. C. acuminatus, Torr. Slender (3--12' high); _spikelets ovate, +becoming oblong_, 16--30-flowered, _pale; scales obscurely 3-nerved, +short-tipped_; achene oblong, pointed at both ends.--Low ground, Ill. +and southwestward. + +[+][+] _Tall perennial (1--4 deg. high); heads many, greenish; scales +pointless._ + +8. C. calcaratus, Nees. Culm obtusely triangular; leaves and involucre +very long, keeled; umbel compound, many-rayed; spikelets ovate (11/2'' +long), in numerous small heads; achenes pale, linear, on a slender +stipe; scales narrow, acutish, obscurely 3-nerved. (C. virens, _Gray_, +in part; not _Michx._ C. Luzulae, var. umbellatus, _Britt._)--Wet +places, Del. to Fla. and Tex. + +[*][*] _Stamens 3 (2 in _C. fuscus_); spikelets clustered on the rays of +a simple umbel (or in a single sessile head); scales mostly green or +greenish and many-nerved, abruptly sharp-pointed; achene obovate, +sharply triangular._ + +[+] _Low annuals._ + +9. C. Compressus, L. Culms 3--9' high, with a simple sessile or a few +umbellate clusters of oblong to linear spikelets (15--30-flowered and +3--8'' long) with crowded strongly keeled and very acute pale +scales.--Sterile fields along the coast, Md. to Fla. and Tex.; also +adventive near Philadelphia. + +C. FUSCUS, L. Of similar habit; spikelets much smaller (2--4'' long), +the thin brown scales (greenish only on the keel) barely acutish and +very faintly nerved.--Revere Beach, Mass. (_Young_); on ballast at +Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.) + +[+][+] _Perennial, propagating from hard clustered corms or bulb-like +tubers._ + +10. C. Schweinitzii, Torr. _Culm rough on the angles (1--2 deg. high)_; +umbel 4--8-rayed, rays very unequal, erect; _spikelets loosely or +somewhat remotely 6--12-flowered, with convex many-nerved scales_; +joints narrowly winged.--Dry sandy shores and ridges, western N. Y. and +Penn. to Minn. and Kan. + +11. C. filiculmis, Vahl. Culm slender, wiry, often reclined (8--15' +high); _leaves linear_ (1/2--2'' wide) or filiform; _spikelets numerous +and clustered in one sessile dense head, or in 1--7 additional looser +heads on spreading rays_ of an irregular umbel; _joints of the axis +naked; scales blunt_, greenish.--Dry sterile soil; common, especially +southward. + +12. C. Grayii, Torr. Culm thread-form, wiry (6--12' high); _leaves +almost bristle-shaped_, channelled; _umbel simple, 4--6-rayed; spikes +5--10 in a loose head, spreading; joints of the axis winged; scales +rather obtuse_, greenish-chestnut-color.--Barren sands, Plymouth, Mass., +to N. J., near the coast. + +Sec. 3. PAPYRUS. _Style 3-cleft; achene triangular; stamens 3; spikelets +many-flowered, flattened, the carinate scales decurrent upon the rhachis +as scarious wings; spikes in simple or compound umbels._ + +[*] _Wings of the rhachis soon separating to the base as a pair of free +scales; annual._ + +13. C. erythrorhizos, Muhl. (Pl. 1, fig. 5--8.) Culm obtusely triangular +(3'--3 deg. high); umbel many-rayed; involucre 4--5-leaved, very long; +involucels bristle-form; spikelets very numerous, crowded in oblong or +cylindrical nearly sessile heads or spikes, spreading horizontally, +linear, flattish (3--6'' long), bright chestnut-colored; scales +lanceolate, mucronulate.--Alluvial banks, L. I. to Penn., Mich., Minn., +and southward; also adventive in N. Eng. + +[*][*] _Wings of the rhachis persistently attached; perennial by slender +running rootstocks._ + +[+] _Achene round-obovate; scales mucronate or acute, free or +spreading._ + +14. C. Haspan, L. Culms sharply angled (1--11/2 deg. high); leaves linear, +often reduced to membranous sheaths; _umbel spreading, the filiform rays +mostly longer than the 2-leaved involucre_; spikelets narrowly linear; +scales light reddish-brown, oblong, _mucronate, 3-nerved_.--Ponds and +ditches, Va. to Fla. and Tex. + +15. C. dentatus, Torr. (Pl. 1, fig. 9.) Culms slender (1 deg. high); leaves +rigid and keeled; _umbel erect, shorter than the 3--4-leaved involucre_; +scales reddish-brown, _with green keel_, ovate, _acute, +7-nerved_.--Sandy swamps, N. Eng. and northern N. Y. to S. C. and W. +Va. Spikes often abortive and changed into leafy tufts. + +[+][+] _Achene linear to oblong; scales appressed, pointless or nearly +so._ + +[++] _Perennial by tuberiferous stolons._ + +16. C. rotundus, L. (NUT-GRASS.) Culm slender (1/2--11/2 deg. high), longer than +the leaves; umbel simple or slightly compound, about equalling the +involucre; the few rays each bearing 4--9 _dark chestnut-purple_ +12--40-flowered _acute spikelets_ (4--9'' long); _scales ovate, closely +appressed, nerveless_ except on the keel.--Sandy fields, Va. to Fla. and +Tex.; also adventive near Philadelphia and New York city. (Eu.) + +17. C. esculentus, L. Culm (1--21/2 deg. high) equalling the leaves; umbel +often compound, 4--7-rayed, much shorter than the long involucre; +_spikelets numerous, light chestnut or straw-color, acutish_, +12--30-flowered (4--7'' long); _scales ovate or ovate-oblong narrowly +scarious-margined, nerved_, the acutish _tips rather loose_; achene +oblong-obovate. (C. phymatodes, _Muhl._)--Low grounds, along rivers, +etc., N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn, and Tex.; spreading +extensively by its small nut-like tubers and becoming a pest in +cultivated grounds. + +[++][++] _Perennial, propagating by corm-like tubers from the base; +spikelets narrow, acuminate, often teretish; scales oblong-lanceolate; +achene linear-oblong._ + +18. C. strigosus, L. Culm mostly stout (1--3 deg. high); most of the rays of +the umbel elongated (1--5'), their sheaths 2-bristled; _spikelets +5--25-flowered_, spreading; scales several-nerved, much longer than the +achene.--Damp or fertile soil, Canada to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and +the Pacific. Very variable in the number and length of the rays of the +simple or compound umbel, and in the size of the spikelets (21/2--6 or +even 12'' long), more or less densely crowded on the axis. + +Sec. 4. DICLIDIUM. _Style 3-cleft; spikelets narrow, terete or nearly so, +few--many-flowered, the scales closely appressed and the broad wings of +the jointed rhachis enclosing the triangular achene._ + +19. C. speciosus, Vahl. Culm stout, _mostly low_ (5--20' high); _rays of +the simple or compound umbel mostly all short and crowded; spikelets +10--20-flowered, yellowish-brown_ at maturity (3--7'' long), the short +joints of its axis winged with very broad scaly margins which embrace +the _ovate triangular achene; the scales ovate, obtusish, imbricately +overlapping_. (C. Michauxianus, _Gray_, Manual; not _Schultes_.)--Low +grounds and sandy banks, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex. + +20. C. Engelmanni, Steud. Resembles n. 19; but the _spikelets more +slender_ and terete, _somewhat remotely 5--15-flowered_, the zigzag +joints of the axis slender and narrowly winged, and the oblong or oval +broadly scarious _scales proportionally shorter_, so as to expose a part +of the axis of each joint, _the successive scales not reaching the base +of the one above_ on the same side; achene oblong-linear, very +small.--Low grounds, Mass. to Wisc. and southward. + +Sec. 5. MARISCUS. _Spikelets 1--4-flowered, subterete, usually in dense +heads; scales oppressed, several-nerved, the lower empty and often +persistent after the fall of the rest of the spikelet; joints of the +rhachis winged, enclosing the triangular achene. Perennial._ + +[*] _Spikelets slender and acuminate, more or less refracted in usually +close umbelled spikes.--Connecting with Sec. 4._ + +21. C. Lancastriensis, Porter. Culm (1--2 deg. high) triangular; _leaves +rather broadly linear_; umbel of 6--9 mostly elongated rays; _spikelets +very numerous in short-oblong close heads_, soon reflexed, of 3--6 +narrow scales, the upper and lower empty, twice the length of the +linear-oblong achene, which is nearly 1'' long.--Rich soil, Penn. and +N. J. to Ala. + +22. C. retrofractus, Torr. Culm and leaves usually minutely downy and +rough on the obtusish angles (1--3 deg. high); umbel many-rayed; _spikelets +slender-awl-shaped_, very numerous in obovate or oblong heads +terminating the elongated rays, _soon strongly reflexed, 1--2-flowered_ +in the middle (3--5'' long); scales usually 4 or 5, the two lowest ovate +and empty, the fertile lanceolate and pointed, the uppermost +involute-awl-shaped; achene linear, 11/4'' long.--Sandy fields, N. J. to +Fla. and Tex. + +23. C. refractus, Engelm. Culm 1--2 deg. high; rays usually more or less +elongated; spikelets very slender, in rather loose heads, divaricate or +more or less reflexed, 2--4-flowered; achene linear, 11/4'' long.--N. J. +to N. C. and Mo. + +[*][*] _Spikelets very short, blunt, in densely compacted globose or +cylindrical heads._ + +24. C. ovularis, Torr. Culm sharply triangular (6'--2 deg. high); umbel +1--6-rayed; _spikelets_ (50--100) in a _globular head, 3-flowered, +oblong, blunt_ (11/2--2'' long); scales ovate, obtuse, a little longer +than the ovate-oblong achene.--Sandy dry soil, southern N. Y. to Fla., +west to Ill., Ark., and Tex.--Var. ROBUSTUS, Boeckl., is a form with +large heads (4--8'' long), the spikelets 3--4-flowered. (C. Wolfii, +_Wood_.)--Ill. to Ark., and southward. + +25. C. Torreyi, Britton. Like the last, but the _heads cylindrical or +oblong, spikelets usually 2-flowered_, and _achene linear-oblong_.--L. +Island to Fla., west to Tex. + + +2. KYLLINGA, Rottboell. (Pl. 1.) + +Spikelets of 3 or 4 two-ranked scales, 1--1{1/2}-flowered; the 2 lower +scales minute and empty, as in Cyperus, Sec. 4, but style oftener 2-cleft +and achene lenticular; spikes densely aggregated in solitary or triple +sessile heads.--Culms leafy at base; involucre 3-leaved. (Named after +_Peter Kylling_, a Danish botanist of the 17th century.) + +1. K. pumila, Michx. Annual; culms 2--9' high; head globular or 3-lobed, +whitish-green (about 4'' broad), spikelets strictly 1-flowered; upper +scales ovate, pointed, rough on the keel; stamens and styles 2; leaves +linear.--Low grounds, Ohio to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug. + + +3. DULICHIUM, Pers. (Pl. 1.) + +Spikelets many- (6--10-) flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks +on axillary solitary peduncles emerging from the sheaths of the leaves; +scales 2-ranked, lanceolate, decurrent, forming flat wing-like margins +on the joint below. Perianth of 6--9 downwardly barbed bristles. +Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft above. Achene flattened, linear-oblong, beaked +with the long persistent style.--A perennial herb, with a terete simple +hollow culm (1--2 deg. high), jointed and leafy to the summit; leaves short +and flat, linear, 3-ranked. (An alteration of _Dulcichinum_, an old name +for a species of Cyperus.) + +1. D. spathaceum, Pers.--Borders of ponds, N. Scotia to Fla., west to +Minn. and Tex. July--Sept. + + +4. ELEOCHARIS, R. Br. SPIKE-RUSH. (Pl. 3.) + +Spikelet single, terminating the naked culm, many--several-flowered. +Scales imbricated all round in many (rarely in 2 or 3) ranks. Perianth +of 3--12 (commonly 6) bristles, usually rough or barbed downward, rarely +obsolete. Stamens 2--3. Style 2--3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as +a tubercle jointed upon the apex of the lenticular or triangular +achene.--Leafless, chiefly perennial, with tufted culms sheathed at the +base, from matted or creeping root-stocks; flowering in summer. (Name +from [Greek: e(/los], _a marsh_, and [Greek: chai/ro] _to delight in_; +being marsh plants.) + +Sec. 1. _Spikelet terete, hardly if at all thicker than the spongy-cellular +culm; scales firmly persistent; style mostly 3-cleft; bristles 6 (rarely +7), firm or rigid, mostly barbed downward, equalling or surpassing the +triangular or lenticular achene._ + +[*] _Spikelet linear or lanceolate-awl-shaped, few-flowered; scales +(only 3--9) few-ranked, convolute-clasping the long flattened joints of +the axis, lanceolate, herbaceous (green) and several-nerved on the back, +and with thin scarious margins._ + +1. E. Robbinsii, Oakes. _Flower-bearing culms exactly triangular_, +rather stout, erect (8'--2 deg. high), also producing tufts of capillary +abortive stems or fine leaves, which float in the water; sheath +obliquely truncate; spikelet 4--10'' long; achene oblong-obovate, +triangular, minutely reticulated, about half the length of the bristles, +tipped with a flattened awl-shaped tubercle.--Shallow water, N. Eng. to +Fla. + +[*][*] _Spikelet cylindrical, many-flowered, 1--2' long; scales in +several ranks, firm-coriaceous with scarious margin, pale, nerveless or +faintly striate; culms large and stout (2--4 deg. high); basal sheaths often +leaf-bearing._ + +2. E. equisetoides, Torr. _Culm terete, knotted as if jointed by many +cross-partitions; achene smooth_ (the minute reticulation transversely +linear-rectangular), with a conical-beaked tubercle.--Shallow water, +R. I. to Fla., west to Mich. and Tex. + +3. E. quadrangulata, R. Br. (Pl. 3, fig. 6--9.) _Culm continuous and +sharply 4-angled; achene finely reticulated_, with a conical flattened +distinct tubercle.--Shallow water, central N. Y. to Mich., and +southward; rare. + +Sec. 2. _Spikelet terete and turgid-ovate, much thicker than the very +slender culm; scales thin-coriaceous or firm-membranaceous, persistent, +ovate; style 3-cleft; bristles stout, barbed downward (or sometimes +upward), as long as the striate and pitted-reticulated triangular achene +and its tubercle; culms tufted from fibrous roots, 1--2 deg. high._ + +4. E. tuberculosa, R. Br. (Pl. 3, fig. 10.) _Culms flattish_, striate; +spikelet 3--6'' long, many-flowered; _tubercle flattish-cap-shaped, as +large as the body of the achene_.--Wet sandy soil, from Mass. along the +coast to Fla. + +5. E. tortilis, Schult. _Culms sharply triangular, capillary_, twisting +when dry; spikelet 2--3'' long, few-flowered; _conical-beaked tubercle +much smaller than the achene_. (E. simplex, _Torr._)--Eastern shore of +Md. to Fla. + +Sec. 3. _Spikelets terete, much thicker than the culm, many-flowered; +scales imbricated in many or more than 3 ranks, thin-membranaceous or +scarious, with a thicker midrib, usually brownish or purplish, sometimes +deciduous._ + +[*] _Style 2-cleft (often 3-cleft in n. 7 and 10) and the smooth achene +lenticular; culms slender or thread-form, terete or compressed._ + +[+] _Annuals; culms tufted, from fibrous roots._ + +6. E. capitata, R. Br. Culms terete, 1/4--8' high or more; _spikelets +ovate to oblong_ (1--3'' long), obtuse, 15--40-flowered; _scales +thickish_, round-ovate, _obtuse_, brown or brownish with green keel and +paler margins; stamens 2; achene obovate, _black, about equalling the +6--8 bristles_, tipped with a flattened or saucer-shaped tubercle. (E. +dispar, _E. J. Hill_.)--In sand or gravel near sloughs, Md. (_Canby_) to +Fla. and Tex.; N. Ind. (_Hill_). (S. Am., etc.) + +7. E. ovata, R. Br. Culms nearly terete, 8--14' high; _spikelet +globose-ovoid to ovate-oblong, obtuse_, 1--6'' long (dull brown); +_scales very obtuse, densely crowded in many ranks; style_ 3- (rarely +2-) _cleft_; achene obovate with narrow base, pale-brownish, shining, +shorter than the 6--8 bristles, _broader than the short-deltoid, acute +and flattened tubercle_. (E. obtusa, _Schult._)--Muddy places, +N. Brunswick to Minn., south and westward. Variable as to the length of +its bristles. A low form, with smaller and more narrowly obovate +achenes, and the bristles very short or none, is E. diandra, _Wright_. A +dwarf form occurs with very small and few-flowered heads. (Eu.) + +8. E. Engelmanni, Steud. Like the last; spikelets usually narrowly +cylindrical and acute or acutish, 2--8'' long; achene broad and +truncate, the tubercle covering the summit; bristles not exceeding the +achene. (E. obtusa, var. detonsa, _Gray_.)--Mass. to Penn. and Mo. + +[+][+] _Perennials, with running rootstocks._ + +9. E. olivacea, Torr. (Pl. 2, fig. 1--5.) Culms flattish, grooved, +diffusely tufted on slender matted rootstocks (2--4' high); _spikelet +ovate, acutish, 20--30-flowered; scales ovate, obtuse_, rather loosely +imbricated (purple with a green midrib and slightly scarious margins); +achene obovate, dull, abruptly beaked with a narrow tubercle, shorter +than the _6--8 bristles_.--Wet, sandy soil, Mass. to N. C., and western +N. Y. + +10. E. palsutris, R. Br. Culms nearly terete, striate, 1--5 deg. high; +_spikelet oblong-lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered; scales +ovate-oblong_, loosely imbricated, reddish-brown with a broad and +translucent whitish margin and a greenish keel, the upper acutish, the +lowest rounded and often enlarged; achene rather narrowly obovate, +somewhat shining, crowned with a short ovate or ovate-triangular +flattened tubercle, shorter than the _usually 4 bristles_.--Very common, +either in water, when it is pretty stout and tall, or in wet grassy +grounds, when it is slender and lower. (Eu., Asia.)--Var. GLAUCESCENS, +Gray. Culms slender or filiform; tubercle narrower, acute, beak-like, +sometimes half as long as the achene. With the type.--Var. CALVA, Gray. +Bristles none; tubercle short, but narrower than in the type.--Var. +VIGENS, L. H. Bailey. Culms very stout, rigid; achene more broadly +obovoid. Lake Champlain and along the Great Lakes to Minn. + +[*][*] _Achene triangular or turgid; style 3-cleft._ + +[+] _Bristles at least equalling the smooth achene, downwardly barbed, +persistent._ + +11. E. rostellata, Torr. _Culms flattened and striate-grooved_, wiry, +erect (1--21/2 deg. high), _the sterile ones reclining, rooting and +proliferous_ from the apex (1--2 deg. high), the sheath transversely +truncate; _spikelet spindle-shaped_, 12--20-flowered; scales ovate, +obtuse (light-brown); achene obovate-triangular, narrowed into the +confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is overtopped by the 4--6 +bristles.--Marshes, N. Eng. to S. C., west to Mich. and Ky. + +12. E. intermedia, Schultes. _Culms capillary, wiry_, striate-grooved, +densely tufted from fibrous roots, _diffusely spreading or reclining_ +(6--12' long); _spikelet oblong-ovate, acutish, loosely 10--20-flowered_ +(2--3'' long); scales oblong, obtuse, green-keeled, the sides +purplish-brown; achene obovoid with a narrowed base, beaked with a +slender conical-awl-shaped distinct tubercle, which nearly equals the 6 +bristles.--Wet slopes, Penn. to Iowa, north to Canada. + +13. E. Torreyana, Boeckl. Like the preceding, but more capillary and +heads smaller (11/2--2'' long), _sometimes proliferous_, the one or more +short new culms from the axil of its lowest scale, which persists as an +herbaceous bract; achene very much smaller, with sharper angles and a +short conical tubercle, which is hardly equalled by the 3--6 slender +bristles. (E. microcarpa, var. filiculmis, _Torr._)--Wet pine-barrens, +N. J. to Fla. + +(Addendum) 13^a. E. albida, Torr. Like n. 12 and 13 in habit, somewhat +stouter; spikelet dense, ellipsoidal or oblong, 1--4'' long, acutish, +with pale obtuse scales; achene very small, triangular-obovate, very +smooth, with a broadly triangular tubercle upon a narrow base, shorter +than or exceeding the reddish bristles.--Salt marshes, Northampton Co., +Va. (_Canby_), and south to Fla. and Tex. + +[+][+] _Bristles 2--4, shorter than the achene, slender and fragile, or +none._ + +14. E. tenuis, Schultes. _Culms almost capillary, erect_ from running +rootstocks, _4-angular_ and flattish (1 deg. high), the sides concave; +_spikelet elliptical, acutish, 20--30-flowered_ (3'' long); _scales +ovate, obtuse_, chestnut-purple with a broad scarious margin and green +keel; _achene obovate, roughish-wrinkled, crowned with a small depressed +tubercle_, persistent after the fall of the scales; bristles 1/2 as long +as the achene or none.--N. Scotia to N. C., Minn., and Mo. June. + +15. E. compressa, Sullivant. _Culms flat_, striate, tufted, erect (1--2 deg. +high); _spikelet ovate-oblong_, or at length lanceolate, +_20--30-flowered_ (4--7'' long); _scales lanceolate-ovate, acute_, dark +purple with broad white pellucid margins and summit; _achene_ yellowish, +_obovate-pear-shaped_, obtusely triangular, _wrinkled, crowned with a +small conical_ and pointed _tubercle; bristles 1--4, very slender_, +fragile, shorter than or equalling the achene (sometimes none or a +single rudiment).--Wet places, N. Y. and Ont. to Minn. and Mo. + +16. E. melanocarpa, Torr. _Culms flattened_, grooved, wiry, erect +(9--18' high); _spikelet cylindrical-ovoid or oblong, thick_, obtuse, +densely many-flowered (3--6'' long); scales closely many-ranked, +roundish-ovate, very obtuse, brownish with broad scarious margins; +_achene smooth, obovate-top-shaped, obtusely triangular, the broad +summit entirely covered like a lid by the flat depressed tubercle_, +which is raised in the centre into a short abrupt triangular point; +bristles often obsolete; achene soon blackish.--Wet sand, Mass. to Fla. + +17. E. tricostata, Torr. _Culms flattish_ (1--2 deg. high); _spikelet soon +cylindrical_, densely many-flowered (6--9'' long), thickish; scales +ovate, very obtuse, rusty brown, with broad scarious margins; _achene +obovate, with 3 prominent thickened angles, minutely rough-wrinkled, +crowned with a short-conical acute tubercle_; bristles none.--N. J. to +Fla. + +18. E. Wolfii, Gray. Culms slender (1 deg. high), from very small creeping +rhizomes, _2-edged_; spikelet ovate-oblong, acute; scales ovate-oblong, +obtuse, scarious, pale purple; achene pyriform, shining, _with 9 nearly +equidistant obtuse ribs and transverse wrinkles between them; tubercle +depressed, truncate_, more or less apiculate; bristles not seen.--Wet +prairies, N. Iowa and S. Minn. + +Sec. 4. _Spikelet more or less flattened, thicker than the slender or +capillary culm, few--many-flowered; the thin membranaceous scales +somewhat 2--3-ranked; style 3-cleft; bristles of the perianth 3--6, +fragile or fugacious. Small or delicate species, differing from the last +division chiefly in the flattish spikelets._ + +[*] _Tubercle contracted at its junction with the achene._ + +19. E. acicularis, R. Br. Culms finely capillary (2--8' long), _more or +less 4-angular_; spikelet 3--9-flowered; scales ovate-oblong, rather +obtuse (greenish with purple sides); achene obovate-oblong, _with +3-ribbed angles and 2--3 times as many smaller intermediate ribs_, also +transversely striate, longer than the 3--4 very fugacious bristles; +_tubercle conical-triangular_.--Muddy shores, across the continent. +(Eu., Asia.) + +20. E. pygmaea, Torr. Culms bristle like, flattened and grooved (1--2' +high); spikelet ovate, 3--8-flowered; scales ovate (greenish), the upper +rather acute; _achene ovoid, acutely triangular, smooth and shining, +tipped with a minute tubercle_; bristles mostly longer than the fruit, +sometimes wanting.--Brackish marshes, from N. Brunswick to Fla. + +[*][*] _Tubercle continuous with the nutlet and not contracted at base._ + +21. E. pauciflora, Link. Culms striate-angled, very slender (3--9' +high), scarcely tufted, on slender running rootstocks, with a short +truncate sheath at base; scales of the ovate spikelet evidently +2-ranked, chestnut-brown, pointless, all flower-bearing, the two lower +larger; bristles 3--6, about as long as the conspicuously beaked +triangular achene. (Scirpus pauciflorus, _Lightfoot_.)--Wet places, +N. Y. to N. Ill. and Minn., north and westward. (Eu., Asia.) + + +5. DICHROMENA, Richard. (Pl. 4.) + +Spikelets aggregated in a terminal leafy-involucrate head, more or less +compressed, few-flowered, all but 3 or 4 of the flowers usually +imperfect or abortive. Scales imbricated somewhat in 2 ranks, more or +less conduplicate or boat-shaped, keeled, white or whitish. Stamens 3. +Style 2-cleft. Perianth, bristles, etc., none. Achene lenticular, +wrinkled transversely, crowned with the persistent and broad tubercled +base of the style.--Culms leafy, from creeping perennial rootstocks; the +leaves of the involucre mostly white at the base (whence the name, from +[Greek: di/s], _double_, and [Greek: chro~ma], _color_). + +1. D. leucocephala, Michx. Culm triangular (1--2 deg. high); leaves narrow; +those of the involucre 4--7; achene truncate, not margined.--Damp +pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. Aug., Sept. + +2. D. latifolia, Baldwin. (Pl. 4, fig. 1--5.) Culm stouter, nearly +terete; leaves broadly linear, those of the involucre 8 or 9, tapering +from base to apex; achene round-obovate, faintly wrinkled, the tubercle +decurrent on its edges.--Low pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. + + +6. PSILOCARYA, Torr. BALD-RUSH. (Pl. 4.) + +Spikelets ovoid, terete, the numerous scales all alike and regularly +imbricated, each with a perfect flower. Perianth (bristles) wholly +wanting. Stamens mostly 2. Style 2-cleft, its base or the greater part +of it enlarging and hardening to form the beak of the lenticular or +tumid more or less wrinkled achene.--Annuals, with leafy culms, the +spikelets in terminal and axillary cymes. (Name from [Greek: psilo/s], +_naked_, and [Greek: kary/a], _nut_.) + +1. P. scirpoides, Torr. Annual (4--10' high), leafy; leaves flat; +spikelets 20--30-flowered; scales oblong-ovate, acute, chestnut-colored; +achene somewhat margined, beaked with a sword-shaped almost wholly +persistent style. (Rhynchospora scirpoides, _Gray_.)--Inundated places, +S. N. Eng. + + +7. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. (Pl. 3.) + +Spikelets several--many-flowered, terete; scales all floriferous, +regularly imbricated in several ranks. Perianth (bristles, etc.) none. +Stamens 1--3. Style 2--3-cleft, often with a dilated or tumid base, +which is deciduous (except in n. 4) from the apex of the naked +lenticular or triangular achene. Otherwise as in Scirpus.--Culms leafy +at base. Spikelets in our species umbelled, and the involucre +2--3-leaved. (Name compounded of _fimbria_, a fringe, and _stylus_, +style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.) + +[*] _Style 2-cleft, flattened and ciliate; achene lenticular; tubercle +soon deciduous; spikelets many-flowered._ + +1. F. spadicea, Vahl, var. castanea, Gray. Culms (1--2{1/2} deg. high) +tufted from a _perennial root, rigid_, as are the _thread-form +convolute-channelled leaves_, smooth; spikelets ovate-oblong becoming +cylindrical, dark chestnut-color (2'' thick); _stamens 2 or 3; achene +very minutely striate and reticulated_.--Salt marshes along the coast, +N. Y. and N. J. to Fla. July--Sept.--Scales lighter colored than in the +tropical form. + +2. F. laxa, Vahl. (Pl. 3, fig. 1--5.) Culms slender (2--12' high) from +an _annual root, weak_, grooved and flattish; _leaves linear, flat, +ciliate-denticulate, glaucous_, sometimes hairy; spikelets ovate, acute +(3'' long); _stamen 1; achene conspicuously 6--8-ribbed on each side, +and with finer cross-lines_.--Low ground, Penn. to Fla., west to Ill. +and La. July--Sept. + +[*][*] _Style 3-cleft and achene triangular; tubercle soon deciduous; +spikelets smaller and fewer-flowered._ + +3. F. autumnalis, Roem. & Schult. (Pl. 3, fig. 6--9.) Annual (3--16' +high), in tufts; culms flat, slender, diffuse or erect; leaves flat, +acute; umbel compound; spikelets oblong, acute (1--2'' long), single or +2--3 in a cluster; scales ovate-lanceolate, mucronate; stamens +1--3.--Low grounds, Maine to Fla., west to Ill. and La. + +[*][*][*] _Style 3-cleft, filiform and not ciliate; achene acutely +triangular; tubercle more or less persistent._ + +4. F. capillaris, Gray. Low annual, densely tufted (3--9' high); culm +and leaves nearly capillary, the latter short; umbel compound or +panicled; spikelets (2'' long) ovoid-oblong; stamens 2; achene minutely +wrinkled, very obtuse.--Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., +Tex., and the Pacific. + +F. VAHLII, Link (F. congesta, _Torr._), a diminutive southern species, +with long filiform leaves, sessile capitate spikelets, narrow acuminate +scales, and the style 2-cleft and not ciliate, has been found in +ballast-sand along the northern coast. + + +8. SCIRPUS, Tourn. BULRUSH or CLUB-RUSH. (Pl. 3.) + +Spikelets several--many-flowered, solitary or in a terminal cluster +which is subtended by a 1--several-leaved involucre (this when simple +often appearing like a continuation of the culm), terete, the scales +being regularly imbricated all round in many or several ranks, or rarely +somewhat compressed and the fewer scales inclining to be 2-ranked. +Flowers to all the scales, or to all but one or two of the lowest, all +perfect. Perianth of 3--6 mostly retrorsely barbed or ciliate bristles +(not elongated), or sometimes wanting. Stamens mostly 3. Style +2--3-cleft, simple, not bulbous at base, wholly deciduous, or sometimes +leaving a tip or point to the lenticular or triangular achene.--Culms +sheathed at base; the sheaths usually leaf-bearing. Mostly perennials; +flowering in summer. (The Latin name of the Bulrush.) + +[*] _Spikelets solitary, few-flowered, small, often flattish; achene +triangular, smooth._ + +[+] _Involucre a short awl-shaped bract; culms tufted (3--12' high), +filiform._ + +1. S. caespitosus, L. _Culms terete_, wiry, densely sheathed at base, in +compact turfy tufts; the upper sheath bearing a very _short awl-shaped +leaf_; spikelet ovoid, rusty-color; involucral bract a rigid-pointed +scale, resembling the lowest proper scale of the spikelet and scarcely +surpassing it; _bristles 6, smooth_, longer than the abruptly +short-pointed achene.--Coast of Maine, alpine summits of N. Eng., swamps +of northern N. Y., N. Ill., Minn., and northward; also on Roan Mt., +N. C. (Eu.) + +2. S. Clintonii, Gray. _Culms acutely triangular_, almost bristle-like; +sheaths at the base bearing a _very slender almost bristle-shaped leaf_ +shorter (usually very much shorter) than the culm; involucral bract +awl-shaped, mostly shorter than the chestnut-colored ovate spikelet, +which has _pointless scales_; otherwise as the next.--Rather dry plains, +N. Y. June. + +3. S. planifolius, Muhl. _Culms triangular, leafy_ at base; _leaves +linear, flat, as long as the culm_, and like it rough-edged; involucral +bract a bristle-tipped scale usually overtopping the ovate or oblong +chestnut-colored spikelet, the green midrib of the _scales extended into +sharp points; bristles upwardly hairy_, as long as the pointless +achene.--Dry or moist ground, N. Eng. to Del., west to western N. Y. and +Penn.; W. Mo. (_B. F. Bush._). + +[+][+] _One-leaved involucre more conspicuous, and as if continuing the +culm._ + +4. S. subterminalis, Torr. Aquatic; culms (1--3 deg. long, +thickish-filiform) partly and the shorter filiform leaves wholly +submersed, cellular; the filiform green bract 6--12'' long, much +surpassing the oblong spikelet; scales somewhat pointed; bristles 6, +bearded downward, rather shorter than the abruptly-pointed achene.--Slow +streams and ponds, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Mich. and N. Ind.--Var. +TERRESTRIS, Paine; less tall, with firmer stem and leaves, and fruiting +spike more turgid. Growing chiefly emersed; Herkimer Co., N. Y. + +[*][*] _Spikelets clustered (rarely only one), appearing lateral, the +one-leaved involucre resembling and seeming to be a continuation of the +naked culm._ + +[+] _Culm sharply triangular, stout, chiefly from running rootstocks; +spikelets many-flowered, rusty brown, closely sessile in one cluster; +sheaths at base more or less leaf-bearing._ + +5. S. pungens, Vahl. Running rootstocks long and stout; _culm sharply +3-angled_ throughout (1--4 deg. high) with concave sides; _leaves 1--3, +elongated_ (4--10' long), keeled and channelled; spikelets 1--6, +capitate, ovoid, usually long, overtopped by the pointed involucral +leaf; scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft at the apex and +awn-pointed from between the acute lobes; _anthers tipped with an +awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage; style 2-cleft_ (rarely 3-cleft); +bristles 2--6, shorter than the obovate plano-convex and mucronate +smooth achene.--Borders of salt and fresh ponds and streams, throughout +N. Am. (Eu., S. Am.) + +6. S. Torreyi, Olney. Rootstocks slender if any (so that the plant is +readily pulled up from the mud); _culm 3-angled_, with concave sides, +rather slender (2--4 deg. high), _leafy at base; leaves 2 or 3, more than +half the length of the culm_, triangular-channelled, slender; _spikelets +1--4, oblong or spindle-shaped, acute, distinct_, pale chestnut-color, +long overtopped by the slender erect involucral leaf; scales ovate, +smooth, entire, barely mucronate; _style 3-cleft; bristles longer than +the unequally triangular-obovate very smooth long-pointed +achene_.--Borders of ponds, brackish and fresh, N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., +and Minn. + +7. S. Olneyi, Gray. _Culm 3-wing-angled, with deeply excavated sides_, +stout (2--7 deg. high), the _upper sheath bearing a short triangular leaf or +none_; spikelets 6--12, closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, overtopped by +the short involucral leaf; scales orbicular, smooth, the inconspicuous +mucronate point shorter than the scarious apex; _anthers with a very +short and blunt minutely bearded tip; style 2-cleft_; bristles 6, +scarcely equalling the narrowly obovate plano-convex and mucronate +achene.--Salt marshes, S. New Eng. to Fla., west to the Pacific. + +S. MUCRONATUS, L. Resembling the last, 1--3 deg. high; spikelets numerous in +a dense cluster, oblong-ovate, 6--8'' long or less; scales ovate, +mucronate, firm, scarcely at all scarious; _style 3-cleft_; achene +smaller, broadly obovate.--In a single locality in Delaware Co., Penn.; +probably introduced from S. Europe. + +[+][+] _Culm triangular, tall and stout, from slender running +rootstocks; spikelets many-flowered, loosely umbellate or corymbed, +involucellate-bracted._ + +8. S. Canbyi, Gray. Culm (3--5 deg. high) 3-angled, usually sharply so +above, obtusely below, the sheath at base extended into a long slender +triangular and channelled leaf (2--4 deg. long); involucral leaf similar +(4--8' long), continuing the culm; spikelets oblong (4--6'' long), +single or sometimes proliferously 2 or 3 together, nodding on the apex +of the 5--9 long filiform and flattened peduncles or rays of the +dichotomous umbel-like corymb, or the central one nearly sessile; scales +loosely imbricated, oblong-ovate, acute, pale, thin and scarious, with a +greenish nerved back; bristles 6, firm, furnished above with spreading +hairs rather than barbs, equalling the slender abrupt beak of the +obovate-triangular shining achene (11/2'' long).--In a pond near +Salisbury, Md. + +[+][+][+] _Culm terete, very tall and stout, from a deep running +rootstock, leafless or very nearly so; spikelets numerous, clustered in +a one-sided compound umbel-like panicle longer than the involucral leaf; +involucellate bracts small, scale-like and rusty-scarious; scales of the +spikelets rusty or chestnut-brown, scarious, the midrib extended into a +mucronate point._ + +9. S. lacustris, L. (GREAT BULRUSH.) Culm 3--9 deg. high, 1/2--1' thick at +base; spikelets ovate-oblong (3--4'' long); scales mostly a little downy +on the back and ciliate; style 2-cleft; achene pale and dull, obovate +with a narrowed base, plano-convex, mucronate-pointed, usually +overtopped by the 4--6 slender downwardly barbed bristles. (S. validus, +_Vahl._)--Common everywhere in still fresh water. (Eu., Asia, etc.) + +[+][+][+][+] _Culms slender from an annual root, terete, plano-convex or +obtusely triangular, naked; the sheaths rarely bearing a short leaf; +spikelets few or several in a sessile cluster, sometimes solitary, much +overtopped by the involucral leaf; bristles often few or wanting._ + +10. S. debilis, Pursh. (Pl. 3, fig. 1--5.) _Culms obtusely triangular_, +with somewhat hollowed sides, 1--2 deg. high, yellowish-green, shining; +spikelets 3--12, capitate, ovate-oblong, obtuse (3--4'' long), +chestnut-brown; involucral leaf often horizontal at maturity; scales +roundish; stamens 3; style 2--3-cleft; _bristles 6, stout_, downwardly +barbed, equalling or two surpassing the obovate _turgidly plano-convex_ +(or bluntly 3-sided) abruptly mucronate-pointed _smoothish_ +achene.--Swamps, Mass. to S. C., Minn. and Neb. Aug., Sept. + +11. S. Smithii, Gray. _Culms terete_, slender, 3--12' high, often +leaf-bearing from the upper sheath, dull green as are the 1--3 +oblong-ovate acute spikelets; involucral leaf always erect; scales +oblong-oval; style 2-cleft; _bristles 1 or 2 minute rudiments or none_; +achene _somewhat lenticular, smooth_, deciduous with the scales.--Wet +shores, Delaware Bay to L. Ontario, Mich., N. Ind., and Ill. July. + +12. S. supinus, L., var. Hallii, Gray. _Culms filiform_, 5--12' high; +upper sheath rarely distinctly leaf-bearing; spikelets 1--7 in a sessile +or sometimes geminately proliferous cluster, ovate-oblong +becoming cylindrical, greenish; scales ovate, strongly keeled, +mucronate-pointed; stamens 2 or 3; style 2-cleft; _bristles none; achene +obovate-orbicular_, mucronate, plano-convex, _strongly wrinkled +transversely_.--Wet shores, Ill. to Tex.; also found in E. Mass. +(_Hitchings_). (Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Spikelets in simple or mostly compound umbellate or +cymose-panicled clusters, many-flowered, terete; involucre of mostly +several flat leaves; culm tall, from tufted or running rootstocks, +triangular, leafy, sedge-like; leaves rough on the margin; style mostly +3-cleft._ + +[+] _Spikelets large (6--15'' long); midrib of the scales extended +beyond the mostly lacerate or two-cleft apex into a distinct awn._ + +13. S. maritimus, L. (SEA CLUB-RUSH.) Leaves flat, linear, as long as +the stout culm (1--3 deg. high), those of the involucre 1--4, very unequal; +spikelets few--several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1--4 +unequal rays bearing 1--7 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty-brown) +spikelets; awns of the scales soon recurved; _achene obovate-orbicular, +compressed, flat on one side, convex or obtuse-angled on the other, +minutely pointed, shining, shorter than the_ 1--6 unequal and deciduous +(sometimes obsolete) _bristles_.--Saline localities, on the coast from +N. Scotia to Fla., and in the interior across the continent. +(Eu.)--Var. MACROSTACHYOS, Michx.; larger, with very thick +oblong-cylindrical heads (1--1{1/2}' long), and longer involucral leaf +(often 1 deg. long). + +14. S. fluviatilis, Gray. (RIVER C.) Culm very stout, 3--5 deg. high; leaves +flat, broadly linear (1/2' wide or more), tapering gradually to a point, +the upper and those of the very long involucre very much exceeding the +_compound umbel; rays 5--9, elongated, recurved-spreading_, each bearing +1--5 ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute paler heads; scales less lacerate +and awns less recurved; _achene obovate, sharply and exactly triangular, +conspicuously pointed, opaque_, scarcely equalling the 6 rigid +bristles.--Borders of lakes and large streams, W. Vt. to Conn. and +Penn., west to Minn. and Iowa. + +[+][+] _Spikelets very numerous, small (1--3'' long); scales +mucronate-pointed or blunt; umbel-like cymose panicle irregular, +compound or decompound; culm 2--5 deg. high, unusually leafy; leaves broadly +linear, green and rather soft; bristles very slender, often more or less +tortuous and naked below._ + +15. S. sylvaticus, L. _Spikelets lead-colored, clustered 3--10 together +at the end of the mostly slender ultimate divisions_ of the open +decompound panicle, ovoid or lance-ovate, 2'' long; scales bluntish; +bristles 6, downwardly barbed throughout, rather exceeding the +triangular short-pointed achene; style 3-cleft.--Along brooks, E. Mass. +to N. Y.; rare. + +Var. digynus, Boeckl. Style 2-cleft and the achene not at all +angled on the back; stamens 2, and bristles 4. (S. microcarpus, +_Presl._)--N. Scotia and N. Eng. to Minn., and westward. + +16. S. atrovirens, Muhl. Leaves somewhat more rigid; _spikelets dull +greenish-brown, densely conglomerate (10--30 together) into close +heads_, these also usually densely clustered in a less compound panicle; +scales pointed; _bristles_ sparsely and strongly _downwardly barbed +above the middle, naked below_, nearly straight, as long as the +conspicuously pointed and obovate-oblong triangular achene.--Wet meadows +and bogs, N. Scotia and N. Eng., west to Minn., Kan., and the Pacific. + +17. S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Culm usually more leafy; _spikelets +yellow-brown, ovate_, becoming cylindrical, _clustered 3--8 together in +small heads on_ the short ultimate divisions of the _open decompound +umbel_; scales mucronate; _bristles 6, usually twice bent, soft-barbed +toward the summit only_, about twice the length of the achene.--Swamps +and borders of ponds, western N. Eng to N. C., west to Minn, and Ark. + + +9. ERIOPHORUM, L. COTTON-GRASS. (Pl. 3.) + +Bristles naked, usually very numerous, often silky and becoming greatly +elongated. Otherwise as in Scirpus.--Spikelets single or clustered or +umbellate, usually involucrate with erect scale-like bracts, upon a +leafy or naked stem; scales membranaceous, 1--3-nerved. Style very +slender and elongated, 3-cleft. Achene acutely triangular. (Name +composed of [Greek: e)/rion], _wool_ or _cotton_, and [Greek: phoro/s], +_bearing_.) + +[*] _Bristles 6, rust-colored, becoming tortuous and entangled; culm +very leafy, bearing numerous spikelets in an involucrate decompound +cymose-panicled umbel._ + +1. E. lineatum, Benth. & Hook. Culm triangular, leafy (1--3 deg. high); +leaves linear, flat, rather broad, rough on the margins; umbels terminal +and sometimes axillary, loose, drooping, the terminal with a 1--3-leaved +_involucre much shorter than the long slender rays_; spikelets oblong, +becoming cylindrical (2--4'' long), on thread-like drooping pedicels; +_bristles at maturity scarcely exceeding the_ ovate green-keeled +_pointed scales_; achene sharp-pointed. (Scirpus lineatus, +_Michx._)--Low grounds, western N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. + +2. E. cyperinum, L. (Pl. 3, fig. 6--10, under Scirpus.) (WOOL-GRASS.) +Culm nearly terete (2--5 deg. high); leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid, +those of the _involucre 3--5, longer than the umbel_, the rays at length +drooping; spikelets exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the +lateral pedicelled, woolly at maturity (11/2--3'' long); the rust-colored +_bristles much longer than the pointless scales_; achene short-pointed. +(Scirpus Eriophorum, _Michx._)--Wet meadows and swamps, Newf. to Fla., +west to Minn. and Iowa. Exceedingly variable in the character and size +of the umbel, the typical form having the spikelets mostly clustered in +small heads.--Var. LAXUM has the spikelets scattered, the lateral +long-pedicelled. + +[*][*] _Bristles 6, crisped, white; spikelet single, small; involucre of +one short bract._ + +3. E. alpinum, L. (Pl. 3, fig. 1--6.) Culms slender, many in a row from +a running rootstock (6--10' high), scabrous, naked; sheaths at the base +awl-tipped.--Cold bogs, Lab. to N. Eng., west to Minn. June. (Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Bristles very numerous, not crisped, forming dense cottony +heads in fruit._ + +[+] _Culm bearing a single spikelet; involucre none._ + +4. E. vaginatum, L. Culms in close tufts (1 deg. high), leafy only at the +base, above with 2 inflated leafless sheaths; root-leaves long and +thread-form, triangular-channelled; scales of the ovate spikelet +long-pointed, lead-color at maturity.--Cold and high peat-bogs, N. Eng. +to Penn., Mich., Minn., and northward. May, June. (Eu.) + +[+][+] _Culm leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, +involucrate._ + +5. E. Virginicum, L. Culm rigid (2--4 deg. high); leaves very narrowly +linear, elongated, flat; _spikelets nearly sessile, crowded in a dense +cluster or head; wool rusty or copper-color_, only thrice the length of +the scale; stamen 1.--Bogs and low meadows, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn. +and Neb. July, Aug.--Var. ALBUM, Gray, has the wool white. N. New York. + +6. E. polystachyon, L. Culm rigid (1--2 deg. high), obscurely triangular; +_leaves linear, flat, or barely channelled below_, triangular at the +point; _involucre 2--3-leaved_; spikelets several (4--12), on smooth +nodding peduncles, some of them elongated in fruit; achene obovate; +_wool white_, very straight (1' long or more).--Bogs, Newf. to Ga., +Minn., and westward. June, July. (Eu.)--Var. LATIFOLIUM, Gray; +peduncles rough; leaves sometimes broader and flatter. + +7. E. gracile, Koch. Culm slender (1--2 deg. high), rather triangular; +_leaves slender, channelled-triangular_, rough on the angles; _involucre +short and scale-like, mostly 1-leaved_; peduncles rough or +roughish-pubescent; spikelets 3--7, small, when mature the copious white +wool 6--9'' long; achene elliptical-linear.--Cold bogs, Newf. to N. J., +west to Minn. and Mo. Scales in our plant mostly light chestnut and +about 3-nerved. June--Aug. (Eu.) + + +10. FUIRENA, Rottboell. UMBRELLA-GRASS. (Pl. 2.) + +Spikelets many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and +terminal. Scales imbricated in many ranks, awned below the apex, all +floriferous. Perianth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly +on claws, and usually with as many alternating small bristles. Stamens +3. Style 3-cleft. Achene triangular, pointed with the persistent base of +the style. Culms from a perennial root, obtusely triangular. (Named for +_G. Fuiren_, a Danish botanist.) + +1. F. squarrosa, Michx., var. hispida, Chapm. (Pl. 2, fig. 1--7.) Stem +(1--3 deg. high) leafy; leaves and sheaths usually densely hairy; spikelets +ovoid-oblong (4--6'' long), clustered in heads, bristly with the +spreading awns of the scales; perianth-scales rhombic or deltoid-ovate, +with a short thick awn or point, the interposed mostly barbed bristles +shorter than the achene.--Sandy wet places, N. J. to Fla., west to Ky. +and Tex. + +Var. pumila, Torr. Usually low (1--6' high or more), with 1--6 +spikelets; perianth-scales narrowly to broadly oblong or ovate, +long-stipitate and attenuate to a long awn; barbed bristles usually +exceeding the achene.--Mass. to N. J., Fla., and La.; Mich. The +commonest form. + + +11. HEMICARPHA, Nees. (Pl. 2.) + +Spikelet, flowers, etc., as in Scirpus, except that there is a minute +translucent scale (readily overlooked) between the flower and the axis +of the spikelet. Stamen only one. Style 2-cleft. Bristles or other +perianth none. (Name from [Greek: e(/mi], _half_, and [Greek: ka/rphos], +_straw_ or _chaff_, in allusion to the single inner scalelet.) + +1. H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf or minute annual (1--5' high); involucre +1-leaved, as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually +with another minute leaf; spikelets 2--3 (barely 2'' long); scales +brown, tipped with a short recurved point.--Sandy borders of ponds and +rivers, N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Pacific. + + +12. LIPOCARPHA, R. Br. (Pl. 2.) + +Spikelets terete, many-flowered, in a terminal close cluster involucrate +by leafy bracts. Scales spatulate, regularly imbricated all round in +many ranks, awnless, deciduous, a few of the lowest empty. Inner scales +(bractlets) 2 to each flower, thin, one between the scale of the +spikelet and the flower, one between the latter and the axis of the +spikelet. Bristles or other perianth none. Stamens 1 or 2. Style +2--3-cleft. Achene flattish or triangular, naked at the tip.--Culms +leafy at base. (Name formed of [Greek: li/pos], _fat_, and [Greek: +ka/rphos], _chaff_, from the thickness of the inner scales of some +species.) + +1. L. maculata, Torr. Annual; culm (4--8' high) much longer than the +linear concave leaves; spikelets (1--2'' long) green and dark-spotted; +inner scales delicate; stamen one; achene oblong with a contracted +base.--Springy or miry places, Va. to Fla.; near Philadelphia, probably +adventive. + + +13. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. BEAK-RUSH. (Pl. 4.) + +Spikelets panicled or variously clustered, ovate, globular, or +spindle-shaped, terete, or sometimes flattish; but the scales open or +barely concave (not boat-shaped nor keeled); the lower commonly loosely +imbricated and empty, the uppermost often subtending imperfect flowers. +Perianth in the form of bristles (mostly 6). Stamens mostly 3. Achene +lenticular, globular, or flat, crowned with a conspicuous tubercle or +beak consisting of the persistent indurated base or even of the greater +part of the style.--Chiefly perennials, with more or less triangular and +leafy culms; the spikelets in terminal and axillary clusters; flowering +in summer. (Name composed of [Greek: r(y/nchos], _a snout_, and [Greek: +spora/], _a seed_, from the beaked achene.) + +Sec. 1. RHYNCHOSPORA proper. _Spikelets terete or biconvex, +few--many-flowered; style conspicuously 2-cleft, its base only forming +the tubercle of the mostly lenticular achene; bristles usually present, +merely rough or barbed-denticulate (not plumose)._ + +[*] _Achene transversely wrinkled; bristles mostly 6, upwardly +denticulate._ + +1. R. cymosa, Nutt. _Culm triangular; leaves linear_ (1/4' wide); cymes +corymbose, the _spikelets crowded and clustered; achene round-obovate_, +twice the length of the bristles, four times the length of the +depressed-conical tubercle.--Low grounds, Penn. and N. J. to Fla., west +to N. Ind. and Ill. + +2. R. Torreyana, Gray. (Pl. 4, figs. 1--5.) _Culm nearly terete, +slender; leaves bristle-form_; cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the +_spikelets mostly pedicelled; achene oblong-obovate_, longer than the +bristles, thrice the length of the broad compressed-conical +tubercle.--Swamps; pine-barrens of N. J. to S. C. + +3. R. inexpansa, Vahl. _Culm triangular_, slender; _leaves narrowly +linear; spikelets spindle-shaped, mostly pedicelled, in drooping +panicles; achene oblong_, half the length of the slender bristles, twice +the length of the triangular-subulate tubercle.--Low grounds, Va. to Ga. + +[*][*] _Achene smooth and even._ + +[+] _Bristles 6, long and conspicuous, upwardly denticulate._ + +4. R. fusca, Roem. & Schultes. Culm 6--12' high; _leaves bristle-form +channelled_; spikelets ovate-oblong, few, clustered in 1--3 loose heads +(dark chestnut-color); _achene obovate, half the length of the +bristles_, equalling the triangular-sword-shaped acute tubercle, which +is rough serrulate on the margins.--Low grounds, N. Brunswick to N. J., +west to L. Superior. (Eu.) + +5. R. gracilenta, Gray. Culms very slender, 1--2 deg. high; _leaves narrowly +linear_; spikelets ovoid, in 2--4 small clusters, the lateral +long-peduncled; _achene ovoid, rather shorter than the bristles_, about +the length of the flat awl-shaped tubercle.--Low grounds, southern N. Y. +and N. J. to Fla. + +6. R. oligantha, Gray. Culm and leaves filiform, 6--12' high; spikelets +very few (1--4), ovate-oblong; bristles plumose below the middle; achene +obovate-oblong, bearing a conical tubercle {1/3} its length.--Del. +(_Canby_) to Fla. + +[+][+] _Bristles none, or 1--3 and minute; spikelets pale, 1-flowered._ + +7. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culm (1--2 deg. high) acutely triangular; +leaves and spikelets as in the next species, but only a terminal dense +cluster, which is less white or turns pale reddish-tawny; achene +obovate-lenticular, tipped with a minute depressed and apiculate +tubercle; the delicate bristles 4--5 times shorter or obsolete.--Bogs in +pine-barrens of N. J. and N. C. + +[+][+][+] _Bristles long, denticulate downward, or both ways in n. 11._ + +[++] _Spikelets white or whitish, becoming tawny with age, perfecting +only a single flower; stamens usually 2; bristles 9--12, or even 20._ + +8. R. alba, Vahl. Culm slender (1--2 deg. high), triangular above; leaves +narrowly linear or almost bristle-form; spikelets lanceolate, densely +crowded in a head-like terminal corymb and usually one or two lateral +ones; achene oblong-obovate with a narrowed base, scarcely longer than +the flattened-awl-shaped tubercle, shorter than the bristles.--Bogs, +Newf. to Fla., west to N. Ind., Minn., and Oregon. (Eu.) + +[++][++] _Spikelets chestnut-colored or darker in_ n. _10 and 11, +few--several-flowered; stamens 3; bristles usually 6._ + +9. R. capillacea, Torr. Culm 6--9' high, slender; _leaves bristle-form; +spikelets 3--6 in a terminal cluster_, and commonly 1 or 2 on a remote +axillary peduncle, _oblong-lanceolate_ (pale chestnut-color, 3'' long); +_achene oblong-ovoid_, stipitate, very obscurely wrinkled, about _half +the length of the_ (6, rarely 12) _stout bristles_, and twice the length +of the lanceolate-beaked tubercle.--Bogs and rocky river-banks, N. Vt. +to Penn., west to western N. Y. and Minn.--Var. LEVISETA, Hill. +Bristles perfectly smooth. N. W. Ind. + +10. R. Knieskernii, Carey. Culm 6--18 deg. high, slender; _leaves narrowly +linear_, short; _spikelets numerous, crowded in 4--6 distant clusters, +oblong-ovate_ (scarcely 1'' long); _achene obovate_, narrowed at base, +_equalling the bristles_, twice the length of the triangular flattened +tubercle.--Pine-barrens of N. J. (on bog iron ore exclusively) to Va.; +rare. + +11. R. glomerata, Vahl. Culm 1--3 deg. high; _leaves linear, flat; spikelets +numerous in distant clusters or heads_ (often in pairs from the same +sheath), _ovoid-oblong_; achene obovate, margined, narrowed at base, as +long as the lance-awl-shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the always +_downwardly barbed bristles_.--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to +Mich. and N. Ind. + +12. R. cephalantha, Gray. Culm stout (2--3 deg. high); _leaves narrowly +linear, flat, keeled; spikelets very numerous, crowded in 2 or 3 or more +dense globular_ heads which are distant (and often in pairs), +_oblong-lanceolate_, dark brown; achene orbicular-obovate, margined, +narrowed at base, about as long as the awl-shaped beak; _bristles_ twice +longer, stout, _barbed downward and sometimes also upward_.--Sandy +swamps, Long Island to N. J. and Fla. + +Sec. 2. CERATOSCHOENUS. _Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, in fruit +flattish, cymose-panicled, of only one perfect and 1--4 staminate +flowers; scales few; bristles rigid, minutely scabrous upward; style +simple or barely 2-toothed, filiform and gradually thickened downward, +in fruit persistent as an exserted, slender-awl-shaped, upwardly +roughened beak, several times longer than the smooth flat obovate +achene; coarse perennials; spikelets in flower 4'', in fruit including +the projecting beak about 1' long._ + +13. R. corniculata, Gray. (HORNED RUSH.) Culm 3--6 deg. high; leaves about +6'' wide; _cymes decompound, diffuse; bristles awl-shaped_, stout, +unequal, _shorter than the achene._--Wet places, Penn. to Fla., west to +S. Ind. and Mo. + +14. R. macrostachya, Torr. (Pl. 4, fig. 1--4.) _Cymes_ decompound, or in +the northern form _somewhat simple_ and smaller, and the spikelets +usually more clustered; _bristles capillary, twice the length of the +achene_.--Borders of ponds, Mass. to N. J. and Fla.; rare. + + +14. CLADIUM, P. Browne. TWIG-RUSH. (Pl. 5.) + +Spikelets ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales; the +lower empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or imperfect flower; +the terminal flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style +2--3-cleft, deciduous. Achene ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the +summit, or pointed, without any tubercle, in which it differs from +Rhynchospora. (Diminutive of [Greek: kla/dos], _a branch_, from the +repeatedly branched cyme of the original species.) + +1. C. mariscoides, Torr. Perennial; culm obscurely triangular (1--2 deg. +high); leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rough-margined; cymes small; +the spikelets clustered in heads 3--8 together on 2--4 peduncles; style +3-cleft.--Bogs, N. Scotia to Del., west to S. Minn. and Iowa. July. + + +15. SCLERIA, Berg. NUT-RUSH. (Pl. 5.) + +Flowers monoecious; the fertile spikelets 1-flowered, usually intermixed +with clusters of few-flowered staminate spikelets. Scales loosely +imbricated, the lower empty. Stamens 1--3. Style 3-cleft. Achene +globular, stony, bony, or enamel-like in texture. Bristles, etc., none. +Perennials, with triangular leafy culms, mostly from creeping +rootstocks; flowering in summer; all in low ground or swamps. +Inflorescence, in our species, of terminal and axillary clusters, the +lower clusters usually peduncled. (Name, [Greek: skleri/a], _hardness_, +from the indurated fruit.) + +[*] _Achene smooth._ + +1. S. triglomerata, Michx. _Culm_ (11/2--3 deg. high) _and broadly linear +leaves roughish_; fascicles of spikelets few, the lowest peduncled, the +upper _somewhat in threes; achene ovate-globose_ or depressed, on an +obscure crustaceous disk.--Mass. and Vt. to Fla., west to Minn. and +Tex.--Var. GRACILIS, Britton. Culms slender (1--2 deg. long); fascicles +few-flowered, the lower (2--3-flowered) on very long filiform peduncles; +achene not more than half as large, acutish.--N. J. + +2. S. oligantha, Ell. Culms slender, 2 deg. high, the angles somewhat +winged; _leaves linear_ (2'' wide), _smooth_ except the scabrous apex; +lateral fascicles 1 or 2, usually on long exserted peduncles; _achene +ovate, on a tuberculate disk_.--Va. to Fla. and Tex. + +[*][*] _Achene papillose or warty._ + +3. S. pauciflora, Muhl. Smoothish or hairy; culm slender (9--24' high); +leaves narrowly linear; fascicles few-flowered, the lateral pedunculate, +sessile, or wanting; bracts ciliate; achene globose-ovate; the disk a +narrow ring bearing 3 pairs of minute tubercles.--N. H. to Ohio, south +to Fla. and Tex. + +[*][*][*] _Achene reticulated or wrinkled._ + +4. S. reticularis, Michx. (Pl. 5, fig. 6--10.) Culms slender, _erect_, +scabrous (1--21/2 deg. high); leaves linear (1--11/2'' wide), smooth; lateral +fascicles 1--3, loose, remote, nearly erect, _on short often included +peduncles_; bracts glabrous; achene globose, _regularly reticulated and +pitted_, not hairy, resting upon a double greenish conspicuously 3-lobed +disk, the inner appressed to and deciduous with the achene.--E. Mass. to +Fla.--Var. PUBESCENS, Britton. Edges of reticulations more or less +hairy, especially toward the apex; lateral fascicles generally on longer +peduncles. Pine-barrens of N. J. to Fla.--Var. OBSCURA, Britton. Achene +bony, its surface with very obscure reticulations, nearly smooth at the +summit. R. I. and N. C. + +5. S. Torreyana, Walpers. Culms weak, _diffuse_, slightly scabrous or +smooth; leaves linear (2--4'' wide), smooth; lateral fascicles loose, on +_more or less elongated and drooping filiform peduncles_; achene +_irregularly pitted-reticulated or pitted-rugose with the ridges +somewhat spirally arranged and more or less hairy_ (sometimes smooth); +otherwise as in the last. (S. laxa, _Torr._)--Pine-barrens, N. J. to +Fla. and Tex. + +6. S. verticillata, Muhl. Smooth; culms simple, slender (4--24' high); +leaves narrowly linear, _fascicles_ 3--9-flowered, 4--6, _sessile in an +interrupted spikelet; achene_ globose (1/2'' broad), somewhat triangular +at base, _rough-wrinkled with short elevated ridges; disk obsolete_.--E. +Mass. to Ont., Minn., and south to the Gulf. + + +16. CAREX, Ruppius. SEDGE. (By L. H. BAILEY.) + +Flowers unisexual, destitute of floral envelopes, disposed in spikes; +the staminate consisting of three stamens, in the axil of a bract, or +_scale_; the pistillate comprising a single pistil with a bifid or +trifid style, forming in fruit a hard lenticular or triangular achene, +which is enclosed in a sac (_perigynium_) formed by the complete union +of the borders of a bractlet or of connate bractlets and borne in the +axil of a bract, or _scale_. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in +different parts of the spike (spike _androgynous_), or in separate +spikes on the same culm, or rarely the plant dioecious.--Perennial +grass-like herbs with mostly triangular culms, 3-ranked leaves, usually +with rough margins and keel, and spikes in the axils of leafy or +scale-like bracts, often aggregated into heads. An exceedingly critical +genus, the study of which should be attempted only with complete and +fully mature specimens. (The classical Latin name, of obscure +signification; derived by some from [Greek: kei/ro], _to cut_, on +account of the sharp leaves--as the English name _Shear-grass_.) (Pl. 5 +and 6.) + +Synopsis of Sections and Groups. + +Sec. 1. CAREX proper. Staminate flowers forming one or more terminal linear +or club-shaped spikes (often pistillate at base or apex). Pistillate +flowers usually in distinct and simple mostly peduncled spikes. +Cross-section of perigynium circular, obtusely angled, or prominently +triangular in outline. Style mostly 3-parted and achene triangular or +triquetrous. + +[*] 1. Physocarpae. Perigynium mostly straw-colored at maturity, papery +in texture, usually more or less inflated, smooth (sometimes hairy in +n. 6), nerved, tapering into a beak as long as or longer than the body; +spikes few to many, distinct, compactly flowered; stigmas 3 (2 in +n. 10). + +[+] 1. _Pauciflorae._ Perigynium greenish, linear-lanceolate or almost +needle shaped, not inflated, strongly deflexed at maturity, several +times longer than the inconspicuous scale; spike androgynous, the +pistillate flowers at base, few.--Sp. 1. + +[+] 2. _Lupulinae._ Perigynium green or greenish tawny or sometimes +yellow, more or less inflated (except in n. 2--4) long, usually very +turgid at base, mostly erect or nearly so, very gradually attenuate to a +long slenderly toothed beak exceeding the scale; spikes 3 or more, the +staminate mostly 1 and stalked, the pistillate often sessile, usually +short and thick, often becoming dark colored in drying.--Sp. 2--8. + +[+] 3. _Vesicariae._ Perigynium smooth and shining, much inflated, at +maturity straw-colored or sometimes purple, beaked and conspicuously +short toothed (entire in n. 10), usually prominently few nerved, much +shorter than in [+] 2; staminate spikes commonly 2 or more; pistillate +spikes as a rule long and densely cylindrical.--Sp. 9--16. + +[+] 4. _Pseudocyperae._ Perigynium less inflated, more conspicuously +nerved or even costate, and with more or less setaceous or awned teeth; +scale usually awned; spikes mostly nodding or spreading, comose in +appearance, greenish, greenish-yellow, or ochroleucous.--Sp. 17--19. + +[+] 5. _Squarrosae._ Perigynium obconic or obovoid, squarrose in +exceedingly dense short spikes.--Sp. 20, 21. + +[*] 2. Trachychlaenae. Perigynium mostly thick and hard in texture, often +scabrous or hirsute, straight-beaked; pistillate spikes compactly +flowered, mostly large, erect or nearly so; staminate spikes 1 or more; +stigmas 3. Generally large and coarse. + +[+] 1. _Shortianae._ Terminal spike androgynous, staminate below; +perigynium small, scabrous, nearly beakless, entire.--Sp. 22. + +[+] 2. _Anomalae._ Terminal spike all staminate; pistillate spikes long +and cylindrical, mostly dense; perigynium broad and short, short-beaked, +the orifice very slightly notched or entire, mostly granulate.--Sp. 23. + +[+] 3. _Hirtae._ A heterogeneous group, distinguished from [+] 2 by the +longer and more deeply cut beak (slightly toothed in n. 24), and by the +hairy perigynium (smooth in n. 25)--Sp. 24--27. + +[+] 4. _Paludosae._ Staminate spikes 2 or more, long stalked; the +pistillate 2--several, usually all peduncled, long and heavy, +loose-flowered, erect or nodding; perigynium large, thick in texture, +strongly nerved, mostly smooth, usually conspicuously beaked. Coarse +species.--Sp. 28, 29. + +[*] 3. Microrhynchae. Parallel with [*] 2; distinguished in general by +the much smaller and nearly or entirely beakless and mostly +entire-mouthed perigynium, which is much thinner in texture; stigmas 2 +or 3. Paludose and alpine species, of various habit, mostly with colored +spikes, often in dense tufts or tussocks. + +[+] 1. _Atratae._ Terminal spike club-shaped and androgynous with the +staminate flowers below (very rarely all staminate in n. 32); pistillate +spikes mostly short and dark-colored, erect or drooping; stigmas 3.--Sp. +30--32. + +[+] 2. _Rigidae._ Mostly stiff, with short erect closely flowered spikes, +an entirely staminate terminal spike, dark colored scales, and bracts +with purple or black auricles at base; stigmas 2 or 3.--Sp. 33. + +[+] 3. _Acutae._ Mostly larger and more slender, usually paludose, with +green or light-colored large and long spikes; stigmas 2 (3 in n. 39). +Distinguished from [+] 2 mainly by habit.--Sp. 34--39. + +[+] 4. _Cryptocarpae._ Large, with nodding or drooping large spikes, +their dark scales very long and conspicuous; stigmas 2.--Sp. 40, 41. + +[+] 5. _Pendulinae._ Distinguished from [+] 4 by the smaller size, +smaller spikes, sheathless bracts, and whitish, more or less granulated, +nearly pointless perigynium; stigmas 3.--Sp. 42--45. + +[*] 4. Hymenochlaenae. Perigynium mostly light green or whitish, usually +thin and membranous, often somewhat inflated or loosely investing the +achene, commonly smooth and shining (hairy in n. 46, sometimes in +n. 47), slender or oblong, attenuate to a distinct or long minutely +toothed straight beak (or beakless or nearly so in [+] 1 and n. 55); +pistillate spikes several or many, mostly loosely flowered and on +filiform nodding or widely spreading peduncles; bracts leaf-like; +terminal spike staminate or androgynous; stigmas 3. Mostly rather tall +and slender upland species. + +[+] 1. _Virescentes._ Terminal spike pistillate at top; pistillate +spikes oblong or cylindrical, dense, erect; perigynium ovate or obovate, +nearly or quite beakless, often hairy.--Sp. 46, 47. + +[+] 2. _Sylvaticae._ Terminal spike all staminate; pistillate spikes +mostly long-exserted, slender; perigynium few-nerved, contracted into a +cylindrical beak which is longer than the body.--Sp. 48. + +[+] 3. _Flexiles._ Terminal spike all staminate; pistillate spikes +rather thick (very small in n. 50), more or less drooping; perigynium +beaked, few-nerved or nerveless, tawny or whitish.--Sp. 49, 50. + +[+] 4. _Debiles._ Terminal spike all staminate (occasionally pistillate +above in n. 53); pistillate spikes very narrow and slender, +long-exserted and nodding, mostly very loosely flowered; perigynium +rather small, not turgid, prominently beaked.--Sp. 51--53. + +[+] 5. _Gracillimae._ Terminal spike pistillate at top; pistillate spikes +habitually thicker than in [+] 4; perigynium ovate-oblong, more or less +turgid; the beak short or none.--Sp. 54--57. + +[+] 6. _Griseae._ Terminal spike staminate; perigynium more or less +turgid or plump, often glaucous, scarcely beaked, finely striate; spikes +erect.--Sp. 58, 59. + +[*] 5. Spirostachyae. Perigynium smooth or minutely granulated or rarely +somewhat serrate on the margins, prominently nerved, mostly yellowish, +squarrose, mostly beaked (entirely beakless in n. 63), the orifice +entire; staminate spike mostly single; pistillate spikes 2--5, short +(usually 1' long or less), yellow or fuscous, compactly flowered; +stigmas 3.--Medium-sized species, growing in meadows and grassy swales. + +[+] 1. _Granulares._ Spikes scattered, cylindrical, the lowest +long-stalked; bracts erect, long and leafy; sheaths short or nearly +obsolete.--Sp. 60, 61. + +[+] 2. _Extensae._ Spikes mostly approximate or aggregated at the top of +the culm (becoming remote in C. extensa), the lowest 1 or 2 subtended by +a long and leafy mostly abruptly spreading and nearly or entirely +sheathless bract. Terminal spike sometimes androgynous.--Sp. 62. + +[+] 3. _Pallescentes._ Spikes globular or short-oblong, obtuse, sessile +or short-peduncled, approximate at the top of the culm; bracts short, +leaf-like, sheathless; perigynium entire at the orifice, the beak none +or very short and stout.--Sp. 63, 64. + +[*] 6. Dactylostachyae. Perigynium mostly short and triangular, mostly +with a short and straight or curved beak, green or greenish, scarcely +inflated; scales of the pistillate spikes mostly whitish (sometimes +dark-colored in the _Digitatae_), often small; staminate spike mostly +one; pistillate spikes short (seldom exceeding 1'), commonly rather +loosely flowered and slender (spike single and plant dioecious in n. +83); bracts sheathing, the sheaths often conspicuous and colored.--Low +and lax or slender species inhabiting meadows and copses. + +[+] 1. _Oligocarpae._ Slender and narrow-leaved, with leafy bracts and +inconspicuous green sheaths; perigynium rounded on the angles, finely +many-striate, often somewhat punctulate as in n. 58, to which the group +forms a transition.--Sp. 65--67. + +[+] 2. _Laxiflorae._ Slender and more or less broad-leaved, with mostly +leafy bracts, green or purple sheaths, and loosely flowered spikes; +perigynium mostly conspicuously three-angled, with a more or less curved +beak.--Sp. 68--74. + +[+] 3. _Paniceae._ Mostly stouter and narrow-leaved, with thinner spikes; +perigynium often strongly nerved, not conspicuously triangular, often +somewhat turgid; bracts and sheaths various.--Sp. 75--78. + +[+] 4. _Bicolores._ Small species with a beakless, more or less round or +pyriform perigynium, which is commonly glaucous; terminal spike +androgynous or all staminate; stigmas mostly 2.--Sp. 79. + +[+] 5. _Digitatae._ Low species; sheaths membranaceous or hyaline and +colored, either not prolonged into a bract or the bract very short and +not foliaceous; perigynium more or less three-angled, often hairy, the +beak straight or nearly so.--Sp. 80--83. + +[*] 7. Sphaeridiophorae. Perigynium mostly short and rounded, three-angled +in the _Triquetrae_, firm or hard in texture, not inflated, hairy or +scabrous, the beak straight and usually bifid; staminate spike one; +pistillate spikes short (1' long or less), usually globular or +short-oblong, more or less sessile and approximate or the longer ones +radical (spike single in n. 84); bracts sheathless, short, or obsolete; +stigmas rarely two.--Low species of dry ground, with leaves all radical. + +[+] 1. _Scirpinae._ Spike one, unisexual; plant dioecious.--Sp. 84. + +[+] 2. _Montanae._ Spikes two to several, the lowest occasionally +long-peduncled and radical; perigynium rounded, contracted above and +below, mostly bearing two prominent ribs, more or less hairy.--Low +species of dry soils.--Sp. 85--91. + +[+] 3. _Triquetrae._ Taller; spikes mostly approximate at the top of the +culm, oblong or cylindrical; perigynium conspicuously 3-angled.--Sp. 92. + +[*] 8. Phyllostachyae. Perigynium much as in the _Montanae_; spike one, +staminate above; pistillate flowers few, often remote, usually on a more +or less zigzag rhachis; scales prolonged and leaf-like.--Sp. 93--95. + +[*] 9. Leptocephalae. Perigynium thin in texture, green, oblong or +lanceolate or linear in general outline, beakless; spike one, staminate +above, thin and slender; stigmas mostly three.--Small, slender and +grass-like.--Sp. 96. + +[*] 10. Physocephalae. Spike one, globular or short-oblong, staminate at +the apex; perigynium straw-colored, paper-like, more or less inflated; +stigmas three. Leaves remarkably broad in our species.--Sp. 97. + +Sec. 2. VIGNEA. Staminate flowers few and inconspicuous, borne at the base +or apex of the pistillate spikes. Pistillate flowers in short sessile +spikes (or spike single in some cases), which are commonly more or less +aggregated into heads or even panicled. Perigynium plano-convex. Styles +two and achene lenticular.--The spikes, especially the uppermost, +usually have contracted bases when the staminate flowers are borne below +the pistillate ones, and empty scales at the top when the staminate +flowers are borne at the summit. + +[*] 11. Acroarrhenae. Staminate flowers borne at the top of the spikes +(or, in the _Multiflorae_ and _Arenariae_, spikes often wholly staminate +and the plants occasionally dioecious). + +[+] 1. _Foetidae._ Spikes tawny or brown, not elongated, very densely +aggregated into a continuous globose somewhat chaffy head; perigynium +ovate or ovate-lanceolate, nerveless or nearly so, mostly thin in +texture.--Sp. 98, 99. + +[+] 2. _Vulpinae._ Spikes mostly yellow or tawny when mature, densely +aggregated or sometimes somewhat scattered below or even panicled; +perigynium thick in texture, spongy at base, mostly stipitate, bearing +very conspicuous nerves, which converge below and are especially +prominent on the outer side.--Sp. 100--102. + +[+] 3. _Multiflorae._ Heads various, mostly loosely flowered, sometimes a +panicle, yellow or tawny; spikes short (rarely longer than broad), +staminate flowers sometimes occupying whole spikes in the middle or at +the apex of the head; perigynium mostly small and short and nearly +nerveless, or in some species becoming nearly lanceolate and more or +less prominently nerved, firm in texture, usually numerous.--Sp. +103--108. + +[+] 4. _Arenariae._ Spikes longer than in the last section, linear or +nearly so, aggregated into short, almost globose heads; perigynium +lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly larger and more delicate in +texture; scales awn-pointed or very acute. Staminate flowers variously +situated.--(C. arenaria.) + +[+] 5. _Muhlenbergianae._ Spikes green or nearly so when mature, +aggregated or scattered, never in compound heads; perigynium mostly +short-ovate, staminate flowers always at the top of the spike.--Sp. +109--114. + +[+] 6. _Dioicae._ Spike commonly one, small; plants small and slender, +often dioecious.--Sp. 115--117. + +[*] 12. Hyparrhenae. Staminate flowers borne at the base of the spikes +(or in n. 124 and 125 variously situated). + +[+] 1. _Elongatae._ Spikes silvery green or sometimes tawny when mature, +distinct, mostly small; perigynium not wing-margined nor conspicuously +broadened, mostly nearly flat on the inner surface.--Sp. 118--124. + +[+] 2. _Ovales._ Spikes tawny or dark, rather large, sometimes crowded; +perigynium with a more or less thin or winged margin, which is mostly +incurved at maturity, rendering the perigynium concave inside.--Sp. +125--132. + +[+] 3. _Cyperoideae._ Spikes green, oblong, densely crowded into a short +head subtended by two or three leafy bracts which are erect and +prolonged from six inches to a foot; perigynium linear-lanceolate, +scarcely margined.--Sp. 133. + + +Artificial Key. + + Spike 1, staminate at top; scales of pistillate flowers leaf-like + Sp. 93-95 + + Spike 1, scales not leaf-like. + + Usually dioecious, stigma 2 115-117 + + Stigmas 3.-- + + Perigynium densely hairy 84 + + Spike staminate at base; perigynia squarrose 21 + + Spike staminate at top.-- + + Globose; leaves broad 97 + + Perigynium nearly linear, beakless 96 + + Perigynium long, spindle-shaped 1 + + Spikes several or numerous, sessile, spicate or capitate; stigmas 2. + + All in a globose or ovoid uninterrupted head. + + All staminate above.-- + + Usually green at maturity 112, 114 + + Usually yellow or tawny or brown 98, 99, 104, 105 + + All staminate below.-- + + Leafy-bracteate 133 + + Not leafy-bracteate.-- + + Green 118-120 + + Usually tawny or brown 125-132 + + Some or all of the spikes distinct or the head interrupted. + + Staminate and pistillate flowers variously disposed, some of the + spikes often unisexual. + + Head large and long 108, C. arenaria + + Head short or linear 124, 125 + + Spikes staminate above 100-114 + + Spikes staminate below 118-133 + + Spikes usually more or less pedicelled, the wholly or partially + staminate spikes uppermost. + + Terminal spike (rarely the 2 or 3 uppermost) staminate only at base. + + Stigmas 2 34-38, 79 + + Stigmas 3; spikes erect, + + Short and squarrose 20, 21 + + Not squarrose 22, 30, 32, 46, 47, 54, 79 + + Stigmas 3; spikes more or less drooping 31, 51-53, 55-57 + + Terminal spike or spikes staminate. + + Stigmas 2.-- + + Spikes spreading or pendulous 34, 37, 40, 41 + + Spikes erect or nearly so 9-16, 34-41, 85-91, 79 + + Stigmas 3; spikes spreading or drooping. + + Perigynium prominently 3-angled 68-74 + + Perigynium large, thin, much inflated 9-16 + + Perigynium firmer, not inflated. + + Beakless 42-45 + + Beaked or prominently pointed.-- + + Teeth long, stiff and sharp 17-19 + + Teeth short and thin, or none 30, 31, 39, 48-53 + + Stigmas 3; spikes erect or ascending. + + Perigynium hairy.-- + + Spikes very large, globose 6 + + Spikes very small, sessile or nearly so 81-83, 85-92 + + Spikes cylindrical, heavy 24-28 + + Perigynium granular-roughened 23 + + Perigynium smooth, + + Thin and turgid, loosely enclosing the achene.-- + + Beakless 58, 59 + + Beaked 5-17 + + Firm in texture, not inflated, + + Long-beaked, deeply toothed 2-4, 26, 28 + + Less prominently beaked, short-toothed, sharply 3-angled + 69-74 + + Wholly beakless and pointless 58, 59, 63, 78, 79 + + Very small, black and shining; leaves capillary 80 + + Culm and leaves thinly pubescent 64 + + Perigynium more or less pointed or beaked. + + Spikes spreading or drooping 51-53, 68-70, 75 + + Spikes erect 60-62, 65-68, 71-78 + +[*] 1. PHYSOCARPAE.--[+] 1. _Pauciflorae_. + +1. C. pauciflora, Lightf. (Pl. 5, fig. 1--16.) Very slender but erect, +6--18' high; leaves very narrow, much shorter than the culm; staminate +and pistillate flowers 2--5; perigynium at maturity easily +detached.--Cold sphagnum swamps, New Eng. to N. Penn. and Minn.; local. +(Eu.) + +[*] 1.--[+] 2. _Lupulinae_. + +[++] _Teeth of the perigynium strongly reflexed._ + +2. C. subulata, Michx. Green, very slender but erect, 6'--2 deg. high; +leaves narrow, somewhat shorter than the culm; bracts leafy, sheathing; +pistillate spikes 2--4, scattered, 2--6-flowered; perigynium +deflexed.--Deep sphagnum swamps, R. I. to E. Penn., and southward; very +local. + +[++][++] _Teeth erect or spreading._ + +[=] _Whole plant yellowish; perigynium little or not at all inflated._ + +3. C. Michauxiana, Boeckl. Slender but stiff and erect, 1--2 deg. high; +leaves narrow and firm, shorter than the culm; spikes 2--3, the lowest +usually remote and short-peduncled, the remainder aggregated and +sessile; staminate spike small, wholly sessile; perigynium not inflated, +erect or spreading, twice longer than the blunt scale. (C. rostrata, +_Michx._)--Bogs and lake-borders, mountains of N. H. and N. Y., and +westward to L. Superior; local. + +4. C. folliculata, L. Stout, 2--3 deg. high; leaves very broad and flat, +lax; pistillate spikes 3--4, scattered, all but the uppermost +prominently peduncled; staminate spike short-peduncled; perigynium +larger, inflated, the scale awned and nearly as long.--Cold swamps, New +Eng. to N. J. and Penn., and west to Mich.; rather local. + +[=][=] _Plant green; perigynium much inflated._ + +5. C. intumescens, Rudge. Slender, 18--30' high; leaves narrow, +pistillate spikes two, loosely 1--8-flowered, the perigynium +erect-spreading, not prominently many-nerved.--Wet pastures and swamps; +common. + +6. C. Grayii, Carey. Larger and stouter; leaves broad and flat, 3--4'' +wide; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, the lowest often peduncled, perfectly +globular and compactly 12--30-flowered, the perigynium spreading or +deflexed and prominently many-nerved.--Meadows and copses, Vt. to Ill., +and south to Ga.; rare eastward.--In var. HISPIDULA, Gray, the +perigynium is sparsely hispidulous. + +7. C. lupulina, Muhl. Very stout and leafy; leaves rather broad and +loose; pistillate spikes 2--6, approximate at the top of the culm, all +closely sessile or the lower sometimes short-peduncled, oblong or +short-cylindrical, very heavy and densely flowered; staminate spike +small and sessile; perigynium large and rather soft, erect or but +slightly spreading, giving the spike a hop-like aspect (whence the +name). (C. lurida, _Bailey_.)--Swamps and wet pastures; frequent. + +Var. pedunculata, Dewey. Spikes more or less scattered, some or all +prominently peduncled; staminate spike usually conspicuous, often +long-peduncled, very variable in size; perigynium more spreading. (C. +gigantea, _Rudge_.)--With the species, but more common. + +Var. polystachya, Schwein. & Torr. Stouter, the leaves very broad (often +{1/2}'); bracts broad and far exceeding the culm; pistillate spikes +4--6, all long (3--4') and cylindrical, more or less short-peduncled, +somewhat scattered, becoming yellow; perigynium very large, ascending. +(C. lupuliformis, _Sartw._)--N. Y. and N. J.; not common. + +C. LUPULINA x RETRORSA, Dudley. Distinguished from C. lupulina by its +straw-colored perigynium, which is less inflated and more spreading, +standing at nearly right angles to the axis of the spike; scales acute +to short-awned, rough. (C. lurida x retrorsa, _Bailey_).--Ithaca, N. Y. +(_Dudley_), and Lansing, Mich. (_Bailey_). Resembles n. 16. + +8. C. grandis, Bailey. Distinguished from C. lupulina, var. polystachya, +by its much more scattered and mostly shorter slim spikes, which are +comparatively loosely flowered; perigynium swollen below but very +abruptly contracted into a slender beak 3--4 times as long as the body, +spreading at right angles or nearly so, never becoming yellow; scales +narrow, smooth. (C. gigantea of previous editions.)--Swamps, Ky., Del., +and southward; local. + +[*] 1.--[+] 3. _Vesicariae_. + +[++] _Spikes very small, globular or short-oblong._ + +9. C. oligosperma, Michx. Very slender, but stiff, 18--30' high; leaves +and bracts very narrow, becoming involute; staminate spike single, +peduncled; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, sessile or the lowest very +short-peduncled, 3--8-flowered; perigynium turgid, short-ovoid, +gradually contracted into a very short and minutely toothed beak, +prominently few-nerved, yellow, nearly twice longer than the blunt +scale.--Deep swamps and borders of lakes, N. Eng. to Penn. and Minn.; +frequent. + +10. C. miliaris, Michx. Culm very slender but erect, 12--18' high, +smooth, or slightly rough above on the angles; leaves almost filiform, +mostly shorter than the culm; staminate spikes 1--2, exceedingly narrow, +elevated an inch or two; pistillate spikes 1--3, the upper one sessile +and the lowest very short stalked, 9'' long or less, the lower subtended +by a short leafy bract; perigynium very small, broad or round-ovate or +ovate-oblong, thin but firm, bearing a nerve on each side but otherwise +nerveless or very nearly so, rounded into a very short terete entire or +somewhat erose beak; scales brown, lance-ovate, white tipped, about as +long as the perigynium. (C. rotundata? of last ed.)--Outlet of Moosehead +Lake, Maine, and northward. + +Var. major, Bailey. Culm much stouter (often over 2 deg. high), thick and +very sharply angled; leaves stout and channelled or involute; staminate +spikes short-stalked; the pistillate 1--5, darker, mostly longer and +larger; scale varying from wholly obtuse to acutish.--Outlet of +Moosehead Lake (_Porter_), and northward. + +Var. (?) aurea, Bailey. Taller and mostly stouter than the type; +pistillate spikes one or two, often staminate at top, yellow or +stramineous; perigynium longer, gradually produced into a conspicuous +and more or less toothed beak, prominently few-nerved, yellow, broader +and usually longer than the blunt scale. (C. pulla, and var. miliaris, +last ed.)--Outlet of Moosehead Lake (_Smith_), and northward. + +[++][++] _Spikes much larger, cylindrical._ + +[=] _Scales all, or all but the very lowest, smooth._ + +11. C. utriculata, Boott. Very stout and robust, 3--4 deg. high; leaves +broad (4--6'') and flat, very prominently nodulose, particularly below; +spikes 3--4, 3--6' long, very thick and dense above but usually more or +less attenuate below, erect or nearly so, all but the lowest sessile or +very short-stalked; perigynium ovate, only moderately inflated, rather +abruptly contracted into a short toothed beak, at maturity usually +squarrose, rather prominently few-nerved, the upper longer than the +sharp scale, the lower shorter than or only equalling the sharper or +awned scale. (C. rostrata, _Bailey_, etc.)--Swamps, everywhere; common. +Passes imperceptibly into var. MINOR, Boott, which is distinguished by +its much smaller size, spikes 21/2' long or less, smaller perigynium, +blunt scales, and narrower and little nodulose leaves. With the type. + +12. C. monile, Tuckerm. Rather slender but erect, 2--3 deg. high, the culm +sharply angled and usually rough above; pistillate spikes 2--3, the +lowest one or two short-stalked, erect or spreading, 1--3' long, +narrowly cylindrical; perigynium turgid, prominently beaked, about +10-nerved, ascending, longer than the very sharp scale. (C. Vaseyi, +_Dewey_.)--Meadows and swales; common.--In var. MONSTROSA, Bailey, the +plant is very slender throughout, and the terminal spike more or less +pistillate, while the remaining spikes are reduced to one or two which +are very small and loosely flowered and usually on very long filiform +peduncles. E. Mass. (_Swan_). + +13. C. Tuckermani, Dewey. Differs from the last chiefly in the +comparatively shorter (1--2' long) spikes, which are much thicker +(usually 1/2' or more); perigynium greatly inflated and very thin and +papery, the body broader than long (about 3'' thick); scale thin and +narrow, acute, all but the very lowest less than half the length of the +perigynium.--Swamps, W. New Eng. to N. J., and west to Minn.; frequent. + +14. C. bullata, Schkuhr. (Pl. 6, fig. 15--20.) Slender, 1--2 deg. high; culm +very sharply and roughly angled, thin but stiff; leaves narrow, +rough-edged, stiff; spikes 1 or 2, remote, short and thick (rarely 11/2' +long), sessile or the lower short-peduncled, more or less spreading; +perigynium turgid but very firm, dull straw colored and shining as if +varnished, prominently few-nerved, the long beak usually minutely +roughened; scale membranaceous and blunt, about {1/3} as long as the +perigynium.--Swamps from E. Mass, to N. J. and E. Penn., and southward; +frequent. + +C. BULLATA x UTRICULATA, Bailey. Perigynium considerably smaller and +more spreading, less shining; scales longer and sharper. (C. Olneyi, +_Boott_.)--Providence, R. I. (_Olney_). + +15. C. retrorsa, Schwein. Stout, 2--3 deg. high; culm obtusely angled and +smooth or nearly so; leaves broad and soft, roughish, much longer than +the culm; spikes 3--5, approximate near the top of the culm or the +lowest remote, all but the lowest 1 or 2 sessile, 1--2' long and very +compactly flowered, erect or spreading; perigynium very thin and papery, +much inflated, prominently nerved, strongly reflexed; scale very short +and small.--Swamps, from Penn. northward; common.--In var. HARTH, Gray, +a common monstrous form, the spikes are more or less scattered and +peduncled, loosely flowered, and the perigynium less reflexed or +spreading. + +[=][=] _Scales all rough-awned._ + +16. C. lurida, Wahl. Variable in size, mostly ranging from 11/2--3 deg. high, +stout; culm rather obtusely angled and smooth; leaves long and loose, +rough; spikes 2--4, variously disposed, the 1 or 2 upper sessile, nearly +erect or often drooping, very densely flowered; perigynium thin and +turgid, often somewhat shining, rather lightly about 10-nerved, very +long and slenderly beaked, ascending; staminate spike single, scales +linear, half as long as the perigynium or more. (C. tentaculata, +_Muhl._)--Swamps, N. Eng. to S. Ill., and southward; abundant eastward. +Very variable.--Var. GRACILIS, Bailey. Plant more slender; spikes 2--3, +very small and narrowly cylindrical (1' long or less, and 3'' broad or +less). Mts. of Vt., Penn., and Tenn. + +Var. flaccida, Bailey. Lower, scarcely exceeding 12--15' in height; +spikes 2--4, all sessile and approximate at the top of the culm, small +and straight (1' long or less), dull brown or reddish-brown, loosely +flowered and entirely lacking the dense and comose appearance of the +type; perigynium very thin and much inflated, the body usually larger +than in the type and more gradually contracted into the beak.--N. Y. to +N. J.; apparently scarce. + +C. LURIDA x LUPULINA, Bailey. Very like C. lurida, but the spikes +usually all approximate or only the lowest separated, erect or +spreading, all sessile, green or greenish, often curved; perigynium very +long-beaked and ascending; staminate spike one, sessile or very nearly +so, strongly resembling that of C. lupulina. (C. tentaculata, var. +altior, _Boott_.)--Mass., Conn., and N. Y.; little known. C. lupulina x +retrorsa is distinguished from this by its yellow or straw-colored more +scattered spikes which are shorter and always straight, and the loose, +larger and more inflated perigynia. + +[*] 1.--[+] 4. _Pseudocyperae._ + +[++] _Spikes all erect or ascending._ + +17. C. Schweinitzii, Dewey. Soft but erect, 1--2 deg. high, stoloniferous, +yellowish-green and becoming straw-colored in drying; culm flattish and +smooth; leaves broad (3--4''), the radical longer than the culm, the +others mostly short; spikes 3--4, the lower one or two short-peduncled, +narrowly long-cylindrical (11/2--3' long, 4'' broad); perigynium thin and +somewhat inflated, prominently few-nerved, the long beak short-toothed, +ascending; scale awned and commonly rough at the tip, a little shorter +than the perigynium.--Swamps, W. New Eng. to N. J., and west to Mich.; +local. + +[++][++] _Spikes widely spreading or drooping._ + +18. C. hystricina, Muhl. Slender but erect, 1--2 deg. high; culm very +sharply angled and rough, at least above; leaves rather narrow, +roughish; spikes 1--3, borne near the top of the culm, the upper one +often sessile, the remainder on more or less filiform stalks, short +(rarely 11/2' long) and compactly flowered; perigynium greenish, very +strongly 15--20-nerved, the very slender beak strongly toothed; +scale linear and rough-awned, nearly or quite as long as the +perigynium.--Swales, throughout; frequent. Often confounded with n. 16. + +Var. Dudleyi, Bailey. Taller; spikes larger and slimmer (11/2--21/2' long), +light straw-colored, all secund and widely divaricate or nodding; +perigynium stronger toothed; scales usually more prominent.--Swales, +Conn. (_Wright_), Ithaca, N. Y. (_Dudley_), Wisc. (_Lapham_). + +19. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, L. Tall and stout, 2--3 deg. high; culm thick and +very sharply triangular, rough throughout; leaves very long, +rough-margined; spikes 3--5, all slenderly peduncled and more or less +drooping, all somewhat contiguous, long (mostly 2--3') and narrowly +cylindrical, very compactly flowered; perigynium elliptic-lanceolate, +more or less 2-edged, many-costate, the beak shorter than the body, with +erect short teeth, strongly reflexed; scale very rough-awned, about the +length of the perigynium.--Swamps and lake-borders, N. Eng. to Penn., +and Mich.; rare. (Eu.) + +Var. Americana, Hochst. Mostly stouter, the leaves broader (about 1/4'); +spikes thicker and commonly more drooping; perigynium longer, the beak +mostly longer than the body and the teeth long and prominently +spreading. (C. comosa, _Boott_.)--Swamps; common. + +[*] 1.--[+] 5. _Squarrosae._ + +20. C. stenolepis, Torr. Stout and very leafy, 1--2 deg. high; culm obtusely +angled, very smooth; leaves about 3'' broad, rough on the nerves, the +upper and the bracts very much longer than the culm; terminal spike +often pistillate at top; other spikes 3--5, the uppermost sessile on the +zigzag rhachis, short (1--11/2' or less) and evenly cylindrical, often +staminate at top; perigynium very abruptly contracted into a short but +slender toothed beak, shorter than the long-linear and rough +scale.--Swamps and meadows, central Penn., to N. Ohio, west and +southward; frequent. + +21. C. squarrosa, L. Cespitose, 2--3 deg. high; culm sharply angled, more or +less rough above; leaves broad and weak, roughish, exceeding the culm; +bracts much less prominent than in the last; spikes 1--3, thick, the +terminal always two-thirds pistillate or more, the remainder more or +less stalked, erect or slightly nodding, globular or oblong-cylindric, +brown, exceedingly densely flowered; perigynium larger, the beak rough; +scale short and usually invisible.--Bogs, throughout; infrequent. + +[*] 2. TRACHYCHLAENAE.--[+] 1. _Shortianae._ + +22. C. Shortiana, Dewey. Tall and slender but strict, in small clumps, +2--3 deg. high; leaves about 1/4' broad, flat, rough on the nerves; spikes +3--5, somewhat approximate near the top of the culm, the lowest 2 or 3 +short-peduncled, erect, small (1' long or less, and 2'' wide), evenly +cylindrical, exceedingly densely flowered; perigynium small, circular or +round-ovate, flat, sharp-edged, nerveless, the orifice entire, perfectly +squarrose; scale thin and blunt, about the length of the +perigynium.--Wet meadows, S. Penn. and Va. to Ill.; rare eastward. + +[*] 2.--[+] 2. _Anomalae._ + +23. C. scabrata, Schwein. Tall and rather stout, very leafy, 1--3 deg. high, +culm sharply and very roughly angled; leaves broad and flat, very rough; +spikes 3--5, scattered, the upper 1 or 2 sessile, the remainder often +long-peduncled and sometimes nodding, 1--2' long, narrowly cylindrical +and compactly flowered; perigynium broadly ovate, prominently +few-nerved, rough, the beak nearly as long as the body and slightly +toothed; scale acute and rough-tipped, green-nerved, about as long as +the body of the perigynium.--Wet meadows and glades, as far west as +Mich.; common eastward. + +[*] 2.--[+] 3. _Hirtae._ + +24. C. vestita, Willd. Stout and stiff, 2--3 deg. high; culm sharply angled, +smooth or somewhat rough; leaves narrow and rather short, roughish; +staminate spike 1, rarely 2, sessile or nearly so; pistillate spikes +2--5, approximate and sessile, or rarely the lowest sub-radical, often +staminate at top, oblong or short-cylindric (rarely 1' long), compactly +flowered; perigynium ovate, nerved, stiffly hairy, short-beaked, the +beak often purple, and white-hyaline at the orifice, which becomes more +or less split with age; scale thin and blunt or acute, shorter than the +perigynium.--Tufted in sandy soils, from N. Eng. to N. Y., and +southward; frequent. + +25. C. striata, Michx., var. brevis, Bailey. Stiff, 1{1/2}--2{1/2} deg. +high; culm sharply angled, smooth or slightly rough above, mostly +exceeding the leaves; leaves narrow and stiff, becoming involute; spikes +1--2, mostly closely sessile, considerably separated when two, short +(rarely 1{1/2}' long) and rather thick, erect; perigynium broad-ovate +with impressed nerves, smooth, ascending, short-beaked and very +short-toothed; scale thin, obtuse or acutish, mostly about {1/2} as long +as the perigynium.--Pine-barren swamps, N. J., and southward; local. + +26. C. Houghtonii, Torr. Stiff, 1--2 deg. high, extensively creeping; culm +rather sharply angled, rough, exceeding the leaves; leaves flat and very +sharp-pointed; spikes 1--3, sessile or the lowest short-stalked, erect, +varying from nearly globular to cylindric (1{1/2}' long), compact; +perigynium short-ovate, stiffly pubescent, prominently nerved and +toothed; scale thin-margined, acute or awned, shorter than the +perigynium.--Sandy knolls and banks from Maine to Minn. along our +northern borders, and northwestward; rather local. + +27. C. filiformis, L. Tall and very slender but erect, 2--3 deg. high; culm +obtuse, smooth; leaves very long, involute-filiform, rough; spikes 1--3, +sessile, somewhat scattered, erect, short and thick (rarely over 1' +long); perigynium very short-ovate, the teeth very short, the few nerves +obscured by the dense stiff hairs; scale thin and blunt, about as long +as the perigynium.--Bogs, throughout, north of Penn.; frequent. (Eu.) + +Var. latifolia, Boeckl. Culm mostly rough above; leaves flat, 1--2'' +broad; spikes usually somewhat slimmer and scales often sharper and +longer. (C. lanuginosa, _Michx._)--Swales and low meadows, throughout; +common. + +C. HIRTA, L. Variable in size ({1/2}--2 deg. high), widely creeping; culm +rather slender but erect, obtuse and smooth or slightly rough above; +leaves soft and flat, generally sparsely hairy and the sheaths very +hirsute, rarely smooth; spikes 2--3, distant, more or less +shortly-peduncled, erect or nearly so, 11/2' long or less and rather +loose; perigynium long-ovate, nerved, soft-hairy, the prominent beak +slenderly toothed; scale thin and green-nerved, awned, mostly a little +shorter.--E. Mass. to central N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[*] 2.--[+] 4. _Paludosae._ + +[++] _Teeth slender, mostly spreading._ + +28. C. trichocarpa, Muhl. Stout and tall, 2--3 deg. high; culm sharply +angled, rough above; leaves very numerous, flat and very rough, but not +hairy, much exceeding the culm; spikes 2--5, scattered, the lower +stalked and more or less spreading, long and heavy (1--4') but loosely +flowered at base; perigynium long-ovate, many-costate, sparsely +short-hairy, about twice as long as the membranaceous, acute or +acuminate scale.--Marshes; frequent.--Var. IMBERBIS, Gray. Mostly +smaller throughout; perigynium smooth; scales usually sharper and +longer. Drier places, N. Y. to Mo.; infrequent. + +Var. Deweyi, Bailey. Leaves narrower, often becoming somewhat involute, +smoother; spikes short (seldom over 11/2' long), all but the lowest one +sessile; perigynium smooth, thick in texture, becoming polished with +age, the nerves impressed; scales sharp, mostly a little shorter than +the perigynium.--Dakota (_Seymour_), and northwestward. Resembles small +forms of n. 29. + +Var. aristata, Bailey. Mostly stouter; leaves more or less hairy on the +under surface and sheaths; perigynium usually longer, smooth, the teeth +longer and more spreading. (C. aristata, _R. Br._)--N. Eng. to Minn.; +rare eastward. + +[++][++] _Teeth short, erect or very nearly so._ + +29. C. riparia, W. Curtis. Very large and stout, 2--4 deg. high, +stoloniferous; leaves mostly broad, flat, rough, glaucous, much longer +than the sharply angled culm; spikes 2--4, scattered and all more or +less peduncled, the lowest often very long-stalked, varying from almost +globular in starved plants to 3--4' long, erect or the lower somewhat +drooping, loosely flowered below; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, +coriaceous, rather lightly many-nerved, becoming polished, the beak +short and thick; scale varying from blunt to awned, shorter or longer +than the perigynium.--Swales; common. (Eu.) + +C. ACUTIFORMIS, Ehrh. Stout, 2--3 deg. high; culm thick and sharp, mostly +smooth; leaves broad, flat and glaucous, much prolonged; spikes 3--5, +all but the uppermost peduncled, spreading or drooping, narrowly +cylindric (2--3' long), loosely flowered below; perigynium ovate, very +strongly many-nerved, the short beak slightly toothed; scale rough-awned +and longer than the perigynium. (C. paludosa, _Gooden_.)--Swales, +Dorchester, and New Bedford, Mass. (Nat. from Eu.) The former station +has been recently destroyed. + +[*] 3. MICRORHYNCHAE.--[+] 1. _Atratae._ + +[++] _Alpine; plant small._ + +30. C. alpina, Swartz. Small and slender, 1/2--2 deg. high; culm thin and +obtuse, smooth or roughish, naked above; leaves narrow and flat, shorter +than the culm; spikes commonly 3, sometimes 2 or 4, aggregated, globular +and very small, all closely sessile or rarely the lowest exceedingly +short-stalked; perigynium orbicular or obovate, nerveless or nearly so, +the short beak slightly notched, a little longer than the ovate and +black mostly obtuse scale.--Isle Royale, L. Superior. (Eu.) + +31. C. atrata, L., var. ovata, Boott. Very slender but erect, 1--2 deg. +high; culm rather sharp, roughish above; leaves narrow but flat, shorter +than the culm; spikes 3--5, all but the terminal one on slender stalks +1/2--2' long, drooping when mature, 1' long or less, ovate-oblong or +short-cylindric, reddish-brown; perigynium broadly ovate, thin and +puncticulate, very short-beaked, the orifice slightly notched; scale +blunt, thin-margined, about as long as the perigynium. (C. atrata, +_Man._)--White Mountains, N. H., Smugglers' Notch, Vt. (_Brainerd_), and +northward. + +[++][++] _Paludose; plant larger._ + +32. C. fusca, All. Rather slender but stiff, 1--3 deg. high; culm sharp, +roughish above; leaves very narrow, rough, mostly shorter than the culm; +spikes 2--4, the terminal rarely all staminate, all sessile and +approximate or the lowest sometimes very short-stalked, varying from +globular to narrowly cylindric (often becoming 11/2' long), dark brown or +variegated; perigynium elliptic and beakless, whitish and granular, +nearly nerveless, the orifice entire; staminate scales very +long-lanceolate, the pistillate lance-ovate and very sharp, +conspicuously longer than the perigynium. (C. Buxbaumii, _Wahl._)--Bogs, +throughout; frequent. (Eu.) + +[*] 3.--[+] 2. _Rigidae._ + +33. C. vulgaris, Fries. Low and stiff, about 1 deg. or sometimes 18' high; +culm sharp, smooth or rather rough above; leaves narrow and stiff, +shorter than the culm, glaucous blue; staminate spike sessile or nearly +so; spikes 2--4, all sessile or rarely the lowest very short-stalked, +short and erect (1' long or less), very densely flowered or sometimes +becoming loose below, the lowest subtended by a bract 1--3' long; +perigynium appressed, oval or round-ovate, mostly finely striate toward +the base, the beak entire or very nearly so, bright green until +over-mature; scale ovate and very obtuse, purple with a faint white +nerve, conspicuously narrower and shorter than the perigynium, thus +causing the spike in the growing plant to assume a characteristic +green-and-black appearance.--Swales and low meadows along the sea-board, +from Mass. northward; common. (Eu.) + +Var. strictiformis, Bailey. Taller (11/2--21/2 deg. high) and looser; culms +slender; leaves long and narrow, lax, scarcely glaucous; staminate spike +longer peduncled; pistillate spikes looser and often longer, mostly +brown or tawny-green. (C. limula, _Man._)--Swales from E. Penn. +northward, near the seaboard; frequent. Often confounded with n. 34, but +easily distinguished by the non-cespitose habit, sheaths not fibrillose, +and the short scales very obtuse. + +Var. hyperborea, Boott. Somewhat stoloniferous, low, often smaller than +the type; spikes shorter and mostly loosely flowered, often becoming +very thin; scales generally longer, giving the spikes a darker color; +stigmas often 3. (C. rigida, var. (?) Bigelovii, _Tuckerm._)--Alpine +summits of N. H., Vt., and N. Y. (Eu.) + +[*] 3.--[+] 3. _Acutae._ + +[++] _Stigmas 2; scales not conspicuously acute, or if so, divaricate._ + +[=] _Spikes erect, or rarely spreading in n. 34._ + +34. C. stricta, Lam. Tall and slender but erect, 2--4 deg. high, generally +in dense clumps when old, or rarely in small tufts; culm sharp, rough +above; leaves long and narrow, rough on the edges, the lowest sheaths +usually becoming prominently fibrillose; 1 or 2 lowest bracts leafy and +equalling the culm; spikes 3--5, variable in size and shape, scattered, +the lowest usually more or less peduncled and clavate and the others +sessile, erect or spreading, oblong or cylindric (1/2--2' long and 2--3'' +broad), all compactly flowered above but often attenuate at base (or +rarely alternate-flowered throughout), the upper mostly staminate at +top, all greenish-purple or pallid; perigynium ovate and small, tawny, +mostly lightly few-nerved and somewhat granular, the beak very short and +commonly entire; scale obtuse to nearly acute, about equalling the +perigynium or a little shorter.--Swales, throughout; abundant and +variable. + +Var. angustata. Stricter; spikes longer and narrower (3--4' long about +11/2'' broad), never clavate, more approximate and always erect, the +staminate portion usually much longer (often 1--2'), rust-colored; +scales narrower and sharper, mostly longer than the perigynium. (C. +angustata, _Boott_, in part.)--Same range as the type, but less common. + +Var. decora, Bailey. Usually smaller; basal sheaths rarely fibrillose; +spikes shorter (seldom over 1' long), sessile or very nearly so, rarely +attenuate at base, spreading, the terminal staminate flowers few, +rust-colored; bracts more spreading; scales very sharp and spreading, +longer than the perigynium. (C. aperta, _Man._)--N. Eng. to Wisc.; +rather rare. + +C. STRICTA x FILIFORMIS. Leaves and culms very slender; spikes short (1' +long or less), sessile and compact, the upper 1 or 2 scarcely bracted, +pallid; perigynium small, smooth.--Keweenaw Co., Mich. (_Farwell_.) +Exactly intermediate between the two species. + +35. C. aquatilis, Wahl. Large and stout, glaucous, 2--4 deg. high; culm very +obtuse and smooth; leaves exceedingly long, broader than in the last, +the bracts broad and prolonged far beyond the culm; spikes 3--5, 1--2' +long, very compact or the lowest sometimes attenuate below, erect, thick +(3'' broad or less); perigynium round-ovate or broadly elliptic, +nerveless, greenish, imbricated; scale obtuse and much shorter and +narrower than the perigynium.--Swamps and lake-margins, N. Eng. to +Minn.; not common. (Eu.) + +36. C. lenticularis, Michx. Rather slender but erect, pale throughout, +1--2 deg. high; culm sharp, usually slightly rough above; leaves very +narrow, numerous, much surpassing the culm; spikes 3--6, more or less +aggregated or the lowest remote, the terminal androgynous or staminate, +mostly sessile, erect; perigynium ovate, minutely granular, +brown-nerved, the tip empty and entire; scale pale and obtuse, about 1/2 +the length of the perigynium.--Gravelly borders of ponds and lakes, +northern N. Eng. to Minn.; mostly local. + +[=][=] _Spikes widely spreading or drooping._ + +37. C. torta, Boott. Slender but erect, 11/2--21/2 deg. high, in clumps, with +exceedingly tough and cord-like roots; culm rather sharp, smooth or +roughish above; leaves flat and rather soft, those of the culm very +short; spikes 3--5, mostly somewhat approximate or the lower remote, the +upper sessile and ascending but the others drooping, long and slender +(often 3' long, 2'' broad or less); perigynium lance-ovate, thin and +green, nerveless, the slim upper half empty and more or less tortuous, +the beak entire or erose; scale purple-margined and very obtuse, shorter +than the perigynium.--Cold banks and swamps, Vt. to N. C.; infrequent. + +[++][++] _Stigmas 2; scales long-acute and ascending._ + +38. C. salina, Wahl., var. cuspidata, Wahl. Rather stout, 1--21/2 deg. high; +culm rather sharp, smooth; leaves narrow but flat; spikes 2--4, somewhat +approximate, the lowest 1 or 2 very short-stalked, erect, short (11/2' or +less) and rather thick, the lower subtended by leaf-like bracts 3--4' +long; perigynium elliptic, somewhat granular, marked with 2 or 3 nerves +or nerveless, the minute beak entire; scale brown-margined, produced +into a lighter and rough awn much exceeding the perigynium. (C. salina, +_Man._)--Salt marshes, Mass., and along the coast northward; rare in the +United States. (Eu.) Anomalous forms, which appear to be hybrids, have +been separated as + +C. STRICTA x SALINA, Bailey. Spikes thinner and more scattered, more +inclined to be peduncled; scales blunt or short-awned, little exceeding +the perigynium.--Near Boston, Mass., _W. Boott, Morong_. + +[++][++][++] _Stigmas 3._ + +39. C. prasina, Wahl. Slender, somewhat flexuose, 11/2--21/2 deg. high; culm +rather sharp, smooth; leaves very narrow, soft and flat, rough; spikes +2--3, peduncled and spreading or drooping, somewhat approximate, green, +1--2' long, narrow and loosely flowered; perigynium pale, narrowly +triangular-ovate, thin, nearly nerveless, produced into a short but +slender entire or minutely toothed beak; scale very thin and acute, +nearly colorless, shorter than the perigynium. (C. miliacea, +_Muhl._)--Meadows and bogs, Vt. to Mich., and southward; infrequent. + +[*] 3.--[+] 4. _Cryptocarpae._ + +40. C. maritima, O. F. Mueller. Mostly stout, 1--21/2 deg. high; culm sharp, +smooth or rough above; spikes 2--6, scattered, all or all but the upper +one on very long weak stalks and pendulous, 1--3' long and thick and +bushy, usually staminate at top; perigynium nearly orbicular, pale, +few-nerved or nerveless, the beak very short and entire or nearly so; +scale produced into a greenish rough awn 3--8 times as long as the +perigynium.--Salt marshes of the coast, Mass., Maine, and northward; not +common. Leaves smooth, broad and flat. (Eu.) + +41. C. crinita, Lam. Robust and mostly stout, 2--4 deg. high; culm sharp and +rough or sometimes smooth; leaves about 3'' broad, flat, more or less +rough on the nerves and margins; spikes 3--6, somewhat scattered, all +variously peduncled, mostly secund, curved and drooping (or in small +forms rarely nearly erect), 1--4' long, narrowly and evenly cylindric, +compact or attenuate below, often staminate at top; perigynium ovate, +thin and puncticulate, obscurely nerved, the minute point entire; scale +greenish-brown and rough-awned, 2--3 times as long as the perigynium. +(C. gynandra, _Schwein._)--Swales; common.--Var. MINOR, Boott. Much +smaller in all its parts, 10--18' high; leaves narrow; spikes 3--4, 11/2' +long or less, less drooping; scales less prominent.--Maine to N. Y.; +scarce. Somewhat resembles n. 39. + +C. CRINITA x TORTA, Bailey. More slender than C. crinita, the leaves +narrower; spikes nearly as slender as those of C. torta; scales blunt or +simply acute and little longer than the perigynium, or sometimes very +short-awned.--Moist meadows near the Glen House, White Mts. +(_Brainerd_). Might be mistaken for drooping spiked forms of n. 34. + +[*] 3.--[+] 5. _Pendulinae._ + +[++] _Spikes narrowly cylindrical._ + +42. C. littoralis, Schwein. Somewhat slender but erect, 1--2 deg. high; +leaves narrow and rather stiff, flat, glaucous, shorter than the sharp +and nearly smooth culm; staminate spikes 1--3, dark purple, 11/2' long or +less, the scales obtuse; pistillate spikes 2--4, somewhat approximate, +on thread-like peduncles, 1--2' long, usually staminate at top; +perigynium lance-oval, faintly nerved, the minute beak entire, mostly +longer than the obtuse purple scale; bracts prominently purple-auricled. +(C. Barrattii, _Schwein._ & _Torr._)--Marshes near the coast, N. J. and +southward; rare. + +[++][++] _Spikes globular or oblong._ + +[=] _Scales very sharp, prominently longer than the perigynium._ + +43. C. Magellanica, Lam. Slender but erect, 8--18' high; leaves flat and +lax, somewhat shorter than the culm; lowest bract as wide as the leaves +or nearly so and exceeding the culm; spikes 2--3, approximate, all +slenderly stalked and drooping; perigynium orbicular or broad-ovate, +nerved in the centre, 1/2--{2/3} the length of the scale. (C. irrigua, +_Smith_.)--Deep swamps, throughout, north of Penn.; local. (Eu.) + +[=][=] _Scales blunt, little exceeding the perigynium._ + +44. C. rariflora, Smith. Very small but stiff, 4--10' high, somewhat +stoloniferous; culm obtuse and very smooth; leaves very narrow, becoming +involute, shorter than the culm; spikes 1--2, only 3--10-flowered, +drooping, borne in the axil of a minute awl-like and purple-auricled +bract; perigynium ovate, nearly pointless, obscurely nerved, mostly a +little shorter than the enveloping scale.--Mt. Katahdin, Maine +(_Goodale_). (Eu.) + +45. C. limosa, L. Slender but rather stiff, 1--2 deg. high, stoloniferous; +culm sharp, rough above; leaves very narrow, strongly keeled or +involute; spikes 1--2, nodding on short stalks or the upper one erect, +oblong, springing from the axil of a very narrow bract which is nearly +always shorter than the culm; perigynium very short-pointed, about the +length of the broad scale.--Deep swamps, throughout, north of Penn.; +local. (Eu.) + +[*] 4. HYMENOCHLAENAE.--[+] 1. _Virescentes._ + +46. C. virescens, Muhl. Slender, erect or spreading, 1--11/2 deg. high; leaves +very narrow, more or less hairy; spikes 3--5, green, short-oblong, all +somewhat stalked and often spreading, compact (11/2'' thick or less); +perigynium ovate and costate, very hairy, longer than the thin and white +acute scale.--Var. COSTATA, Dewey, usually the commoner form, is taller +(often reaching 21/2 deg.), with spikes long-cylindric, 1/2--2' long, and a +stronger ribbed perigynium.--Banks and copses, N. Eng. to Mich., and +southward; common eastward. + +47. C. triceps, Michx., var. hirsuta, Bailey. Usually stiffer; leaves +hairy; spikes 2--4 (usually 3), all contiguous or occasionally the +lowest somewhat removed, sessile, short-oblong or globular, green or +brown (2--3'' thick); perigynium broad-ovate, flattish, very obtuse, +often sparsely hirsute when young but smooth at maturity; staminate +scales very sharp; pistillate scales acute or short-awned, about the +length of or shorter than the perigynium.--Dry copses and fields, N. +Eng. to Mo., and southward; rare northward.--Var. SMITHII, Porter. +Tall, slender, olive-green, the leaves very long, very nearly smooth; +spikes small, globular or short-cylindrical (1/2' long or less), the +lowest often somewhat remote, all more inclined to be peduncled; +perigynium globular and turgid, brown, squarrose, giving the spike a +characteristic plump appearance.--Fields and woodlands, southern N. J., +E. Penn., and southward; also in Ark.; frequent. + +[*] 4.--[+] 2. _Sylvaticae._ + +48. C. longirostris, Torr. Very slender but erect, 11/2--3 deg. high, growing +in stools; leaves narrow, flat, loose; spikes 3--5, 1--2' long, loosely +flowered, drooping; perigynium thin, slightly inflated, green, nearly +nerveless, spreading, the beak longer than the body, about the length of +the awned scale.--Shady banks from N. Eng. to Neb., and northward; +frequent.--Var. MINOR, Boott. Smaller and slenderer; spikes 9'' long or +less, very narrow and very loosely or even alternately few-flowered; +perigynium smaller. Neb. and westward. + +[*] 4.--[+] 3. _Flexiles._ + +49. C. castanea, Wahl. Slender but erect, 1--21/2 deg. high; leaves broad and +flat, hairy, much shorter than the rough culm; spikes 2--4, approximate, +widely spreading or drooping on filiform stalks, 1' long or less, rather +dense, tawny; perigynium broad lanceolate, gradually narrowed into a +beak 1/2 as long as the body, thin, with a nerve on each side, longer than +the light brown or whitish acute thin scale. (C. flexilis, +_Rudge_.)--Banks, Conn. to Minn.; local. + +C. ARCTATA x CASTANEA, Bailey. Leaves mostly narrower, less hairy or +smooth; spikes very slender and loosely flowered (scarcely over 1'' +wide), erect or drooping, chestnut color; perigynium thin, long-ovate, +shorter-beaked, lightly nerved, mostly surpassing the pointed whitish +scale. (C. Knieskernii, _Dewey_.)--Oneida Co., N. Y.; Keweenaw Co., +Mich. (_Farwell_); N. Minn. + +50. C. capillaris, L. Very slender but erect, 2--12' high; culm smooth, +longer than the narrow flat or at length involute leaves; spikes 2--4, +either scattered or approximate, all more or less long-peduncled and +drooping, borne in the axils of conspicuous sheathing bracts, very small +(3--12-flowered); perigynium thin, very small, oblong-ovoid, the beak +hyaline-lipped, longer than the very obtuse white scale.--Alpine summits +of the White Mts.; Cortland, N. Y., Alcona Co., Mich., and Point de +Tour, L. Huron. (Eu.) + +[*] 4.--[+] 4. _Debiles._ + +[++] _Perigynium thin, rarely with more than two prominent nerves._ + +51. C. arctata, Boott. Slender, erect, 1--2 deg. high; radical leaves much +shorter than the culm and very broad (21/2--5''), flat; bracts broad and +short, long-sheathing; spikes 3--5, all widely spreading or drooping on +filiform stalks, 1--3' long and exceedingly slender; perigynium short +(2'' long or less), abruptly and conspicuously stipitate and abruptly +contracted into a beak, 3-cornered, prominently nerved, green, mostly +spreading, scarcely longer than the very sharp or cuspidate +scale.--Woods and copses, N. Eng. to Penn. and Minn.; common. + +Var. Faxoni, Bailey. Spikes shorter and usually short-peduncled, erect +or nearly so, much more densely flowered, part of them commonly +contiguous at the top of the culm, rendering the shorter staminate spike +inconspicuous; perigynium usually larger.--Lisbon, N. H. (_Faxon_); +Keweenaw Co., Mich. (_Farwell_); extreme northern Minn. (_Bailey_); +also in Canada. + +52. C. debilis, Michx., var. Rudgei, Bailey. Very slender and diffuse, +1--21/2 deg. high (or rarely reduced to 3--4'!); leaves narrow and lax, longer +than the culm; spikes mostly heavier than in the last; perigynium much +longer, very gradually narrowed at each end, scarcely angled and not +prominently nerved, rusty when ripe, erect, twice longer than the obtuse +or acutish scale. (C. debilis, of last ed.)--Copses, N. Eng. to N. +Mich., and southward; frequent east and southward.--Var STRICTIOR, +Bailey. Usually taller, strict; leaves broader (about 2'' wide) and +firmer; spikes stiffer, simply spreading or even erect; perigynium +mostly shorter and greener, often little exceeding the scale. White Mts. +(_Faxon_).--Var PUBERA, Gray. Perigynium usually more slender, more +nerved and minutely pubescent. Center and Lancaster Counties, Penn. +(_Porter, Lumsden_), and Bedford Co., Va. (_Curtiss_). + +C. DEBILIS x VIRESCENS, Bailey. Plant slender and very green; leaves +flat, rough, mostly longer than the culm, spikes 2--3, 2' long, thin and +slender, erect or nearly so, the terminal one bearing a few pistillate +flowers at top; perigynium exactly intermediate between the two species, +lance-ovate, nerved and slightly hairy, short-beaked, thin, twice longer +than the scale.--Revere, near Boston, Mass. (_Faxon_). + +[++][++] _Perigynium firm, prominently many-nerved._ + +53. C. venusta, Dewey, var. minor, Boeckl. Slender but strict, 11/2--2 deg. +high; leaves narrow and strict, about as long as the culm; spikes 1--2' +long, scattered, the upper usually ascending, the terminal one sometimes +staminate at top; perigynium ascending, the very short and stout beak +prominently toothed, thrice longer than the rusty narrow scale. (C. +glabra, _Boott_.)--Sphagnous swamps, Oneida Co., N. Y., N. J., and +southward; local. + +[*] 4.--[+] 5. _Gracillimae._ + +[++] _Perigynium small, scarcely turgid._ + +54. C. aestivalis, M. A. Curtis. Slender but erect, 1--11/2 deg. high; leaves +very narrow, flat, shorter than the culm, the sheaths pubescent; spikes +3--4, erect or spreading, 1--2' long and very loosely flowered, all but +the lowest short-stalked; perigynium very small, ovate, scarcely pointed +and the orifice entire, few-nerved, about twice longer than the obtuse +scale.--Saddle Mountain, W. Mass., and southward in the mountains to +N. C.; rare. + +55. C. gracillima, Schwein. Tall and slender, sometimes diffuse, 11/2--3 deg. +high; leaves broad and flat (the radical about 3'' wide), very dark and +bright green; spikes 3--4, scattered, the terminal rarely staminate, +densely flowered except at base, peduncled and drooping, green; +perigynium ovate, thin and slightly swollen, nerved, obtuse, orifice +entire, twice longer than the very obtuse scale.--Woodlands and low +meadows, throughout; common.--In poorer soil and sunny places, it runs +into var. HUMILIS, Bailey, and is then smaller, has much narrower leaves +and very small erect spikes (2--12-flowered), and mostly smaller +perigynia. + +C. GRACILLIMA x HIRSUTA, Bailey. In habit like var. humilis; spikes +tawny; perigynium like that of C. triceps, var. hirsuta; plant smooth, +or very minutely pubescent under a strong lens.--Philipstown, N. Y. +(_Barratt_). + +C. GRACILLIMA x PUBESCENS, Bailey. Tall and erect; leaves narrower than +in the last, usually slightly hairy; spikes slender, erect or slightly +spreading, often staminate at top; perigynium exactly intermediate +between the two species, ovate, obscurely nerved, sparsely hairy, +beaked, about the length of the ovate ciliate rough-awned scale. (C. +Sullivantii, _Boott_.)--Columbus, Ohio (_Sullivant_); Yonkers, N. Y. +(_E. C. Howe_); Stanton, Del. (_Commons_). + +[++][++] _Perigynium large, prominently inflated_. + +56. C. formosa, Dewey. Slender, erect, 1--21/2 deg. high; leaves flat, mostly +rather broad, those of the culm very short; spikes 3--5, scattered, +oblong or short-cylindrical (1' long or less), compact, all flexuose or +drooping; perigynium ovate, puncticulate, obscurely nerved, short-beaked +with a slightly notched orifice, all but the lowest one or two twice +longer than the blunt or cuspidate scale.--Woods and copses, Vt. to +Mich.; local. + +57. C. Davisii, Schwein. & Torr. Always taller; spikes heavier; +perigynium more inflated, strongly nerved and prominently toothed, no +longer or shorter than the conspicuously awned and spreading scale.--Wet +meadows, W. Mass. to S. Minn., and southward; rare east and northward. + +[*] 4.--[+] 6. _Griseae_. + +58. C. grisea, Wahl. Stout, 1--2 deg. high; leaves broad (2--3'') and +slightly glaucous; bracts broad and leaf-like, diverging, very much +exceeding the culm; staminate spike small and sessile; pistillate spikes +3--4, short (1' long or less), the highest two usually contiguous to the +staminate spike and sessile, the others somewhat remote and peduncled, +all erect, compact; perigynium oblong, pointless, marked with impressed +nerves, turgid and cylindric, all but the lowest longer than the narrow, +cuspidate or blunt, nerved scale.--Moist grounds, throughout, except +along our northern borders; common.--Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Boott. Much more +slender; leaves scarcely half so wide, the bracts, especially, much +narrower and shorter and more erect; spikes slender, perigynium scarcely +inflated, triangular-oblong, bearing a sharp beak-like point, 2-ranked; +scale nerveless, long-awned and spreading. N. J. to S. Ohio, and +southward; common.--Var. GLOBOSA, Bailey. Low, 3--12' high, often +spreading; spikes few-flowered, often with but 2 or 3 perigynia; +perigynium short, inflated, very blunt, nearly globose or obovate; scale +short, not prominently cuspidate or the upper ones wholly blunt. Mo., +Kan., and southward. + +Var. (?) rigida, Bailey. Rigid; leaves rather narrow, long and erect; +staminate spike prominently peduncled; pistillate spikes scattered, all +more or less stalked, conspicuously 2 ranked; perigynium +triangular-oblong, hard, longer than the cuspidate ascending +scale.--Sellersville, Penn., and Del. + +59. C. glaucodea, Tuckerm. Lax or somewhat strict (6--18' high), densely +glaucous; leaves flat, variable in width; spikes as in n. 58; perigynium +firm, not inflated, prominently impressed-nerved, glaucous, longer than +the short-cuspidate or blunt thin and appressed scale. (C. flaccosperma, +last ed.)--Meadows and swamps, Mass. to S. Ill., and southward; local. + +[*] 5. SPIROSTACHYAE.--[+] 1. _Granulares_. + +60. C. granularis, Muhl. Erect or spreading, 8'--2 deg. high, somewhat +glaucous; leaves flat, various; bracts broad and long, much exceeding +the culm; spikes 3--4, scattered, all but the upper peduncled, erect or +ascending, compact, short-oblong to cylindric, never exceeding 1' in +length; staminate spike small and usually sessile; perigynium ovoid, +very strongly nerved, the nearly entire short beak usually bent; scale +thin and pointed, about 1/2 the length of the perigynium.--Moist grassy +places; common.--Var. HALEANA, Porter. Habitually lower and more +slender; radical leaves very broad (3--4'') and more glaucous; +pistillate spikes 1/2' long or less, thinner; perigynium a half smaller, +narrower. Wisc. to Va.; infrequent. + +61. C. Crawei, Dewey. Low, strict, stoloniferous (4--12' high); leaves +narrow; bracts scarcely exceeding the culm; spikes 2--4, scattered, the +lowest radical or nearly so, short-peduncled or the upper sessile, +erect, compact, 9'' long or less; staminate spike generally peduncled; +perigynium ovate, usually resinous dotted, obscurely or few-nerved, very +short-pointed, longer than the obtuse or short-pointed scale.--Moist +places, N. Y. to Ill. and Minn.; local, especially eastward. + +[*] 5.--[+] 2. _Extensae_. + +C. EXTENSA, Gooden. Slender but strict, 1--2 deg. high; leaves involute; +spikes about 3, the lowest remote and short-peduncled, the remainder +approximate and sessile, short (about 1/2' long) and compact; perigynium +ovate, very strongly nerved, ascending, the short stout beak sharply +toothed, longer than the blunt brown-edged scale.--Long Island and Coney +Island, N. Y.; Norfolk, Va., _McMinn._ (Nat. from Eu.) + +62. C. flava, L. Very slender but strict and stiff, 1--2 deg. high, +yellowish throughout; leaves flat but narrow, mostly shorter than the +culm; staminate spike sessile or nearly so, usually oblique; pistillate +spikes 2--4, all contiguous or rarely the lowest one remote, all but the +lowest sessile, short-oblong or globular, densely flowered, the lowest +subtended by a long divaricate bract; perigynium ovate, produced into a +deflexed beak as long as the body, strongly nerved, thrice longer than +the blunt scale.--Swales and wet meadows, N. Eng. to L. Superior; rare +westward. (Eu.)--Var. GRAMINIS, Bailey. Smaller and green, 6--12' high; +leaves mostly longer than the culm; bracts erect; perigynium straight or +nearly so, the beak often rough. Grassy places, probably common and +generally distributed. + +Var. viridula, Bailey. Small and slender, very strict, green or +greenish-white; leaves narrow, equalling or exceeding the culm; bracts +long and strictly erect, spikes very small or sometimes becoming +cylindric, more closely aggregated; perigynium conspicuously smaller, +the beak very short and straight. (C. OEderi, last ed.)--Cold bogs, N. +Eng. to Penn., and northwestward; local. + +[*] 5.--[+] 3. _Pallescentes_. + +[++] _Perigynium wholly beakless._ + +63. C. pallescens, L. Slender, erect, 4'--2 deg. high, tufted; leaves +narrow, flat, the lower slightly pubescent, particularly on the sheaths; +spikes 2--4, 1/2' long or less, densely flowered, all but the upper one +very shortly peduncled, erect or spreading; perigynium globular-oblong, +thin and very nearly nerveless, about the length of the cuspidate +scale.--Glades and meadows, N. Eng. to Penn., Wisc. and L. Superior; +rare westward. (Eu.) + +[++][++] _Perigynium very stout-beaked._ + +64. C. Torreyi, Tuckerm. Stiff, 1--11/2 deg. high; culm and leaves thinly +pubescent; spikes all sessile, very short; perigynium obovate, very +strongly many-nerved, retuse, the beak short and straight, equalling or +exceeding the mostly cuspidate scale.--Supposed to have been collected, +a half-century ago, in N. Y. by Torrey, and in Penn. by Schweinitz. It +occurs in the Rocky Mountain region, and high northward. + +[*] 6. DACTYLOSTACHYAE.--[+] 1. _Oligocarpae_. + +[++] _Sheaths smooth._ + +65. C. conoidea, Schkuhr. Slender but strict, 1--11/2 deg. high; staminate +spike long-peduncled or rarely nearly sessile; spikes 2--3, scattered, +short-stalked or the upper one sessile (the lowest frequently very +long-stalked), oblong (rarely 1' long) and rather loosely flowered, +erect; perigynium oblong-conical, impressed-nerved, gradually narrowed +to a point, the orifice entire; scale loosely spreading and rough-awned, +equalling or exceeding the perigynium.--Moist grassy places, N. Eng. to +Ill., and southward; rare westward. + +66. C. oligocarpa, Schkuhr. Diffuse, 10--18' high; bracts flat and +spreading; staminate spike sessile or stalked; spikes 2--4, scattered, +stalked or the uppermost sessile, loosely 2--8-flowered, erect; +perigynium small, hard, finely impressed-nerved, abruptly contracted +into a conspicuous mostly oblique beak, the orifice entire; scale very +loosely spreading and rough-awned, longer than the perigynium.--Dry +woods and copses, W. New Eng. to Mo., and southward; rare westward. +Often confounded with small forms of n. 58. + +[++][++] _Sheaths pubescent._ + +67. C. Hitchcockiana, Dewey. Erect, 11/2--2 deg. high; spikes 2--4, all more +or less peduncled, very loosely few-flowered, erect; perigynium +triangular-ovate, many-striate, the strong beak prominently oblique, +shorter than the rough-awned scale.--Rich woods, W. New Eng. to Ill., +and southward to Penn. and Ky.; frequent. + +[*] 6.--[+] 2. _Laxiflorae_. + +[++] _Sheaths green._ + +[=] _Perigynium mostly obscurely triangular, the beak very prominent._ + +68. C. laxiflora, Lam. Slender but mostly erect, 1--2 deg. high; leaves +rarely over 2'' wide, rather soft; staminate spike peduncled or at least +conspicuous; pistillate spikes 2--4, scattered, peduncled or the upper +one sessile, loosely flowered, cylindric or sometimes reduced to +short-oblong, erect or the lower loosely spreading; perigynium obovate, +conspicuously nerved, the short entire beak much bent or recurved; scale +thin and white, blunt or cuspidate, mostly shorter than the +perigynium.--Grassy places, throughout; common. Exceedingly +variable.--Var. VARIANS, Bailey. Mostly stouter than the type, the +leaves broader; pistillate spikes 1/2--1' long, the two upper more or less +contiguous to the staminate spike and sessile or nearly so; bracts leafy +and prolonged.--Copses and grassy places, throughout; common. +Counterfeits var. patulifolia.--Var. STRIATULA, Carey. Diffuse; +pistillate spikes rarely over 1/2' long, the upper sessile and aggregated +about the inconspicuous staminate spike, the lowest usually +long-exserted. Grassy places, throughout; very common.--Var. LATIFOLIA, +Boott. Rather low; leaves 1/2' broad or more; staminate spike sessile or +very nearly so; pistillate spikes cylindric and loose, the upper one or +two contiguous; bracts very broad. Deep rich woods, E. Mass. (_Deane_) +to Penn. and Mich.; common westward.--Var. PATULIFOLIA, Carey. Glaucous; +leaves 3'' broad or more; staminate spike prominent, mostly stalked; +pistillate spikes long and alternately flowered, scattered and +peduncled; perigynium (as in the following varieties) elliptic, +attenuate at both ends, mostly less prominently nerved, and the beak not +strongly recurved. Open places, N. Eng. to Mich., and southward; +frequent.--Var. DIVARICATA, Bailey. Tall and stout; leaves narrower; +staminate spike large and stalked; pistillate spikes scattered, all but +the upper one prominently peduncled, long; perigynium very large, +divaricate, triangular, contracted into a stipe-like base at least half +as long as the body. Near Washington, _Vasey_.--Var. STYLOFLEXA, Boott. +Very weak and slender; leaves 2'' wide or less; staminate spike usually +peduncled; pistillate 2--3, scattered, few-flowered, lowest drooping; +perigynium very long-pointed. S. E. Penn., and southward; frequent. + +[=][=] _Perigynium sharply triangular, short, and mostly not prominently +beaked._ + +[a.] _Spikes drooping or flexuose._ + +69. C. digitalis, Willd. Very slender, bright green, tufted, 6--18' +high; leaves very narrow (1--2'' wide); staminate spike short stalked; +pistillate spikes 2--4, all on filiform stalks and all but the upper +widely spreading or drooping, linear, alternately flowered; perigynium +very small, impressed-nerved, longer than the acute whitish +scale.--Dryish woods and glades, N. Eng. to Mich., and southward; +frequent.--Var. COPULATA, Bailey. Leaves much broader, and the culms +weak and reclined; spikes heavier and mostly shorter; perigynium larger, +very sharp. Rich woods, central Mich., and probably elsewhere westward. + +70. C. laxiculmis, Schwein. Differs from the variety of n. 69 chiefly in +its more cespitose habit, its densely glaucous-blue covering, very +slender culm, and very long and filiform peduncles. (C. retrocurva, +_Dewey_.)--Glades, N. Eng. to Mich. and Va.; rare westward. + +[b.] _Spikes erect._ + +71. C. ptychocarpa, Steudel. Low, glaucous, 3--10' high; leaves flat and +rather broad (2'' or more), much exceeding the culm; bracts leafy and +much prolonged; staminate spike very small and sessile, mostly +overtopped by the upper pistillate spike; pistillate spikes 2--3, +sessile or short-stalked or rarely the lowest long-peduncled, erect; +perigynium tawny, much as in n. 69, twice longer than the very thin +obtuse scale.--Low grounds or swamps, E. Mass., N. J., Del., and +southward; local. + +72. C. platyphylla, Carey. Low, spreading, glaucous, 6--12' high; leaves +1/2' broad or more, mostly shorter than the culms; bracts with thin and +sharp-pointed leaf-like tips 1--2' long; staminate spike stalked; +pistillate spikes 2--3, scattered, all more or less peduncled, +alternately 2--10-flowered; perigynium short, strongly many-striate, +about the length of the acute or cuspidate scale.--Rich shady woods and +banks, N. Eng. to Mich., and southward to Va.; mostly local. + +73. C. Careyana, Torr. Tall and slender, mostly erect, 1--2 deg. high; +leaves bright green, firm, 3--4'' wide or more, shorter than the long +culm; bracts leafy, longer than in the last; staminate spike heavy and +stalked; pistillate spikes 2--3 (mostly 2), the upper usually near the +terminal spike, and nearly sessile, the other remote and long-peduncled, +loosely 2--8-flowered; perigynium very large and very sharply angled, +the beak oblique, finely many-nerved, twice longer than the sharp +scale.--Rich woods, N. Eng. to Mich., and southward to Washington; rare. + +[++][++] _Sheaths usually purple._ + +74. C. plantaginea, Lam. Slender but erect, 1--2 deg. high; leaves 1/2--1' +broad, very firm, appearing after the flowers and persisting over +winter, shorter than the culm; staminate spike purple and clavate, +stalked; pistillate spikes 3--4, scattered, loosely few-flowered, erect, +the peduncles included in the leafless sheaths; perigynium smaller than +in n. 73, prominently beaked, about as long as the sharp scale.--Rich +woods, N. Eng. to Wisc., and southward; local. + +[*] 6.--[+] 3. _Paniceae_. + +[++] _Beak cylindrical and prominent; plant not glaucous._ + +75. C. Saltuensis, Bailey. Very slender and more or less diffuse, +strongly stoloniferous, 1--11/2 deg. high; leaves narrow and soft, shorter +than the culm; spikes 2--3, scattered, all peduncled and more or less +spreading, loosely 3--10-flowered; perigynium small, nearly nerveless, +thin, the beak straight and sharply toothed; scale loose, acute, shorter +than the perigynium. (C. vaginata, last ed.)--Deep swamps, Vt. to Minn.; +local. + +76. C. polymorpha, Muhl. Stout, 1--2 deg. high; leaves rather broad, short; +spikes 1--2, short-stalked, erect, compact or rarely loose, usually +staminate at the apex, 11/2' long or less; perigynium long-ovate, +obscurely nerved; the very long and nearly straight beak oblique or +lipped at the orifice; scale reddish-brown, obtuse, shorter than the +perigynium.--Moist meadows, Mass. to N. C.; local. + +[++][++] _Beak short or none; plant often glaucous._ + +[=] _Plants of ordinary habit._ + +77. C. tetanica, Schkuhr. Rather slender, rarely glaucous, somewhat +stoloniferous; culm scabrous, at least above; spikes all peduncled, the +upper one very shortly so, pale, all more or less attenuate below, the +lower borne in the axils of bracts 3' long or more; perigynium not +turgid, greenish, prominently many-nerved, the beak strongly bent; scale +obtuse or abruptly mucronate, all except the lowest mostly shorter than +the perigynium.--Meadows and borders of ponds from W. Mass. westward; +common westward.--Var. WOODII, Bailey. Very slender and strongly +stoloniferous; leaves narrow, very long and lax; spikes mostly +alternately flowered throughout; scales often sharper. (C. Woodii, +_Dewey_.) Rich woods, N. Y. to Mich., and south to Washington; +frequent.--Var. MEADII, Bailey. Stiffer; leaves mostly broader and +stricter; spikes thick and densely flowered, not attenuate at base, the +upper one often sessile; perigynium larger. (C. Meadii, _Dewey_.) R. I. +to Neb., and southward; rare eastward.--Var. CANBYI, Porter. Stout and +stiff; leaves still broader (about 2'' wide) and flat; spikes thick, +often 1/4' wide; perigynium long, straight or very nearly so; scale large, +nearly equalling or exceeding the perigynium. E. Penn. (_Canby_); Ill. +and Wisc.; little known. + +[C.] PANICEA, L. Strict, often stiff, glaucous-blue 1--2 deg. high; culm +smooth; bracts 1--2' long; spikes 1--3, scattered, colored, peduncled, +erect, rather compact or loose below, seldom 1' long; perigynium ovoid, +yellow or purple, somewhat turgid, scarcely nerved, the point usually +curved, mostly longer than the purple-margined scale.--Fields, E. Mass. +and R. I. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[=][=] _Very strict, densely glaucous._ + +78. C. livida, Willd. Culms 18' high or less; leaves narrow, often +becoming involute; spikes 1 or 2 and aggregated or approximate, or +rarely a third nearly radical, sessile or nearly so, erect, narrow; +perigynium ovoid-oblong, nerved, granular, beakless, the point straight +or nearly so, orifice entire; scale obtuse, mostly a little shorter than +the perigynium.--Pine-barrens of N. J., and sphagnum swamps northward to +N. Eng. and L. Superior; local. (Eu.) + +[*] 6.--[+] 4. _Bicolores_. + +79. C. aurea, Nutt. Low and slender, 1 deg. high or less; bracts exceeding +the culm; spikes 2--4, all but the lowest usually approximate, peduncled +or the upper one or two sessile, erect, loosely few-flowered or +sometimes becoming 3/4' long, at maturity yellow or brown, the terminal +one frequently pistillate above; perigynium fleshy at maturity, nerved, +longer than the blunt scale.--Wet meadows and springy banks, throughout; +rather common. + +[*] 6.--[+] 5. _Digitatae_. + +[++] _Spikes two or more._ + +80. C. eburnea, Boott. Exceedingly slender and capillary, erect, 4--12' +high, stoloniferous; leaves shorter than the culm; staminate spike very +small and very short-peduncled, overtopped by the two upper pistillate +spikes; pistillate spikes 2--4, approximate or the lowest remote, all +stalked, erect, 2--6-flowered; perigynium very small, almost nerveless, +smooth and becoming black and shining at full maturity; scale white and +thin, obtuse, shorter than the perigynium.--Tufted in sandy or light +soils from N. Eng. to Ky. and Neb.; frequent. + +81. C. Richardsoni, R. Br. Rather stiff, 4--9' high, stoloniferous; +sheaths short, purple or brown; staminate spike stout and mostly +short-peduncled; pistillate spikes 1--2, approximate, the very short +stalks included, erect, compact, less than 1/2' in length; perigynium +obovoid, firm, hairy, the very short beak entire or erose; scale brown +with a conspicuous white-hyaline margin, obtuse or pointless, and longer +than the perigynium.--Dry ground, western N. Y. to Ill., and +northwestward; rare. + +82. C. pedunculata, Muhl. Low and diffuse, 3--10' high, forming mats; +leaves abundant, very green, flat and firm, longer than the weak culms; +staminate spike very small, with the uppermost pistillate spike sessile +at its base; pistillate spikes 2--4 on each culm, scattered and +long-peduncled from green sheaths, erect or spreading, many other spikes +nearly or quite radical and very long-stalked, all 3--8-flowered; +perigynium triangular-obovate, smooth or very slightly pubescent above, +the short and nearly entire beak somewhat oblique; scale green or +purple, truncate and cuspidate, mostly a little longer than the +perigynium.--Dry woods and banks, N. Eng. to Va. (_Kennedy_) and Minn.; +frequent northward. + +[++][++] _Spike one or rarely a rudiment of a second; plant dioecious._ + +83. C. picta, Steudel. Rather weak, 1 deg. high or less; leaves flat and +firm, persisting through the winter, at least twice longer than the +culm; a sheathing purple scale at the base of the spike; staminate spike +about 1' long, clavate in anthesis, the purple scales ending in a very +short and blunt whitish tip; pistillate spike narrower and mostly +longer, the scales more abruptly contracted into a colored cusp and at +length deciduous; perigynium obovate, much contracted below into a +stipe-like base, very strongly nerved, entirely pointless, hairy above, +covered by the scale. (C. Boottiana, _Benth._)--In a wooded ravine with +Hepatica and Epigaea, near Bloomington, Ind. (_Dudley_); also Ala. and +La. + +[*] 7. SPHAERIDIOPHORAE.--[+] 1. _Scirpinae_. + +84. C. scirpoidea, Michx. Strict, the pistillate plant mostly stiff, +6--18' high; leaves flat, shorter than the culm; spike 1' long or less, +densely cylindrical, very rarely with a rudimentary second spike at its +base; perigynium ovate, short-pointed, very hairy, about the length of +the ciliate purple scale.--Mountains of N. New Eng.; Drummond's Island, +L. Huron. (Norway.) + +[*] 7.--[+] 2. _Montanae_. + +[++] _Some or all of the culms longer than the leaves (or in the type of +n. 85 frequently shorter)._ + +[=] _Staminate spike minute, wholly or partially concealed in the head; +leaves always very narrow; radical spikes often present._ + +85. C. deflexa, Hornem. Diffuse and low, tufted; culms 1--6' high, +setaceous, more or less curved or spreading, little exceeding or shorter +than the leaves; staminate spike exceedingly minute and nearly always +entirely invisible in the head; pistillate spikes 2--3, 2--5-flowered, +green, or green and brown, all aggregated into a head, the lowest one +always more or less short-peduncled and subtended by a leafy bract 1/2' +long or less; radical spikes few; perigynium very small and much +contracted below, sparsely hairy or nearly smooth, the beak flat and +very short, mostly longer than the acutish scale. (C. Novae-Angliae, last +ed., mostly.)--High mountains of N. H. and Vt. + +Var. Deanei, Bailey. Taller and lax, the culms 6--12' high and some or +all prominently longer than the longer and loose leaves; staminate spike +much larger (2--3'' long), erect or oblique, sessile; pistillate spikes +larger (4--8-flowered), less aggregated or the lowest usually separated, +though rarely more than 1/4' apart; radical spikes usually numerous; bract +mostly longer.--Swales or dryish places, high or subalpine regions, Mt. +Desert, Maine (_Rand_); Essex, Mass.; N. H., Vt., and N. Y.; scarce. In +aspect like n. 86. + +Var. media, Bailey. Rather stiff, 4--12' high, in dense tufts; most of +the spikes equalling or exceeding the leaves, the staminate prominent, +erect (3--5'' long), sessile or very short-peduncled; pistillate spikes +2--3, all scattered, the uppermost at or near the base of the staminate +spike, the lowest usually very prominently peduncled and subtended by a +conspicuous bract which surpasses the culm, all rather compactly +3--8-flowered, green, or brown and green; radical spikes several; +perigynium larger, much like that of short-beaked forms of +n. 90.--Keweenaw Co., Mich. (_Farwell_); also far westward. + +86. C. varia, Muhl. Erect, mostly strict, 6--15' high, tufted and +somewhat stoloniferous; culms variable in length, often twice longer +than the leaves; staminate spike 3'' long or less; pistillate spikes +closely aggregated, or rarely somewhat loosely disposed but never +scattered, all strictly sessile, green; radical spikes none; lower bract +usually present; perigynium longer-pointed than in the last, about the +length of the sharp scale. (C. Emmonsii, _Dewey_.)--Banks and dry woods; +frequent.--In var. COLORATA, Bailey, the scales are purple. Mostly +southward. + +[=][=] _Staminate spike very prominent (or in the variety of n. 89 very +small, but the leaves broad); radical spikes none._ + +[a.] _Scales smooth._ + +87. C. Novae-Angliae, Schwein. Very slender and soft, erect, +stoloniferous, 6--8' high; culms little longer than the very narrow +leaves; staminate spike exceedingly narrow (3--8'' long by about 1/2'' +wide), mostly minutely peduncled; pistillate spikes 2, or rarely 3, the +upper one near the base of the staminate spike, the lower very +short-peduncled and removed 1/2--1' and subtended by a leafy bract which +nearly or quite equals the culm, both rather loosely 3--6-flowered; +perigynium very narrow, often nearly oblanceolate, small, very thinly +hairy, the beak sharp and prominent; stigmas often 2.--Mountain swamps +of W. Mass., and Mt. Desert, Maine (_Rand_); rare. + +88. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. A foot high or less, erect, strongly +stoloniferous, forming large patches; leaves narrow and more or less +involute, dark or dull green, mostly nearly as long as the culm; +staminate spike 1/2' (rarely 3/4') long, usually dull brown or brown-purple, +sessile or very nearly so; pistillate spikes 1--3, contiguous or the two +lower rarely 1/2' apart, all sessile and usually dark-colored, the lowest +bract very short or at least rarely prominent; perigynium short- or +round-ovate, hairy.--Dry fields; our commonest species. + +89. C. communis, Bailey. Habitually taller and stricter, 8--18' high, in +small tufts, never stoloniferous; leaves proportionately shorter, broad +(about 2''), flat and pale; staminate spike mostly longer, often +short-peduncled and usually paler; pistillate spikes 2--4, scattered on +the upper part of the culm, green or tawny, the lowest one or two +sometimes peduncled and often with prominent leafy bracts. (C. varia, +last ed.)--Dry hill-sides; common. + +Var. Wheeleri, Bailey. Mostly greener, 3--14' high; leaves soft and flat +and much shorter than the culm; staminate spike 1/4' long or less, very +narrow, sessile and oblique; pistillate spikes mostly closer +together.--Knolls in woods, Ionia Co., Mich. (_Wheeler_), and Alcona Co. +(_Bailey_); Middletown, Conn. (_Barratt_), and Cheshire Co., N. H. It +has much the aspect of n. 86, but is readily distinguished by the broad +leaves and more scattered spikes. + +[b.] _Scales rough-cuspidate._ + +C. PRAECOX, Jacq. Rather stiff, the culm sometimes curved, 3--10' high; +leaves flat, shorter than the culm; staminate spike prominently clavate, +mostly sessile; pistillate spikes 2--3, all contiguous, sessile or the +lowest very short-peduncled and subtended by a bract scarcely as long as +itself, all oblong or short-cylindric, the lowest about 6'' long; +perigynium triangular-obovoid, the very short beak entire or erose, +thinly hispid-hirsute, about the length of the scale.--Fields, E. Mass. +(Nat. from Eu. early in the century.) + +[++][++] _Part or usually all of the culms much shorter than the +leaves._ + +90. C. umbellata, Schkuhr. (Pl. 6, fig. 11--14.) Low, growing in small +and dense mats (1--3' across); leaves short and often stiff (2--6'long), +flat, the earliest very narrow but the later often 2'' broad; spikes all +on separate scapes which rarely exceed 1--2' in length (or rarely one or +two short true culms), usually densely aggregated at the surface of the +ground and hidden by the leaves, the pistillate spikes green or tawny +and rather loosely few-flowered; perigynium slenderly beaked, toothed, +very lightly pubescent, about the length of the acute and often +rough-tipped scale.--Dry banks and knolls, N. Eng. to N. J. and N. Y., +and perhaps farther westward; infrequent.--Var. VICINA, Dewey. Tufts +looser and larger; leaves longer (often 1 deg. or more) and laxer, sometimes +broader; some pistillate spikes borne near the base of the staminate on +a true culm which is 3--8' high, one or two on each culm. With the +species and farther westward; infrequent. + +91. C. nigro-marginata, Schwein. Leaves mostly stiffer than in n. 90, +often broader, and some of the culms prolonged; perigynium smooth or +nearly so, shorter beaked; scales purple-margined, giving the spikes a +very dark or variegated appearance, considerably larger and longer than +in the last.--Dry hillsides, N. J., and southward; local. + +[*] 7.--[+] 3. _Triquetrae._ + +92. C. pubescens, Muhl. Strict, 1--2 deg. high, pubescent throughout; leaves +flat and soft, shorter than the culm; spikes 2--4, the lower 1 or 2 +short-peduncled, and about {1/2}' long, loosely flowered, erect; +perigynium very hairy, conspicuously beaked and minutely toothed, +straight, about the length of the truncate and rough-cuspidate thin +scale.--Copses and moist meadows, N. Eng. to Ky., and westward; +frequent. + +[*] 8. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. + +93. C. Jamesii, Schwein. (Pl. 5, fig. 17--21.) Diffuse, 6--10' high; +leaves very narrow (1'' or less), much surpassing the culm; spike very +small, the staminate portion inconspicuous, the pistillate flowers 1--3 +and loosely disposed; perigynium globular, produced into a very long and +roughened nearly entire beak; scale narrow, the lowest often 1--2' long, +the upper often shorter than the perigynium. (C. Steudelii, +_Kunth._)--Woods, N. Y. to Ill., and southward; frequent. + +94. C. Willdenovii, Schkuhr. Lower, stiffer, the leaves broader and +pale; spike larger, the pistillate flowers 3--9, compact; perigynium +bearing a prominent two-edged very rough beak; scales chaffy, nerved, as +broad as and somewhat longer than the perigynium, or the lowest rarely +overtopping the spike.--Copses, Mass. to Mich., and southward; rare. + +95. C. Backii, Boott. Forming dense mats; leaves still broader (2'' or +more), very abundant; staminate flowers about 3; pistillate 2--5; +perigynium more gradually beaked, smooth throughout; scales very broad +and leaf-like, all exceeding the culm and entirely enveloping the +spike.--W. Mass. to Ohio, and far westward; local and rare, especially +eastward. + +[*] 9. LEPTOCEPHALAE. + +96. C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Capillary, erect or slightly diffuse, +6--18' high; leaves mostly shorter than the culm; spike 2--4'' long, +linear, the staminate portion very small; perigynium thin and green, +nerved, about twice longer than the obtuse caducous scale.--Bogs; +common. + +[*] 10. PHYSOCEPHALAE. + +97. C. Fraseri, Andrews. Cespitose; culm 6--15' high, naked or the lower +portion included in loosely sheathing abortive leaves, smooth and stiff; +leaves 1' broad or more, destitute of midrib, very thick and persistent, +pale, 1--2 deg. long; spike whitish; perigynium ovoid, faintly nerved, much +longer than the scale.--Rich mountain woods, Va. and southward; very +local and rare. A most remarkable plant. + +Sec. 2. VIGNEA.--[*] 11. ACROARRHENAE.--[+] 1. _Foetidae_ + +98. C. chordorhiza, Ehrh. Very extensively stoloniferous; culm mostly +erect, 1--1{1/2} deg. long; leaves involute, shorter than the culm; +perigynium globular, very strongly nerved, short-pointed and entire, +about the length of the acute scale.--Cold bogs and soft lake-borders, +Vt. to Iowa, and northward; infrequent. (Eu.) + +99. C. stenophylla, Wahl. Stiff, 3--8' high; leaves involute and shorter +than the culm; perigynium ovate, flat on the inner face, lightly nerved, +gradually contracted into a short and entire rough-edged beak, tightly +enclosing the achene, at maturity longer than the hyaline acutish +scale.--Dry grounds, Thayer Co., Neb. (_Bessey_); Emmet Co., Iowa +(_Cratty_), and westward. (Eu). + +[*] 11.--[+] 2. _Vulpinae._ + +[++] _Beak shorter than or about as long as the body of the perigynium._ + +100. C. conjuncta, Boott. Strict but rather weak, 1{1/2}--3{1/2} deg. high; +culm soft and sharply triangular or nearly wing-angled, becoming +perfectly flat when pressed; leaves soft, about 3'' broad; head 1--3' +long, interrupted, often nearly green, infrequently bearing a few +setaceous bracts; perigynium lance-ovate, light colored, whitish and +thickened below, the beak lightly notched and roughish, about equalling +or a little exceeding the cuspidate scale.--Swales and glades, N. J., +Ky., and westward; usually rare. + +[++][++] _Beak twice the length of the body of the perigynium or +longer._ + +101. C. stipata, Muhl. Stout, 1--3 deg. high, in clumps; culm rather soft, +very sharp; head 1--3' long, rarely somewhat compound at base, +interrupted, the lowest spikes often {1/2}' long; perigynium lanceolate, +brown-nerved, the beak toothed and roughish, about twice the length of +the body, and much longer than the scale.--Swales; common and variable. + +102. C. crus-corvi, Shuttlew. Stout, glaucous, 2--3 deg. high; culm rough, +at least above; leaves flat and very wide; head much branched and +compound, 3--6' long; perigynium long lanceolate, the short base very +thick and disk-like, the roughish and very slender beak thrice the +length of the body or more, 3--4 times the length of the inconspicuous +scale.--Swamps, S. Minn. to Neb. and Ky., and southward; rare +northward. + +[*] 11.--[+] 3. _Multiflorae._ + +[++] _Spikes conspicuously panicled._ + +103. C. decomposita, Muhl. Stout, exceedingly deep green, 1{1/2}--3 deg. +high, in stools; culm very obtusely angled, almost terete below; leaves +firm, channelled below, longer than the culm; head 2--4' long, the lower +branches ascending and 1--2' long; perigynium very small, round-obovate, +few-nerved, hard and at maturity shining, the abrupt short beak entire +or very nearly so; scale acute, about the length of the +perigynium.--Swamps, N. Y. to Mich., and southward; local. + +[++][++] _Spikes in a simple or nearly simple head._ + +[=] _Leaves very narrow (1'' broad or less), becoming more or less +involute._ + +104. C. teretiuscula, Gooden. Slender but mostly erect, 1{1/2}--2{1/2} deg. +high, in loose stools; culm rather obtuse, rough at the top, mostly +longer than the leaves; head 1--2' long, compact or somewhat +interrupted, narrow ({1/4}' wide or less); perigynium very small, ovate +and truncate below, bearing a few inconspicuous short nerves on the +outer side, stipitate, firm and at maturity blackish and shining, the +short beak lighter colored; scale chaffy and acute, about the length of +the perigynium.--Swales, N. Eng. to Penn., and westward; common. +(Eu.)--Var. RAMOSA, Boott. More slender; head mostly longer, the upper +portion often somewhat nodding, the spikes scattered and the lowest ones +often slightly compound. N. Y., and westward; common. + +[=][=] _Leaves broader and flat (occasionally involute in n. 106)._ + +[a.] _Scales very sharp, mostly rough-tipped._ + +1. _Perigynium large (2'' long or more), nerveless on the inner face._ + +105. C. alopecoidea, Tuckerm. Stout but rather soft, 2--3 deg. high; culm +rather sharp, thick and soft in texture; leaves 2--3'' wide, about the +length of the culm, very green; head 11/2' long or less, sometimes green, +and occasionally a little compound, the spikes many and compactly or +somewhat loosely disposed or the lowest often separate and all mostly +short-oblong; perigynium ovate, tapering into a rough beak, very +prominently stipitate, with a few brown nerves on the outer face, +ascending, about equalling or a little exceeding the scale.--Open +swales, N. Y., Penn., and Mich.; local. In aspect like n. 101. + +Var. sparsispicata, Dewey. Weak, the leaves much narrower and lax; head +1--3' long and linear or nearly so, the spikes smaller and separated or +scattered.--S. E. Mich. (_Cooley, Clark_); little known. + +106. C. gravida, Bailey. Lower and the culm thinner and more sharply +angled, 1--2 deg. high; leaves rather narrower and firmer, shorter than the +culm; head short, always simple, globular or short-oblong, the lowest +spikes rarely distinct; spikes few (4--7), globular, or broader than +long; perigynium broadly ovate, nearly twice larger, sessile, plump and +somewhat polished at maturity, prominently spreading.--N. Ill. to Iowa +and Neb.--Var. LAXIFOLIA, Bailey. Much larger, 2--31/2 deg. high; leaves +broader (about 1/4') and lax; head large and dense, ovoid or oblong, +scarcely interrupted. N. Ill. to Dak. + +2. _Perigynium very small, mostly nerved on the inner face._ + +107. C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Mostly rather stiff, 1--21/2 deg. high; culm very +rough, at least above; leaves various, mostly flat and longer than the +culm; head 1--4' long, usually much interrupted and frequently somewhat +compound, varying from dull brown to almost green at maturity, commonly +provided with many very setaceous short bracts; spikes very numerous, +ascending and densely flowered; perigynium ovate or lance-ovate, mostly +ascending.--Low places, variable; very abundant, especially northward. + +[b.] _Scales blunt, smooth and hyaline-tipped._ + +108. C. Sartwellii, Dewey. Stiff and strict, 11/2--21/2 deg. high; leaves +produced into a long slender point, mostly shorter than the culm; +staminate flowers variously disposed, frequently whole spikes being +sterile; head 1--3' long and rather narrow, the individual spikes +usually clearly defined, or occasionally the head interrupted below, +tawny-brown; perigynium elliptic or lance-elliptic, nerved on both +sides, very gradually contracted into a short beak; scale about the +length of the perigynium. (C. disticha, last ed.)--Bogs, central N. Y., +west and northward; frequent. + +[*] 11.--[+] 4. _Arenariae._ + +C. ARENARIA, Linn. Extensively creeping, 1 deg. high or less; leaves very +narrow and very long-pointed, shorter than the culm; head about 1' long, +dense or sometimes interrupted, ovoid or oblong; spikes few to many, +those at the apex of the head usually staminate, the intermediate ones +staminate at the summit, the lowest entirely pistillate and subtended by +a bract about 1' long; perigynium very strongly nerved on both faces, +wing-margined above, sharply long-toothed, about the length of the +scale.--Sea-beaches near Norfolk, Va. (_McMinn_). (Adv. from Eu.) + +[*] 11.--[+] 5. _Muhlenbergianae._ + +[++] _Heads narrow, the spikes scattered (or often aggregated in_ C. +muricata.) + +[=] _Perigynium almost terete._ + +109. C. tenella, Schkuhr. Exceedingly slender, 6'--2 deg. high, in tufts; +leaves flat, soft, and weak, mostly shorter than the culm; spikes +1--3-flowered, or the terminal 4--6-flowered, all distinct and scattered +on the upper part of the culm, the bracts obsolete or the lowest present +and very short; perigynium elliptic-ovate, very plump, finely nerved, +the minute beak entire, longer than the white scale, usually at length +splitting and exposing the blackish achene.--Cold swamps, N. Eng. to +Penn., and far westward; common. (Eu.) + +[=][=] _Perigynium flattish._ + +110. C. rosea, Schkuhr. Always slender and weak, erect, 1--21/2 deg. high, +exceeding the narrow leaves; spikes 5--8, 6--14-flowered, the upper 3--4 +aggregated, the others 3--9'' apart, the lowest usually with a setaceous +bract; perigynium lance-ovate, thin and shining, nerveless, scarcely +margined, rough on the edges above, perfectly squarrose, very green, +about twice longer than the translucent white scale.--Rich woods, N. +Eng. to Minn. and Neb.; frequent.--Var. RADIATA, Dewey. Lower and much +more slender, the culms sometimes almost capillary; spikes 2--5, +scattered, 2--4-flowered; perigynium mostly narrower and more ascending. +Open places and drier woods; common. + +Var. Texensis, Torr. Very slender but strict, 1 deg. high or less; spikes +3--4, all contiguous or the lower ones approximate, 2--6-flowered; +perigynium lanceolate, the base prominently spongy, smooth or nearly so, +conspicuously divaricate.--Dry places, S. Ill. (_Schneck_), and +southward. + +Var. retroflexa, Torr. Often rather stiff, 1--11/2 deg. high; spikes 4--8, the +upper ones aggregated, the lower 1 or 2 separated and commonly subtended +by a conspicuous bract, often brownish; perigynium ovate, smooth +throughout, very prominently corky and swollen at the base, which is +frequently contracted almost to a stipe, at maturity usually widely +spreading or reflexed; scale brownish and sharp, at length deciduous. +(C. retroflexa, _Muhl._)--Copses, throughout; rare northward. + +111. C. sparganioides, Muhl. Stouter, stiff; culm 2--3 deg. high; leaves +very broad (usually 1/4' or more) and flat, their sheaths conspicuously +clothing the base of the culm; spikes 6--10, the 2 or 3 upper ones +contiguous, the remainder entirely separate, very green, oblong or +short-cylindric, the lowest often compound, all truncate at top; +perigynium ovate, wing-margined, rough on the short beak, often +obscurely nerved on the outer face, considerably longer than the +rough-pointed scale.--Rich woods; frequent. + +C. MURICATA, L. Culm 1--2 deg. high, rough, longer than the narrow leaves; +spikes 5--10, variously disposed, but usually some of them scattered, +frequently all aggregated, rarely tawny; perigynium heavy, ovate, thin +and shining, nerveless, the long beak minutely rough, spreading, a +little longer than the sharp green or brownish scale.--Dry fields, E. +Mass., where it is common, and sparingly south and westward to Va. and +Ohio. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[++][++] _Heads short-oblong or globular, the spikes all aggregated, or +only the lowest one or two separate_. + +[=] _Plant very stiff throughout_. + +112. C. Muhlenbergii, Schkuhr. Pale, growing in small tufts, 1--2{1/2} deg. +high; culms much prolonged beyond the few narrow and at length involute +leaves; head {3/4}' long or less, the individual spikes clearly defined; +spikes globular, 4--8; perigynium nearly circular, very strongly nerved +on both faces, broader than the rough-cuspidate scale and about as +long.--Open sterile soils; frequent.--Var. ENERVIS, Boott. Perigynium +nearly or entirely nerveless. Southeastern N. Y., and southward; rare. + +[=][=] _Plant strict but not stiff._ + +113. C. cephaloidea, Dewey. Lax, very green, 2--3 deg. high; leaves broad +(2--3'') and thin, shorter than the long culm; head rather loose, 3/4' +long or more, all but the very uppermost spikes clearly defined; +perigynium ovate, entirely nerveless, long rough-pointed, spreading, +twice longer than the very thin scale or more.--Shady banks, W. Mass. to +Mich.; frequent. + +114. C. cephalophora, Muhl. Mostly smaller and stricter, pale; leaves +half as wide or less; head small, rarely 1/2' long, globular or very +short-oblong, never interrupted, the lower 1 or 2 spikes usually bearing +a very setaceous short bract; perigynium twice smaller than in the last, +scarcely longer than the rough-cuspidate scale.--Dry and mostly sterile +knolls; common. + +Var. angustifolia, Boott. Low, 8' high or less; leaves very narrow; head +smaller, usually tawny; perigynium mostly broader.--West and southward; +rare. + +[*] 11.--[+] 6. _Dioicae_. + +[++] _Perigynium nerveless or very nearly so_. + +115. C. capitata, L. Rigid, 3'--1 deg. high; leaves filiform, shorter than +the culm; head globular, uniformly staminate above, brown, very small; +perigynium broadly ovate, very thin, whitish, prominently beaked, erect +and appressed, longer than the very thin and obtuse scale.--Alpine +summits of the White Mountains. (Eu.) + +[++][++] _Perigynium prominently nerved_. + +116. C. gynocrates, Wormsk. Stiff but very slender, 3--6' high, +dioecious; leaves filiform and setaceous, about the length of the culm; +spike oblong, 2--4'' long; perigynium elliptic-ovate, nearly terete, +stipitate, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity, 1 or 2 sometimes +borne at the base of the staminate spike.--Cold sphagnum swamps, Penn., +north and westward; local, particularly southward. + +117. C. exilis, Dewey. Very stiff, slender, 1--2 deg. high; leaves +involute-filiform and very stiff, shorter than the culm; spike varying +from almost globular to cylindrical (frequently 1' long), either +unisexual or the sexes variously placed, very rarely a supplementary +spike at base; perigynium elliptic-ovate, flattish, stipitate and +somewhat cordate at base, strongly brown-nerved on the outer face, +rather faintly nerved on the inner, rough-edged above, sharply toothed, +spreading, a little longer than the scale.--Cold swamps and +lake-borders, N. Eng. and eastern N. Y. to N. J.; rare. + +[*] 12. HYPARRHENAE.--[+] 1. _Elongatae_. + +[++] _Perigynium very sharp-margined, firm, often thickened at base, +spreading in open and at maturity stellate spikes._ + +118. C. echinata, Murray, var. cephalantha, Bailey. Rather stiff but +slender, 1--2 deg. high; leaves very narrow and involute, about the length +of the culm; spikes 5--8, approximate or even aggregated into a head, +green, compactly 15--30-flowered, short-oblong or nearly globular; +perigynium ovate-lanceolate, rough on the margins above, nerved on both +faces, spreading or reflexed at maturity, the beak long and prominent, +longer than the sharp white scale. (C. stellulata, last ed.)--E. Penn. +(_Porter_) to Mass. (_Morong_), and westward to L. Superior; rare.--Var. +CONFERTA, Bailey. Very stiff; spikes contiguous or scattered, spreading, +short-oblong or globular, dense; perigynium broadly ovate or even nearly +round-ovate, very strongly nerved, reflexed or widely spreading. Near +the sea-coast; uncommon. The perigynia resemble those of n. 112.--Var. +MICROSTACHYS, Boeckl. Mostly very slender; spikes few, 3--10-flowered, +usually tawny; perigynium small, lance-ovate, nerved on the outer face +but usually nerveless on the inner, erect or spreading, the beak rather +long or prominent. (C. scirpoides, _Schkuhr._ C. sterilis, _Willd._) +Swales, throughout; very common and variable.--Var. ANGUSTATA, Bailey. +Exceedingly slender; spikes few and very few-flowered, mostly all +contiguous; perigynium lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, twice the length +of the scale or more. N. Y., Vt., and northward; rare. + +[++][++] _Perigynium scarcely sharp-margined, thin in texture, not +thickened at base, mostly in closely flowered and rounded or oblong +spikes._ + +[=] _Perigynium ovate or nearly so, the beak short or none._ + +[a.] _Bracts not prolonged._ + +119. C. canescens, L. Stiff and rather stout, 1--21/2 deg. high, glaucous and +pale throughout, growing in stools; spikes 4--8, globular or oblong, +very densely 20--50-flowered, approximate or somewhat scattered on the +upper part of the culm, usually prominently contracted below with the +staminate flowers; perigynium short-ovate, silvery-white and minutely +puncticulate, never thickened at base, faintly few-nerved, smooth +throughout, ascending, the beak very short and entire; scale obtuse or +acutish, about the length of the perigynium.--Cool swamps and bogs, N. +Eng. to Penn., west and northward; frequent northward. (Eu.) + +Var. vulgaris, Bailey. Very slender, lower, not glaucous, in small and +loose tufts; spikes smaller and usually fewer, loosely flowered; +perigynium mostly more beaked, prominently spreading.--Mostly in drier +places; very common. Perigynium much shorter than in any form of n. 118. + +Var. alpicola, Wahl. Low and stiff, or at lower altitudes becoming +somewhat slender, seldom much over 1 deg. in height; spikes small, globular +or nearly so, dense, well defined and brown or tawny; perigynium as in +the type, ascending. (C. vitilis, _Fries._)--Mountains from N. Eng. to +Ga., sparingly along our northern boundary, and far westward. (Eu.) + +Var. polystachya, Boott. Erect and mostly strict, not glaucous, 11/2--21/2 deg. +high, scarcely tufted; leaves very lax and exceeding the culm; spikes +oblong, more or less aggregated in an oblong interrupted head, the +lowest 1 or 2 subtended by short scale-like bracts; perigynium somewhat +spreading. (C. arcta, _Boott_.) Low woods, N. New Eng. to N. Minn.; +rare. Resembles C. echinata, var. cephalantha. + +120. C. Norvegica, Willd. Low and stiff, but rather slender, 1 deg. high or +less; leaves very narrow, mostly shorter than the culm; spikes 3--5, +somewhat scattered, brown, globular or oblong, compactly many-flowered, +the terminal one long-contracted below with the staminate flowers; +perigynium very short-ovate, thick, the beak rough, a little longer than +the very obtuse scale.--Salt marshes, Maine, and northward, rare. (Eu.) + +121. C. tenuiflora, Wahl. Very slender and diffuse, 1--11/2 deg. high, in +tufts; leaves very narrow and lax, shorter than the filiform culm; +spikes 2--4, all loosely few-flowered and silvery-green, and aggregated +into a small globular head; perigynium elliptic, obscurely nerved, +smooth, beakless, spreading, about the length of the white thin +scale.--Bogs, N. New Eng. to N. Minn.; local. (Eu.) + +[b.] _Bracts much prolonged, the lowest 2--3' long._ + +122. C. trisperma, Dewey. (Pl. 6, fig. 1--5.) Exceedingly slender, in +small and loose tufts, the weak reclining culms 1--2 deg. long; leaves soft +and narrow, shorter than the culm; spikes 2--3, 1--3' apart, +silvery-green, 2--3-flowered; perigynium very thin, finely nerved, the +beak entire or nearly so; scale acute, very thin, usually shorter than +the perigynium.--Cold bogs, throughout; common northward. + +[=][=] _Perigynium ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate._ + +123. C. Deweyana, Schwein. Weak, 1--11/2 deg. high; leaves flat and soft, +shorter than the culm, yellowish-green; spikes 3--6, mostly oblong or +sometimes but 2--3-flowered, loose, the upper ones contiguous but the +lower 1 or 2 usually considerably separated on the zigzag rhachis and +mostly subtended by a bract, all silvery-green; perigynium +ovate-lanceolate or narrower, very thin in texture, nerveless, somewhat +thickened below on the outer face, the long beak rough; scale very thin, +acute or cuspidate, about the length of the perigynium.--Dry woods; +common. + +124. C. bromoides, Schkuhr. Lax, 1--2 deg. high, in dense stools; leaves +very narrow, about as long as the culm; staminate flowers variously +situated in the head, sometimes a few spikes wholly sterile, rarely the +plants dioecious; spikes 3--6, oblong or short-cylindric, erect, +silvery-tawny or brown; perigynium linear-lanceolate, firm especially at +the base, prominently nerved, the long and roughened beak toothed; scale +sharp, shorter than the perigynium.--Open bogs; common. + +[*] 12.--[+] 2. _Ovales._ + +[++] _Perigynium ovate-lanceolate, with winged margins._ + +125. C. siccata, Dewey. Extensively creeping, 1--2 deg. high, erect; leaves +firm, narrow, about the length of the culm; staminate flowers variously +situated, usually some of the spikes wholly sterile; spikes 3--5, +aggregated or separated, ovoid or short-oblong, silvery-brown; +perigynium firm, nerved on both faces, the long beak rough and toothed, +the margins prominent or sometimes very narrow; scale acute, about the +length of the perigynium.--Sandy fields and banks, N. Eng. to Ohio, west +and northward; frequent. + +[++][++] _Perigynium ovate-lanceolate or narrower, scale-like, with +little distinction between body and margin._ + +126. C. Muskingumensis, Schwein. Robust, erect, 2--3 deg. high; leaves many +and lax, loosely sheathing, those on the sterile shoots crowded near the +top, all flat and long-pointed; spikes 6--12, contiguous, erect, +narrowly cylindric (often 1' long), becoming light brown and presenting +a dried appearance, very densely flowered; perigynium linear-lanceolate +(3'' long), prominently nerved, ciliate on the white margins above, +appressed, twice the length of the scale or more. (C. arida, _Schwein. & +Torr._)--Woods and copses, Mich. and Ohio to Ill. and Wisc.; local. + +127. C. tribuloides, Wahl. Stout and erect, 2--3 deg. high; leaves narrower +than in the last, loosely sheathing; spikes 6--15, aggregated into an +oblong or somewhat interrupted heavy head, short-oblong or sometimes +nearly globular, green or tawny-green, compact, not narrowed above; +perigynium linear-lanceolate (3'' long), obscurely nerved, erect but the +points conspicuous, rough-margined, nearly twice the length of the +scale. (C. lagopodioides, _Schkuhr_.)--Open swales; frequent.--Var. +TURBATA, Bailey. Culm softer and often lax; the leaves broader; spikes +more loosely disposed, forming a head 1--2' long, which is slender and +more or less interrupted but always erect, green, becoming tawny, if at +all, only when the perigynia begin to fall, obovate-oblong (1/4 to rarely +1/2' long), contracted below; perigynium ascending and more appressed, the +points therefore not conspicuous. Woods, throughout; rare.--Var. +REDUCTA, Bailey. Very slender, 1--2 deg. high, the culm projecting beyond +the leaves; spikes 2--10, small and nearly globular (usually less than +3'' broad), all usually distinct, the lowest separated, brown, +especially at maturity, the head often flexuose; perigynium small, the +points spreading and conspicuous. Copses, N. Eng. to Dak.; infrequent. + +Var. Bebbii, Bailey. Stiff or rather slender, erect, 1--21/2 deg. high; head +dense, ovoid or oblong (1/4--3/4' or very seldom 1' long), the lowest spike +only rarely distinct, straw-colored; spikes small (3'' long or less), +their axes ascending; bracts at the base of the head small or none; +points of the small perigynium conspicuous. (C. Bebbii, _Olney_.)--Dry +low grounds, throughout; common. + +Var. cristata, Bailey. Stout and stiff, 11/2--3 deg. high; head more or less +open or at least the lower 1 or 2 spikes commonly distinct, 1' long or +more, green; spikes larger than in the last and almost exactly globular, +their axes more divergent or fully horizontal; bracts usually +conspicuous, sometimes one of them foliaceous; perigynium spreading, the +points more conspicuous. (C. cristata, _Schwein_.)--Moist ground, +throughout from Penn. northward; common. + +128. C. scoparia, Schkuhr. Rather slender but erect, 1--21/2 deg. high; leaves +very narrow, shorter than the culm; head short and comparatively thick, +always tawny or brown, bractless or nearly so; spikes 3--8, all +contiguous or bunched, ovate-oblong, always prominently narrowed or +cone-shaped above, ascending; perigynium as in n. 127, but erect or +ascending.--Open swales, throughout; common eastward. + +Var. minor, Boott. Much smaller, 6--10' high, the leaves very narrow; +head very small and darker brown; spikes very small (2--4'' +long).--Rocky and sterile places, northward; frequent. + +[++][++][++] _Perigynium ovate or broader, thickened in the middle, +wing-margined (in n. 129 marginless)._ + +[=] _Head silvery-brown, silvery-green, or silvery-whitish._ + +129. C. adusta, Boott. Very stiff and stout, 11/2--21/2 deg. high, in dense +tufts; head very heavy, erect, varying from globular to oblong, +silvery-brown; spikes 5--10, globular and heavy, all aggregated or +sometimes distinct, the lowest 1 or 2 subtended by a short and very +broad-based, nerved and pointed bract; perigynium broadly ovate, +wingless or very nearly so, plump, shining, nerved on the outer face but +nerveless on the inner, filled by the large achene; scale acute, about +the length of the perigynium. (C. pinguis, _Bailey_.)--Dry and mostly +hard soils, Mt. Desert, Maine (_Greenleaf_), and northward, and Crawford +Co., Mich. (_Bailey_), to N. Minn., and far northwestward; local. + +130. C. foenea, Willd. Slender, erect or the top of the culm flexuose, +1--2 deg. high; head long and weak, often nodding; spikes 5--8, small, +nearly globular and much contracted below, silvery-green, alternately +disposed; perigynium varying from ovate to long-ovate, very thin, much +longer than the small achene, prominently rough-margined, strongly +many-nerved on both faces, especially on the small inner face; bracts +entirely wanting or inconspicuous. (C. adusta, last ed.)--Dryish +copses, N. Eng. to Penn. and Minn.; not common.--Var. PERPLEXA, Bailey. +Mostly taller and stouter; spikes larger and less attenuated or even +truncate below, approximate or even aggregated, the head erect or nearly +so and the lowest bract occasionally prominent; perigynium thicker and +firmer in texture. N. Eng. to Minn.; infrequent. + +131. C. silicea, Olney. Stiff, 1--2 deg. high, in clumps; leaves very +narrow, becoming involute, not exceeding the culm; head 1--3' long, +usually flexuose or nodding above the middle at maturity; spikes 5--8, +silvery-white or silvery-tawny at full maturity, all more or less +separated, ovate, conspicuously contracted below and cone-shaped above, +erect on the culm; perigynium very broad-ovate and very thin, obscurely +nerved, appressed, about as long as the acute colorless scale. (C. +foenea, var. sabulonum, last ed.; C. straminea, var. moniliformis, +_Tuckerm_.)--Sands of the sea-shore, Maine to N. J.; frequent. + +[=][=] _Head dull brown or green (usually somewhat silvery in_ var. +foenea _of n. 132)._ + +132. C. straminea, Willd. Very slender, erect, but the top of the culm +often flexuose, 1--3 deg. high; leaves narrow and long-pointed, stiff, +shorter than the culm; spikes 3--8, tawny, very small (2--3'' broad), +globular or sometimes a little tapering below from the presence of many +staminate flowers, usually all entirely distinct on the very slender, +often zigzag or flexuose rhachis; bracts none, or only the lowest +conspicuous; perigynium small and ovate, nerved on both faces but never +unusually prominently nerved on the inner face (as is the perigynium of +n. 130), the points spreading and rather conspicuous; scale acute, about +the length of the perigynium. (C. straminea, var. tenera, last +ed.)--Dryish copses and fields; common. Immensely variable. + +Var. mirabilis, Tuckerm. Culm long and mostly weak, often 4 deg. high, much +longer than the loose leaves; spikes 4--8, larger, usually all +contiguous or occasionally the lowest 1 or 2 separate, spreading, +loosely flowered, tawny or frequently greenish; perigynium narrowly +ovate, thin, longer than the scale, the points much spreading and very +conspicuous. (C. mirabilis, _Dewey_.)--Shady places, throughout; +frequent. + +Var. brevior, Dewey. (Pl. 6, fig. 6--10.) Culm always stiff, 11/2--21/2 deg. +high, longer than the stiff long-pointed leaves; spikes 3--8, all +distinct, contiguous or more or less separated, large (3--5'' broad), +globular, the head always short and erect; perigynium orbicular or +ovate-orbicular, often cordate at base, mostly very broadly winged. (C. +straminea, and vars. typica, hyalina, and Meadii, last ed.)--Dry soils, +throughout; common. + +Var. aperta, Boott. Culm slender but strict below the head, 1--2 deg. high, +growing in dense tufts; leaves very narrow, usually much shorter than +the culm; spikes 4--6, large, heavy, much contracted below, usually all +separated, becoming rusty, disposed in a weak or nodding head; +perigynium narrowly ovate.--Bogs, throughout; rare westward. Transition +to n. 128, from which the ovate perigynia distinguish it. + +Var. invisa, W. Boott. Culm very slender, weak above; leaves very narrow +with exceedingly long thin points, about the length of the culm; spikes +small (3'' broad or less), ovate, variously disposed in dense or open +heads or sometimes the lowest remote or even subradical, rusty, the +lower ones subtended by filiform bracts 2--5' long.--Swales near the +sea-board, Maine to Del.; infrequent. Apt to be confounded with n. 128. + +Var. alata, Bailey. Culm very stiff, 11/2--3 deg. high, longer than the stiff +leaves; spikes very large, oblong or conical, always pointed, usually +all contiguous, green or sometimes becoming tawny; perigynium orbicular +or orbicular-obovate, very abruptly contracted into a short beak which +is prominent in the spike. (C. alata, _Torr._)--Swales, Mass. to Ill., +and southward; rare and uncharacteristic far inland. + +Var. cumulata, Bailey. Culm very stiff, 2--3 deg. high, greatly exceeding +the firm leaves; spikes 5--30, all aggregated or densely capitate, +green, widely divergent, pointed above, very abruptly contracted or even +truncate at base, very densely flowered; perigynium small, broad, very +obscurely nerved, the points inconspicuous.--Dry grounds, Penn. to N. +Eng., and northward; rare. + +Var. foenea, Torr. Culm very stiff, longer than the leaves, 1--2 deg. high; +spikes 4--8, contiguous or separated, never densely aggregated, +prominently contracted both above and below, very densely flowered, +green, or often silvery-green. (C. foenea, last ed., excl. vars.; not +_Willd._)--Near the sea-coast; frequent. + +C. LEPORINA, L. Distinguished from C. straminea, var. brevior, as +follows:--Usually lower; spikes rusty-brown, ovoid or oblong, erect or +appressed, more or less contracted both above and below, contiguous in +an interrupted head 1' long or less; perigynium lance-ovate, thin, very +narrowly margined, erect and appressed, obscurely nerved.--About Boston +(_W. Boott, Morong_). (Adv. from Eu.) + +[*] 12.--[+] 3. _Cyperoideae_. + +133. C. sychnocephala, Carey. Erect, 3--18' high, leafy; head 1/2--1' +long; perigynium very slender, faintly nerved, 5--6 times longer than +the exceedingly small achene, mostly a little longer than the sharp +scale.--Glades, central N. Y. to Minn., and far westward; rare. + + +ORDER 129. GRAMINEAE. (GRASS FAMILY.) + +_Grasses, with usually hollow stems_ (culms) _closed at the joints, +alternate 2-ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side +opposite the blade; the hypogynous flowers solitary in the axils of +imbricated 2-ranked glumes_, forming a 1--many-flowered _spikelet_; the +lower glumes (1 or usually 2) empty, the succeeding _flowering glumes_ +enclosing each a somewhat smaller and usually thinner scale (called the +_palet_) and 2 or 3 very minute hyaline scales (_lodicules_) at the base +of the flower. Stamens 1--6, commonly 3; anthers versatile, 2-celled, +the cells distinct. Styles mostly 2 or 2-parted; stigmas hairy or +feathery. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, forming a seed-like grain +(_caryopsis_) in fruit. Embryo small, on the outside and at the base of +the floury albumen.--Roots fibrous. Sheath of the leaves usually more or +less extended above the base of the blade into a scarious appendage +(_ligule_). Spikelets panicled or spiked. Palet usually 2-nerved or +2-keeled, enclosed or partly covered by the glume. Grain sometimes free +from, sometimes permanently adherent to, the palet.--A vast and most +important family, as it furnishes the cereal grains, and the principal +food of cattle, etc. The terms _flowering glume_ and _palet_ are now +adopted in place of the _outer_ and _inner palets_ of previous editions, +while for convenience the term flower is often retained for the flower +proper together with the enclosing flowering glume. (See Plates 7--15.) + +SERIES A. Spikelets jointed upon the pedicel below the glumes, of one +terminal perfect flower (sometimes a lower staminate or neutral flower +in n. 5), or some or all of the 1-flowered spikelets unisexual in +n. 10--12. Glumes 4 (rarely only 2 or 3). + +Tribe I. PANICEAE. Spikelets of one perfect flower, in spikes or +panicles. Flowering glume awnless, in fruit more rigid than the empty +glumes. + +[*] Spikelets in 2--4 ranks on a more or less flattened rhachis.--See +also n. 5 (Sec. Digitaria). + +[+] Rhachis produced beyond the upper spikelet; glumes 3. + +1. Spartina. Spikelets much flattened laterally in 2 close ranks. + +[+][+] Rhachis not produced above the upper spikelet (rarely in n. 3). + +2. Beckmannia. Spikelets obovate, in 2 close rows. Glumes 3 (or 4), +strongly concave, carinate. + +3. Paspalum. Spikelets plano-convex, sessile or nearly so. Glumes 3 +(rarely 2). + +4. Eriochloa. Spikelets plano-convex, lanceolate, with a basal callus, +short-pedicelled. + +[*][*] Spikelets irregularly paniculate or spicate. + +5. Panicum. Spikelets ovate, not involucrate nor the pedicels bristly. +Glumes 4, the lowest usually small or minute. + +6. Setaria. Spikelets in dense cylindrical spikes or panicles, the +pedicels bristle-bearing. + +7. Cenchrus. Spikelets (1--5) enclosed in a globular spiny bur-like +involucre. + +8. Amphicarpum. Spikelets of 2 kinds, one in a terminal panicle, the +other subterranean on radical peduncles. + +Tribe II. ORYZEAE. Spikelets unisexual or perfect, in loose panicles, +with only 2 glumes (in our genera) and palet none. Stamens often 6. + +9. Leersia. Flowers perfect. Spikelets much flattened. Glumes carinate. + +10. Zizania. Spikelets unisexual. Glumes convex, narrow. + +Tribe III. MAYDEAE. Spikelets of a single perfect or unisexual or +rudimentary flower, in jointed spikes, in pairs at each joint, mostly +imbedded in the thick rhachis. + +11. Tripsacum. Spikelets monoecious, the staminate above in the spike. + +12. Rottboellia. One spikelet of each pair sterile and shortly +pedicelled, the other fertile, sessile and sunk in the rhachis. + +Tribe IV. ANDROPOGONEAE. Spikelets in pairs or threes on the (usually +jointed and bearded) rhachis of a spike or branches of a panicle, one +sessile and fertile, the lateral pedicelled and often sterile or +rudimentary; 2 upper glumes smaller and hyaline, that of the fertile +flower mostly awned. + +13. Erianthus. Spikelets in pairs, spicate, all alike fertile, +involucrate with a silky tuft. + +14. Andropogon. Spikelets spicate, in pairs, the pedicellate sterile or +rudimentary; rhachis bearded. + +15. Chrysopogon. Spikelets in open panicles, in pairs or threes, only +the sessile fertile. + +SERIES B. Rhachis of the spikelet usually jointed above the persistent +lower glumes (jointed below the glumes only in n. 19, 31, and 36). +Spikelets 1--many-flowered, the uppermost flowers often imperfect or +rudimentary. + +Tribe V. PHALARIDEAE. Glumes 5, only the uppermost fertile, the 2 middle +ones rudimentary or empty or staminate; palet 1-nerved. Panicle mostly +contracted and spike-like. + +16. Phalaris. Middle glumes mere rudiments each side of the shining +triandrous flower. + +17. Anthoxanthum. Middle glumes empty, awned on the back. Stamens 2. + +18. Hierochloe. Middle glumes triandrous. Fertile flower diandrous. + +Tribe VI. AGROSTIDEAE. Glumes 3; flower solitary, perfect (rarely a +rudimentary or perfect second flower in n. 23 and 32--34), palet +2-nerved. + +[*] Flowering glume with a terminal awn (none in n. 22), closely +embracing the grain in fruit; spikelets in panicles or loose spikes, the +rhachis not produced beyond the flower (except in n. 24 and a single +species of n. 23).--STIPEAE. + +[+] Fruiting glume firm and indurated, with a callus at base (none in +n. 22). + +19. Aristida. Awn 3-fid, the branches divaricate. Callus acute. + +20. Stipa. Awn simple, twisted. Callus mostly acute. + +21. Oryzopsis. Awn simple, straight, deciduous. Flower oblong; callus +short, obtuse. + +22. Milium. Awn none. Flower small, ovoid, without callus. + +[+][+] Fruiting glume thin and membranous; outer glume smaller or +minute. + +23. Muhlenbergia. Flower mostly hairy at base, the glume mucronate or +awned. + +24. Brachyelytrum. Rhachis produced into a bristle above. Outer glumes +very small, the flowering one long-awned. Stamens 2. + +[*][*] Flowering glume awnless or short-awned, loosely embracing the +grain, thin, the lower glumes complicate carinate; spikelets in dense +spike-like panicles, the rhachis not produced.--PHLEOIDEAE. + +25. Heleochloa. Awns none. Spikes short and scarcely exserted. + +26. Phleum. Glumes somewhat truncate, mucronate or short awned. Spike +cylindric. + +27. Alopecurus. Lower glumes united at base, the flowering awned on the +back. Palet none. Spike cylindric. + +[*][*][*] Glumes membranous, the lower rarely strongly complicate, the +flowering with a dorsal awn or awnless; spikelets variously +panicled.--AGROSTEAE. + +[+] Flowering glume 1- (rarely 3-) nerved, awnless; grain loosely +enclosed or naked. + +28. Sporobolus. Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute. + +[+][+] Flowering glume 3--5 nerved, mostly awned; grain enclosed. + +[++] Rhachis not reduced above the single flower. + +29. Agrostis. Spikelets in an open panicle. + +30. Polypogon. Empty glumes long-awned. Panicle spike-like. + +31. Cinna. Spikelets flattened, in a loose panicle. Palet 1-nerved. +Stamen 1 + +[++][++] Rhachis bearing a rudimentary second flower or short bristle +(except in species of n. 33). + +32. Apera. Flowering glume bifid, awned. Panicle very loose and +delicate. + +33. Calamagrostis. Flowers hairy-tufted at base. Glumes membranaceous. +Palet thin. + +34. Ammophila. Spikelets large. Flowers hairy tufted at base. Glumes and +palet chartaceous. + +Tribe VII. AVENEAE. Spikelets 2--several-flowered, panicled, the rhachis +or base of the flowers often bearded; upper flower imperfect or +rudimentary (except in n. 37). Flowering glume bearing a twisted, bent +or straight awn on its back or below the apex. + +[*] One of the flowers staminate only. + +35. Arrhenatherum. Lower flower staminate, long awned; middle flower +perfect, nearly awnless; the upper rudimentary. + +36. Holcus. Flowers 2, the lower perfect, awnless, the upper staminate, +awned. + +[*][*] Flowers all perfect or the uppermost usually rudimentary. + +37. Aira. Spikelets very small, in a diffuse panicle. Flowers 2, +perfect, awned toward the base. + +38. Deschampsia. Spikelets 2-flowered, with a hairy rudiment. Glumes +thin-scarious, the flowering one erose-truncate awned near the middle. + +39. Trisetum. Spikelets 2--several-flowered. Flowering glume thin, +compressed, carinate, 2-toothed, awned above by the excurrent mid nerve. + +40. Avena. Spikelets 2--several-flowered. Flowering glume hard and firm, +rounded on the back, 5--9 nerved, the mid-nerve long-excurrent at or +below the 2-toothed apex. + +41. Danthonia. As Avena, but the 3 middle nerves of the flowering glume +running into a flattish twisted awn from between the teeth. + +Tribe VIII. CHLORIDEAE. Spikelets 2--several-flowered with one or more of +the upper flowers imperfect (flower 1 and perfect in n. 45) arranged in +2 rows upon the rhachis of a 1-sided spike. + +[*] Spikelets with one perfect flower. + +42. Cynodon. Spikes 3--5, slender, digitate. Flower and the rudiment +awnless. + +43. Ctenium. Spike solitary, terminal. Flowers 4--6, the middle one +perfect. + +44. Gymnopogon. Spikes filiform, racemose. Spikelets remote, of a +perfect flower and an awned rudiment. + +45. Schedonnardus. Spikes 3--9, slender, scattered, distant. Spikelets +small, 1-flowered awnless. + +46. Bouteloua. Spikes scattered (rarely 1 and terminal), dense. Glume of +perfect flower 3-toothed. Rudimentary flowers 1--3 awned. + +[*][*] Spikelets with two or more perfect flowers; awns none. + +47. Eleusine. Spikes digitate, dense. + +48. Leptochloa. Spikes racemose, slender. Spikelets small, alternate. + +[*][*][*] Spikelets dioecious; spikes small, very dissimilar. + +49. Buchloe. Pistillate spikes capitate, sessile, the spikelets +1-flowered; staminate spikes (2 or 3) on a peduncle, the spikelets +2--3-flowered. + +Tribe IX. FESTUCEAE. Spikelets few--many-flowered, panicled, the +uppermost flowers often imperfect or abortive. Glumes pointless or the +flowering ones tipped with a straight awn or bristle. + +[*] Flowering glume 1--3 nerved, 2--3-toothed. Rhachis short-bearded or +glabrous. + +50. Triodia. Rhachis of the spikelet bearded. Nerves of the flowering +glume 3, villous, at least the middle one more or less excurrent. + +51. Diplachne. Rhachis glabrous. Glume 1--3-nerved, with 2 small teeth, +and a short awn in the cleft. + +[*][*] Glume 3-nerved, entire or 2-toothed and mucronate between the +teeth. Rhachis and flowers long-villous. Tall reeds with ample panicles. + +52. Phragmites. Spikelets 3--7-flowered, lowest flower naked, staminate +or neutral. Glume entire. + +53. Arundo. As n. 52, but flowers all perfect. Glume bifid. + +[*][*][*] Glume 3-nerved, the nerves (at least the mid-nerve) excurrent; +spikelets few, in the axils of floral leaves. + +54. Munroa. Low or prostrate much-branched annual. + +[*][*][*][*] Glume 3- (rarely 1-) nerved, obtuse or acute, awnless; +rhachis and flower naked. + +55. Koeleria. Panicle contracted. Spikelets 2--4-flowered. Glumes +compressed-keeled, acute or mucronate. + +56. Eatonia. Panicle slender, more or less dense. Spikelets 2-flowered. +Glumes very dissimilar, usually obtuse, the upper empty one enclosing +the flowers. + +57. Eragrostis. Spikelets flattened, 2--many-flowered. Glumes acute or +acutish. Palet persistent. + +[*][*][*][*][*] Glume 3--5-nerved, obtuse or abrupt-cuspidate; spikelet +3--5-flowered; upper sterile flowers convolute around each other. + +58. Melica. Glumes 5-nerved or more, scarious, obtuse. Panicle simple or +nearly so. + +59. Diarrhena. Glumes 3-nerved, coriaceous, the flowering one abruptly +cuspidate. Panicle loosely few-flowered. + +[*][*][*][*][*][*] Flowering glume 5-nerved or more (sometimes obscurely +so). Only the terminal flower abortive, or none. + +[+] Glumes more or less strongly compressed and carinate (ventricose in +n. 63). + +60. Uniola. Spikelets broad, flat and 2-edged, in usually loose +panicles. Glumes coriaceous, acute, the 3--6 lower ones empty. + +61. Distichlis. Dioecious. Spikelets large, flattened, in a close +panicle. Empty glumes 2, acute. + +62. Dactylis. Panicle contracted in 1-sided clusters. Glumes herbaceous, +awn-pointed, rough-ciliate on the keel. + +63. Briza. Spikelets heart-shaped, in lax panicles. Glumes roundish, +ventricose, scarious-margined. + +64. Poa. Spikelets small, flattened, ovate to lance-ovate, in a loose +panicle. Flowering glumes membranous and scarious-margined, pointless, +usually webby or pubescent toward the base. + +65. Graphephorum. Spikelets compressed, in a loose panicle, the hairy +jointed rhachis produced into a hairy pedicel. Glumes thin-membranous, +faintly nerved, entire. + +[+][+] Glumes convex on the back, not carinate (or somewhat so in +n. 70). + +66. Scolochloa. Spikelets subterete, in a lax panicle, the rhachis +villous at the base of the flowers, ending in a naked pedicel. Glumes +coriaceous, prominently 7-nerved, toothed at the apex. In water. + +67. Glyceria. Spikelets terete or flattish. Flowering glumes scarious at +the usually blunt summit, prominently 5--7-nerved. + +68. Puccinellia. Mainly as Glyceria, but the glumes obsoletely 5-nerved. + +69. Festuca. Spikelets terete or flattish. Flowering glume acute, +pointed or awned at the tip, few-nerved. Styles terminal. + +70. Bromus. Glume rounded or keeled on the back, mostly awned below the +2-cleft tip, 5--9-nerved. Styles scarcely terminal. + +Tribe X. HORDEAE. Spikelets 1--several-flowered, sessile on opposite +sides of a zigzag jointed channelled rhachis, forming a spike. Empty +glumes sometimes abortive or wanting. Uppermost flower imperfect or +abortive. + +[*] Spikelets single at each joint of the solitary spike. + +71. Lolium. Spikelets many-flowered, placed edgewise on the rhachis of +the spike, with one empty glume. + +72. Agropyrum. Spikelets 3--several-flowered, placed flatwise on the +rhachis. Empty glumes 2, right and left. + +73. Lepturus. Spikelets small, 1--2-flowered; empty glumes 1 or 2. Spike +very slender. + +[*][*] Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the solitary spike; the +empty glumes side by side in front of the spikelets (none or rudimentary +in n. 76.) + +74. Hordeum. Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint, the lateral ones +usually sterile. + +75. Elymus. Spikelets 1--several-flowered, all perfect and similar. + +76. Asprella. Spikelets few-flowered, somewhat pedicelled, 1--3 at each +joint. Glumes none or small and deciduous. + +Tribe XI. BAMBUSEAE. Tall woody reeds, the flat leaves with a short +petiole jointed upon the sheath. Spikelets few--many-flowered, +flattened, in panicles or racemes. + +77. Arundinaria. Flowering glumes rounded on the back, many-nerved, +acuminate or bristle-pointed; empty glumes very small. + + +1. SPARTINA, Schreber. CORD or MARSH GRASS. (Pl. 9.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, very much flattened laterally, jointed and sessile +in 2 ranks on the outer side of a triangular rhachis. Glumes 3, unequal, +lanceolate, strongly compressed-keeled, acute or bristle-pointed, mostly +rough-bristly on the keel; palet thin, equalling or longer +than the flowering glume. Stamens 3. Styles long, more or less +united.--Perennials, with simple and rigid often reed-like culms, from +extensively creeping scaly rootstocks, racemed spikes, very smooth +sheaths, and long tough leaves (whence the name, from [Greek: +sparti/ne], _a cord_, such as was made from the bark of the _Spartium_ +or Broom). + +[*] _Spikelets compactly imbricated, very rough-hispid on the keels; +spikes (2--4' long) more or less peduncled; culm and elongated leaves +rigid._ + +1. S. cynosuroides, Willd. (FRESH-WATER CORD-GRASS.) _Culm rather +slender_ (2--6 deg. high); _leaves narrow_ (2--4 deg. long, 1/2' wide below or +less), tapering to a very slender point, keeled, flat, but quickly +involute in drying, smooth except the margins; _spikes_ 5--20, +scattered, spreading; rhachis rough on the margins; _glumes +awn-pointed_, especially the middle one (its awn about 1/4' long), +strongly serrulate-hispid on the keel, _the lower equalling the upper_, +whose strong midrib abruptly terminates below the membranous +apex.--Banks of rivers and lakes, or in rich soil, especially northward. +Aug. + +2. S. polystachya, Willd. (SALT REED-GRASS.) _Culm tall and stout_ +(4--9 deg. high, often 1' in diameter near the base); _leaves broad (1/2--1'), +roughish underneath_, as well as the margins; _spikes 20--50, forming a +dense oblong raceme_ (purplish); _glumes barely mucronate, the lower +half the length of the flowering one_, of which the rough-hispid midrib +reaches to the apex.--Salt or brackish marshes, within tide-water, +especially southward. + +3. S. juncea, Willd. (RUSH SALT-GRASS.) _Culms low_ (1--2 deg. high) _and +slender; leaves narrow and rush-like, strongly involute, very smooth; +spikes_ 1--5, on very short peduncles, the rhachis smooth; _glumes +acute_, the lower scarcely half the length of the middle one, not half +the length of the upper.--Salt marshes and sea-beaches. Aug. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Spikelets loosely imbricated, or somewhat remote and alternate, +the keels only slightly hairy or roughish under a lens; spikes sessile +and erect, soft; leaves, rhachis, etc., very smooth; culm rather +succulent._ + +4. S. stricta, Roth. (SALT MARSH-GRASS.) (Pl. 9, fig. 1--3.) Culm 1--4 deg. +high, leafy to the top; leaves soon convolute, narrow; spikes few +(2--4), the rhachis slightly projecting beyond the crowded or imbricated +spikelets; glumes acute, very unequal, the larger 1-nerved, a little +longer than the flower.--Salt marshes, Penn., etc.--Odor strong and +rancid. (Eu.) + +Var. glabra, Gray. Culm and leaves longer; spikes 5--12 (2--3' long); +Spikelets imbricate-crowded.--Common on the coast. + +Var. alterniflora, Gray. Spikes more slender (3--5' long), and the +spikelets remotish, barely overlapping, the rhachis continued into a +more conspicuous bract-like appendage; larger glume indistinctly +5-nerved; otherwise as in the preceding form, into which it +passes.--Common with the last; also Onondaga Lake, _J. A. Paine_. + + +2. BECKMANNIA, Host. (Pl. 16.) + +Spikelets jointed upon the pedicels, 1--2-flowered (only one fertile), +obovate and laterally compressed, imbricated in 2 rows upon one side of +the angled rhachis of a spike. Glumes 3 or 4, the 2 lower strongly +concave and carinate, obtuse or acutish, the 1 or 2 flowering glumes +narrower, lanceolate, acute or acuminate and a little exserted, becoming +rather rigid and with the thin palet enclosing the oblong grain.--A +stout erect subaquatic perennial, with the short spikes erect and simply +spicate or in a strict narrow panicle. (Named for _John Beckmann_, +professor of botany at Goettingen.) + +1. B. erucaeformis, Host, var. uniflora, Scribn. Glumes 3 and spikelets +1-flowered; spikes (6'' long or less) panicled.--N. W. Iowa, W. Minn., +and westward. The Old World form, which also is found in the far +northwest, has 2-flowered spikelets. + + +3. PASPALUM, L. (Pl. 13.) + +Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed, in 2--4 rows on one side of a +flattened or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed upon very short +pedicels, plano-convex, awnless, 1-flowered. Glumes 3 (rarely only 2), +the terminal one flowering. Flower coriaceous, mostly orbicular or +ovate, flat on the inner side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. Spikes +one or more, at or toward the summit of an elongated peduncle. ([Greek: +Paspa/los], a Greek name for Millet.) + +[*] _Spikes with a (1'') broad and thin membranaceous or foliaceous and +keeled rhachis, the incurved margins partly enclosing the small +two-rowed spikelets. (Smooth, aquatic, or nearly so, decumbent or +floating.)_ + +1. P. fluitans, Kunth. Annual; _leaves lanceolate, flat_ (3--8''), +broad; _spikes numerous in a raceme_, the rhachis somewhat projecting +beyond the minute and slightly pubescent spikelets into a tapering +point, scabrous on the back.--River-swamps, Va. to S. Ill., Mo., and +southward. Sept., Oct. + +2. P. Walterianum, Schultes. Perennial; _leaves linear, short; spikes_ +3--7, the lowest partly included in the sheath of the uppermost leaf, +the rhachis blunt; spikelets glabrous.--Low or wet grounds, N. J. (Cape +May, _Nuttall_), Del., and southward. + +[*][*] _Spikes with a narrow wingless rhachis; perennials, or mostly +so._ + +[+] _Spikelets very obtuse, orbicular; spikes one terminal and often +1--5 lateral._ + +3. P. setaceum, Michx. Culm ascending or decumbent (1--2 deg. long), +slender; leaves (2'' wide, flat) and sheaths clothed with soft spreading +hairs; _spikes very slender_ (2--4' long), smooth, _mostly solitary on a +long peduncle, and usually one from the sheaths of each of the upper +leaves on short peduncles or included_; _spikelets_ (1/2'' wide) _narrowly +2-rowed_.--Sandy fields; common from E. Mass. to Ill., and southward. +Aug. + +4. P. laeve, Michx. (Pl. 13, fig. 1--3.) Bright green, sparingly villous, +rather stout; stems somewhat decumbent; leaves and spikes widely +spreading; spikes (2--4) approximate, 2--4' long, smooth or nearly so; +spikelets about 1'' wide, 2-rowed.--Moist soil, S. New Eng. to Ky., and +southward. + +5. P. Floridanum, Michx. Stout, erect, 3--6 deg. high, glaucous; sheaths and +leaves more or less villous, the latter and the spikes erect or +ascending; spikes (2--5) broader, 2--5' long, the smooth spikelets +nearly 2'' broad, in 2 rows.--Moist soil; Del. to Fla., Ark., and Tex. + +[+][+] _Spikelets acute; spikes several, racemose._ + +6. P. dilatatum, Poir. Stout, erect, 2--5 deg. high, villous at the top of +the sheath; spikes few on a naked peduncle, erect, 2--3' long; spikelets +1'' long or more, the lower glume soft-villous on the margin.--Va. to +Tex. + +[+][+][+] _Spikelets acute; spikes always a pair at the summit of the +naked peduncle._ + +7. P. distichum, L. (JOINT-GRASS.) Nearly glabrous, rather glaucous; +culms ascending (about 1 deg. high) from a long creeping base; leaves +linear-lanceolate (2--3' long); peduncle usually short; _spikes short_ +and closely-flowered (9''--2' long), often slightly separated; rhachis +flat on the back; _spikelets ovate, slightly pointed_ (barely 11/2'' +long), _approximate on one side of the rhachis_.--Wet fields, Va. and +southward. July--Sept. + +8. P. Elliottii, Watson. Culms ascending (1--21/2 deg. high) from a creeping +base; leaves lanceolate (3--6' long, 4--6'' wide); _spikes slender_, +rather sparsely flowered (1--4' long), _both sessile_ upon the long +slender peduncle; _spikelets ovate-lanceolate_ (2'' long), _on nearly +opposite sides of the rhachis_. (Milium paspalodes, _Ell._ P. Digitaria, +_Chapm._; not _Poir._)--Va. and southward. + + +4. ERIOCHLOA, HBK. (Pl. 16.) + +Spikelets ovate, subsessile or shortly pedicelled upon one side of the +rhachis of a spike, with a callus at base and jointed on the pedicel, +1-flowered. Glumes 3, the 2 empty ones slightly unequal, membranaceous, +acute, the flowering one shorter, indurated, obtuse, enclosing the free +grain.--Coarse tufted grasses, with flat leaves, the spikes more or less +scattered along a common peduncle, and the pedicels and rhachis of the +spike usually pubescent or hairy (hence the name, from [Greek: e)/rion], +_wool_, and [Greek: chlo/a], _grass_). + +1. E. polystachya, HBK. Culms erect or decumbent, 2 deg. high; spikes 6--12, +erect or ascending, 1--2' long, forming a compound spike 3--6' long; +spikelets glabrous, very shortly pedicelled, oblong-lanceolate, nearly +2'' long.--S. Kan. to Tex. and Mex. + + +5. PANICUM, L. PANIC-GRASS. (Pl. 13.) + +Spikelets jointed upon the pedicels, ovate, panicled, racemed, or +sometimes spiked, not involucrate, with one perfect and sometimes a +second lower rudimentary or staminate flower. Glumes 4, but the lower +one usually short or minute (rarely even wanting), and the third empty +or sterile, membranaceo-herbaceous. Upper flower perfect, closed, +coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually flattish parallel with the glumes, +awnless (except in Sec. 3), enclosing the free and grooveless grain. +Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, usually purple. (An ancient Latin name of +the Italian Millet, P. Italicum (now Setaria Italica), of uncertain +origin and meaning.) + +Sec. 1. DIGITARIA. _Spikelets crowded 2--3 together in simple and mostly +1-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes, wholly awnless and +pointless, 1-flowered; lower glume minute or obsolete or wanting; +annual, often purplish._ + +[*] _Spikes erect; the rhachis filiform and nearly terete._ + +1. P. filiforme, L. Culms very slender (1--2 deg. high), upright; lower +sheaths hairy; spikes 2--8, alternate, approximate, filiform; spikelets +oblong, acute (1/2'' long); lower glume almost wanting.--Dry sandy soil, +Mass. to N. J. along the coast, to Iowa, Neb., and southward. Aug. + +[*][*] _Spikes spreading; the rhachis flat and thin._ + +P. GLABRUM, Gaudin. Culms spreading, prostrate, or sometimes erect +(5--12' long), glabrous; _spikes 2--6, widely diverging_, nearly +digitate; spikelets ovoid (about 1'' long); _upper empty glume equalling +the flower, the lower almost wanting_.--Cultivated grounds and waste +places; common, especially southward; sometimes appearing indigenous. +Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) + +P. SANGUINALE, L. (COMMON CRAB- or FINGER-GRASS.) (Pl. 13, fig. 1--3.) +Culms erect or spreading (1--2 deg. high); leaves and sheaths glabrous or +hairy; _spikes 4--15, spreading_, digitate; spikelets oblong (11/2'' +long); _second glume half the length of the flower, the lower one +small_.--Cultivated and waste grounds. Aug.--Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) + +Sec. 2. PANICUM proper. _Spikelets scattered, in panicles, awnless._ + +[*] _Panicle elongated and racemose, wand-like or pyramidal; the +numerous and usually pointed spikelets short-pedicelled, excepting n. 3 +and 4._ + +[+] _Sterile flower none; lower glume short; spikelets 1/2--11/2'' long; +annuals except_ n. 4; _leaves flat; sheaths flattened._ + +[++] _Glabrous and smooth throughout; spikelets appressed, +short-pedicelled._ + +2. P. proliferum, Lam. Culms usually thickish and rather succulent, +branched, geniculate and ascending from a procumbent base; sheaths +flattened; ligule ciliate; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, +pyramidal, the slender primary branches at length spreading; spikelets +pale green, rarely purplish; lower glume broad, {1/3} to 1/4 the length of +the upper, which is little longer than the flowering one.--Marshy +river-banks and shores, especially if brackish, but also in the +interior, from Mass. to Iowa, and southward. Aug. + +[++][++] _Hispid or hairy on the sheaths, at least the lower; spikelets +mostly scattered on slender pedicels in an ample, loose, at length very +effuse panicle; culms mostly branched from the base, erect or ascending +(10--20' high)._ + +3. P. capillare, L. (OLD-WITCH GRASS.) (Pl. 13, fig. 4, 5.) All the +sheaths and usually the leaves _copiously hairy or hispid_; panicle +mostly very compound, the branches divaricate when old; spikelets from +ovoid to narrowly oblong, pointed; _lower glume half the length of the +upper empty one_, which is longer than the _elliptical obtuse +perfect flower_.--Sandy soil and cultivated fields everywhere. +Aug.--Oct.--Varies extremely in size and appearance, the culms erect and +simple, or decumbent, geniculate and branched; in depauperate forms the +spikelets only 3/4'', in the larger forms 11/2'' in length. + +4. P. autumnale, Bosc. Root perennial (?), lower sheaths and margins of +the small narrow leaves more or less hairy, _otherwise glabrous_, except +some _bristly hairs in the main axils of the very effuse capillary +panicle_, its much elongated divisions sparingly branched, or even +simple and terminated with solitary _spindle_-shaped spikelets; _lower +glume minute; perfect flower lanceolate-oblong and pointed_, nearly +equalling the lance-oblong obtusish empty glumes.--Sand-hills, Ill. to +Minn., Mo., and southward. + +[+][+] _Sterile flower rudimentary (staminate in n. 7), its glume fully +twice the length of the lower glume; spikelets small (1 or 11/2'' long); +root perennial._ + +5. P. anceps, Michx. _Culms flat, upright_ (2--4 deg. high); leaves rather +broadly linear (1--2 deg. long, 4--5'' wide), smooth; panicle +contracted-pyramidal; _spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed_, a little +curved; _second glume 5--7-nerved_; neutral flower one third longer than +the perfect one.--Wet sandy soil, N. J. and Penn. to S. Ill., and +southward. Aug.--Spikelets larger and branches of the panicle longer and +narrower than in the next. + +6. P. agrostoides, Muhl. _Culms flattened, upright_ (2--4 deg. high); leaves +long, and with the sheaths smooth; panicles terminal and often lateral, +pyramidal (4--8' long); _spikelets_ racemose, crowded and one-sided on +the spreading branches, _ovate-oblong, acute_ (purplish); _second glume +5-nerved_, longer than the neutral flower; perfect flower shorter, +bearded at the apex.--Wet meadows and shores, E. Mass. to Minn., Neb., +and common southward. Aug. + +7. P. Curtisii, Chapm. Culms stout, 3--4 deg. high, often rooting below; +mostly glabrous; panicle slender, simple, spike-like (6--8' long), the +spikes appressed; spikelets lanceolate, acute; lower glume half the +length of the 5-nerved second one.--Ponds, Del. to Fl. and Tex. + +[+][+][+] _Sterile flower staminate; lower glume more than half the +length of the next; spikelets large (2--21/2'' long), ovate, pointed, as +are the glumes, etc.; perennials, glabrous, with tall or stout and rigid +upright culms._ + +8. P. virgatum, L. (Pl. 13, fig. 8, 9.) Tall (3--5 deg. high); _leaves very +long, flat_; ligule silky-bearded; _branches of the compound loose and +large panicle_ (9'--2 deg. long) _at length spreading or drooping_; +spikelets scattered, usually purplish.--Moist sandy soil; common. Aug. + +9. P. amarum, Ell. Culms (11/2 deg. high or more) sheathed to the top; _leaves +involute, glaucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contracted +panicle_, the simple racemose branches of which are appressed; spikelets +pale.--Sandy shores, Conn., Va., and southward. Aug., Sept.--The +northern form (var. MINUS, Vasey & Scribn.) somewhat smaller than the +southern. + +[*][*] _Panicle short or small, loosely spreading or diffuse; +perennials._ + +[+] _Sterile flower none; spikelets warty roughened._ + +10. P. verrucosum, Muhl. Smooth; culms branching and spreading, very +slender (1--2 deg. long), naked above; leaves linear-lanceolate (2--3'' +wide), shining; branches of the diffuse panicle capillary, few-flowered; +spikelets dark green, oval, acute, 3/4'' long; lower glume 1/4 as long as +the faintly nerved second.--Sandy swamps, N. Eng. to Va., near the +coast, and southward. + +[+][+] _Lower (sterile) flower neutral, or in n. 12 and sometimes in +n. 11 staminate, the palet scarious and sometimes small and +inconspicuous._ + +[++] _Culm-leaves broadly lanceolate or wider, with 9--15 principal +nerves (obscure or none in n. 17)._ + +[=] _Spikelets 1--11/2'' long._ + +11. P. xanthophysum, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched near the +base (9--15' high); _sheaths hairy; leaves lanceolate, very acute_ +(4--6' long by 1/2' wide), _not dilated at the ciliate-bearded clasping +base, smooth_ except the margins, _strongly 9--11-nerved; panicle +long-peduncled, very simple_, the appressed branches bearing a few +_roundish-obovate spikelets_ (about 11/2'' long); lower glume ovate, +acutish, {1/3}--1/2 the length of the 9-nerved second.--Dry sandy +soil, Maine to Penn., Wisc., Iowa, and northward; rare. +June.--Yellowish-green; spikelets minutely downy; sterile flower +sometimes staminate. + +12. P. latifolium, L. Culm (1--2 deg. high) smooth; the joints and the +throat or margins of the otherwise _smooth sheaths often bearded with +soft woolly hairs; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate from a +heart-clasping base_ (often 1' wide), taper-pointed, 11--15-nerved, +smooth, or sparingly downy-hairy; panicle more or less exserted (2--3' +long), usually long-peduncled, the branches spreading; _spikelets +obovate, 11/2'' long_, downy; lower glume ovate, not half the length of +the many-nerved second; sterile flower often (not always) with 3 +stamens.--Moist thickets; common. June--Aug. + +13. P. clandestinum, L. (Pl. 13, fig. 6, 7.) Culm rigid (1--3 deg. high), +very leafy to the top, at length producing appressed branches, the +_joints naked_; _sheaths rough with papillae bearing very stiff and +spreading bristly hairs_; leaves oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping +base, very taper-pointed; lateral and usually also the terminal _panicle +more or less enclosed in the sheaths_, or with the terminal one at +length long-peduncled;--otherwise resembling n. 12; but _the spikelets +more ovoid_, often smooth; the lower flower (always?) neutral.--Low +thickets and river-banks, N. Eng. to Mich., Mo., and southward. +June--Sept. + +14. P. viscidum, Ell. Culms stout, upright or ascending, at length much +branched, leafy to the top, _densely velvety-downy all over_, as also +the sheaths, with reflexed soft and often clammy hairs, except a ring +below each joint; leaves likewise velvety, lanceolate (1/2' wide), +11--13-nerved; panicle spreading, the lateral ones included; _spikelets +obovate_, 1 or 11/2'' _long_, downy; the roundish lower glume scarcely one +fourth the length of the 7-nerved second one.--Damp soil, N. J. to Va., +and southward. Aug. + +15. P. scoparium, Lam. _Culms_ upright, at length much branched and +reclining (1--2 deg. long), _roughish; leaves lanceolate_ (3--5' long by +{1/3}--1/2' wide), _rather faintly 9-nerved_, hairy or smooth, _fringed_ +on the whole margin or next the base _with long and stiff spreading +hairs, the sheaths bristly throughout_ with similar hairs; _panicle +open, nearly simple, bearing few_ tumid-obovate hairy or smoothish +_spikelets about 11/2'' long_; lower glume roundish, about half or a +quarter of the length of the upper one. (P. pauciflorum, _Ell._)--Wet +meadows and copses, E. Mass. to Minn., west and southward. June, July. + +16. P. commutatum, Schultes. Rather slender, erect, 1--2 deg. high, _nearly +glabrous_; leaves lanceolate, acuminate (3--6' long), the margins toward +the base and the sheaths sparsely ciliate; panicle spreading, often +short-peduncled; _spikelets_ scattered, glabrous, _oblong, acutish_, +little more than 1'' long; _lower glume ovate_, often acute.--N. Y. to +Fla.--A frequent variety with smaller spikelets (not 1'' long) +approaches the next, and has also been confused with P. +dichotomum.--Ont. to Va. and southward. + +[=][=] _Spikelets less than 1'' long._ + +17. P. nitidum, Michx. (Lam.?) Resembles the last; leaves rather thick +and the principal nerves very obscure or none except at the base; +panicle broad, more slender; spikelets smaller ({2/3}'' long), broadly +ovate and very obtuse; lower glume very obtuse. (P. sphaerocarpon, +_Ell._)--N. Y. to Ga., and westward. + +18. P. microcarpon, Muhl. Like the last; the broadly lanceolate leaves +nearly similar, but usually longer (8' long or less), distinctly nerved; +panicle soon exserted on a slender peduncle, rather narrower, with +numerous slender branches and very many-flowered (3--7' long); spikelets +about {1/2}'' long, ovoid, smooth or smoothish; lower glume orbicular +and very small.--Dry or moist thickets, Penn. to Mich., Neb., and +southward. July--Sept. + +[++][++] _Culm-leaves linear or sometimes narrowly lanceolate (basal +often lanceolate); primary nerves often indistinct or none; spikelets +small._ + +19. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Culms simple or branched from the base, +forming close tufts (6--12' high), terminated by a simple and +few-flowered contracted panicle, often much overtopped by the narrowly +linear and elongated (4--7') upper leaves; spikelets 3/4--11/2'' long, +oval-obovate, commonly pointed when young; lower glume ovate.--Varies, +with the leaves involute, at least when dry (P. involutum, _Torr._), and +with the sheaths either beset with long hairs or nearly smooth; the +panicle either partly included, or on a long and slender peduncle.--Dry +woods and hills; rather common. June. + +20. P. consanguineum, Kunth. Culms slender, 1--2 deg. high, often decumbent +and rooting below; nearly glabrous or the sheaths and leaves somewhat +pubescent or villous; panicle small, with rather few spreading +few-flowered branches; _spikelets_ 1--11/2'' long, _oblong-obovate, +acutish_.--Dry woods, Norfolk, Va., and south to Fl. and Tex. + +21. P. dichotomum, L.! Culms (8'--2 deg. high) at first mostly simple, +bearing a more or less exserted spreading compound panicle (1--3' long), +and linear to linear-lanceolate flat leaves (those tufted at the root +usually ovate-lanceolate and very short, thickish); but commonly +branching later in the season, the branches often clustered, and bearing +nearly simple and included small panicles; _spikelets_ 1/2--{2/3}'' long, +_elliptical, obtuse_, downy or smooth; lower glume roundish.--Common +everywhere. Very variable both in habit and in the amount of villosity +(depending upon the soil, exposure, season, etc.), so that it is +difficult to specify any well defined varieties. The more conspicuous +forms are (_a_) _commune_, with simple culms erect or ascending, and +leaves suberect, usually pale green--(_b_) _fasciculatum_, with +clustered leafy branches and short peduncles, a common autumnal +state--and (_c_) _gracile_, the culms lax, very slender and elongated, +with rather distant spreading leaves (usually bright green), and mostly +long-pedunculate panicles. + +22. P. laxiflorum, Lam.! Closely resembling the last species, in its +several forms; distinguished by the larger acutish spikelets (nearly or +quite 1'' long).--Common. + +Sec. 3. ECHINOCHLOA. _Spikelets imbricated-spiked on the branches of the +simple or compound raceme or panicle, usually rough with appressed stiff +hairs; lower palet of the sterile flower awl-pointed or awned._ + +P. CRUS-GALLI, L. (BARNYARD-GRASS.) Root annual; culms stout, branching +from the base (1--4 deg. high); leaves lanceolate (1/2' wide or more), +rough-margined, otherwise with the sheaths smooth; spikes alternate +(1--3' long), crowded in a dense panicle; glumes ovate, abruptly +pointed; glume of the neutral flower bearing a rough awn of variable +length.--Varies greatly; sometimes awnless or nearly so; sometimes +_long-awned_, especially in the var. HISPIDUM, a very large and coarse +form with the sheaths of the leaves very bristly.--Moist, chiefly +manured soil; the variety in ditches, especially of brackish water; +possibly indigenous. Aug.--Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +6. SETARIA, Beauv. BRISTLY FOXTAIL GRASS. (Pl. 13) + +Spikelets altogether as in Panicum proper, and awnless, but with the +short peduncles bearing below the joint of the spikelet solitary or +clustered bristles resembling awns (but not forming an involucre). +Inflorescence a dense spiked panicle, or apparently a cylindrical +spike.--Annuals, in cultivated or manured grounds, with linear or +lanceolate flat leaves. (Name from _seta_, a bristle.) + +[*] _Bristles single or in pairs, roughened or barbed downward._ + +S. VERTICILLATA, Beauv. Spike cylindrical (2--3' long, pale green), +composed of apparently whorled short clusters; bristles short, +adhesive.--Near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Bristles in clusters, roughened or barbed upward._ + +S. GLAUCA, Beauv. (FOXTAIL. PIGEON-GRASS.) (Pl. 13, fig. 1, 2.) _Spike +cylindrical, dense, tawny yellow_ (2--4' long); _bristles 6--11 in a +cluster_, much longer than the spikelets; _perfect flower transversely +wrinkled_.--Very common, in stubble, etc. (Adv. from Eu.) + +S. VIRIDIS, Beauv. (GREEN FOXTAIL. BOTTLE-GRASS.) _Spike nearly +cylindrical, more or less compound, green; bristles few_, longer than +the spikelets; _flower striate lengthwise and dotted_.--Cultivated +grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) + +S. ITALICA, Kunth. _Spike compound_, interrupted at base, thick, +_nodding_ (6--9' long), _yellowish or purplish; bristles 2 or +3 in a cluster_, either much longer or else shorter than the +spikelets.--Cultivated under the name of MILLET, or HUNGARIAN or BENGAL +GRASS; rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +7. CENCHRUS, L. HEDGEHOG- or BUR-GRASS. (Pl. 14.) + +Spikelets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed 1 to 5 together in a +globular and bristly or spiny involucre, which becomes coriaceous and +forms a deciduous hard and rigid bur; the involucres sessile in a +terminal spike. Styles united below. (An ancient Greek name of Setaria +Italica.) + +1. C. tribuloides, L. Annual; culms branched and ascending (1 deg. high or +less); leaves flat; spike oblong, of 8--20 spherical heads; involucre +prickly all over with spreading and barbed short spines, more or less +downy, enclosing 2 or 3 spikelets.--Sandy soil, on river banks, etc. +Aug.--A vile weed. + + +8. AMPHICARPUM, Kunth. (Pl. 13.) + +Spikelets jointed upon the pedicels, 1-flowered, oblong or ovoid, of two +kinds; one kind in a terminal panicle, deciduous from the joint without +fruit, although the flower is perfect; the other kind solitary at the +extremity of slender runner-like radical peduncles (more or less +sheathed toward the base), much larger than the others, perfect and +fertile, subterranean, fertilized in the bud. Glumes 3, nearly equal, +5-nerved in the panicle, many nerved in the fertile spikelets; palet a +little shorter; all becoming indurated and enclosing the very large +grain. Stamens 3 (small in the radical flowers). Stigmas plumose, deep +purple. (Name from [Greek: a)mphi/karpos], _doubly fruit-bearing_.) + +1. A. Purshii, Kunth. Annual or biennial(?), erect, 1--4 deg. high; leaves +lanceolate, copious on the lower part of the culm, hispid, especially on +the sheaths; panicle strict, naked; grain ovoid or oblong (2--3'' long), +terete.--Moist sandy pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. Sept. + + +9. LEERSIA, Swartz. WHITE GRASS. (Pl. 7.) + +Flowers crowded in one-sided panicled spikes or racemes, perfect, but +those in the open panicles usually sterile by the abortion of the ovary, +those enclosed in the sheaths of the leaves close-fertilized in the bud +and prolific. Spikelets 1-flowered, flat, more or less imbricated over +each other, jointed upon the short pedicels. Glumes 2, chartaceous, +strongly flattened laterally or conduplicate, awnless, bristly-ciliate +on the keels, closed, nearly equal in length, but the lower much +broader, enclosing the flat grain. Palet none. Stamens 1--6. Stigmas +feathery, the hairs branching.--Perennial marsh grasses; the flat +leaves, sheaths, etc., rough upward, being clothed with very minute +hooked prickles. (Named after _John Daniel Leers_, a German botanist.) + +[*] _Spikelets narrowly oblong, rather loosely crowded._ + +1. L. Virginica, Willd. (WHITE GRASS.) _Panicle simple; the spikelets +closely appressed_ on the slender branches, around which they are partly +curved (11/2'' long); stamens 2 (a third imperfect or wanting); glumes +sparingly ciliate (greenish-white).--Wet woods; Maine to Minn., and +southward. Aug. + +2. L. oryzoides, Swartz. (RICE CUT-GRASS.) (Pl. 7, fig. 1--3.) _Panicle +diffusely branched; spikelets flat, rather spreading_ (21/2--3'' long); +_stamens_ 3; glumes strongly bristly-ciliate (whitish).--Very wet +places; Mass, to Minn., and southward; common. Aug. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Spikelets broadly oval, imbricately covering each other (21/2--3'' +long)._ + +3. L. lenticularis, Michx. (CATCH-FLY GRASS.) Smoothish; panicle simple; +glumes very flat, strongly bristly-ciliate (said to close and catch +flies); stamens 2; otherwise like the preceding.--Low grounds, Va., +Ill., and southward. + + +10. ZIZANIA, Gronov. WATER or INDIAN RICE. (Pl. 7.) + +Flowers monoecious; the staminate and pistillate both in 1-flowered +spikelets in the same panicle. Glumes 2, subtended by a small +cartilaginous ring, herbaceo-membranaceous, convex, awnless in the +sterile, the lower one tipped with a straight awn in the fertile +spikelets. Palet none. Stamens 6. Stigmas pencil-form.--Large, often +reed-like water-grasses. Spikelets jointed upon the club-shaped +pedicels, very deciduous. (Adopted from [Greek: ziza/nion], the ancient +name of some wild grain.) + +1. Z. aquatica, L. (INDIAN RICE. WATER OATS.) (Pl. 7, fig. 1--4.) +Annual; culms 3--9 deg. high; leaves flat, 2--3 deg. long, linear-lanceolate; +_lower branches of the_ ample pyramidal _panicle staminate, spreading; +the upper erect, pistillate; lower glume long-awned_, rough; styles +distinct; grain linear, slender, 6'' long.--Swampy borders of streams +and in shallow water; common, especially northwestward. Aug. + +2. Z. miliacea, Michx. Perennial; panicle diffuse, ample, the _staminate +and pistillate flowers intermixed; awns short_; styles united; grain +ovate.--Penn. (?), Ohio, and southward. Aug.--Leaves involute. + + +11. TRIPSACUM, L. GAMA-GRASS. SESAME-GRASS. (Pl. 14.) + +Spikelets monoecious, in jointed unilateral spikes, staminate above and +fertile below. Staminate spikelets in pairs, sessile at each triangular +joint of the narrow rhachis, both alike, 2-flowered, longer than the +joints; glumes 4, coriaceous, the lower (outer) one nerved, the second +boat-shaped, the upper with the palets very thin and membranaceous, +awnless; anthers opening by 2 pores at the apex. Pistillate spikelets +2-flowered (the lower flower neutral), single and deeply imbedded in +each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened rhachis, occupying a +boat-shaped recess which is closed by the polished and cartilaginous +ovate outer glume, the inner glume much thinner and pointed, the upper +with the palets very thin and scarious, pointless. Styles united; +stigmas very long (purple), hispid. Grain ovoid, free.--Culms stout and +tall, solid, from very thick creeping rootstocks. Leaves broad and flat. +Spikes axillary and terminal, separating spontaneously into joints at +maturity. (Name from [Greek: tri/bo], _to rub_, perhaps in allusion to +the polished fertile spike.) + +1. T. dactyloides, L. Spikes (4--8' long) 2--3 together at the summit +(when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened), and also +solitary from some of the upper sheaths (when the fertile part is +cylindrical); in var. MONOSTACHYUM, the terminal spike also +solitary.--Moist soil, from Conn. to Penn. and Fla., near the coast, and +from Ill. southward. Aug.--Culm 4--7 deg. high; leaves like those of Indian +Corn. This is one of our largest and most remarkable Grasses; sometimes +used for fodder at the South. + + +12. ROTTBOELLIA, L. f. (Pl. 16.) + +Spikelets in pairs at each joint of a terete slender spike, awnless; one +imperfect or rudimentary on a short and thick appressed pedicel; the +other sessile and imbedded in an excavation of the joint of the rhachis, +1-flowered or rarely with a second staminate flower. Glumes 4, obtuse, +the outer hard and cartilaginous, with a transverse depression next the +base, the inner one boat-shaped and membranaceous, the 2 upper thin and +delicate. Stamens 3. Styles 2.--Tall or coarse perennials, with rigid +stems, and single cartilaginous spikes terminating the stem and axillary +branches, chiefly subtropical. (Named for _Prof. C. F. Rottboell_, an +excellent Danish botanist, who wrote much upon Gramineae, Cyperaceae, +etc.) + +1. R. rugosa, Nutt. Culm flattish, 2--4 deg. high; leaves linear; spikes +1--2' long, the lateral ones on short clustered branches in the axils, +often partly included in the sheaths of the leaves; sterile flower +neutral; lower glume transversely rugose.--Low pine-barrens, from +S. Del. (_W. M. Canby_) southward near the coast. Sept.--Oct. + + +13. ERIANTHUS, Michx. WOOLLY BEARD-GRASS. (Pl. 14.) + +Spikelets spiked, in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, one +sessile, the other pedicelled, both 1-flowered, alike. Glumes 4, the 2 +lower nearly equal, one 4--5-nerved, the other many-nerved; the 2 upper +hyaline, one empty, the upper awned from the tip. Stamens 3. Grain +free.--Tall and stout reed-like perennials, with the spikes crowded in a +panicle, and clothed with long silky hairs, especially in a tuft around +the base of each spikelet (whence the name, from [Greek: e)/rion], +_wool_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_). + +1. E. saccharoides, Michx. (Pl. 14, fig. 1, 2.) Culm (4--6 deg. high) +woolly-bearded at the joints; _panicle contracted; the silky hairs +longer than the spikelets_, shorter than the awn; stamens 2. (E. +alopecuroides, _Ell._)--Wet pine-barrens, from N. J. and Ill. southward; +rare. Sept., Oct. + +2. E. brevibarbis, Michx. Culm (2--5 deg. high), somewhat bearded at the +upper joints; _panicle rather open_; silky hairs shorter than the +spikelets.--Low grounds, Va., and southward. + + +14. ANDROPOGON, Royen. BEARD-GRASS. (Pl. 14.) + +Spikelets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, spiked or +racemed, one of them pedicelled and sterile (staminate, pistillate or +neutral), often a mere vestige, the other sessile, 1-flowered and +fertile; lower glume the larger, coriaceous and nerved, blunt, the +second carinate and acute, the 2 upper hyaline, the flowering glume +awned from the tip. Stamens 1--3. Grain free.--Coarse, mostly rigid +perennials, mostly in sterile or sandy soil; with lateral or terminal +spikes commonly clustered or digitate; the rhachis hairy or +plumose-bearded, and often the sterile or staminate flowers also (whence +the name, composed of [Greek: a)ne/r], _man_, and [Greek: po/gon], +_beard_). + +[*] _Spikes digitate, thickish, short-bearded, the sterile spikelet +staminate; stamens 3._ + +1. A. furcatus, Muhl. (Pl. 14, fig. 1--3.) Tall, 3--4 deg. high, rigid, the +naked summit of the culm (and usually some lateral branches) terminated +by 2--5 rigid spikes; spikelets approximate, appressed; hairs at the +base of the fertile spikelet, on the rhachis and on the stout pedicel of +the awnless staminate spikelet short and rather sparse; awn of fertile +flower long and bent; leaves flat, roughish, the lower ones long. ("A. +provincialis, _Lam._")--Common in dry sterile soil. Aug.--Oct. + +[*][*] _Spikes with slender often zigzag rhachis, silky-villous._ + +[+] _Single and scattered along the branches, with the silky hairs +shorter than the flowers; sterile spikelet conspicuous but mostly +neutral; the fertile triandrous._ + +2. A. scoparius, Michx. Culms slender (1--3 deg. high), with numerous +paniculate branches; lower sheaths and narrow leaves hairy; spikes +slender, scattered, mostly peduncled (1--2' long), very loose, often +purplish, silky with lax dull-white hairs; sterile spikelet awn-pointed +or awnless; the fertile about half the length of its twisted or bent +awn.--Dry ground. July--Sept. + +3. A. maritimus, Chapm. Smooth and glaucous; culms ascending from +creeping rootstocks, 1--11/2 deg. high; leaves rather rigid, divaricate, their +compressed sheaths imbricated; panicle short; peduncles included within +the conspicuous bracts; rhachis and pedicels copiously ciliate with +spreading hairs; glumes larger, 3--4'' long.--Sandy sea-coast; Cape May, +and south to Fla. + +[+][+] _In pairs or clustered; the copious soft-silky hairs much longer +than the flowers; sterile spikelet a small neutral rudiment (in n. 4 and +5), or altogether wanting on the very plumose-hairy pedicel; fertile +flower monandrous, its awn capillary; leaves narrow, the lower or their +sheaths often rather hairy._ + +4. A. argenteus, Ell. Smooth; culms rather slender (1--3 deg. high); +_spikes_ in pairs (rarely in fours) on short mostly exserted _and +loosely paniculate peduncles, densely flowered_ (1--2' long), _very +silky with long bright white hairs_. (A. argyraeus, _Schultes._)--Md. to +Va., near the coast, and southward. + +5. A. Elliottii, Chapm. Closely resembling the last; sheaths and leaves +villous; upper nodes of the branches densely bearded.--Md. to Fla. and +Tex. + +6. A. Virginicus, L. Culm flattish below, slender (2--3 deg. high) +_sparingly short-branched above_, sheaths smooth; _spikes 2 or 3 +together in distant appressed clusters, shorter than their sheathing +bracts_, weak (1' long), the spikelets loose on the filiform rhachis, +the soft _hairs dull white_. (A. dissitiflorus, _Michx._ A. vaginatus, +_Ell._, a form with larger and inflated sheaths.)--Sandy soil, E. Mass. +to Va., Ill., and southward. Sept., Oct. + +7. A. macrourus, Michx. Culm stout (2--3 deg. high), _bushy-branched at the +summit_, loaded with very numerous _spikes forming thick leafy +clusters_; sheaths rough, the uppermost hairy; flowers nearly as in the +preceding; the sterile spikelet of each pair wholly wanting, its pedicel +slender and very plumose.--Low and sandy grounds, N. Y. to Va., near the +coast, and southward. + +8. A. laguroides, DC. Culms slender, tall, the elongated peduncle +bearing numerous sessile spikes in a spike-like panicle 2--4' long; +spikes slender, 1' long or more, very silky; spikelets glabrous, the +sterile a narrow convolute empty glume.--Central Kan. to Tex. and Mex. + +[+][+][+] _Spikes digitate-clustered, very silky; sterile spikelet +larger than the fertile one._ + +9. A. Hallii, Hackel. Culm stout, 2--3 deg. high; lateral peduncles few, +scarcely exserted from the sheaths; spikes 2--5, 1--3' long, dense; +spikelets 3--4'' long.--Central Kan. to Dak., and westward. + + +15. CHRYSOPOGON, Trin. (Pl. 14.) + +Spikelets in pairs on the ramifications of an open panicle (those at the +ends of the branches in threes), the lateral ones pedicellate, sterile +or often reduced merely to their pedicels; only the sessile middle or +terminal one fertile, its glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes +awnless; otherwise nearly as in Andropogon. Stamens 3. (Name composed of +[Greek: chryso/s], _gold_, and [Greek: po/gon], _beard_.) + +1. C. nutans, Benth. (INDIAN GRASS. WOOD-GRASS.) Root perennial; culm +simple (3--5 deg. high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, glaucous; sheaths +smooth; panicle narrowly oblong, crowded or loose (6--12' long); the +perfect spikelets at length drooping (yellowish or russet-brown and +shining), clothed especially toward the base with fawn-colored hairs, +lanceolate, shorter than the twisted awn; sterile spikelets small and +imperfect, deciduous, or reduced to a mere plumose-hairy pedicel. +(Andropogon avenaceus, _Michx._ Sorghum nutans, _Gray_.)--Dry soil; +common, especially southward. + + +16. PHALARIS, L. CANARY-GRASS. (Pl. 13.) + +Spikelets crowded in a clustered or spiked panicle, 1-flowered. Glumes +5, the third and fourth reduced to mere rudiments (a scale or a +pedicel), one on each side, at the base of the flowering glume and +palet, which are flattish, awnless and shining, shorter than the equal +boat-shaped and keeled persistent empty glumes, finally coriaceous or +cartilaginous, and closely enclosing the flattened free and smooth +grain. Stamens 3.--Leaves broad, mostly flat. (The ancient name, from +[Greek: phalo/s], _shining_, alluding to the shining seed.) + +Sec. 1. PHALARIS proper. _Panicle very dense, spike-like; glumes +wing-keeled._ + +P. CANARIENSIS, L. (CANARY-GRASS.) Annual, 1--2 deg. high; spike oval; empty +glumes white with green veins, the rudimentary ones small lanceolate +scales.--Waste places and roadsides; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) + +Sec. 2. DIGRAPHIS. _Panicle branched, the clusters open in anthesis; glumes +not winged on the back._ + +1. P. arundinacea, L. (REED C.) (Pl. 13, fig. 1, 2.) Perennial, 2--4 deg. +high; leaves flat (3--5'' wide); glumes open at flowering, 3-nerved, +thrice the length of the fertile flower; rudimentary glumes reduced to a +minute hairy scale or pedicel.--Wet grounds; common, especially +northward. June, July.--Var. PICTA, the leaves striped with white, is +the familiar RIBBON-GRASS of the gardens. (Eu.) + + +17. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. SWEET VERNAL-GRASS. (Pl. 13.) + +Spikelets spiked-panicled, 1-flowered. Glumes 5, the third and fourth +empty, hairy, 2-lobed and awned on the hack, the flowering glume and +palet small, hyaline and obtuse; basal glumes persistent, very thin, +acute, keeled, the lower half as long as the upper. Squamulae none. +Stamens 2. Grain ovate, adherent. (Name compounded of [Greek: a)/nthos], +_flower_, and [Greek: a)/nthon], _of flowers_. _L._) + +A. ODORATUM, L. Spikelets (brownish or tinged with green) spreading at +flowering-time; one middle glume bearing a bent awn from near its base, +the other short-awned below the tip.--Meadows, pastures, etc. Low +slender perennial; very sweet-scented in drying. May--July. (Nat. from +Eu.) + + +18. HIEROCHLOE, Gmelin. HOLY GRASS. (Pl. 13.) + +Spikelets 3-flowered, open-panicled, the two lower (lateral) flowers +staminate only, 3-androus, sessile, the carinate glumes often awned on +the middle of the back or near the tip, the uppermost flower perfect, +short-pedicelled, scarcely as long as the others, 2-androus, awnless. +Basal glumes persistent, carinate, acute, somewhat 3-nerved, equalling +or exceeding the spikelet.--Perennials; leaves flat. (Name composed of +[Greek: i(ero/s], _sacred_, and [Greek: chlo/e], _grass_; these +sweet-scented grasses being strewn before the church-doors on saints' +days, in the North of Europe.) + +1. H. borealis, Roem. & Schultes. (VANILLA or SENECA GRASS.) (Pl. 13, +fig. 1, 2.) Panicle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal (2--5' long); +peduncles smooth; staminate flowers with the glume mucronate or +bristle-pointed at or near the tip; rootstock creeping.--Moist meadows, +chiefly northward near the coast and along the Great Lakes. May.--Culm +1--2 deg. high, with short, lanceolate leaves. Spikelets chestnut-color; the +staminate flowers strongly hairy-fringed on the margins, and the fertile +one at the tip. (Eu.) + +2. H. alpina, Roem. & Schultes. Panicle contracted (1--2' long); one of +the staminate flowers with its glume barely pointed or short-awned near +the tip, the other long-awned from below the middle; lowest leaves very +narrow.--Alpine mountain-tops, N. Eng., N. Y., and northward. July. +(Eu.) + + +19. ARISTIDA, L. TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS. (Pl. 8.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, not jointed on the pedicels. Outer glumes unequal, +often bristle-pointed; the flowering glume tipped with three awns; the +palet much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa.--Culms branching; leaves +narrow, often involute. Spikelets in simple or panicled racemes or +spikes. Grain linear. All grow in sterile, dry soil, and all ours have +the awns naked and persistent, and flower late. (Name from _arista_, a +beard or awn.) + +[*] _Awns separate to the base, not jointed with the glume._ + +[+] _Awns very unequal; the much shorter or minute lateral ones erect, +the elongated middle one horizontal or turned downward; low (5--18' +high) and branching, mostly tufted annuals, and the spikelets in nearly +simple spikes._ + +[++] _Middle awn more or less coiled._ + +1. A. ramosissima, Engelm. Culms much branched; spikes loose, usually +exserted; lower glumes 6--10'' long, exceeding the upper, usually rather +strongly 3--5-nerved; middle awn 1' long, soon abruptly hooked-recurved, +the lateral ones 1--3'' long.--Dry prairies of Ill., Ky., and Mo.--Also +var. UNIARISTATA, Engelm., with the lateral awns wanting. + +2. A. basiramea, Engelm. Spikes closer, mostly enclosed at base, at all +the lower nodes (even to the base of the culm) very short and sessile; +lower glumes 4--8'' long, mostly thin and 1-nerved or rather faintly +3-nerved; middle awn very slender, 6'' long, the lateral 2'' long.--Ill. +to Neb. and Minn. + +3. A. dichotoma, Michx. (POVERTY GRASS.) Culms low, very slender, much +branched throughout, ascending; spikelets in narrow strict simple or +compound spikes; lower glumes nearly equal (3--4'' long), longer than +the flowering glume and fully equalling its minute lateral awns (or +unequal and shorter, in var. CURTISSII, Gray), the soon reflexed middle +awn about as long.--Dry, sandy or gravelly fields; common, Maine to +Ill., and southward. + +[++][++] _Middle awn nearly straight (not coiled)._ + +4. A. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender, erect (6--18' high), naked above and +terminating in a slender raceme- or spike-like virgate panicle; lower +glumes 1-nerved, about the length of the upper, the exserted lateral +awns varying from one third to fully half the length of the horizontally +bent middle one: or in var. DEPAUPERATA, from one fifth to one third its +length.--Sandy soil, coast of Mass., and from Ill. southward.--Middle +awn 3--9'' long in the ordinary forms, but not rarely shorter, and very +variable often on the same plant. + +[+][+] _Awns all diverging and alike, or the lateral ones moderately +shorter, rarely at all coiled._ + +[++] _Glumes equal or the middle one longer._ + +5. A. stricta, Michx. Culms (2--3 deg. high) densely tufted from a +_perennial_ root, bearing a (1 deg.) long _spiked panicle_; leaves +involute-thread-form, long, rigid, sometimes downy; awns about the +length of the glumes (6'') or the lateral one third shorter.--Va. and +southward. + +6. A. oligantha, Michx. Culms (6--20' high) tufted from an _annual_ +root, bearing a _loosely few-flowered raceme_; leaves short, somewhat +involute when dry; lower glume 3--5-nerved (nearly 1' long); _awns +capillary_, 11/2--3' long, much exceeding the slender spikelet.--Va. to +Ill., and common southwestward. + +7. A. purpurea, Nutt. Perennial; culms (1 deg. high or less) densely tufted, +spreading; leaves revolute and filiform, short; panicle loose, of rather +few slender-pedicellate spikelets; lower glumes thin, 1-nerved, loose, +the outer about half the length of the inner, which is 8--10'' long; +awns 2--4'' long.--Minn. and Dak. to Tex.--Very variable. + +[++][++] _Middle glume shorter than the lower; perennials, +simple-stemmed, 2--4 deg. high._ + +8. A. purpurascens, Poir. (Pl. 8.) _Glabrous_; leaves long, rather +involute; spikelets in a (10--18') long spiked panicle; lower glumes +1-nerved; _awns much longer than the spikelet_, the middle one about 1' +long.--Mass. to Mich., Minn., and southward; common. + +9. A. lanata, Poir. Tall and stout; _leaves_ tardily involute, _rough_ +above, rigid; _sheaths woolly_; panicle (1--2 deg. long) spike-like or more +compound and open; glumes 1-nerved, 6--8'' long; middle awn 1' +long.--Del. to Fla. + +[*][*] _Awns united below into one, jointed with the apex of the glume; +root annual._ + +10. A. tuberculosa, Nutt. Culm branched below (6--18' high), tumid at +the joints; panicles rigid, loose, the branches in pairs, one of them +short and about 2-flowered, the other elongated and several-flowered; +lower glumes (1' long, including their slender-awned tips) longer than +the upper, which is tipped with the common stalk (about its own length) +of the 3 equal divergently-bent awns (11/2--2' long) twisting together at +the base.--Sandy soil, E. Mass. to N. J.; also Wisc., Minn., and +southward. + + +20. STIPA, L. FEATHER-GRASS. (Pl. 8.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, terete; the flower falling away at maturity (with +the conspicuous obconical bearded and often sharp-pointed callus) from +the membranaceous persistent lower glumes. Fertile glumes coriaceous, +cylindrical-involute and closely embracing the smaller palet and the +cylindrical grain, having a long and twisted or tortuous simple awn +jointed with its apex. Stamens mostly 3. Stigmas plumose.--Perennials, +with narrow involute leaves and a loose panicle. (Name from [Greek: +sty/pe], _tow_, in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the feathery +awns of the original species. In our species the awn is naked.) + +[*] _Callus or base of the flower short and blunt; lower glumes +pointless._ + +1. S. Richardsonii, Link. Culm (11/2--2 deg. high) and leaves slender; panicle +loose (4--5' long), with slender few-flowered branches; lower glumes +nearly equal, oblong, acutish (21/2--4'' long), about equalling the +pubescent linear-oblong fertile one, which bears a tortuous awn 6--9'' +long.--Pleasant Mountain, near Sebago Lake, Maine, Mt. Marcy, N. Y., +north shore of L. Superior, Mont., and northward. + +[*][*] _Callus pungently pointed, at maturity villous-bearded; flowering +glume slender and minutely bearded at the tip; empty glumes +taper-pointed._ + +2. S. avenacea, L. (BLACK OAT-GRASS.) (Pl. 8.) Culm slender (1--2 deg. +high); leaves almost bristle-form; _panicle open; fertile glume +blackish, nearly as long as the lower ones_ (about 4'' long); the awn +bent above, twisted below (2--3' long).--Dry woods, S. New Eng. to +Wisc., and southward. + +3. S. spartea, Trin. (PORCUPINE GRASS.) Culm rather stout (11/2--3 deg. high); +_panicle contracted; fertile glume linear_, 3/4--1' long (including the +long callus), pubescent below, _shorter than the_ lanceolate slender +subulate pointed greenish _lower glumes_; the twisted strong awn (31/2--7' +long), pubescent below, rough above.--Plains and prairies, from Ill. and +N. Mich. northwestward. + +4. S. viridula, Trin. Culms clustered, 1--3 deg. high or more; panicle +narrow and usually dense, 6--18' long; glumes very thin, 3--4'' long; +fertile glume usually somewhat silky, with a short callus; awn 1' long, +slender, glabrous or a little pubescent below.--W. Minn., Dak., and +southwestward. + + +21. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. MOUNTAIN RICE. (Pl. 8.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, nearly terete. Lower glumes herbaceous or +thin-membranaceous, several-nerved, nearly equal, commonly rather longer +than the oblong flower, which is deciduous at maturity, and with a very +short obtuse callus or scar-like base. Flowering glume coriaceous, at +length involute so as closely to enclose the equal palet and the oblong +grain; a simple untwisted and deciduous awn jointed on its apex. Stamens +3. Squamulae 2 or 3, conspicuous. Stigmas plumose.--Perennials, with +rigid leaves and a narrow raceme or panicle. Spikelets greenish, rather +large. (Name composed of [Greek: o)/ryza], _rice_, and [Greek: o)/psis], +_likeness_, from a fancied resemblance to that grain.) + +[*] _Styles distinct, short; culm leafy to the summit; leaves broad and +flat._ + +1. O. melanocarpa, Muhl. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed; sheaths +bearded in the throat; panicle simple or sparingly branched; awn thrice +the length of the blackish glume (nearly 1' long).--Rocky woods, N. Eng. +to Penn., Minn., Mo., and westward. Aug.--Culm 2--3 deg. high. + +[*][*] _Styles united below, slender; culms tufted, naked; leaves +concave or involute._ + +2. O. asperifolia, Michx. (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) Culms (9--18' high), with +sheaths bearing a mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the _long and +rigid linear leaf from the base_; very simple panicle or raceme +few-flowered; _awn 2--3 times the length of the rather hairy whitish +glume_.--Hillsides, etc., in rich woods; common, N. Eng. to Minn., and +northward. May.--Leaves without keels, rough-edged, pale beneath, +lasting through the winter. Squamulae lanceolate, almost as long as the +palet! + +3. O. Canadensis, Torr. Culms slender (6--15' high), the lowest sheaths +leaf-bearing; _leaves involute-thread-shaped_; panicle contracted (1--2' +long), the branches usually in pairs; glume pubescent, whitish; _awn +short and very deciduous, or wanting_.--Rocky hills and dry plains, +Maine to W. New Eng., the mountains of Penn., Wisc., Minn., and +northward; rare. May.--Glumes 1--2'' long, sometimes purplish. + + +22. MILIUM, Tourn. MILLET-GRASS. (Pl. 13.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, diffusely panicled, not jointed with their +pedicels, consisting of 2 equal membranaceous convex and awnless +persistent glumes, with a coriaceous awnless flowering glume and narrow +palet. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain not grooved, enclosed +in its glume and palet, all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin name +of the Millet, which however belongs to a different genus, of uncertain +meaning.) + +1. M. effusum, L. Smooth perennial, 3--6 deg. high; leaves broad and flat, +thin; panicle spreading (6--9' long); flower ovoid-oblong.--Cold damp +woods and mountain meadows, N. Eng. to Ill., and northward. June. (Eu.) + + +23. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. DROP-SEED G. (Pl. 8.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely in open panicles. Empty +glumes mostly acute or bristle-pointed, persistent, usually thin; the +lower rather smaller or minute. Flower very short-stalked or sessile, +the glume and palet usually minutely bearded at base, herbaceous, +deciduous with the enclosed grain, often equal, the glume 3-nerved, +mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. (Dedicated to the _Rev. Dr. +Henry Muhlenberg_, a distinguished American botanist of the early part +of this century.) + +Sec. 1. MUHLENBERGIA proper. _Panicles contracted or glomerate, on +branching rigid culms from scaly creeping rootstocks; leaves short and +narrow._ + +[*] _Flowering glume barely mucronate or sharp-pointed._ + +1. M. sobolifera, Trin. Culms ascending (1--2 deg. high), rarely branching; +the _simple contracted panicle very slender_ or filiform; lower _glumes +barely pointed, almost equal, one third shorter than the flower_; +flowering glume abruptly short-mucronate, equalling the palet.--Open +rocky woods, Mass. to Mich., Minn., and southward. Aug.--Spikelets less +than 1'' long. + +2. M. glomerata, Trin. Culms upright (1--3 deg. high), sparingly branched or +simple; _panicle_ (2--3' long) _oblong-linear, contracted into an +interrupted glomerate spike_, long-peduncled, the branches sessile; +_glumes awned_, nearly equal, and (with the bristle-like awn) about +twice the length of the unequal very acute flowering glume and +palet.--Bogs and wet rocks, common, especially northward. Aug.--Var. +RAMOSA, Vasey. A stout strict much-branched leafy form, the lower glumes +but little longer than the flower. Ill. to Dak. + +3. M. Mexicana, Trin. Culms ascending, much branched (2--3 deg. high); +_panicles_ lateral and terminal, often included at the base, +_contracted, the branches densely spiked-clustered_, linear (green and +purplish); lower _glumes awnless, sharp-pointed_, unequal, the upper +about the length of the very acute flowering one.--Low grounds; common. +Aug. Varies with more slender panicles. + +[*][*] _Flowering glume bristle-awned from the tip; flowers +short-pedicelled._ + +[+] _Lower glumes long and bristle-pointed._ + +4. M. sylvatica, Torr. & Gray. (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) Culms ascending, much +branched and diffusely spreading (2--4 deg. long); contracted _panicles +densely many-flowered; lower glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, +nearly as long as the flowering one_, which bears an awn twice or thrice +the length of the spikelet.--Low or rocky woods; common. Aug., Sept. + +5. M. ambigua, Torr. Culms ascending, clustered and branching, 1 deg. high; +panicles contracted, densely many-flowered; _spikelet 2-flowered_, the +upper flower like the lower and perfect, or more frequently reduced to a +mere awn at the base of the lower flower; lower glumes nearly equal, +long-pointed; _flowering glume villous_, as long as the lower and +equalling the palet, its awn nearly twice longer.--Minn. (shore of +Elysian Lake, Waseca Co., _Geyer_).--A remarkable species, approaching +Brachyelytrum in the structure of the spikelet, but with wholly the +habit of Muhlenbergia. + +[+][+] _Lower glumes short or minute, not or scarcely pointed._ + +6. M. Willdenovii, Trin. Culms upright (3 deg. high), slender, simple or +sparingly branched; contracted _panicle slender, loosely flowered; lower +glumes slightly unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the flowering +one_, which bears an awn 3--4 times the length of the spikelet.--Rocky +woods; rather common. Aug. + +7. M. diffusa, Schreber. (DROP-SEED. NIMBLE WILL.) (Pl. 8, fig. 3--5.) +Culms diffusely much branched (8--18' high); contracted _panicles +slender_, rather loosely many-flowered, terminal and lateral; _empty +glumes extremely minute, the lower obsolete_, the upper truncate; awn +once or twice longer than the flowering glume.--Dry hills and woods, +from S. New Eng. to Mich., Iowa, and southward. Aug., Sept.--Spikelets +only 1'' long. + +Sec. 2. TRICHOCHLOA. _Panicle very loose and open, the long branches and +pedicels capillary; leaves narrow, often convolute-bristle-form._ + +8. M. capillaris, Kunth. (HAIR-GRASS.) Culm simple, upright (2 deg. high) +from a fibrous root; panicle capillary, expanding (6--20' long, purple); +empty glumes unequal, the lower mostly pointless, the upper more or less +bristle-pointed, one third or half the length of the long-awned +flowering glume.--Sandy soil, W. New Eng. to N. J., Ky., Mo., and +southward. Sept.--Pedicels 1--2' long, scarcely thicker than the awns, +which are about 1' long. + + +24. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. (Pl. 8.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, with a conspicuous filiform pedicel of an abortive +second flower about half its length, nearly terete, few, in a simple +appressed racemed panicle. Lower glumes unequal, persistent, usually +minute, or the lower one almost obsolete. Flowering glume and palet +chartaceo-herbaceous, involute, enclosing the linear-oblong grain, +somewhat equal, rough with scattered short bristles, the first 5-nerved, +extended into a long straight awn, the palet 2-pointed; the awn-like +sterile pedicel partly lodged in the groove on its back. Stamens 2; +anthers and stigmas very long.--Perennial, with simple culms (1--3 deg. +high) from creeping rootstocks, downy sheaths, broad and flat lanceolate +pointed leaves, and spikelets 1/2' long without the awn. (Name composed of +[Greek: brachy/s], _short_, and [Greek: e)/lytron], _husk_, from the +minute glumes.) + +1. B. aristatum, Beauv. Rocky woods; common. June.--Var. ENGELMANNI, +Gray, is a western form, with the second glume awn-pointed, nearly half +the length of the flowering one. + + +25. HELEOCHLOA, Host. (Pl. 7.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, crowded in a dense spike or spike-like panicle. +Lower glumes persistent, membranaceous, acute, ciliate-carinate, +awnless; flowering glume similar, a little longer, and a little +exceeding the palet. Stamens 3.--Low cespitose annuals; spike often +scarcely exserted from the upper sheath. (Name from [Greek: e(/los], _a +meadow_, and [Greek: chlo/a], _grass_.) + +H. SCHOENOIDES, Host. Usually nearly prostrate and tufted; leaves rather +rigid, tapering to a sharp point; spike oblong, thick, 7--20'' long. +(Crypsis schoenoides, _Lam._)--Waste places, N. J. to Del. (Nat. from +Eu.) + + +26. PHLEUM, L. CAT'S-TAIL GRASS. (Pl. 7.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, in a very dense cylindrical spike-like panicle. +Lower glumes persistent, membranaceous, folded-carinate, subtruncate, +mucronate or short-awned; flowering glume hyaline, shorter, truncate. +Stamens 3. Styles distinct.--Perennials. (From [Greek: phle/os], a Greek +name for a kind of reed.) + +P. PRATENSE, L. (TIMOTHY. HERD'S-GRASS in New Eng. and N. Y.) Tall; +_spike long-cylindrical_; lower glumes ciliate on the back, tipped with +_a short bristle_.--Meadows, commonly cultivated for hay. (Nat. from +Eu.) + +1. P. alpinum, L. Low; _spike ovate-oblong_; lower glumes strongly +ciliate on the back, tipped with a rough _awn about their own +length_.--Alpine tops of the White Mountains, N. H., and high northward. +(Eu.) + + +27. ALOPECURUS, L. FOXTAIL GRASS. (Pl. 7.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, jointed on the pedicel. Lower glumes boat-shaped, +strongly compressed and keeled, nearly equal, united at base, equalling +or exceeding the flowering glume, which is awned on the back below the +middle; palet mostly wanting! Stamens 3. Styles mostly united. Stigmas +long and feathered.--Clusters contracted into a cylindrical and soft +dense spike; perennial. (Name from [Greek: a)lo/pex], _fox_, and +[Greek: ou)ra/], _tail_, from the shape of the spike.) + +A. PRATENSIS, L. (MEADOW FOXTAIL.) Culm upright, smooth (2 deg. high); the +upper leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath; spike stout, 11/2--21/2' +long; _flowering glume equalling the acute lower glumes; awn exserted +more than half its length, twisted_.--Meadows and pastures, eastward. +May. (Nat. from Eu.) + +A. GENICULATUS, L. (FLOATING F.) (Pl. 7, fig. 1--4.) Culm ascending, +often bent at the lower joints; upper leaf as long as its sheath; spike +slender, 1--2' long; _flowering glume rather shorter than the obtuse +lower glumes, the awn from near its base and projecting front half to +twice its length beyond it_.--Moist meadows, eastward. June--Aug. (Nat. +from Eu.) + +Var. aristulatus, Torr. The awn very slender and scarcely exserted. (A. +aristulatus, _Michx._)--In water and wet places; common. June--Aug. + + +28. SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. DROP-SEED GRASS. RUSH-GRASS. (Pl. 7.) + +Spikelets small, 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in an open or contracted or +spiked panicle. Lower glumes persistent, 1--3-nerved, not awned or +pointed, the lower smaller; flowering glume of the same texture as the +lower ones (membranaceo-chartaceous) and usually longer than they, +naked, awnless and mostly pointless, 1-nerved (rarely somewhat +3-nerved); palet similar, 2-nerved. Stamens chiefly 3. Stigmas simply +feathery. Grain globular to oblong or cylindrical, deciduous, often very +thin, containing the loose seed.--Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute, +the throat usually bearded, and sheaths often enclosing the panicles. +(Name from [Greek: spora/], _seed_, and [Greek: ba/llo], _to cast +forth_.) + +[*] _Panicle contracted, often simple; grain oval or oblong; perennial, +except n. 2._ + +1. S. asper, Kunth. Culms tufted (2--4 deg. high); lowest leaves very long, +rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and thread-like +point, the upper short, involute; sheaths partly or at first wholly +enclosing the contracted panicle; _flower much longer than the unequal +lower glumes_; grain oval or oblong. (Vilfa aspera, _Beauv._)--Sandy +fields and dry hills, especially southward. Sept.--Spikelets 2--3'' +long. Flowering glume and palet rough above, smooth or hairy below, the +palet tapering upward, acute, and one half to twice longer than the +glume, or else obtuse and equalled or even considerably exceeded by the +glume! + +2. S. vaginaeflorus, Vasey. (Pl. 7, fig. 4, 5.) Culms slender (6--12' +high), ascending; leaves involute-awl-shaped (1--4' long); panicles +simple and spiked, the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the +sheaths; _flowering glume and palet somewhat equal, acute, about the +length of the nearly equal lower glumes_, only {1/3} longer than the +oval grain. (Vilfa vaginaeflora, _Torr._)--Barren and sandy dry fields; +common, especially southward. Sept. + +3. S. cuspidatus, Torr. Erect culms and appressed leaves more slender +than in the preceding; _panicle exserted_, very simple and narrow; +spikelets smaller, the lower _glumes acuminate_, little shorter than the +cuspidate upper one. (Vilfa cuspidata, _Torr._)--Maine (on the St. +John's River, _G. L. Goodale_); also Iowa, Minn., and common westward. + +4. S. depauperatus, Vasey. Resembling n. 3, but the culms decumbent at +base and matted, the leaves short and usually widely spreading, and the +lower glumes barely acute, not half the length of the upper one.--W. +Minn. to Kan., and southwestward. + +5. S. Virginicus, Kunth. _Culms_ tufted, slender (5--12' long), often +procumbent, _branched_; leaves convolute, rigid; palets rather shorter +than the nearly equal acute glumes. (Vilfa Virginica, _Beauv._)--Sandy +seashore, Virginia (_Clayton_) and southward.--Spikelets much smaller +and more numerous than in the others. + +6. S. minor, Vasey. Culms tufted, very slender, geniculate and +ascending, simple, 1 deg. high; leaves short and narrow; peduncles little +exserted from the sheaths; spikelets (11/2--2'' long) in a very narrow +simple compressed panicle (1--2' long), not crowded; glumes and palet +nearly equal, acute or somewhat acuminate.--Va. to N. C., Tenn. and Tex. + +S. INDICUS, R. Br. Culms stout, erect, 2--3 deg. high; leaves elongated, +attenuate; panicle very narrow, 6--18' long, the densely crowded +spikelets 1/2'' long.--On ballast, and naturalized southward. (From Trop. +Am.) + +[*][*] _Panicle pyramidal, open; glumes very unequal; grain globose, +utricular; perennials._ + +7. S. junceus, Kunth. _Leaves involute_, narrow, rigid, the lowest +elongated; culm (1--2 deg. high) naked above, bearing a narrow loose +panicle; empty _glumes ovate, rather obtuse_, the lower one half as long +as, _the upper equalling, the nearly equal flowering glume and +palet_.--Dry soil, Penn. to Wisc. and Minn., and (chiefly) south to Fla. +Aug.--Spikelets 1--2'' long, shining. + +8. S. heterolepis, Gray. _Leaves involute-thread-form_, rigid, the +lowest as long as the culm (1--2 deg.) which is naked above; panicle very +loose; empty _glumes very unequal; the lower awl-shaped_ (or +bristle-pointed from a broad base) and somewhat shorter, _the upper +ovate-oblong and taper-pointed and longer, than the equal flowering +glume and palet_.--Dry soil, Conn. and N. Y. to Minn., Neb., and Mo. +Aug.--Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (_Sullivant_), stouter than the +last, the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle 1'' in diameter, shining, +thick and coriaceous! + +9. S. cryptandrus, Gray. (Pl. 7, fig. 1--3.) Culm 2--3 deg. high; _leaves +flat_, pale (2'' wide); the pyramidal lead-colored _panicle bursting +from the upper sheath_ which usually encloses its base, its spreading +branches hairy in the axils; spikelets 1'' long; _upper empty glume +lanceolate, rather acute, twice the length of the lower one_, as long as +the nearly equal flowering glume and palet; sheaths strongly bearded at +the throat.--Sandy shores, coast of New Eng. and of the Great Lakes, +Minn. to Kan., and westward. Aug., Sept. + +10. S. airoides, Torr. Culm tufted, often stout, erect, 1/2--3 deg. high; +leaves strongly revolute and attenuate, rather rigid; panicle open and +diffuse, broadly pyramidal, glabrous; spikelets solitary on slender +pedicels, 1'' long; lower glumes unequal, rather obtuse.--Neb. to Tex., +and westward. + +S. ASPERIFOLUS, Thurb., a similar but smaller species, with thinner and +shorter leaves very rough on the margin, the inflorescence scabrous, and +spikelets smaller, with the glumes nearly equal, is very common +westward, and probably occurs within our limits--as also S. CONFUSUS, +Vasey (S. ramulosus of authors, not _Kunth_), a low slender annual, with +very short culms and a delicate diffuse panicle, the very small +spikelets (1/2'' long) on filiform-clavate pedicels. + +[*][*][*] _Empty glumes almost equal; panicle racemose-elongated, open, +the pedicels capillary; sheaths naked at the throat; spikelets not +unfrequently two-flowered; perennial._ + +11. S. compressus, Kunth. Very smooth, _leafy to the top; culms tufted, +stout, very flat_; sheaths flattened, much longer than the internodes; +_leaves erect_, narrow, conduplicate-channelled; empty glumes acutish, +about one third shorter than the obtuse flowering one.--Bogs, on Long +Island and in the pine-barrens of N. J. Sept.--Forming strong tussocks, +1--2 deg. high. Panicle 8--12' long; spikelets 1'' long, purplish. + +12. S. serotinus, Gray. Smooth; _culms very slender, flattish_ (8--15' +high), _few-leaved_; leaves very slender, channelled; _panicle soon much +exserted_, the diffuse capillary branches scattered; glumes ovate, +obtuse, about half the length of the flower.--Sandy wet places, Maine to +N. J. and Mich. Sept.--A very delicate grass; the spikelets half a line +long. + + +29. AGROSTIS, L. BENT-GRASS. (Pl. 7.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, in an open panicle. Empty glumes somewhat equal, +or the lower rather longer, usually longer than the flowering one, +pointless. Flowering glume and palet very thin, pointless, naked; the +first 3--5-nerved, frequently awned on the back; the palet often minute +or none. Stamens chiefly 3. Grain (caryopsis) free.--Culms usually +tufted, slender; root commonly perennial. (Name from [Greek: a)gro/s], +_a field_, the place of growth.) + +Sec. 1. AGROSTIS proper. _Palet manifest, but shorter than the glume._ + +A. ALBA, L. (FIORIN or WHITE BENT-GRASS.) Rootstocks creeping or +stoloniferous; culms 1--2 deg. high, often decumbent at base; leaves short, +flat, the ligule long and acute; panicle contracted after flowering, +greenish, purplish or brownish, the branches slightly rough; flowering +glume nearly equalling the empty ones, 3-nerved, rarely short-awned, the +palet about half as long.--Meadows and fields, a valuable grass; +naturalized from Eu. and cultivated, and perhaps native north and +westward. + +Var. VULGARIS, Thurb. (RED TOP. HERD'S-GRASS of Penn., etc.) (Pl. 7, +fig. 1, 2.) Panicle more or less spreading after flowering; ligule short +and truncate. (A. vulgaris, _With._)--Low meadows and pastures; nat. +from Eu. and cultivated, also perhaps indigenous. + +1. A. arachnoides, Ell. Culms (1 deg. high) and leaves very slender; panicle +open, weak and drooping; glumes nearly equal, roughish on the keel and +margins, the flowering glume shorter, with 2 minute bristles at the +truncate apex and a long exceedingly delicate awn on the back above the +middle; palet minute.--Mo. to Ky., Tenn., and S. Car. + +2. A. exarata, Trin. Culms erect, 1--2 deg. high; leaves mostly erect; +panicle narrow, crowded, greenish, the rays mostly flower-bearing to the +base; spikelets 11/2--2'' long; glumes nearly equal, acute, the flowering +ones shorter, sometimes awned above the middle.--Wisc. (_Vasey_) to +Sask., and far westward. + +Sec. 2. TRICHODIUM. _Palet abortive, minute, or none._ + +3. A. elata, Trin. _Culms firm or stout_ (2--3 deg. high); leaves flat +(1--2'' wide); upper ligules elongated (2--3'' long); _spikelets crowded +on the branches of the spreading panicle above the middle_ (11/2'' long); +flowering glume awnless, slightly shorter than the rather unequal lower +ones; the palet wanting.--Swamps, N. J. and southward. Oct. + +4. A. perennans, Tuckerm. (THIN-GRASS.) _Culms slender_, erect from a +decumbent base (1--2 deg. high); leaves flat (the upper 4--6' long, 1--2'' +wide); _panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green; the branches +short, divided and flower-bearing from or below the middle; flowering +glume awnless_ (rarely short-awned), shorter than the unequal lower +ones; the palet minute or obsolete.--Damp shaded places. July, +Aug.--Spikelets, etc., as in n. 5, into which it seems to vary. + +5. A. scabra, Willd. (HAIR-GRASS.) (Pl. 7, fig. 3.) _Culms very +slender_, erect (1--2 deg. high); leaves short and narrow, the lower soon +involute (the upper 1--3' long, less than 1'' wide); _panicle very loose +and divergent, purplish, the long capillary branches flower-bearing at +and near the apex; flowering glume awnless or occasionally short-awned_ +on the back, shorter than the rather unequal very acute empty ones; the +palet minute or obsolete; root biennial?--Exsiccated places; common. +June--Aug.--Remarkable for the long and divergent capillary branches of +the extremely loose panicle; these are whorled, rough with very minute +bristles (under a lens), as also the keel of the glumes. Spikelets 1'' +long. A dwarf mountain form occurs, growing in tufts in hollows of +rocks, etc.--A variety (?) from about the White Mountains, etc. (var. +montana, _Tuckerm_.), has a more or less exserted awn. + +6. A. canina, L. (BROWN BENT-GRASS.) Culms 8'--2 deg. high; root-leaves +involute-bristle-form, those of the culm flat and broader; panicle +loose; lower glumes slightly unequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, the +flowering one _exsertly awned on the back_ at or below the middle; +spikelets brownish or purplish, rarely pale or greenish (1--11/2'' +long).--Meadows, sparingly naturalized eastward. A mountain form with +shorter and more spreading panicle (A. Pickeringii & A. concinna, +_Tuckerm_., A. canina, var. alpina, _Oakes_, & Ed. 2, and essentially A. +rubra, _L_. ex _Wahl_., and A. borealis, _Hartm._) is indigenous on +mountain-tops, Maine to N. Y.; also an ampler form in the Alleghanies of +Penn. and southward (A. rupestris, _Chapman_, etc.). July--Aug. (Eu.) + + +30. POLYPOGON, Desf. BEARD-GRASS. (Pl. 8.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted, mostly spike-like panicle. Empty +glumes nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the membranaceous +flowering one which is commonly short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. +Grain free. (Name composed of [Greek: poly/], _much_, and [Greek: +pogo/n], _beard_.) + +P. MONSPELIENSIS, Desf. Panicle interrupted; lower glumes oblong, the +awn from a notch at the summit, the flowering one also awned; root +annual.--Isles of Shoals (_Robbins_), ballast heaps, and southward. +(Nat. from Eu.) + + +31. CINNA, L. WOOD REED-GRASS. (Pl. 8.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, much flattened, crowded in an open flaccid +panicle. Empty glumes persistent, lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, +rough-serrulate on the keel; the lower rather smaller, the upper a +little exceeding the flower, which is manifestly stalked, smooth and +naked; flowering glume much like the lower, longer than the palet, +usually short awned or mucronate on the back below the pointless apex. +Stamen one, opposite the 1-nerved palet! Grain linear-oblong, free.--A +perennial, rather sweet-scented grass, with simple and upright somewhat +reed-like culms (2--7 deg. high), bearing an ample compound terminal +panicle, its branches in fours or fives; the broadly linear-lanceolate +flat leaves (4--6'' wide) with conspicuous ligules. Spikelets green, +often purplish-tinged. (From [Greek: ki/nna], a name in Dioscorides for +a kind of grass.) + +1. C. arundinacea, L. (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) Panicle 6--15' long, rather +dense, the branches and pedicels spreading in flower, afterward erect; +spikelets 21/2--3'' long.; awn of the glume either obsolete or +manifest.--Moist woods and shaded swamps; rather common. July, Aug. + +2. C. pendula, Trin. Panicle loose and more slender, the branches nearly +capillary and drooping in flower; pedicels very rough; glumes thinner, +the lower less unequal; spikelets 11/2--2'' long; palet obtuse. (C. +arundinacea, var. pendula, _Gray_.)--Deep damp woods, N. New Eng. to +Lake Superior and northward, and on mountains southward. (Eu.) + + +32. APERA, Adans. + +With the characters of Agrostis; distinguished by the presence of a +second rudimentary flower in the form of a short bristle, and by the +2-toothed palet little shorter than the flowering bifid glume, which is +dorsally awned.--A rather late annual, with narrow flat leaves, and a +contracted or spreading panicle with numerous filiform branches and very +numerous small shining spikelets. (Name from [Greek: a)/peros], +_unmaimed_; application obscure.) + +A. SPICA-VENTI, Beauv. Spikelets 1/2--1'' long.--Sparingly naturalized. +(Nat. from Eu.) + + +33. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. REED BENT-G. (Pl. 8.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, and (in our species) often with a pedicel or +rudiment of a second abortive flower (rarely 2-flowered), in an open or +spiked panicle. Lower glumes mostly membranaceous, keeled or +boat-shaped, often acute, commonly nearly equal, and exceeding the +flower, which bears at the base copious white bristly hairs; flowering +glume thin, bearing a slender awn on the back or below the tip, or +sometimes awnless; the palet mostly shorter. Stamens 3. Grain +free.--Perennials, with running rootstocks, and mostly tall and simple +rigid culms. (Name compounded of [Greek: ka/lamos], _a reed_, and +[Greek: a)gro/stis], _a grass_.) + +Sec. 1. DEYEUXIA. _Rudiment of a second flower present in the form of a +plumose or hairy small pedicel behind the palet (very rarely more +developed and having a glume or even stamens); glumes membranaceous, or +the flowering one thin and delicate, the latter 3--5-nerved and +awn-bearing._ + +[*] _Panicle loose and open, even after flowering; the mostly +purple-tinged or lead-colored strigose-scabrous glumes not closing in +fruit; copious hairs of the rhachis about equalling the flowering glume, +not surpassed by those of the rudiment; awn delicate, straight._ + +1. C. Canadensis, Beauv. (BLUE-JOINT GRASS.) (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) Culm +tall (3--5 deg. high); leaves flat when fresh, glaucous; panicle oblong; +_glumes ovate-lanceolate_, acute, 11/4--11/2'' long; _awn_ from near the +middle of the upper glume, not exceeding and _scarcely stouter than the +basal hairs_. (Deyeuxia Canadensis, _Hook. f._)--Wet grounds; common +northward. July. + +2. C. Langsdorffii, Trin. Spikelets larger, 21/2--3'' long; _glumes +lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate and gradually taper-pointed_; awn +stouter; otherwise like the preceding, (Deyeuxia Langsdorffii, +_Kunth._)--Mountains of N. New Eng., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Panicle strict, its short branches appressed or erect after +flowering, and the glumes mostly closed; flowering glume less delicate, +roughish, sometimes of as firm texture as the lower; awn stouter._ + +[+] _Leaves narrow, inclined to be involute; awn straight._ + +3. C. stricta, Trin. Panicle glomerate and lobed, strict, 2--4' long; +glumes 11/2--2'' long, ovate-oblong, not acuminate; hairs scarcely or +little shorter than the flower, and as long as those of the rudiment; +awn from the middle of the thin flowering glume or lower, and barely +exceeding it. (Deyeuxia neglecta, _Kunth_?)--Mountains of N. New Eng., +Lake Superior, and north and westward. (Eu.) + +4. C. Lapponica, Trin. Culm and rootstocks stouter than in C. stricta; +the narrow panicle less dense, and purplish spikelets larger; glumes +fully 2'' long, tapering to a point; awn from much below the middle of +the glume, stout. (Deyeuxia Lapponica, _Kunth._)--Isle Royale, Lake +Superior, to Lab., north and westward. Aug. (Eu.) + +[+][+] _Leaves broader, flat; awn stouter, bent, divergent, or twisted +when dry._ + +5. C. confinis, Nutt. Tall; _panicle_ elongated (4--6'), its rather +slender branches _spreading at flowering-time_, afterward appressed; +glumes lance-oblong, very acute, 2'' long, pale; _hairs of the flower +copious, equal_, slightly or one third shorter than the thin flowering +glume and than those of the rudiment; awn borne much below the middle of +the glume, somewhat surpassing it; grain glabrous. (Deyeuxia confinis, +_Kunth._)--Swamps, N. and W. New York (especially Penn Yan, _Sartwell_) +and Penn.; Minn., and westward. July. + +6. C. Nuttalliana, Steud. Culm stout (3--5 deg. high); _panicle contracted +and spike-like_; glumes lanceolate and tapering into slender awl-shaped +tips, 3'' long; _hairs on the lower side scanty and barely half the +length of the firm and keeled flowering glume_, on the other side longer +and equalling the copious tuft on the summit of the rudiment; awn borne +half-way between the middle and the tapering tip of the glume, stout, +not twisted; grain bearded at the top. (Deyeuxia Nuttalliana, +_Vasey._)--Moist grounds, E. New Eng. to Penn., Va., and southward. Aug. + +7. C. Porteri, Gray. Culm slender (2--4 deg. high); a woolly-bearded ring at +the junction of the broadly linear leaves with the sheath; _panicle long +and narrow_, with the branches appressed; glumes lanceolate, acute, +pale, 2--21/2'' long; _hairs of the flower and of the short rudiment +scanty_, and both reaching about to the middle of the flower behind the +palet, but _very short or none at the base of the firm-membranaceous +flowering glume_, which bears near its base _a twisted awn_ of its own +length. (Deyeuxia Porteri, _Vasey_.)--Dry woods, Pulpit Rocks and +vicinity, Huntingdon Co., Penn., _Prof. T. C. Porter_. + +8. C. Pickeringii, Gray. Culm 1--11/2 deg. high; _leaves short; panicle +pyramidal_, purplish; glumes ovate-oblong, bluntish or bluntly pointed +(11/2--2'' long); _hairs both of the flower and of the rudiment very +short_ and scanty, one fourth or fifth the length of the flower, none +behind the obtuse flowering glume, which bears between its middle and +base a short stout (straight or bent, not twisted) awn. (Deyeuxia +Pickeringii, _Vasey_.)--White Mts., in the alpine region of Mt. +Washington, and a more luxuriant form with smaller spikelets at Echo +Lake, Franconia; Andover, Mass. (_J. Robinson_); Cape Breton. + +Sec. 2. CALAMOVILFA. _Rudiment of second flower wanting; glumes and palet +rather chartaceous, compressed-keeled; flowering glume 1-nerved, +entirely awnless; palet strongly 2-keeled; panicle at length open and +loose._ + +9. C. brevipilis, Gray. Branches of the diffuse pyramidal panicle +capillary (purplish); empty _glumes orate_, mucronate; the upper +slightly, the lower nearly one half shorter than the _flowering glume +and palet_, which are _more than twice the length of the hairs and +bristly-bearded along the keels_. (Ammophila brevipilis, +_Benth._)--Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of N. J.; rare. Sept.--Culm 2--4 deg. +high; leaves nearly flat; spikelets 2'' long. + +10. C. longifolia, Hook. Culm (1--4 deg. high) stout, from thick running +rootstocks; _leaves rigid, elongated, involute_ above and tapering into +a long thread-like point; panicle at first close, becoming open and +pyramidal, the branches smooth; _glumes lanceolate_, the upper as long +as the flower, the lower 1/4 shorter; _the copious hairs more than half +the length of the naked flower_. (Ammophila longifolia, +_Benth._)--Sands, along the upper Great Lakes, from Ill. and Mich. to +Dak., Kan., and westward. Aug.--Spikelets 21/2--3'' long. + + +34. AMMOPHILA, Host. (Pl. 16.) + +Spikelets large, in a contracted spike-like panicle, 1-flowered, with a +pedicel-like rudiment of a second flower (plumose above), the flower +hairy-tufted at base. Empty glumes scarious-chartaceous, lanceolate, +compressed-keeled, nearly equal; flowering glume and palet similar, a +little shorter, the glume 5-nerved, slightly mucronate or obscurely +awned near the tip, the palet 2-keeled.--A coarse perennial maritime +species, with running rootstocks. (Name from [Greek: a)/mmos], _sand_, +and [Greek: phile/o], _to love_.) + +1. A. arundinacea, Host. (SEA SAND-REED.) Culm stout and rigid (2--3 deg. +high) from firm running rootstocks; leaves long, soon involute; panicle +contracted into a dense cylindrical spike (5--9' long); spikelets 5--6'' +long; hairs only one third of the length of the flower. (Calamagrostis +arenaria, _Roth_.)--Sandy beaches, N. J. to Maine and northward, and on +the Great Lakes. Aug. (Eu.) + + +35. ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv. OAT-GRASS. (Pl. 12.) + +Spikelets open-panicled, 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third +flower; the middle flower perfect, its glume barely bristle-pointed from +near the tip; the lowest flower staminate only, bearing a long bent awn +below the middle of the back (whence the name, from [Greek: a)/r)r(en], +_masculine_, and [Greek: a)the/r], _awn_);--otherwise as in Avena, of +which it is only a peculiar modification. + +A. AVENACEUM, Beauv. Root perennial; culm 2--4 deg. high; leaves broad, +flat; panicle elongated; glumes scarious, very unequal.--Meadows and +lots; absurdly called _Grass of the Andes_. May--July. (Nat from Eu.) + + +36. HOLCUS, L. (partly). MEADOW SOFT-GRASS. (Pl. 12.) + +Spikelets crowded in an open panicle, 2-flowered; the boat-shaped +membranaceous glumes enclosing and much exceeding the remotish flowers. +Lower flower perfect, its papery or thin-coriaceous glume awnless and +pointless; the upper flower staminate, otherwise similar, but bearing a +stout bent awn below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. +Grain free. (A name in Pliny for a kind of grass, from [Greek: o(lko/s], +_attractive_, of obscure application.) + +H. LANATUS, L. (VELVET-GRASS.) Perennial, soft-downy and pale; panicle +oblong; upper empty glume mucronate-awned under the apex; awn of the +staminate flower curved.--Moist meadows. June. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +37. AIRA, L. HAIR-GRASS. + +Spikelets very small, in an open diffuse panicle, of 2 perfect +contiguous flowers. Glumes thin-membranaceous, the two lower +persistent, nearly equal, acute, keeled; the flowering ones obscurely +nerved, acutely 2-cleft at the apex, bearing a slender twisted awn below +the middle. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Grain oblong, +adnate.--Low annuals, with short setaceous leaves. (An ancient Greek +name for Darnel.) + +A. CARYOPHYLLEA, L. Culms 5--10' high, bearing _a very diffuse panicle_ +of purplish and at length _silvery scarious spikelets_.--Dry fields, +Nantucket; also Newcastle, Del., _W. M. Canby_. (Nat. from Eu.) + +A. PRAECOX, L. Culms tufted, 3--4' high; branches of the _small and dense +panicle_ appressed; awn from below the middle of the glume.--Sandy +fields, N. J. to Va.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +38. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. (Pl. 12.) + +Spikelets small, panicled, of 2 perfect flowers and the hairy pedicel or +rudiment of a third (rarely staminate); rhachis hairy. Empty glumes +persistent, membranaceous and shining, carinate, acute, nearly equal; +flowering glumes toothed or erose-denticulate at the truncate summit, +usually delicately 3--5-nerved, with a slender twisted awn near or below +the middle. Grain oblong, free.--Root perennial. (Named for +Loiseleur-_Deslongchamps_, a French botanist.) + +[*] _Empty glumes somewhat shorter than the flowers._ + +1. D. flexuosa, Trin. (COMMON HAIR-GRASS.) (Pl. 12, fig. 1--3.) Culms +slender, nearly naked (1--3 deg. high) above the small tufts of _involute +bristle-form root-leaves_ (1--6' long); branches of the small spreading +panicle capillary; _awn longer than the palet, at length bent and +twisted_. (Aira flexuosa, _L._)--Dry places; common. June. (Eu.) + +2. D. caespitosa, Beauv. Culm tufted (2--4 deg. high); _leaves flat, linear_; +panicle pyramidal or oblong (6' long); _awn straight, barely equalling +the glume_. (Aira caespitosa, _L._)--Shores of lakes and streams; +N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., and northward. June, July. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Empty glumes longer than the flowers, 2--21/2'' long._ + +3. D. atropurpurea, Scheele. Culms 8--15' high, weak; leaves flat, +rather wide; panicle of few spreading branches; awn stout, twice longer +than the nerveless truncate ciliolate-denticulate glume. (Aira +atropurpurea, _Wahl._)--Alpine summits of N. H. and N. Y., to Lab. and +northward. Aug. (Eu.) + + +39. TRISETUM, Persoon. (Pl. 12.) + +Spikelets 2--several-flowered, often in a contracted panicle; the +flowering glume compressed-keeled, of about the same thin-membranaceous +texture as the empty glumes, bearing a bent or flexuous (rarely twisted) +awn at or below the sharply 2-toothed or 2-pointed apex (whence the +name, from _tris_, three, and _seta_, a bristle); otherwise nearly as in +Avena. Ours are perennials. + +1. T. subspicatum, Beauv., var. molle, Gray. (Pl. 12, fig. 1, 2.) +_Minutely soft-downy; panicle dense, much contracted_, oblong or linear +(2--3' long); glumes about the length of the 2--3 smooth flowers; awn +dorsal, diverging, much exserted.--Mountains and rocky river-banks, +N. New Eng. to L. Superior, and northward. July.--About 1 deg. high; leaves +flat, short. (Eu.) (Addendum)--Trisetum subspicatum, var. molle, is +reported from Roan Mt., N. C. (_Scribner_), and probably occurs on the +higher Alleghanies northward. + +2. T. palustre, Torr. _Smooth; panicle_ rather long and narrow (5' +long), _loose, the branches capillary; spikelets flat_ (3'' long); lower +glumes shorter than the two smooth lanceolate flowers; the upper flower +on a slightly hairy joint of the rhachis, with a slender spreading or +bent awn next the short 2-pointed tip, the _lower commonly awnless_ or +only mucronate-pointed.--Low grounds, southern N. Y. to Ill., and +southward. June.--Culm slender, 2--3 deg. high; leases flat, short; +spikelets yellowish-white, tinged with green. + + +40. AVENA, Tourn. OAT. (Pl. 12.) + +Spikelets 2--many-flowered, panicled; the flowers herbaceo-chartaceous, +or becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly unequal +empty glumes; the uppermost flower imperfect; rhachis and base of the +flower often bearded. Flowering glume rounded on the back, mostly +5--11-nerved, bearing a long usually bent or twisted awn on the back or +between the two acute teeth at the apex, proceeding from the mid-nerve +only. Stamens 3. Grain oblong-linear, grooved on one side, usually hairy +at least at the top, free, but invested by the palet. (The classical +Latin name.) + +[*] _Spikelets large (1' long); annual._ + +A. FATUA, L. Resembling the common oat (_A. sativa_), the few spikelets +in a loose panicle, mostly pendulous; flowering glumes covered with long +brownish hairs and bearing a bent awn 1--2' long.--Wisc., Minn. (Nat. +from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Smaller-flowered perennials._ + +1. A. striata, Michx. (Pl. 12, fig. 1, 2.) _Glabrous and smooth_ +throughout, slender (1--2 deg. high); leaves narrow; ligule short, truncate; +panicle simple, loose; spikelets (6'' long) on capillary pedicels, +3--6-flowered, much exceeding the scarious-margined purple acute empty +glumes; _lower glume 1-, upper 3-nerved_; rhachis smooth; _flowers +short-bearded at base_; flowering glume 7-nerved, much longer than the +ciliate-fringed palet (4'' long), mostly shorter than its soon bent or +divergent awn, which rises just below the tapering very sharply +cuspidate 2-cleft tip.--Rocky, shaded hills, N. New Eng., N. Y., and +northwestward. June. + +2. A. Smithii, Porter. Taller (21/2--41/2 deg. high), rather stout; leaves +broadly linear (3--6'' wide) and taper-pointed, flat, and with the +sheaths and culm _retrorsely scabrous_; ligule elongated, acute; panicle +larger (6--12' long), the few branches at length spreading; empty glumes +slightly purplish, the lower 3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved, scabrous on +the nerves; rhachis minutely hispid; _flowers (3--5) naked_ at base; awn +straight, {1/3}--1/2 the length of the 7-nerved glume.--N. Mich. and Isle +Royale, L. Superior. April, May. + + +41. DANTHONIA, DC. WILD OAT-GRASS. (Pl. 12.) + +Flowering glume (oblong or ovate, rounded-cylindraceous, 7--9-nerved) +bearing between the sharp-pointed or awn-like teeth of the tip an awn +usually composed of the 3 middle nerves, which is flattish and spirally +twisting at base; otherwise nearly as in Avena. Empty glumes longer than +the imbricated flowers. Ours perennials, 1--2 deg. high, with narrow and +soon involute leaves, hairy sheaths bearded at the throat, and a small +simple panicle or raceme of about 7-flowered spikelets. (Named for +_Danthoine_, a French botanist.) + +1. D. spicata, Beauv. (Pl. 12, fig. 1--3.) Culms tufted, low; leaves +short, very narrow; spikelets few, 3--5'' long, _subspicate; flowering +glume loosely hairy, its teeth short and pointless_.--Dry and sterile or +rocky soil. + +2. D. sericea, Nutt. Culms taller and not tufted (1--3 deg. high), _terete_; +leaves larger, _at least the sheaths silky-villous_; spikelets more +numerous and panicled, 6--9'' long; _flowering glume very silky-villous, +tipped with slender awn-pointed teeth_.--Dry or moist sandy soil, +southern Mass., N. J., and southward; rare. June. + +3. D. compressa, Aust. Culms slender, 2 deg. high, somewhat compressed, +paler and subcaniculate on the narrower side; leaves elongated, very +narrow, villous only at the summit of the sheath; spikelets 6--12, +loosely panicled, 5'' long; flowering glume loosely hairy or pubescent, +the teeth very long-awned.--Dry banks; Vt. (_Pringle_); E. Mass., N. Y., +Penn., and mountains of N. C. + + +42. CYNODON, Richard. BERMUDA or SCUTCH-GRASS. (Pl. 9.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, with a mere naked short-pedicelled rudiment of a +second flower, imbricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis; the +spikes usually digitate at the naked summit of the flowering culms. +Empty glumes keeled, pointless, rather unequal; flowering glume and +palet pointless and awnless, the glume larger, boat-shaped. Stamens +3.--Low diffusely branched and extensively creeping perennials, with +short flattish leaves. (Name composed of [Greek: ky/on], _a dog_, and +[Greek: o)doy/s], _a tooth_.) + +C. DACTYLON, Pers. Spikes 3--5; flowering glume smooth, longer than the +blunt rudiment.--Penn., and southward, where it is cultivated for +pasturage. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +43. CTENIUM, Panzer. TOOTHACHE-GRASS. (Pl. 9.) + +Spikelets densely imbricated in two rows on one side of the flat curved +rhachis of the solitary terminal spike. Glumes persistent; the lower +(interior) much smaller; the other concave below, bearing a stout +recurved awn, like a horn, on the middle of the back. Flowers 4--6, all +but one neutral; the one or two lower consisting of empty awned glumes, +and the one or two uppermost of empty awnless glumes; the perfect flower +intermediate, its glume membranaceous, awned or mucronate below the apex +and densely ciliate toward the base, 3-nerved. Stamens 3. Stigmas +plumose. (Name [Greek: kteni/on], _a small comb_, from the pectinate +appearance of the spike.) + +1. C. Americanum, Spreng. Culm (3--4 deg. high from a perennial root) +simple, pubescent or roughish; larger glume warty-glandular outside, +conspicuously awned.--Wet pine-barrens, S. Va. and southward.--Taste +very pungent. + + +44. GYMNOPOGON, Beauv. (Pl. 9.) + +Spikelets of one perfect flower, and the rudiment of a second +(consisting of an awn-like pedicel mostly bearing a naked bristle), +sessile and remotely alternate on long filiform rays or spikes, which +form a crowded naked raceme. Glumes lance-awl-shaped, keeled, almost +equal, rather longer than the membranaceous flowering glume, which is +cylindrical-involute, with the midrib produced from just below the +2-cleft apex into a straight and slender bristle-like awn; palet nearly +as long, with the abortive rudiment at its base. Stamens 3. Stigmas +pencil-form, purple.--Root perennial. Leaves short and flat, thickish, +1--3' long. (Name composed of [Greek: gymno/s], _naked_, and [Greek: +po/gon], a _beard_, alluding to the reduction of the abortive flower to +a bare awn.) + +1. G. racemosus, Beauv. (Pl. 9, fig. 1, 2.) Culms clustered from a short +rootstock (1 deg. high), wiry, leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate; _spikes +flower-bearing to the base_ (5--8' long), soon divergent; awn of the +abortive flower shorter than its stalk, equalling the _pointed glumes_, +not more than half the length of the awn of the fertile flower.--Sandy +pine-barrens, N. J. to Va., and southward. Aug., Sept. + +2. G. brevifolius, Trin. Filiform _spikes long-peduncled, i.e. +flower-bearing_ only above the middle; flowering glume ciliate near the +base, short-awned; _awn of the abortive flower obsolete or minute; +glumes acute_.--Sussex Co., Del., and southward. + + +45. SCHEDONNARDUS, Steud. (Pl. 11.) + +Spikelets small, acuminate, 1-flowered, appressed-sessile and scattered +along one side of the slender rhachis of the distant sessile and +divaricately spreading spikes. Empty glumes persistent, narrow, +acuminate, more or less unequal, the longer usually a little shorter +than the rather rigid acuminate flowering one. Stamens 3. Styles +distinct. Grain linear.--A low slender annual, branching from the base, +with short narrow leaves. (Name from [Greek: schedo/n], _near_, and +_Nardus_, from its resemblance to that genus.) + +1. S. Texanus, Steud. Stem (6--20' long) naked and curved above, bearing +3--9 racemosely disposed thread-like and triangular spikes 1--3' long; +spikelets 11/2'' long. (Lepturus paniculatus, _Nutt._)--Open grounds and +salt-licks, Ill. to Mont., Col., and Tex. Aug. + + +46. BOUTELOUA, Lagasca. MUSKIT-GRASS. (Pl. 9.) + +Spikelets crowded and closely sessile in 2 rows on one side of a +flattened rhachis, comprising one perfect flower below and one or more +sterile (mostly neutral) or rudimentary flowers. Glumes convex-keeled, +the lower one shorter. Perfect flower with the 3-nerved glume 3-toothed +or cleft at the apex, the 2-nerved palet 2-toothed; the teeth, at least +of the former, pointed or subulate-awned. Stamens 3; anthers +orange-colored or red.--Rudimentary flowers mostly 1--3-awned. Spikes +solitary, racemed or spiked; the rhachis somewhat extended beyond the +spikelets. (Named for _Claudius Boutelou_, a Spanish writer upon +floriculture and agriculture.) + +Sec. 1. CHONDROSIUM. _Spikes pectinate, of very many spikelets, oblong or +linear, very dense, solitary and terminal or few in a raceme; sterile +flowers 1--3 on a short pedicel, neutral, consisting of 1--3 scales and +awns._ + +1. B. oligostachya, Torr. Glabrous, perennial (6--12' high); _leaves +very narrow_; spikes 1--5, the rhachis glabrous; _glumes all sparingly +soft-hairy_, the lobes awl-pointed; _sterile flower copiously +villous-tufted_ at the summit of the naked pedicel, its 3 awns equalling +the larger glume.--N. W. Wisc. to Dak., and south to Tex. and +Mex.--Glumes obscurely if at all papillose along the keel, the middle +lobe of the flowering one 2-cleft at the tip. Sterile flowers often 2, +the second mostly a large awnless scale, becoming hood-like and +coriaceous. + +2. _B. hirsuta_, Lag. Tufted (8--20' high), perennial; _leaves flat, +lance-linear_, papillose-hairy or glabrous; spikes 1--4; _upper empty +glume hispid_ with strong bristles _from dark warty glands; flowering +glume pubescent_, 3-cleft into awl-pointed lobes; _sterile flower and +its pedicel glabrous, the 3 awns longer than the glumes_ and fertile +flower.--Sandy plains, Ill., Wisc., Minn., and southwestward to Mex. + +Sec. 2. ATHEROPOGON. _Spikes short, numerous in a long and virgate +one-sided spike or raceme, spreading or reflexed, each of few (4--12) +spikelets; sterile flowers neutral, rudimentary._ + +3. B. racemosa, Lag. (Pl. 9, fig. 1, 2.) Culms tufted from perennial +rootstocks (1--3 deg. high); sheaths often hairy; leaves narrow; spikes 1/2' +or less in length, nearly sessile, 20--60 in number in a loose general +spike (8--15' long); flowers scabrous; glume of the fertile with 3 short +awl pointed teeth; sterile flower reduced to a single small awn, or +mostly to 3 awns shorter than the fertile flower, and 1 or 2 small or +minute scales. (B. curtipendula, _Gray_.)--Dry hills and plains, +southern N. Y. to Minn., and south to Tex. and Mex. July--Sept.--Passes +by transitions into var. ARISTOSA, with spikes shorter; sterile flower +of a large saccate glume, awned at the 2-cleft tip and from the lateral +nerves, the middle awn exserted, and with a rudiment of a palet.--Ill. +(_Geyer_), and southward. + + +47. ELEUSINE, Gaertn. CRAB-GRASS. YARD-GRASS. (Pl. 9.) + +Spikelets 2--6-flowered, with a terminal imperfect flower or naked +rudiment, closely imbricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis; +the spikes digitate. Glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers; +flowering glume and palet awnless, the glume ovate, keeled, larger than +the palet. Stamens 3. Pericarp (utricle) containing a loose wrinkled +seed.--Low annuals, with flat leaves, and flowers much as in Poa. (Name +from [Greek: E)leusi/n], the town where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, +was worshipped.) + +E. INDICA, Gaertn. (DOG'S-TAIL or WIRE GRASS.) (Pl. 9, fig. 1--6.) Culms +ascending, flattened; spikes 2--5 (about 2' long, greenish); glumes +pointless; terminal flower a mere rudiment.--Yards, etc., chiefly +southward. (Nat. from Ind.?) + +E. AEGYPTIACA, Pers. (Pl. 9, fig. 1--4, as Dactyloctenium.) Culms often +creeping at base; leaves ciliate at base; spikes 4--5; lower glume awned +and the flowering one pointed. (Dactyloctenium AEgyptiacum, +_Willd._)--Cultivated fields and yards, Va., Ill., and southward. (Adv. +from Afr.?) + + +48. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv. (Pl. 16.) + +Spikelets 3--many-flowered (the uppermost flower imperfect), loosely +spiked on one side of a long filiform rhachis; the spikes racemed. +Glumes menbranaceous, keeled, rarely awned, nearly equal; flowering +glume 3-nerved, sometimes simply awned, larger than the palet. Stamens 2 +or 3. Seed closely enclosed.--Ours annuals. Leaves flat. (Name composed +of [Greek: lepto/s], _slender_, and [Greek: chlo/a], _grass_, from the +long attenuated spikes.) + +1. L. mucronata, Kunth. Sheaths hairy; spikes numerous (20--40, 2--4' in +length), in a long panicle-like raceme; spikelets small; glumes more or +less mucronate, nearly equalling or exceeding the 3--4 awnless +flowers.--Fields, Va. to Ill., Mo., and southward. Aug. + + +49. BUCHLOE, Engelm. BUFFALO GRASS. (Pl. 16.) + +Spikelets dioecious (rarely monoecious), very unlike; the staminate +2--3-flowered, sessile in 2 rows in short 1-sided spikes, the empty +glumes blunt, 1-nerved, very unequal, the flowering larger, 3-nerved, a +little exceeding the 2-nerved palet; fertile spikelets 1-flowered, in a +contracted, capitate, 1-sided spike, the large outer glumes indurated, +3-fid at the apex, united at base and resembling an involucre, the inner +(lower) much smaller and membranaceous, or in the lowest spikelet +resembling the outer; flowering glume narrow, hyaline, bifid or nearly +entire, enclosing the 2-nerved palet. Styles distinct. Grain ovate, +free.--A perennial, creeping or stoloniferous, with narrow flat leaves; +staminate spikes (2--3) in a pedunculate spike, the pistillate pair +sessile in the broad sheaths of the upper leaves. (Name a contraction of +_Bubalochloe_, from [Greek: bou/balos], _buffalo_, and [Greek: chlo/e], +_grass_.) + +1. B. dactyloides, Engelm. Low (3--8' high) and broadly tufted; sterile +spikes 3--6'' long, the fertile heads 3'' long.--Plains of the Sask. to +Minn., Kan., and Tex. One of the most valuable grasses of the plains. + + +50. TRIODIA, R. Br. (Pl. 10.) + +Spikelets 3--12-flowered, somewhat terete, the rhachis with bearded +joints; terminal flower abortive. Empty glumes unequal; flowering glumes +membranaceous or somewhat chartaceous, much larger than the 2-toothed +palet, convex, 2--3-toothed or cleft at the apex, conspicuously +hairy-bearded or villous on the 3 strong nerves, of which the lateral +are marginal or nearly so and usually excurrent, as is the mid-nerve +especially, into a short cusp or awn. Stamens 3. Stigmas dark purple, +plumose. Grain oblong, nearly gibbous.--Leaves taper-pointed; sheaths +bearded at the throat. Panicle simple or compound; the spikelets often +racemose, purplish. (Name from [Greek: tri]-, _three_, and [Greek: +o)dou/s], _a tooth_, alluding to the flowering glume.) + +Sec. 1. TRIODIA proper. _Glumes shorter than the crowded flowers, the +flowering one 3-cuspidate by the projection of the nerves, and usually +with intermediate membranaceous teeth; palet naked._ + +1. T. cuprea, Jacq. (TALL RED-TOP.) Perennial; culm upright (3--5 deg. +high), very smooth, as are the flat leaves; panicle large and compound, +the rigid capillary branches spreading, naked below; spikelets very +numerous, 5--7-flowered, shining, purple (4'' long); the flowering +glumes hairy toward the base, their points almost equal, scarcely +exceeding the intermediate teeth, thus appearing 5-toothed. (Tricuspis +seslerioides, _Torr._)--Dry or sandy fields, southern N. Y. to Mo., and +southward. Aug.--A showy grass, with the spreading panicle sometimes 1 deg. +wide. + +Sec. 2. TRIPLASIS. _Glumes much shorter than the somewhat remote flowers; +flowering glume and palet strongly fringe-bearded, the glume 2-cleft at +the summit, its mid-nerve produced into an awn between the truncate or +awn-pointed divisions._ + +2. T. purpurea, Hack. (SAND-GRASS.) Culms many in a tuft from the same +annual root, ascending (6--12' high), with numerous bearded joints; +leaves involute-awl-shaped, mostly short; panicles very simple, bearing +few 2--5-flowered spikelets, the terminal one usually exserted, the +axillary ones included in the commonly hairy sheaths; _awn much shorter +than the glume, seldom exceeding its eroded-truncate or obtuse lateral +lobes_. (Tricuspis purpurea, _Gray_.)--In sand, Mass. to Va. along the +coast, and southward; also L. Erie, near Buffalo, and Ill. Aug., +Sept.--Plant acid to the taste. + + +51. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. (Pl. 9.) + +Spikelets several-flowered, narrow, erect and scattered along the +slender rhachis of the long spicate spikes; flowers all perfect or the +uppermost staminate. Empty glumes membranaceous, carinate, acute, +unequal; flowering glume slightly longer, 1--3-nerved, 2-toothed, and +mucronate or shortly awned between the teeth. Stamens 3. Styles +distinct. Grain free.--Coarse grasses, with narrow flat leaves, and +several or many slender spikes sessile upon an elongated peduncle. (Name +from [Greek: diplo/os], _double_, and [Greek: a)/chne], in the sense of +_chaff_, with reference to the 2-lobed glume.) + +1. D. fascicularis, Beauv. Smooth; leaves longer than the +geniculate-decumbent and branching culms, the upper sheathing the base +of the panicle-like spike, which is composed of many strict spikes +(3--5' long); spikelets slightly pedicelled, 7--11-flowered, much longer +than the lanceolate glumes; flowers hairy-margined toward the base, the +glume with 2 small lateral teeth and a short awn in the cleft of the +apex. (Leptochloa fascicularis, _Gray_.)--Brackish meadows, from R. I. +southward along the coast, and from Ill. southward on the Mississippi. +Aug.--Sept. + + +52. PHRAGMITES, Trin. REED. (Pl. 11.) + +Spikelets 3--7-flowered; the flowers rather distant, silky-villous at +base, and with a conspicuous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect and +3-androus, except the lowest, which is either neutral or with 1--3 +stamens, and naked. Glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, +lanceolate, keeled, sharp-pointed, very unequal; flowering glume and +palet membranaceous, slender, the glume narrowly awl-shaped, thrice the +length of the palet. Squamulae 2, large. Styles long. Grain free.--Tall +and stout perennials, with long running root-stocks, numerous broad +leaves, and a large terminal panicle. ([Greek: Phragmi/tes], _growing in +hedges_, which this aquatic grass does not.) + +1. P. communis, Trin. Panicle loose, nodding; spikelets 3--5-flowered; +flowers equalling the beard.--Edges of ponds. Sept.--Looks like +Broom-Corn at a distance, 5--12 deg. high; leaves 2' wide. (Eu.) + + +53. ARUNDO, L. + +Flowers all perfect; flowering glume bifid, short-awned between the +teeth. Otherwise as Phragmites. (The Latin name of the species.) + +A. DONAX, L. Very tall (10--18 deg.); spikelets 3--4-flowered.--Closely +resembling Phragmites communis. Cultivated for ornament, and naturalized +in Bedford Co., Va. (_A. H. Curtiss._) (Nat. from Eu.) + + +54. MUNROA, Torr. (Pl. 16.) + +Spikelets usually 3-flowered, few (2--4) and nearly sessile in the axils +of floral leaves; flowers perfect, or the uppermost abortive. Empty +glumes lanceolate, acute, hyaline and 1-nerved; flowering glumes larger, +3-nerved, rather rigid, the mid-nerve stout, excurrent, the lateral ones +scarcely so.--Low or prostrate many-stemmed annuals, fasciculately +branched, with crowded short flat rigid or pungent leaves, the short +sheaths strongly striate. (Named for the English agrostologist, +Maj.-Gen. _William Munro_.) + +1. M. squarrosa, Torr. Glaucous, somewhat pubescent and villous at the +nodes or glabrous; leaves 3--12'' long.--Dry plains, central Kan. to +Dak., west to Mont., Utah, and New Mex. + + +55. KOELERIA, Pers. (Pl. 10.) + +Spikelets 3--7-flowered, crowded in a dense and narrow spike-like +panicle. Glumes membranaceous, compressed-keeled, obscurely 3-nerved, +barely acute, or the flowering glume often mucronate or bristle-pointed; +the empty ones moderately unequal, nearly as long as the spikelet. +Stamens 3. Grain free.--Tufted with simple upright culms, the sheaths +often downy; allied to Dactylis and Poa. (Named for Prof. _G. L. +Koeler_, an early writer on Grasses.) + +1. K. cristata, Pers. Culms 1--2 deg. high; leaves flat, the lower sparingly +hairy or ciliate; panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at base; +spikelets 2--4-flowered; flowering glume acute or mucronate.--Var. +GRACILIS, Gray, with a long and narrow spike, the flowers usually barely +acute.--Dry hills, Penn. to Ill. and Kan., thence north and westward. +(Eu.) + + +56. EATONIA, Raf. (Pl. 10.) + +Spikelets usually 2-flowered, with an abortive rudiment or pedicel, +numerous, in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Empty glumes +somewhat equal in length, but very dissimilar, a little shorter than the +flowers; the lower narrowly linear, keeled, 1-nerved; the upper broadly +obovate, folded round the flowers, 3-nerved on the back, not +keeled, scarious-margined. Flowering glume oblong, obtuse, +compressed-boat-shaped, naked, chartaceous; the palet very thin and +hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved.--Perennial, tall +and slender grasses, with simple tufted culms, and often sparsely downy +sheaths, flat lower leaves, and small greenish (rarely purplish) +spikelets. (Named for Prof. _Amos Eaton_, author of a popular Manual of +the Botany of the United States, which was for a long time the only +general work available for students in this country, and of other +popular treatises.) + +[*] _Upper empty glume rounded-obovate and very obtuse; panicle usually +dense._ + +1. E. obtusata, Gray. (Pl. 10.) Panicle dense and contracted, somewhat +interrupted, rarely slender; the spikelets crowded on the short erect +branches; upper glume rough on the back; flowers lance-oblong.--Dry +soil, N. Penn. to Fla., Mich., and far westward. June, July. + +[*][*] _Glume narrower, sometimes acutish; panicle more loose and +slender._ + +2. E. Pennsylvanica, Gray. Leaves mostly 3--6' long; panicle long and +slender, loose, the racemose branches lax and somewhat elongated; glumes +thin and broadly scarious, the lowest half the length of the flower, +very narrow, the upper obtuse or bluntly somewhat pointed; the 2 (rarely +3) flowers lanceolate, with pointed glumes.--Varies, with a fuller +panicle, 6--8' long, with the aspect of Cinna (var. MAJOR, _Torr._); +and, rarely, with the lower palet minutely mucronate-pointed!--Moist +woods and meadows; common. + +3. E. Dudleyi, Vasey. Culms very slender; leaves shorter, 1--2' long; +panicle very slender, the branches few, short and mostly appressed; +empty glumes nearly equal, the lower oblong, the upper broadly +elliptical, apiculate; flowering glumes shorter than in n. 2, +acutish.--Long Island to central N. Y., south to S. C. + + +57. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. (Pl. 10.) + +Spikelets 2--70-flowered, nearly as in Poa, except that the flowering +glume is but 3- (rarely 1-) nerved, not webby-haired at the base, and is +deciduous; palet persistent on the rhachis after the rest of the flower +has fallen.--Culms often branching. Leaves linear, frequently involute, +and the ligule or throat of the sheath bearded with long villous hairs. +Panicle various. (Name from [Greek: e)~r], _spring_, and [Greek: +a)/grostis], _a grass_.) + +[*] _Prostrate and creeping, much branched; root annual; spikelets flat, +imperfectly dioecious, clustered, almost sessile, in the more fertile +plant almost capitate._ + +1. E. reptans, Nees. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 10--30-flowered; +flowers lance-ovate, acute; leaves short, almost awl-shaped.--Gravelly +river-borders; common. Aug.--Flowering branches 2--5' high. + +[*][*] _Diffusely spreading, or the flowering culms ascending, low +(6--15' high), annual; spikelets often large, flat, forming a narrow +crowded panicle._ + +E. MINOR, Host. Sheaths often hairy; leaves flat, smooth; spikelets +short-pedicelled, lance- or oblong-linear, 8--20-flowered, lead-colored +(2--5'' long); flowers ovate, obtuse, the lateral nerves becoming +evident, and keel smooth. (E. poaeoides, _Beauv._)--Sandy waste places, +eastward; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) + +E. MAJOR, Host. Sheaths mostly glabrous; spikelets larger (3--10'' +long), becoming linear, whitish when old, 10--50-flowered; flowers more +spreading, their glumes larger, with very strong lateral nerves and +rough on the keel. (E. poaeoides, var. megastachya, _Gray_.)--Similar +situations, and more common. Aug.--Emits a sharp, unpleasant odor. +(Nat. from Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Erect, or in group [+] diffusely spreading and ascending; +panicle open, its branches capillary; spikelets proportionally small, +sometimes minute. (Number of flowers in the spikelet very variable, +according to age, etc.)_ + +[+] _Annual; culms slender, branching and decumbent or spreading at +base; leaves narrow, flat, soft; branches of the narrow panicle rather +short and thickly-flowered, not bearded in the axils, or sometimes the +lowest sparingly._ + +E. PILOSA, Beauv. (Pl. 10, fig. 1--4.) Panicle elongated-oblong, with +rather erect branches (except at flowering-time); _spikelets_ +5--12-flowered (2--4'' long, purplish-lead-color), becoming linear, +_about equalling their pedicels; empty glumes_ (small) _and flowering +ones obtuse_, the latter broadly ovate, _1-nerved_ (lateral nerves +obsolete).--Sandy or gravelly waste places, S. New Eng. to Ill., and +southward. Aug.--Plant 6--12' high. (Nat. from Eu.) + +2. E. Frankii, Meyer. Much branched and diffuse (3--8' high); panicle +ovate-oblong, rather dense, spreading; _spikelets 2--5-flowered_ +(1--11/2'' long), _on slender pedicels; glumes very acute; the flowering +one ovate, acute_, rather obscurely _3-nerved_.--Low or sandy ground, S. +Penn. to Kan., and southwestward. Aug. + +3. E. Purshii, Schrader. Sparingly branched at the decumbent base, then +erect (1/2--2 deg. high); panicle elongated, the branches widely spreading, +very loose; _spikelets 5--18-flowered_, oblong-lanceolate, at length +linear (2--41/2'' long), _mostly much shorter than their capillary +pedicels; glumes all ovate and acute, or the flowering ones acutish, +3-nerved_.--Sandy or sterile open grounds, Penn. to Mo., and +southwestward; also introduced northward. + +[++] _Culms simple, or branching only at the very base, firm, erect, +mostly forming thick tufts; leaves very long; panicle very large, +compound, often longer than the culm, with elongated loosely-flowered +branches, their axils often bearded. (Doubtful perennials, or n. 5 +annual.)_ + +4. E. tenuis, Gray. _Panicle virgately elongated_ (1--21/2 deg. long), very +loose, the spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their +remote divisions and long _diverging pedicels_ capillary; spikelets +2--6- (sometimes 7--12-) flowered, pale or greenish; _lower glumes +lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute_ (11/2--2'' long), membranaceous, as +are the _oblong-lanceolate acute flowers; flowering glume distinctly +3-nerved_; the upper ciliate-scabrous.--Sandy soil, Ohio to Ill., Kan., +and southward. Aug.--Oct.--Leaves rather rigid, 11/2--2 deg. long, glabrous or +sparingly hairy; the sheaths hairy or glabrous; the throat strongly +bearded; flowers much larger than in the next, fully 11/2'' long. + +5. E. capillaris, Nees. _Panicle widely expanding_, usually much longer +than the culm, its spreading branches (mostly naked in the axils) and +long _diverging pedicels_ capillary; _spikelets rather terete_, very +small, 2--4-flowered, greenish or purplish; _glumes and flowers ovate, +acute_ (less than 1'' long); _flowering glume obscurely 3-nerved_, +scarcely keeled; the palet rough-ciliate.--Sandy dry soil and fields; +common, especially southward. Aug., Sept.--Leaves and sheaths very +hairy, or nearly glabrous; the former about 1 deg. long, not rigid; panicle +1--2 deg. long, soon diffuse. + +6. E. pectinacea, Gray. _Panicle widely diffuse_, its rigid divergent +main branches _bearded in the axils; the capillary pedicels more or less +appressed_ on the secondary branches; _spikelets flat_, 5--15-flowered, +becoming linear, purple or purplish; glumes and flowers ovate or +oblong-ovate, acutish; _flowering glume strongly 3-nerved; palet +hirsute-ciliate_.--Leaves long, rigid, mostly hairy, the sheaths +especially so; plant 1--3 deg. high; spikelets 2--3'' long, 1'' wide, +closely flowered.--Var. SPECTABILIS, Gray. Leaves and sheaths mostly +glabrous; branches of the panicle (the lower reflexed with age) and +pedicels shorter; spikelets rather larger.--Sandy dry ground, from E. +Mass. near the coast, and from Ohio and Ill., southward. Aug.--Oct. + +7. E. campestris, Trin. Glabrous or the sheaths villous at the throat; +culm short, bearing an elongated and very open panicle with divaricate +branches bearded at base; _spikelets_ linear, flat, 8--12-flowered, +_sessile or nearly so_ along the branchlets; _glumes very acute or +acuminate_, 3-nerved, roughish on the keel; palet minutely ciliate. (E. +pectinacea, var. refracta, _Chapm._ Poa refracta, _Ell._)--Del. and Md. +to Fla. and Ala. + + +58. MELICA, L. MELIC-GRASS. (Pl. 10.) + +Spikelets 2--8-flowered; the 1--3 upper flowers imperfect and +dissimilar, convolute around each other, and enwrapped by the upper +fertile flower. Empty glumes usually large, scarious-margined, convex, +obtuse; the upper 7--9-nerved. Flowering glume papery-membranaceous, +dry and sometimes indurating with age, rounded or flattish on the back, +5--many-nerved, scarious at the entire blunt summit. Stamens +3.--Perennials with soft flat leaves. Panicle simple or sparingly +branched; the rather large spikelets racemose-one-sided. (An old +Italian name for Sorghum, from _mel_, honey.) + +1. M. mutica, Walt. (Pl. 10.) Slender, with usually narrow leaves, the +panicle often reduced to a simple raceme; lower glumes nearly equal and +almost equalling the spikelet; fertile flowers usually 2; flowering +glumes broad, smooth, obtuse.--Rich soil, Penn. to Fla., west to Wisc., +Iowa, and Tex. + +2. M. diffusa, Pursh. Taller, 21/2--4 deg. high, with mostly broader leaves +and a more usually compound and many-flowered panicle; lower glumes more +unequal, the outer very broad; fertile flowers usually 3; flowering +glumes somewhat scabrous and more acute. (M. mutica, var. diffusa, +_Gray_.)--Penn. to Ill., and southward. + +(Addendum) 3. M. Porteri, Scribn. Tall and slender; panicle very narrow, +the slender branches erect or the lower slightly divergent; pedicels +flexuous or recurved, pubescent; glumes very unequal and shorter than +the spikelet; fertile flowers 3--5, the glumes scabrous.--Mountains of +Col. and southward; reported from Cass Co., Neb. (_J. G. Smith_). + + +59. DIARRHENA, Raf. (Pl. 10.) + +Spikelets several-flowered, smooth and shining, one or two of the +uppermost flowers sterile. Empty glumes ovate, much shorter than the +flowers, coriaceous; the lower much smaller; flowering glume ovate, +convex on the back, rigidly coriaceous, its 3 nerves terminating in a +strong and abrupt cuspidate or awl-shaped tip. Squamulae ovate, ciliate. +Stamens 2. Grain very large, obliquely ovoid, obtusely pointed, rather +longer than the glume, the cartilaginous shining pericarp not adherent +to the seed.--A nearly smooth perennial, with running rootstocks, +producing simple culms (2--3 deg. high) with long linear-lanceolate flat +leaves toward the base, naked above, bearing a few short-pedicelled +spikelets (2--3'' long) in a very simple panicle. (Name composed of +[Greek: di/s], _two_, and [Greek: a)/r)r(en], _man_, from the two +stamens.) + +1. D. Americana, Beauv. Shaded river-banks and woods, Ohio to Ill., and +southward. Aug. + + +60. UNIOLA, L. SPIKE-GRASS. (Pl. 11.) + +Spikelets closely many-flowered, very flat and 2-edged; 3--6 of the +lowest glumes empty, lanceolate, compressed-keeled; flowering glume +coriaceo-membranaceous, strongly laterally compressed and keeled, +striate-nerved, usually acute or pointed, entire, enclosing the much +smaller compressed 2-keeled palet and the free laterally flattened +smooth grain. Stamen 1 (or in U. paniculata 3).--Upright smooth +perennials, growing in tufts from strong creeping rootstocks, with broad +leaves and large spikelets in an open or spiked panicle. (Ancient name +of some plant, a diminutive of _unio_, unity.) + +[*] _Spikelets large (1/2--2' long), ovate or oblong, 9--30-flowered; +panicle open._ + +1. U. paniculata, L. (SEA OATS.) Culm and panicle elongated (4--8 deg. +high); _leaves narrow_, when dry convolute; _spikelets ovate, +short-pedicelled_; glumes glabrous, bluntish, several of the lower +sterile; stamens 3.--Sand-hills on the sea shore, S. Va. and southward. + +2. U. latifolia, Michx. (Pl. 11, fig. 1--3) Culm 2--4 deg. high; panicle +loose; _leaves broad_ and flat (nearly 1' wide); _spikelets_ at length +_oblong, hanging on long pedicels_; glumes acute, ciliate on the keel, +all but the lowest with perfect monandrous flowers.--Shaded slopes, S. +Penn. to Ill., and southward. + +[*][*] _Spikelets small; panicle contracted, wand-like; perfect flowers +long-pointed._ + +3. U. gracilis, Michx. Culm 3 deg. high, slender; _spikelets +short-pedicelled_ (2--3'' long), broadly wedge-shaped, acute at base, +_4--8-flowered_; glumes ovate and divergently beaked, long, the 3 lowest +empty.--Sandy soil, from Long Island to Va., near the coast, and +southward. Aug. + + +61. DISTICHLIS, Raf. SPIKE-GRASS. (Pl. 10.) + +Spikelets and numerous flowers compressed, crowded in a densely spiked +or capitate panicle. Glumes herbaceous or membranaceous, the lower +faintly many-nerved; flowering glumes rather coriaceous, laterally much +flattened, faintly many-nerved, acute. Ovary stalked.--Flowers +dioecious, rather large. Leaves crowded, involute, usually rigid. (Name +from [Greek: di/stichos], _two-ranked_.) + +1. D. maritima, Raf. Culms tufted from creeping rootstocks (9--18' +high); spike oblong, flattened (1' long); spikelets ovate or oblong, +5--10-flowered; glumes smooth and naked; grain pointed. (Brizopyrum +spicatum, _Hook_.)--Salt marshes and shores. Aug.--Glumes of the +pistillate flowers more rigid and almost keeled; stigmas very long, +plumose; the staminate glumes smaller and somewhat rounded on the back. +(Addendum)--Distichlis maritima. On alkaline soil in Neb., and very +common in similar localities west and southwestward; chiefly the var. +STRICTA, Thurb., with setaceously convolute leaves, the many- (10--20-) +flowered spikelets in a loose panicle. + + +62. DACTYLIS, L. ORCHARD GRASS. (Pl. 10.) + +Spikelets several-flowered, crowded in one-sided clusters, forming a +branching dense panicle. Glumes all herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, +rough-ciliate on the keel; the flowering one 5-nerved, the upper most +commonly smaller and thinner. Stamens 3. Grain lance-oblong, acute, +free.--Stout tufted perennial; leaves keeled. (_Dactylos_, a name in +Pliny for a grass with digitate spikes, from [Greek: da/ktylos], _a +finger_.) + +D. GLOMERATA, L. Rough, rather glaucous (3 deg. high); leaves broadly +linear; branches of the panicle naked at base; spikelets +3--4-flowered.--Fields and yards, especially in shade. June. (Nat. from +Eu.) + + +63. BRIZA, L. QUAKING GRASS. (Pl. 10.) + +Spikelets many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped, flattish-tumid; the +flowers closely imbricated. Glumes roundish, unequal, purplish, very +concave or ventricose, 3--5-nerved; the flowering ventricose on the +back, heart-shaped at the base, papery-membranaceous and becoming dry, +scarious-margined, obscurely many-nerved; the palet much smaller, ovate, +flat. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain flattened parallel with +the glumes, adhering to the palet.--Leaves flat; panicle loose, diffuse, +with large showy spikelets often drooping on delicate pedicels. ([Greek: +Bri/za], the Greek name of a kind of grain.) + +B. MEDIA, L. Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets +5--9-flowered (3'' long); lower glumes shorter than the first flowering +one; root perennial.--Pastures; sparingly eastward. June. (Adv. from +Eu.) + + +64. POA, L. MEADOW-GRASS. SPEAR-GRASS. (Pl. 10.) + +Spikelets ovate or lance-ovate, laterally compressed, several- (2--10-) +flowered, in an open panicle. Empty glumes mostly shorter than the +flowers, the lower smaller; flowering glume membranaceo-herbaceous, with +a delicate scarious margin, compressed-keeled, pointless, 5-nerved (the +intermediate nerves more obscure or obsolete), the principal nerves +commonly clothed with soft hairs at and toward the often cobwebby base; +palet membranaceous, 2-toothed. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas simply plumose. +Grain oblong, free.--Culms tufted, from perennial roots, except n. 1. +Leaves smooth, usually flat and soft. ([Greek: Po/a], an ancient Greek +name for grass or fodder.) + +[*] _Low and spreading (3--6' high) from an annual or biennial root, +flaccid; branches of the short panicle single or in pairs._ + +P. ANNUA, L. (LOW SPEAR-GRASS.) Culms flattened; panicle often 1-sided, +usually short and pyramidal, sometimes more slender (P. +cristata, _Chapm._); spikelets crowded, very short-pedicelled, +3--7-flowered.--Cultivated and waste grounds, everywhere. April--Oct. +(Nat. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Low; the culms (6--20' long) geniculate-ascending from a running +rootstock, rigid, very much flattened; panicle simple and contracted._ + +P. COMPRESSA, L. (WIRE-GRASS. ENGLISH BLUE-GRASS.) (Pl. 10, fig. 1--4.) +Pale, as if glaucous; leaves short; panicle dense and narrow, somewhat +one-sided (1--3' long), the short branches mostly in pairs; spikelets +almost sessile, 3--10-flowered, flat.--Dry, mostly sterile soil, in +waste places; rarely in woods. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Low alpine or alpestrine species, erect, in perennial tufts._ + +[+] _Soft and flaccid, smooth or nearly so, even to the branches of the +panicle; leaves short and flat, short-pointed; ligule elongated._ + +1. P. alpina, L. Culms rather stout (8--14' high); _leaves broadly +linear_, especially those of the culm (11/2--2' long, 11/2--3'' wide); +_panicle short and broad_; spikelets broadly ovate, 3--9-flowered (about +3'' long); flowering glume villous on the midrib and margins.--N. Maine +(?), Isle Royale and north shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) + +2. P. laxa, Haenke. Culms slender (4--9' high); _leaves narrow; panicle +somewhat raceme-like, narrow_, often one-sided and nodding; spikelets +2--4-flowered, one half smaller.--Alpine mountain-tops of Maine, N. H., +and N. New York, and high northward (Eu.) + +[+][+] _More strict and rigid, roughish, especially the panicle; ligule +short._ + +3. P. nemoralis, L. Culms 6--20' high; leaves narrow, short, soon +involute; branches of the panicle 2--5 together, very scabrous; +spikelets purplish (or sometimes pale), 2--5-flowered; lower _glumes +ovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed_, the flowering lanceolate, somewhat +webby at base, villous on the keel and margins below the middle, its +nerves obscure. (P. caesia, _Smith._)--The more common form has a usually +narrow somewhat nodding panicle, with short ascending branches, the +small pale or purplish spikelets 2-flowered. Lab. to N. Maine and N. +Vt.; Lake Champlain (_Pringle_); N. shore of L. Superior to N. Iowa, and +westward.--A form with somewhat stouter and stricter habit, the darker +or often pale spikelets 3--5-flowered (P. caesia, var. strictior, +_Gray_), corresponds nearly to the European P. caesia. High mountains of +N. H. and Vt., and Gardner's Island, L. Champlain (_C. E. Faxon_), Isle +Royale and N. shore of L. Superior, and westward.--Also a form with the +branches of the short panicle broadly divaricate; N. Wisc. (_Lapham_). +(Eu.) + +[*][*][*][*] _Taller (1--3 deg.) meadow or woodland grasses; panicle open._ + +[+] _Spikelets mostly very numerous and crowded on the rather short +rough branches (usually in fives) of the oblong or pyramidal panicle, +green, or sometimes violet-tinged; flowers acute, crowded, more or less +webbed at base._ + +4. P. serotina, Ehrhart. (FALSE RED-TOP. FOWL MEADOW-GRASS.) Culms +tufted without running rootstocks; leaves narrowly linear, soft and +smooth; _ligules elongated; spikelets_ 2--4- (rarely 5-) flowered +(1--2'' long), _all short-pedicelled_ in an elongated panicle, often +tinged with dull purple; flowers and glumes narrow; _flowering glume +very obscurely nerved_.--Wet meadows and low banks of streams; common, +especially northward. July, Aug.--A good grass for moist meadows. (Eu.) + +5. P. pratensis, L. (JUNE GRASS. SPEAR GRASS. KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS.) Culms +sending off copious _running rootstocks_ from the base, and the _sheaths +smooth; ligule short and blunt_; panicle short-pyramidal; _spikelets_ +3--5-flowered, _crowded_, and mostly _almost sessile_ on the branches, +ovate-lanceolate or ovate; _flowering glume 5-nerved, hairy on the +margins_ as well as keel.--Common in dry soil; imported for pastures and +meadows. Indigenous in mountain regions from N. Penn. to New Eng., and +northward. May--July. (Eu.) + +P. TRIVIALIS, L. (ROUGHISH MEADOW-GRASS.) Culms erect from a somewhat +decumbent base, but no distinct running rootstocks; _sheaths and leaves +more or less rough; ligule oblong, acute_; panicle longer or with the +branches more distant; spikelets mostly 3-flowered, broader upward; +_flowering glume prominently 5-nerved, naked at the margins_; otherwise +nearly as in the preceding.--Moist meadows, etc. July. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[+][+] _Spikelets fewer and more scattered, on slender pedicels; plants +soft and smooth, flowering early. (No running rootstocks, except in +n. 10.)_ + +[++] _Spikelets small (1--2'' long), pale green, rather loosely +2--4-flowered; flowers oblong, obtuse; flowering glume scarcely +scarious-tipped; culm-leaves lance-linear, acute, 1--3' long._ + +6. P. sylvestris, Gray. _Culm flattish_, erect; branches of the +oblong-pyramidal panicle short, numerous, in fives or more; _flowering +glumes villous on the keel its whole length, and on the margins below +the middle_, sparingly webbed at base.--Rocky woods and meadows, western +N. Y. to Wisc., Kan., and southward. June. + +7. P. debilis, Torr. _Culms terete_, weak; branches of the small panicle +few and slender (the lower l1/2--2' long to the few spikelets), in pairs +and threes; _flowers very obtuse, smooth and glabrous_, except a sparing +web at base.--Rocky woodlands, R. I. to Penn. and Wisc. May. + +[++][++] _Spikelets 2'' long, light green; oblong-lanceolate flowers and +glumes acute._ + +8. P. alsodes, Gray. Leaves rather narrowly linear, acute, the uppermost +(21/2--4' long) often sheathing the base of the narrow and loose panicle, +the capillary branches appressed when young, mostly in threes or fours; +flowering glume very obscurely nerved, villous on the keel below, and +with a narrow cobwebby tuft at base, otherwise glabrous.--Woods, on +hillsides, N. Eng. to Penn. and Va., west to Wisc. May, June. + +[++][++][++] _Spikelets larger (3--4'' long), pale green, rarely +purple-tinged, few and scattered at the ends of the long capillary +branches (mostly in pairs or threes) of the very diffuse panicle; +flowers 3--6, loose, oblong and obtuse, as is the larger glume; +flowering glume conspicuously scarious at the apex, villous below the +middle on the keel and margins; culms flattish, smooth._ + +9. P. flexuosa, Muhl. (not of Wahl.) Culms 1--3 deg. high, tufted, its +_leaves all linear (2--5' long), gradually taper-pointed; panicle very +effuse_ (its branches 2--4' long to the 4--6-flowered spikelets or first +ramification); _flowering glume prominently nerved, no web_ at the +base.--Dry woods, Penn. and Del. to Ky., and southward. Feb.--May.--Near +the last. + +10. P. brevifolia, Muhl. Culms 1--11/2 deg. high from _running rootstocks_, +2--3-leaved, the _upper leaves very short (1/2--2' long), lanceolate, all +abruptly cuspidate-tipped_; branches of the short panicle mostly in +pairs; spikelets 3--4-flowered; _flowering glume rather obscurely +nerved, cobwebby at base_.--Rocky or hilly woodlands, Penn., Va., and +sparingly westward to Ky. and Ill. April, May.--Culm scarcely surpassing +the long root-leaves. + + +65. GRAPHEPHORUM, Desv. (Pl. 10.) + +Spikelets 2--4-flowered, compressed, the rhachis pilose on one side, +jointed, produced above the flowers into a hairy pedicel. Empty glumes +thin-membranaceous, acute, carinate, mostly nearly equalling the remote +flowers; flowering glume thin and membranaceous or scarious, convex, +scarcely keeled, faintly nerved, entire, pointless and awnless. Stamens +3. Stigmas plumose. Ovary glabrous.--Perennial, with linear flat leaves, +their sheaths closed at base, the spikelets in a loose panicle. (Named +from [Greek: graphi/s], _a pencil_, and [Greek: phe/ro], _to bear_, from +the terminal hairy pedicel.) + +1. G. melicoideum, Desv. Culm 1--2 deg. high; leaves roughish; panicle open; +glumes unequal, lanceolate, their midrib and the pedicels rough.--N. +Maine, N. Vt., Upper Mich., and northward; rare.--Var. MAJUS, Gray, is a +luxuriant form, 2--3 deg. high, with ampler panicle; borders of a swamp, +Macomb Co., Mich. Aug. + + +66. SCOLOCHLOA, Link. + +Spikelets 2--4-flowered, subterete. Rhachis hairy at the base of the +flowers, ending in a naked pedicel. Empty glumes concave, membranaceous, +unequal, the outer 3-nerved, acute, the inner 5-nerved, toothed at the +apex, nearly equalling the flowers; flowering glume more rigid, +prominently 7-nerved, toothed at the apex; nerves all parallel. Stamens +3. Stigmas plumose. Ovary hairy.--Tall perennials, growing in water, +with loosely sheathing leaves, and spikelets in a lax panicle. (Name +probably from [Greek: sko~los], _a prickle_, and [Greek: chlo/a], +_grass_.) + +1. S. festucacea, Link. Stout, 3--4 deg. high, smooth; leaves rough on the +margins; panicle suberect; spikelets 3--4'' long. (Festuca borealis, +_Hook_.)--Emmet Co., Iowa (_Cratty_), and northward. + + +67. GLYCERIA, R. Br. MANNA-GRASS. (Pl. 10.) + +Spikelets terete or flattish, several--many-flowered; the flowers mostly +early deciduous by the breaking up of the rhachis into joints, leaving +the short and unequal 1--3-nerved membranaceous lower glumes behind. +Flowering glume and palet naked, of a rather firm texture, nearly equal; +the glume rounded on the back, scarious (and sometimes obscurely +toothed) at the blunt or rarely acute summit, glabrous, prominently +5--7-nerved, the nerves parallel and separate. Squamulae fleshy and +truncate, or none. Stamens commonly 2. Styles present; stigmas +compoundly plumose. Ovary smooth. Grain oblong, free, the furrow very +narrow or none.--Perennial smooth marsh grasses, mostly with creeping +bases or rootstocks; spikelets panicled. (Name from [Greek: glykero/s], +_sweet_, in allusion to the taste of the grain.) + +[*] _Spikelets ovate, oblong, or linear-oblong, 1--3'' in length_, + +[+] _At length nodding in an open panicle, flattish laterally but +turgid._ + +1. G. Canadensis, Trin. (RATTLESNAKE-GRASS.) Culm stout, 2--3 deg. high; +leaves long, roughish; panicle oblong-pyramidal, at length drooping; +spikelets ovate, at length very broad and tumid, Briza-like, 2'' long, +pale, with purplish glumes; flowering glume acute or blunt-pointed, +firm, with not very prominent nerves, longer than the rounded +palet.--Bogs and wet places; common from Penn. to E. Kan., and +northward. July. + +[+][+] _Erect in a narrow contracted panicle, somewhat flattened and +turgid._ + +2. G. obtusa, Trin. Culm stout, 1--2 deg. high, very leafy; leaves long, +smooth; _panicle narrowly oblong, dense_ (3--5' long); spikelets +3--7-flowered, 2--3'' long; flowering glume obtuse.--Bogs, E. New Eng. +to Penn. and southward, near the coast. + +3. G. elongata, Trin. Leaves very long (1 deg. or more), rough; _panicle +narrowly racemose, elongated_ (1 deg. long), _recurving_; the branches and +3--4-flowered spikelets _appressed_; flowering glume obtuse.--Wet woods, +N. Eng. to Mich., Minn., and northward; Roan Mt., N. C. (_Scribner_). +July--Aug. + +[+][+][+] _Diffuse; flower-glume truncate-obtuse, strongly 7-nerved; +palet 2-toothed._ + +4. G. nervata, Trin. (FOWL MEADOW-GRASS.) (Pl. 10, fig. 1--3.) Culm +erect, 1--3 deg. high; leaves rather long; branches of the loose _panicle_ +capillary, _at length drooping, the numerous small spikelets_ (1--2'' +long, commonly purplish) _ovate-oblong_, 3--7-flowered.--Moist meadows; +common. June. + +5. G. pallida, Trin. Culms slender, 1--3 deg. long, ascending from a +creeping base; leaves short, sharp-pointed, pale; _branches of the +rather simple panicle slender, erect-spreading_, rough; the _spikelets +usually few, somewhat appressed, oblong-linear_, 5--9-flowered (pale, +2--3'' long); _flowering glume minutely 5-toothed_; the palet +lanceolate, conspicuously 2-toothed.--Shallow water; Maine to Va., west +to Ky., Ind., and Mich.; common, especially northward. July. + +6. G. grandis, Watson. (REED MEADOW-GRASS.) Culm stout, upright, 3--5 deg. +high; leaves large (1--2 deg. long, {1/3}--1/2' wide); _panicle much branched, +ample_ (8--15' long), _the numerous branches ascending, spreading with +age; spikelets oblong or linear-oblong_, 3--6-flowered (usually +purplish, 2--3'' long); _flowering glume entire_. (G. aquatica of Amer. +authors.)--Wet grounds; N. Eng. to western N. Y., Mich., Minn., and +westward. + +[*][*] _Spikelets linear (1/2--1' long), pale, appressed on the branches +of the long narrow racemose panicle, terete except during anthesis; +palets minutely roughish, the upper 2-toothed; squamulae unilateral or +united; ligule long; culm flattened (1--5 deg. high), ascending from a +rooting base._ (Glyceria, _R. Br._) + +7. G. fluitans, R. Br. Panicle 1 deg. long; the simple branches appressed, +finally spreading below; leaves short and rather broad, very smooth; +spikelets 7--13-flowered; _flowering glume oblong, obtuse_, or the +scarious tip acutish, entire or obscurely 3-lobed, usually rather longer +than the blunt palet.--Shallow water; common. June--Aug. + +8. G. acutiflora, Torr. Spikelets 5--12-flowered, few and scattered; +_flowering glume oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the long +tapering point of the palet_.--Wet places, Penn. to Maine; rather rare. +June.--Resembles the last; but the erect leaves smaller, the separate +flowers twice the length (4'' long), and less nerved. + + +68. PUCCINELLIA, Parl. (Pl. 16.) + +Characters as in Glyceria, but the flowering glumes inconspicuously or +obsoletely 5-nerved; squamulae thin and distinct; stigmas sessile and +simply plumose; grain compressed, often broadly furrowed.--Mostly saline +species; perennial. (Named for Prof. _Benedetto Puccinelli_, an Italian +botanist.) + +1. P. maritima, Parl. (GOOSE-GRASS. SEA SPEAR-GRASS.) _Root +stoloniferous_; culms erect, 1--11/2 deg. high; _leaves involute, acute or +pungent_; lower _branches of the narrow panicle often solitary or in +pairs, appressed_ or more or less spreading; spikelets 3--6'' long, +oblong or linear, 4--9-flowered; flowering glumes rounded at the summit, +11/2'' long. (Glyceria maritima, _Wahl._ Atropis maritima, +_Griseb._)--Marshes along the coast; not rare, and somewhat variable in +the form of the panicle and size of the glumes. (Eu.) + +Var. (?) minor, Watson. Culms low and slender, from very slender +creeping rootstocks; leaves very narrow and involute; ligule long; +panicle short and very narrow; spikelets 2--4-flowered, the flowers 1'' +long or less.--Shore of Mt. Desert Island (_E. L. Rand_); Labrador +(_J. A. Allen_).--Probably rather a form of the western P. airoides (Poa +airoides, _Nutt._). + +2. P. distans, Parl. _Not stoloniferous_; culms rather stout, geniculate +below; _leaves mostly flat, short_; ligule short; _lower branches of the +panicle in fours or fives_, usually more or less naked at base, soon +_spreading_ and at length deflexed; spikelets 2--3'' long, +3--6-flowered; flowering glume truncate-obtuse, 1/2--1'' long. (Glyceria +distans, _Wahl._ Atropis distans, _Griseb._)--Salt marshes along the +coast and on ballast; apparently much rarer than the last, and perhaps +not native. (Eu.) + + +69. FESTUCA, L. _Fescue-grass_. (Pl. 10.) + +Spikelets 3--many-flowered, panicled or racemose; the flowers not webby +at base. Lower glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Flowering glumes +chartaceous or almost coriaceous, roundish (not keeled) on the back, +more or less 3--5-nerved, acute, pointed, or often bristle-awned from +the tip, rarely blunt; the palet mostly adhering at maturity to the +enclosed grain. Stamens 1--3.--Flowers, and often the leaves, rather dry +and harsh. (An ancient Latin name of some kind of grass, of uncertain +meaning.) + +[*] _Flowers awl-shaped, bristle-pointed or awned from the tip; panicle +contracted._ + +[+] _Annuals or biennials, slender, 5--18' high; leaves +convolute-bristle-form._ + +F. MYURUS, L. Panicle spike-like, one-sided; spikelets about 5-flowered; +lower glumes very unequal; _awn much longer than the flowering glume_, +fully 6'' in length; stamen 1.--Dry fields, Nantucket, Mass., to Del., +and southward. July. (Nat. from Eu.) + +1. F. tenella, Willd. Panicle spike-like, one-sided, or more compound +and open; spikelets 7--13-flowered; _awn 1--3'' long or more, usually +shorter than or about equalling the glume_; stamens 2.--Dry sterile +soil, especially southward. June, July. + +[+][+] _Perennial, tufted, 6--24' high; stamens 3._ + +2. F. ovina, L. (SHEEP'S FESCUE.) Glaucous, 1/2--2 deg. high; leaves mostly +radical, very narrow and convolute; panicle somewhat one-sided, short, +usually more or less compound, open in flowering; spikelets +3--8-flowered; awn not more than half the length of the flower, often +much shorter or almost wanting.--Indigenous in northern New Eng., about +Lake Superior, and northward; naturalized farther south as a pasture +grass. June.--Varies greatly.--Var. VIVIPARA, L. (which with us has +running rootstocks), a state with the spikelets partially converted into +leafy shoots, is found on the alpine summits of the White Mts., and high +northward.--Var. DURIUSCULA, Koch, is a tall form, with spikelets rather +larger, usually in a more compound panicle; culm-leaves often flat or +less convolute, and the lower with their sheaths either smooth or hairy. +New Eng. to Va., and westward, as a naturalized plant, and indigenous +northward. A native form of this variety with a lax panicle, +2--4-flowered spikelets, and slender awns nearly as long as the glume +(var. rubra, of last ed.), is found on Keweenaw Peninsula (_Robbins_) +and Isle Royale, L. Superior (_Gilman_). (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Flowers oblong or lanceolate, awnless or nearly so (11/2--4'' +long); grain often free! (Root perennial; culms mostly tall; leaves +flat.)_ + +3. F. nutans, Willd. Culm 2--4 deg. high, naked above; leaves broadly +linear, taper-pointed, dark green, often rather hairy; _panicle of +several long and slender spreading branches_, mostly in pairs, +_drooping_ when old, rough, naked below, bearing near their extremity a +few ovate 3--5-flowered spikelets (3'' long) on pretty long pedicels; +_flowers ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, close together_, coriaceous, +smooth, very obscurely 5-nerved.--Rocky woods and copses. July.--A +common form with the panicle more or less contracted and somewhat erect +has been distinguished as F. Shortii. + +F. ELATIOR, L. (TALLER or MEADOW FESCUE.) (Pl. 10, fig. 1--3.) _Panicle +narrow_, contracted before and after flowering, _erect, with short +branches_; spikelets crowded, 5--10-flowered; _flowers rather remote, +oblong-lanceolate_; flowering glume 5-nerved, scarious-margined, blunt, +acute, or rarely with a distinct but very short awn.--The type is large, +3--4 deg. high; spikelets about 6'' long, in an ample and compound panicle. +Rich grass-land.--Var. PRATENSIS, Gray (F. pratensis, _Huds._), is lower +(1--3 deg. high), with a simpler or close panicle of smaller or narrower +spikelets, and abounds in grass-lands. June--Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) + +F. GIGANTEA, Vill. Erect, glabrous, 3--4 deg. high; leaves bright green, +3--6'' broad; panicle very loose, nodding; spikelets 3--6-flowered; +flowering glumes 3'' long, with a slender awn of twice the length.--Of +rare occurrence near the coast. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +70. BROMUS, L. BROME-GRASS. (Pl. 10.) + +Spikelets 5--many-flowered, panicled. Glumes unequal, membranaceous; the +lower 1--5-, the upper 3--9-nerved. Flowering glume either convex on the +back or compressed-keeled, 5--9-nerved, awned or bristle-pointed from +below the mostly 2-cleft tip; palet at length adhering to the groove of +the oblong or linear grain. Stamens 3. Styles attached below the apex of +the ovary.--Coarse grasses, with large spikelets, at length drooping, on +pedicels thickened at the apex. (An ancient name for the Oat, from +[Greek: bro/mos], _food_.) + +Sec. 1. _Flowering glume oblong, turgid, and convex on the back; the +flowers imbricated over one another before expansion; lower empty glume +distinctly 3--5-nerved, the upper 5--9-nerved._ + +[*] _Perennial; indigenous. Lower glume strongly 3-nerved, the upper +5-nerved._ + +1. B. Kalmii, Gray. (WILD CHESS.) Culm slender (11/2--3 deg. high); leaves and +sheaths conspicuously or sparingly hairy; panicle simple, small (3--4' +long); spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely +7--12-flowered, densely silky all over; awn only one third the length of +the lance-oblong flower; flowering glume 7--9-nerved, much longer and +larger than the palet.--Dry ground, N. Eng. to Penn., Mo., Minn., and +northward. June, July. + +[*][*] _Annuals or biennials, introduced into grain-fields, or rarely in +waste grounds._ + +B. SECALINUS, L. (CHEAT or CHESS.) (Pl. 10, fig. 1, 2.) _Panicle +spreading, even in fruit_, the drooping peduncles little branched; +_spikelets oblong-ovate, turgid, smooth_, of 8--10 rather distant +flowers; glume rather longer than the palet, short-awned or awnless; +sheaths nearly glabrous.--Too common in wheat-fields. June, July. (Adv. +from Eu.) + +B. MOLLIS, L. (SOFT CHESS.) _Whole plant downy; panicle more erect, +contracted in fruit; spikelets conical-ovate_, somewhat flattened; +flowers closely imbricated; _glume acute_, equalling the +awn.--Wheat-fields, N. Y. to Va.; scarce. June. (Adv. from Eu.) + +B. RACEMOSUS, L. (UPRIGHT CHESS.) Very similar to the last, but nearly +glabrous or the sheaths sometimes hairy; glumes glabrous and shining. +(Adv. from Eu.) + +Sec. 2. _Flowering glume somewhat convex, but keeled and laterally more or +less compressed, at least above; flowers soon separating from each +other; lower empty glume 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved, or with an +obscure additional pair._ + +[*] _Perennial, tall (3--5 deg. high); flowers oblong or lanceolate._ + +2. B. ciliatus, L. Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches +at length divergent, drooping; spikelets 7--12-flowered; flowering glume +tipped with an awn 1/2--3/4 its length, silky with appressed hairs near the +margins, at least below (or rarely naked), smooth or smoothish on the +back;--or, in var. PURGANS, Gray, clothed all over with short and fine +appressed hairs.--River-banks and moist woodlands; common. July, +Aug.--Culm and large leaves (3--6'' wide) smooth or somewhat hairy; the +sheaths in the larger forms often hairy or densely downy near the top. +Variable, comprising several forms. + +B. ASPER, L. Culm slender and panicle smaller; spikelets 5--9-flowered; +glume linear-lanceolate, scarcely keeled, hairy near the margins, rather +longer than the awn; sheaths and lower leaves hairy or downy.--N. +Brunswick to Mich. and Ky. (Nat. from Eu.) + +[*][*] _Annual or biennial; flowers slender; palet pectinate-ciliate on +the nerves._ + +B. STERILIS, L. Culm glabrous; leaves rather downy; panicle open; +spikelets on elongated nearly straight simple peduncles, of 5--9 rather +distant 7-nerved roughish linear-awl-shaped long-awned flowers (awn 1' +long).--Waste places and river-banks, E. Mass. to Penn.; rare. June. +(Nat. from Eu.) + +B. TECTORUM, L. Leaves short; panicle lax, somewhat 1-sided, the more +numerous pubescent spikelets on very slender curving pedicels.--More +common, N. Eng. to Penn. and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +71. LOLIUM, L. DARNEL. (Pl. 11.) + +Spikelets many-flowered, solitary on each joint of the continuous +rhachis, placed edgewise; empty glumes, except in the terminal spikelet, +only one (the upper) and external. Otherwise nearly as in Agropyrum. +(Ancient Latin name.) + +L. PERENNE, L. (COMMON DARNEL, RAY- or RYE-GRASS.) Root perennial; +_glume shorter than the spikelet; flowers 8--15_, awnless or sometimes +short-awned.--Fields and lots; eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.) + +L. TEMULENTUM, L. (BEARDED DARNEL.) Root annual; culm taller; _outer +glume fully equalling the_ 5--7-flowered _spikelet; awn longer than the +flower_ (1/2' long).--Grain-fields; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) + + +72. AGROPYRUM, Gaertn. (Pl. 11.) + +Spikelets 3--many-flowered, compressed, 2-ranked, alternate on opposite +sides of a solitary terminal spike, single at each joint (the lowermost, +or all, rarely in pairs) and sessile with the side against the axis. +Glumes transverse (i.e. right and left), nearly equal and opposite, +lanceolate, herbaceous, nerved. Flowering glumes rigid, convex on the +back, 5--7-nerved, pointed or awned from the tip; palet flattened, +bristly-ciliate on the nerves, adherent to the groove of the grain. +Stamens 3.--Our species rather coarse perennials, of difficult +definition. (Name from [Greek: a)gro/s] _a field_, and [Greek: pyro/s], +_wheat_.) + +[*] _Multiplying by long running rootstocks; awn shorter than the flower +or none._ + +1. A. repens, Beauv. (COUCH-, QUITCH-, or QUICK-GRASS.) _Spikelets +4--8-flowered, glabrous_ or nearly so; glumes 3--7-nerved; rhachis +glabrous, but rough on the edges; awns when present straight; leaves +flat and often roughish or pubescent above. (Triticum repens, +_L._)--Nat. from Europe in cultivated grounds, fields, etc., and very +troublesome; indigenous in some of its forms northwestward and on the +coast.--Varies greatly. The ordinary form has a narrow spike, with +3--5-flowered spikelets, the glumes merely acute and rigid-cuspidate, or +acuminate, or short-awned. A tall form, rather bright green, bears awns +nearly as long as the glumes. Other forms abound, especially on or near +the coast. A maritime variety, much resembling var. glaucum, _Boiss._ +(A. glaucum, _R. & S._), with large crowded 5--10-flowered spikelets and +glumes very blunt or mucronate, glaucous and the leaves rather rigid and +pungent, occurs on the coast of Maine (Cape Elizabeth, _Tuckerman_). In +the more usual form of this variety, with the large spikes often +elongated (3--9') and the leaves less rigid, the glumes are acuminate or +rarely short-awned. The rhachis or the whole inflorescence and the lower +sheaths are sometimes very pubescent. The glabrous state, or a very +similar glabrous variety, is also abundant in the western region, from +Kan. and Neb. to Dak., and westward, where it is known as _Blue-joint_ +or _Blue-stem_. (Eu.) + +2. A. dasystachyum, Vasey. Resembling the last; glaucous; leaves narrow +and often involute; the 5--9-flowered _spikelets densely downy-hairy_ +all over; glumes thinner with scarious margins, mostly long-acuminate. +(Triticum dasystachyum, _Gray_.)--Sandy shores of Lake Huron and +Superior, and northward. Aug. + +[*][*] _No obvious running rootstocks, glabrous, or the flat and +roughish leaves sometimes hairy above; glumes as well as flowers mostly +awned or awn-pointed._ + +3. A. violaceum, Lange. _Spike short, dense, strict and rigid_, usually +tinged with violet or purple; spikelets 3--5-flowered; _glumes_ +conspicuously 5-nerved, _rather abruptly narrowed into a cusp or short +awn_. (Triticum violaceum, _Hornem._)--Alpine region of the White Mts., +L. Superior, north and westward. (Eu.)--Passing into a variety with +longer usually pale narrow spikes and attenuate often long-awned glumes, +which sometimes approaches A. caninum. N. Brunswick, White Mts., N. H., +Penn. (_Porter_), L. Superior, and westward. + +4. A. caninum, R. & S. (AWNED WHEAT-GRASS.) _Spike usually more or less +nodding_, at least in fruit, rather dense (3--6' long); spikelets +3--5-flowered; _glumes 3--5-nerved; awns straight or somewhat bent or +spreading, fully twice the length of the palet_. (Triticum caninum, +_L._)--Sparingly naturalized in cultivated ground and meadows. +Indigenous along our northern borders, and westward. (Eu.) + +5. A. tenerum, Vasey. Culms 1--3 deg. high; leaves narrow; spike +very narrow, 2--7' long; spikelets 3--5-flowered; glumes +short-acuminate.--Minn. to Kan., and very common westward. + + +73. LEPTURUS, R. Br. + +Spikelets 1--2-flowered, solitary and alternate upon the opposite sides +of a narrow spike, sessile and appressed in the concave joints. Empty +glumes transverse, narrow, rigid, 5-nerved, the flowering much shorter, +thin and hyaline.--Low annuals, branching at the base, with narrow +leaves and rigid often curved spikes. (Name from [Greek: lepto/s], +_narrow_, and [Greek: ou)ra/], _tail_, or spike.) + +L. INCURVATUS, Trin. Much branched, decumbent, 6' high or less; spikes +terminal and lateral, 1--4' long, the base included in the broad +sheath.--Borders of brackish marshes, Md. to S. Va., and on ballast +northward. (Nat. from Eu.) + + +74. HORDEUM, Tourn. BARLEY. (Pl. 11.) + +Spikelets 1-flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment on the inner side, +three at each joint of the rhachis of a terminal spike, but the lateral +ones usually imperfect or abortive, and short-stalked. Empty glumes side +by side in front of the spikelets, 6 in number, forming a kind of +involucre, slender and awn-pointed or bristle-form. Flowering glume and +palet herbaceous, the former (anterior) convex, long-awned from the +apex. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, commonly adherent.--Spike often +separating into joints. Ours annuals or biennials, or scarcely +perennial. (The ancient Latin name.) + +1. H. jubatum, L. (SQUIRREL-TAIL GRASS.) (Pl. 11, fig. 1, 2.) Low; +lateral flowers abortive, on a short pedicel, short-awned; the perfect +flower bearing a capillary awn (2' long) about equalling the similar +capillary glumes, all spreading.--Sandy sea-shore, upper Great Lakes, +and westward. June. + +2. H. pratense, Huds. Low (6--18' high); lateral flowers imperfect or +neutral, awnless or merely pointed; perfect flower with awn as long as +those of the glumes (3--6''); spike linear, 1--2' long.--Plains, +especially in saline soil, Ohio to Ill. and westward; also sparingly +introduced, Va., and southward along the coast. May, June. (Eu.) + + +75. ELYMUS, L. LYME-GRASS. WILD RYE. (Pl. 11.) + +Spikelets 2--4 at each joint of the rhachis of a terminal spike, all +fertile and alike, sessile, each 1--7-flowered. Glumes conspicuous, +nearly side by side in front of the spikelets, 2 for each spikelet, +forming an involucre to the cluster. Flower coriaceous; the glume +rounded on the back, acute or awned at the apex. Grain adherent to the +involving glume (whence the name, an ancient one for some grain, from +[Greek: e)lyo], _to roll up_). + +[*] _Glumes and flowers firm or rigid, all or only the latter awned; +spikelets 1--5-flowered; slender perennials, with rather harsh and broad +flat leaves._ + +[+] _Spike large and stout._ + +1. E. Virginicus, L. (Pl. 11, fig. 1--3.) Culm stout, 2--3 deg. high; _spike +rigidly upright, dense_ (2--3' long, 6'' thick), the short _peduncle +usually included in the sheath_; spikelets 2--3 together, 2--3-flowered, +smooth, rather short-awned, about the length of the thickened +strongly-nerved and bristle-pointed _lanceolate glumes_.--River-banks; +common. Aug. + +2. E. Canadensis, L. _Spike soon nodding_ (5--9' long), on an exserted +peduncle; spikelets mostly in pairs, of 3--5 long-awned rough or +rough-hairy flowers; the _awl-shaped glumes tipped with shorter +awns_.--Var. GLAUCIFOLIUS, Gray, is pale or glaucous throughout, the +flowers with more spreading awns (11/2' long).--Var. INTERMEDIUS, Vasey, +has the awns scarcely longer than the glumes.--River-banks; common. + +[+][+] _Spike and culm more slender._ + +3. E. striatus, Willd. More or less _pubescent; spike dense and +thickish_ (2--4' long), upright or slightly nodding; spikelets mostly in +pairs, 1--2- (or rarely 3-) flowered, minutely bristly-hairy; _glumes +awl-shaped, bristle-awned_, 1--3-nerved, _about thrice the length of the +flowers_, which are only 3'' long exclusive of the capillary awn (1' +long).--Var. VILLOSUS, Gray, has very hairy flowers and glumes, and +villous sheaths.--Rocky woods and banks. July, Aug. + +4. E. Sibiricus, L., var. Americanus. _Glabrous; spike wand-like_ (2--6' +long, 2--3'' thick), often somewhat nodding; spikelets in pairs, +3--6-flowered; _glumes linear-lanceolate_, 3--5-nerved, acuminate and +smooth or often scabrous on the nerves, _short-awned, shorter than the +flowers_, which bear an erect awn of once or twice their +length.--Marquette, Mich. (_Porter_), N. Minn., and westward. + +[*][*] _Glumes and palet awnless and soft in texture; reed-like +perennials_. + +5. E. mollis, Trin. Culm (3 deg. high) velvety at top; spike thick, erect +(8' long); spikelets 2 or 3 at each joint, 5--8-flowered; the lanceolate +pointed 5--7-nerved glumes (1' long) and the pointed flowers +soft-villous; rhachis of the spikelets separating into joints.--Shore of +the Great Lakes, Maine, and northward. (Near E. arenarius.) + +[*][*][*] _Empty glumes very narrow, and all very long-awned; spike +disarticulating at maturity._ + +6. E. Sitanion, Schultes. Low (1/2--2 deg. high), stout; spike 1--4' long, the +peduncle slightly exserted; the spreading scabrous awns 2--3' +long.--Central Minn. to Kan., and westward. + + +76. ASPRELLA, Willd. BOTTLE-BRUSH GRASS. (Pl. 11.) + +Spikelets 2--3 or sometimes solitary on each joint of the rhachis of a +terminal spike, raised on a very short callous pedicel, loosely +2--4-flowered (when solitary flatwise on the rhachis). Glumes none! or +small, awn-like, and deciduous. Otherwise nearly as in Elymus. (Name a +diminutive of _asper_, rough or prickly.) + +1. A. Hystrix, Willd. Perennial; culms 3--4 deg. high; leaves and sheaths +smoothish; spike loose (3--6' long); the spreading spikelets 2--3 +together, early deciduous; flowers smoothish or often rough-hairy, +tipped with an awn thrice their length (1' long). (Gymnostichum Hystrix, +_Schreb._)--Moist woodlands. July, Aug. + + +77. ARUNDINARIA, Michx. CANE. (Pl. 11.) + +Spikelets flattened, 5--14-flowered; the flowers somewhat separated on +the jointed rhachis. Empty glumes very small, membranaceous, the upper +one larger. Flowering glumes and palet herbaceous or somewhat +membranaceous, the glume convex on the back, many-nerved, tapering into +a mucronate point or bristle. Squamulae 3, longer than the ovary. Stamens +3. Grain oblong, free.--Arborescent or shrubby grasses, simple or with +fascicled branches, and with large spikelets in panicles or racemes; +blade of the leaf jointed upon the sheath; flowers polygamous. (Name +from _arundo_, a reed.) + +1. A. macrosperma, Michx. (LARGE CANE.) (Pl. 11, fig. 1, 2.) Culms +arborescent, 10--40 deg. high and {1/2}--3' thick at base, rigid, simple the +first year, branching the second, afterwards at indefinite periods +fruiting, and soon after decaying; leaves lanceolate (1--2' wide), +smoothish or pubescent, the sheath ciliate on one margin, stoutly +fimbriate each side of the base of the leaf; panicle lateral, composed +of few simple racemes; spikelets 1--3' long, purplish or pale, erect; +flowering glume lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, +fringed (5--12'' long).--River-banks, S. Va.(?), Ky., and southward, +forming cane-brakes. April. + +Var. suffruticosa, Munro. (SWITCH CANE. SMALL CANE.) Lower and more +slender (2--10 deg. high), often growing in water; leaves 4''--1' broad; +spikelets solitary or in a simple raceme at the summit of the branches, +or frequently on leafless radical culms. (A. tecta, _Muhl._)--Swamps and +moist soil, Md., S. Ind. to S. E. Mo., and southward. Sometimes fruiting +several years in succession. + + + + +SERIES II. + + +CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. + +Vegetables destitute of proper flowers (i.e. having no stamens nor +pistils), and producing instead of seeds minute one-celled germinating +bodies called _spores_, in which there is no embryo or rudimentary +plantlet. + + +CLASS III. ACROGENS. + +Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis or stem, growing from the apex, +and commonly not with later increase in diameter, usually furnished with +distinct leaves; reproduction by antheridia and archegonia, sometimes +also by gemmation. + + +SUBCLASS I. VASCULAR ACROGENS, OR PTERIDOPHYTES.[1] + +[Footnote 1: The orders of this Subclass have been elaborated anew for +this edition by Prof. DANIEL C. EATON of Yale University.] + +Stems containing woody fibre and vessels (especially scalariform or +spiral ducts). Antheridia or archegonia, or both, formed on a minute +prothallus which is developed from the spore on germination, the +archegonium containing a nucleus, which after fertilization becomes an +oospore and at length grows into the conspicuous spore-bearing plant. + + +ORDER 130. EQUISETACEAE. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) + +_Rush-like, often branching plants, with jointed and mostly hollow stems +from running rootstocks, having sheaths at the joints, and, when +fertile, terminated by the conical or spike-like fructification composed +of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the spore-cases beneath._--A +single genus. + + +1. EQUISETUM, L. HORSETAIL. SCOURING RUSH. (Pl. 21) + +Spore-cases (_sporangia, thecae_) 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of +the angled shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1-celled, opening down the +inner side and discharging the numerous loose spores. To the base of +each spore are attached 4 thread-like and club-shaped elastic filaments, +which roll up closely around the spore when moist, and uncoil when +dry.--Rootstocks perennial, wide-creeping, hard and blackish, jointed, +often branched and sometimes bearing small tubers. Stems erect, +cylindrical, hollow, jointed; the surface striated or grooved with +alternate ridges and furrows, the cuticle in most species containing +silica in the form of minute granules, rosettes, or tubercles; the +joints containing besides the central air-cavity a circle of smaller +hollows beneath the furrows and a set of still smaller ones beneath the +ridges; the nodes closed and solid, each bearing instead of leaves a +sheath which is divided into teeth corresponding in number and position +to the principal ridges of the stem; stomata in the furrows, each with +two pairs of guard-cells, of which the outer pair is marked with +radiating lines of silica. Branches, when present, in whorls from the +base of the sheath, like the stem, but without the central air-cavity. +Prothallus green, formed upon the ground, often variously lobed, usually +dioecious. (The ancient name, from _equus_, horse, and _seta_, bristle.) + +Sec. 1. _Annual-stemmed, not surviving the winter._ + +[*] _Fruiting in spring from soft and rather succulent pale or brownish +fertile stems, the sterile stems or branches appearing later, herbaceous +and very different._ + +[+] _Fertile stems unbranched, destitute of chlorophyll and soon +perishing; the sterile branching copiously._ + +1. E. arvense, L. (COMMON H.) Fertile stems (4--10' high) with loose and +usually distant about 8--12-toothed sheaths; the sterile slender (at +length 1--2 deg. high), 10--14-furrowed, producing long and simple or +sparingly branched 4-angular branches, their teeth 4, herbaceous, +lanceolate.--Moist, especially gravelly soil; very common. March--May. +Rootstocks often bearing little tubers.--Var. CAMPESTRE, Milde, is a not +uncommon state, in which the sterile stem bears a small fruiting spike +at the summit. (Eu.) + +[+][+] _Fertile stems when older producing herbaceous 3-sided branches, +and lasting through the summer, except the naked top which perishes +after fructification._ + +2. E. pratense, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also the fertile stems +producing _simple straight branches_; sheaths of the stem with +ovate-lanceolate short teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed; stems +more slender and the branches shorter than in the last.--Mich. to Minn., +and northward. April, May. (Eu.) + +3. E. sylvaticum, L. Sterile and fertile stems (about 12-furrowed) +producing _compound racemed branches_; sheaths loose, with 8--14 rather +blunt teeth, those of the branches bearing 4 or 5, of the branchlets 3, +lance-pointed divergent teeth.--Wet shady places; common northward. May. +(Eu.) + +[*][*] _Fruiting in summer; stems all of one kind, or the fertile +contemporaneous with and like the sterile, equally herbaceous, producing +mostly simple branches, or sometimes nearly naked._ + +4. E. palustre, L. Stems (10--18' high) slender, very deeply +5--9-grooved, _the ridges narrow and acute_, roughish, the lance-awl +shaped teeth whitish-margined; branches always hollow, 4--7-angled, +rather few in a whorl.--Wet places, Niagara River (_Clinton_), Wisc. +(_Austin_), and northward. June. (Eu.) + +5. E. littorale, Kuehlewein. Stems (8--18' high) slender, deeply +6--16-grooved, _the ridges rounded_, the teeth shorter than in the last, +narrowly white-margined; branches often solid, 3--4-angled, 2--6 in a +whorl.--Wet sandy shores, Vt. and N. Y., and northward.--Spores always +abortive, whence the plant has been considered a hybrid, perhaps of E. +arvense and E. limosum. July. (Eu.) + +6. E. limosum, L. (Pl. 21, fig. 1--5.) Stems (2--5 deg. high) _slightly +many-furrowed_, smooth, sometimes continuing unbranched, but usually +producing ascending branches after fructification; sheaths appressed, +with 10--22 (commonly about 18) dark-brown and acute rigid short +teeth.--In shallow water; rather common.--Air-cavities none under the +grooves, but small ones under the ridges. A form in which the branches +bear numerous small spikes is var. POLYSTACHYUM, Brueckner. June, July. +(Eu.) + +Sec. 2. _Stems all alike, evergreen, unbranched, or producing a few slender +erect branches; fruiting in summer. Central air-cavity of the stem very +large._ + +[*] _Stems tall and stout (1{1/2}--4 deg. or even 6 deg. high), simple, or +casually branched, evenly many-grooved; sheaths appressed._ + +7. E. hyemale, L. (SCOURING-RUSH. SHAVE-GRASS.) Stems 1{1/2}--4 deg. high, +8--34 grooved, the _ridges_ roughened by two more or less distinct lines +of _tubercles; sheaths elongated_, with a black girdle above the base +and a black limb; ridges of the sheaths obscurely 4-carinate, the teeth +blackish, membranaceous, soon falling off.--Wet banks; common northward. +Formerly in common use for polishing wood and metal. (Eu.) + +8. E. robustum, Braun. Stems tall and stout (sometimes 8--10 deg. high and +nearly an inch thick), 20--48-grooved, the _ridges_ roughened _with one +line of transversely oblong tubercles; sheaths rather short_, with a +black girdle at base and a black limb; ridges of the sheaths +tricarinate, the blackish teeth soon falling off.--River-banks, Ohio and +westward. + +9. E. laevigatum, Braun. Stems 1--4 deg. high, rather slender, pale green, +14--30-grooved, the ridges almost smooth; sheath slightly enlarged +upward, with a black girdle at the base of the mostly deciduous +white-margined teeth, and rarely also at the base of the sheath; ridges +of the sheath with one keel, or sometimes obscurely tricarinate.--By +streams and in clayey places, Ohio to Minn., and westward. + +[*][*] _Stems slender, in tufts, 5--10-grooved; sheaths looser._ + +10. E. variegatum, Schleicher. _Stems ascending_ (6--18' long), usually +simple from a branched base, _5--10-grooved_; sheaths green variegated +with black above, the 5--10 teeth tipped with a deciduous +bristle.--Shores or river-banks, N. H. (Bellows Falls, _Carey_) and +Niagara to Minn., and northward; rare. (Eu.) + +11. E. scirpoides, Michx. _Stems very numerous in a tuft, filiform_ +(3--6' high), _flexuous and curving, mostly 6-grooved_, with acute +ridges; _sheaths 3-toothed_, the bristle-pointed teeth more persistent; +central air-cavity wanting.--Wooded hillsides, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., +and northward. (Eu.) + + +ORDER 131. FILICES. (FERNS.) + +_Leafy plants, with the leaves_ (fronds) _usually raised on a stalk or +petiole_ (stipe), _rising from a_ (sometimes greatly elongated) +_rootstock, separately rolled up_ (circinate) _in the bud, and bearing +on the under surface or along the margin small reticulated sporangia, +which at length split open and discharge the numerous minute spores. +Prothallus green, above ground, normally monoecious._ + +SUBORDER I. Polypodiaceae. Sporangia collected in dots, lines, or +variously shaped clusters (_sori_ or _fruit-dots_) on the back or +margins of the frond or its divisions, cellular-reticulated, stalked, +the stalk running into a vertical incomplete many-jointed ring, which by +straightening at maturity ruptures the sporangium transversely on the +inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit dots often covered (at least +when young) by a membrane called the _indusium_ (or less properly the +_involucre_), growing either from the back or the margin of the frond. +(Plates 16--19.) + +Tribe I. POLYPODIEAE. Fructification on the back of the frond, in round +or roundish fruit-dots (_sori_) placed on the veins or at the ends of +the veins, without indusium of any kind. Stipes articulated to the +rootstock, leaving a distinct scar when separated. Veins free (not +reticulated) in our species. + +1. Polypodium. Sori round, in one or more rows, on each side of the +midrib or of the segments of the frond. + +Tribe II. GRAMMITIDEAE. Sori more or less elongated, without indusium, +placed on the back of the frond, usually along the veins or near their +extremities. Veins free in our species. + +2. Notholaena. Sori short, of few rather large sporangia, placed near the +tips of the veins; under surface of the frond usually either chaffy, +woolly, or powdery. + +Tribe III. PTERIDEAE. Fructification marginal or intramarginal, provided +with a general indusium formed of the (either altered or unchanged) +margin of the frond. Stipes not articulated to the rootstock. Veins free +in all our species. + +[*] Sporangia at the ends of the veins, on a reflexed portion of the +margin of the frond. + +3. Adiantum. Midrib of the pinnules marginal or none. Stipe black and +polished. + +[*][*] Sporangia borne on a continuous marginal vein-like receptacle, +connecting the apices of the veins, and covered by a delicate whitish +indusium formed of the reflexed margin. + +4. Pteris. Midrib of the pinnules central. Stipe light colored. + +[*][*][*] Sporangia at or near the ends of the unconnected veins, borne +on the under surface of the frond; indusium various. + +5. Cheilanthes. Sori minute, at the ends of the veins; indusium +continuous or interrupted. Fronds mostly chaffy, woolly, or +pulverulent, rarely smooth. + +6. Pellaea. Sori on the upper part of the veins, distinct, or mostly +forming a confluent submarginal band of sporangia. Indusium +membranaceous, continuous, rarely wanting. Sterile and fertile fronds +not very unlike; stipes dark colored; fronds smooth. + +7. Cryptogramme. Sori roundish or elongated and extending far down the +free veins, at first covered by the very broad continuous indusium, at +length exposed and confluent. Sterile and fertile fronds very +different; stipes light colored; fronds smooth. + +Tribe IV. BLECHNEAE. Sori oblong or linear, borne on a veinlet parallel +to the midrib, and covered with a special usually concave or arched +indusium attached to the fruiting veinlet, and opening along the inner +side. + +8. Woodwardia. Sori forming a chain-like row each side of the midrib or +central vein. Veins reticulated. + +Tribe V. ASPLENIEAE. Sori more or less elongated, occupying one or both +sides of oblique veins, covered by a special indusium which is attached +by one side to the fertile vein, and is free on the other. Stipes not +articulated. + +9. Asplenium. Sori on the upper side or rarely on both sides of a +veinlet. Veins free in all our species. + +10. Scolopendrium. Sori linear, confluent in pairs, each pair appearing +like a single sorus with a double indusium opening down the middle. +Veins free. + +11. Camptosorus. Sori oblong, variously curved, or some of them in +opposite pairs. Veins reticulated. + +Tribe VI. ASPIDIEAE. Sori round or roundish, on the back or rarely at the +apex of the vein, with a special indusium, rarely naked. Stipes not +articulated to the rootstock. + +[*] Indusium obsolete or none. + +12. Phegopteris. Sori round, rather small. Veins free in our species. + +[*][*] Indusium evident, round or roundish, covering the sporangia, at +least when young. Sterile and fertile fronds not very unlike. Veins +free in our species. + +13. Aspidium. Indusium flat or slightly convex, orbicular or +round-reniform, fixed by the centre, opening all round the margin. + +14. Cystopteris. Indusium convex, fixed by a broad base partly under the +sorus, commonly reflexed as the sporangia ripen. + +[*][*][*] Indusium obscure, irregularly semicircular. Fertile fronds +much contracted and very unlike the sterile ones. + +15. Onoclea. Sporangia on an elevated receptacle; divisions of the +fertile frond pod-like or berry-like. + +Tribe VII. WOODSIEAE. Sori round, borne on the veins; indusium fixed +under the sorus, divided into segments or into slender filaments. + +16. Woodsia. Small ferns with free veins. Indusium very delicate. + +Tribe VIII. DICKSONIEAE. Sori roundish, marginal or submarginal. Indusium +cup-shaped or two-valved, the outer portion composed of a reflexed +lobule of the frond, or more or less united to it. + +17. Dicksonia. Indusium in our species small, membranaceous, nearly +globular. Frond elongated, decompound. + +SUBORDER II. Hymenophyllaceae. Sporangia sessile on a bristle-like +receptacle within a cup-shaped or bivalvular involucre, the ring +transverse and complete. Fronds delicately membranaceous. + +18. Trichomanes. Involucres funnel-form or cup-shaped. + +SUBORDER III. Schizaeaceae. Sporangia ovate, sessile, having a complete +transverse articulated ring at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal +slit. (Pl. 19.) + +19. Schizaea. Sporangia naked, fixed in a double row to the midrib of the +narrow fertile segments. Sterile fronds rigid, simple or dichotomously +branched. + +20. Lygodium. Sporangia borne in a double row on narrow fertile +segments, each sporangium seated on a separate veinlet, and provided +with a special scale-like indusium. Fronds leafy, climbing. + +SUBORDER IV. Osmundaceae. Sporangia naked, globose, mostly pedicelled, +reticulated, with no ring or mere traces of one near the apex, opening +into two valves by a longitudinal slit. Stipes winged at base and almost +stipulate! (Pl. 19.) + +21. Osmunda. Fertile pinnae or fronds very much contracted, bearing the +abundant and large sporangia upon the margins of the very narrow +segments. Veins free. + + +1. POLYPODIUM, L. POLYPODY. (Pl. 16.) + +Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one or +more rows each side of the midrib or central vein, or irregularly +scattered, each borne in our species on the end of a free veinlet. +Rootstocks creeping, branched, often covered with chaffy scales, bearing +scattered roundish knobs, to which the stipes are attached by a distinct +articulation. (Name from [Greek: poly/s], _many_, and [Greek: pou~s], +_foot_, alluding to the branching rootstock.) + +1. P. vulgare, L. (Pl. 16, fig. 1--3.) Fronds evergreen, oblong, _smooth +both sides_, 4--10' high, simple and deeply pinnatifid; the divisions +linear-oblong, obtuse or somewhat acute, remotely and obscurely toothed; +veins once or twice forked; _fruit-dots large, midway between the midrib +and the margin_.--Rocks; common. July. (Eu.) + +2. P. incanum, Swartz. Fronds evergreen and coriaceous, oblong, 2--6' +high, _grayish and very scurfy underneath with peltate scales_, simply +pinnatifid; the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse; _fruit-dots rather +small, near the margin_; veins forking, free in the N. American +plant!--Rocks and trunks of trees, Va. and Ohio to Ill., and southward. +Aug. + + +2. NOTHOLAENA, R. Brown. CLOAK-FERN. + +Fruit-dots roundish or oblong, placed near the ends of the veins, soon +more or less confluent into an irregular marginal band, with no proper +involucre. Veins always free. Fronds of small size, 1--4-pinnate, the +lower surface almost always either hairy, tomentose, chaffy, or covered +with a fine waxy white or yellow powder. (Name from [Greek: no/thos], +_spurious_, and [Greek: lai~na], _a cloak_, the woolly coating of the +original species forming a spurious covering to the sporangia.) + +1. N. dealbata, Kunze. Fronds triangular-ovate, 1--3' long, +3--4-pinnate; rhachis and branches straight, black and shining; ultimate +pinnules scarcely a line long, white and powdery on the lower +surface.--Clefts of calcareous rocks, Mo., Kan., and southwestward. +July--Aug. + + +3. ADIANTUM, L. MAIDENHAIR. (Pl. 17.) + +Fruit-dots marginal, short, borne on the under side of a transversely +oblong, crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin or +summit of a lobe or tooth of the frond reflexed to form an indusium; the +sporangia attached to the approximated tips of the free forking +veins.--Main rib (costa) of the pinnules none (in our species), or at +the lower margin. Stipes black and polished. (The ancient name, from +[Greek: a] privative and [Greek: diai/no], meaning _unwetted_, the +smooth foliage repelling rain-drops.) + +1. A. pedatum, L. (Pl. 17, fig. 1--3.) _Frond forked at the summit of +the upright slender stalk_ (9--15' high), the recurved branches bearing +on one side several slender spreading pinnate divisions; pinnules +numerous, short-stalked and obliquely triangular-oblong, entire on the +lower margin, from which the veins all proceed, and cleft and +fruit-bearing on the other.--Rich, moist woods. July.--A delicate and +most graceful Fern. + +2. A. Capillus-Veneris, L. _Fronds with a continuous main rhachis, +ovate-lanceolate_, 9--18' long, often pendent, 2--3-pinnate at the base, +the upper third or half simply pinnate; pinnules wedge-obovate or +rhomboid, 6--12'' long, deeply and irregularly incised; veinlets +flabellately forking from the base; involucres lunulate or transversely +oblong.--Moist rocky places, Va. to Mo., and southward. (Eu.) + + +4. PTERIS, L. BRAKE or BRACKEN. (Pl. 17.) + +Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the +entire margin of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow +edge which forms a continuous membranaceous indusium, attached to an +uninterrupted transverse vein-like receptacle connecting the tips of the +forked free veins.--Fronds 1--3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient +Greek name of Ferns, from [Greek: ptero/n], _a wing_, on account of the +prevalent pinnate or feathery fronds.) + +1. P. aquilina, L. (COMMON BRAKE.) Frond dull green (2--3 deg. wide), +ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (1--2 deg. high), the widely +spreading branches twice pinnate; pinnules oblong-lanceolate; the upper +undivided; the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, +margined all round with the indusium, which is really double in this +species.--Var. CAUDATA, with the lobes very narrow and revolute, the +terminal ones much elongated, is a southern form, which extends in a +modified condition as far north as New Jersey.--Thickets and hillsides, +common. Aug. (Eu.) + + +5. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. LIP-FERN. (Pl. 17.) + +Sporangia borne on the thickened ends of free veinlets, forming small +and roundish distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit-dots, covered +by a mostly whitish and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common +indusium, formed of the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the +whole pinnule.--Low, mostly with 2--3-pinnate and hairy or chaffy, +rarely smooth fronds, the sterile and fertile nearly alike, the +divisions with the principal vein central. Some species with continuous +indusium connect this genus very closely with the next. (Name composed +of [Greek: chei~los], _a lip_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_, from the +shape of the indusium.) + +[*] _Fronds smooth, or at most hairy._ + +1. C. Alabamensis, Kunze. _Fronds smooth_, chartaceous (2--8' long), +ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate; pinnae numerous, oblong-lanceolate; pinnules +triangular-oblong, rather acute, often auriculate or lobed; _indusium +continuous, rather broad, pale, and of firm consistence_.--On rocks, +mountains of Va. to Ky., and southward. + +2. C. vestita, Swartz. (Pl. 17, fig. 1, 2.) Fronds (6--15' high), +lanceolate-oblong, hirsute, as are the brown and shining stipes, with +_straightish prominently articulated rusty hairs_, twice pinnate; pinnae +rather distant, triangular-ovate; pinnules oblong, crowded (2--4'' +long), more or less incised, _the ends of the roundish or oblong lobes +reflexed and forming separate herbaceous involucres_, which are pushed +back by the ripened sporangia.--Clefts of rocks, Manhattan Island +(_W. W. Denslow_) and N. J. to Ill., and southward. + +[*][*] _Fronds woolly or tomentose._ + +3. C. tomentosa, Link. Fronds (12--20' high) lanceolate-oblong, densely +tomentose with _slender and entangled whitish obscurely articulated +hairs_, thrice pinnate; primary and secondary pinnae oblong or +ovate-oblong; _pinnules distinct_, minute (1/2--1'' long), +roundish-obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the upper surface less +woolly, _the reflexed narrow margin forming a continuous somewhat +membranaceous indusium_.--Mountains of Va. and Ky.; thence west and +southward.--Stipe and rhachis rather stout, brown, covered with narrow +chaffy scales and whitish hairs. + +4. C. lanuginosa, Nutt. Stipes slender, at first hairy, black or brown, +shining; fronds (3--6' high) ovate-lanceolate, woolly with _soft whitish +distinctly articulated flattened hairs_, becoming smoother above, twice +or thrice pinnate; pinnae (5--6'' long) ovate, the lowest distant, the +others contiguous; _pinnules crenately pinnatifid_, or mostly divided +into minute and roundish densely crowded segments (1/2--1'' long), _the +herbaceous margin recurved forming an almost continuous indusium_.--In +dense tufts, on dry rocks and cliffs, Ill. to Minn., thence west and +southward. + + +6. PELLAEA, Link. CLIFF-BRAKE. (Pl. 16.) + +Sporangia in roundish or elongated clusters on the upper part of the +free veins, distinct, or confluent laterally so as to imitate the +marginal continuous line of fructification of Pteris, commonly covered +by a broad membranaceous and continuous (rarely interrupted) general +indusium, which consists of the reflexed and altered margin of the +fertile pinnule or division. Small ferns, with 1--3-pinnate fronds, the +fertile ones with narrower divisions than the sterile, but otherwise +similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth and shining. (Name from +[Greek: pello/s], _dusky_, alluding to the stipe.) + +1. P. gracilis, Hook. (Pl. 16.) Fronds smooth (3--6' high), _delicately +membranaceous and slender_, of few pinnae, the lower ones once or twice +pinnately parted into 3--5 decurrent divisions, those of the fertile +frond oblong or linear-oblong, entire or sparingly incised; of the +sterile ovate or obovate, crenate or incised; veins of the fertile +fronds mostly only once forked.--Shaded calcareous rocks, Mass. to +Minn., and northward; rare. July.--Rootstock very slender, creeping; +stipes polished, brownish, darker and sparingly chaffy at base. + +2. P. atropurpurea, Link. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on +the midribs and especially on the _dark purple and polished stalk_ and +rhachis, 6--15' high; _frond coriaceous_, pale, once or below twice +pinnate; the divisions broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile +sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat heart-shaped or else truncate +at the stalked base; veins about twice forked.--Dry calcareous rocks; +not common, but of wide range. July.--Rootstock short and stout; stipes +clustered. + + +7. CRYPTOGRAMME, R. Brown. ROCK-BRAKE. + +Fruit-dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free +forking veins. True involucre or indusium none, the herbaceous margins +of the fertile segments at first reflexed and meeting at the midrib, at +length opening out flat and exposing the confluent sporangia.--Low +ferns, with smooth, 2--3-pinnate fronds, the fertile ones taller than +the sterile, and with much narrower divisions. (Name from [Greek: +krypto/s], _hidden_, and [Greek: gramme/], _a line_, alluding to the +lines of sporangia at first concealed by the reflexed margin.) + +1. C. acrostichoides, R. Brown. Stipes densely tufted, straw-colored; +fronds 2--3-pinnate (6--10' high); fertile segments stalked, linear or +linear-oblong (3--5'' long), the sporangia in lines extending down the +veins almost to the midrib, confluent when ripe and covering the under +surface of the now fully opened segments; sterile fronds on much shorter +stipes, with ovate or obovate decurrent and crenately toothed or incised +segments. (Allosorus acrostichoides, _Sprengel_.)--On rocks, from +L. Superior westward and northward.--Very near C. crispa of Eu. + + +8. WOODWARDIA, Smith. CHAIN-FERN. (Pl. 17.) + +Fruit-dots oblong or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on +transverse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. +Indusium fixed by its outer margin to the fruitful veinlet, free and +opening on the side next the midrib. Veins more or less reticulated, +free toward the margin of the frond.--Large ferns, with pinnatifid or +pinnate fronds. (Named for _Thomas J. Woodward_, an English botanist.) + +Sec. 1. ANCHISTEA. _Sterile and fertile fronds alike; veins forming only +one row of meshes (areoles)._ + +1. W. Virginica, Smith. (Pl. 17, fig. 4, 5.) Fronds (2--3 deg. high) +pinnate, with numerous lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae; segments oblong; +veins forming a row of narrow areoles along the midrib both of the pinnae +and of the lobes, the outer veinlets free; fruit-dots oblong, one to +each areole, confluent when ripe.--Wet swamps, Maine to Ark., and +southward. Rootstocks creeping, often 6--8 deg. long! July. + +Sec. 2. LORINSERIA. _Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; veins of the +sterile fronds forming many rows of meshes._ + +2. W. angustifolia, Smith. (Pl. 17, fig. 1--3.) Fronds pinnatifid; +sterile ones (12--18' high) with lanceolate serrulate divisions united +by a broad wing; fertile fronds taller, with narrowly linear almost +disconnected divisions, the areoles and fruit-dots (4--5'' long) in a +single row each side of the secondary midribs; rootstocks creeping.--Wet +woods, New Eng., near the coast, to Ark., and southward; rare. Aug., +Sept. + + +9. ASPLENIUM, L. SPLEENWORT. (Pl. 18.) + +Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate; the straight, or rarely +curved, indusium fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side +of the fertile vein;--in some species a part of the fruit-dots are +double, the fertile vein bearing two indusia placed back to back. Veins +free in all our species. (Name from [Greek: a]- privative and [Greek: +sple/n], _the spleen_, for supposed remedial properties.) + +Sec. 1. ASPLENIUM proper. _Indusium straight or slightly curved, attached +to the upper side of the vein, rarely double._ + +[*] _Small evergreen ferns; fronds pinnatifid, or pinnate only near the +base._ + +1. A. pinnatifidum, Nutt. _Fronds_ (3--6' long) lanceolate, _pinnatifid, +or pinnate below, tapering above into a slender prolongation_, "the apex +sometimes rooting"; _lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, or the lowest pair +long-acuminate_; fruit-dots irregular, those next the midrib often +double, even the slender prolongation fertile.--On cliffs and rocks, +Penn. to Mo., and southward; very rare. July.--Resembles the +Walking-Leaf (Camptosorus), but the veins are free. _Stipes brownish, +becoming green above, and so passing into the broad pale green midrib._ + +2. A. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. _Fronds_ (4--9' long) broadly lanceolate +_pinnatifid, below pinnate, the apex prolonged and slender; divisions +lanceolate from a broad base, the lower ones shorter_, often +proliferous, as is the apex of the frond; fruit-dots much as in the +last; _stipes black and polished, as is the lower part of the midrib, +especially beneath_.--Limestone cliffs, Conn. and Penn., and southward; +very rare, usually growing with Camptosorus and Asplenium ebeneum, of +which _Rev. M. G. Berkeley_ considered it a probable hybrid. + +[*][*] _Small evergreen ferns; the narrow fronds simply pinnate with +numerous pinnae._ + +[+] _Pinnae not auricled._ + +3. A. viride, Hudson. _Fronds_ (2--5' long) tufted, _linear in outline, +pale green, softly herbaceous; pinnae roundish-ovate or ovate-rhomboid_, +short-stalked, crenately toothed (2--4'' long), the midvein indistinct +and forking; _the slender stipe brownish and passing into a green +herbaceous rhachis_.--Shaded cliffs; northern New Eng., west and +northward; rare. (Eu.) + +4. A. Trichomanes, L. _Fronds_ (3--8' long) in dense spreading tufts, +_linear in outline, dark green and more rigid; pinnae roundish-oblong or +oval_ (3--4'' long), entire or crenulate, rarely incised, unequal-sided, +obliquely wedge-truncate at base, attached by a narrow point, the +midvein forking and evanescent; _the thread-like stipe and rhachis +purple-brown and shining_.--Shaded cliffs; common. July. (Eu.) + +[+][+] _Pinnae more or less auricled._ + +5. A. parvulum, Mart. & Gal. Fronds upright (4--10' high), narrowly +linear-oblanceolate; _pinnae_ (2--6'' long) _rigid and thickish, mostly +opposite_, nearly sessile, somewhat deflexed, oblong, obtuse, _entire or +crenulate_, auricled on the upper or both sides; sori rather few, as +near the margin as the continuous midvein; stipe and rhachis black and +shining.--Mountains of Va. to Mo., and southward.--Nearly intermediate +between the last and the next. + +6. A. ebeneum, Ait. Fronds upright (9--18' high), linear-oblanceolate in +outline, fertile ones much the taller; _pinnae_ (6--18'' long) _firmly +membranaceous, mostly alternate_, sessile, spreading, oblong or +oblong-linear, _finely serrate or even incised_, the base auricled on +the upper or both sides; sori many, nearer the elongated midvein than +the margin; stipe and rhachis blackish-purple and shining.--Rocky, open +woods; rather common. + +[*][*][*] _Small evergreen ferns; the broader fronds 1--3-pinnate; pinnae +incised._ + +7. A. Bradleyi, D. C. Eaton. _Fronds oblong-lanceolate_, 4--7' long, +besides the blackish and somewhat shining stipe, membranaceous, pinnate; +pinnae rather numerous, _the lower ones no larger than the middle ones_, +all short-stalked, oblong-ovate, obtuse, incised or pinnatifid into +oblong toothed lobes.--On rocks, Ky. and southward; rare. A single plant +has been gathered near Newburg, N. Y.--Intermediate between A. ebeneum +and A. montanum. + +8. A. montanum, Willd. _Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base_ +(2--5' long), subcoriaceous, pinnate; pinnae ovate-oblong, the lowest +pinnately cleft into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper +gradually simpler; _rhachis green, broad and flat; stipe brown at +base_.--Cliffs and rocks, from Conn. and Penn. to Ky., and southward. +July. + +9. A. Ruta-muraria, L. _Fronds deltoid-ovate_ (1--21/2' long), +subcoriaceous, laxly 2--3-pinnate at base, the pinnae alternate; +_ultimate segments few_, stalked (2--5'' long), _from narrowly cuneate +to roundish-obovate_, toothed or incised at the apex; veins forking; +sori 2--4 on a segment.--Limestone cliffs, Vt. to Mich., and southward; +scarce. July. (Eu.) + +[*][*][*][*] _Tall ferns (2--4 deg. high), not evergreen; fronds pinnate or +sub-bipinnate._ + +10. A. angustifolium, Michx. _Fronds_ thin, _simply pinnate; pinnae_ +numerous, short-stalked, _linear-lanceolate, acuminate_, entire or +crenulate (3--4' long), _those of the fertile frond narrower_; +fruit-dots linear, 20--40 each side of the midvein; indusia slightly +convex.--Rich woods, W. New Eng. to Wisc., and southward along the +mountains. Sept. + +11. A. thelypteroides, Michx. (Pl. 18, fig. 1, 2.) _Fronds_ (2--3 deg. high) +_pinnate; pinnae deeply pinnatifid_, linear-lanceolate (3--5' long); the +lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 3--6 pairs +of _oblong fruit-dots_, some of them double.--Rich woods; not rare. +July--Sept. + +Sec. 2. ATHYRIUM. _Indusium delicate, curved, often crossing the vein, and +attached to both sides of it, thus becoming reniform, or shaped like a +horseshoe._ + +12. A. Filix-foemina, Bernh. Fronds (1--3 deg. high) ovate-oblong or broadly +lanceolate, twice pinnate; pinnae lanceolate, numerous; pinnules +confluent on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and doubly +serrate, or elongated and pinnately incised with cut-toothed segments; +fruit-dots short, variously curved, at length confluent.--Moist woods; +common and presenting many varying forms. July. (Eu.) + + +10. SCOLOPENDRIUM, Smith. HART'S-TONGUE. (Pl. 18.) + +Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, +contiguous by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next +on the lower side of the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a +double indusium opening along the middle. (The ancient Greek name, so +called because the numerous parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of +the centipede, or _Scolopendra_.) + +1. S. vulgare, Smith. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an +auricled-heart-shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (7--18' long, 1--2' +wide), bright green.--Shaded ravines and under limestone cliffs; central +N. Y.; also in Canada and Tenn.; very rare. Aug. (Eu.) + + +11. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. WALKING-LEAF. (Pl. 18.) + +Fruit-dots oblong or linear, as in Asplenium, but irregularly scattered +on either side of the _reticulated veins_ of the simple frond, those +next the midrib single, the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs +(so that their two indusia open face to face), or to become confluent at +their ends, thus forming crooked lines (whence the name, from [Greek: +kampto/s], _bent_, and [Greek: soro/s], for _fruit-dot_.) + +1. C. rhizophyllus, Link. Fronds evergreen, sub-coriaceous, growing in +tufts, spreading or procumbent (4--12' long), gradually narrowed from a +cordate or auricled base to a long and slender acumination, which often +roots at the end and forms a new plant.--Shaded rocks, especially +calcareous rocks, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward to Kan. and Ala.--The +auricles are sometimes greatly elongated, and even rooting; in another +form they are lacking, as in the thinner leaved C. Sibiricus. July. + + +12. PHEGOPTERIS, Fee. BEECH FERN. + +Fruit-dots small, round, naked (no indusium), borne on the back of the +veins below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock.--Our species +have free veins and bright green membranaceous fronds, decaying in early +autumn. (Name composed of [Greek: phego/s], an _oak_ or _beech_, and +[Greek: pteri/s], _fern_.) + +[*] _Fronds twice pinnatifid; pinnae all sessile, adnate to the winged +rhachis._ + +1. P. polypodioides, Fee. Fronds triangular, _longer than broad_ (4--9' +long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath; pinnae linear-lanceolate, +_the lowest pair deflexed and standing forward_; their divisions oblong, +obtuse, entire, the basal decurrent upon the main rhachis; fruit-dots +all near the margin.--Damp woods; common northward. July.--Rootstock +slender, creeping, bearing a few distant slender stalks, rather longer +than the fronds. (Eu.) + +2. P. hexagonoptera, Fee. Fronds triangular, _usually broader than long_ +(7--12' broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath; +pinnae lanceolate; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, +_those of the very large lowest pinnae elongated and pinnately lobed_, +basal ones very much decurrent and forming a continuous many-angled wing +along the main rhachis; fruit-dots near the margin; some also between +the sinus and the midrib.--Rather open woods, New Eng. to Minn., and +southward; common. July.--Larger and broader than the last, which it +often closely resembles. + +[*][*] _Fronds ternate, the three divisions petioled; rhachis wingless._ + +3. P. Dryopteris, Fee. _Fronds smooth_, broadly triangular (4--6' wide); +the three triangular primary divisions _all widely spreading_, +1--2-pinnate; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed; fruit-dots +near the margin.--Rocky woods; common northward. July. (Eu.) + +4. P. calcarea, Fee. _Fronds minutely glandular_ and somewhat rigid, +_the lateral divisions ascending_; lowest inferior pinnae of the lateral +divisions smaller in proportion than in the last species, which it +otherwise closely resembles.--Iowa and Minn.; rare. July. (Eu.) + + +13. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. SHIELD FERN. WOOD FERN. (Pl. 19.) + +Fruit-dots round, borne on the back or rarely at the apex of the veins. +Indusium covering the sporangia, flat or flattish, scarious, orbicular +and peltate at the centre, or round-kidney-shaped and fixed either +centrally or by the sinus, opening all round the margin. Stipe +continuous (not articulated) with the rootstock.--Our species have free +veins and 1--3-pinnate fronds. (Name, [Greek: a)spi/dion], _a small +shield_, from the shape of the indusium.) + +Sec. 1. DRYOPTERIS. _Indusium reniform, or orbicular with a narrow sinus._ + +[*] _Veins simple or simply forked and straight; fronds annual, decaying +in autumn, the stalks and slender creeping rootstocks nearly naked._ + +1. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline; pinnae +horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, +_the lowest pairs scarcely smaller_; lobes oblong, entire, obtuse or +appearing acute when in fruit from the _strongly revolute margins; veins +mostly forked_, bearing the (soon confluent) fruit-dots near their +middle; indusium minute, smooth and naked.--Marshes; common. Aug.--Stalk +1 deg. long or more, usually longer than the frond, which is of thicker +texture than the next, and slightly downy. (Eu.) + +2. A. Noveboracense, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline, +_tapering both ways from the middle_; pinnae lanceolate, _the lowest 2 or +more pairs gradually shorter and deflexed_; lobes flat, oblong, basal +ones often enlarged and incised; _veins simple_, or forked in the basal +lobes; fruit-dots distinct, near the margin; indusium minute, the margin +glanduliferous.--Swamps and moist thickets; common. July.--Frond pale +green, delicate and membranaceous, hairy beneath along the midribs and +veins. + +[*][*] _Veins, at least the lowest, more than once forked or somewhat +pinnately branching; fruit-bearing veinlets often obscure or vanishing +above the fruit-dot; fronds, at least the sterile ones, often evergreen; +stalks and apex of the thickened rootstock scaly or chaffy, and often +the main rhachis also._ + +[+] _Fronds small, pinnate; pinnae pinnatifid; indusia very large, +persistent._ + +3. A. fragrans, Swartz. Fronds (4--12' high) glandular and aromatic, +narrowly lanceolate, with linear-oblong pinnately-parted pinnae; their +crowded divisions (2'' long) oblong, obtuse, toothed or nearly entire, +nearly covered beneath with the very large thin imbricated indusia, +which are orbicular with a narrow sinus, the margin sparingly +glanduliferous and often ragged.--On rocks, especially near waterfalls, +mountains of northern New Eng., west and northward.--Rootstock stout, +nearly erect, densely chaffy, as are the crowded stipes and rhachis. +(Asia, and barely reaching S. E. Eu.) + +[+][+] _Large (1--21/2 deg. high), the fronds mostly twice pinnate with +variously toothed and incised pinnules; indusia rather small, shrivelled +in age, or deciduous._ + +4. A. spinulosum, Swartz. Stipes with a few _pale-brown deciduous +scales_; frond ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate; _pinnae oblique to the +rhachis, elongated-triangular_, the lower pairs broadly triangular; +pinnules set obliquely on the midribs, connected by a very narrow wing, +oblong, acute, incisely serrate or pinnatifid with spinulosely-toothed +lobes; _indusium_ smooth and _without marginal glands_.--In damp woods, +New Eng. to Ky., and northward. July.--The common European type, rare in +North America. (Eu.) + +Var. intermedium, D. C. Eaton. _Scales_ of the stipe few, _brown with a +darker centre_; frond broadly oblong-ovate, twice or often thrice +pinnate; _pinnae spreading, oblong-lanceolate_, the lower unequally +triangular-ovate; pinnules crowded, ovate-oblong, spreading, pinnately +divided; the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at the apex; _margin of the +indusium denticulate and beset with minute stalked glands_.--Woods, +everywhere. + +Var. dilatatum, Hook. _Scales_ of the stipe large, _brown with a dark +centre_; _frond broader, ovate or triangular-ovate_ in outline, oftenest +thrice pinnate; pinnules lance-oblong, the lowest often much elongated; +_indusium_ (in the North American plant) _smooth and naked_.--A dwarf +state, fruiting when only 5--8' high, answers to var. dumetorum.--N. New +Eng. to Minn., chiefly in mountain woods, and northward. (Eu.) + +5. A. Boottii, Tuckerman. _Scales_ of the stipe _pale-brown_; fronds +(1--21/2 deg. long) elongated-lanceolate in outline, somewhat narrowed at +base; lowest pinnae triangular-ovate, the upper longer and narrower; +pinnules oblong-ovate, sharply spinulose-serrate or the lower +pinnatifid; _indusium minutely glandular_. (A. spinulosum, var. +Boottii, of last ed. A. cristatum, var. uliginosum, _Milde_.)--Wet +thickets and about ponds, New Eng. to Del. and Minn. July.--Sterile +fronds much smaller and simpler than the fertile. (Eu.) + +[+][+][+] _Large (2--4 deg. high); fronds once pinnate and the pinnae deeply +pinnatifid, or nearly twice pinnate; fruit-dots not very near the +margin; the indusium large, thinnish and flat, persistent._ + +6. A. cristatum, Swartz. _Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline_ +(1--2 deg. long); _pinnae short_ (2--3' long), _triangular-oblong_, or the +lowest nearly triangular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, +acute, deeply pinnatifid; the _divisions (6--10 pairs) oblong_, very +obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, the lowest pinnatifid-lobed; +_fruit-dots as near the midvein as the margin_; indusium round-reniform, +the sinus mostly shallow, smooth and naked.--Swamps, etc.; common. +July.--Stipes and the stout creeping rootstock bearing broad and +deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.) + +Var. Clintonianum. _Frond in every way much larger_ (21/2--4 deg. long); +_pinnae_ oblong-lanceolate, _broadest at base_ (4--6' long, 1--2' broad), +deeply pinnatifid; the _divisions (8--16 pairs)_ crowded or distant, +_linear-oblong_, obtuse, obscurely serrate or cut-toothed, the basal +sometimes pinnately lobed; veins pinnately forking, the lowest anterior +veinlets bearing the _fruit-dots near the midvein_; indusium orbicular +with a shallow sinus, smooth and naked.--Swampy woods, New Eng. to +N. J., N. Y. (_G. W. Clinton_, etc.), and westward. July.--Rootstock +stout, creeping, chaffy (like the stipes) with large bright-brown +scales. A showy fern, unlike any European form of A. cristatum, and +often mistaken for A. Goldianum. + +7. A. Goldianum, Hook. _Frond broadly ovate_, or the fertile +ovate-oblong in outline (2--3 deg. long); _pinnae_ (6--9' long), +oblong-lanceolate, _broadest in the middle_, pinnately parted; the +_divisions (about 20 pairs) oblong-linear, slightly scythe-shaped_ +(9--15'' long), serrate with appressed teeth; veins pinnately forking +and bearing the _fruit-dots very near the midvein_; indusium very large, +orbicular with a deep narrow sinus, smooth and without marginal +glands.--Rich and moist woods, from Conn. to Ky., and northward. +July.--A stately fern, often 4 deg. high, the fronds growing in a circle +from a stout ascending chaffy rootstock, and decaying in autumn. +Indusium with the sides of the sinus often overlapping, thus appearing +to be round and entire as in Sec. Polystichum. + +[+][+][+][+] _Large (1--3 deg. high); stipes very chaffy at base; fronds +twice pinnate, but the upper pinnules confluent, some of the lower +pinnatifid-toothed; fruit-dots rather large; indusium convex, without +marginal glands, persistent._ + +8. A. Filix-mas, Swartz. Frond lanceolate in outline (1--3 deg. high); pinnae +linear-lanceolate, tapering from base to apex; pinnules oblong, very +obtuse, serrate at the apex and obscurely so at the sides, the basal +incisely lobed, distinct, the upper confluent; fruit-dots nearer the +midvein than the margin, and usually confined to the lower half of each +fertile pinnule.--Rocky woods, N. Mich. to Dak. and Col.--Frond thickish +but not surviving the winter. (Eu.) + +9. A. marginale, Swartz. (Pl. 19, fig. 1, 2.) Frond evergreen, smooth, +thickish and almost coriaceous, ovate-oblong in outline (1--2 deg. long); +pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, slightly broadest above the base; pinnules +oblong or oblong-scythe-shaped, crowded, obtuse or pointed, entire or +crenately-toothed; fruit-dots close to the margin.--Rocky hillsides in +rich woods; common, especially northward. Aug. + +Sec. 2. POLYSTICHUM. _Indusium orbicular and entire, peltate, fixed by the +depressed centre; fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen, very chaffy on +the rhachis, etc.; pinnae or pinnules auricled at base on the upper side, +crowded, the teeth or lobes bristle-tipped._ + +[*] _Fronds simply pinnate._ + +10. A. acrostichoides, Swartz. (CHRISTMAS FERN.) (Pl. 19, fig. 3, 4.) +Frond lanceolate (1--21/2 deg. high), _stalked; pinnae linear-lanceolate_, +somewhat scythe-shaped, half-halberd-shaped at the slightly stalked +base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth; _the fertile_ (upper) +_contracted and smaller_, bearing contiguous fruit-dots near the midrib, +which are confluent with age, covering the surface.--Var. INCISUM is a +state with cut-lobed pinnae, a not unfrequent case in the sterile fronds; +sometimes with all the tips fertile.--Common in rocky woods, especially +northward. July. + +11. A. Lonchitis, Swartz. Frond linear-lanceolate (9--20' high), +_scarcely stalked, very rigid; pinnae broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, +or the lowest triangular_, strongly auricled on the upper side, and +wedge-truncate on the lower, densely spinulose-toothed (1' or less in +length), copiously fruit-bearing; fruit-dots contiguous and near the +margins.--Woods, southern shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Fronds bipinnate._ + +12. A. aculeatum, Swartz, var. Braunii, Koch. _Fronds spreading_ (11/2--2 deg. +long), oblong-lanceolate in outline, with a tapering base, the lower of +the many pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinnae gradually reduced in size and +obtuse; pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate and almost +rectangular at base, short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply +toothed, beset with long and soft as well as chaffy hairs.--Deep woods, +mountains of New Eng., N. Y., and Penn., and northward. (Eu.) + + +14. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernhardi. BLADDER FERN. (Pl. 19.) + +Fruit-dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free +veins; the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad +base on the inner side (toward the midrib) partly under the fruit-dot, +early opening free at the other side, which looks toward the apex of the +lobe, and is somewhat jagged, soon thrown back or withering +away.--Tufted ferns with slender and delicate 2--3-pinnate fronds; the +lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of [Greek: ky/stis], _a bladder_, and +[Greek: pteri/s], _fern_, from the inflated indusium.) + +1. C. bulbifera, Bernh. (Pl. 19, fig. 1--3.) _Frond lanceolate, +elongated_ (1--2 deg. long), 2-pinnate; the pinnae lanceolate-oblong, +pointed, horizontal (1--2' long); the _rhachis and pinnae often bearing +bulblets underneath, wingless_; pinnules crowded, oblong, obtuse, +toothed or pinnatifid; indusium short, truncate on the free +side.--Shaded ravines, not rare from N. Eng. to Ark., commoner on +calcareous rocks. July.--Specimens from Tenn. and Ark. have sometimes +shorter fronds and few or no bulblets, indicating an approach to the +next species. + +2. C. fragilis, Bernh. _Frond oblong-lanceolate_ (4--8' long, besides +the brittle stalk which is fully as long), 2--3-pinnate; the pinnae and +_pinnules_ ovate or lanceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or +cut-toothed, mostly acute, _decurrent on the margined or winged +rhachis_; indusium tapering or acute at the free end.--Shaded cliffs and +rocky woods; common and greatly varying in the shape and cutting of the +pinnules. July. (Eu.) + + +15. ONOCLEA, L. (Pl. 16 and 19.) + +Sporangia borne on elevated receptacles, forming roundish sori +imperfectly covered by very delicate hood-shaped indusia attached to the +base of the receptacles. Fertile fronds erect, rigid, with contracted +pod-like or berry-like divisions at first completely concealing the +sporangia, and at last, when dry and indurated, cracking open and +allowing the spores to escape. Sterile fronds foliaceous. Rootstocks +creeping and constantly forming new plants. (Name apparently from +[Greek: o)/nos], _a vessel_, and [Greek: klei/o], _to close_, from the +singularly rolled up fructification.) + +Sec. 1. ONOCLEA proper. _Sterile frond with anastomosing veins._ + +1. O. sensibilis, L. (SENSITIVE FERN.) (Pl. 19, fig. 1, 2.) Fronds +scattered; the sterile ones long-stalked (2--15' long), +triangular-ovate, pinnatifid into a few oblong-lanceolate sinuately +lobed or nearly entire segments; veins reticulated with fine meshes; +fertile fronds contracted, closely bipinnate, the pinnules rolled up +into berry-like bodies.--Moist meadows and thickets, very common and +variable. July.--Imperfectly fertile fronds sometimes occur, with the +still foliaceous pinnae cut into obovate segments with free veins and +abortive sori; the so-called var. OBTUSILOBATA. + +Sec. 2. STRUTHIOPTERIS. _Sterile frond with free veins._ + +2. O. Struthiopteris, Hoffmann. (Pl. 16, fig. 1--5.) Fronds growing in a +crown; sterile ones short-stalked (2--10 deg. high), broadly lanceolate, +narrowed toward the base, pinnate with many linear-lanceolate, +pinnatifid pinnae; veins free, the veinlets simple; fertile frond +shorter, pinnate with pod-like or somewhat necklace-shaped pinnae. +(Struthiopteris Germanica, _Willd._)--Alluvial soil, common northward. +July.--The rootstock sends out slender underground stolons, which bear +fronds the next year. (Eu.) + +16. WOODSIA, R. Brown. (Pl. 19.) + +Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of simply-forked free veins; the +very thin and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around +the receptacle, _under_ the sporangia, either small and open, or else +early bursting at the top into irregular pieces or lobes.--Small and +tufted pinnately-divided ferns. (Dedicated to _Joseph Woods_, an +English botanist.) + +[*] _Stalks obscurely articulated some distance from the base; fronds +chaffy or smooth, never glandular; indusium divided nearly to the centre +into slender hairs which are curled over the sporangia._ + +1. W. Ilvensis, R. Brown. _Frond oblong-lanceolate_ (2--6' long by +12--18'' wide), smoothish and green above, _thickly clothed underneath +as well as the stalk with rusty bristle-like chaff_, pinnate; the pinnae +crowded, oblong, obtuse, sessile, pinnately parted, _the numerous +crowded segments oblong_, obtuse, obscurely crenate; the fruit-dots near +the margin, somewhat confluent when old.--Exposed rocks; common, +especially northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.) + +2. W. hyperborea, R. Brown. Frond narrowly oblong-lanceolate (2--6' long +by 8--12'' wide), smooth above, sparingly paleaceous-hirsute beneath, +pinnate; the pinnae triangular-ovate, obtuse, pinnately lobed, the lobes +few and nearly entire; fruit-dots rarely confluent.--Mountain ravines, +northern Vt. and N. Y., and northward; rare. (Eu.) + +3. W. glabella, R. Brown. (Pl. 19, fig. 1--3.) _Smooth and naked +throughout; frond linear_ and very delicate (2--5' high), pinnate; +_pinnae roundish-ovate_, the lower ones rather remote (2--4'' long), +obtuse, crenately lobed; fruit-dots scanty; the hairs of the indusium +fewer than in the last two species.--On moist mossy rocks, mountains of +northern New Eng., north and westward. First found at Little Falls, +N. Y., by _Dr. Vasey_. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Stalks not articulated; fronds never chaffy, often +glandular-pubescent._ + +[+] _Indusium of a few broad segments, at first covering the sorus +completely._ + +4. W. obtusa, Torr. (Pl. 19, fig. 4, 5.) Frond broadly lanceolate, +minutely glandular-hairy (6--12' high), pinnate, or nearly twice +pinnate; pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate or oblong (1--2' long), +bluntish, pinnately parted; segments oblong, obtuse, crenately toothed, +the lower pinnatifid with toothed lobes; veins forked, and bearing the +fruit-dots on or below the minutely toothed lobes; indusium at length +splitting into several spreading jagged lobes.--Rocky banks and cliffs; +not rare. + +[+][+] _Indusium entirely concealed beneath the sorus, divided into very +narrow segments or reduced to minute hairs._ + +5. W. Oregana, D. C. Eaton. Smooth, with fronds (2--8' high, 8--12'' +wide) elliptical-lanceolate, pinnate, the fertile ones tallest; pinnae +triangular-oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid; segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, +finely toothed, and in larger fronds incised; fruit-dots near the +margin; indusium very small, divided almost to the centre into a few +necklace-like-jointed cilia.--Crevices of rocks, south shore of Lake +Superior (_Robbins_), and westward. + +6. W. scopulina, D. C. Eaton. Much like the last, but the rather larger +fronds puberulent beneath with minute jointed hairs and stalked glands; +indusium deeply cleft into narrow segments ending in jointed +hairs.--Rocky places, Minn., southward and westward. + + +17. DICKSONIA, L'Her. (Pl. 17.) + +Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each placed on the apex of a free +vein or fork; the sporangia borne on an elevated globular receptacle, +enclosed in a membranaceous cup-shaped indusium which is open at the +top, and on the outer side partly adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the +frond. (Named for _James Dickson_, an English Cryptogamic botanist.) + +1. D. pilosiuscula, Willd. Fronds minutely glandular and hairy (2--3 deg. +high), ovate-lanceolate and acuminate in outline, pale green, very thin, +with strong chaffless stalks rising from slender extensively creeping +naked root-stocks, mostly bipinnate; primary pinnae lanceolate, pointed, +the secondary pinnatifid into oblong and obtuse cut-toothed lobes; +fruit-dots minute, each on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper +margin of each lobe. (D. punctilobula, _Kunze_.)--Common in moist and +shady places, from New Eng. to Minn.--Frond sweet-scented in drying. + + +18. TRICHOMANES, L. FILMY FERN. + +Sporangia with a transverse entire ring, sessile on a cylindrical +receptacle which is produced from the end of a vein and enclosed in a +funnel-form or cup-shaped involucre of the same substance with the +frond. Fronds very thin and pellucid, often consisting of a single layer +of cells. (An ancient Greek name for some fern.) + +1. T. radicans, Swartz. Fronds very delicate, oblong-lanceolate in +outline (4--8' long, 6--18'' wide), bipinnatifid; rhachis narrowly +winged; pinnae triangular-ovate, the divisions toothed or again lobed; +involucres tubular-funnel-shaped, margined, the mouth truncate; +receptacle often much exserted.--On moist and dripping sandstone cliffs, +Ky., and southward; rare.--Though the fronds are so very delicate, yet +they survive for several years; they begin to fruit the second or third +year, and thereafter the receptacle continues to grow and to produce new +sporangia at its base. (Eu.) + + +19. SCHIZAEA, Smith. (Pl. 20.) + +Sporangia large, ovoid, striate-rayed at the apex, opening by a +longitudinal cleft, naked, vertically sessile in a double row along the +single vein of the narrow divisions of the pinnate (or radiate) fertile +appendages to the slender and simply linear, or (in foreign species) +fan-shaped or dichotomously many-cleft fronds (whence the name, from +[Greek: schi/zo], _to split_). + +1. S. pusilla, Pursh. Sterile fronds linear, very slender, flattened and +tortuous; the fertile ones equally slender (1/4'' wide), but taller (3--4' +high), and bearing at the top the fertile appendage, consisting of about +5 pairs of crowded pinnae (each 1--11/2'' long).--Low grounds, pine barrens +of N. J.; very local. Sept. (Also in Nova Scotia and Newf.) + + +20. LYGODIUM, Swartz. CLIMBING FERN. (Pl. 20.) + +Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed (or +compound) divisions in pairs, with mostly free veins; the fructification +on separate contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of which +is covered with a double row of imbricated hooded scale-like indusia, +fixed by a broad base to short oblique veinlets. Sporangia much as in +Schizaea, but oblique, fixed to the veinlet by the inner side next the +base, one or rarely two covered by each indusium. (Name from [Greek: +lygo/des], _flexible_.) + +1. L. palmatum, Swartz. Very smooth; stalks slender, flexile and twining +(1--3 deg. long), from slender running rootstocks; the short alternate +branches or petioles 2-forked; each fork bearing a round-heart-shaped +palmately 4--7-lobed frondlet; fertile frondlets above, contracted and +several times forked, forming a terminal panicle.--Low moist thickets +and open woods, Mass. to Va., Ky., and sparingly southward; rare. Sept. + + +21. OSMUNDA, L. FLOWERING FERN. (Pl. 20.) + +Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond destitute of +chlorophyll, very much contracted, and bearing on the margins of the +narrow rhachis-like divisions short-pedicelled and naked sporangia; +these are globular, thin and reticulated, large, opening by a +longitudinal cleft into two valves, and bearing near the apex a small +patch of thickened oblong cells, the rudiment of a transverse +ring.--Fronds tall and upright, growing in large crowns from thickened +rootstocks, once or twice pinnate; veins forking and free. Spores green. +(_Osmunder_, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity, Thor.) + +[*] _Sterile fronds truly bipinnate._ + +1. O. regalis, L. (FLOWERING FERN.) Very smooth, pale green (2--5 deg. +high); sterile pinnules 13--25, varying from oblong-oval to +lance-oblong, finely serrulate, especially toward the apex, otherwise +entire, or crenately lobed toward the rounded, oblique and truncate, or +even cordate and semi-auriculate base, sessile or short-stalked (1--2' +long); the fertile racemose-panicled at the summit of the frond.--Swamps +and wet woods; common. The cordate pinnules sometimes found here are +commoner in Europe. May, June. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Sterile fronds once pinnate; pinnae deeply pinnatifid; the lobes +entire._ + +2. O. Claytoniana, L. (Pl. 20, fig. 1--3.) Clothed with loose wool when +young, soon smooth; _fertile fronds taller than the sterile_ (2--4 deg. +high); pinnae oblong-lanceolate, with oblong obtuse divisions; _some +(2--5 pairs) of the middle pinnae fertile_, these entirely pinnate; +sporangia greenish, turning brown.--Low grounds, common. May.--Fruiting +as it unfolds. + +3. O. cinnamomea, L. (CINNAMON FERN.) Clothed with rusty wool when +young; _sterile fronds tallest_ (at length 3--5 deg. high), smooth when full +grown, the lanceolate pinnae pinnatifid into broadly oblong obtuse +divisions; _fertile fronds separate_, appearing earlier from the same +rootstock and soon withering (1--2 deg. high), contracted, twice pinnate, +covered with the cinnamon-colored sporangia.--Var. FRONDOSA is a rare +occasional state, in which some of the fronds are sterile below and more +sparsely fertile at their summit, or rarely in the middle.--Swamps and +low copses, everywhere. May. + + +ORDER 132. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. (ADDER'S-TONGUE FAMILY.) + +Leafy and often somewhat fleshy plants; the leaves (_fronds_) simple or +branched, often fern-like in appearance, erect in vernation, developed +from underground buds formed either inside the base of the old stalk or +by the side of it, and bearing in special spikes or panicles rather +large subcoriaceous bivalvular sporangia formed from the main tissue of +the fruiting branches. Prothallus underground, not green, monoecious.--A +small order, separated from Ferns on account of the different nature of +the sporangia, the erect vernation, etc. + +1. Botrychium. Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Veins +free. + +2. Ophioglossum. Sporangia cohering in a simple spike. Veins +reticulated. + + +1. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. MOONWORT. (Pl. 20.) + +Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots (which are full +of starch, in very minute, irregular granules!); the base of the naked +stalk containing the bud for the next year's frond; frond with an +anterior fertile and a posterior sterile segment; the former mostly +1--3-pinnate, the contracted divisions bearing a double row of sessile +naked sporangia; these are distinct, rather coriaceous, not reticulated, +globular, without a ring, and open transversely into two valves. Sterile +segment of the frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound; veins +all free. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name a diminutive of [Greek: +bo/trys], _a cluster of grapes_, from the appearance of the +fructification.) + +Sec. 1. BOTRYCHIUM proper. _Base of the stalk containing the bud completely +closed; sterile segment more or less fleshy; the cells of the epidermis +straight._ + +[*] _Sterile portion of the frond sessile or nearly so at or above the +middle of the plant. Plants small._ + +1. B. Lunaria, Swartz. _Sterile segment_ nearly sessile, borne near the +middle of the plant, _oblong, simply pinnate with 5--15 lunate or +fan-shaped_ very obtuse crenate, incised or nearly entire, _fleshy +divisions_, more or less excised at the base on the lower or on both +sides, the veins radiating from the base and repeatedly forking; fertile +segment panicled, 2--3-pinnate.--N. Eng. to Lake Superior, and +northward; rare.--Very fleshy, 4--10' high. (Eu.) + +2. B. simplex, Hitchcock. Fronds small (2--4', rarely 5--6' high), _the +sterile segment short-petioled from near the middle of the plant, +thickish_ and fleshy, simple and roundish, or _pinnately 3--7-lobed_; +the lobes roundish-obovate, nearly entire, decurrent on the broad and +flat indeterminate rhachis; _the veins all forking from the base_; +fertile segment simple or 1--2-pinnate.--Maine to N. Y., Minn., and +northward; rare. (Eu.) + +3. B. lanceolatum, Angstroem. Fronds small (3--10' high); _the sterile +segment closely sessile at the top of the_ long and slender common +_stalk_, scarcely fleshy, _triangular, ternately twice pinnatifid; the +acute lobes_ lanceolate, incised or toothed; veinlets forking from a +_continuous midvein_; fertile part 2--3-pinnate.--N. Eng. and N. J. to +Ohio and Lake Superior. July--Aug. (Eu.) + +4. B. matricariaefolium, Braun. Fronds small (3--10' high); _the sterile +segment nearly sessile at the top of the_ long and slender _common +stalk_, moderately fleshy, _ovate or triangular_, varying from pinnate +to bipinnatifid; _the lobes oblong-ovate and obtuse; midvein dissipated_ +into forking veinlets; fertile part 2--3-pinnate.--Same range as the +last. June, July. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Sterile portion of the frond long-stalked; the common stalk +short in proportion to the size of the plant. Plants usually larger._ + +5. B. ternatum, Swartz. (Pl. 20.) _Plant very fleshy_ (4--16' high), +sparsely hairy; _sterile segment long-petioled_ from near the base of +the plant, broadly triangular, _ternate and variously decompound with +stalked divisions_; ultimate segments varying from roundish-reniform and +sub-entire to ovate-lanceolate and doubly incised; fertile segment +erect, 2--4-pinnate.--The following varieties pass into each +other:--Var. AUSTRALE; frond ample; ultimate segments rhomboid-ovate +with a denticulate margin.--Var. INTERMEDIUM; frond of moderate size; +ultimate segments as in var. australe. (B. lunarioides, of last +ed.)--Var. RUTAEFOLIUM; frond small; ultimate segments few, ovate and +semicordate.--Var. LUNARIOIDES; frond small; ultimate segments +roundish-reniform.--Var. OBLIQUUM; frond moderate; ultimate segments +obliquely lanceolate, denticulate or toothed.--Var. DISSECTUM; segments +dissected into innumerable narrow lobes or teeth.--Pastures and +hillsides, sometimes in dry woods, rather common, especially vars. +intermedium and obliquum.--Var. rutaefolium occurs in Europe. + +Sec. 2. OSMUNDOPTERIS. _Base of the stalk containing the bud open along one +side; sterile segment membranaceous; the cells of the epidermis +flexuous._ + +6. B. Virginianum, Swartz. _Fronds tall and ample; sterile segment +sessile above the middle of the plant_, broadly triangular, thin and +membranaceous, _ternate_; the short-stalked _primary divisions once or +twice pinnate_, and then once or twice pinnatifid; the oblong lobes +cut-toothed toward the apex; _veins forking from a midvein_; fertile +part 2--3-pinnate.--Rich woods; common.--Plant 1--2 deg. high, or often +reduced to a few inches, in which case it is B. gracile, _Pursh._ June, +July. (Eu.) + + +2. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. ADDER'S-TONGUE. (Pl. 20.) + +Rootstock erect, fleshy and sometimes tuberous, with slender fleshy +roots which are sometimes proliferous; bud placed by the side of the +base of the stalk; fronds with anterior and posterior segments as in +Botrychium, but the coriaceous sporangia connate and coherent in two +ranks on the edges of a simple spike. Sterile segment fleshy, simple in +our species; the veins reticulated. Spores copious, sulphur-yellow. +(Name from [Greek: o)/phis], _a serpent_, and [Greek: glo~ssa], +_tongue_.) + +1. O. vulgatum, L. Fronds from a slender rootstock (2--12' high), mostly +solitary; sterile segment sessile near the middle of the plant, ovate or +elliptical (1--3' long); midvein indistinct or none; veins forming small +meshes enclosed in larger ones.--Bogs and pastures; not common. July. +(Eu.) + + +ORDER 133. LYCOPODIACEAE. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) + +Low plants, usually of moss-like aspect, with elongated and often much +branched stems covered with small lanceolate or subulate, rarely oblong +or rounded, persistent entire leaves; the sporangia 1--3-celled, +solitary in the axils of the leaves, or on their upper surface, when +ripe opening into two or three valves, and shedding the numerous yellow +spores, which are all of one kind.--The Order, as here defined, consists +mainly of the large genus + + +1. LYCOPODIUM, L. CLUB-MOSS. (Pl. 21.) + +Spore-cases coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celled, +2-valved, mostly by a transverse line round the margin, discharging the +subtile spores in the form of a copious sulphur-colored inflammable +powder.--Perennials, with evergreen one-nerved leaves, imbricated or +crowded in 4--16 ranks. (Name compounded of [Greek: ly/kos], _a wolf_, +and [Greek: pou~s], _foot_, from no obvious resemblance.) + +Sec. 1. _Spore-cases in the axils of the ordinary (dark green and shining, +rigid, lanceolate, about 8-ranked) leaves._ + +1. L. Selago, L. Stems erect and rigid, dichotomous, forming a +level-topped cluster (3--6' high); _leaves uniform_, crowded, ascending, +glossy, pointed, entire or denticulate; sporangia in the axils of +unaltered leaves.--Mountain-tops, Maine to Lake Superior, and +northward.--The leaves of this and the next species often bear little +gemmae, with the lower bracts pointed, and the 2--3 uppermost broadly +obovate and fleshy, as figured in 1768 by Dillenius. These gemmae fall to +the ground and their axis grows into the stem of a new plant, as +specimens collected in 1854 show very plainly. (For their true nature +see Sachs' Lehrbuch, Engl. trans., p. 411.) + +2. L. lucidulum, Michx. Stems assurgent, less rigid, dichotomous (6--12' +long); leaves pointed, toothed, at first spreading, then deflexed, +arranged, in alternate zones of shorter and longer leaves, the shorter +leaves more frequently bearing sporangia in their axils; proliferous +gemmae usually abundant.--Cold, damp woods; common northward. Aug. + +Sec. 2. _Spore-cases only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, thus +forming a spike._ + +[*] _Leaves of the creeping sterile and of the upright fertile stems or +branches and those of the simple spike nearly alike, many-ranked._ + +3. L. inundatum, L. _Dwarf_; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid; +the fertile solitary (1--4' high), bearing a short thick spike; _leaves +lanceolate or lance-awl-shaped, acute_, soft, spreading, _mostly +entire_, those of the prostrate stems curving upward.--Var. BIGELOVII, +Tuckerm., has fertile stems 5--7' high, its leaves more awl-shaped and +pointed, sparser and more upright, often somewhat teeth-bearing.--Sandy +bogs, northward, not common; the var., eastern New Eng. to N. J., and +southward. Aug. (Eu.) + +4. L. alopecuroides, L. _Stems stout_, very densely leafy throughout; +the sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creeping; the fertile of +the same thickness, 6--20' high; _leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, +spinulose-pointed, spreading, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the +middle; those of the cylindrical spike with long setaceous +tips_.--Pine-barren swamps, N. J. to Va., and southward. Aug., +Sept.--Stems, including the dense leaves, 1/2' thick; the comose spike, +with its longer spreading leaves, 3/4--1' thick. + +[*][*] _Leaves (bracts) of the catkin-like spike scale-like, imbricated, +yellowish, ovate or heart-shaped, very different from those of the +sterile stems and branches._ + +[+] _Spikes sessile (i.e. branches equally leafy to the top), single._ + +5. L. annotinum, L. Much branched; _stems prostrate and creeping_ (1--4 deg. +long); _the ascending branches similar_ (5--8' high), sparingly forked, +the sterile ones making yearly growths from the summit; _leaves equal, +spreading_, in about 5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely +serrulate (pale green); spike solitary, oblong-cylindrical, thick.--Var. +PUNGENS, Spring, is a reduced sub-alpine or mountain form, with shorter +and more rigid pointed erectish leaves.--Woods; common northward; the +var. on the White Mountains, with intermediate forms around the base. +July. (Eu.) + +6. L. obscurum, L. Rootstock cord-like, subterranean, bearing scattered, +erect, tree-like stems dividing at the summit into several densely +dichotomous spreading branches; leaves linear-lanceolate, decurrent, +entire, acute, 6-ranked, those of the two upper and two lower ranks +smaller and appressed, the lateral ones incurved spreading; spikes +1--10, erect, mostly sessile; bracts scarious-margined, broadly ovate, +abruptly apiculate.--Var. DENDROIDEUM (L. deudroideum, _Michx._) has all +the leaves alike and incurved spreading.--Moist woods. Aug.--Remarkable +for its tree-like appearance. + +L. ALPINUM, L., or its var. SABINAEFOLIUM, occurs from Labrador to +Washington Territory, and is to be expected in northern Maine and Minn. +It has slender branches with rigid nearly appressed leaves. + +[+][+] _Spikes peduncled, i.e. the leaves minute on the fertile +branches._ + +[++] _Leaves homogeneous and equal, many-ranked; stems terete._ + +7. L. clavatum, L. (COMMON CLUB-MOSS.) Stems creeping extensively, with +similar ascending short and very leafy branches; the fertile terminated +by a slender peduncle (4--6' long), bearing about 2--3 (rarely 1 or 4) +linear-cylindrical spikes; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurved spreading +(light green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle.--Dry +woods; common, especially northward. July. (Eu.) + +[++][++] _Leaves of two forms, few-ranked; stems or branches flattened._ + +8. L. Carolinianum, L. (Pl. 21.) Sterile stems and their few short +branches _entirely creeping_ (leafless and rooting on the under side), +thickly clothed with broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique +1-nerved _lateral leaves widely spreading in 2 ranks_, and a shorter +intermediate row appressed on the upper side; also sending up a slender +simple peduncle (2--4' high, clothed merely with small bract-like and +appressed awl-shaped leaves), _bearing a single cylindrical spike_.--Wet +pine-barrens, N. J. to Va., and southward. + +9. L. complanatum, L. (GROUND-PINE.) Stems extensively creeping (often +subterranean), the erect or _ascending branches several times forked +above_; bushy _branchlets crowded, flattened_, fan-like and spreading, +_all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in 4 +ranks_, with decurrent-united bases, the lateral rows with somewhat +spreading tooth-like tips, those of the upper and under rows smaller, +narrower, wholly appressed; peduncle slender, _bearing 2--4 cylindrical +spikes_.--Var. CHAMAECYPARISSUS has narrower, more erect and bushy +branches, and the leaves less distinctly dimorphous.--Woods and +thickets; common, especially northward. (Eu.) + + +ORDER 134. SELAGINELLACEAE. + +Leafy plants, terrestrial or rooted in mud, never very large; the stems +branching or short and corm-like; the leaves small and 4--6-rowed, or +subulate and elongated; sporangia one-celled, solitary, axillary or +borne on the upper surface of the leaf at its base and enwrapped in its +margins, some containing large spores (_macrospores_) and others small +spores (_microspores_). The macrospores are in the shape of a low +triangular pyramid with a hemispherical base, and marked with elevated +ribs along the angles. In germination they develop a minute prothallus +which bears archegonia to be fertilized by antherozoids developed from +the microspores. + +1. Selaginella. Terrestrial; stems slender; leaves small; sporangia +minute and axillary. + +2. Isoetes. Aquatic or growing in mud; stems corm-like: leaves elongated +and rush-like; sporangia very large, enwrapped by the dilated bases of +the leaves. + + +1. SELAGINELLA, Beauv. (Pl. 21.) + +Fructification of two kinds, namely, of minute and oblong or globular +spore-cases, containing reddish or orange-colored powdery microspores; +and of mostly 2-valved tumid larger ones, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1--6) +much larger globose-angular macrospores; the former usually in the upper +and the latter in the lower axils of the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike, +but sometimes the two kinds are on opposite sides all along the spike. +(Name a diminutive of _Selago_ an ancient name of a Lycopodium, from +which this genus is separated, and which the plants greatly resemble in +habit and foliage.) + +[*] _Leaves all alike and uniformly imbricated; those of the spike +similar._ + +1. S. spinosa, Beauv. _Sterile stems prostrate_ or creeping, small and +slender; _the fertile thicker, ascending, simple_ (1--3' high); _leaves +lanceolate, acute, spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate_. (S. +selaginoides, _Link._)--Wet places, N. H. (_Pursh_), Mich., Lake +Superior, Colorado, and northward; rare.--Leaves larger on the fertile +stems, yellowish-green. (Eu.) + +2. S. rupestris, Spring. (Pl. 21, fig. 1--4.) _Much branched in close +tufts_ (1--3' high); _leaves densely appressed-imbricated, +linear-lanceolate_, convex and with a grooved keel, _minutely ciliate, +bristle-tipped_; those of the strongly quadrangular spike rather +broader.--Dry and exposed rocks; very common.--Grayish-green in aspect, +resembling a rigid Moss. Very variable farther west and south. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Leaves shorter above and below, stipule-like; the lateral +larger, 2-ranked._ + +3. S. apus, Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched, +flaccid; leaves pellucid-membranaceous, the larger spreading +horizontally, ovate, oblique, mostly obtuse, the smaller appressed, +taper-pointed; those of the short spikes nearly similar; larger spore +cases copious at the lower part of the spike.--Low, shady places; not +rare, especially southward.--A delicate little plant, resembling a Moss +or Jungermannia. + + +2. ISOETES, L. QUILLWORT. (Pl. 21.) + +Stem or trunk a fleshy more or less depressed corm, rooting just above +its 2-lobed (or in many foreign species 3-lobed) base, above covered +with the dilated and imbricated bases of the awl-shaped or linear +somewhat quadrangular leaves, which include four air-tubes, intercepted +by cross partitions. Sporangia pretty large, orbicular or ovoid, +plano-convex, very thin, sessile in the axils of the leaves, and united +at the back with their excavated bases (the thin edges of the excavation +folding round partly cover them, forming the _velum_), traversed +internally by transverse threads; those of the outer leaves filled with +large spherical macrospores, their whitish crustaceous integument marked +by one circular, and on the upper surface by three radiating elevated +lines (circumscribing a lower hemisphere, and three upper segments which +open valve-like in germination); those of the inner leaves filled with +very minute and powdery grayish microspores; these are always obliquely +oblong and triangular.--Mostly small aquatics, grass-like or rush-like +in aspect, some always submerged, others amphibious, a few living in +merely moist soil, maturing their fruit in late summer and early autumn, +except n. 7 and some forms of n. 6. + +This genus is left essentially as it was elaborated for the 5th edition +by the late Dr. GEORGE ENGELMANN. The present editor has added to the +range of a few species, and given var. robusta of n. 3. + +[*] _Growing under water, only accidentally or in very dry seasons out +of water; leaves without stomata (except in forms of n. 3) and +peripherical bast-bundles._ + +1. I. lacustris, L. (Pl. 21, fig. 1--5.) Leaves (10--25 in number, 2--6' +long) dark green, rigid; sporangium ovoid or circular, the upper third, +or less, covered by the velum, the free part pale and unspotted; both +kinds of spores the largest of our species; macrospores (0.32--0.38'' +wide) covered with short and twisted crested ridges, which often +anastomose; microspores (0.017--0.020'' long) smooth.--Mountain lakes, +Penn., N. Y., and New Eng. to Lake Superior, and northward, often with +n. 3. (Eu.) + +2. I. Tuckermani, Braun. Leaves (10--30, 2--3' long) very slender, awl +shaped, olive-green, the outer recurved; sporangium ovoid or circular, +the upper third covered by the velum, the free part sometimes +brownish-spotted; macrospores (0.22--0.28'' wide) on the upper segments +covered with parallel and anastomosing ridges, the lower half +reticulated; microspores (0.013--0.015'' long) smooth or very delicately +papillose.--Mystic and other ponds near Boston, together with the next +(_Tuckerman, W. Boott_). + +3. I. echinospora, Durieu. Leaves slender, awl-shaped; sporangium ovoid +or circular; macrospores (0.20--0.25'' wide) beset all over with small +entire and obtuse or slightly forked spinules. (Eu.)--In this European +form, the leaves are very slenderly attenuated (3--4' long), the upper +margin of the sporangium only is covered with the narrow velum, the free +part is unspotted, and the slightly papillose microspores are larger +(0.015--0.016'' long). + +Var. Braunii, Engelm. Leaves (15--30 in number, 3--6' long) dark and +often olive-green, straight or commonly recurved, half or two thirds of +the sporangium covered by the velum, the free part often with light +brown spots; macrospores as in the type; microspores smaller +(0.013--0.014'' long), smooth. (I. Braunii, _Durieu._)--Ponds and +lakes, New Eng. to N. Y., Penn., Mich., and northward, often with the +two preceding.--Frequently with a few stomata, especially in Niagara +specimens. + +Var. robusta, Engelm. Stouter; leaves (25--70, 5--8' long) with abundant +stomata all over their surface; velum covering about one half of the +large spotted sporangium; macrospores 0.18--0.27'' wide.--Lake +Champlain, north end of Isle La Motte (_Pringle_). + +Var. muricata, Engelm. Leaves (15--30, 6--10' long) straight or flaccid, +bright green; about one half of the almost circular sporangium covered +by the velum, unspotted; macrospores (0.22--0.27'' wide) with shorter +and blunter spinules; microspores as in the last variety, or rarely +spinulose. (I. muricata, _Durieu._)--In some ponds north of Boston (_W. +Boott_). + +Var. Boottii, Engelm. Leaves (12--20, 4--5' high) awl shaped, stiffly +erect, bright green, with stomata; sporangium as in the last; +macrospores as in the type, but a little smaller and with very slender +spinules. (I. Boottii, _Braun_, in litt.)--Pond in Woburn, near Boston, +partly out of water (_W. Boott_). + +[*][*] _Growing partly out of water, either by the pond drying up or by +the receding of the ebb tide; leaves with stomata, and in n. 6 and 7 +with four or more peripherical bast-bundles._ + +4. I. saccharata, Engelm. Leaves (10--15, 2--3' long) slender, +olive-green, curved; sporangium small, ovoid, only the upper edge +covered by the velum, nearly unspotted; macrospores (0.20--0.22'' wide) +minutely tuberculate; microspores (0.012'' long) papillose.--On Wicomico +and Nanticoke Rivers, eastern shore of Maryland, between high and low +tide (_Canby_). + +5. I. riparia, Engelm. Leaves (15--30, 4--8' long) slender, deep green, +erect; sporangium mostly oblong, upper margin to one third covered by +the velum, the free part spotted; macrospores very variable in size +(0.22--0.30'' wide), the upper segments covered by short crested ridges, +which on the lower hemisphere run together forming a network; +microspores larger than in any other species except n. 1 (0.013--0.016'' +long), mostly somewhat tuberculated.--Gravelly banks of the Delaware, +from above Philadelphia to Wilmington, between flood and ebb tide; +margins of ponds, Lake Saltonstall, Conn. (_Setchell_), and +northward.--Distinguished from the nearly allied I. lacustris by the +stomata of the leaves, the spotted sporangium, the smaller size of the +macrospores and their reticulation on the lower half. + +6. I. Engelmanni, Braun. Leaves long (25--100, 9--20' long), light +green, erect or at last prostrate, flat on the upper side; sporangium +mostly oblong, unspotted, the velum very narrow; macrospores +(0.19--0.24'' wide) covered all over with a coarse honeycomb-like +network; microspores (0.012--0.014'' long) mostly smooth.--Shallow ponds +and ditches, from Mass. (near Boston, _W. Boott, H. Mann_) and Meriden, +Conn. (_F. W. Hall_), to Penn. and Del. and (probably through the Middle +States) to Mo.--By far the largest of our species, often mature in July. + +Var. gracilis, Engelm. Leaves few (8--12 only, 9--12' long) and very +slender; both kinds of spores nearly as in the type.--Southern New Eng. +(Westville, Conn., _Setchell_) and N. J. (_Ennis_); entirely submersed! + +Var. valida, Engelm. Trunk large and stout (often 1--2' wide); leaves +(50--100, even 200, 18--25' long) with an elevated ridge on the upper +side; sporangium oblong or linear-oblong (4--9'' long), {1/3}--1/2 or more +covered by the velum; spores very small; macrospores 0.16--0.22'' wide; +microspores 0.011--0.013'' long, spinulose.--Del. (_Canby_) and Penn. +(_Porter_). Sept. + +7. I. melanopoda, J. Gay. Leaves (15--50, 6--10' long) very slender, +keeled on the back, straight, bright green, usually with dark brown or +black shining bases; sporangium mostly oblong, with a very narrow velum, +brown or spotted; macrospores very small (0.14--0.18'' wide), smoothish, +or with faint tubercles or ridges; microspores (0.010--0.012'' long) +spinulose.--Shallow ponds, and wet prairies and fields, central and +northern Ill. (_E. Hall, Vasey_), and westward. June, and sometimes +again in Nov.--Trunk more spherical and more deeply 2-lobed, and both +kinds of spores smaller than in any other of our species; leaves +disappearing during the summer heat. Closely approaching the completely +terrestrial species of the Mediterranean region. + + +ORDER 135. MARSILIACEAE. + +Perennial plants rooted in mud, having a slender creeping rhizome and +either filiform or 4-parted long-petioled leaves; the somewhat +crustaceous several-celled sporocarps borne on peduncles which rise from +the rhizome near the leaf-stalks, or are more or less consolidated with +the latter, and contain both macrospores and microspores. + + +1. MARSILIA, L. (Pl. 25.) + +Submersed or emersed aquatic plants, with slender creeping rootstocks, +sending up elongated petioles, which bear at the apex a whorl of four +nervose-veined leaflets, and at or near their base, or sometimes on the +rootstock, one or more ovoid sporocarps. These sporocarps or fruit +usually have two teeth near the base, and are 2-celled vertically, with +many transverse partitions, and split or burst into 2 valves at +maturity. The sporocarps have a ring along the edges of the valves, +which at length swells up and bears the sausage-shaped compartments from +their places. The compartments contain macrosporangia and microsporangia +intermixed. (Named for _Aloysius Marsili_, an early Italian naturalist.) + +1. M. quadrifolia, L. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous; +sporocarps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the +petioles, pedicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy, the basal teeth small, +obtuse, or the upper one acute.--In water, the leaflets commonly +floating on the surface; Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Conn., and now +introduced in many places. (Eu.) + +2. M. vestita, Hook. & Grev. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy, +entire (2--7'' long and broad); petioles 1--4' long; peduncles free from +the petiole; sporocarps solitary, short-peduncled (about 2'' long), very +hairy when young; upper basal tooth of sporocarp longest, acute, +straight or curved, lower tooth acute, the sinus between them rounded. +(M. mucronata, _Braun_.)--In swamps which become dry in summer; Iowa and +southwestward. + + +ORDER 136. SALVINIACEAE. + +Floating plants of small size, having a more or less elongated and +sometimes branching axis, bearing apparently distichous leaves; +sporocarps or conceptacles very soft and thin-walled, two or more on a +common stalk, one-celled and having a central, often branched receptacle +which bears either macrosporangia containing solitary macrospores, or +microsporangia with numerous microspores. + + +1. AZOLLA, Lam. (Pl. 21.) + +Small moss-like plants, the stems pinnately branched, covered with +minute 2-lobed imbricated leaves, and emitting rootlets on the under +side. Conceptacles in pairs beneath the stem; the smaller ones +acorn-shaped, containing at the base a single macrospore with a few +corpuscles of unknown character above it; the larger ones globose, and +having a basal placenta which bears many pedicellate microsporangia +which contain masses of microspores. + +1. A. Caroliniana, Willd. Plants somewhat deltoid in outline (4--12'' +broad), much branched; leaves with ovate lobes, the lower lobe reddish, +the upper one green with a reddish border; macrospores with three +attendant corpuscles, its surface minutely granulate; masses of +microspores glochidiate.--Floating on quiet waters, from Lake Ontario +westward and southward,--appearing like a reddish hepatic moss. + + * * * * * + +SALVINIA NATANS, L., was said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface +of small lakes in Western New York, and has more recently been said to +occur in Missouri. It has oblong-oval floating leaves 4--6'' long, +closely pinnately-veined, which bear conceptacles and branching plumose +fibres on their under surface. + + +SUBCLASS II. CELLULAR ACROGENS, OR BRYOPHYTES. + +Plants composed of cellular tissue only. Antheridia or archegonia, or +both, formed upon the stem or branches of the plant itself, which is +developed from the germinating spore usually with the intervention of a +filiform or conferva-like prothallus.--Divided into the _Musci_, or +Mosses, and the _Hepaticae_. + + +DIVISION I. HEPATICAE.[1] (LIVERWORTS.) + +[Footnote 1: Elaborated for this edition by Prof. L. M. UNDERWOOD, of +Syracuse, N. Y.] + +Plants usually procumbent, consisting of a simple thallus, a thalloid +stem, or a leafy axis; leaves when present 2-ranked, with uniform +leaf-cells and no midvein; thalloid forms with or without a midvein, +smooth or scurfy or scaly beneath and usually with numerous rootlets. +Sexual reproduction by antheridia and archegonia, which are immersed in +the thallus, or sessile or pedicelled upon it, or borne on a peduncled +receptacle. The fertilized archegonium develops into a capsule +(_sporogonium_) closely invested by a calyptra, which ruptures above as +the ripened capsule (containing numerous spores and usually elaters) +pushes upward. It is also commonly surrounded by a usually double +involucre, the inner (often called _perianth_) more or less tubular, the +outer tubular or more often foliaceous, sometimes wholly wanting. +Propagation is also effected by offshoots (_innovations_), runners +(_flagella_), or by _gemmae_, which appear at the margin of the leaves or +on the surface of the thallus, often in special receptacles. + + +ORDER 137. JUNGERMANNIACEAE. SCALE-MOSSES. + +Plant-body a leafy axis or rarely thallose. Capsule borne on a slender +often elongated pedicel, splitting at maturity into 4 valves. Elaters +mixed with the spores, mostly bispiral (unispiral in n. 1--3, 32, and +33, 1--3-spiral in n. 5 and 28). Antheridia and archegonia dioecious or +monoecious, in the latter case either mingled in the same inflorescence, +or separated upon the same branch, with the antheridia naked in the +axils of the lower leaves, or on separate parts of the same plant. +Leaves 2-ranked, incubous (i.e. the apex of each leaf lying on the base +of the next above), or succubous (i.e. the apex of each leaf lying under +the base of the next above), or sometimes transverse, with frequently a +third row of rudimentary leaves beneath the stem. + + +Artificial Key to the Genera. + +Sec. 1. Plant-body a leafy axis. + +[*] Leaves complicate-bilobed (i.e. folded together) or with a small +basal lobe. + +[+] Lower lobe smaller than the upper. + +[++] Root-hairs borne on the stems or underleaves. + +1. Frullania. Lower lobe mostly saccate, more or less remote from the +stem. Branches intra-axillary, the leaves on either side free. + +2. Jubula. Lower lobe saccate; branches lateral, a basal leaf borne +partly on the stem, partly on the branch. + +3. Lejeunea. Lower lobe incurved, more or less inflated. + +5. Porella. Lower lobe ligulate. Perianth triangular, the third or odd +angle ventral. + +[++][++] Root-hairs rising from the lower lobes. + +4. Radula. Perianth compressed. Underleaves none. + +[+][+] Upper lobe smaller than the lower, or the two somewhat equal. + +[++] Leaves succubous as to their lower lobes. + +15. Scapania. Involucral leaves 2; perianth dorsally compressed, the +mouth truncate, bilabiate, decurved. + +16. Diplophyllum. Involucral leaves few; perianth erect, round, the +mouth denticulate. + +[++][++] Leaves transverse. + +25. Marsupella. Perianth tubular or somewhat compressed. (Compare also +Jungermannia Sec. Sphenolobus.) + +[*][*] Leaves palmately 3--4- (or many-) cleft. + +[+] Divisions numerous, capillary. Plants large, usually in conspicuous +mats. + +6. Ptilidium. Leaves palmatifid with ciliate margins. + +7. Trichocolea. Leaves setaceously multifid. + +[+][+] Leaves 3--4-cleft or parted; plants small, mostly inconspicuous. + +10. Lepidozia. Leaf-divisions two cells wide or more. + +11. Blepharostoma. Leaf-divisions only one cell wide. + +[*][*][*] Leaves entire, emarginate, or 2--3-toothed or -lobed. + +[+] Leaves closely imbricate on short julaceous stems. + +27. Gymnomitrium. Involucre double, the inner shorter. + +[+][+] Leaves deeply bilobed. + +8. Herberta. Underleaves large. Perianth fusiform on an elongated +branch. + +12. Cephalozia. Underleaves mostly wanting; perianth mostly triangular +on a short branch. + +[+][+][+] Leaves incubous, mostly plane or depressed. + +9. Bazzania. Leaves mostly 2--3-toothed. Perianth fusiform on a short +branch. + +14. Kantia. Leaves mostly entire. Perianth fleshy, pendulous, +subterranean. + +[+][+][+][+] Leaves succubous or transverse. + +[++] Underleaves entire or nearly so. + +13. Odontoschisma. Involucral leaves numerous, small, incised, those of +the stem rounded or retuse. + +21. Mylia. Involucral leaves 2, connate at base. Large. + +22. Harpanthus. Involucral leaves few, smaller than the semi-vertical +emarginate stem-leaves. Small. + +24. Jungermannia. Involucral leaves few, mostly larger than the entire +or bidentate stem-leaves. Medium-sized or large. + +[++][++] Underleaves 2--4-cleft, -parted, or -divided. + +17. Geocalyx. Involucre fleshy, saccate, pendent. Leaves bidentate; +underleaves 2-cleft. + +18. Lophocolea. Fruit terminal on the main stem or a primary branch. +Involucral leaves distinct. + +19. Chiloscyphus. Fruit on a short lateral branch. Involucral leaves +distinct. (See also Jungermannia.) + +[++][++][++] Underleaves mostly wanting. + +[a.] Leaves entire or barely retuse. + +23. Liochlaena. Involucral leaves distinct, like those of the stem; +perianth truncate-depressed at the apex. + +26. Nardia. Involucral leaves connate at base and adnate to the +perianth. + +[b.] Leaves bidentate or bilobed, rarely 3-lobed. + +12. Cephalozia. Branches all from beneath. Perianth on a short branch, +mostly trigonal with the odd angle beneath. + +24. Jungermannia. Simple or branching laterally. Perianth terminal, +mostly laterally compressed. + +[c.] Leaves mostly spinulose or dentate. + +20. Plagiochila. Involucral leaves large; perianth laterally compressed. + +Sec. 2. Plant-body pseudo-foliaceous with succubous leaf-like lobes. + +28. Fossombronia. Perianth large, campanulate. + +Sec. 3. Plant-body a thallus. + +[*] Thallus with a distinct costa. + +29. Pallavicinia. Thallus 3--6'' wide, mostly simple, the margins +sinuate or undulate. Perianth tubular, at length dorsal. + +30. Blasia. Thallus 3--6'' wide, lobed, dichotomous, or radiate, the +margins pinnatifid-sinuate. + +32. Metzgeria. Thallus narrow (1--2''), ciliate at the margins or on one +or both sides. + +[*][*] Thallus with an inconspicuous costa or none. + +33. Aneura. Thallus rather narrow, mostly palmately or pinnately lobed. +Sporogonium rising from the under side near the margin. + +31. Pellia. Thallus wider, mostly simple or forked. Sporogonium rising +from the upper surface. + + +1. FRULLANIA, Raddi. (Pl. 24.) + +Leaves incubous, complicate-bilobed, the lower lobe usually inflated, +helmet- or club-shaped; underleaves bifid, rarely entire, with basal +rootlets. Dioecious or monoecious. Fruit terminal on the branches. +Involucral leaves 2 or 4, larger than the stem-leaves; perianth +3--4-angled, mucronate. Calyptra pyriform, fleshy. Capsule globose, the +lower third solid. Elaters truncate at each end, unispiral, adherent to +the valves. Spores large, reddish, minutely muricate. Antheridia most +often on a short branch, globose-oblong or cylindric. Archegonia 2--4, +long-styled. (Named for _Leonardo Frullani_, an Italian Minister of +State.) + +Sec. 1. TRACHYCOLEA. _Perianth triangular in section, rough with tubercles +or scales, or villous; lower leaf-lobe helmet-shaped, truncate at base._ + +[*] _Lower leaf-lobe about three fourths the size of the upper._ + +1. F. Oakesiana, Aust. Stems widely branching; fertile branches short; +leaves obliquely orbicular, loosely imbricate, the lower lobe rotund, +contiguous to the stem; underleaves ovate-rotund or subobovate, little +wider than the stem, bifid; involucral leaves more or less connate, +equally bilobed, the lobes entire, obtuse; perianth small, +subobovate-pyriform, smooth or 1--7-nerved or alate both sides.--White +Mts., on stunted spruce and birch trees. + +[*][*] _Lower leaf-lobe much smaller than the upper._ + +[+] _Underleaves scarcely wider than the stem, ovate, bifid, the +divisions entire, acute; perianth 1-carinate or smooth, except in n. 2; +stems creeping._ + +2. F. Virginica, Lehm. Stems short, irregularly branching; leaves +crowded, ovate, entire, somewhat concave, the lower lobes sometimes +expanded into a lanceolate lamina; underleaves round-ovate, bifid, twice +the width of the stem; perianth compressed-pyriform, tuberculate, +2--4-carinate dorsally, 4-carinate ventrally.--On bark of trees, rarely +on rocks; common. + +3. F. Eboracensis, Lehm. Branches clustered; leaves loose, imbricate on +the branches, round-ovate, entire; perianth pyriform, slightly +compressed and repand, smooth, obscurely carinate beneath and gibbous +toward the apex. (F. saxatilis, _Lindenb._)--On trees and rocks; common +northward. + +4. F. Pennsylvanica, Steph. Stems dichotomous; leaves imbricate, flat, +ovate, mucronate or rarely obtuse, entire; lower lobe marginal, large, +round-cucullate; underleaves broadly ovate, deeply parted, the divisions +long-acuminate; dioecious; antheridial spikes on short lateral branches, +elongated; lobes of the involucral leaves acuminate, much narrowed at +base, and the large underleaves carinate-concave, deeply parted, their +apiculate divisions entire or toothed.--Shaded rocks, Stony Creek, +Carbon Co., Penn. (_Rau_). Known only from the original description. + +5. F. saxicola, Aust. Stems numerous, widely branching; leaves +orbicular, scarcely oblique, flat; lower lobe near the stem, small, or +rarely larger and round-galeate; underleaves scarcely wider than the +stem, subovate, bifid; perianth broadly oblong, bowl-shaped with very +short mouth, papillose, abruptly broad-carinate beneath, 1--many-nerved +each side of the keel, 2-angled.--Sloping dry trap rocks, Closter, N. J. +(_Austin_). + +[+][+] _Underleaves 2--3 times wider than the stem, round or +subquadrate, bifid, the divisions blunt or truncate._ + +[++] _Leaves lax, rather distant; lower lobe mostly expanded, +ovate-lanceolate._ + +6. F. aeolotis, Nees. Procumbent, irregularly branched or subpinnate; +leaves semi-vertical, subsquarrose, obliquely cordate, the lower lobe +expanded; underleaves ovate, acutely bifid, the upper margin +angular-dentate or entire; sporogonium unknown.--On trees and rocks, +chiefly in mountain regions. + +[++][++] _Leaves close-imbricate; lower lobe galeate, seldom expanded +except on terminal leaves._ + +7. F. squarrosa, Nees. Decumbent, pinnately branching, the short fertile +branch lateral; leaves subvertical, suborbicular, obtuse, entire; lower +lobe obovate-cucullate or galeate, subappressed; underleaves cordate or +rounded, sinuate-subdentate, slightly bifid; perianth oblong, +triquetrous, convex dorsally, strongly keeled ventrally.--On rocks and +trees, N. Y. to Ohio, and southward; rather common. + +8. F. plana, Sulliv. Procumbent, widely branching or subpinnate; leaves +orbicular, subimbricate; lower lobe very small, as broad as long, close +to the stem; underleaves rather large, flat, rounded, slightly bifid; +monoecious; perianth oblong-oval or subobovate, triquetrous, dorsally +sulcate, acutely keeled ventrally; antheridial spikes globose.--Shaded +rocks, N. Y. and N. J. to E. Tenn. + +9. F. dilatata, Nees. Loosely and widely pinnate; leaves round, entire, +opaque; lower lobe subrounded, cucullate, close to the stem; underleaves +subquadrate, toothed at the anterior angles; involucral leaves with 2 or +3 entire lobes; perianth tuberculate, retuse.--Rocks and trunks of +trees; rather common. (Eu.) + +Sec. 2. THYOPSIELLA. _Perianth smooth; leaves semicordate at base (marked +by a central moniliform row of cells, or sometimes in n. 12 by a few +scattered large cells); lower lobe near the stem (except in n. 11), +cylindric-saccate, mostly erect; underleaves round-oval, the margin +entire, recurved; dioecious._ + +[*] _Leaves orbicular._ + +10. F. Asagrayana, Mont. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, simply pinnate; leaves +concave, obtuse, decurved; lower lobe oblong-clavate, emarginate at +base; underleaves oblong, flat, 2-cleft, the sinus obtuse; involucral +leaves unequally 2-cleft, the dorsal segment oblong, pointed, nearly +entire, the ventral subulate; perianth pyriform, 3-sided, obtusely +keeled beneath. (F. Grayana of authors.)--Rocks and bark of coniferous +trees; frequent. + +11. F. Tamarisci, Nees. Bipinnately branching, somewhat rigid; leaves +obtuse, mucronately acute or subacuminate, decurved, entire; lower lobe +distant from the stem, oval or oblong; underleaves quadrate-ovate or +obovate, emarginate, the margin revolute; involucral leaves bifid, +serrulate; perianth oblong, sulcate dorsally, obtusely keeled +ventrally.--N. Eng. and southward; rare. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Leaves oblong from a narrowed base._ + +12. F. fragilifolia, Tayl. Procumbent, subpinnate, the alternate +flattened branches subremote; leaves subimbricate, ascending, recurved, +entire; lower lobe oblong-galeate; underleaves round-obovate, flat, +appressed, bifid, the margins entire or angled; perianth +obovate-cordate, concave dorsally, keeled ventrally; involucral leaves +subequally lobed, obtusely few-toothed. (F. polysticta, _Mont._ F. +Sullivantiae, _Aust._)--On trees in a cedar swamp, Urbana, Ohio +(_Sullivant_). (Eu.) + + +2. JUBULA, Dumort. (Pl. 25.) + +Characters nearly as in Frullania. Leaves large and flat, an axillary +one at the base of each branch without a lower lobe. Calyptra +turnip-shaped, abruptly globose above. Monoecious, with 2 antheridia in +each leaf of a spike-like branch, and the archegonia mostly solitary. +(Name from _juba_, a mane, alluding to the persistent elaters.) + +1. J. Hutchinsiae, Dumort., var. Sullivantii, Spruce. Subdichotomously +branching; leaves dark olive-green, subimbricate, obliquely ovate, +acute, entire or subrepand; lower lobe saccate, rather remote from the +stem, not spurred as in the European form; underleaves roundish, +serrate or entire; involucral leaves bifid, serrate; perianth +triangular-obpyriform. (Frullania Hutchinsiae, _Nees_, in part.)--Wet +rocks, N. Eng. to S. C.; more common in the mountains. + + +3. LEJEUNEA, Libert. (Pl. 24.) + +Leaves decurrent at the folds, the lower lobe incurved and ventricose; +underleaves usually present, entire or bifid. Archegonium with a slender +persistent style, solitary on a usually very short branch; the perianth +free from the involucral leaves, oval or oblong, terete or angular, +variously carinate, cristate, or ciliate. Capsule globose, 4-cleft to +the middle, the valves recurved. Spores large (40--50 mu broad), globose +or oblong, tuberculate. Antheridia at the base of ordinary leaves or in +the axils of the leaves of a spike-like branch.--Otherwise as Frullania. +(Named for _A.-L.-S. Lejeune_, a French botanist.) + +[*] _Underleaves entire._ + +1. L. clypeata, Sulliv. (Pl. 24.) Stems procumbent, somewhat pinnately +branched, 3/4--1' long; leaves whitish-green, round-ovate, +cellular-crenulate, deflexed; lower lobe flat, oblong-quadrate; +underleaves round-quadrate; monoecious; involucral leaves larger than +those of the stem, the perianth round-obovate, 2--3-carinate dorsally, +1-carinate ventrally, the keels rough. (L. calyculata, _Tayl._)--On +rocks and trees; common south and westward. + +[*][*] _Underleaves bifid; leaves entire._ + +2. L. serpyllifolia, Libert, var. Americana, Lindb. Stems long, somewhat +branching, pale, pellucid and fragile; leaves rather remote, flat, +opening from a basilar sac, scarcely decurved, obliquely roundish-ovate, +obtuse, often slightly repand; underleaves about half as large, +round-oval with a broad obtuse sinus and acute lobes; monoecious; the +obovate-clavate perianth on a lateral branch. (L. cavifolia, +_Aust._)--On cedars, etc., Catskill Mts. (_Cleve_), Belleville, Ont. +(_Macoun_), and southward; rather common. + +3. L. lucens, Tayl. Whitish, filiform, pinnately branched; leaves +remote, rarely subimbricate, obliquely ovate-triangular, rounded or +obtuse, semi-cordate at base; lower lobe ovoid, acute or apiculate; +underleaves 1/2 as large as the lateral, round-oval, deeply bifid, the +lobes broad-subulate; dioecious; involucral leaves rather longer, with +lanceolate lobes; perianth scarcely emersed, broadly pyriform, +5-carinate. (L. cucullata, _Sulliv._; not _Nees._)--Near Cincinnati; +moist rocks, Alleghany Mts. and southward (_Sullivant_). Minute and +flaccid. + +[*][*][*] _Underleaves obsolete; leaves muriculate-denticulate._ + +4. L. calcarea, Libert. Very minute; stems slender, loosely branching; +leaves ovate, falcate-decurved, sinuate-complicate at base; monoecious; +involucral leaves bifid, the divisions entire; perianth on a very short +lateral branch, pyriform-clavate, acutely 5-angled, the margin +echinate-muriculate. (L. echinata, _Tayl._)--On rocks and roots of +trees; rather common. (Eu.) + + +4. RADULA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) + +Leaves large, complicate-bilobed, incubous; lower lobe small, bearing +root-hairs; underleaves none. Dioecious, rarely monoecious. Fruit +usually terminal. Involucral leaves 2, slightly smaller than the +cauline, 2-lobed; perianth tubular, compressed or nearly terete, +truncate, entire or crenate. Calyptra pyriform, persistent. Capsule +oval-cylindric. Elaters slender, free. Spores large, globose, minutely +tuberculate. Antheridia in the ventricose bases of spicate leaves. +(_Radula_, a scraper or spatula, in allusion to the form of the +perianth.) + +[*] _Lower lobe subquadrate, barely incumbent on the stem._ + +1. R. complanata, Dumort. Creeping, widely subpinnately branching; +leaves imbricate, spreading, rounded, the lower lobe obtuse or acute; +monoecious; perianth obconic, compressed, the mouth entire, truncate; +antheridia in the bases of 2--3 pairs of strongly imbricate tumid +leaves.--On rocks and roots of trees; common. (Eu.) + +2. R. obconica, Sulliv. (Pl. 24.) Smaller, indeterminately branched; +leaves somewhat remote, round-obovate, convex; monoecious; perianth +clavate-obconic, obliquely truncate; antheridia axillary on short +lateral branches rising near the terminal involucre.--On trees in cedar +swamps, N. J. to Ohio. + +[*][*] _Lower lobe small, rounded, more or less transversely adnate._ + +3. R. tenax, Lindb. Stems brownish-green, rigid, tenacious; leaves +remote, scarcely decurrent, obliquely elliptic-ovate, opaque, the cells +round and strongly chlorophyllose; dioecious; the antheridial spike +lateral below the keel of a leaf, long, linear, somewhat obtuse. (R. +pallens, _Sulliv._; not _Gottsche._)--On rotten trunks, in the Catskill +Mts., and southward, especially in the mountains. + + +5. PORELLA, Dill. (Pl. 24.) + +Leaves large, incubous, complicate-bilobed; lower lobe ligulate, +suberect; underleaves similar, decurrent at base, the apex entire. +Dioecious. Fruit on a short lateral branch. Involucral leaves usually 4, +2-lobed, the margin ciliate or denticulate; perianth somewhat oval, +compressed, bilabiate, incised or entire. Calyptra globose, persistent. +Capsule globose, reddish, short-stalked. Elaters very numerous, +2--3-spiral, free. Spores large, rough. Antheridia solitary in the +saccate bases of leaves, crowded in short spikes. (Name a diminutive of +_porus_, an opening.) + +[*] _Leaves more or less remote; stems bipinnate._ + +1. P. pinnata, L. Stems irregularly pinnate, fastigiate at the ends; +leaves scarcely incubous, ovate-oblong, the rounded apex sometimes +slightly decurved; lower lobe minute, flat, oblong, obtuse, as long but +not half as wide as the flat, entire, ovate-rectangular, scarcely +decurrent underleaves. (Madotheca Porella, _Nees._)--On rocks and trees +subject to inundation; common. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Leaves mostly closely imbricate; stems mostly simply pinnate (or +bipinnate in n. 2)._ + +2. P. platyphylla, Lindb. (Pl. 24.) Yellowish or fuscous-green; stems +irregularly pinnate, often fastigiate at the ends; leaves obliquely +ovate, more or less concave at base and the rounded upper margin curved +upward and undulate, mostly entire; lower lobe obliquely ovate, the +margin strongly recurved, with an acute tooth at base; underleaves +semicircular, with strongly reflexed margins. (Madotheca platyphylla, +_Dumort._)--On rocks and trees; common eastward. (Eu.) + +3. P. Thuja, Lindb. Fuscous-green or blackish, somewhat regularly +pinnate; leaves convex, closely appressed, obliquely round-ovate, the +rounded apex decurved, more or less denticulate; lower lobe oblong, +obtuse, with an acute tooth at base, longer but narrower than the +quadrate underleaves, both with strongly recurved sparsely denticulate +margins. (Madotheca Thuja, _Dumort._)--On rocks and trees; more common +westward. (Eu.) + +4. P. dentata, Lindb. Mostly fuscous-green, irregularly pinnate or +subdichotomous; leaves more remote on the branches, obliquely +round-ovate, the rounded summit slightly decurved, more or less +denticulate; lower lobe decurrent, twisted, obliquely ovate, acute, with +recurved undulate denticulate margin and a large acute tooth at base; +underleaves twice as wide as the lower lobes, quadrate-oval, the +undulate reflexed margin dentate, especially near the base. (Madotheca +rivularis, _Nees._)--Shaded rocks, Yellow Springs, Ohio (_Sullivant_). +(Eu.) + +5. P. Sullivantii, Underw. Stems strongly decurved at the ends in +drying; leaves suberect, the straight ventral margin strongly involute +toward the apex; cells large, punctate-stelliform; perianth broadly +keeled beneath, the keel 2-angled. (Madotheca Sullivantii, +_Aust._)--Alleghany Mts. (_Sullivant_); rare. + + +6. PTILIDIUM, Nees. (Pl. 24.) + +Leaves incubous, complicate-bilobed, each lobe divided and lacerately +ciliate; underleaves 4--5-lobed, ciliate. Dioecious. Fruit terminating +short branches. Involucral leaves 2--4, 4-cleft; perianth terete, +obovate, the mouth connivent, plicate, denticulate. Calyptra pyriform, +coriaceous. Capsule ovate. Spores globose. Antheridia in the base of +closely imbricated leaves. (Name a diminutive of [Greek: pti/lon], _a +feather_, from the fringed foliage.) + +1. P. ciliare, Nees. Stems crowded, subpinnate; fringes of the foliage +long-setaceous. (Blepharozia ciliaris, _Dumort._)--On rotten logs and +stumps; common. (Eu.) + + +7. TRICHOCOLEA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) + +Leaves succubous, 4--5-divided, and with the underleaves setaceously +fringed. Dioecious. Fruit terminal, or axillary from the growth of +innovations. Involucral leaves coalescent into an oblong truncate hairy +tube, blended in our species with the calyptra; perianth none. Capsule +oblong, its pedicel bulbous at base. Elaters free. Antheridia large, in +the axils of leaves on terminal branches. (Name from [Greek: thri/x], +_hair_, and [Greek: koleo/s], _a sheath_, from the hairy involucre.) + +1. T. tomentella, Dumort. Stems pinnately decompound, densely tufted, +glaucous, 2--6' long; leaves nearly uniform; underleaves subquadrate, as +wide as the stem.--Among mosses in swamps; common. (Eu.) + +T. BIDDLECOMIAE, Aust., very imperfectly described from specimens +collected in Urbana, Ohio, is said to be simply and rather distantly +pinnate. + + +8. HERBERTA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.) + +Leaves large, incubous or nearly transverse, narrow, 3-ranked, the +underleaves being scarcely smaller, cleft to or below the middle, the +lobes acute. Dioecious. Fruit terminal on a long branch. Involucral +leaves numerous, equitant; perianth ovate-subulate or narrowly fusiform, +3-angled, deeply 6--8-lobed. Calyptra small, obovate, deeply trifid. +Capsule large, globose. Elaters free. Spores large, muriculate. +Antheridia in the bases of leaves of a short terminal spike. (Named for +_William Herbert_, an English botanist.) + +1. H. adunca, S. F. Gray. Stems long and slender, erect, brownish, +nearly simple; leaves and underleaves almost alike, curved and +one-sided, the lobes lanceolate. (Sendtnera juniperina, _Sulliv._; not +_Nees._)--On rocks, Greenwood Mts., N. J., Catskill Mts., N. Y., and +probably northward. (Eu.) + + +9. BAZZANIA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.) + +Leaves incubous, oblique, decurved, mostly truncate-tridentate; +underleaves wider than the stem, mostly 3--4-toothed or crenate. +Dioecious. Fruit on a short branch from the axil of an underleaf. +Involucral leaves much imbricate, concave, orbicular or ovate, incised +at the apex; perianth ovate-subulate or fusiform, somewhat 3-keeled. +Calyptra pyriform or cylindric-oblong. Capsule oblong. Antheridial +spikes from the axils of underleaves. (Named for _M. Bazzani_, an +Italian Professor of Anatomy.) + +1. B. trilobata, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, dichotomous, +proliferous; leaves ovate, the broad apex acutely 3-toothed; underleaves +roundish-quadrangular, spreading, 4--6-toothed above; perianth curved, +cylindric, plicate at the narrow apex and 3-toothed. (Mastigobryum +trilobatum, _Nees._ M. tridenticulatum, _Lindenb._)--Ravines, wet woods +and swamps; common and variable. (Eu.) + +2. B. deflexa, Underw. Stems forked or alternately branched; leaves +strongly deflexed, cordate-ovate or ovate-oblong, falcate, the upper +margin arcuate, the narrow apex 2--3-toothed or entire; underleaves +roundish-quadrate, the upper margin bifid, crenate, or entire; perianth +cylindric, arcuate, plicate above and denticulate. (Mastigobryum +deflexum, _Nees._)--On rocks in the higher mountains eastward. (Eu.) + + +10. LEPIDOZIA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) + +Leaves small, incubous, palmately 2--4-cleft or -parted; underleaves +similar, often smaller. Dioecious or rarely monoecious. Fruit terminal +on short branches from the under side of the stem. Involucral leaves +small, appressed, concave, 2--4-cleft; perianth elongated, +ovate-subulate or narrowly fusiform, obtusely triangular above, entire +or denticulate. Calyptra included, pyriform or oblong. Capsule +oblong-cylindric. Spores minute, smooth or roughish. Antheridia large, +pedicelled, solitary in the axils of 2-cleft spicate leaves. (Name from +[Greek: lepi/s], _a scale_, and [Greek: o)/zos], _a shoot_, for the +scale-like foliage.) + +1. L. reptans, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, pinnately compound, the +branches often flagellate; leaves decurved, subquadrate, 3--4-cleft; +involucral leaves ovate, truncate, unequally 4-toothed; perianth +incurved, dentate.--On the ground and rotten wood, N. J., and common +northward. (Eu.) + +2. L. setacea, Mitt. Leaves deeply 2--3-cleft or -parted, incurved, the +lobes subulate, formed of a somewhat double series of cells; underleaves +similar; perianth ciliate. (Jungermannia setacea, _Web._)--On the ground +and rotten wood; common. Resembling the next in its leaves, but smaller +and brownish. (Eu.) + + +11. BLEPHAROSTOMA, Dumort. (Pl. 25.) + +Leaves transverse or slightly incubous, 3--4-parted, the divisions +capillary; underleaves smaller, mostly 2--3-parted. Dioecious or +monoecious. Fruit terminal. Involucral leaves numerous, verticillate, +deeply 4-cleft; perianth exserted, pyriform-cylindric, laciniate. +Calyptra short, oblong, bilabiate. Capsule cylindric-oblong. Elaters +large, very obtuse. Spores large, smooth. Antheridia solitary in the +axils of leaf-like bracts. (Name from [Greek: ble/pharon], _an eyelid_, +and [Greek: sto/ma], _mouth_, in allusion to the fringed orifice of the +perianth.) + +1. B. trichophyllum, Dumort. Flaccid, branched, creeping; leaf-divisions +straight, spreading, each composed of a single row of cells; perianth +ovate-cylindric. (Jungermannia trichophylla, _L._)--On the ground and +rotten wood. Minute, light green. (Eu.) + + +12. CEPHALOZIA, Dumort. (Pl. 23.) + +Leaves mostly succubous, chiefly 2-lobed, the margins uniformly plane or +subincurved; underleaves smaller, often wanting except on fruiting +branches. Branches from the under side of the stem. Monoecious or +dioecious. Involucral leaves numerous, capitate, 3-ranked, usually +2-lobed; perianth long, triangular-prismatic, the constricted mouth +variously dentate. Calyptra small. Capsule somewhat oblong. Elaters +free. Spores minute. Antheridia in the base of inflated spicate leaves. +(Name from [Greek: kephale/], _head_, and [Greek: o)/zos], _bud_, for +the capitate involucre.) + +Sec. 1. CEPHALOZIA proper. _Perianth more or less 3-angled or 3-carinate; +leaf-cells large (mostly 25--50 mu broad); plants mostly medium-sized._ + +[*] _Underleaves rarely present except on fruiting branches._ + +1. C. Virginiana, Spruce. Without runners, usually pale; leaves small, +obliquely round-ovate, acutely 2-lobed nearly to the middle; cells +quadrate-hexagonal, opaque; dioecious, rarely monoecious; involucral +leaves round-quadrate, with slender acuminate lobes; perianth large, +widest above the middle, unequally ciliolate; capsule large, +long-exserted; antheridial spike long. (C. catenulata of authors; not +_Huebn._)--On rotten wood or swampy ground, N. Eng. to Va., and +southward. + +2. C. multiflora, Spruce. (Pl. 23.) Often subpinnate, without runners, +pale green; leaves small, round-rhombic, decurrent, bifid {1/3} their +length; cells quadrate-hexagonal, pellucid; dioecious; inner involucral +leaves 3--4 times as long as the outer; perianth linear-fusiform, +3-plaited when young, triangular only above when mature, ciliate or +toothed, fleshy; calyptra fleshy, oval-globose; capsule rather +short-pedicelled; spores cinnamon-color.--On the ground and rotten wood; +common. (Eu.) + +3. C. pleniceps, Underw. Stems very short, branching, densely cespitose, +pale green or whitish; leaves thick, orbicular, strongly concave, +subclasping but not decurrent, bifid {1/3} their length, the acute lobes +incurved and strongly connivent; involucral leaves oblong, palmately +2--4-cleft, the ventral like the underleaves; perianth large, +oblong-cylindric, obtusely angled, the plicate mouth denticulate. +(Jungermannia pleniceps, _Aust._)--Among Sphagnum in the White Mts. +(_Oakes_). + +4. C. bicuspidata, Dumort. Prostrate or assurgent, cespitose, usually +greenish or reddish, with runners; lower leaves small and distant, the +upper larger, round-ovate, cleft nearly to the middle, the lobes +ovate-lanceolate and acute, the lower lobe narrower and acuminate; cells +large, pellucid; monoecious; involucral leaves about 3 pairs, the +innermost nearly three times as long as the outer, cleft 1/2 their length; +perianth four times as long as the leaves, linear-prismatic or fusiform, +thin, denticulate or ciliate; capsule cylindric-oblong; spores purple. +(Jungermannia bicuspidata, _L._)--On the ground, mountains of N. Eng., +N. Y., and N. J. (Eu.) + +5. C. curvifolia, Dumort. Slender, rarely forked, without runners, +greenish, reddish, or often purple; leaves imbricate, ascending, +obovate, concave, semicordate at base, lunately bifid below the middle, +the lobes incurved or hooked; cells small, quadrate; monoecious or +dioecious; involucral leaves complicate, the lobes subovate, +spinulose-denticulate; perianth large, rose-purple, triquetrous, the +wide mouth ciliate; calyptra thin; capsule oblong-globose. +(Jungermannia curvifolia, _Dicks._)--On rotten logs in swamps, etc.; +common. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Underleaves usually present; leaves rarely subimbricate._ + +6. C. fluitans, Spruce. Stems 2--3' long, loosely creeping, with short +thick runners; leaves large, ovate-oblong, lobed to near the middle, the +lower lobe larger, lanceolate, obtuse; cells large, mostly hexagonal; +underleaves linear, appressed; dioecious; involucral leaves cleft to the +middle; perianth oval-cylindric, nearly entire; calyptra short, +pyriform; capsule oblong; spores small, minutely tuberculate; antheridia +globose, pedicelled, solitary in the axils.--In bogs, on mosses or +partly floating; rare. (Eu.) + +Sec. 2. CEPHALOZIELLA. _Perianth 3--6-angled; leaf-cells small (14--20 mu +broad); plants small, often minute; underleaves present in n. 9._ + +7. C. divaricata, Dumort. Sparingly branched, without runners; leaves +very small, cuneate or round-quadrate, the ovate-triangular lobes acute; +cells pellucid or subopaque; involucral leaves larger, the lobes acute, +denticulate; perianth linear or narrowly fusiform, prismatic, +denticulate or subentire; capsule oblong-globose, long-exserted. +(Jungermannia divaricata, _Smith._)--Dry rocks and sand, pine barrens of +N. J., and northward. (Eu.) + +8. C. Macounii, Aust. Slender, much branched, dark green; leaves +scarcely broader than the stem, wide-spreading, bifid with a broad or +lunate sinus, the broad-subulate lobes mostly acute; cells subquadrate, +somewhat pellucid; dioecious; involucral leaves appressed, 2--3-lobed, +irregularly spinulose; perianth small, whitish, obovate or +ovate-fusiform, obtusely 3-angled, setulose or ciliate.--Rotten logs, +mountains of N. Eng., and northward (_Austin_, _Macoun_). + +9. C. Sullivantii, Aust. Stems 3--6'' long, fleshy, rootlets numerous; +fertile branches suberect, clavate; leaves imbricate, often narrower +than the stem, subquadrate-ovate, more or less serrate, the sinus and +lobes subacute; dioecious; involucral leaves 3, erect, free; perianth +broadly oval or subobovate, obtusely and sparingly angled, the apex +slightly plicate, the mouth connivent, dentate, sometimes narrowly +scarious; capsule oval.--On rotten wood, N. J., Ohio, and Ill.; rare. +Our smallest species. + + +13. ODONTOSCHISMA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) + +Leaves succubous, ovate or roundish, entire or retuse, rarely bidentate; +underleaves minute, sometimes obscure or wanting. Dioecious or sometimes +monoecious. Fruit terminal on a short branch from the lower side of the +stem. Involucral leaves few, 3-ranked, bifid or rarely 3--4-cleft; +perianth large, triangular-fusiform, ciliate or dentate. Calyptra +membranous. Capsule cylindric-oblong. Antheridia in small whitish spikes +on the under side of the stem. (Name from [Greek: o)doy/s], _a tooth_, +and [Greek: schi/sma], _a cleft_, alluding to the perianth.) + +1. O. Sphagni, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Leaves spreading or ascending, ovate, +rounded or oblong, entire or retuse, subconcave; underleaves mostly +wanting; perianth 3--6 times longer than the leaves, subulate-fusiform, +laciniate or ciliate. (Sphagnoecetis communis, _Nees_.)--Among mosses, +N. J. to Ill., and southward. (Eu.) + +2. O. denudata, Lindb. Stems densely rooting, somewhat leafless at base, +flagellate, branching above; leaves spreading, broadly ovate, entire; +underleaves broadly oval, entire or subdenticulate; perianth +close-connivent above, at length bursting irregularly.--On rotten wood, +Canada to Ohio, and south along the mountains. (Eu.) + + +14. KANTIA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.) + +Leaves large, incubous, flat or convex, entire or retuse; underleaves +small, roundish, the apex entire, retuse or bifid. Dioecious or +monoecious. Involucre pendulous, subterranean, clavate or subcylindric, +fleshy, hairy, attached to the stem by one side of its mouth. Calyptra +membranous, partly adnate to the involucre. Capsule cylindric, the +valves spirally twisted. Spores minute, roughish. Antheridia solitary in +the reduced leaves of short lateral branches. (Name from _J. Kant_, a +physician at The Hague.) + +1. K. Trichomanis, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, without ventral +runners; leaves pale green, imbricate, spreading, roundish-ovate, +obtuse. (Calypogeia Trichomanis, _Corda_.)--On the ground and rotten +logs; very common. (Eu.)--Var. RIVULARIS, Aust. Leaves dusky green or +blackish, more scattered, flaccid; cells large. N. J. (_Austin_.)--Var. +TENUIS, Aust. Very slender, innovate-branching; leaves smaller, +especially above, dimidiate-ovate or subfalcate, subdecurrent. Southern +N. J. (_Austin_). + +2. K. Sullivantii, Underw. Prostrate, with ventral runners; leaves flat, +subcontiguous or imbricate, obliquely round-ovate, minutely 2-toothed +with a lunulate sinus, abruptly decurrent; cells large, uniform; +underleaves minute, the upper orbicular, bifid, the lower twice 2-lobed, +the primary lobes round-quadrate, divaricate, the secondary ovate or +subulate. (Calypogeia Sullivantii, _Aust._)--Delaware Water Gap, N. J. +(_Austin_). + + +15. SCAPANIA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) + +Leaves complicate-bilobed, the upper lobe smaller, the lower succubous; +margins entire or dentate or ciliate; underleaves none. Dioecious. Fruit +terminal. Involucral leaves like the cauline but more equally lobed; +perianth obovate, dorsally compressed, bilabiate, the mouth truncate, +entire or toothed, decurved. Capsule ovate. Elaters long, attached to +the middle of the valves. Antheridia 3--20, in the axils of small +saccate leaves, which are scarcely imbricate or crowded into terminal +heads. (Name from [Greek: skapa/nion], _a shovel_, from the form of the +perianth.) + +[*] _Leaf-lobes somewhat equal._ + +1. S. subalpina, Dumort. Leaves equidistant, imbricate, cleft nearly to +the middle, the roundish obtuse lobes denticulate on the outer margin; +perianth much exceeding the involucral leaves, obovate from a narrow +base, denticulate.--Mountains of N. Eng. (_Oakes, Austin_); L. Superior +(_Gillman, Macoun_). (Eu.) + +2. S. glaucocephala, Aust. Stems short, cespitose, creeping or +ascending, subsimple, with numerous offshoots; leaf-lobes broadly ovate, +entire, mostly obtuse and apiculate; involucral leaves sometimes +denticulate; perianth small, subcuneate, entire. (Jungermannia +glaucocephala, _Tayl._; S. Peckii, _Aust._)--On rotten wood, N. Eng. to +N. Y. and Canada. + +[*][*] _Lower lobe about twice the size of the upper, except near the +summit._ + +[+] _Leaves broader than long; upper lobes rounded or blunt._ + +3. S. undulata, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Ascending or erect, slightly branched; +leaves lax, spreading, entire or ciliate-denticulate, the lobes +round-trapezoidal, equal at the summit of the stem; perianth +oblong-incurved, nearly entire, twice as long as the outer +involucre.--In woods, damp meadows, and rills; common, especially in +mountain districts.--Var. PURPUREA, Nees; a form with long lax stems and +rose-colored or purplish leaves. (Eu.) + +4. S. irrigua, Dumort. Creeping; leaves somewhat rigid, repand, deeply +lobed; lobes rounded, submucronate, the lower appressed, the upper +convex with incurved apex; perianth ovate, denticulate. (S. compacta, +var. irrigua, _Aust._)--Wet places, N. J., Catskill Mts., mountains of +N. Eng., and northward. (Eu.) + +[+][+] _Leaves longer than broad; upper lobes more or less acute._ + +5. S. nemorosa, Dumort. Rather stout, flexuose, creeping at base; leaves +rather distant, decurrent on both sides, ciliate-dentate, the lower lobe +obovate, obtuse, slightly convex, the upper cordate, acute, concave; +perianth densely ciliate; capsule large, roundish-ovate, reddish-brown. +(S. breviflora, _Tayl._)--On rocks, etc., in swamps and rills; common +and variable. (Eu.) + +6. S. Oakesii, Aust. Leaves obovate, somewhat spreading, often deflexed, +closely complicate, convex, the lower lobe coarsely dentate, and with +deep purple spur-like teeth on the keel, the upper roundish and less +dentate; perianth usually dentate.--White Mts. (_Oakes, Austin_). + +[*][*][*] _Lower lobes 3--4 times the size of the upper._ + +7. S. exsecta, Aust. Ascending; leaves subcomplicate, entire, the lower +lobe ovate, acute or bidentate, concave, the upper small and tooth-like; +involucral leaves 3--5-cleft; perianth oblong, obtuse, plicate. +(Jungermannia exsecta, _Schmidel._)--High mountains, far northward; +rare.--Perhaps better retained in Jungermannia. (Eu.) + +8. S. umbrosa, Dumort. Stems short, decumbent, slightly branched; +leaf-lobes ovate, acute, serrate; perianth incurved, naked at the +mouth.--White Mts.; rare.--The tips of the shoots are frequently covered +with a dark mass of gemmae. (Eu.) + + +16. DIPLOPHYLLUM, Dumort. (Pl. 25.) + +Leaves rather narrow, complicate-bilobed, the lobes subequal or the +upper smaller, the lower succubous; underleaves none. Fruit terminal. +Involucral leaves few. Perianth cylindrical, scarcely or not at all +compressed, pluriplicate, denticulate. (Name from [Greek: diplo/s], +_double_, and [Greek: phy/llon], _leaf_, on account of the folded +2-lobed leaves.) + +1. D. albicans, Dumort., var. taxifolium, Nees. Stems ascending, almost +rootless; leaves closely folded, subdenticulate, with a rudimentary +pellucid line near the base or none, the lobes obtuse or acutish, the +lower oblong-scymitar-shaped, the upper smaller, subovate; perianth +ovate, plicate. (Jungermannia albicans and J. obtusifolia of _Sulliv._; +not of _L._ and _Hook._)--Under rocks in mountain ravines and on the +ground. (Eu.)--The typical form occurs in N. Scotia, distinguished by a +broad pellucid median line in both lobes. + + +17. GEOCALYX, Nees. (Pl. 23.) + +Leaves succubous, bidentate; underleaves 2-cleft, with linear divisions. +Fruit lateral, pendent. Involucre simple, fleshy, saccate, oblong, +truncate, attached to the stem by one side of the mouth. Calyptra +membranous, partly adnate to the involucre. Capsule oblong. Elaters +free. Antheridia in the axils of small leaves on spike-like lateral +branches. (Name from [Greek: ge/a], _the earth_, and [Greek: ka/lyx], _a +cup_, from the subterranean involucres.) + +1. G. graveolens, Nees. Leaves ovate-quadrate, 2-toothed, light green; +underleaves oval-lanceolate, cleft to the middle.--On the ground, and +rotten logs; not rare. (Eu.) + + +18. LOPHOCOLEA, Dumort. (Pl. 23.) + +Leaves succubous, dorsally decurrent, obliquely ovate-oblong, broadly +truncate or bidentate; underleaves smaller, more or less quadrate, bifid +or with 4--8 capillary lobes. Dioecious or monoecious. Fruit terminal on +the main stem or primary branches. Involucral leaves 2--4, large, often +spinulose; perianth triangular-prismatic, 3-lobed, ciliate or laciniate. +Calyptra short, obovate, at length lacerate above. Capsule +oblong-globose. Antheridia mostly solitary in or near the base of +ordinary leaves. (Name from [Greek: lo/phos], _a crest_, and [Greek: +koleo/s], _a sheath_, from the crested perianth.) + +[*] _Underleaves mostly bifid (or 3--4-cleft in n. 1); divisions mostly +entire._ + +1. L. bidentata, Dumort. Stems 1--2' long, procumbent, sparsely +branching; leaves pale green, ovate-triangular, acutely 2-toothed, the +teeth oblique with a lunulate sinus; monoecious; perianth +oblong-triangular, lacinate; antheridia 2--3 in a cluster, axillary.--On +rocks in shady rills; not common. (Eu.) + +2. L. Austini, Lindb. Creeping; leaves uniformly deeply lobed, the lobes +and usually the sinus acute; underleaves comparatively small, the lobes +subulate; cells small; monoecious; antheridia solitary in the upper +axils. (L. minor, _Aust._; not _Nees_.)--On roots of trees in woods +(_Austin_). Imperfectly known. + +3. L. Macounii, Aust. Stems very short, prostrate, ascending at the +apex, densely radiculose; leaves suberect, ovate-subquadrate, 2-lobed +with obtuse lobes and sinus, or retuse or often entire; underleaves +light pink, deeply bifid, the setaceous lobes spreading-incurved; +monoecious; involucral leaves somewhat oblong, repandly 2--4-toothed at +the apex; perianth subobovate, slightly angled.--On logs, Little Falls, +N. Y. (_Austin_); Ont. (_Macoun_). + +4. L. minor, Nees. Diffusely branching; leaves pale green, +oval-subquadrate, expanded, convex, slightly rigid, equally and acutely +bifid with a lunate sinus; underleaves {1/3} as large, deeply bifid, the +lanceolate lobes acuminate; dioecious; involucral leaves like the +cauline; perianth obtusely triangular-plicate at the apex. (L. crocata, +_Aust._; not _Nees_.)--On the ground and dry rocks in limestone regions +(_Austin_). (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Divisions of the underleaves more or less dentate._ + +5. L. heterophylla, Nees. (Pl. 23.) Stems short, creeping or ascending, +much branched; leaves ovate-subquadrate, entire, retuse and bidentate on +the same stem; underleaves large, 2--3-cleft; involucral leaves lobed +and dentate; perianth terminal, the mouth crested.--On the ground and +rotten logs in woods and swamps; very common. (Eu.) + +6. L. Hallii, Aust. Creeping, very slightly rooting; leaves subvertical, +oblong, cleft nearly to the middle with obtuse sinus and erect mostly +obtuse lobes; lower underleaves small, subequally 2-parted with an +obtuse sinus, the upper ones larger, with a single tooth on each side or +palmately 3--4-parted, the apical sublanceolate and narrowly bifid.--On +the ground, Ill. (_Hall_). + + +19. CHILOSCYPHUS, Corda. (Pl. 23.) + +Leaves succubous, dorsally decurrent, mostly rounded and entire; +underleaves rooting at the base, usually deeply 2-cleft. Fruit terminal +on a very short lateral branch. Involucral leaves 2--6, the outer +smaller, the inner variously cut; perianth small, obconic or +campanulate, 3-angled and 3-lobed only at the apex, the lobes usually +spinose. Calyptra fleshy, subglobose or clavate. Capsule +oblong-globose. Antheridia in the saccate bases of stem-leaves. (Name +from [Greek: chei~los], _a lip_, and [Greek: sky/phos], _a bowl_, from +the form of the perianth.) + +[*] _Underleaves 4-parted._ + +1. C. ascendens, Hook. & Wils. (Pl. 23.) Prostrate; leaves large, pale +green, ascending, roundish-oblong, slightly emarginate; involucral +leaves two, 2-cleft; perianth 2--3-lobed, the lobes long and irregularly +lacerate-toothed.--On rotten logs; rather common. + +[*][*] _Underleaves bifid._ + +2. C. pallescens, Dumort. Procumbent, creeping; leaves flattened, +ovate-subquadrate, obtuse or retuse; underleaves ovate, distant, free; +involucral leaves two, 2-toothed; perianth deeply trifid, the +lobes spinose-dentate, mostly shorter than the conspicuous +calyptra.--Mountains of N. Eng. (_Oakes_). + +3. C. polyanthos, Corda. Procumbent, creeping; leaves subascending, +ovate-subquadrate, truncate or subretuse; underleaves ovate-oblong, +distant, free; involucral leaves 2, slightly 2-toothed; perianth +3-lobed, the short lobes nearly entire, shorter than the calyptra.--Var. +RIVULARIS, Nees. Larger, more branching, succulent; leaves mostly +rounded above; underleaves often divided in halves or wanting.--On the +ground among mosses or on rotten logs, common; the variety in shaded +rills or still ponds. (Eu.) + + +20. PLAGIOCHILA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) + +Leaves large, succubous, rounded or truncate above, dentate or spinose +or rarely entire, the dorsal margin reflexed; underleaves usually none. +Dioecious or monoecious. Fruit terminal, or axillary by the growth of +offshoots. Involucral leaves larger than the cauline; perianth laterally +compressed, erect or decurved, obliquely truncate and bilabiate, the +lobes entire or ciliate-dentate. Capsule thick, oval. Elaters attached +to the middle of the valves. Antheridia oval, 2--3 in the axils of +spicate leaves. (Name from [Greek: pla/gios], _oblique_, and [Greek: +chei los], _lip_, from the form of the perianth.) + +[*] _Underleaves 2--3-cleft, fugacious._ + +1. P. porelloides, Lindenb. Branches ascending; leaves subimbricate, +convex-gibbous, round-obovate, the uppermost repand-denticulate, the +rest entire, the dorsal margin reflexed; perianth terminal, +oblong-ovate, the mouth compressed, denticulate.--Among mosses in swamps +and river-bottoms; common. + +2. P. interrupta, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Prostrate, horizontally branched, +copiously rooting; leaves imbricate, horizontal, oval, entire or +slightly repand; underleaves lanceolate; perianth terminal, broadly +obconic, the mouth compressed, repand-crenulate. (P. macrostoma, +_Sulliv._)--Moist banks and decayed logs, N. Eng., Ohio, and northward. +(Eu.) + +[*][*] _Underleaves wanting._ + +3. P. spinulosa, Dumort. Creeping, branches ascending; leaves remote, +obliquely spreading, obovate-cuneate, the dorsal margin reflexed, +entire, the ventral and apex spinulose-toothed; perianth rounded, at +length oblong, the mouth spinulose.--Shaded rocks in mountain regions; +rare. (Eu.) + +4. P. asplenoides, Dumort. Branched, creeping or ascending; leaves +subimbricate, obliquely spreading, round-obovate, entire or denticulate, +the dorsal margin reflexed; perianth much exceeding the involucral +leaves, oblong, dilated at the truncate or ciliate apex.--In rocky +rivulets; common. (Eu.) + + +21. MYLIA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 25.) + +Leaves succubous, semi-vertical, circular, or ovate and pointed; +underleaves subulate. Dioecious. Fruit terminal or pseudaxillary. +Involucral leaves 2, clasping; perianth ovate-oblong, laterally +compressed above a subterete base, the apex at length bilabiate, +denticulate. Capsule ovate, coriaceous. Elaters free. Antheridia 2 in +the axils of bracts clustered near the apex of distinct branches. (Name +from _Mylius_, an early botanist.) + +1. M. Taylori, S. F. Gray. Stems erect, nearly simple, radiculose; +leaves large, convex, orbicular, entire, purplish; cells large; +underleaves lance-subulate, entire or subdentate; perianth terminal, +oval; calyptra finally long-exserted. (Jungermannia Taylori, +_Hook._)--Wet rocks, high mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y. (Eu.) + + +22. HARPANTHUS, Nees. (Pl. 23.) + +Leaves succubous, semi-vertical, ovate, emarginate; underleaves connate +with the leaves, ovate or lanceolate, 1-toothed at base. Dioecious. +Fruit on short shoots from the axils of the underleaves, finally +sublateral. Involucral leaves 2 or 4. Perianth terete, the lower half +thickened. Calyptra fleshy, confluent with the perianth for {2/3} its +length. Capsule oval. Antheridia 1 or 2 in the axils of bracts terminal +on slender branches. (Name from [Greek: a(/rpe] _a sickle_, and [Greek: +a)/nthos], _flower_.) + +1. H. scutatus, Spruce. Stems filiform, decumbent, usually simple; +leaves smaller at the base and apex of the stems, roundish-ovate, +concave, sharply bidentate, the apex lunate or acute; underleaves large, +acuminate, involucral leaves two, 2--3-cleft, the upper adnate to the +perianth; perianth ovate, becoming obovate, obscurely 3--4-plicate, +splitting above on one side; capsule deep brown. (Jungermannia scutata, +_Weber._)--On rotten logs in damp places; common. (Eu.) + +H. FLOTOVIANUS, Nees. (Pl. 23.) Stems flexuous, procumbent, mostly +unbranched; leaves ovate-orbicular, horizontal, the apex contracted and +emarginate with a shallow sinus; underleaves large, ovate or lanceolate, +obliquely inserted, entire or more often toothed on one or both sides +near the middle; dioecious; perianth subcylindric, slightly +sickle-shaped, the mouth pointed at first, notched on one side and +finally crenulate; antheridia elliptic, single in the base of swollen +leaves. (Pleuranthe olivacea, _Tayl._)--"North America" (_Drummond_), +but not collected recently; certainly extralimital. + + +23. LIOCHLAENA, Nees. (Pl. 25.) + +Leaves succubous, ovate-oblong, entire or slightly retuse; underleaves +none. Dioecious or monoecious. Involucral leaves 2 or 4, like the +cauline; perianth pyriform, becoming cylindric, incurved, abruptly +rounded at the summit, the minute orifice prominently ciliolate. Capsule +oblong, long-exserted. Elaters attached to the middle of the valves. +Spores minute, globose. Antheridia in the axils of ordinary leaves. +Archegonia 5--12. (Name from [Greek: lei~os], _smooth_, and [Greek: +chlai na], _a cloak_, referring to the perianth.) + +1. L. lanceolata, Nees. Closely creeping, branched; leaves sometimes +decurrent; involucral leaves vertical; perianth at right angles with the +stem; monoecious.--On banks and rotten logs; not rare. (Eu.) + + +24. JUNGERMANNIA, Micheli. (Pl. 25.) + +Leaves succubous, rarely subtransverse, entire, lobed or dentate, the +margins never recurved; underleaves present or none. Dioecious or +monoecious. Fruit terminal. Involucral leaves 4 or fewer, like the +cauline or more incised, free; perianth laterally compressed or terete, +usually 3--10-carinate, the usually small mouth entire or toothed. +Calyptra oval-pyriform. Capsule globose or oblong, rarely cylindric. +Spores minute, smooth or roughish. Archegonia 8--70. (Named for _L. +Jungermann_, a German botanist of the 17th century.) + +Sec. 1. JUNGERMANNIA proper. _Leaves orbicular or ovate, entire or barely +retuse; underleaves none (very small in n. 1)._ + +1. J. Schraderi, Martius. (Pl. 25.) Creeping, flexuous; leaves +round-elliptic, entire, ascending; underleaves broadly subulate, not +apparent on old stems; involucral leaves large, elongated, the inner +smaller and more or less laciniate; perianth oval-obovate, +ascending.--On the ground and rotten logs; common. (Eu.) + +2. J. sphaerocarpa, Hook. Stems creeping, the tips ascending, subsimple, +greenish; leaves semi-vertical, rather rigid, orbicular, obliquely +spreading, decurrent dorsally, pale green; involucral leaves separate; +perianth exserted, obovate-oblong, the mouth 4-cleft; capsule +globose.--Mountains of N. Eng. (_Austin_); rare. (Eu.) + +3. J. pumila, With. Stems creeping, the tips somewhat ascending, +subsimple, rooting, pale; leaves ascending, ovate, obtuse, concave, +entire; involucral leaves like the cauline, erect; perianth terminal, +fusiform, plicate above and denticulate; capsule oval.--On shaded rocks +along rivulets, Closter, N. J. (_Austin_). (Eu.) + +Sec. 2. LOPHOZIA. _Leaves roundish or subquadrate, bidentate, bifid, or +sometimes 3--5-cleft; underleaves none, or small and mostly 2-parted; +perianth usually strongly plicate._ + +[*] _Underleaves present._ + +[+] _Leaves bifid or 2-lobed._ + +4. J. Gillmani, Aust. Stems short, densely cespitose, prostrate, +strongly radiculose; leaves vertical, round-ovate, subconcave, bifid, +the lower leaves with usually acute sinus and lobes, the upper much +larger with rounded lobes and obtuse sinus; underleaves entire or the +broader bifid; perianth without involucral leaves, dorsal, sessile, +obovate, subgibbous, ciliate, at length much incised.--In a sandstone +cave, Traine Island, L. Superior (_Gillman_). + +5. J. Wattiana, Aust. Stems rather thick, 2--4'' long, fragile, +subflexuose, strongly radiculose; leaves subvertical or spreading, +subovate, concave, emarginately 2-lobed, the lobes acute or the upper +obtuse; underleaves somewhat obsolete, hair-like or subulate, incurved; +involucral leaves little larger, less deeply lobed; perianth terminal, +small, ovate-gourd-shaped, whitish, ciliate.--On the ground, northern +shore of L. Superior (_Macoun_). + +[+][+] _Leaves 3--5-cleft._ + +6. J. barbata, Schreb. (Pl. 25.) Procumbent, sparingly branched; leaves +roundish-quadrate, with obtuse, acute, or mucronulate lobes and obtuse +undulate sinuses; underleaves broad, entire or 2-toothed, sometimes +obsolete; perianth ovate, plicate-angled toward the apex, +denticulate.--On rocks in mountain regions; common. (Eu.) + +Var. attenuata, Martius. Ascending, with numerous offshoots; stem-leaves +semi-vertical, obliquely spreading, roundish, acutely 2--4-toothed, +those of the shoots closely imbricate, premorsely 2--4-denticulate; +involucral leaves two, 3-toothed; perianth oblong.--In similar +localities. (Eu.) + +7. J. setiformis, Ehrh. Erect or ascending, dichotomous; leaves toothed +at base, 3--4-cleft, the lobes ovate-oblong, acute, channelled; +underleaves ciliate-dentate at base, deeply bifid, the divisions +lanceolate, acuminate; involucral leaves more toothed than the cauline; +perianth terminal, oval, plicate.--Alpine summits of N. H. (_Oakes_). +(Eu.) + +[*][*] _Underleaves wanting._ + +[+] _Leaves 2-toothed; involucral leaves 2--4-cleft._ + +8. J. alpestris, Schleich. Stems creeping, crowded, bifid-branching, the +ends ascending; leaves semi-vertical, ovate subquadrate, obliquely +toothed, the teeth unequal, acute or mucronulate, distant; involucral +leaves wider, 2--3-cleft; perianth twice as long, oblong, smooth, the +mouth complicate; capsule oval.--Alpine region of N. H. (_Oakes_). (Eu.) + +9. J. ventricosa, Dicks. Stems dense, close-creeping, branching from +beneath; leaves semi-vertical, subquadrate, mostly flat, broadly and +acutely emarginate-bidentate, often bearing globules; involucral leaves +larger, round, erect-spreading, 3--4-cleft, subdentate; perianth ovate, +inflated, narrowly complicate above; capsule oval.--On the ground and +rotten wood in the mountains, and far northward; common. (Eu.) + +10. J. Wallrothiana, Nees. Minute, blackish; stems creeping, strongly +rooting, subsimple; leaves clasping, semi-vertical, closely imbricate, +ovate-quadrate, concave, obtusely bidentate with an obtuse sinus, or +acute in the upper leaves; involucral leaves larger, erect, connate at +base, 3-toothed, wavy-plicate; perianth oval-cylindric, plicate and +subdentate, pellucid, reddish below.--On coarse sand in the White Mts. +(_Oakes_). (Eu.) + +[+][+] _Leaves bifid or 2-lobed, the ventral lobe often inflexed or +subcomplicate; involucral leaves merely toothed, except in n. 11._ + +11. J. laxa, Lindb. Widely creeping, mostly simple, usually +purplish-black; leaves imbricate, or distant on the erect fertile stems, +2--3-lobed, the lobes obtuse, wavy; cells very large, lax; involucral +leaves 2, wide, short, cristate-undulate, obtusely many-lobed; perianth +exserted, long-clavate, sub-plicate above, minutely ciliate. (J. polita, +_Aust._; not _Nees._)--Among Sphagnum near Closter, N. J. (_Austin_). + +12. J. excisa, Dicks. Stems closely creeping, short, subsimple, rather +rigid; leaves semi-vertical, erect-spreading, pellucid, roundish, with +straight acute lobes and deep obtuse sinus; involucral leaves erect, +quadrate, usually 4--5-toothed; perianth erect, oblong, pale, banded and +spotted with pink, plicate above, irregularly denticulate.--Sterile +grounds in open woods; common. (Eu.) + +Var. crispa, Hook. Leaves round-quadrate, closely imbricate, deeply and +obtusely 2--3-cleft; involucral leaves 3--4-cleft, connate at base, +subserrate. (J. intermedia, _Lindenb._)--In crevices of rocks, N. Y. +and N. J. (_Austin_). (Eu.) + +13. J. incisa, Schrad. Stems thick, rooting, closely creeping or +ascending; leaves crowded, semi-vertical, complicate, subquadrate, +2--6-cleft, the acute lobes unequal, more or less spinulose-dentate; +involucral leaves similar, more plicate and dentate, free; perianth +short, oval or obovate, plicate above, denticulate.--On rotten wood in +the mountains, and northward. (Eu.) + +Sec. 3. SPHENOLOBUS. _Leaves 2-lobed, subtransverse, complicate-concave; +underleaves none; involucral leaves 2--3-cleft._ (Verging toward +Marsupella on one side and Diplophyllum on the other.) + +14. J. Michauxii, Weber. Stems ascending, flexuous by repeated +innovations below the summit; leaves crowded, subvertical, +erect-spreading, subsaccate at base, subquadrate, bifid with straight +acute lobes and a narrow sinus; involucral leaves similar, the outer +serrulate, the inner smaller; perianth ovate-subclavate, obtuse, plicate +above, fringed.--Fallen trunks, mountains of N. Y. and N. Eng.; common. +(Eu.) + +15. J. minuta, Crantz. Rootless; leaves cleft 1/4--1/2 their length, the +lobes ovate, subequal, acute or obtuse, entire, or gemmiparous ones +subdentate; involucral leaves trifid; perianth oval-oblong or +subcylindric.--On rocks in high mountain regions, and northward. (Eu.) + +16. J. Helleriana, Nees. (Pl. 25.) Creeping, entangled; leaves +spreading, subascending, cleft {1/3}--1/2 their length, the lobes equal, +acute, entire or serrate; involucral leaves 2--3-cleft, spinulose +serrate; perianth ovate, the mouth contracted.--On rotten wood, N. Y., +N. Eng., and northward. (Eu.) + +Sec. 4. GYMNOCOLEA. _Leaves 2-lobed; underleaves none; involucral leaves +like the cauline; perianth pedunculate, denticulate._ + +17. J. inflata, Huds. (Pl. 25.) Procumbent or ascending, loosely +radiculose, branching; leaves semi-vertical, roundish-elliptic, +inequilateral, the sinus and unequal lobes obtuse; perianth terminal or +at length dorsal, oval or pyriform, smooth, the mouth connivent; capsule +oblong.--On sterile ground and rocks, N. J. (_Austin_), and northward in +the mountains. (Eu.) + + +25. MARSUPELLA, Dumort. (Pl. 23.) + +Stems dorsally compressed, with rootlets at the base and often producing +somewhat leafless runners. Leaves transverse, complicate-bilobed; +involucral leaves 2 or 4, connate with the perianth. Perianth tubular or +oval, subcompressed parallel to the base of the leaves. Elaters free. +Spores round, rufous (in our species). Antheridia mostly terminal. (Name +a diminutive of _marsupium_, a pouch, from the form of the perianth.) + +1. M. sphacelata, Dumort. Stems erect, subflexuous, pale brown; leaves +rather distant, concave, obovate to obcordate, somewhat clasping, the +sinus narrow; dioecious; involucral leaves larger than the cauline, +cordate; perianth free at the apex, with 4--5 broad acute teeth; +antheridia 1--3, in short terminal spikes.--Wet rocks, mountains of +N. Eng. to N. J., and southward. (Eu.) + +2. M. emarginata, Dumort. (Pl. 23.) Stems simple or innovating at the +summit, rigid, somewhat thickened upward; leaves usually broader than +long, round-cordate or subquadrate, lobes obtuse or mucronate, sinus +acute; dioecious; involucral leaves 4--8, usually larger, more deeply +and acutely emarginate; perianth urceolate, the closed apex splitting +into 4--5 triangular lobes; antheridia 2--3, oval, axillary in terminal +spikes. (Sarcoscyphus Ehrharti, _Corda._)--On wet rocks, chiefly in +mountain rivulets, N. Y. and N. Eng. Floating forms are longer with +distant leaves. (Eu.) + +3. M. adusta, Spruce. Stems minute, clavate; leaves (5--8 pairs) +imbricate, round or broadly ovate from a sheathing base, acutely lobed +with angular sinus; monoecious; perianth included, campanulate, crenate +becoming irregularly lobed; spores punctate; antheridia 1 or 2, oval, in +the axils of the lower involucral leaves. (Gymnomitrium adustum, +_Nees._)--Alpine region of the White Mts. (_Oakes, Austin_). (Eu.) + + +26. NARDIA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 25) + +Stems laterally compressed, usually without runners. Leaves succubous, +subconcave or flat, the apex rounded, rarely retuse or bidentate; +underleaves none (in our species). Monoecious or dioecious. Involucral +leaves 2--4 pairs, connate at base. Perianth subcompressed laterally, +connate with the involucral leaves. Antheridia terminal on somewhat +spike-like stems. (Named for _S. Nardi_, an Italian abbot.) + +Sec. 1. EUCALYX. _Perianth connate at base with the inner involucral +leaves, somewhat surpassing them, 3--8-carinate, the mouth constricted._ + +1. N. hyalina, Carring. Creeping, with ascending tips, the branches +dichotomous-fastigiate, with claret-colored rootlets; leaves loosely +imbricate, decurrent, roundish, repand-undulate; monoecious or +dioecious; involucral leaves broader, appressed, one connate with the +lower third of the perianth, which is somewhat exserted, obovate, +plicate with acute rough angles, rostellate, at length 4-cleft; capsule +round-ovate. (Jungermannia hyalina, _Lyell_.)--On banks in woods, +Closter, N. J. (_Austin_), Ohio (_Lesquereux_). (Eu.) + +2. N. crenulata, Lindb. (Pl. 25.) Prostrate, branching; leaves +orbicular, entire, larger toward the involucre and with large marginal +cells; dioecious; involucral leaves 2, rarely 3, adnate to the base of +the perianth, which is flattened or terete, more or less regularly +4--5-plicate, the angles smooth; mouth much contracted, toothed. +(Jungermannia crenulata, _Smith_.)--On the ground in old fields, N. Y. +and southward. (Eu.) + +3. N. crenuliformis, Lindb. Densely cespitose; fertile stems creeping, +thickened upward, with numerous purple rootlets, the sterile +subascending, attenuate upward; leaves subdecurrent, obliquely +spreading, orbicular, concave, entire or nearly so; perianth small, +subobovate, more or less connate with the involucral leaves, not +exserted or slightly so, rooting at base, triquetrous above, becoming +4--7-plicate; calyptra often violet-purple; capsule oval-globose. +(Jungermannia crenuliformis, _Aust._)--On rocks in rivulets, Closter, +N. J. (_Austin_), Coshocton Co., Ohio (_Sullivant_). + +4. N. biformis, Lindb. Densely cespitose, much branched, innovating from +beneath; rootlets numerous; leaves scarcely imbricate, alternate, +spreading, obliquely semicircular or broadly ovate, retuse or entire, +decurrent dorsally; cells large, hyaline; branch-leaves half as large, +ovate or obovate, scarcely decurrent; dioecious; antheridia solitary; +fruit unknown. (Jungermannia biformis, _Aust._)--On steep wet rocks, +Delaware Water Gap, N. J. (_Austin_). + +Sec. 2. CHASCOSTOMA. _Perianth exserted, subcampanulate and open, deeply +laciniate, connate with the involucral leaves._ + +5. N. fossombronioides, Lindb. Stems densely cespitose, ascending; +rootlets numerous, purple; leaves 2-ranked, subvertical, +spreading-subrecurved, rooting, closely imbricate, orbicular, clasping +by a slightly cordate base, subventricose, undulate-repand, the apex +uniplicate and slightly emarginate; monoecious; perianth very large, +6--10-plicate, the lobes entire; calyptra violet; capsule short-oval. +(Jungermannia fossombronioides, _Aust._)--On rocks in a rivulet, +Closter, N. J. (_Austin_), and southward. + + +27. GYMNOMITRIUM, Corda. (Pl. 23.) + +Leaves closely imbricated, 2-ranked on fascicled ascending julaceous +stems, emarginate-bidentate; underleaves none. Dioecious. Involucre +double, the inner shorter, of 2 or more dentate and deeply cleft leaves. +Calyptra short, campanulate. Capsule globose, the valves at length +reflexed. Elaters caducous. Antheridia in the axils of leaves, oval, +stipitate. (Name from [Greek: gymno/s], _naked_, and [Greek: mitri/on], +_a little cap_.) + +1. G. concinnatum, Corda. Stems simple or imbricately branching, +thickened at the apex; leaves ovate, bifid, with a narrow scarious +margin. (Cesia concinnata, _S. F. Gray_.)--Alpine regions of the White +Mts. (_Oakes_).--Grayish or silvery-olive. (Eu.) + + +28. FOSSOMBRONIA, Raddi. (Pl. 23.) + +Stems thalloid, with large subquadrate succubous leaves; underleaves +none. Dioecious or monoecious. Fruit terminal or by innovation dorsal on +the main stem. Involucral leaves 5--6 (in our species), small, subulate, +adnate. Perianth open-campanulate or obpyramidal, crenate-lobed. +Calyptra free, sub-globose. Capsule short-pedicelled, globose, +irregularly valved. Elaters very short, 1--3- (mostly 2-) spiral, free. +Spores large, very rough. Antheridia 2--3, short-pedicelled, naked. +Perfect archegonia 2--3. (Named for _V. Fossombroni_, an Italian +Minister of State.) + +[*] _Plant large or of medium size; stems mostly simple._ + +1. F. pusilla, Dumort. (Pl. 23.) Stems 6--10'' long; leaves retuse, +entire or irregularly indented; perianth obconic, dentate; elaters short +and thick; spores brown, depressed-globose-tetrahedral, 40 mu broad, +crested, the slender crests pellucid, rarely becoming confluent.--On +damp ground. Its occurrence in America is doubtful. (Eu.) + +2. F. Dumortieri, Lindb. Cespitose, greenish or brownish-yellow; stems +3--6'' long, 1'' wide, shortly bifurcate; rootlets copious, purple; +leaves numerous, smaller toward each end of the stem; monoecious; +perianth large, broadly obpyramidal; calyptra nearly as long; elaters +scanty; spores globose-tetrahedral yellowish-brown, regularly +pitted.--White Mts. (_Farlow_), N. J. (_Austin_), and perhaps +elsewhere; confused with n. 1. + +3. F. angulosa, Raddi. Stems narrowly forked at the apex; leaves +horizontal, subquadrate, the upper undulate-lobed; dioecious; perianth +dilated-conic, crenate; spores brownish-yellow, globose-tetrahedral, not +depressed, 30 mu broad, deeply reticulated, the reticulations large, +5--6-angled.--Brackish meadows, common; fruiting in early spring. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Plant minute; stems forked or fastigiately divided._ + +4. F. cristula, Aust. Stems 1--2'' long; leaves whitish, quadrate or +round-obovate, subentire, strongly crisped-undulate; capsule immersed on +a short pedicel; elaters short, more or less diverse, with a single +narrow annular and spiral fibre; spores pale fuscous, more or less +tuberculate.--On moist sand in unfrequented paths, Batsto, N. J. +(_Austin_). + + +29. PALLAVICINIA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 22.) + +Thallus with a distinct costa. Fruit arising from the costa, at first +terminal, becoming dorsal. Dioecious. Involucre cup-shaped, +short-lacerate. Perianth long-tubular, denticulate. Calyptra irregularly +lacerate. Capsule slender-cylindric. Elaters slender, free. Spores +minute. Antheridia dorsal, covered with minute fimbriate scales. (Named +for _L. Pallavicini_, Archbishop of Genoa.) + +1. P. Lyellii, S. F. Gray. Thallus thin, 1--4' long, 3--5'' wide, simple +or bifid, the margin entire, slightly crenate or serrate; cells large, +oblong-hexagonal; perianth erect, fleshy (5 cells thick below), the +somewhat constricted mouth lobate-ciliolate; pedicel long, exceeding the +thallus; capsule cylindric, five times as long as broad. (Steetzia +Lyellii, _Lehm._)--Among mosses in swamps and on dripping rocks; common, +especially southward. (Eu.) + + +30. BLASIA, Micheli. (Pl. 23.) + +Thallus simple or forked or stellate, with sinuous margins. Dioecious. +Fruit from an oval cavity in the costa. Involucre mostly none. Calyptra +obovate. Capsule oval-globose. Antheridia immersed in the thallus, +covered with dentate scales. Gemmae globose, issuing by a slender +ascending tube from large flask-shaped receptacles which are immersed in +the thallus. (Named for _Blasius Biagi_, a monk of Valombrosa and +companion of Micheli.) + +1. B. pusilla, L. Thallus 3/4--11/2' long, 2--3'' wide, narrowly obovate, +the margins pinnatifid-sinuous.--Wet banks; common. (Eu.) + + +31. PELLIA, Raddi. (Pl. 23.) + +Thallus with a broad indeterminate costa. Monoecious or dioecious. +Fructification dorsal near the end of the thallus. Involucre short, +cup-shaped, lacerate-dentate. Calyptra membranous, oval, longer or +shorter than the involucre. Capsule globose. Elaters long, free. +Antheridia globose, immersed in the costa. (Named for _A. L. Pelli_, an +Italian botanist.) + +[*] _Monoecious._ + +1. P. epiphylla, Raddi. (Pl. 23.) Thallus oblong, lobed and sinuate, +somewhat fleshy, much thickened in the middle; capsule exserted.--On the +ground in wet places; not uncommon eastward. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Dioecious._ + +2. P. endiviaefolia, Dumort. Thallus flat, green or purplish, broadly +linear, dichotomous, the margin mostly undulate or crisped.--On the +ground and in ditches; common, but often confused with n. 1. (Eu.) + +3. P. calycina, Nees. Thallus dichotomous, proliferous, the early +divisions linear-oblong, the margins ascending and remotely sinuate, the +later divisions linear-palmatifid, coarsely nerved; cells large, +hexagonal; involucre ciliate-fringed or lacerate; calyptra smooth, +included.--Wet limestones and shales. (Eu.) + + +32. METZGERIA, Raddi. (Pl. 23.) + +Thallus linear, dichotomous, with well defined costa. Dioecious. +Fructification arising from the under side of the costa. Involucre +1-leaved, scale-like, at length ventricose. Calyptra clavate or +pyriform, fleshy. Capsule short-pedicelled. Elaters unispiral, some +remaining attached to the tips of the valves. Spores minute, mostly +smooth. Antheridia globose, enclosed in a scale on the under surface of +the costa. (Named for _J. Metzger_, a German botanist.) + +[*] _Densely villous throughout._ + +1. M. pubescens, Raddi. Thallus 1--2' long, 1'' wide, alternately +pinnate or somewhat decompound, the short linear branches of uniform +width, flat, the margin undulate; hairs longer beneath, single or in +twos and threes near the margin, irregularly curved; midrib nearly +without cortical layer, with 6--10 (mostly 8) rows of very uniform +peripheral cells; dioecious.--In mountain regions, eastward. (Eu.) + +[*][*] _Hairy on the margins and midrib beneath, smooth above; dioecious +(n. 4 monoecious)._ + +2. M. myriopoda, Lindb. Thallus elongated (2' long, 1/2'' wide), +dichotomous, the long linear branches of uniform width, convex above, +the reflexed margins not undulate; midrib densely pilose beneath; hairs +rather long, straight or nodding, the marginal mostly in clusters of +3--6, some with discoid tips; midrib covered above with 2 rows of +enlarged cells, and beneath with 3--7 (usually 4--6) rows of smaller +cells, lax and often indistinct. (M. furcata, _Sulliv._, in part; not +_Nees._)--Shaded rocks and trees in the Alleghanies (_Sullivant_), and +southward. + +3. M. hamata, Lindb. Like the last; thallus much elongated (4' long, +1--11/2'' wide); hairs very long, divaricate and hooked-deflexed, the +marginal in twos, rarely with discoid tips; midrib covered above and +below with two rows of enlarged lax cells. (M. furcata, _Sulliv._, in +part.)--Alleghany Mts. (_Sullivant_). + +4. M. conjugata, Lindb. Thallus 11/2' long, 1/2--1'' wide, usually +dichotomous, the short branches irregular in width, convex above, the +margins more or less undulate; hairs rather long, straight, divaricate, +the marginal usually in twos, very often disk-bearing; midribs covered +above with 2, below with 3--6 rows of enlarged lax cells.--On shaded +rocks and trunks of trees, central N. Y., and southward. (Eu.) + + +33. ANEURA, Dumort. (Pl. 23.) + +Thallus fleshy, prostrate or assurgent from a creeping base; costa +obscure. Dioecious or monoecious. Fructification arising from the under +side near the margin. Involucre cup-shaped, short and lacerate, or none. +Calyptra large, fleshy, more or less clavate. Capsule large, +oblong-cylindric. Elaters unispiral, in part adherent to the tips of the +valves. Spores minute, smooth or minutely roughened. Antheridia immersed +in the surface of receptacles proceeding from the margin of the thallus. +(Name from [Greek: a]- privative, and [Greek: neu~ron], a nerve.) + +[*] _Thallus narrow (about 1'' wide), palmately divided._ + +1. A. latifrons, Lindb. Thallus cespitose, ascending or erect, usually +dark green, 6--9'' long, mostly pellucid; branches linear, obtuse and +emarginate, plano-convex; cells large, oblong-rhombic; monoecious; +archegonia 3--10, short, conic; calyptra white, verrucose, +pyriform-clavate; capsule oval, brown; spores 121/2--141/2 mu broad, globose, +minutely and densely papillose; antheridia globose. (A. palmata of +authors; not _Dumort_.)--On rotten logs; common. + +[*][*] _Thallus narrow (about 1'' wide), pinnate or bipinnate._ + +2. A. multifida, Dumort. Thallus prostrate, brownish-green, pinnately +divided, the primary portion biconvex, somewhat rigid, the branches +horizontal, pectinately pinnate with narrow linear divisions; +monoecious; fructification rising from the primary part or from the +branches; involucre fleshy; calyptra tuberculate.--Var. MAJOR, Nees. +Primary portion and branches thick, the branches interruptedly pinnate +with short obtuse divisions.--On decayed wood and moss in swamps, N. J. +(_Austin_), and south in the mountains. (Eu.) + +3. A. pinnatifida, Nees. Thallus pinnately divided or subsimple, flat or +somewhat channelled; branches horizontal, the broader pinnatifid or +dentate, obtuse; calyptra somewhat smooth.--On dripping rocks, Hokokus, +N. J. (_Austin_), N. Haven, Conn. (_Eaton_). (Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Thallus wider (2'' or more), simple or irregularly lobed._ + +4. A. sessilis, Spreng. Thallus decumbent, irregularly lobed, 1--2' +long, 3--5'' wide; involucre none; pedicel 3/4--1' long, sometimes folded +upon itself and remaining within the calyptra, the capsule thus +appearing sessile; antheridia on elongated receptacles.--Wooded swamps. +Elongated floating forms, 5--6' long, have been found in the White Mts. +(_Farlow, Faxon_). + +5. A. pinguis, Dumort. Thallus 1--2' long, decumbent or ascending, +fleshy, linear-oblong, simple or slightly lobed, the margin sinuate; +dioecious; involucre short, lacerate; calyptra cylindric, smooth; +capsule brownish, furrowed; antheridia in 2-lobed receptacles.--Wet +banks, N. J. to Ohio, and southward. (Eu.) + + +ORDER 138. ANTHOCEROTACEAE. (HORNED LIVERWORTS.) + +Plant-body a thallus, irregularly branching, flaccid, without epidermis +or pores, and more or less vesiculose. Involucre single, tubular. +Calyptra rupturing early near the base, and borne on the apex of the +capsule. Capsule dorsal, pod-like, erect or curved outward, more or +less perfectly 2-valved, usually stomatose, tapering into a pedicel or +often sessile with a bulbous base. Columella filiform. Elaters with or +without spiral fibres. Spores flattish, more or less convex-prismatic, +papillose or smooth. + +1. Anthoceros. Capsule narrowly linear, exsertly pedicelled, 2-valved. +Elaters present. + +2. Notothylas. Capsule very short, sessile, not valved below the middle. +Elaters not obvious. + + +1. ANTHOCEROS, Micheli. (Pl. 22.) + +Thallus dark green or blackish, usually depressed, variously lobed, with +large chlorophyll-grains, frequently glandular-thickened at the apex or +in lines along the middle so as to appear nerved. Monoecious or +dioecious. Capsule linear, 2-valved, exsertly pedicelled. Elaters +simple or branched, often geniculate, more or less heteromorphous, the +fibres wanting or indistinct. (Name from [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_, +and [Greek: ke/ras], _horn_, from the shape of the capsule.) + +1. A. laevis, L. (Pl. 22.) Thallus smooth, nearly flat above; dioecious; +involucre 1--2'' long, trumpet-shaped when dry, repand-toothed; capsule +pale brown or yellowish, 1--11/2' long; elaters rather short, yellowish; +spores yellow, nearly smooth, angular.--Wet clay banks, from Canada +south and westward. (Eu.) + +2. A. punctatus, L. Thallus small, depressed, or often cespitose and +erect, more or less glandular; monoecious; involucre rather short, +oblong-linear, slightly repand, sometimes scarious at the mouth; capsule +1' high, black; elaters fuscous, flattish, geniculate; spores black, +strongly muriculate, sharply angled.--Wet banks, Canada to Mo., and +southward. (Eu.) + + +2. NOTOTHYLAS, Sulliv. (Pl. 22.) + +Thallus orbicular, tender, laciniate and undulate or crisped, +papillose-reticulate. Monoecious. Involucre sessile, continuous with the +thallus, opening irregularly above. Capsule very short, oblong-globose +or ovate-cylindric, pedicelled from a thickened bulb, 2-valved to the +middle or rupturing irregularly. Elaters none, or fragmentary and +inconspicuous. Spores subglobose, smoothish. Antheridia +elliptic-globose, immersed in the thallus. (Name from [Greek: no~tos], +_the back_, and [Greek: thyla/s], _a bag_, from the shape and position +of the involucre.) + +1. N. orbicularis, Sulliv. (Pl. 22.) Thallus 3--8'' wide; capsules +1--2'' long, erect or decurved, wholly included or slightly exserted, of +thin and loose texture, with a suture on each side; spores light +yellowish-brown. (Including N. valvata, _Sulliv._)--Wet places, Canada +to the Gulf. + +2. N. melanospora, Sulliv. Thallus small, depressed or sometimes +cespitose, of lax texture; capsule often without sutures; spores dark +brown, a half larger.--Moist ground, Ohio (_Sullivant_). + + +ORDER 139. MARCHANTIACEAE. LIVERWORTS. + +Plant-body a thallus, dichotomous or subpalmately branching, usually +innovating from the apex or beneath it, more or less thickened in the +middle, and bearing numerous rootlets beneath and usually colored or +imbricating scales. Epidermis usually more or less distinct and strongly +porose above. Capsules globose, rarely oval, opening irregularly, +pendent from the under side of a peduncled disk-like receptacle +(_carpocephalum_). Elaters present, mostly 2-spiral. + +[*] Thallus plainly costate, distinctly porose except in n. 6. + +[+] Gemmae present on sterile stems. + +1. Marchantia. Gemmae in cup-shaped receptacles. Fertile receptacle +7--11-rayed. + +8. Lunularia. Gemmae in crescent-shaped receptacles. Fertile receptacle +cruciform. + +[+][+] Gemmae wanting. + +[++] Receptacle conic-hemispherical, 2--4-lobed; perianth lobed or +fringed. + +2. Preissia. Receptacle 2--4-lobed, with as many alternate rib-like +rays. Perianth 4--5-lobed. + +3. Fimbriaria. Receptacle 4-lobed. Perianth conspicuous, split into +8--16 fringe-like segments. + +[++][++] Receptacle more or less conical; perianth none. + +4. Conocephalus. Thallus very large, strongly areolate. Receptacle +conical, membranous. + +5. Grimaldia. Thallus small. Peduncle chaffy at base and apex. +Receptacle conic-hemispheric, truncately 3--4-lobed. + +6. Asterella. Thallus eporose. Receptacle conic-hemispheric, becoming +flattened, acutely 4- (1--6-) lobed. + +[*][*] Thallus thin, ecostate or barely costate. + +7. Dumortiera. Receptacle convex, 2--8-lobed. Perianth none. + + +1. MARCHANTIA, Marchant f. (Pl. 22.) + +Thallus large, forking, areolate, porose, with broad diffused midrib; +gemmae in a cup-shaped receptacle. Dioecious. Fertile receptacle +peduncled from an apical sinus of the thallus, radiately lobed. +Involucres alternate with the rays, membranous, lacerate, enclosing 3--6 +1-fruited cleft perianths. Calyptra persistent. Capsule globose, +exserted, pendulous, dehiscing by several revolute segments. Elaters +long, attenuate to each end. Spores smooth. Antheridia immersed in a +peduncled disk-like radiate or lobed receptacle. (Named for _Nicholas +Marchant_, a French botanist.) + +1. M. polymorpha, L. Thallus 2--5' long, 1/2--11/2' wide, numerously porose, +venulose; receptacle divided into usually 9 terete rays; peduncles 1--3' +high; antheridial disk crenately or palmately 2--8-lobed, on a peduncle +1' high or less.--Everywhere common. (Eu.) + + +2. PREISSIA, Nees. (Pl. 22.) + +Thallus obcordate, sparingly forked, increasing by joints; pores +conspicuous; gemmae none. Dioecious or monoecious. Fertile receptacle +hemispheric, 1--4-lobed, with as many alternating shorter rib-like rays. +Outer involucres attached beneath the lobes, 1--3-fruited, opening +outward by an irregular line; perianth obconic-campanulate, angular, +unequally 4--5-lobed. Calyptra persistent. Capsule large, distinctly +pedicelled, dehiscing by 4--8 revolute segments. Elaters short. Spores +coarsely tuberculate. (Named for _L. Preiss_, a German botanist.) + +1. P. commutata, Nees. Thallus 1--2' long, with conspicuous white pores +above, and dark purple scales beneath; usually monoecious; peduncle +1/2--1' high; capsules conspicuous, dark purple; antheridia in a peduncled +disk-like receptacle. (P. hemisphaerica, _Cogn._)--On slaty and limestone +rocks, from N. J. north and westward. (Eu.) + + +3. FIMBRIARIA, Nees. (Pl. 22.) + +Thallus thickened in the middle by a keeled costa, usually conspicuously +porose, with dark purple scales beneath; gemmae none. Monoecious. +Receptacle rising from the apex, conic or hemispheric, concave beneath +and expanded into usually 4 large campanulate 1-fruited involucres. +Perianth oblong-oval or subconic, exserted half its length and cleft +into 8--16 fringe-like segments. Calyptra with a long style, fugacious. +Capsule nearly sessile, irregularly circumscissile. Elaters rather +short, 1--4-spiral. Spores angular, subreticulated. Antheridia immersed +in the thallus. (Name from _fimbria_, a fringe, alluding to the +perianth.) + +1. F. tenella, Nees. Thallus of one or more long-wedge-shaped emarginate +divisions about 6--9'' long, grayish-green and porose above, purple on +the margins; peduncle 1' high or more, usually purple; receptacle +obtusely conic; perianth white, 8-cleft.--On damp ground in sandy fields +or on rocks, central N. Y. to Mo., and southward. + + +4. CONOCEPHALUS, Neck. (Pl. 22.) + +Thallus dichotomous, copiously reticulate and porose, with a narrow +costa; gemmae none. Receptacle conic-mitriform, membranous. Involucres +5--8, tubular, 1-fruited, suspended from the apex of the peduncle; +perianth none. Calyptra persistent, campanulate, 2--4-lobed at the +apex. Capsule pedicelled, oblong-pyriform, dehiscing by 5--8 revolute +segments. Elaters short, thick. Spores muriculate. Antheridia imbedded +in an oval disk sessile near the apex of the thallus. (Name from [Greek: +ko nos], _a cone_, and [Greek: kephale/], _a head_.) + +1. C. conicus, Dumort. Thallus 2--6' long, 1/2--3/4' wide; receptacle conic, +striate, crenate. (Fegatella conica, _Corda._)--Shady banks; common. +(Eu.) + + +5. GRIMALDIA, Raddi. (Pl. 23.) + +Thallus thick, more or less channelled, dichotomous, innovating from the +apex, with thick epidermis, closely areolate and porose-scabrous above, +purple and more or less scaly beneath; gemmae none. Monoecious or +dioecious. Receptacle peduncled, hemispherical or conoidal, 3--4-lobed. +Involucres as many, 1-fruited, each a distention of the lobe. Capsule +filling the involucre, circumscissile in the middle, the calyptra +persistent at its base. Antheridia in an oval or obcordate disk immersed +in the apex of the thallus. (Named for _D. Grimaldi_, an Italian +botanist.) + +1. G. barbifrons, Bisch. (Pl. 23.) Thallus linear-obcuneate, 3--6'' +long, 1--2'' wide, 2-lobed at the apex, pale green with usually distinct +whitish pores, the scales beneath often extending far beyond the margin +and becoming whitish; peduncle profusely chaffy at base and apex, +sometimes much reduced; antheridial disks obcordate. (Including G. +sessilis, _Sulliv._)--Thin soil on rocks, Conn. and N. J. to Iowa; rare +or local. (Eu.) + +2. G. rupestris, Lindenb. Thallus 3--6'' long, 1--3'' wide, with +membranous margins; receptacle small, hemispherical, 1--4-fruited, the +peduncle about 1' high, sparingly scaly at base, barbulate at the apex; +involucre short, crenulate; spores tuberculate. (Duvalia rupestris, +_Nees_.)--On calcareous or shaly rocks, N. Y. and Ohio. (Eu.) + + +6. ASTERELLA, Beauv. (Pl. 22.) + +Thallus rigid, very indistinctly porose, the midrib broad, strong and +distinct. Receptacle conic-hemispheric, becoming flattened, 1--6- +(usually 4-) lobed. Monoecious. Involucres coherent with the lobes, +1-fruited, 2-valved. Calyptra minute, lacerate, persistent at the base +of the capsule. Capsule greenish, rupturing by irregular narrow teeth or +by a fragmentary operculum. Elaters moderately long, mostly 2-spiral. +Spores tuberculate. Antheridia in sessile lunate disks. (Diminutive of +_aster_, a star, from the form of the receptacle.) + +1. A. hemisphaerica, Beauv. Thallus forking and increasing by joints, +pale green, purple beneath; receptacle papillose on the summit (less so +at maturity); peduncle bearded at base and apex, 3/4--1' long, often 2--3 +times longer after maturity. (Reboulia hemisphaerica, _Raddi._)--Shaded +banks, chiefly along streams; more common southward.--A smaller form or +perhaps variety (Reboulia microcephala, _Nees_; R. Sullivantii, _Lehm._) +occurs in Penn., Ohio, and southward. (Eu.) + + +7. DUMORTIERA, Nees. (Pl. 22.) + +Thallus large, thin, soft, with a slight costa, dichotomous, usually +with scattered hair-like rootlets beneath; gemmae none. Receptacle +convex, 2--8-lobed. Involucres 1-fruited, connate with the lobes +beneath, horizontal, opening by a vertical terminal slit. Capsule +distinctly pedicelled, oblong-globose, dehiscing by 4--6 irregular +valves. Elaters 2--3-spiral, parietal, very long, straight, attenuate +both ways. Spores muriculate. Antheridia in a short peduncled disk +paleaceous beneath. (Named for _B. C. Dumortier_, a Belgian botanist.) + +1. D. hirsuta, Nees. Thallus 2--5' long, 6--9'' wide, deep green, +becoming blackish, entire on the margins, naked above or with a delicate +appressed pubescence; dioecious; receptacle many-fruited, the margin +closely hairy; peduncle rather long, chaffy at the apex.--On moist +calcareous rocks, Easton, Penn. (_Porter_), and southward. + + +8. LUNULARIA, Micheli. (Pl. 25.) + +Thallus oblong with rounded lobes, distinctly areolate and porose, with +imbricate sublunate scales beneath; gemmae in crescent-shaped +receptacles. Dioecious. Fertile receptacle usually cruciately divided +into 4 horizontal segments or involucres, which are tubular, vertically +bilabiate and 1-fruited. Calyptra included, persistent. Capsule +exserted, 4--8-valved. Elaters short, very slender, mostly free. Spores +nearly smooth. Antheridia borne in the apical sinus of the thallus. +(Name from _lunula_, a little moon.) + +L. VULGARIS, Raddi. Thallus 1--2' long, forked, innovating from the +apex, with a somewhat diffuse costa; peduncle very hairy, 1--11/2' +long.--Introduced into greenhouses; always sterile, but easily +recognized by the characteristic receptacles. (L. cruciata, _Dumort._) +(Int. from Eu.) + + +ORDER 140. RICCIACEAE. + +Plant-body a dichotomously branching thallus, terrestrial or aquatic. +Capsules short-pedicelled, or sessile on the thallus, or immersed in its +substance, free or connate with the calyptra, globose, at length +rupturing irregularly. Calyptra crowned with a more or less deciduous +point. Elaters none. Spores usually angular, reticulate or muriculate. +Antheridia ovate, immersed in the thallus in flask-shaped cavities with +protruding orifices (_ostioles_). + +1. Riccia. Capsule immersed in the thallus. Involucre none. + +2. Sphaerocarpus. Capsule sessile on the thallus. Involucre +inflated-pyriform. + + +1. RICCIA, Micheli. (Pl. 22.) + +Thallus at first radiately divided, the centre often soon decaying; the +divisions bifid or di--tri-chotomous, flat or depressed or channelled +above, usually convex and naked or squamulose beneath; margins naked or +spinulose-ciliate; epidermis usually distinct, eporose; air-cavities +evident or wanting. Capsule immersed, sessile. Calyptra with a +persistent style. Spores alveolate or muriculate, usually flattened and +angular. (Named for _P. F. Ricci_, an Italian nobleman, patron of +Micheli.) + +Sec. 1. LICHENODES. _Fruit mostly protuberant above; spores about 84 mu +broad, issuing through openings in the upper surface of the thallus; +terrestrial species (on damp, usually trodden or cultivated ground), +without air-cavities._ + +[*] _Thallus naked, without cilia or scales._ + +1. R. Frostii, Aust. Thallus orbicular, 6--12'' broad, thinnish, +grayish-green, the apex and narrowly membranous margins sometimes +purplish, minutely pitted; divisions linear or subspatulate, subtruncate +and slightly emarginate; rootlets smooth or obsoletely papillose within; +capsules very prominent beneath; spores barely 50 mu broad, nearly round, +somewhat margined, with depressed sides when dry, fuscous.--Ohio, Ill., +and westward. + +[*][*] _Thallus with white scales beneath (dark purple in n. 4), the +margin naked._ + +2. R. sorocarpa, Bisch. Thallus 3--8'' in diameter, pale green becoming +whitish, finely reticulate, subradiately or dichotomously divided, the +oblong-linear segments subacute, deeply sulcate, with a few +inconspicuous scales toward the apex not extending beyond the margin; +margins erect when dry; spores issuing through chinks early appearing +along the groove above.--Thin rocky soil and cultivated fields, Closter, +N. J. (_Austin_), western N. Y. (_Clinton_), and Ill. (_Hall_). (Eu.) + +3. R. lamellosa, Raddi. Thallus pale green, elegantly reticulated, +subradiately divided, the divisions obovate or obcordate, bifid or +2-lobed, 2--5'' long, channelled at the apex, with membranous ascending +margins, and furnished beneath with transverse scales which extend +considerably beyond the margin; spores much as in n. 2.--Thin rocky +soil, Closter, N. J. (_Austin_). + +4. R. nigrella, DC. Thallus dichotomously divided, the divisions linear, +channelled, with entire narrowly membranous margins, green above, dark +purple beneath and furnished with transverse semicircular scales not +exceeding the margin.--Rocky ground, N. Y. (_Torrey_), and Chester, +Penn. (_Porter_). (Eu.) + +[*][*][*] _Thallus more or less ciliate, naked beneath or obsoletely +squamous along the extreme edge._ + +5. R. arvensis, Aust. Thallus much divided, 3--9'' broad, +papillose-reticulate, dull green both sides, becoming fuscous above, the +flat margins at length purple; divisions sulcate, dichotomous, the +linear-elliptic or subspatulate lobes acutish and obsoletely emarginate; +cilia whitish, very short and inconspicuous or nearly wanting; capsules +aggregated toward the apex; spores 71--84 mu broad, dark fuscous, +reticulate, with pellucid margin.--Var. HIRTA, Aust., decidedly ciliate +and with spine-like hairs scattered over the upper surface; divisions +broader, more obtuse; spores nearly black, larger (84--101 mu) and +smoother.--Cultivated fields and (the var.) rocky places, Closter, N. J. +(_Austin_). + +6. R. Lescuriana, Aust. Stellately or subcruciately divided, the +obcordate or cuneate-linear divisions 2--6'' long, punctate-reticulate, +subglaucous or ashy-green both sides or becoming purple beneath, the +slightly concave lobes emarginate, closely ciliate with short obtuse +spine-like white hairs; capsules scattered, chiefly near the base of the +divisions; spores 71--83 mu broad, dark brown, reticulate, not +margined.--Cultivated fields and rocky grounds, N. J. to Ill., and +southward. + +Sec. 2. SPONGODES. _Thallus with large air-cavities usually opening by pits +through the upper surface, and with slight depressions over the capsules +which are prominent beneath; spores 41--51 mu broad, obtusely angular or +globose; terrestrial._ + +7. R. crystallina, L. Orbicular, 6--9'' broad, the obcordate or cuneate +divisions bifid or 2-lobed, flat above and the surface much broken up +into pits, the margins subcrenate; capsules scattered; spores issuing +through the upper surface.--On mud flats, Ill. (_Hall_), west and +southward. (Eu.) + +8. R. lutescens, Schwein. Orbicular, 1--11/2' in diameter, light green; +divisions 6--8, linear, 2--3 times forked, narrowly channelled, +obcordate and thickened at the apex, with delicate whitish obliquely +ovate appressed scales, rootlets wanting beneath above the middle; +fruiting plant unknown.--Dried up pools and ditches, Canada to Mo., and +southward. An analogous form has been developed by Lindberg from R. +natans. + +9. R. tenuis, Aust. Thallus thin, olive or yellowish-green, shining, the +2--4 divisions roundish-obovate, 2--4'' long, flat, with sinuate +margins, green beneath with a slender costa and few rootlets; capsule +very delicate, closely adherent to the substance of the thallus, +minutely apiculate; spores round or short-oval, conspicuously depressed +at one end when dry.--Wet ground in open woods, Closter and Lawrence, +N. J. (_Austin_), and Mo. (_Hall_). + +Sec. 3. RICCIELLA. _Thallus linear, dichotomous, floating or rarely +terrestrial; capsule protuberant from the lower surface._ + +10. R. fluitans, L. Thallus often in extended patches, thin, green, +radiately expanding, the often imbricate divisions 1/2--11/2'' wide, +parallel-nerved, flat, without rootlets, cavernous only toward the +slightly dilated very obtuse or subtruncate apex; capsules present only +in some terrestrial forms, very prominent below, rupturing beneath the +apex.--Very variable. The most notable form is var. SULLIVANTI, Aust., +with divisions about 1/2'' wide, channelled, cavernous throughout, the +margins crisped-crenulate, and rootlets numerous on the costa tumid with +abundant capsules, which are tipped with a long funnel-mouthed point; +spores obscurely angled, reticulate and margined. (R. Sullivanti, +_Aust._)--In ponds or ditches or growing in wet places upon the ground; +the variety often in cultivated fields. (Eu.) + +Sec. 4. RICCIOCARPUS. _Thallus obcordate, floating or rarely terrestrial; +capsules not protruding, at length exposed by a cleft in the central +groove._ + +11. R. natans, L. (Pl. 22.) Divisions obcordate or cuneate, broadly +emarginate, 3--6'' long, purplish, very narrowly channelled, with +numerous uniform air-cavities beneath the epidermis, rooting toward the +base and at length with dark purple scales beneath the apex; capsules in +1 or 2 rows beneath the groove; spores black, angular, strongly +papillose.--Canada to the Gulf. (Eu.) + + +2. SPHAEROCARPUS, Micheli. (Pl. 22.) + +Thallus lobed, without costa or epidermis. Involucres sessile, obconic +or pyriform, perforated at the apex, continuous with the thallus at +base. Calyptra closely investing the single globose indehiscent capsule, +crowned with a deciduous point. Spores globose, muriculate, remaining +united in a coccus. Antheridia borne in follicular bodies on the +surface of a separate thallus.--An anomalous genus, perhaps more closely +related to the Jungermanniaceae. (Name from [Greek: sphai~ros], _a +sphere_, and [Greek: karpo/s], _fruit_.) + +1. S. terrestris, Smith. Thallus orbicular, 3--6'' broad, covered by the +clustered inflated involucres, which are nearly 1'' long, 3--4 times the +length of the capsule; coccus 102--127 mu wide, indistinctly lobed. (S. +Michelii, _Bellardi_.)--In cultivated fields, mostly southern. (Eu.) + + + + +ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. + + +Page 59.--ARGEMONE MEXICANA. Collected at Merodosia, Ill., with white +flowers, by _A. B. Seymour_. + +Page 75.--Insert after Cleome integrifolia-- + +C. SPINOSA, L. Viscid-pubescent, 3--4 deg. high; a pair of short stipular +spines under the petiole of each leaf; leaflets 5--7, oblong-lanceolate; +flowers large, rose-purple to white; stamens 2--3' long; stipe of the +linear pod about 2' long. (C. pungens, _Willd._)--An escape from +cultivation, near Mt. Carmel, Ill. (_Schneck_), and in waste grounds +southward; also on ballast. (Int. from Trop. Amer.) + +Page 86.--Arenaria Groenlandica. Found on Mt. Desert Island, Maine +(_Rand_). + +Page 87.--Stellaria borealis. In the mountains of northern N. J. + +S. humifusa. This species has also been found on Cranberry Island, near +Mt. Desert, Maine, by _J. H. Redfield_. + +Page 91.--Under Talinum teretifolium add the character--style equalling +the stamens.--Insert + +2. T. calycinum, Engelm. Leaves somewhat broader; flowers and capsules +larger; stamens 30 or more; style twice longer than the stamens, +declined.--Central Kan. to W. Tex. + +Under Claytonia insert-- + +3. C. Chamissonis, Esch. Weak, procumbent or ascending, rooting below +and perennial by lateral and terminal filiform runners; leaves several +pairs, oblong-spatulate, 1--2' long; inflorescence racemosely +1--9-flowered; petals pale rose-color; capsule small, 1--3-seeded.--In a +cold ravine, Winona Co., Minn.; in the mountains from Colorado north and +westward. + +Page 211.--Hydrocotyle Americana. Add--propagating by filiform +tuberiferous stolons. + +Page 230.--Insert after the genus Dipsacus-- + +2. SCABIOSA, Tourn. SCABIOUS. + +Characters of Dipsacus, but the green leaves of the involucre and +involucels not rigid nor spinescent. (Name from _scabies_, the itch, +from its use as a remedy.) + +S. AUSTRALIS, Wulf. Perennial, sparsely branched, nearly glabrous, +11/2--3 deg. high; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, the lower +oblanceolate, slightly toothed or entire; heads short-oblong; calyx +obtusely short-lobed; corolla pale blue.--Central N. Y. and Penn.; rare. +(Adv. from Eu.) + +Page 395.--After OROBANCHE MINOR insert-- + +O. RAMOSA, L. Often branched, 6' high or less, of a pale straw-color; +flowers 3-bracteate, the lateral bracts small; calyx 4-toothed, split at +the back; corolla pale blue, 6--8'' long.--On the roots of hemp and +tobacco; Ky. (Int. from Eu.) + +Page 421.--After LAMIUM PURPUREUM insert-- + +L. INTERMEDIUM, Fries. Resembling L. purpureum, but the calyx-teeth +longer than the tube, the rather narrower corolla without a hairy ring +within near the base, and the nutlet longer (3 times as long as +broad).--Cultivated fields near Hingham, Mass. (_C. J. Sprague_). (Adv. +from Eu.) + +Page 427.--Insert in the generic key-- + +5. Cladothrix. Flowers perfect, minute, axillary. Densely +white-tomentose. + +Page 430.--Insert after the genus Froelichia-- + +5. CLADOTHRIX, Nutt. + +Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, erect, rigid-scarious, somewhat +pilose. Stamens 5, the filaments united at base; anthers large, +1-celled. Stigma large, capitate, 2-lobed. Utricle globose, +indehiscent.--Densely stellate-tomentose low herbs or woody at base, +with opposite petiolate leaves and very small flowers solitary or few in +the axils. (Name from [Greek: kla/dos], _a branch_, and [Greek: thri/x], +_hair_, for the branching tomentum.) + +1. C. lanuginosa, Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, much branched; leaves +round-obovate to rhomboidal, 3--10'' long.--Central Kan. (_Meehan_) and +southwestward. + +Page 435.--Salsola Kali. This species has been found in Emmet Co., Iowa +(_Cratty_), at Yankton, Dak. (_Bruhin_), and in river-bottoms in N. W. +Neb. and central Dak. + +Page 437.--After Eriogonum annuum insert-- + +2. E. Alleni, Watson. Perennial, white-tomentose throughout, the tall +scape-like stem repeatedly dichotomous above; radical leaves lanceolate, +long-petiolate, the upper in whorls of 4 or 5, ovate to oblong-ovate, +very shortly petiolate, much reduced above; involucres mostly sessile; +flowers glabrous, yellow, the segments elliptical.--Near White Sulphur +Springs, W. Va. (_T. F. Allen_). + +Page 445.--Asarum Canadense. In this species there are rudimentary +subulate petals, alternate with the calyx-lobes. + +Page 463.--Celtis Mississippiensis. Common in low river-bottoms of W. +Mo. (_F. Bush_); described as having a very smooth trunk, like a +sycamore, and soft yellowish brittle wood, not coarse-grained as in C. +occidentalis. + +Page 491.--Under Pinus add-- + +10. P. ponderosa, Dougl., var. scopulorum, Engelm. Leaves in twos or +usually threes from long sheaths, 3--6' long, rather rigid; staminate +flowers 1' long; cones subterminal, 2--3' long, oval, often 3--5 +together, the prominent summit of the thick scales bearing a stout +straight or incurved prickle.--Central Neb. and westward in the Rocky +Mountains.--A large tree with very thick bark. + +Page 514.--After IRIS CAROLINIANA insert-- + +2^a. I. hexagona, Walt. Stems flexuous, often low and slender (1--3 deg. +high), leafy; leaves much exceeding the stem, 6--12'' broad; flowers +solitary and sessile in the axils, large, deep blue, variegated with +yellow, purple, and white; tube 1/2' long; segments about 3' long, the +inner narrow; capsule oblong-cylindric, 6-angled, 2' long--Prairies, Ky. +(_Short_) to W. Mo. (_Bush_), and on the coast from S. Car. southward. + +Page 515.--Sisyrinchium angustifolium. What appears to be a form of this +species with pale yellow flowers is found near Independence, Mo. +(_Bush_). + +Page 516.--Under Zephyranthes Atamasco insert the synonym (Amaryllis +Atamasco, _L._). + +Page 555.--Sagittaria teres has been collected also at Brewster, Mass. +(_Farlow_). + +Page 575.--After Eleocharis Torreyana insert-- + +13^a. E. albida, Torr. Like n. 12 and 13 in habit, somewhat stouter; +spikelet dense, ellipsoidal or oblong, 1--4'' long, acutish, with pale +obtuse scales; achene very small, triangular-obovate, very smooth, with +a broadly triangular tubercle upon a narrow base, shorter than or +exceeding the reddish bristles.--Salt marshes, Northampton Co., Va. +(_Canby_), and south to Fla. and Tex. + +Page 653.--Trisetum subspicatum, var. molle, is reported from Roan Mt., +N. C. (_Scribner_), and probably occurs on the higher Alleghanies +northward. + +Page 662.--After Melica diffusa insert-- + +3. M. Porteri, Scribn. Tall and slender; panicle very narrow, the +slender branches erect or the lower slightly divergent; pedicels +flexuous or recurved, pubescent; glumes very unequal and shorter than +the spikelet; fertile flowers 3--5, the glumes scabrous.--Mountains of +Col. and southward; reported from Cass Co., Neb. (_J. G. Smith_). + +Page 663.--Distichlis maritima. On alkaline soil in Neb., and very +common in similar localities west and southwestward; chiefly the var. +STRICTA, Thurb., with setaceously convolute leaves, the many- (10--20-) +flowered spikelets in a loose panicle. + + + + + LIST OF ORDERS, + + WITH THE NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES, + NATIVE AND INTRODUCED. + + +ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. | Genera. | Species. | + |Native.|Introd.|Native.|Introd.| +DIV. 1. POLYPETALOUS. |-------+-------+-------+-------| + | | | | | + 1. Ranunculacae | 19 | 5 | 62 | 14 | + 2. Magnoliaceae | 2 | -- | 6 | -- | + 3. Anonaceae | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | + 4. Menispermaceae | 3 | -- | 3 | -- | + 5. Berberidaceae | 5 | -- | 5 | 1 | + 6. Nymphaeaceae | 5 | -- | 8 | -- | + 7. Sarraceniaceae | 1 | -- | 2 | -- | + 8. Papaveraceae | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | + 9. Fumariaceae | 3 | 1 | 9 | 1 | +10. Cruciferae | 15 | 8 | 46 | 25 | +11. Capparidaceae | 3 | -- | 4 | 1 | +12. Resedaceae | -- | 1 | -- | 2 | +13. Cistaceae | 3 | -- | 9 | -- | +14. Violaceae | 3 | -- | 19 | 1 | +15. Caryophyllaceae | 6 | 6 | 31 | 22 | +16. Portulacaceae | 3 | -- | 7 | 1 | +17. Elatinaceae | 1 | -- | 3 | -- | +18. Hypericaceae | 3 | -- | 20 | 1 | +19. Ternstroemiaceae | 2 | -- | 3 | -- | +20. Malvaceae | 7 | 4 | 15 | 10 | +21. Tiliaceae | 1 | -- | 3 | -- | +22. Linaceae | 1 | -- | 5 | 1 | +23. Geraniaceae | 4 | 1 | 10 | 7 | +24. Rutaceae | 2 | -- | 3 | -- | +25. Ilicineae | 2 | -- | 10 | -- | +26. Celastraceae | 3 | -- | 4 | -- | +27. Rhamnaceae | 3 | -- | 6 | 1 | +28. Vitaceae | 3 | -- | 11 | -- | +29. Sapindaceae | 5 | -- | 11 | -- | +30. Anacardiaceae | 1 | -- | 7 | -- | +31. Polygalaceae | 1 | -- | 15 | -- | +32. Leguminosae | 41 | 5 | 137 | 19 | +33. Rosaceae | 17 | 1 | 87 | 8 | +34. Calycanthaceae | 1 | -- | 3 | -- | +35. Saxifragaceae | 14 | -- | 43 | 1 | +36. Crassulaceae | 3 | -- | 8 | 3 | +37. Droseraceae | 1 | -- | 4 | -- | +38. Hamamelideae | 3 | -- | 3 | -- | +39. Halorageae | 4 | -- | 13 | -- | +40. Melastomaceae | 1 | -- | 4 | -- | +41. Lythraceae | 6 | -- | 8 | 1 | +42. Onagraceae | 7 | -- | 43 | 1 | +43. Loasaceae | 1 | -- | 3 | -- | +44. Passifloraceae | 1 | -- | 2 | -- | +45. Cucurbitaceae | 5 | -- | 5 | -- | +46. Cactaceae | 2 | -- | 6 | -- | +47. Ficoideae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | +48. Umbelliferae | 26 | 10 | 49 | 13 | +49. Araliaceae | 1 | -- | 6 | -- | +50. Cornaceae | 2 | -- | 11 | -- | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| + | 251 | 46 | 777 | 141 | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| +ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. | Genera. | Species. | + |Native.|Introd.|Native.|Introd.| +DIV. 2. GAMOPETALOUS. |-------+-------+-------+-------| + | | | | | +51. Caprifoliaceae | 8 | -- | 31 | -- | +52. Rubiaceae | 7 | 1 | 25 | 5 | +53. Valerianaceae | 2 | -- | 7 | 1 | +54. Dipsaceae | -- | 2 | -- | 3 | +55. Compositae | 78 | 20 | 356 | 51 | +56. Lobeliaceae | 1 | -- | 13 | -- | +57. Campanulaceae | 2 | -- | 6 | 2 | +58. Ericareae | 26 | -- | 69 | -- | +59. Diapensiaceae | 3 | -- | 3 | -- | +60. Plumbaginaceae | 1 | -- | 2 | -- | +61. Primulaceae | 10 | 1 | 16 | 3 | +62. Sapotaceae | 1 | -- | 2 | -- | +63. Ebenaceae | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | +64. Styraceae | 3 | -- | 5 | -- | +65. Olcaceae | 3 | 1 | 8 | 1 | +66. Apocynaceae | 3 | -- | 4 | -- | +67. Asclepiadaceae | 5 | 1 | 29 | 1 | +68. Loganiaceae | 4 | -- | 4 | -- | +69. Gentianaceae | 9 | 1 | 31 | 3 | +70. Polemoniaceae | 3 | -- | 14 | -- | +71. Hydrophyllaceae | 5 | -- | 13 | -- | +72. Borraginaceae | 8 | 3 | 22 | 11 | +73. Convolvulaceae | 6 | -- | 20 | 7 | +74. Solanaceae | 3 | 5 | 14 | 8 | +75. Scrophulariaceae | 24 | 3 | 65 | 15 | +76. Orobanchaceae | 3 | 1 | 5 | 2 | +77. Lentibulariaceae | 2 | -- | 13 | -- | +78. Bignoniaceae | 3 | -- | 3 | -- | +79. Pedaliaceae | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | +80. Acanthaceae | 3 | -- | 4 | -- | +81. Verbenaceae | 4 | -- | 11 | 1 | +82. Labiatae | 20 | 14 | 65 | 33 | +83. Plantaginaceae | 2 | -- | 11 | 1 | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| + | 254 | 53 | 874 | 148 | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| +ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. | Genera. | Species. | + |Native.|Introd.|Native.|Introd.| +DIV. 3. APETALOUS. |-------+-------+-------+-------| + | | | | | +84. Nyctaginaceae | 2 | -- | 41 | -- | +85. Illecebraceae | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | +86. Amarantaceae | 4 | -- | 9 | 7 | +87. Chenopodiaceae | 8 | 2 | 17 | 11 | +88. Phytolaccaceae | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | +89. Polygonaceae | 6 | 1 | 33 | 13 | +90. Podostemaceae | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | +91. Aristolochiaceae | 2 | -- | 6 | 1 | +92. Piperaceae | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | +93. Lauraceae | 4 | -- | 5 | -- | +94. Thymelaeaceae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | +95. Eaeagnaceae | 2 | -- | 3 | -- | +96. Loranthaceae | 2 | -- | 2 | -- | +97. Santalaceae | 2 | -- | 4 | -- | +98. Euphorbiaceae | 10 | 1 | 34 | 8 | + 99. Urticaceae | 11 | 1 | 16 | 4 | +100. Platanaceae | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | +101. Juglandaceae | 2 | -- | 9 | -- | +102. Myricaceae | 1 | -- | 3 | -- | +103. Cupuliferae | 8 | -- | 37 | -- | +104. Salicaceae | 2 | -- | 25 | 5 | +105. Empetraceae | 2 | -- | 2 | -- | +106. Ceratophyllaceae | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| + | 76 | 7 | 257 | 51 | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| +GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. | | | | | + | | | | | +107. Coniferae | 10 | -- | 22 | -- | + | | | | | +ENDOGENS. | | | | | + | | | | | +108. Hydrocharidaceae | 3 | -- | 3 | -- | +109. Burmanniaceae | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | +110. Orchidaceae | 17 | -- | 58 | -- | +111. Bromeliaceae | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | +112. Haemodoraceae | 3 | -- | 4 | -- | +113. Iridaceae | 3 | 1 | 10 | 2 | +114. Amaryllidaceae | 4 | -- | 4 | -- | +115. Dioscoreaceae | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | +116. Liliaceae | 29 | 4 | 74 | 8 | +117. Pontederiaceae | 2 | -- | 4 | -- | +118. Xyridaceae | 1 | -- | 4 | -- | +119. Mayaceae | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | +120. Commelinaceae | 2 | -- | 6 | -- | +121. Juncaceae | 2 | -- | 32 | -- | +122. Typhaceae | 2 | -- | 5 | -- | +123. Araceae | 6 | -- | 8 | -- | +124. Lemnaceae | 3 | -- | 9 | -- | +125. Alismaceae | 3 | -- | 11 | -- | +126. Naiadaceae | 7 | -- | 39 | -- | +127. Eriocauleae | 3 | -- | 5 | -- | +128. Cyperaceae | 16 | -- | 237 | 8 | +129. Gramineae | 60 | 17 | 204 | 46 | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| + | 170 | 22 | 721 | 64 | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| + | Genera. | Species. | + |Native.|Introd.|Native.|Introd.| +PTERIDOPHYTES. |-------+-------+-------+-------| + | | | | | +130. Equisetaceae | 1 | -- | 11 | -- | +131. Filices | 21 | -- | 62 | -- | +132. Ophioglossaceae | 2 | -- | 7 | -- | +133. Lycopodiaceae | 1 | -- | 9 | -- | +134. Selaginellaceae | 2 | -- | 10 | -- | +135. Marsiliaceae | 1 | -- | 2 | -- | +136. Salviniaceae | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| + | 29 | | 102 | | +BRYOPHYTES. |-------+-------+-------+-------| +DIV. HEPATICAE. | | | | | + | | | | | +137. Jungermanniaceae | 32 | 1 | 115 | 1 | +138. Anthocerotaceae | 2 | -- | 4 | -- | +139. Marchantiaceae | 8 | -- | 9 | -- | +140. Ricciaceae | 2 | -- | 12 | -- | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| + | 44 | 1 | 140 | 1 | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| +Exogens. | | | | | + Polypetalous | 251 | 46 | 777 | 141 | + Gamopetalous | 254 | 53 | 874 | 148 | + Apetalous | 76 | 7 | 257 | 51 | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| + | 581 | 106 | 1908 | 340 | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| + | | | | | + Gymnospermous | 10 | -- | 22 | -- | + | | | | | +Endogens | 170 | 22 | 721 | 64 | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| +Total Phaenogams | 761 | 128 | 2651 | 404 | + | | | | | +Cryptogams | 73 | 1 | 242 | 1 | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| + | 834 | 129 | 2893 | 405 | + |-------+-------+-------+-------| + + Total of Genera 963 + Total of Species 3298 + + + + +GLOSSARY. + + +_Abnormal._ Differing from the normal or usual structure. + +_Abortion._ Imperfect development or non-development of an organ. + +_Abortive._ Defective or barren. + +_Acaulescent._ Stemless or apparently so. + +_Accumbent_ (cotyledon). Having the edges against the radicle. + +_Acerb._ Sour and astringent. + +_Achene._ A small, dry and hard, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent fruit. + +_Achlamydeous._ Without calyx or corolla. + +_Acicular._ Slender needle-shaped. + +_Acrogenous._ Growing from the apex by a terminal bud or by the apical +cell only. + +_Aculeate._ Prickly, beset with prickles. + +_Aculeolate._ Beset with diminutive prickles. + +_Acuminate._ Tapering at the end. + +_Acute._ Terminating with a sharp or well-defined angle. + +_AEstivation._ The arrangement of the parts of the perianth in the bud. + +_Adnate._ United, as the inferior ovary with the calyx-tube. _Adnate +anther_, one attached for its whole length to the inner or outer face of +the filament. + +_Adventive._ Recently or imperfectly naturalized. + +_Alate._ Winged. + +_Albumen._ Any deposit of nutritive material accompanying the embryo. + +_Albuminous._ Having albumen. + +_Alliaceous._ Having the smell or taste of garlic. + +_Alternate._ Not opposite to each other, as sepals and petals, or as +leaves upon a stem. + +_Alveolate._ Honeycombed, having angular depressions separated by thin +partitions. + +_Ament._ A catkin, or peculiar scaly unisexual spike. + +_Amphitropous_ (ovule or seed). Half-inverted and straight, with the +hilum lateral. + +_Amplexicaul._ Clasping the stem. + +_Anastomosing._ Connecting by cross-veins and forming a network. + +_Anatropous_ (ovule). Inverted and straight, with the micropyle next +the hilum and the radicle consequently inferior. + +_Androgynous_ (inflorescence). Composed of both staminate and +pistillate flowers. + +_-androus_. In composition, having stamens. + +_Angiospermous._ Having the seeds borne within a pericarp. + +_Annual._ Of only one year's duration. _Winter annual_, a plant from +autumn-sown seed which blooms and fruits in the following spring. + +_Annular._ In the form of a ring. + +_Anterior._ On the front side of a flower and next the bract, remote +from the axis of inflorescence, equivalent to inferior and (less +properly) exterior. + +_Anther._ The polliniferous part of a stamen. + +_Antheridium._ In Cryptogams, the organ corresponding to an anther. + +_Antheriferous._ Anther-bearing. + +_Antherizoid._ One of the minute organs developed in an antheridium, +corresponding to pollen-grains. + +_Anthesis._ The time of expansion of a flower. + +_Apetalous._ Having no petals. + +_Apical._ Situated at the apex or tip. + +_Apiculate._ Ending in a short pointed tip. + +_Appressed._ Lying close and flat against. + +_Aquatic._ Growing in water. + +_Arachnoid._ Cobwebby, of slender entangled hairs. + +_Archegonium._ The organ corresponding to a pistil in the higher +Cryptogams. + +_Arcuate._ Moderately curved. + +_Areolate._ Marked out into small spaces, reticulate. + +_Aril._ An appendage growing at or about the hilum of a seed. + +_Arillate._ Having an aril. + +_Articulate._ Jointed; having a node or joint. + +_Ascending._ Rising somewhat obliquely, or curving upward. _Ascending +ovule_, one that is attached above the base of the ovary and is directed +upward. + +_Assurgent._ Ascending. + +_Attenuate._ Slenderly tapering, becoming very narrow. + +_Auricle._ An ear-shaped appendage. + +_Auriculate._ Furnished with auricles. + +_Awl-shaped._ Narrowed upward from the base to a slender or rigid +point. + +_Awn._ A bristle-shaped appendage. + +_Axil._ The angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem. + +_Axile._ Situated in the axis. + +_Axillary._ Situated in an axil. + +_Axis._ The central line of any organ or support of a group of organs; a +stem, etc. + + +_Baccate._ Berry like; pulpy throughout. + +_Barbed._ Furnished with rigid points or short bristles, usually +reflexed like the barb of a fish-hook. + +_Barbellate._ Finely barbed. + +_Barbulate._ Finely bearded. + +_Basal, Basilar._ At or pertaining to the base. + +_Basifixed._ Attached by the base. + +_Beaked._ Ending in a beak or prolonged tip. + +_Bearded._ Bearing a long awn, or furnished with long or stiff hairs. + +_Berry._ A fruit the whole pericarp of which is fleshy or pulpy. + +_Bi-_ or _Bis-_. A Latin prefix signifying two, twice, or doubly. + +_Bidentate._ Having two teeth. + +_Biennial._ Of two years' duration. + +_Bifid._ Two-cleft. + +_Bilabiate._ Two-lipped. + +_Bilocellate._ Having two secondary cells. + +_Bilocular._ Two-celled. + +_Bisexual._ Having both stamens and pistils. + +_Bladdery._ Thin and inflated. + +_Blade._ The limb or expanded portion of a leaf, etc. + +_Bract._ A more or less modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging +to an inflorescence, or sometimes cauline. + +_Bracteate._ Having bracts. + +_Bracteolate._ Having bractlets. + +_Bracteose._ With numerous or conspicuous bracts. + +_Bractlet._ A secondary bract, as one upon the pedicel of a flower. + +_Bristle._ A stiff hair or any similar outgrowth. + +_Bud._ The rudimentary state of a stem or branch; an unexpanded flower. + +_Bulb._ A subterranean leaf-bud with fleshy scales or coats. + +_Bulbiferous._ Bearing bulbs. + +_Bulblet._ A small bulb, especially one borne upon the stem. + +_Bulbous._ Having the character of a bulb. + + +_Caducous._ Falling off very early. + +_Calcarate._ Produced into or having a spur. + +_Callus._ A hard protuberance or callosity. + +_Calyculate._ Having bracts around the calyx imitating an outer calyx. + +_Calyptra._ The membranous hood or covering of the capsule in Hepaticae +and Mosses. + +_Calyx._ The outer perianth of the flower. + +_Campanulate._ Bell-shaped; cup-shaped with a broad base. + +_Campylospermous._ Having seeds with longitudinally involute margins, as +in some Umbelliferae. + +_Campylotropous_ (ovule or seed). So curved as to bring the apex and +base nearly together. + +_Canaliculate._ Longitudinally channelled. + +_Canescent._ Hoary with gray pubescence. + +_Capitate._ Shaped like a head; collected into a head or dense cluster. + +_Capitellate._ Collected into a small head. + +_Capsular._ Belonging to or of the nature of a capsule. + +_Capsule._ A dry dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel; the +spore-case of Hepaticae, etc. + +_Capsuliferous._ Capsule-bearing. + +_Carinate._ Having a keel or a projecting longitudinal medial line on +the lower surface. + +_Carpel._ A simple pistil, or one member of a compound pistil. + +_Cartilaginous._ Of the texture of cartilage; firm and tough. + +_Caruncle._ An excrescence or appendage at or about the hilum of a seed. + +_Carunculate._ Having a caruncle. + +_Caryopsis._ A grain, as of grasses; a seed-like fruit with a thin +pericarp adnate to the contained seed. + +_Castaneous._ Of a chestnut color; brown. + +_Catkin._ An ament. + +_Caudate._ Having a slender tail-like appendage. + +_Caudex._ The persistent base of an otherwise annual herbaceous stem. + +_Caulescent._ Having a manifest stem. + +_Cauline._ Belonging to the stem. + +_Cavernous._ Hollow; full of air-cavities. + +_Cell._ One of the minute vesicles, of very various forms, of which +plants are formed. Any structure containing a cavity, as the cells of +an anther, ovary, etc. + +_Cellular_ (tissue). Composed of short transparent thin-walled cells, in +distinction from fibrous or vascular. + +_Cespitose._ Growing in tufts; forming mats or turf. + +_Chaff._ A small thin scale or bract, becoming dry and membranous. + +_Chaffy._ Having or resembling chaff. + +_Channelled._ Deeply grooved longitudinally, like a gutter. + +_Chartaceous._ Having the texture of writing-paper. + +_Chlorophyll._ The green grains within the cells of plants. + +_Chlorophyllose._ Containing chlorophyll. + +_Ciliate._ Marginally fringed with hairs. + +_Ciliolate._ Minutely ciliate. + +_Cinereous._ Ash-color. + +_Circinate._ Coiled from the top downward, as the young frond of a fern. + +_Circumscissile._ Dehiscing by a regular transverse circular line of +division. + +_Clavate._ Club-shaped; gradually thickened upward. + +_Cleistogamous._ Fertilized in the bud, without the opening of the +flower. + +_Cleft._ Cut about to the middle. + +_Climbing._ Ascending by laying hold of surrounding objects for support. + +_Cluster._ Any assemblage of flowers on a plant. + +_Clustered._ Collected in a bunch of any sort. + +_Coalescence._ The union of parts or organs of the same kind. + +_Coccus_ (pl. _Cocci_). One of the parts into which a lobed fruit with +1-seeded cells splits. + +_Cochleate._ Spiral, like a snail-shell. + +_Cohesion._ The union of one organ with another. + +_Columella._ The persistent axis of some capsules, spore-cases, etc. + +_Columnar._ Like a column. + +_Commissure._ The surface by which one carpel joins another, as in the +Umbelliferae. + +_Comose._ Furnished with a _coma_ or tuft of hairs. + +_Complicate._ Folded upon itself. + +_Compound._ Composed of 2 or more similar parts united into one whole. +_Compound leaf_, one divided into separate leaflets. + +_Compressed._ Flattened laterally. + +_Conceptacle._ In some Cryptogams a case or receptacle containing the +organs of fructification. + +_Conduplicate._ Folded together lengthwise. + +_Confluent._ Running into each other; blended into one. + +_Coniferous._ Cone-bearing. + +_Connate._ United congenitally. + +_Connective._ The portion of a stamen which connects the two cells of +the anther. + +_Connivent._ Coming into contact; converging. + +_Conoidal._ Nearly conical. + +_Convergent._ Approaching each other. + +_Convolute._ Rolled up longitudinally. + +_Cordate._ Heart-shaped with the point upward. + +_Coriaceous._ Leathery in texture. + +_Corm._ The enlarged fleshy base of a stem, bulb-like but solid. + +_Corolla._ The inner perianth, of distinct or connate petals. + +_Coroniform._ Shaped like a crown. + +_Corrugate._ Wrinkled or in folds. + +_Corymb._ A flat-topped or convex open flower-cluster, in the stricter +use of the word equivalent to a contracted raceme and progressing in its +flowering from the margin inward. + +_Corymbose._ In corymbs, or corymb-like. + +_Cosmopolite._ Found in most parts of the globe (of plants). + +_Costa._ A rib; a midrib or mid-nerve. + +_Costate._ Ribbed; having one or more longitudinal ribs or nerves. + +_Cotyledons._ The foliar portion or first leaves (one, two, or more) of +the embryo as found in the seed. + +_Crateriform._ In the shape of a saucer or cup, hemispherical or more +shallow. + +_Creeping._ Running along or under the ground and rooting. + +_Crenate._ Dentate with the teeth much rounded. + +_Crenulate._ Finely crenate. + +_Crested, Cristate._ Bearing an elevated appendage resembling a crest. + +_Crown._ An inner appendage to a petal, or to the throat of a corolla. + +_Cruciate._ Cross-shaped. + +_Crustaceous._ Of hard and brittle texture. + +_Cucullate._ Hooded or hood-shaped; cowled. + +_Culm._ The peculiar stem of sedges and grasses. + +_Cuneate._ Wedge-shaped; triangular with the acute angle downward. + +_Cuspidate._ Tipped with a _cusp_, or sharp and rigid point. + +_Cylindraceous._ Somewhat or nearly cylindrical. + +_Cyme._ A usually broad and flattish determinate inflorescence, i.e. +with its central or terminal flowers blooming earliest. + +_Cymose._ Bearing cymes or cyme-like. + + +_Deciduous._ Not persistent; not evergreen. + +_Decompound._ More than once compound or divided. + +_Decumbent._ Reclining, but with the summit ascending. + +_Decurrent_ (leaf). Extending down the stem below the insertion. + +_Decurved._ Curved downward. + +_Decussate._ Alternating in pairs at right angles, or in threes. + +_Definite._ Of a constant number, not exceeding twenty. + +_Deflexed._ Bent or turned abruptly downward. + +_Dehiscent._ Opening regularly by valves, slits, etc., as a capsule or +anther. + +_Deltoid._ Shaped like the Greek letter [Greek: D]. + +_Dentate._ Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outward. + +_Denticulate._ Minutely dentate. + +_Depressed._ Somewhat flattened from above. + +_Di-, Dis-._ A Greek prefix signifying two or twice. + +_Diadelphous_ (stamens). Combined in two sets. + +_Diandrous._ Having two stamens. + +_Dicarpellary._ Composed of two carpels. + +_Dichotomous._ Forking regularly by pairs. + +_Dicotyledonous._ Having two cotyledons. + +_Didymous._ Twin; found in pairs. + +_Didynamous_ (stamens). In two pairs of unequal length. + +_Diffuse._ Widely or loosely spreading. + +_Digitate._ Compound, with the members borne in a whorl at the apex of +the support. + +_Dimerous_ (flower). Having all the parts in twos. + +_Dimidiate._ In halves, as if one half were wanting. + +_Dimorphous._ Occurring in two forms. + +_Dioecious._ Unisexual, with the two kinds of flowers on separate +plants. + +_Discoid._ Resembling a disk. _Discoid head_, in Compositae, one without +ray-flowers. + +_Disk._ A development of the receptacle at or around the base of the +pistil. In Compositae, the tubular flowers of the head as distinct from +the ray. + +_Dissected._ Cut or divided into numerous segments. + +_Dissepiment._ A partition in an ovary or fruit. + +_Distichous._ In two vertical ranks. + +_Distinct._ Separate; not united, evident. + +_Divaricate._ Widely divergent. + +_Divergent._ Inclined away from each other. + +_Divided._ Lobed to the base. + +_Dorsal._ Upon or relating to the back or outer surface of an organ. + +_Drupaceous._ Resembling or of the nature of a drupe. + +_Drupe._ A fleshy or pulpy fruit with the inner portion of the pericarp +(1-celled and 1-seeded, or sometimes several-celled) hard or stony. + +_Drupelet._ A diminutive drupe. + + +_E-_ or _Ex-_. A Latin prefix having often a privative signification, as +_ebracteate_, without bracts. + +_Echinate._ Beset with prickles. + +_Effuse._ Very loosely spreading. + +_Elater._ A usually spirally marked thread found in the capsules of most +Hepaticae. + +_Ellipsoidal._ Nearly elliptical; of solids, elliptical in outline. + +_Elliptical._ In the form of an ellipse, oval. + +_Emarginate._ Having a shallow notch at the extremity. + +_Embryo._ The rudimentary plantlet within the seed. + +_Endocarp._ The inner layer of a pericarp. + +_Endogenous._ Growing throughout the substance of the stem, instead of +by superficial layers. + +_Entire._ Without toothing or division. + +_Ephemeral._ Lasting only for one day. + +_Epidermis._ The cuticle or thin membrane covering the outer surface. + +_Epigynous._ Growing on the summit of the ovary, or apparently so. + +_Epiphyte._ A plant growing attached to another plant, but not +parasitic; an air-plant. + +_Eporose._ Without pores. + +_Equitant._ Astride, used of conduplicate leaves which enfold each other +in two ranks, as in Iris. + +_Erect._ Vertical; upright as respects the plane of the base. + +_Erose._ As if gnawed. + +_Exalbuminous._ Without albumen. + +_Excurrent._ Running out, as a nerve of a leaf projecting beyond the +margin. + +_Exfoliating._ Cleaving off in thin layers. + +_Exogenous._ Growing by annular layers near the surface; belonging to +the Exogens. + +_Exserted._ Projecting beyond an envelope, as stamens from a corolla. + +_Extrorse._ Facing outward. + + +_Falcate._ Scythe-shaped, curved and flat, tapering gradually. + +_Farinaceous._ Containing starch, starch-like. + +_Farinose._ Covered with a meal-like powder. + +_Fascicle._ A close bundle or cluster. + +_Fastigiate_ (branches). Erect and near together. + +_Ferruginous._ Rust-color. + +_Fertile._ Capable of producing fruit, or productive, as a flower having +a pistil, or an anther with pollen. + +_Fibrillose._ Furnished or abounding with fine fibres. + +_Fibrous._ Composed of or resembling fibres. _Fibrous tissue_, a tissue +formed of elongated thick-walled cells. + +_Fibro-vascular._ Composed of woody fibres and ducts. + +_Filament._ The part of a stamen which supports the anther; any +thread-like body. + +_Filamentous._ Composed of threads. + +_Filiferous._ Thread-bearing. + +_Filiform._ Thread-shaped; long, slender, and terete. + +_Fimbriate._ Fringed. + +_Fimbrillate._ Having a minute fringe. + +_Fingered._ Digitate. + +_Fistular._ Hollow and cylindrical. + +_Flaccid._ Without rigidity, lax and weak. + +_Fleshy._ Succulent; juicy; of the consistence of flesh. + +_Flexuous._ Zigzag; bending alternately in opposite directions. + +_Floccose._ Clothed with locks of soft hair or wool. + +_Foliaceous._ Leaf-like in texture or appearance. + +_foliate._ Having leaves. + +_-foliolate._ Having leaflets. + +_Follicle._ A fruit consisting of a single carpel, dehiscing by the +ventral suture. + +_Follicular._ Like a follicle. + +_Forked._ Divided into nearly equal branches. + +_Fornicate._ Arched over, as the corona of some Borraginaceae, closing +the throat. + +_Free._ Not adnate to other organs. + +_Friable._ Easily crumbled. + +_Frond._ The leaf of Ferns and some other Cryptogams; also in some +Phaenogams, as in Lemnaceae, where it serves for stem as well as foliage. + +_Fruit._ The seed-bearing product of a plant, simple, compound, or +aggregated, of whatever form. + +_Fugacious._ Falling or fading very early. + +_Funicle._ The free stalk of an ovule or seed. + +_Fuscous._ Grayish-brown. + +_Fusiform._ Spindle-shaped; swollen in the middle and narrowing toward +each end. + + +_Galea._ A hooded or helmet-shaped portion of a perianth, as the upper +sepal of Aconitum, and the upper lip of some bilabiate corollas. + +_Galeate._ Helmet-shaped; having a galea. + +_Gamopetalous._ Having the petals of the corolla more or less united. + +_Gamophyllous._ Composed of coalescent leaves, sepals, or petals. + +_Gemma._ A bud or body analogous to a bud by which a plant propagates +itself. + +_Gemmiparous._ Producing gemmae. + +_Geniculate._ Bent abruptly, like a knee. + +_Gibbous._ Protuberant or swollen on one side. + +_Glabrate._ Somewhat glabrous, or becoming glabrous. + +_Glabrous._ Smooth; not rough, pubescent, or hairy. + +_Gland._ A secreting surface or structure; any protuberance or appendage +having the appearance of such an organ. + +_Glandular._ Bearing glands or of the nature of a gland. + +_Glaucous._ Covered or whitened with a bloom. + +_Globose, Globular._ Spherical or nearly so. + +_Glochidiate._ Barbed at the tip. + +_Glomerate._ Compactly clustered. + +_Glumaceous._ Furnished with or resembling glumes. + +_Glume._ One of the chaffy bracts of the inflorescence of Grasses. + +_Granular._ Composed of small grains. + +_Gregarious._ Growing in groups or clusters. + +_Gymnospermous._ Bearing naked seeds, without an ovary. + +_Gynandrous._ Having the stamens borne upon the pistil, as in +Orchidaceae. + +_Gynobase._ An enlargement or prolongation of the receptacle bearing the +ovary. + + +_Habit._ The general appearance of a plant. + +_Halberd-shaped._ The same as Hastate. + +_Hastate._ Like an arrow-head, but with the basal lobes pointing outward +nearly at right angles. + +_Head._ A dense cluster of sessile or nearly sessile flowers on a very +short axis or receptacle. + +_Heart-shaped._ Ovate with a sinus at base. + +_Herb._ A plant with no persistent woody stem above ground. + +_Herbaceous._ Having the characters of an herb; leaf-like in color and +texture. + +_Heterocarpous._ Producing more than one kind of fruit. + +_Heterogamous._ Bearing two kinds of flowers. + +_Hilum._ The scar or point of attachment of the seed. + +_Hirsute._ Pubescent with rather coarse or stiff hairs. + +_Hispid._ Beset with rigid or bristly hairs or with bristles. + +_Hispidulous._ Minutely hispid. + +_Hoary._ Grayish-white with a fine close pubescence. + +_Homogamous._ Bearing but one kind of flowers. + +_Hooded._ Shaped like a hood or cowl. + +_Hyaline._ Transparent or translucent. + +_Hybrid._ A cross-breed of two species. + +_Hypogynous._ Situated on the receptacle beneath the ovary and free from +it and from the calyx; having the petals and stamens so situated. + + +_Imbricate._ Overlapping, either vertically or spirally, where the lower +piece covers the base of the next higher, or laterally, as in the +aestivation of a calyx or corolla, where at least one piece must be +wholly external and one internal. + +_Immersed._ Growing wholly under water; wholly covered by the involucral +leaves, as sometimes the capsule in Hepaticae. + +_Incised._ Cut sharply and irregularly, more or less deeply. + +_Included._ Not at all protruded from the surrounding envelope. + +_Incubous_ (leaf). Having the tip or upper margin overlapping the lower +margin of the leaf above. + +_Incumbent_ (cotyledons). Lying with the back of one against the +radicle. + +_Indefinite_ (stamens). Inconstant in number or very numerous. + +_Indehiscent._ Not opening by valves, etc.; remaining persistently +closed. + +_Indigenous._ Native and original to the country. + +_Indurated._ Hardened. + +_Indusium._ The proper (often shield-shaped) covering of the sorus or +fruit-dot in Ferns. + +_Inequilateral._ Unequal-sided. + +_Inferior._ Lower or below; outer or anterior. _Inferior ovary_, one +that is adnate to the calyx. + +_Inflated._ Bladdery. + +_Inflorescence._ The flowering part of a plant, and especially the mode +of its arrangement. + +_Infra-_. In composition, below; as _infra-axillary_, below the axil. + +_Innovation._ An offshoot from the stem. + +_Inserted._ Attached to or growing out of. + +_Inter-_ or _intra-_. In composition, between. + +_Interfoliaceous._ Between the leaves of a pair as the stipules of many +Rubiaceae. + +_Internode._ The portion of a stem between two nodes. + +_Intramarginal._ Within and near the margin. + +_Introrse._ Turned inward or toward the axis. + +_Involucel._ A secondary involucre, as that of an umbellet in +Umbelliferae. + +_Involucellate._ Having an involucel. + +_Involucral._ Belonging to an involucre. + +_Involucrate._ Having an involucre. + +_Involucre._ A circle or collection of bracts surrounding a flower +cluster or head, or a single flower. + +_Involute._ Rolled inward. + +_Irregular_ (flower). Showing inequality in the size, form, or union of +its similar parts. + + +_Julaceous._ Resembling a catkin in appearance. + + +_Keel._ A central dorsal ridge, like the keel of a boat; the two +anterior united petals of a papilionaceous flower. + +_Kidney-shaped._ Crescentic with the ends broad and rounded; reniform. + + +_Labiate._ Lipped; belonging to the Labiatae. + +_Lacerate._ Irregularly cleft as if torn. + +_Laciniate._ Slashed; cut into narrow pointed lobes. + +_Lamella._ A thin flat plate or laterally flattened ridge. + +_Lanceolate._ Shaped like a lance-head, broadest above the base and +narrowed to the apex. + +_Lateral._ Belonging to or borne on the side. + +_Lax._ Loose and slender. + +_Leaflet._ A single division of a compound leaf. + +_Legume._ The fruit of the Leguminosae, formed of a simple pistil and +usually dehiscent by both sutures. + +_Leguminous._ Pertaining to a legume or to the Leguminosae. + +_Lenticular._ Lentil-shaped; of the shape of a double-convex lens. + +_Lepidote._ Beset with small scurfy scales. + +_Ligulate._ Furnished with a ligule. + +_Ligule._ A strap-shaped corolla, as in the ray-flowers of Compositae; a +thin scarious projection from the summit of the sheath in Grasses. + +_Liliaceous._ Lily-like; belonging to the Liliaceae. + +_Limb._ The expanded portion of a gamopetalous corolla, above the +throat; the expanded portion of any petal, or of a leaf. + +_Linear._ Long and narrow, with parallel margins. + +_Lip._ Each of the upper and lower divisions of a bilabiate corolla or +calyx; the peculiar upper petal in Orchids. + +_Lobe._ Any segment of an organ, especially if rounded. + +_Lobed._ Divided into or bearing lobes. + +_-locular._ In composition, having cells. + +_Loculicidal._ Dehiscent into the cavity of a cell through the dorsal +suture. + +_Lunate._ Of the shape of a half-moon or crescent. + +_Lunulate._ Diminutive of Lunate. + +_Lyrate._ Pinnatifid with a large and rounded terminal lobe, and the +lower lobes small. + + +_Macrospore._ The larger kind of spore in Selaginellaceae, etc. + +_Marcescent._ Withering but persistent. + +_Marginal._ Along or near the edge. + +_Marginate._ Furnished with a border peculiar in texture or appearance. + +_Mealy._ Farinaceous. + +_Membranaceous, Membranous._ Thin and rather soft and more or less +translucent. + +_Meniscoid._ Concavo-convex. + +_Mericarp._ One of the achene-like carpels of Umbelliferae. + +_-merous._ In composition, having parts, as 2-merous, having two parts +of each kind. + +_Micropyle._ The point upon the seed at which was the orifice of the +ovule. + +_Microspore._ The smaller kind of spore in Selaginellaceae, etc. + +_Midrib._ The central or main rib of a leaf. + +_Mitriform._ Shaped like a mitre or cap. + +_Monadelphous_ (stamens). United by their filaments into a tube or +column. + +_Moniliform._ Resembling a string of beads; cylindrical with +contractions at intervals. + +_Monocotyledonous._ Having but one cotyledon. + +_Monoecious._ With stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the same +plant. + +_Mucilaginous._ Slimy; containing mucilage. + +_Mucro._ A short and small abrupt tip. + +_Mucronate._ Tipped with a mucro. + +_Multifid._ Cleft into many lobes or segments. + +_Muricate._ Rough with short hard points. + +_Muriculate._ Very finely muricate. + + +_Naked._ Bare; without the usual covering or appendages. + +_Nectary._ Any place or organ where nectar is secreted. + +_Nectariferous._ Producing nectar. + +_Nerve._ A simple or unbranched vein or slender rib. + +_Node._ The place upon a stem which normally bears a leaf or whorl of +leaves. + +_Nodose._ Knotty or knobby. + +_Nucleus._ The germ-cell of the ovule, which by fertilization becomes +the seed; the kernel of a seed. + +_Numerous._ Indefinite in number. + +_Nut._ A hard indehiscent 1-celled and 1-seeded fruit, though usually +resulting from a compound ovary. + +_Nutlet._ A diminutive nut. + + +_Ob-_. A Latin prefix, usually carrying the idea of inversion. + +_Obcompressed._ Compressed dorso-ventrally instead of laterally. + +_Obconically._ Inversely conical, having the attachment at the apex. + +_Obcordate._ Inverted heart-shaped. + +_Oblanceolate._ Lanceolate with the broadest part toward the apex. + +_Oblique._ Unequal-sided or slanting. + +_Oblong._ Considerably longer than broad and with nearly parallel sides. + +_Obovate._ Inverted ovate. + +_Obovoid._ Having the form of an inverted egg. + +_Obsolete._ Not evident; rudimentary. + +_Obtuse._ Blunt or rounded at the end. + +_Ocrea._ A leggin-shaped or tubular stipule. + +_Ocreate._ Having sheathing stipules. + +_Ochroleucous._ Yellowish-white. + +_Officinal._ Of the shops; used in medicine or the arts. + +_Oospore._ The fertilized nucleus or germ-cell of the archegonium in +Cryptogams, from which the new plant is directly developed. + +_Opaque._ Dull; not smooth and shining. + +_Operculate._ Furnished with a lid. + +_Operculum._ A lid; the upper portion of a circumscissile capsule. + +_Orbicular._ Circular. + +_Orthotropous_ (ovule or seed). Erect, with the orifice or micropyle at +the apex. + +_Oval._, Broadly elliptical. + +_Ovary._ The part of the pistil that contains the ovules. + +_Ovate._ Egg-shaped; having an outline like that of an egg, with the +broader end downward. + +_Ovoid._ A solid with an oval outline. + +_Ovule._ The body which after fertilization becomes the seed. + +_Ovuliferous._ Bearing ovules. + + +_Palate._ A rounded projection of the lower lip of a personate corolla, +closing the throat. + +_Paleaceous._ Chaffy. + +_Palet._ The upper thin chaffy or hyaline bract which with the glume +encloses the flower in Grasses. + +_Palmate_ (leaf). Radiately lobed or divided. + +_Palmately._ In a palmate manner. + +_Panicle._ A loose irregularly compound inflorescence with pedicellate +flowers. + +_Panicled, Paniculate._ Borne in a panicle; resembling a panicle. + +_Papilionaceous_ (corolla). Having a standard, wings, and keel, as in +the peculiar corolla of many Leguminosae. + +_Papillose._ Bearing minute nipple-shaped projections. + +_Pappus._ The modified calyx-limb in Compositae, forming a crown of very +various character at the summit of the achene. + +_Parasitic._ Growing on and deriving nourishment from another plant. + +_Parietal._ Borne on or pertaining to the wall or inner surface of a +capsule. + +_Parted._ Cleft nearly but not quite to the base. + +_Partial._ Of secondary rank. + +_Pectinate._ Pinnatifid with narrow closely set segments; comb-like. + +_Pedate._ Palmately divided or parted, with the lateral segments +2-cleft. + +_Pedicel._ The support of a single flower. + +_Pedicellate._ Borne on a pedicel. + +_Peduncle._ A primary flower-stalk, supporting either a cluster or a +solitary flower. + +_Pedunculate._ Borne upon a peduncle. + +_Peltate._ Shield-formed and attached to the support by the lower +surface. + +_Pendulous._ More or less hanging or declined. _Pendulous ovule_, one +that hangs from the side of the cell. + +_Perennial._ Lasting year after year. + +_Perfect_ (flower). Having both pistil and stamens. + +_Perfoliate_ (leaf). Having the stem apparently passing through it. + +_Perianth._ The floral envelope, consisting of the calyx and corolla +(when present), whatever their form; in Hepaticae, the inner usually +sac-like involucre of the archegonium. + +_Pericarp._ The matured ovary. + +_Perigynium._ The inflated sac which encloses the ovary in Carex. + +_Perigynous._ Adnate to the perianth, and therefore around the ovary and +not at its base. + +_Persistent._ Long-continuous, as a calyx upon the fruit, leaves through +winter, etc. + +_Personate_ (corolla). Bilabiate, and the throat closed by a prominent +palate. + +_Petal._ A division of the corolla. + +_Petaloid._ Colored and resembling a petal. + +_Petiolate._ Having a petiole. + +_Petiole._ The footstalk of a leaf. + +_Phaenogamous._ Having flowers with stamens and pistils and producing +seeds. + +_Phyllodium._ A somewhat dilated petiole having the form of and serving +as a leaf-blade. + +_Pilose._ Hairy, especially with soft hairs. + +_Pinna_ (pl. _Pinnae_). One of the primary divisions of a pinnate or +compoundly pinnate frond or leaf. + +_Pinnate_ (leaf). Compound, with the leaflets arranged on each side of a +common petiole. + +_Pinnatifid._ Pinnately cleft. + +_Pinnule._ A secondary pinna; one of the pinnately disposed divisions of +a pinna. + +_Pistil._ The seed-bearing organ of the flower, consisting of the ovary, +stigma, and style when present. + +_Pistillate._ Provided with pistils, and, in its more proper sense, +without stamens. + +_Pitted._ Marked with small depressions or pits. + +_Placenta._ Any part of the interior of the ovary which bears ovules. + +_Plane._ Flat; with a flat surface or surfaces. + +_Plicate._ Folded into plaits, usually lengthwise. + +_Plumose._ Having fine hairs on each side, like the plume of a feather, +as the pappus-bristles of Thistles. + +_Plumule._ The bud or growing point of the embryo. + +_Pod._ Any dry and dehiscent fruit. + +_Pointed._ Acuminate. + +_Pollen._ The fecundating grains contained in the anther. + +_Polliniferous._ Bearing pollen. + +_Pollinium_ (pl. _Pollinia_). A mass of waxy pollen or of coherent +pollen-grains, as in Asclepias and Orchids. + +_Polypetalous._ Having separate petals. + +_Pome._ A kind of fleshy fruit of which the apple is the type. + +_Porose._ Pierced with small holes or pores. + +_Posterior._ In an axillary flower, on the side nearest to the axis of +inflorescence. + +_Posticous._ On the posterior side; extrorse. + +_Praemorse._ Appearing as if bitten off. + +_Prickle._ A small spine or more or less slender sharp outgrowth from +the bark or rind. + +_Prismatic._ Of the shape of a prism, angular, with flat sides, and of +nearly uniform size throughout. + +_Procumbent._ Lying on the ground. + +_Proliferous._ Producing offshoots. + +_Prostrate._ Lying flat upon the ground. + +_Proterogynous._ Having the stigma ripe for the pollen before the +maturity of the anthers of the same flower. + +_Prothallus._ A cellular usually flat and thallus-like growth, resulting +from the germination of a spore, upon which are developed sexual organs +or new plants. + +_Pseudaxillary._ Terminal but becoming apparently axillary by the growth +of a lateral branch. + +_Pseudo-costate._ False-ribbed, as where a marginal vein or rib is +formed by the confluence of the true veins. + +_Pteridophytes._ Fern-plants; Ferns and their allies. + +_Puberulent._ Minutely pubescent. + +_Pubescent._ Covered with hairs, especially if short, soft and downy. + +_Punctate._ Dotted with depressions or with translucent internal glands +or colored dots. + +_Puncticulate._ Minutely punctate. + +_Pungent._ Terminating in a rigid sharp point; acrid. + +_Putamen._ The shell of a nut; the bony part of a stone-fruit. + + +_Quadrate._ Nearly square in form. + + +_Raceme._ A simple inflorescence of pedicelled flowers upon a common +more or less elongated axis. + +_Racemose._ In racemes; or resembling a raceme. + +_Radiate._ Spreading from or arranged around a common centre; bearing +ray-flowers. + +_Radical._ Belonging to or proceeding from the root or base of the stem +near the ground. + +_Radicle._ The portion of the embryo below the cotyledons, more properly +called the caudicle. + +_Radiculose._ Bearing rootlets. + +_Rameal._ Belonging to a branch. + +_Ramification._ Branching. + +_Ray._ The branch of an umbel; the marginal flowers of an inflorescence +when distinct from the disk. + +_Receptacle._ The more or less expanded or produced portion of an axis +which bears the organs of a flower (the _torus_) or the collected +flowers of a head; any similar structure in Cryptogams. + +_Recurved._ Curved downward or backward. + +_Reflexed._ Abruptly bent or turned downward. + +_Regular._ Uniform in shape or structure. + +_Reniform._ Kidney-shaped. + +_Repand._ With a slightly uneven and somewhat sinuate margin. + +_Resiniferous._ Producing resin. + +_Reticulate._ In the form of network; net-veined. + +_Retrorse._ Directed back or downward. + +_Retuse._ With a shallow notch at a rounded apex. + +_Revolute._ Rolled backward from the margins or apex. + +_Rhachis._ The axis of a spike or of a compound leaf. + +_Rhaphe._ The ridge or adnate funicle which in an anatropous ovule +connects the two ends. + +_Rhizome._ Any prostrate or subterranean stem, usually rooting at the +nodes and becoming erect at the apex. Very variable in character, and +including morphologically the tuber, corm, bulb, etc. + +_Rhombic, Rhomboidal_, Somewhat lozenge-shaped; obliquely four-sided. + +_Rib._ A primary or prominent vein of a leaf. + +_Ringent._ Gaping, as the mouth of an open bilabiate corolla. + +_Root._ The underground part of a plant which supplies it with +nourishment. + +_Rootstock._ Same as Rhizome. + +_Rostrate._ Having a beak or spur. + +_Rosulate._ In the form of a rosette. + +_Rotate_ (corolla). Wheel-shaped; flat and circular in outline. + +_Rotund._ Rounded in outline. + +_Rudiment._ A very partially developed organ; a vestige. + +_Rudimentary._ But slightly developed. + +_Rufous._ Reddish brown. + +_Rugose._ Wrinkled. + +_Runcinate._ Sharply incised, with the segments directed backward. + +_Runner._ A filiform or very slender stolon. + + +_Saccate._ Sac-shaped. + +_Sagittate._ Shaped like an arrow-head, the basal lobes directed +downward. + +_Salver-shaped_ (corolla). Having a slender tube abruptly expanded into +a flat limb. + +_Samara._ An indehiscent winged fruit. + +_Scabrous._ Rough to the touch. + +_Scalariform_ (vessels). Having transverse markings like the rounds of a +ladder. + +_Scape._ A peduncle rising from the ground, naked or without proper +foliage. + +_Scapose._ Bearing or resembling a scape. + +_Scarious._ Thin, dry, and membranaceous, not green. + +_Scorpioid_ (inflorescence). Circinately coiled while in bud. + +_Scurf._ Small bran-like scales on the epidermis. + +_Scymitar-shaped_ (leaf). Curved with a flat-triangular section, the +straighter edge the thickest. + +_Seed._ The ripened ovule, consisting of the embryo and its proper +coats. + +_Segment._ One of the parts of a leaf or other like organ that is cleft +or divided. + +_Sepal._ A division of a calyx. + +_Septicidal_ (capsule). Dehiscing through the partitions and between the +cells. + +_Septum._ Any kind of partition. + +_Serrate._ Having teeth pointing forward. + +_Serrulate._ Finely serrate. + +_Sessile._ Without footstalk of any kind. + +_Setaceous._ Bristle-like. + +_Setose._ Beset with bristles. + +_Setulose._ Having minute bristles. + +_Sheath._ A tubular envelope, as the lower part of the leaf in Grasses. + +_Sheathing._ Enclosing as by a sheath. + +_Shrub._ A woody perennial, smaller than a tree. + +_Silicle._ A short silique. + +_Silique._ The peculiar pod of Cruciferae. + +_Silky._ Covered with close-pressed soft and straight pubescence. + +_Simple._ Of one piece; not compound. + +_Sinuate._ With the outline of the margin strongly wavy. + +_Sinus._ The cleft or recess between two lobes. + +_Smooth._ Without roughness or pubescence. + +_Sorus_ (pl. _Sori_). A heap or cluster, applied to the fruit-dots of +Ferns. + +_Spadix._ A spike with a fleshy axis. + +_Spathe._ A large bract or pair of bracts enclosing an inflorescence. + +_Spatulate._ Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit. + +_Spicate._ Arranged in or resembling a spike. + +_Spiciform._ Spike-like. + +_Spike._ A form of simple inflorescence with the flowers sessile or +nearly so upon a more or less elongated common axis. + +_Spikelet._ A small or secondary spike. + +_Spindle-shaped._ Same as Fusiform. + +_Spine._ A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth from the stem. + +_Spinose._ Spine-like, or having spines. + +_Sporangium._ A spore-case. + +_Spore._ The reproductive organ in Cryptogams which corresponds to a +seed. + +_Sporocarp._ The fruit-cases of certain Cryptogams containing sporangia +or spores. + +_Spur._ A hollow sac-like or tubular extension of some part of a +blossom, usually nectariferous. + +_Squamula._ A reduced scale, as the hypogynous scales in Grasses. + +_Squarrose._ Having spreading and projecting processes, such as the tips +of involucral scales. + +_Squarrulose._ Diminutively squarrose. + +_Stamen._ One of the pollen-bearing or fertilizing organs of the flower. + +_Staminodium._ A sterile stamen, or any structure without anther +corresponding to a stamen. + +_Standard._ The upper dilated petal of a papilionaceous corolla. + +_Stellate, Stelliform._ Star-shaped. + +_Stem._ The main ascending axis of a plant. + +_Sterile._ Unproductive, as a flower without pistil, or stamen without +an anther. + +_Stigma._ That part of a pistil through which fertilization by the +pollen is effected. + +_Stigmatic._ Belonging to or characteristic of the stigma. + +_Stipe._ The stalk-like support of a pistil; the leaf-stalk of a Fern. + +_Stipitate._ Having a stipe. + +_Stipular._ Belonging to stipules. + +_Stipulate._ Having stipules. + +_Stipule._ An appendage at the base of a petiole or on each side of its +insertion. + +_Stolon._ A runner, or any basal branch that is disposed to root. + +_Stoloniferous._ Producing stolons. + +_Stoma_ (pl. _Stomata_). An orifice in the epidermis of a leaf +communicating with internal air-cavities. + +_Striate._ Marked with fine longitudinal lines or ridges. + +_Strict._ Very straight and upright. + +_Strigose._ Beset with appressed sharp straight and stiff hairs. + +_Strobile._ An inflorescence marked by imbricated bracts or scales, as +in the Hop and Pine-cone. + +_Strophiole._ An appendage at the hilum of certain seeds. + +_Style._ The usually attenuated portion of the pistil connecting the +stigma and ovary. + +_Stylopodium._ A disk-like expansion at the base of a style, as in +Umbelliferae. + +_Sub_-. A Latin prefix, usually signifying somewhat or slightly. + +_Subulate._ Awl-shaped. + +_Succubous_ (leaves). Having the upper margin of a leaf covered by the +base of the one above. + +_Succulent._ Juicy; fleshy. + +_Suffrutescent._ Slightly or obscurely shrubby. + +_Suffruticose._ Very low and woody; diminutively shrubby. + +_Sulcate._ Grooved or furrowed. + +_Superior_ (ovary). Free from the calyx. + +_Suspended_ (ovule). Hanging from the apex of the cell. + +_Suture._ A line of dehiscence. + +_Symmetrical_ (flower). Regular as to the number of its parts; having +the same number of parts in each circle. + +_Synonym._ A superseded or unused name. + + +_Tail._ Any slender terminal prolongation. + +_Terete._ Having a circular transverse section. + +_Terminal._ At or belonging to the apex. + +_Ternary._ Consisting of three. + +_Ternate._ In threes. + +_Tetradynamous._ Having four long and two shorter stamens. + +_Tetragonal._ Four-angled. + +_Thalamiflorous._ Having the parts of the flower hypogynous. + +_Thalloid, Thallose._ Resembling a thallus. + +_Thallus._ In Cryptogams, a cellular expansion taking the place of stem +and foliage. + +_Throat._ The orifice of a gamopetalous corolla or calyx; the part +between the proper tube and the limb. + +_Thyrse._ A contracted or ovate and usually compact panicle. + +_Thyrsoid._ Resembling a thyrse. + +_Tomentose._ Densely pubescent with matted wool. + +_Tooth._ Any small marginal lobe. + +_Torose._ Cylindrical with contractions at intervals. + +_Torulose._ Diminutive of Torose. + +_Torus._ The receptacle of a flower. + +_Transverse._ Across; in a right and left direction. + +_Tri-._ In composition, three or thrice. + +_Triandrous._ Having three stamens. + +_Trifoliolate._ Having three leaflets. + +_Trigonous._ Three-angled. + +_Trimorphous._ Occurring under three forms. + +_Triquetrous._ Having three salient angles, the sides concave or +channelled. + +_Truncate._ Ending abruptly, as if cut off transversely. + +_Tuber._ A thickened and short subterranean branch, having numerous buds +or eyes. + +_Tubercle._ A small tuber or tuber-like body. + +_Tuberiferous._ Bearing tubers. + +_Tuberous._ Having the character of a tuber; tuber-like in appearance. + +_Tumid._ Swollen. + +_Tunicated._ Having concentric coats, as an onion. + +_Turbinate._ Top-shaped; inversely conical. + +_Twining._ Winding spirally about a support. + + +_Umbel._ An inflorescence in which a cluster of peduncles or pedicels +spring from the same point. + +_Umbellate._ In or like an umbel. + +_Umbellet._ A secondary umbel. + +_Umbonate._ Bearing a stout projection in the centre; bossed. + +_Underleaves._ The small accessory leaves or stipules on the under side +of the stem in Hepaticae. + +_Undulate._ With a wavy surface; repand. + +_Unguiculate._ Contracted at base into a claw. + +_Uni-._ In composition, one. + +_Unisexual._ Of one sex, either staminate or pistillate only. + +_Urceolate._ Hollow and cylindrical or ovoid, and contracted at or below +the mouth, like an urn. + +_Utricle._ A small bladdery 1-seeded fruit; any small bladder-like body. + + +_Valvate._ Opening by valves, as a capsule; in aestivation, meeting by +the edges without overlapping. + +_Valve._ One of the pieces into which a capsule splits. + +_Vascular._ Furnished with vessels or ducts. + +_Veins._ Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in a leaf or other organ, +especially those which branch (as distinguished from nerves). + +_Ventral._ Belonging to the anterior or inner face of an organ; the +opposite of dorsal. + +_Ventricose._ Swelling unequally, or inflated on one side. + +_Vernation._ The arrangement of leaves in the bud. + +_Verrucose._ Covered with wart-like elevations. + +_Versatile_ (anther). Attached near the middle and turning freely on its +support. + +_Vertical._ Perpendicular to the horizon; longitudinal. + +_Verticillate._ Disposed in a whorl. + +_Vesicle._ A small bladder or air-cavity. + +_Vesicular, Vesiculose._ Composed of or covered with vesicles. + +_Villous._ Bearing long and soft hairs. + +_Virgate._ Wand-shaped; slender, straight and erect. + +_Viscid._ Glutinous; sticky. + + +_Whorl._ An arrangement of leaves, etc., in a circle round the stem. + +_Wing._ Any membranous or thin expansion bordering or surrounding an +organ; the lateral petal of a papilionaceous corolla. + +_Woolly._ Clothed with long and tortuous or matted hairs. + + + + +INDEX. + +[SYNONYMS IN ITALICS.] + + +Abele, 486 + +Abies, _492_, 492 + +Abronia, 425 + +Abutilon, 99 + +Acacia, Rose, 134 + +Acalypha, 459 + +ACANTHACEAE, 399 + +Acer, 117 + +Acerates, _339_, 343 + +Achillea, 289 + +Acnida, 429 + +Aconitum (Aconite), 46 + Winter, 45 + +Acorus, 551 + +Actaea, 47 + +Actinella, 287 + +Actinomeris, 281, _281_ + +Adam-and-Eve, 499 + +Adam's Needle, 524 + +Adder's-mouth, 498 + +Adder's-tongue, 695 + Yellow, 528 + +Adenocaulon, 269 + +Adiantum, 680 + +Adlumia, 60 + +Adonis, 40 + +Adoxa, 216 + +AEgopodium, 208 + +AEschynomene, 137 + +AEsculus, 115 + +AEthusa, 205 + +Agave, 516 + +Agrimonia (Agrimony), 161 + +Agropyrum, 671 + +_Agrostemma_, 85 + +Agrostis, 647 + +Ailanthus, 107 + +Aira, 652, _652_ + +Ajuga, 406 + +Alchemilla, 161 + +Alder, 472 + Black, 109 + White, 322 + +Aletris, 512 + +Alfalfa, 129 + +Alisma, 554 + +ALISMACEAE, 553 + +Alligator Pear, 446 + +Allium, 521, _522_ + +_Allosorus_, 683 + +Allspice, Carolina, 167 + Wild, 447 + +Alnus, 472 + +Aloe, American, 516 + False, 516 + +Alopecurus, 645 + +Althaea, 97 + +Alum-root, 171 + +Alyssum, 68 + +AMARANTACEAE, 427 + +Amarantus (Amaranth), 427 + +AMARYLLIDACEAE, 515 + +_Amaryllis_, 735 + +Ambrosia, 273 + +Amelanchier, 166 + +Amianthium, 535 + +Ammannia, _184_, 185, _185_ + +Ammophila, _651_, 651 + +Amorpha, 131 + +Ampelopsis, 115 + +Amphiachyris, 243 + +Amphicarpaea, 146 + +Amphicarpum, 634 + +Amsonia, 337 + +ANACARDIACEAE, 118 + +_Anacharis_, 496 + +Anagallis, 331 + +Anaphalis, 268 + +Andromeda, 316 + +Andropogon, 637, _638_ + +Androsace, 329 + +Androstephium, 522 + +Anemone, 36 + Rue, 39 + +Anemonella, 38 + +Aneura, 725 + +Angelica, 201 + +Angelica-tree, 210 + +ANONACEAE, 50 + +Antennaria, 267, _268_ + +Anthemis, 288 + +Anthoceros, 726 + +ANTHOCEROTACEAE, 726 + +Anthoxanthum, 639 + +Anthriscus, 206 + +Antirrhinum, 380 + +Anychia, 426 + +Apera, 649 + +Aphanostephus, 253 + +Aphyllon, 394 + +_Apiastrum_, 209 + +Apios, 144 + +_Apium_, 209 + +Aplectrum, 499 + +Aplopappus, 245 + +APOCYNACEAE, 337 + +Apocynum, 338 + +Apple, 164 + Balsam, 195 + Crab, 164 + May, 53 + Thorn, 377 + +Apple-of-Peru, 376 + +Aquilegia, 45 + +Arabis, 65, _71, 72_ + +ARACEAE, 548 + +Aralia, 212 + +ARALIACEAE, 212 + +Arbor-vitae, 493 + +Arbutus, Trailing, 315 + +Arceuthobium, 450 + +_Archangelica_, 201, 202, 205 + +_Archemora_, 202 + +Arctium, 295 + +Arctostaphylos, 315 + +Arenaria, 85, 733 + +Arethusa, 504 + +Argemone, 59, 733 + +Argythamnia, 459 + +Arisaema, 549 + +Aristida, 639 + +Aristolochia, 445 + +ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 444 + +Arnica, 292 + +Arrhenatherum, 651 + +Arrow-grass, 557 + +Arrowhead, 554 + +Arrow-wood, 217 + +Artemisia, 290 + +Artichoke, Jerusalem, 277 + +_Arum_, 550 + Arrow, 549 + Dragon, 549 + Water, 550 + +Arundinaria, 674 + +Arundo, 658 + +Asarabacca, 444 + +Asarum, 444, 734 + +ASCLEPIADACEAE, 338 + +Asclepias, 339 + +Asclepiodora, 339 + +Ascyrum, 92 + +Ash, 335 + Mountain, 164 + Prickly, 106 + +Asparagus, 525 + +Aspen, 486 + +Asperugo, 361 + +Asphodel, Bog, 532 + False, 532 + +Aspidium, 686 + +Asplenium, 683 + +Asprella, 674 + +Aster, 255 + acuminatus, 264 + +Aster _aestivus_, 262 + amethystinus, 260 + angustus, 264 + anomalus, 258 + azureus, 258 + _carneus_, 261 + concinnus, 260 + concolor, 258 + cordifolius, 259 + corymbosus, 255 + diffusus, 261 + Drummondii, 259 + dumosus, 260 + ericoides, 260 + Fendleri, 257 + _flexuosus_, 264 + gracilis, 256 + grandiflorus, 257 + Herveyi, 256 + infirmus, 263 + junceus, 262 + laevis, 259 + linariifolius, 263 + Lindleyanus, 259 + _linifolius_, 264 + longifolius, 262, _262_ + macrophyllus, 256 + _miser_, 261 + modestus, 257 + multiflorus, 260 + nemoralis, 264 + Novae Angliae, 257 + Novi Belgii, 262 + oblongifolius, 257 + paludosus, 255 + paniculatus, 261 + patens, 258 + patulus, 262 + polyphyllus, 260 + prenanthoides, 263 + ptarmicoides, 264 + puniceus, 263 + radula, 256 + sagittifolius, 259 + salicifolius, 261 + sericeus, 257 + Shortii, 258 + _simplex_, 261 + spectabilis, 256 + subulatus, 264 + surculosus, 256 + tardiflorus, 262 + tenuifolius, _261_, 264 + Tradescanti, _261_, 261 + turbinelius, 259 + umbellatus, 263 + undulatus, 258 + vimineus, 260 + virgatus, 259 + +Aster, Golden, 244 + White-topped, 254 + +Asterella, 729 + +Astilbe, 169 + +Astragalus, 134 + +Atamasco Lily, 516 + +Atriplex, 433 + +_Atropis_, 668 + +Avena, 653 + +Avens, 156 + +Awlwort, 69 + +_Azalea_, 320 + Alpine, 322 + +Azolla, 701 + + +Baccharis, 266 + +Baked-apple Berry, 154 + +Baldwinia, 285 + +Ballota, 420 + +Balm, 412 + Bee, 414 + Horse, 406 + +Balm-of-Gilead, 487 + +Balsam, 105 + +Balsam Poplar, 487 + +Baneberry, 47 + +Baptisia, 125 + +Barbarea, 70 + +Barberry, 52 + +Barley, 672 + +Bartonia, 352 + +Bartsia, 392 + +Basil, 409, 412 + +Bass-wood, 101 + +Bay, Loblolly, 96 + Red, 447 + Rose, 320 + +Bayberry, 469 + +Bazzania, 710 + +Bean, Indian, 399 + Kidney, 144 + Sacred, 55 + Wild, 144 + +Bearberry, 315 + +Beard-tongue, 381 + +Beckmannia, 628 + +Bedstraw, 225 + +Beech, 479 + Blue, 474 + Water, 474 + +Beech-drops, 394 + False, 326 + +Beggar-lice, 362 + +Beggar-ticks, 284 + +Belamcanda, 515 + +Bellflower, 308 + +Bellis, 253 + +Bellwort, 527 + +Benjamin-bush, 447 + +BERBERIDACEAE, 52 + +Berberis, 52 + +Berchemia, 111 + +Bergamot, Wild, 414 + +Berlandiera, 271 + +Berula, 207 + +Betony, Wood, 392 + +Betula, 471 + +Bidens, 284 + +Bigelovia, 245 + +Bignonia, 398 + +BIGNONIACEAE, 398 + +Bilberry, 312 + +Bilsted, 180 + +Bindweed, 369 + Black, 442 + +Birch, 471 + +Birthroot, 530 + +Birthwort, 445 + +Bishop's-cap, 171 + +Bishop-weed, Mock, 209 + +Bitter-nut, 469 + +Bittersweet, 373 + Climbing or Shrubby, 110 + +Bitter-weed, 273 + +Blackberry, 155 + +Bladder Ketmia, 100 + +Bladdernut, 118 + +Bladderwort, 395 + +Blasia, 724 + +Blazing-star, 242, 532 + +Blepharostoma, 711 + +_Blepharozia_, 709 + +Blephilia, 415 + +_Bletia_, 501 + +Blite, Coast, 432 + +Blite, Sea, 435 + Strawberry, 432 + +_Blitum_, 432, 433 + +Bloodroot, 58 + +Bloodwort Family, 512 + +Bluebell, 364 + +Blueberry, 312 + +Bluebottle, 297 + +Blue-curls, 405 + +Blue-hearts, 388 + +Blue-joint, 650, 671 + +Blue-stem, 671 + +Blue-tangle, 311 + +Bluets, 223 + +Blue-weed, 367 + +Boehmeria, 466 + +Bois d'Arc, 464 + +Boltonia, 253 + +_Bonamia_, 370 + +Boneset, 241 + +Borage Family, 360 + +BORRAGINACEAE, 360 + +Borrichia, 277 + +Botrychium, 693 + +Bouncing Bet, 83 + +Bouteloua, 655 + +Bowman's-root, 154 + +Boxberry, 316 + +Box-elder, 118 + +Boykinia, 170 + +Brachychaeta, 253 + +Brachyelytrum, 644 + +Bracken, 681 + +Brake, 681 + Cliff, 682 + Rock, 682 + +Bramble, 154 + +Brasenia, 55 + +Brassica, 72 + +Breweria, 370 + +Brickellia, 241 + +Briza, 663 + +_Brizopyrum_, 663 + +BROMELIACEAE, 511 + +Bromus, 669 + +Brooklime, American, 386 + +Brookweed, 332 + +Broom, 127 + +Broom-rape, 395 + Naked, 394 + +Brunella, 418 + +Brunnichia, 443 + +Bryanthus, 318 + +Buchloe, 657 + +Buchnera, 388 + +Buckbean, 353 + +Buckeye, 115 + +Buckthorn, 111, 332 + +Buckwheat, 443 + Climbing False, 443 + +Buda, 89 + +Buffalo-berry, 449 + +Buffalo-nut, 451 + +Bugbane, 47 + False, 39 + +Bugleweed, 408 + +Bugloss, 367 + +Bugseed, 434 + +Bulrush, 578 + +Bumelia, 332 + +Bunchberry, 214 + +Bunch-flower, 533 + +Bupleurum, 206 + +Burdock, 295 + +Burmannia, 497 + +BURMANNIACEAE, 496 + +Burnet, 161 + +Burning-bush, 110 + +Bur-reed, 547 + +Butter and eggs, 379 + +Buttercup, 40 + +Butterfly-weed, 340 + +Butternut, 467 + +Butterweed, 265, 293 + +Butterwort, 397 + +Button-bush, 224 + +Buttonweed, 225 + +Buttonwood, 464 + + +Cabbage, Skunk, 550 + +Cabomba, 55 + +Cacalia, 294 + +CACTACEAE, 196 + +Cactus Family, 196 + +Cakile, 74 + +_Caladium_, 550 + +Calamagrostis, 649, 651 + +Calamint, 411 + +Calamintha, 411 + +Calamus, 557 + +Calico-bush, 319 + +Calla, 550 + +Callicarpa, 403 + +Callirrhoe, 98 + +Callitriche, 182 + +Calluna, 318 + +Calophanes, 400 + +Calopogon, 504 + +Caltha, 44 + +CALYCANTHACEAE, 167 + +Calycanthus, 167 + +Calycocarpum, 51 + +_Calypogeia_, 713 + +Calypso, 499 + +_Calystegia_, 369, 370 + +Camassia, 523 + +Camelina, 69 + +Camellia Family, 95 + +Campanula, 308 + +CAMPANULACEAE, 307 + +Campion, 83 + +Camptosorus, 685 + +Cancer-root, 394 + +Cane, 674 + +Cannabis, 463 + +Caper Family, 74 + +CAPPARIDACEAE, 74 + +CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 216 + +Capsella, 73 + +Caraway, 208 + +Cardamine, 64 + +Cardinal-flower, 305 + +Carduus, 296 + +Carex, 587 + acutiformis, 598 + adusta, 621, _621_ + aestivalis, 604 + _alata_, 622 + alopecoidea, 615 + alpina, 598 + _angustata_, 600 + _aperta_, 600 + aquatilis, 600 + _arcta_, 619 + arctata, 603 + arenaria, 616 + _arida_, 620 + _aristata_, 598 + atrata, 599 + aurea, 610 + Backii, 613 + _Barrattii_, 602 + _Bebbii_, 620 + _Boottiana_, 611 + bromoides, 619 + bullata, 594 + _Buxbaumii_, 599 + canescens, 618 + capillaris, 603 + capitata, 617 + Careyana, 608 + castanea, 603 + cephaloidea, 617 + cephalophora, 617 + chordorhiza, 614 + communis, 612 + _comosa_, 596 + conjuncta, 614 + conoidea, 607 + Crawei, 606 + crinita, 601 + _cristata_, 620 + Crus-corvi, 614 + Davisii, 605 + debilis, 604, _604_ + decomposita, 614 + deflexa, 611 + Deweyana, 619 + digitalis, 608 + _disticha_, 615 + eburnea, 610 + echinata, 618 + _Emmonsii_, 611 + exilis, 617 + extensa, 606 + filiformis, 597 + _flaccosperma_, 605 + flava, 606 + flexilis, 603 + foenea, 621, _622_ + folliculata, 592 + formosa, 605 + Fraseri, 613 + fusca, 599 + gigantea, 593 + _glabra_, 604 + glaucodea, 605 + gracillima, 604 + grandis, 593 + granularis, 605 + gravida, 615 + Grayii, 592 + grisea, 605 + gynandra, 601 + gynocrates, 617 + hirta, 597 + Hitchcockiana, 607 + Houghtonii, 597 + hystricina, 596 + intumescens, 592 + irrigua, 602 + Jamesii, 613 + _Knieskernii_, 603 + _lagopodioides_, 620 + lanuginosa, 597 + laxiculmis, 608 + laxiflora, 607 + lenticularis, 600 + leporina, 622 + limosa, 602 + _limula_, 599 + littoralis, 602 + livida, 610 + longirostris, 603 + _lupuliformis_, 593 + lupulina, 593 + lurida, _593_, 595 + Magellanica, 602 + maritima, 601 + _Meadii_, 609 + Michauxiana, 592 + _miliacea_, 601 + miliaris, 593 + _mirabilis_, 622 + monile, 594 + Muhlenbergii, 617 + muricata, 616 + Muskingumensis, 620 + nigro-marginata, 613 + Norvegica, 619 + Novae-Angiae, _611_, 612 + _OEderi_, 606 + oligocarpa, 607 + oligosperma, 593 + _Olneyi_, 595 + pallescens, 606 + _paludosa_, 598 + panicea, 609 + pauciflora, 592 + pedunculata, 610 + Pennsylvanica, 612 + picta, 610 + _pinguis_, 621 + plantaginea, 609 + platyphylla, 608 + polymorpha, 609 + polytrichoides, 613 + praecox, 612 + prasina, 601 + Pseudo-Cyperus, 596 + ptychocarpa, 608 + pubescens, 613 + _pulla_, 594 + rariflora, 602 + _retrocurva_, 608 + _retroflexa_, 616 + retrorsa, 598 + Richardsoni, 610 + _rigida_, 599 + riparia, 598 + rosea, 616 + _rostrata_, 592 + _rotundata_, 593 + salina, 601 + Saltuensis, 609 + Sartwellii, 615 + scabrata, 597 + Schweinitzii, 595 + scirpoidea, 611 + _scirpoides_, 618 + scoparia, 620 + Shortiana, 596 + siccata, 619 + silicea, 621 + sparganioides, 616 + squarrosa, 596 + _stellulata_, 619 + stenolepis, 596 + stenophylla, 614 + _Steudelii_, 613 + stipata, 614 + straminea, 621 + striata, 597 + stricta, 599 + subulata, 592 + _Sullivantii_, 605 + sychnocephala, 622 + tenella, 616 + tentaculata, 595 + tenuiflora, 619 + teretiuscula, 614 + tetanica, 609 + _Torreyi_, 606 + torta, 600 + tribuloides, 620 + triceps, 602 + trichocarpa, 698 + trisperma, 619 +Carex Tuckermani, 594 + umbellata, 612 + utriculata, 594 + _vaginata_, 609 + varia, 611, _612_ + _Vaseyi_, 594 + venusta, 604 + vestita, 597 + virescens, 602 + _vitilis_, 618 + vulgaris, 599 + vulpinoidea, 615 + Willdenovii, 613 + _Woodii_, 609 + +Carnation, 83 + +Carpetweed, 198 + +Carpinus, 474 + +Carrion-flower, 520 + +Carrot, 201 + +Carum, 208 + +Carya, 468 + +CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 82 + +Cashew Family, 118 + +Cassandra, 317 + +Cassena, 108 + +Cassia, 147 + +Cassiope, 318 + +Castanea, 479 + +Castelleia, 390 + +Castor-oil Plant, 460 + +Catalpa, 399 + +Cat-brier, 519 + +Catchfly, 83 + +Catgut, 133 + +Catmint, 416 + +Catnip, 416 + +Cat-tail Flag, 547 + +Caucalis, 201 + +Caulophyllum, 52 + +Ceanothus, 112 + +Cedar, Red, 494 + White, 493, 494 + +Cedronella, 416 + +Celandine, 58 + +CELASTRACEAE, 109 + +Celastrus, 110 + +Celtis, 463, 734 + +Cenchrus, 634 + +Centaurea, 297 + +Centaury, 347 + +Centrosema, 145 + +Centunculus, 332 + +Cephaianthus, 234 + +Cephalozia, 711 + +Cerastium, 88 + +CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 488 + +Ceratophyllum, 488 + +Cercis, 147 + +_Cesia_, 723 + +Chaerophyllum, _206_, 209 + +Chaetopappa, 253 + +Chaffseed, 391 + +Chaffweed, 332 + +Chamaecyparis, 493 + +Chamaelirium, 531 + +Chamaesaracha, 374 + +Chamomile, 288 + Wild, 289 + +Charlock, 72, 74 + +Cheat, 670 + +Checkerberry, 316 + +Cheilanthes, 681 + +Chelidonium, 58 + +Chelone, 381 + +CHENOPODIACEAE, 430 + +Chenopodium, 431 + +Cherry, 151 + +Cherry, Ground, 375 + Sand, 152 + +Chervil, 206 + +Chess, 670 + +Chestnut, 479 + Horse, 115 + +Chickweed, 86 + Forked, 426 + Indian, 198 + Jagged, 87 + Mouse-ear, 88 + +Chicory, 298 + +Chiloscyphus, 716 + +Chimaphila, 322 + +Chinquapin, 479 + Water, 55 + +Chiogenes, 314 + +Chionanthus, 337 + +Chives, 522 + +Chokeberry, 164 + +Chondrilla, 303 + +Chrysanthemum, 289 + +Chrysogonum, 271 + +Chrysopogon, 638 + +Chrysopsis, 244 + +Chrysosplenium, 172 + +Cichorium, 298 + +Cicuta, 208 + +Cimicifuga, 47 + +Cinna, 649 + +Cinquefoil, 158 + +Circaea, 193 + +_Cirsium_, 295, 296 + +Cissus, 114 + +CISTACEAE, 76 + +Cladium, 586 + +Cladothrix, 734 + +Cladrastis, 126 + +Clary, 413 + +Claytonia, 91, 733 + +Clear-weed, 465 + +Cleavers, 225 + +Clematis, 35 + +Cleome, 75, 733 + +Cleomella, 75 + +Clethra, 322 + +Clintonia, 527 + +Clitoria, 145 + +Clotbur, 274 + +Cloudberry, 154 + +Clover, 128 + Bush, 141 + Prairie, 132 + Sweet, 129 + +Club-moss, 695, 697 + +Cnicus, 295, _297_ + +Cocculus, 51 + +_Cochlearia_, 70 + +Cockle, 85 + +Cocklebur, 274 + +Coelopleurum, 205 + +Coffee, Wild, 219 + +Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 148 + +Cohosh, 47, 52 + +Colic-root, 512 + +Collinsia, 380 + +Collinsonia, 406 + +_Collomia_, 356 + +Coltsfoot, 291 + Sweet, 292 + +Columbine, 45 + +Columbo, American, 352 + +Comandra, 450 + +Comfrey, 367 + Wild, 362 + +Commelina, 538 + +COMMELINACEAE, 538 + +Compass-plant, 270 + +COMPOSITAE, 230 + +_Comptonia_, 470 + +Cone-flower, 270 + Purple, 275 + +CONIFERAE, 489 + +Conioselinum, 202 + +Conium, 209 + +Conobea, 383 + +Conocephalus, 728 + +Conopholis, 394 + +Convallaria, 524 + +CONVOLVULACEAE, 367 + +Convolvulus, 369 + +Coptis, 45 + +Coral-berry, 220 + +Coral-root, 500 + +Corallorhiza, 500 + +Corema, 488 + +Coreopsis, 281 + +Corispermum, 434 + +CORNACEAE, 213 + +Cornel, 214 + +Corn-salad, 228 + +Cornus, 214 + +Coronilla, 138 + +Corpse-plant, 325 + +Corydalis, 61 + +Corylus, 473 + +Cottonwood, 487 + +Cowberry, 314 + +Cowslip, 321 + American, 328 + Virginian, 364 + +Cow-wheat, 393 + +Crab-apple, 164 + +Cranberry, 312, 314 + +Cranberry-tree, 217 + +Cranesbill, 103 + +Crantzia, 205 + +CRASSULACEAE, 170 + +Crataegus, 165 + +Cress, Bitter, 64 + Mouse-ear, 72 + Penny, 73 + Rock, 65 + Spring, 65 + Swine, 74 + Water, 69 + Winter, 70 + +Crepis, 300 + +Cross-vine, 398 + +Crotalaria, 127 + +Croton, 457 + +Crotonopsis, 458 + +Crowberry, 487 + Broom, 488 + +Crowfoot, 40 + +Crown-beard, 280 + +CRUCIFERAE, 61 + +_Crypsis_, 640 + +Cryptogramme, 682 + +Cryptotaenia, 207 + +Ctenium, 654 + +Cuckoo-flower, 65 + +Cucumber, 194 + Bur, 195 + +Cucumber-root, Indian 529 + +Cucumber-tree, 49 + +Cucurbita, 196 + +CUCURBITACEAE, 194 + +Cudweed, 268 + +Culver's-physic, 386 + +Culver's-root, 386 + +Cunila, 409 + +Cuphea, 186 + +Cup-plant, 271 + +_Cupressus_, 493 + +Cupseed, 51 + +CUPULIFERAE, 470 + +Currant, 174 + Indian, 220 + +Cuscuta, 369 + +Custard-apple Family, 50 + +Cyclanthera, 196 + +Cycloloma, 431 + +Cymopterus, 203 + +Cynodon, 654 + +Cynoglossum, 362, _363_ + +_Cynthia_, 298 + +CYPERACEAE, 567 + +Cyperus, 569 + +Cypress, 493 + +Cypress-vine, 368 + +Cypripedium, 510 + +Cystopteris, 689 + +Cytisus, 127 + + +Dactylis, 663 + +_Dactyloctenium_, 656 + +Dahoon Holly, 108 + +Daisy, 253 + Ox-eye, 289 + White, 289 + +Dalea, 132 + +Dalibarda, 156 + +Dame's-violet, 71 + +Dandelion, 303 + Dwarf, 297 + Fall, 299 + False, 303 + +Dangleberry, 311 + +Danthonia, 654 + +Daphne, 448 + +Darnel, 671 + +Datura, 377 + +Daucus, 201 + +Day-flower, 538 + +Dead-nettle, 420 + +Decodon, 186 + +Decumaria, 173 + +Deerberry, 312 + +Delphinium, 46 + +Dentaria, 64 + +Deschampsia, 652 + +Desmanthus, 149 + +Desmodium, 138 + +Devil's-bit, 531 + +Dewberry, 155 + +_Deyeuxia_, 650 + +Dianthera, 401 + +Dianthus, 83 + +Diapensia, 326 + +DIAPENSIACEAE, 326 + +Diarrhena, 662 + +Dicentra, 60 + +Dichondra, 368 + +Dichromena, 577 + +Dicksonia, 691 + +Didiplis, 184 + +Diervilla, 222 + +Diodia, 225 + +Dionaea, 179 + +Dioscorea, 517 + +DIOSCOREACEAE, 517 + +Diospyros, 333 + +Diphylleia, 53 + +Diplachne, 658 + +_Diplopappus_, 263 + +Diplophyllum, 715 + +DIPSACEAE, 229 + +Dipsacus, 229 + +Dirca, 448 + +Discopleura, 209 + +Disporum, 526 + +Distichus, 663, 735 + +Dittany, 409 + +Dock, 437 + Prairie, 270 + Spatter, 56 + +Dockmackie, 218 + +Dodder, 370 + +Dodecatheon, 328 + +Dogbane, 338 + +Dogwood, 214 + +Draba, 67 + +Dracocephalum, 416 + +Dragon-head, 416 + False, 419 + +Dragon-root, 549 + +Drosera, 178 + +DROSERACEAE, 178 + +Dryas, 157 + +Duck's-meat, 552 + +Duckweed, 552 + +Dulichium, 573 + +Dumortiera, 729 + +Dutchman's-breeches, 60 + +Dutchman's-pipe, 445 + +_Duvalia_, 729 + +Dyer's-weed, 75 + +Dysodia, 288 + + +Eatonia, 659 + +EBENACEAE, 333 + +Ebony Family, 333 + +Echinacea, 275 + +Echinocystis, 195 + +Echinodorus, 556 + +Echinospermum, 362 + +Echium, 367 + +Eclipta, 274 + +Eel-grass, 496, 565 + +Eglantine, 164 + +ELAEAGNACEAE, 448 + +Elaeagnus, 448 + +ELATINACEAE, 91 + +Elatine, 91 + +Elder, 217 + Box, 118 + Marsh, 272 + Wild, 213 + +Elecampane, 269 + +Eleocharis, 573, 735 + +Elephantopus, 237 + +Elephant's-foot, 237 + +Eleusine, 656 + +Ellisia, 358 + +Elm, 462 + +Elodea, 495 + +Elodes, 95 + +Elymus, 673 + +EMPETRACEAE, 487 + +Empetrum, 487 + +Enchanter's Nightshade, 193 + +Engelmannia, 272 + +Enslenia, 343 + +Epigaea, 315 + +Epilobium, 188 + +Epipactis, 504 + +Epiphegus, 394 + +EQUISETACEAE, 675 + +Equisetum, 676 + +Eragrostis, 660 + +Eranthis, 45 + +Erechtites, 294 + +Erianthus, 636 + +Erica, 318 + +ERICACEAE, 309 + +Erigenia, 210 + +Erigeron, 264 + +ERIOCAULEAE, 566 + +Eriocaulon, 566 + +Eriochloa, 629 + +Eriogonum, 436, 734 + +Eriophorum, 582 + +Erodium, 104 + +Eryngium, 211 + +Eryngo, 211 + +Erysimum, 71 + +Erythraea, 347 + +Erythronium, 528 + +Eulophus, 206 + +Euonymus, 110 + +Eupatorium, 239 + +Euphorbia, 452 + +EUPHORBIACEAE, 451 + +Euphrasia, 391 + +Eustoma, 349 + +Evax, 267 + +Evening Primrose Family, 186 + +Everlasting, 267, 268 + +Evolvulus, 370 + +Eyebright, 391 + + +Fagopyrum, 443 + +Fagus, 479 + +False-mermaid, 104 + +Farkleberry, 312 + +Featherfoil, 328 + +_Fedia_, 229 + +_Fegatella_, 729 + +Fennel, 205 + Dog, 239 + +Fennel-flower, 48 + +Fern, Beech, 686 + Bladder, 689 + Chain, 683 + Christmas, 689 + Cinnamon, 693 + Climbing, 692 + Cloak, 680 + Filmy, 692 + Flowering, 693 + Lip, 681 + Sensitive, 690 + Shield, 686 + Wood, 686 + +Ferns, 678 + +Fescue, 668 + Sheep's, 669 + +Festuca, _666_, 668 + +Fever-bush, 447 + +Feverfew, 289 + +Feverwort, 219 + +FICOIDEAE, 198 + +Fig, Indian, 197 + +Figwort, 380 + +Filago, 267 + +Filbert, 473 + +FILICES, 678 + +Fimbriaria, 728 + +Fimbristylis, 577 + +Fiorin, 647 + +Fir, 492 + +Fire-weed, 188, 294 + +Five-finger, 158 + +Flag, 513 + Cat-tail, 547 + Sweet, 551 + +Flax, 101 + +Fleabane, 264 + Marsh, 266 + +Floating-heart, 353 + +Floerkea, 104 + +Flower-de-luce, 513 + +Fly-poison, 535 + +Foeniculum, 205 + +Fog-fruit, 402 + +Forestiera, 336 + +Forget-me-not, 364 + +_Forsteronia_, 338 + +Fossombronia, 723 + +Fothergilla, 179 + +Four-o'clock, 425 + +Foxberry, 314 + +Foxglove, False, 389 + Mullein, 338 + +Foxtail, 634 + +Fragaria, 158 + +_Frangula_, 112 + +Frasera, 352 + +Fraxinus, 335 + +Fringe-tree, 337 + +Froelichia, 430 + +Frog's-bit, American 496 + +Frost-weed, 76 + +Frullania, 704, _706_ + +Fuirena, 583 + +Fumaria, 61 + +FUMARIACEAE, 59 + +Fumitory, 61 + Climbing, 66 + + +Gaillardia, 288 + +Galactia, 146 + +Galax, 327 + +Gale, Sweet, 469 + +Galeopsis, 421 + +Galingale, 569 + +Galinsoga, 234, 286 + +Galium, 225 + +Gall-of-the-earth 301 + +Garget, 436 + +Garlic, 521 + +Gaultheria, 315 + +Gaura, 192 + +Gaylussacia, 311 + +Gelsemium, 345 + +Genisca, 127 + +Gentian, 349 + Horse, 219 + Spurred, 352 + +Gentiana, 349 + +GENTIANACEAE, 346 + +Geocalyx, 715 + +GERANIACEAE, 102 + +Geranium, 103 + Feather, 433 + +Gerardia, 388 + +Germander, 406 + +Geum, 156 + +Gilia, 356 + +Gillenia, 154 + +Gill-over-the-ground, 416 + +Ginger, Wild, 444 + +Ginseng, 212 + +Glasswort, 434 + +Glaucium, 58 + +Glaux, 331 + +Gleditschia, 148 + +Globe-flower, 45 + +Glyceria, 666, _668_ + +Glycyrrhiza, 137 + +Gnaphalium, 268 + +Goat's-beard 153, 298 + False, 169 + +Goat's-rue, 133 + +Golden-club, 551 + +Goldenrod, 246 + False, 253 + Rayless, 245 + +Goldthread, 45 + +Gonolobus, 344 + +Good-King-Henry 432 + +Goodyera, 503 + +Gooseberry, 174 + +Goosefoot, 431 + +Gordonia, 93 + +Gourd Family, 194 + +Gout-weed, 208 + +GRAMINEAE, 623 + +Grape, 113 + +Grape Hyacinth, 523 + +Graphephorum, 666 + +Grass Family, 623 + +Grass, Barnyard 633 + Beak, 584 + Bear, 524 + Beard 636, 637, 648 + Bengal, 634 + Bent, 647, 648, 649 + Bermuda, 654 + Blue, English, 664 + Blue, Kentucky, 665 + Blue-eyed, 515 + Blue-joint, 650, 671 + Blue-stem, 671 + Bottle, 634 + Bottle-brush, 674 + Brome, 669 + Buffalo, 657 + Bur, 634 + Canary, 638 + Catchfly, 636 + Cat's-tail, 644 + Cord, 627 + Cotton, 582 + Couch, 671 + Crab, 630, 656 + Cut, Rice, 636 + Deer, 183 + Ditch, 564 + Dog's-tail, 656 + Drop seed, 643, 645 + Eel, 496, 565 + Feather, 641 + Fescue, 668 + Finger, 630 + Foxtail, 634, 645 + Gama, 635 + Goose, 226, 668 + Hair, 644, 648, 652 + Hedgehog, 634 + Herds, 645, 647 + Holy, 639 + Hungarian, 634 + Indian, 638 + Joint, 629 + June, 665 + Lyme, 673 + Manna, 666 + Marsh, 627 + Meadow 663, 665, 667 + Melic, 662 + Millet, 642 + Muskit, 655 + Oat, 641, 651, 654 + Old-witch, 630 + Orange, 95 + Orchard, 663 + Panic, 629 + Pigeon, 634 + Porcupine, 641 + Quaking, 663 + Quick, or Quitch, 671 + Rattlesnake, 667 + Ray, 671 + Redtop, 647, 657, 665 + Reed, 627, 649 + Rib, 423 + Ribbon, 639 + Ripple, 423 + Rush, 645 + Rye, 671, 673 + Salt, 627 + Sand, 658 + Scorpion, 364 + Scurvy, 71 + Scutch, 654 + Seneca, 639 + Sesame, 635 + Shave, 677 + Soft, 652 + Spear 663, 665, 668 + Spike, 662, 663 + Squirrel-tail, 672 + Star, 512, 516 + Sweet Vernal, 639 + Tape, 496 + Thin, 648 + Timothy, 645 + Toothache, 657 + Triple-awned, 639 + Umbrella, 583 + Vanilla, 652 + Velvet, 652 + Wheat, Awned, 672 + White, 336 + Whitlow, 67, 68 + Wire, 656, 664 + Wood, 638 + Worm, 346 + Yard, 656 + Yellow-eyed, 537 + +Grass of Parnassus, 173 + +Grass wrack, 565 + +Gratiola, 384 + +Greenbrier, 519 + +Green-dragon, 549 + +Greenweed, Dyer's, 127 + +Grimaldia, 729 + +Grindelia, 244 + +Gromwell, 365 + False, 366 + +Groundnut, 144, 213 + +Groundsel, 292 + +Groundsel tree, 266 + +Guelder rose, 218 + +Gum-tree, 215 + Sweet, 180 + +Gutierrezia, 243 + +Gymnocladus, 148 + +Gymnomitrium, _721_, 722 + +Gymnopogon, 655 + +_Gymnostichum_, 674 + +Gypsophila, 83 + + +Habenaria, _506_, 506 + +Hackberry, 463 + +Hackmatack, 493 + +HAEMODORACEAE, 512 + +Halenia, 352 + +Halesia, 334 + +HALORAGEAE, 180 + +HAMAMELIDEAE, 179 + +Hamamelis, 179 + +Harbinger-of-spring, 210 + +Hardhack, 153 + +Harebell, 308 + +Harpanthus, 717 + +Hart's-tongue, 685 + +Haw, 166 + Black, 219 + +Hawkbit, 298 + +Hawkweed, 299 + +Hawthorn, 165 + +Hazel, Witch, 179 + +Hazelnut, 473 + +Heal-all, 419 + +Heart's-ease, 78, 81 + +Heather, 318 + +Heath Family, 309 + +Hedeoma, 412 + +Hedysarum, 138 + +Helenium, 237 + +Heleochloa, 644 + +Helianthemum, 76 + +Helianthus, 277 + +_Heliophytum_, 362 + +Heliopsis, 275 + +Heliotropium (Heliotrope), 361 + +Hellebore, 45 + False, 533 + +Helleborus, 45 + +Helonias, 531 + +Hemerocallis, 523 + +Hemicarpha, 583 + +Hemlock, 209, 492 + Ground, 494 + Water, 208 + +HEMODORACEAE, 512 + +Hemp, 463 + Indian, 338 + Water, 429 + +Henbane, 376 + +Hepatica, 34, 38 + +HEPATICAE, 702 + +Heracleum, 202 + +Herb-Robert, 103 + +Herba-impia, 267 + +Herberta, 709 + +Hercules' Club, 213 + +Herpestis, 383 + +Hesperis, 71 + +Heteranthera, 536 + +Heterotheca, 244 + +Heuchera, 171 + +Hexalectris, 501 + +Hibiscus, 100 + +Hickory, 468 + +Hieracium, 299 + +Hierochloe, 639 + +High-water Shrub, 272 + +Hippuris, 182 + +Hobble-bush, 217 + +Hoffmanseggia, 148 + +Hogweed, 273 + +Hoicus, 652 + +Holly, 107 + Dahoon, 108 + Mountain, 109 + +Holosteum, 87 + +Honewort, 207 + +Honeysuckle, 220 + Bush, 222 + +_Honkenya_, 86 + +Hop, 464 + +Hop tree, 107 + +Hordeum, 672 + +Horehound, 419 + Black, 420 + Fetid, 420 + Water, 408 + +Hornbeam, 474 + Hop, 474 + +Hornwort, 488 + +Horse-brier, 520 + +Horse-chestnut, 115 + +Horseradish, 70 + +Horse-sugar, 335 + +Horsetail, 676 + +Horse-weed, 265 + +Hosackia, 130 + +Hottonia, 328 + +Hound's-tongue, 362 + +Houstonia, 222 + +Huckleberry, 311 + Squaw, 312 + +Hudsonia, 76 + +Humulus, 464 + +Huntsman's-cup, 57 + +Hyacinth, Grape, 523 + Wild, 523 + +Hydrangea, 173 + +Hydrastis, 48 + +HYDROCHARIDACEAE, 495 + +Hydrocotyle, 210, 733 + +Hydrolea, 360 + +HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 357 + +Hydrophyllum, 357 + +Hymenocallis, 516 + +Hymenopappus, 286 + +Hyoscyamus, 376 + +HYPERICACEAE 92 + +Hypericum, 92 + +Hypoxis, 516 + +Hyssopus (Hyssop) 409 + Giant, 415 + Hedge, 384 + + +Ilex, 107 + +ILICINEAE, 107 + +ILLECEBRACEAE 426 + +Ilysanthes, 385 + +Impatiens, 105 + +Indian-physic 154 + +Indian-pipe 325 + +Indian-poke 534 + +Indigo, 133 + False, 125, 131 + Wild, 125 + +Indigofera, 133 + +Inkberry, 109 + +Innocence, 223 + +Inula, 269 + +Ionidium, 81 + +Ipecac, American 154 + +Ipomoea, 368 + +Iresine, 429 + +IRIDACEAE, 513 + +Iris, 513, 735 + +Ironweed, 238 + +Iron-wood, 474 + +Isanthus, 406 + +Isoetes, 698 + +Isopyrum, 44 + +Itea, 174 + +Iva, 272 + +Ivy, American, 115 + Ground, 416 + Poison, 119 + + +Jacob's-ladder, 357 + +Jamestown-weed, 377 + +Jatropha, 457 + +Jeffersonia, 53 + +Jessamine, Yellow, 345 + +Jewel-weed, 105 + +Joe-Pye Weed, 239 + +Jubula, 706 + +Judas-tree, 147 + +JUGLANDACEAE 467 + +Juglans, 467 + +JUNCACEAE, 539 + +Juncus, 540 + +Juneberry, 166 + +Jungermannia, _710-712, 714, 715, 717, 718_, 718, _722_ + +JUNDERMANNIACEAE, 702 + +Juniperus (Juniper), 494 + +JUSSIAEA, 187 + + +Kalmia, 310, 319 + +Kantia, 713 + +Ketmia, Bladder, 100 + +King-nut, 468 + +Kinnikinnik, 214 + +Knapweed, 297 + +Knawel, 427 + +Knotweed, 439 + +Knotwort Family, 426 + +Kochia, 431 + +Koeleria, 659 + +Kosteletzkya, 100 + +Krigia, 297 + +Krynitzkia, 363 + +Kuhnia, 241 + +Kyllinga, 573 + + +LABIATAE, 403 + +Lachnanthes, 512 + +Lachnocaulon, 567 + +Lactuca, 303 + +Lady's-mantle, 161 + +Lady's-slipper, 510 + +Lady's-thumb, 441 + +Lady's-tresses, 501 + +Lambkill, 319 + +Lamb's-quarters, 432 + +Lamium, 420, 734 + +Lampsana, 297 + +Laportea, 465 + +Larch, 492 + +Larix, 492 + +Larkspur, 46 + +Lathyrus, 143 + +LAURACEAE, 446 + +Laurel, 319, 321 + American, 319 + Ground, 315 + Mountain, 319 + +Laurestinus, 217 + +Lavender, Sea, 327 + +Lead-plant, 131 + +Leadwort Family, 327 + +Leaf-cup, 269 + +Leather-flower, 36 + +Leather-leaf, 317 + +Leatherwood, 448 + +Leavenworthia, 63 + +Lechea, 77 + +Ledum, 321 + +Leek, Wild, 521 + +Leersia, 636 + +LEGUMINOSAE, 122 + +Leiophyllum, 322 + +Lejeunea, 707 + +Lemna, _552_, 552 + +LEMNACEAE, 551 + +LENTIBULARIACEAE, 395 + +Leontodon, 298 + +Leonuras, 420 + +Lepachys, 277 + +Lepidium, 73 + +Lepidozia, 710 + +_Lepigonum_, 89 + +Leptocaulis, 209 + +Leptochloa, 656, _658_ + +_Leptopoda_, 287 + +Lepturus, _655_, 672 + +Lespedeza, 141 + +Lesquerella, 68 + +Lettuce, 303 + Lamb, 228 + White, 301 + +_Leucanthemum_, 289 + +Leucothoe, 317 + +Lever-wood, 474 + +Liatris, 242, _243_ + +Ligusticum, 204 + +Ligustrum, 337 + +LILIACEAE, 517 + +Lilium, 529 + +Lily, 529 + Atamasco, 516 + Blackberry, 515 + Day, 523 + Pond, 56 + Water, 55 + +Lily-of-the-valley, 524 + +Limnanthemum, 353 + +Limnobium, 496 + +Limosella, 384 + +LINACEAE, 101 + +Linaria, 379 + +Linden, 101 + +Lindera, 447 + +Ling, 318 + +Linnaea, 219 + +Linum, 101 + +Liochlaena, 718 + +Lion's-foot, 301 + +Liparis, 499 + +Lipocarpha, 584 + +Lippia, 402 + +Liquidambar, 179, 180 + +Liquorice, 137 + Wild, 226 + +Liriodendron, 50 + +Listera, 501 + +Lithospermum, 365 + +Litsea, 447 + +Littorella, 424 + +Live-forever, 178 + +Liver-leaf, 38 + +Liverworts, 702 + +Lizard's-tail, 446 + +LOASACEAE, 193 + +Lobelia, 305 + +LOBELIACEAE 305 + +Loblolly-bay, 96 + +Locust, 134 + Honey, 148 + Water, 149 + +LOGANIACEAE, 345 + +Loiseleuria, 322 + +Lolium, 671 + +Lonicera, 220 + +Loosestrife, 185, 330 + False, 187 + Swamp, 186 + +Lophanthus, 415 + +Lophiola, 512 + +Lophocolea, 715 + +Lopseed, 403 + +LORANTHACEAE, 449 + +Lousewort, 392 + +Lovage, 202 + +Lucerne, 129 + +Ludwigia, 187 + +Lungwort, 363 + +Lunularia, 730 + +Lupinus (Lupine), 128 + +Luzula, 546 + +Lychnis, 85 + +Lycium, 376 + +Lycopsis, 367 + +LYCOPODIACEAE, 695 + +Lycopodium, 695 + +Lycopus, 408 + +Lygodesmia, 302 + +Lygodium, 692 + +Lysimachia, _330_, 330 + +LYTHRACEAE, 184 + +Lythrum, 185 + + +Maclura, 464 + +Madder Family, 222 + +_Madotheca_, 708, 709 + +Magnolia, 49 + +MAGNOLIACEAE, 49 + +Maianthemum, 526 + +Maidenhair, 680 + +Mallow, 97 + False, 98 + Glade, 98 + Indian, 99 + Marsh, 97 + Rose, 100 + +Malva, 97 + +MALVACEAE, 96 + +Malvastrum, 98 + +Mamillaria, 197 + +Mandrake, 53 + +Man-of-the-earth, 369 + +Maple, 117 + Ash-leaved, 118 + +Marchantia, 727 + +MARCHANTIACEAE, 727 + +Mare's-tail, 182 + +Marigold, Bur, 284 + Fetid, 288 + Marsh, 44 + Water, 285 + +Marjoram, Wild, 411 + +Marrubium, 419 + +Marshallia, 286 + +Marsilia, 700 + +MARSILIACEAE, 700 + +Marsupella, 721 + +Martynia, 399 + +Marvel-of-Peru, 425 + +_Mastigobryum_, 710 + +Matricaria, 289 + +Matrimony-vine, 376 + +Mayaca, 538 + +MAYACEAE, 537 + +May-apple, 53 + +Mayflower, 315 + +May-weed, 288 + +Meadow-beauty, 183 + +Meadow-sweet, 153 + +Medeola, 529 + +Medicago, 129 + +Medick, 129 + +Melampyrum, 393 + +Melanthium, 533 + +MELASTOMACEAE, 183 + +Melica, 662, 735 + +Melilotus (Melilot), 129 + +Melissa, 412 + +Melothria, 196 + +MENISPERMACEAE, 51 + +Menispermum, 51 + +Mentha, 407 + +Mentzelia, 193 + +Menyanthes, 353 + +Menziesia, 319 + +Mercury, Three-seeded, 459 + +Mermaid-weed, 181 + +Mertensia, 363 + +Metzgeria, 724 + +Mezereum, 448 + +Mieranthemum, 385 + +Microstylis, 498 + +Mignonette, 75 + +Mikania, 239 + +Milfoil, 289 + Water, 181 + +Milium, 642 + +Milkweed, 339 + Green, 343 + +Milkwort, 120 + +Milkwort, Sea 331 + +Millet, 642 + +Mimulus, 382 + +Mint, 407 + Cat, 416 + Horse, 413 + Mountain, 409 + Pepper, 407 + Spear, 407 + +Mirabilis, 425 + +Mist-flower, 241 + +Mistletoe, 450 + False, 449 + +Mitchella, 224 + +Mitella, 171 + +Mitreola, 346 + +Mitrewort, 171, 346 + False, 171 + +Moccason-flower, 510 + +Mocker-nut, 468 + +Modiola, 100 + +Mollugo, 198 + +Monarda, 413 + +Moneses, 323 + +Moneywort, 331 + +Monkey-flower, 382 + +Monkshood, 46 + +Monotropa, 325 + +_Montelia_, 429 + +Moonseed, 51 + +Moonwort, 693 + +Moosewood, 443 + +Morning-glory, 368 + +Morus, 464 + +Moschatel, 216 + +Moss, Black, or Long, 411 + Club, 695, 697 + Flowering, 326 + +Motherwort, 420 + +Mouse-tail, 40 + +Mudwort, 384 + +Mugwort, 291 + +Muhlenbergia, 643 + +Mulberry, 464 + French, 403 + +_Mulgedium_, 304,305 + +Mullein, 379 + +Munroa, 659 + +Muscari, 523 + +Mustard, 72 + Hedge, 71, 72 + Tansy, 72 + Tower, 66 + Treacle, 71 + Wormseed, 71 + +Mylia, 717 + +Myosotis, 364 + +Myosurus, 40 + +Myrica, 469 + +MYRICACEAE, 469 + +Myriophyllum, 181 + +Myrtle, Sand, 322 + Wax, 469 + + +_Nabalus_, 301, 302 + +Naiad, 565 + +NAIADACEAE, 557 + +Naias, 565 + +Napaea, 98 + +Nardia, 721 + +_Nardosmia_, 292 + +Narthecium, 532 + +Nasturtium, 69 + +Neckweed, 387 + +Negundo, 118 + +_Nelumbium_, 55 + +Nelumbo, 55 + +Nemastylis, 514 + +Nemopanthes, 109 + +Nemophila, 358 + +Nepeta, 416 + +_Nesaea_, 186 + +Nettle, 464 + Dead, 420 + False, 466 + Hedge, 421 + Hemp, 421 + Horse, 374 + Spurge, 457 + Wood, 465 + +Nettle-tree, 463 + +Nicandra, 376 + +Nicotiana, 377 + +Nigella, 48 + +Nightshade, 373 + Enchanter's, 193 + +Nimble-Will, 644 + +Ninebark, 153 + +Nipplewort, 297 + +Nonesuch, 130 + +Notholaena, 680 + +Nothoscordum, 522 + +Notothylas, 727 + +Nuphar, 56 + +NYCTAGINACEAE, 54 + +Nymphaea, 55 + +NYMPHAEACEAE, 54 + +Nyssa, 215 + + +Oak, 475 + Jerusalem, 433 + Poison, 119 + +Oakesia, 528 + +Oat, 653 + Sea, 662 + Water, 636 + Wild, 654 + +Obolaria, 353 + +Odontoschisma, 713 + +OEnothera, 190 + +Oil-nut, 451 + +Oldenlandia, 224 + +OLEACEAE, 335 + +Oleaster Family, 448 + +Olive Family, 335 + +ONAGRACEAE, 186 + +Onion, 521 + +Onoclea, 690 + +Onopordon, 297 + +Onosmodium, 366 + +OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 693 + +Ophioglossum, 695 + +Opuntia, 197 + +Orache, 433 + +Orange, Mock, 174 + Osage, 464 + +Orange-root, 48 + +ORCHIDACEAE, 497 + +Orchis, 498, 506 + Crane, fly, 499 + Rein, 506 + Showy, 506 + +Origanum, 411 + +Ornithogalum, 523 + +OROBANCHACEAE, 393 + +Orobanche, 395, 734 + +Orontium, 551 + +Orpine, 177 + +Orthocarpus, 391 + +Oryzopsis, 642 + +Osier, 480 + +Osmorrhiza, 210 + +Osmunda, 692 + +Ostrya, 474 + +Oxalis, 105 + +Ox-eye, 275, 289 + Sea, 277 + +Oxybaphus, 425 + +Oxydendrum, 316 + +Oxyria, 437 + +Oxytropis, 137 + +Oyster-plant, 298 + + +Pachysandra, 456 + +Pachystima, 110 + +Paepalanthus, 567 + +Painted-cup, 390 + +Pallavicinia, 723 + +_Pancratium_, 516 + +Panicum, 629 + +Pansy, 81 + +Papaver, 59 + +PAPAVERACEAE, 57 + +Papaw, 50 + +Pappoose root, 53 + +_Pardanthus_, 515 + +Parietaria, 466 + +Parnassia, 173 + +Paronychia, 426 + +Parsley Family, 198 + +Parsley, Fool's, 205 + Hemlock, 202 + +Parsley-piert, 161 + +Parsnip, 202 + Cow, 202 + Meadow, 204 + Water, 207 + +Parthenium, 272 + +Partridge Berry, 224 + +Paspalum, 628 + +Pasque-flower, 37 + +Passiflora, 194 + +PASSIFLORACEAE, 194 + +Passion flower, 194 + +Pea, Beach, 143 + Butterfly, 145 + Everlasting, 143 + Hoary, 133 + Milk, 146 + Partridge, 148 + +Peanut, Hog, 146 + +Pear, 164 + Alligator, 446 + Prickly, 197 + +Pearlwort, 88 + +Pecan-nut, 468 + +PEDALIACEAE, 399 + +Pedicularis, 392 + +Pellaea, 682 + +Pellia, 724 + +Pellitory, 466 + +Peltandra, 549 + +Pennycress, 73 + +Pennyroyal, American, 412 + Bastard, 405 + False, 406 + Mock, 412 + +Pennywort, Water, 210 + +Penthorum, 176 + +Pentstemon, 381 + +Pepper Family, 446 + +Pepper, Water, 441 + +Pepper-bush, 322 + +Peppergrass, 73 + +Pepperidge, 215 + +Peppermint, 407 + +Pepper-root, 64 + +Pepperwort, 73 + +Perilla, 407 + +Periploca, 339 + +Persea, 446 + +Persimmon, 333 + +Petalostemon, 132 + +Petasites, 292 + +_Petroselinum_, 208 + +Peucedanum, 203 + +Phacelia, 359 + +Phalaris, 638 + +Phaseolus, 144, _145_ + +Pheasant's-eye, 48 + +Phegopteris, 686 + +_Phelipaea_, 395 + +Philadelphus, 174 + +Phleum, 644 + +Phlomis, 420 + +Phlox, 354 + +Phoradendron, 449 + +Phragmites, 658 + +Phryma, 403 + +Phyllanthus, 457 + +_Phyllodice_, 318 + +Physalis, 375 + +Physocarpus, 153 + +Physostegia, 419 + +Phytolacca, 436 + +PHYTOLACCACEAE, 435 + +Picea, 491 + +Pickerel-weed, 536 + +Picris, 299 + +Pigeon berry, 436 + +Pig nut, 469 + +Pigweed, 428, 431 + Winged, 431 + +Pilea, 465 + +Pimpernel, 331 + False, 385 + Water, 332 + +Pimpinella, 206 + +Pine, 490 + Ground, 697 + +Pine-apple, Family, 511 + +Pine-drops, 325 + +Pine sap, 325 + +Pine weed, 95 + +Pinguicula, 397 + +Pink, 83, 84 + Fire, 84 + +Pink-root, 346 + +Pinus, 490, 734 + +Pinweed, 77 + +Pinxter flower, 320 + +PIPERACEAE, 446 + +Pipe vine, 445 + +Pipewort, 566 + Hairy, 567 + +Pipsissewa, 322 + +Pitcher-plant, 57 + +Plagiochila, 717 + +Plane-tree Family, 466 + +Planer-tree, 463 + +PLANTAGINACEAE, 422 + +Plantago, 422 + +Plantain, 422 + Indian, 294 + Mud, 536 + Rattlesnake, 503 + Robin's, 266 + Water, 554 + +PLATANACEAE, 466 + +Platanus, 466 + +_Pleuranthe_, 718 + +Pleurisy-root, 340 + +Pleurogyne, 352 + +Plucea, 266 + +Plum, 151 + Date, 333 + +Plum, Ground, 135 + Red, 151 + +PLUMBAGINACEAE, 327 + +Poa, 663 + +Podophyllum, 53 + +PODOSTEMACEAE, 444 + +Podostemon, 444 + +Pogonia, 505 + +Pokeweed, 436 + +Polanisia, 74 + +POLEMONIACEAE, 354 + +Polemonium, 356 + +Polygala, 120 + +POLYGALACEAE, 120 + +POLYGONACEAE, 436 + +Polygonatum, 524 + +Polygonella, 443 + +Polygonum, 439, _443_ + +Polymnia, 269 + +Polypodium, 680 + +Polypody, 680 + +Polypogon, 648 + +Polypremum, 345 + +Polytaenia, 203 + +Pomme-blanche, 131 + +Pond spice, 447 + +Pondweed, 558 + Horned, 565 + +Pontederia, 536 + +PONTEDERIACEAE, 535 + +Poplar, 486 + White, 50 + +Poppy, 59 + Celandine, 58 + Corn, 59 + Horn, 58 + Mexican, 59 + Prickly, 59 + +Populus, 486 + +Porella, 708 + +Portulaca, 90 + +PORTULACACEAE, 90 + +Potamogeton, 558 + +Potato vine, Wild, 369 + +Potentilla, 158 + +Poterium, 161 + +Preissia, 728 + +Prenanthes, 300 + +Prim, 337 + +Primrose, 329 + Evening, 190 + +Primula, 329 + +PRIMULACEAE, 328 + +Prince's-feather, 441 + +Prince's-pine, 323 + +_Prosartes_, 527 + +Psilocarya, 577 + +Psoralea, 130 + +Ptelea, 107 + +Pteris, 681 + +Pterospora, 325 + +Ptilidium, 709 + +Puccinellia, 668 + +Puccoon, 365 + Yellow, 48 + +Pulse, Family, 122 + +Purslane, 90 + Sea, 198 + Water, 184, 188 + +Putty-root, 499 + +Pycnanthemum, 409 + +Pyrola, 323 + +Pyrrhopappus, 303 + +Pyrularia, 451 + +Pyrus, 164 + +Pyxidanthera, 326 + +Pyxie, 326 + + +_Quamoclit_, 368 + +Queen-of-the-prairie, 153 + +Quercus, 475 + +Quillwort, 698 + + +Radish, 74 + +Radula, 707 + +Ragged-Robin, 85 + +Ragweed, 273 + +Ragwort, 293 + +Ramsted, 379 + +RANUNCULACEAE, 34 + +Ranunculus, 40 + +Rape, Broom, 395 + +Raphanus, 74 + +Raspberry, 154 + +Rattlebox, 127 + +Rattlesnake-master, 211 + +Rattlesnake-root, 300 + +Rattlesnake-weed, 299 + +_Reboulia_, 729 + +Redbud, 147 + +Red-root, 112, 512 + +Redtop, 647 + False, 665 + Tall, 667 + +Reed, 658 + Bur, 547 + +Reseda, 75 + +RESEDACEAE, 75 + +RHAMNACEAE, 111 + +Rhamnus, 111 + +Rheumatism-root, 53 + +Rhexia, 183 + +Rhinanthus, 392 + +Rhododendron, 320 + +_Rhodora_, 321 + +Rhus, 118 + +Rhynchosia, 147 + +Rhynchospora, _577_, 584 + +Ribes, 174 + +Ribgrass, 423 + +Ribwort, 422 + +Riccia, 730 + +RICCIACEAE, 730 + +Rice, Indian, 635 + Water, 635 + +Richweed, 407, 465 + +Ricinus, 460 + +Riverweed, 444 + +Robinia, 134 + +Rocket, 71 + Dyer's, 75 + Sea, 74 + Yellow, 70 + +Rock-rose, 76 + +Rosa, 162 + +ROSACEAE, 150 + +Rose, 162 + Cotton, 267 + Guelder, 218 + Rock, 76 + +Rosebay, 320 + +Rosemary, Marsh, 327 + +Rosin-weed, 270 + +Rotala, 184 + +Rottboellia, 636 + +Roubieva, 433 + +RUBIACEAE, 222 + +Rubus, 154 + +Rudbeckia, 276 + +Rue Family, 106 + +Rue, Meadow, 39 + +Ruellia, 400 + +Rumex, 437 + +Ruppia, 564 + +Rush, 540 + +Rush, Bald, 577 + Bog, 540 + Club, 578 + Horned, 586 + Nut, 586 + Scouring, 676 + Spike, 573 + Twig, 586 + Wood, 546 + +RUTACEAE, 106 + +Rye, Wild, 673 + + +Sabbatia, 347 + +Sage, 412 + Jerusalem, 420 + Wood, 406 + +Sagina, 88 + +Sagittaria, 554, 735 + +St. Andrew's-cross, 92 + +St. John's-wort, 92 + Marsh, 95 + +St. Peter's-wort, 92 + +SALICACEAE, 480 + +Salicornia, 434 + +Salix, 480 + +Salmon-berry, 154 + +Salsify, 298 + +Salsola, 435, 734 + +Saltwort, 435 + +Salvia, 412 + +Salvinia, 701 + +SALVINIACEAE, 701 + +Sambucus, 217 + +Samolus, 332 + +Samphire, 434 + +Sandal-wood Family, 450 + +Sandweed, Sea, 651 + +Sandwort, 85 + +Sanguinaria, 58 + +Sanicula (Sanicle), 212 + +SANTALACEAE, 450 + +SAPINDACEAE, 115 + +Sapindus, 116 + +Sapodilla Family, 332 + +Saponaria, 83 + +SAPOTACEAE, 332 + +_Sarcoscyphus_, 721 + +Sarracenia, 57 + +SARRACENIACEAE, 57 + +Sarsaparilla, 212, 213 + +Sassafras, 447 + +Satureia, 411 + +Saururus, 446 + +Savin, 494 + +Savory, 411 + +Saxifraga, 169 + +SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168 + +Saxifrage, 169 + Golden, 172 + +Scabiosa (Scabious), 229, 733 + +Scale-mosses, 702 + +Scapania, 713 + +Schedonnardus, 655 + +Scheuchzeria, 558 + +Schizaea, 690 + +_Schollera_, 536 + +Schrankia, 149 + +Schwalbea, 391 + +Schweinitzia, 325 + +_Scilla_, 523 + +Scirpus, _576_, 578, _582_ + +Scleranthus, 427 + +Scleria, 586 + +Sclerolepis, 238 + +Scolochloa, 666 + +Scolopendrium, 685 + +Scrophularia, 380 + +SCROPHULARIACEAE, 377 + +Scutellaria, 416 + +Sedge, 587 + +Sedge Family, 567 + +Sedum, 177 + +Seed-box, 187 + +Selaginella, 697 + +SELAGINELLACEAE, 697 + +Selenia, 63 + +Self-heal, 418 + +_Sendtnera_, 710 + +Senebiera, 74 + +Senecio, 292 + +Senna, 147 + +Sensitive-brier, 149 + +Sensitive-plant, Wild, 148 + +Sericocarpus, 254 + +Service-berry, 166 + +Sesuvium, 198 + +Setaria, 634 + +Seymeria, 388 + +Shad-bush, 166 + +Sheep-berry, 219 + +Shepherdia, 449 + +Shepherd's-purse, 73 + +Sherardia, 227 + +Shin-leaf, 323 + +Shooting-star, 329 + +Sibbaldia, 161 + +Sickle-pod, 66 + +Sicyos, 195 + +Sida, 99 + +Side-saddle Flower, 57 + +Silene, 83 + +Silkweed, 339 + +Silphium, 270 + +Silver-bell Tree, 334 + +Silver-berry, 449 + +Silver-weed, 160 + +_Sinapis_, 72 + +Sisymbrium, 71 + +Sisyrinchium, 515, 735 + +Sium, 207, _207_ + +Skullcap, 416 + +Skunk-cabbage, 550 + +Sloe, 152 + +Smartweed, 441 + +Smilacina, 525, _526_ + +Smilax, 519 + +Snake-head, 381 + +Snake-root, 47 + Black, 212 + Button, 211, 242 + Seneca, 120 + Virginia, 445 + White, 241 + +Snapdragon, 380 + +Sneezeweed, 287 + +Sneezewort, 289 + +Snowball-tree, 218 + +Snowberry, 220 + Creeping, 314 + +Snowdrop, 334 + +Soapberry, 116 + +Soapwort, 83 + +SOLANACEAE, 373 + +Solanum, 373 + +Solea, 81 + +Solidago, 246 + _altissima_, 249 + arguta, 250, _250_ + bicolor, 247 + Bigelovii, 247 + Boottii, 250 + caesia, 247 + Canadensis, 251 + Curtisii, 247 + Drummondii, 252 + Elliottii, 250 + _elliptica_, 250 + _gigantea_, 251 + Houghtonii, 252 + humilis, 248 + juncea, 250 + lanceolata, 252 + latifolia, 247 + Lindheimeriana, 247 + _linoides_, 250 + macrophylla, 247 + Missouriensis, 251 + monticola, 247 + _Muhlenbergii_, 250 + neglecta, 250 + nemoralis, 251 + odora, 249 + Ohioensis, 252 + patula, 249 + petiolaris, 246 + pilosa, 249 + puberula, 248 + radula, 251 + Riddellii, 252 + rigida, 252 + rugosa, 249 + rupestris, 251 + sempervirens, 248 + serotina, 251, _251_ + Shortii, 251 + speciosa, 249 + squarrosa, 246 + stricta, 248, _249_ + tenuifolia, 252 + _thyrsoidea_, 248 + tortifolia, 249 + uliginosa, 249 + ulmifolia, 250 + virgata, 248 + Virgaurea, 248 + +Solomon's-seal, 524 + False, 525 + +Sonchus, 305 + +Sophora, 127 + +Sorrel, 437 + Mountain, 437 + Wood, 105 + +Sorrel-tree, 316 + +Sour-gum, 215 + +Sour-wood, 316 + +Spanish-bayonet, 524 + +Spanish-needles, 285 + +Sparganium, 547 + +Spartina, 627 + +Spatter-dock, 56 + +Spearmint, 407 + +Spearwort, 41 + +Specularia, 308 + +Speedwell, 386 + +Spergula, 90 + +_Spergularia_, 89 + +Spermacoce, 225 + +Sphaeralcea, 99 + +Sphaerocarpus, 732 + +_Sphagnoecetis_, 713 + +Spice-bush, 447 + +Spiderwort, 539 + +Spigelia, 346 + +Spikenard, 213 + False, 525 + +Spindle-tree, 110 + +Spiraea, 153, _153_ + +Spiranthes, 501 + +Spirodela, 552 + +Spleenwort, 683 + +Spoonwood, 319 + +Sporobolus, 645 + +Spring-beauty, 91 + +Spruce, 491 + +Spurge, 452 + +Spurrey, 90 + Sand, 89 + +Squaw-root, 394 + +Squaw-weed, 293 + +Squirrel-corn, 60 + +Stachys, 421 + +Staff-tree, 110 + +Stagger-bush, 316 + +Staphylea, 118 + +Star-flower, 329 + +Star-grass, 512, 516 + +Star-of-Bethlehem, 523 + +Starwort, 86, 255 + Water, 182 + +Statice, 327 + +Steeple-bush, 153 + +_Steetzia_, 724 + +Steironema, 330 + +Stellaria, 86, 733 + +Stenanthium, 534 + +Stenosiphon, 193 + +Stickseed, 362 + +Sticktight, 284 + +Stillingia, 460 + +Stipa, 641 + +Stitchwort, 87 + +Stonecrop, 177 + Ditch, 176 + +Stone-root, 407 + +Storax, 333 + +Storksbill, 104 + +Stramonium, 377 + +Strawberry, 158 + Barren, 158 + +Strawberry-bush, 110 + +Streptopus, 526 + +Strophostyles, 145 + +_Struthiopteris_, 690 + +Stuartia, 96 + +Stylophorum, 58 + +Stylosanthes, 142 + +STYRACACEAE, 333 + +Styrax, 334 + +Suaeda, 434 + +Subularia, 69 + +Succory, 298 + +Sugar-berry, 463 + +Sullivantia, 171 + +Sumach, 118 + +Sundew, 178 + +Sunflower, 277 + +Supple-Jack, 111 + +Sweetbrier, 164 + +Sweet-cicely, 210 + +Sweet-flag, 551 + +Sweet-gale, 469 + +Sweet-gum, 180 + +Sweet-leaf, 334 + +Sweet-scented shrub, 167 + +Sweet William, 83 + Wild, 354 + +Sycamore, 466 + +Symphoricarpos, 220 + +Symphytum, 367 + +Symplocarpus, 550 + +Symplocos, 334 + +Synandra, 419 + +Synthyris, 386 + +Syringa, 174 + + +Tacamahac, 487 + +Talinum, 91, 733 + +Tamarack, 493 + +Tanacetum, 290 + +Tansy, 290 + +Taraxacum, 303 + +Tare, 142 + +Taxodium, 493 + +Taxus, 494 + +Tea-berry, 316 + +Tea Family, 95 + +Tea, Labrador, 321 + Mexican, 433 + New, Jersey, 112 + Oswego, 414 + +Tear-thumb, 442 + +Teasel, 229 + +Tecoma, 398 + +Tephrosia, 133 + +TERNSTROEMIACEAE, 95 + +Tetragonotheca, 274 + +_Tetranthera_, 447 + +Teucrium, 406 + +Thalictrum, 39, 39 + +Thaspium, 204, _208_ + +Thelesperma, 285 + +Thelypodium, 72 + +Thermopsis, 126 + +Thimbleberry, 155 + +Thistle, 295 + Canada, 296 + Cotton, 297 + Plumeless, 296 + Scotch, 297 + Sow, 305 + Star, 297 + +Thlaspi, 73 + +Thorn, 165 + Black, 152 + White, 165 + +Thoroughwax, 206 + +Thoroughwort, 239 + +Thuya, 493 + +Thyme, 411 + Basil, 411 + Creeping, 411 + +THYMELAEACEAE, 448 + +Thymus, 411 + +Tiarella, 171 + +Tickseed, 281 + +Tiedemannia, 202 + +Tilia, 101 + +TILIACEAE, 101 + +Tillaea, 177 + +Tillandsia, 511 + +Timothy, 645 + +Tinker's-weed, 291 + +Tipularia, 499 + +_Tissa_, 89 + +Toadflax, 379 + Bastard, 450 + +Tobacco, 377 + Indian, 307 + +Tofieldia, 532 + +Toothache-tree, 106 + +Toothwort, 64 + +Touch-me-not, 106 + +Townsendia, 254 + +Trachelospermum, 338 + +Tradescantia, 539 + +Tragia, 460 + +Tragopogon, 298 + +Trantvetteria, 39 + +Tread-softly, 457 + +Tree-of-heaven, 107 + +Trefoil, 128 + Shrubby, 107 + Tick, 138 + +Trichocolea, 709 + +Trichomanes, 692 + +Trichostema, 405 + +_Tricuspis_, 657, 658 + +Trientalis, 329 + +Trifolium, 128 + +Triglochin, 557 + +Trilisa, 243 + +Trillium, 530 + +Triodia, 657 + +Triosteum, 219 + +Tripsacum, 636 + +Trisetum, 653, 735 + +_Triticum_, 671, 672 + +Trollius, 45 + +Troximon, 302 + +Trumpet-creeper, 398 + +Trumpet-flower, 398 + +Trumpets, 57 + +Trumpet-weed, 239 + +Tsuga, 492 + +Tulip-tree, 50 + +Tumbleweed, 428 + +Tupelo, 215 + +Turnip, Indian, 549 + +Turnsole, 361 + +Turtlehead, 381 + +Tussilago, 291 + +Twayblade, 499, 501 + +Twin-flower, 219 + +Twin-leaf, 53 + +Twisted-stalk, 526 + +Typha, 547 + +TYPHACLAE, 547 + + +Ulmus, 462 + +UMBELLIFERAE, 198 + +Umbrella-leaf, 53 + +Umbrella-tree, 49, 50 + +Unicorn-plant, 399 + +Uniola, 662 + +Urtica, 464 + +URTICACEAE, 461 + +Utricularia, 395 + +Uvularia, 527, _528_ + + +_Vaccaria_, 83 + +Vaccinium, 312 + +Valeriana (Valerian), 228 + Greek, 356 + +VALERIANACEAE, 228 + +Valerianella, 228 + +Vallisneria, 496 + +Vanilla-plant, 243 + +Velvet-leaf, 99 + +Venus's Fly-trap, 179 + Looking-glass, 308 + +Veratrum, _533_, 533 + +Verbascum, 379 + +Verbena, 401 + +VERBENACEAE, 401 + +Verbesina, 280 + +Vernonia, 238 + +Veronica, 386 + +Vervain, 401 + +_Vesicaria_, 69 + +Vetch, 142 + Joint, Sensitive, 137 + Milk, 134 + +Vetchling, 143 + +Viburnum, 217 + +Vicia, 142 + +_Vilfa_, 645, 646 + +Vincetoxicum, 344 + +Vine Family, 112 + +Viola, 78 + +VIOLACEAE, 78 + +Violet, 78 + +Violet, Dame's, 71 + Dog's-tooth, 528 + Green, 81 + Water, 328 + +Virginian-creeper, 115 + +Virgin's-bower, 35 + +VITACEAE, 112 + +Vitis, 113, 114 + + +Waahoo, 110 + +Wake-robin, 530 + +Waldsteinia, 157 + +Walking-leaf, 685 + +Wallflower, Western, 71 + +Walnut, 467 + +Watercress, 69 + +Waterleaf, 357 + +Water-nymph, 55 + +Water-shield, 55 + +Waterweed, 495 + +Waterwort, 91 + +Wax work, 110 + +Wayfaring-tree, 217 + +Weigela, 222 + +Weld, 75 + +Wheat, Cow, 393 + India, 443 + +Whin, 127 + +Whiteweed, 289 + +Whitlow-wort, 426 + +Wicky, 319 + +Willow, 480 + +Willow-herb, 188 + +Wind-flower, 36, 38 + +Winterberry, 109 + +Wintergreen, 315, 323 + Aromatic, 315 + Chickweed, 329 + Creeping, 315 + Spotted, 313 + +Wistaria, 134 + +Witch hazel, 179 + +Wolf berry, 220 + +Wolfsbane, 46 + +Woodbine, 115, 220 + +Woodsia, 690 + +Woodwardia, 683 + +Wood-waxen, 127 + +Wormseed, 434 + +Wormwood, 289 + Roman, 273 + + +Xanthium, 274 + +Xanthorrhiza, 48 + +_Xanthosoma_, 550 + +Xanthoxylum, 106 + +Xerophyllum, 532 + +XYRIDACEAE, 536 + +Xyris, 537 + + +Yam, 517 + +Yarrow, 289 + +Yaupon, 108 + +Yellow-eyed, Grass, 537 + +Yellow-rattle, 392 + +Yellow-root, 48 + +Yellow-wood, 126 + +Yew, 494 + +Yucca, 524 + + +Zannichellia, 565 + +Zephyranthes, 516, 735 + +Zizania, 635 + +Zizia, _206_, 207 + +Zostera, 565 + +Zygadenus, 534 + + + + +PLATES + +WITH EXPLANATIONS. + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. + +CYPERUS.--(1) Small plant of C. diandrus; (2) a spikelet magnified; (3) +a piece of the rhachis with one scale enclosing its flower; (4) a +separate flower more magnified.--(5) C. erythrorhizos, a spikelet +magnified; the lower scales and flowers have fallen, showing the small +internal scales of the section Papyrus, formed of the winged margins of +the joints of the rhachis detached; (6) a separate one, more enlarged; +(7) a flower; (8) an achene, cut in two.--(9) C. dentatus, a piece of +the rhachis of a spike with the lower part of one scale, showing how it +is decurrent on the joint beneath (cut across) to form scale-like wings. + +DULICHIUM.--(1) Upper part of a plant of D. spathaceum; (2) part of a +spikelet somewhat enlarged; (3) piece of rhachis, and one scale +decurrent on the joint beneath; (4) magnified flower. + +KYLLINGA.--(1) Plant of K. pumila; (2) one-flowered spikelet on a piece +of the rhachis, enlarged; (3) the same, more enlarged and open; (4) +achene; and (5) section of same magnified. + +[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceae. Plate I] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. + +HEMICARPHA.--(1) Plant of H. subsquarrosa, natural size; (2) a spikelet +enlarged, with its bract; (3) magnified scale of the same; (5) a flower, +with its single stamen and minute internal scale, magnified; (6) achene, +magnified. + +LIPOCARPHA.--(1) Upper part of plants of L. maculata, with spikelets; +(2) diagram of a flower, representing the ovary between the two internal +scales, a single stamen, the scale of the spikelet on one side, and the +axis of the spikelet on the other; (3) scale of spikelet detached; (4) a +flower with its two inner scales; (5) achene, magnified. + +FUIRENA.--(1) Upper portion of plant of F. squarrosa, var. pumila; (2) +scale of spike enclosing a flower; (3) open scale of same; (4) flower; +(5) one of the scales and one of the bristles of the perianth; (6) +achene, and (7) section of same. + +[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceae. Plate II] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. + +ELEOCHARIS.--(1) Small plant of E. olivacea; (2) the spikelet enlarged; +(3) detached scale; (4) flower; (5) achene and bristles.--(6) E. +quadrangulata, spikelet; (7) a scale; (8) flower; (9) achene and +bristles.--(10) E. tuberculosa; the achene with its great tubercle, and +bristles. + +SCIRPUS.--(1) Summit of plant of small S. debilis; (2) a spikelet; (3) a +scale of the same, and (4) flower; (5) achene with its bristles. + +ERIOPHORUM.--(1) Small plant of E. alpinum, in flower; (2) spikelet; (3) +a scale, and (4) a flower from the same; (5) the spikelet, in fruit, the +bristles forming a cottony tuft; (6) achene and its bristles.--(6, under +_Scirpus_) a small portion of the inflorescence of E. cyperinum; (7) a +flower; (8) a spikelet in fruit; (9) achene from the same, with the +tortuous bristles; (10) section of the achene. + +FIMBRISTYLIS.--(1) Summit of a small flowering stem of F. laxa; (2) a +spikelet of the same; (3) a detached scale, and (4) a flower of the +same; (5) achene.--F. autumnalis, (6), a spikelet, enlarged; (7) flower; +(8) achene, and (9) section of the same. + +[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceae. Plate III] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. + +DICHROMENA.--(1) Head and involucre of D. latifolia; (2) a scale from +one of the spikelets, and (3) the same cut across; (4) a flower; (5) +achene with its tubercle. + +PSILOCARYA.--(1) Part of plant, (2) enlarged spikelet, (3) detached +scale, (4) flower, and (5) achene with its beak, of P. scirpoides. + +RHYNCHOSPORA.--(1) Upper part of flowering stem of R. Torreyana; (2) a +spikelet; (3) detached flower; (4) achene, with short bristles at its +base; (5) one of these bristles more magnified. + +R. (Sec. CERATOSCHOENUS).--(1) Upper part of fruiting plant, (2) detached +spikelet, (3) flower, and (4) beaked achene, with its bristles, of R. +macrostachya. + +[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceae. Plate IV] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. + +CLADIUM.--(1) Summit of a plant of C. mariscoides; (2) detached +spikelet; (3) same, open, showing a staminate and a perfect flower; (4) +the nut-like achene, and (5) the longitudinal section of the same. + +SCLERIA.--(6) Summit of a flowering stem of S. reticularis; (7) three +spikelets from a cluster, the middle one pistillate, the lateral ones +staminate; (8) staminate spikelet displaying four male flowers, the +filaments of two of them having lost their anthers; (9) pistillate +spikelet displaying a single pistillate flower; (10) achene with the +3-lobed double cup underneath. + +CAREX.--(11) Plant of C. pauciflora; (12) a staminate flower with its +scale; (13) scale, and (14) mature pistillate flower, in its perigynium; +(15) cross section of perigynium and of the contained achene; (16) +achene on its stalk, style and stigmas.--(17) C. Jamesii, upper part of +flowering plant; (18) the spike enlarged; (19) a staminate flower and +its scale; (20) pistillate flower in its perigynium; (21) the same with +half the perigynium cut away to show the contained achene and style. + +[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceae. Plate V] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. + +CAREX.--(1) C. trisperma, upper part of a stem in fruit; (2) enlarged +spike displayed, with three staminate and two pistillate flowers; (3) a +scale, and (4) a ripe perigynium, of the latter; with (5) a section of +the perigynium near the base, and of the contained achene.--(6) C. +straminea, var. brevior, summit of a fruiting plant; (7) a spike +enlarged; (8) scale of a pistillate flower; (9) the winged perigynium +and the contained achene cut across; (10) detached achene with +persistent style and stigmas.--(11) C. umbellata, whole plant; (12) a +perigynium and its scale; (13) cross-section toward the base of +perigynium and its contained achene; (14) detached achene with its +persistent style and stigmas.--C. bullata; (15) upper part of plant in +fruit, with one pistillate and two staminate spikes; (16) one of its +staminate flowers with the scale; (17) a pistillate scale, and (18) +mature perigynium; (19) longitudinal section of the latter, showing the +achene and its style, and (20) cross-section of the same. + +[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceae. Plate VI] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. + +LEERSIA.--(1) Panicle of L. oryzoides, reduced in size; (2) a branchlet +of the same, with its spikelets, of the natural size; and (3) an open +spikelet in flower, enlarged. + +ZIZANIA.--(1) A staminate, and (2) a pistillate flower or spikelet of Z. +aquatica; (3) a magnified pistil with a pair of squamulae or hypogynous +scales; (4) a grain, and a magnified longitudinal section of the lower +part of the same, showing the embryo at the outside of the base of the +albumen. + +ALOPECURUS.--(1) Part of a plant of A. geniculatus, in flower; (2) a few +spikelets from the spike-like inflorescence, moderately magnified; (3) +an open spikelet in flower, more magnified, and (4) the single flowering +glume detached. + +PHLEUM.--A detached spikelet of P. pratense, having the flower with its +glume and palet raised above the empty glumes, magnified. + +HELEOCHLOA.--(1) Inflorescence of H. schoenoides; (2) a separate +enlarged spikelet; and (3) the same open, in flower. + +SPOROBOLUS.--(1) A spikelet of S. cryptandrus, magnified; (2) the same, +with the flower open, raised above the empty glumes; and (3) the fruit, +more magnified, showing the seed loose in the pericarp (utricle).--(4) +An enlarged spikelet of E. vaginaeflora; and (5) the same displayed. + +AGROSTIS.--(1) Panicle of A. alba, var. vulgaris, with (2) an enlarged +open spikelet of the same; also (3) the rough pedicel and glumes of A. +scabra, with the flower separated, the latter having no palet. + +[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate VII] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. + +POLYPOGON.--(1) Spike-like contracted panicle of P. Monspeliensis; (2) +an enlarged detached spikelet, showing the long awns to the empty +glumes; (3) the same open in flower; and (4) a separate flower without +the empty glumes. + +CINNA.--(1) A magnified spikelet of C. arundinacea; and (2) the same +open, displaying the flowering glume and palet, the single stamen, and +the pistil. + +MUHLENBERGIA.--(1) A magnified closed spikelet of M. sylvatica; (2) the +same with the open flower raised out of the empty glumes.--(3) A +magnified spikelet of M. diffusa; (4) its minute and unequal empty +glumes more magnified; and (5) an open spikelet of the same. + +BRACHYELYTRUM.--(1) A spikelet of B. aristatum enlarged; (2) the same +displayed. + +CALAMAGROSTIS.--(1) An open spikelet of C. Canadensis, enlarged, +displaying all the parts; (2) the same with the flower raised out of the +empty glumes, showing the hairy rudiment behind the palet. + +ORYZOPSIS.--(1) An open magnified spikelet of O. asperifolia; and (2) +the flower of the same removed from the empty glumes. Notice the +remarkably long squamulae or hypogynous scales, which here nearly equal +the glume in length. + +STIPA.--Empty glumes and flower (a little separated) of S. avenacea, +enlarged. + +ARISTIDA.--A spikelet of A. purpurascens, enlarged. + +[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate VIII] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. + +SPARTINA.--(1) Portion of the inflorescence of S. stricta, of the +natural size; (2) a spikelet enlarged; and (3) the same displaced, the +flower raised above the empty glumes. + +CTENIUM.--(1) Spike of C. Americanum; (2) a single spikelet magnified; +and (3) the same displayed, the empty glumes separated. + +BOUTELOUA.--(1) A portion of the compound spike of B. racemosa, of the +natural size; and (2) a spikelet displayed and magnified, the flowers +raised out of the empty glumes. + +GYMNOPOGON.--(1) Inflorescence of G. racemosus, reduced in size; and (2) +a magnified spikelet with the parts displayed. + +CYNODON.--(1) Inflorescence of C. Dactylon, of digitate spikes; (2) a +spikelet magnified and displayed, showing a perfect flower and a +rudiment. + +ELEUSINE.--(1) One of the spikes from the digitate inflorescence of E. +Indica; (2) a magnified spikelet; (3) the same with the flowers more +displayed; (4) a flower from the last, showing its parts; (5) the fruit +magnified, showing the seed loose in the utricle; and (6) the wrinkled +seed detached.--(1, under _Dactyloctenium_) Inflorescence of E. +AEgyptiaca, of digitate spikes; (2) one of the spikelets magnified; (3) +the fruit magnified, showing the seed loose in the thin pericarp +(utricle); and (4) the wrinkled seed more magnified. + +DIPLACHNE.--(1) Small portion of the inflorescence of D. fascicularis; +(2) one of its spikelets displayed and magnified; (3) an open flower of +the same. + +[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate IX] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. + +TRIODIA.--(1) Magnified spikelet of T. seslerioides; (2) the same +displayed and the lowest flower open; (3) back view of the flowering +glume spread out. + +GRAPHEPHORUM.--(1) A magnified spikelet of G. melicoides, displayed; (2) +a part of the hairy rhachis and one flower of the same. + +DIARRHENA.--(1) A spikelet of D. Americana, enlarged; (2) the grain in +its glume and palet. + +DACTYLIS.--A spikelet of D. glomerata magnified and displayed. + +KOELERIA.--(1) A magnified spikelet of K. cristata, expanded, showing +the empty glumes, the three flowers, and a rudiment; (2) lower half of a +flowering glume, partly spread open; it is much more folded and keeled +in its natural condition. + +EATONIA.--A magnified spikelet of E. obtusata, expanded, showing the +empty glumes, the two flowers, and a rudiment. + +MELICA.--A magnified spikelet of M. mutica, expanded, showing the empty +glumes, two perfect flowers, and an abortive one. + +GLYCERIA.--(1) A magnified spikelet of G. nervata; (2) a separate flower +with one joint of the rhachis; and (3) the lower half of a flowering +glume, showing its form (rounded on the back, not keeled). + +DISTICHLIS--(1) A pistillate spikelet of D. maritima, enlarged; (2) a +flower from the same; and (3) a flower from a staminate spikelet. + +POA.--(1) Panicle of P. compressa, reduced in size; (2) a magnified +spikelet; (3) a separate flower more magnified; (4) a flowering glume +cut across and somewhat outspread. + +ERAGROSTIS.--(1) A spikelet of E. pilosa, enlarged; (2) the same, from +which the glumes and all of six lower flowers except the palets have +fallen away; (3) a magnified flower, open; (4) the flowering glume of +the same outspread. + +BRIZA.--(1) A spikelet of B. media, enlarged; (2) a separate flower. + +FESTUCA.--(1) A spikelet of F. elatior, enlarged; (2) a separate flower; +(3) lower part of a flowering glume, outspread. + +BROMUS.--(1) A spikelet of B. secalinus, or Chess; and (2) a separate +flower, enlarged. + +[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate X] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI. + +UNIOLA.--(1) A spikelet of U. latifolia, of about the natural size; (2) +a flower, enlarged; (3) empty flowering glume of the lowest (sterile) +flower. + +PHRAGMITES--(1) A spikelet of P. communis, enlarged; (2) one of the +perfect flowers, enlarged; and (3) the lowest flower, which has stamens +only. + +ARUNDINARIA.--(1) A spikelet of A. macrosperma; and (2) a separate +flower, magnified. + +SCHEDONNARDUS.--(1) Portion of the spike of S. Texanus, enlarged; and +(2) a flower, magnified. + +LOLIUM.--(1) Portion of the spike of L. temulentum; and (2) a separate +flower, magnified. + +AGROPYRUM.--(1) Portion of the spike of A. repens, or Couch-Grass, of +about the natural size; (2) a flower, magnified. + +HORDEUM.--(1) The three one flowered spikelets from one joint of the +spike of H. jubatum, with their awn-like empty glumes, the lateral +flowers abortive and neutral, the middle one alone perfect; (2) this +perfect flower (with an awn-like rudiment) open and enlarged. + +ELYMUS.--(1) The two spikelets of one joint of the spike of E. +Virginicus, about the natural size; (2) the empty glumes and the flowers +of one spikelet, enlarged and displayed; and (3) an open flower, more +magnified. + +GYMNOSTICHUM.--(1) A spikelet of G. Hystrix; and (2) an expanded flower, +magnified. + +ASPRELLA.--(1) A spikelet of A. Hystrix; and (2) an expanded flower, +magnified. + +[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XI] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII. + +DESCHAMPSIA.--(1) Panicle of D. flexuosa; (2) a spikelet, magnified, the +parts displayed; and (3) one of the flowers detached and open. + +DANTRONIA.--(1) Panicle of D. spicata; (2) a spikelet enlarged; and (3) +a separate flower from the same. + +TRISETUM.--(1) A spikelet of T. subspicatum, var. molle, expanded and +magnified; and (2) a separate open flower. + +AVENA.--(1) A spikelet of A. striata, displayed and magnified; and (2) a +separate flower. + +ARRHENATHERUM.--A spikelet of A. avenaceum, displayed and magnified; (1) +the empty glumes; (2) the flowers, the lower one staminate only, the +next perfect, and the third a rudiment. + +HOLCUS.--(1) A spikelet of H. lanatus, magnified; (2) the same displayed +to show the two flowers, the lower perfect and awnless, the upper +staminate and awned. + +[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XII] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. + +HIEROCHLOA.--(1) A spikelet of H. borealis, enlarged; (2) the same +displayed, the flowers separated from the empty glumes, the two lateral +ones with 3 stamens and no pistil, the middle or terminal one with a +pistil and only 2 stamens. + +ANTHOXANTHUM--(1) The spike-like inflorescence of A. odoratum; (2) a +spikelet magnified; (3) another with the parts displayed, the flowers +raised from the lower empty glumes, the lateral glumes empty and awned, +the terminal flower perfect and diandrous. + +PHALARIS.--(1) A spikelet of P. arundinacea, enlarged, (2) the empty +glumes, and a perfect flower with a hairy rudiment on each side of it. + +MILIUM.--(1) Portion of the panicle of M. effusum; (2) a closed +spikelet, magnified; and (3) the same displayed. + +AMPHICARPUM.--(1) A spikelet from the panicle of A. Purshii, magnified; +(2) the same, with the parts displayed; and (3) a radical (fertile) +spikelet, enlarged. + +PASPALUM.--(1) Inflorescence of P. laeve; (2) a closed spikelet, +enlarged; (3) the same with the parts displayed. + +PANICUM.--(1) Part of a spike of P. sanguinale; (2) one of its +spikelets, magnified; (3) the same with its parts displayed, the three +lower glumes empty.--(4) A spikelet of P. capillare, magnified; (5) the +same displayed, the three lower glumes empty.--(6) A spikelet of P. +clandestinum, magnified, (7) the same displayed, the lower flower +represented by a glume and palet only.--(8) A spikelet of P. virgatum, +magnified; (9) the same displayed, the lower flower staminate. + +SETARIA.--(1) A magnified spikelet of S. glauca, with the accompanying +cluster of bristles, (2) the spikelet displayed, showing the neutral +lower flower, of a glume and palet only, and the perfect flower. + +[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XIII] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. + +CENCHRUS.--(1) Involucre of C. tribuloides, in flower, enlarged; (2) +longitudinal section of the same; (3) a spikelet displayed (the stigmas +should belong to the right-hand flower; the left-hand or lower flower is +only staminate). + +TRIPSACUM.--(1) Piece of the spike (of the natural size), pistillate +below, staminate above; (2) a longitudinal section of one of the +pistillate spikelets; (3) a pistillate spikelet with its parts +displayed; (4) a staminate (two-flowered) spikelet, with its parts +displayed. + +ERIANTHUS.--(1) Part of the hairy inflorescence with two spikelets of E. +saccharoides, enlarged; (2) one of the spikelets displayed. + +ANDROPOGON.--(1) Small portion of the spike of A. furcatus, enlarged, +with one fertile and awned spikelet, and one staminate and awnless +spikelet; (2) the fertile spikelet, and (3) the staminate spikelet, +displayed. + +CHRYSOPOGON.--(1) A fertile spikelet of C. nutans, enlarged, with a +sterile pedicel on each side; (2) the spikelet displayed. + +[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XIV] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV. + +BECKMANNIA.--(1) Inflorescence of B. erucaeformis, var., reduced in size; +(2) a spike, enlarged; (3) a spikelet, and (4) the same opened; (5) the +flower. + +ERIOCHLOA.--(1) Inflorescence of E. polystachya, reduced; (2) a +spikelet, enlarged, and (3) the same opened; (4) the flower opened. + +ROTTBOELLIA.--(1) Portion of the spike of R. rugosa, somewhat reduced, +and (2) a portion enlarged, with (3) the fertile spikelet and (4) the +pedicelled sterile spikelet of the middle joint displaced; (5) the +fertile spikelet opened; (6) the third empty glume, and (7) the flower. + +AMMOPHILA.--(1) Inflorescence of A. arundinacea, reduced; (2) a +spikelet, enlarged, and (3) the flower, with a hairy rudiment at the +base of the palet. + +LEPTOCHLOA.--(1) Inflorescence of L. mucronata, reduced; (2) portion of +rhachis of a spike, bearing two spikelets; (3) a 3-flowered spikelet; +and (4) a flower removed. + +BUCHLOE.--(1) Staminate and (2) pistillate inflorescence of B. +dactyloides; (3) a staminate spikelet, and (4) one of its flowers +removed; (5) a pistil late spikelet, enlarged; (6) vertical section of +same; and (7) the outer empty glume removed. + +MUNROA.--(1) Inflorescence of M. squarrosa; (2) a spikelet, enlarged; +and (3) a flower, opened. + +SCOLOCHLOA.--(1) Inflorescence of S. festucacea, reduced; (2) a +spikelet, enlarged; and (3) a flower. + +PUCCINELLIA.--(1) Inflorescence of P. maritima, reduced; (2) a spikelet, +enlarged; and (3) a flower. + +[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XV] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI. + +POLYPODIUM.--Plant of P. vulgare; piece of the frond; a magnified +sporangium with its stalk, and another bursting and discharging spores. + +ONOCLEA.--(1) Pinna of the sterile frond of O. Struthiopteris; (2) +portion of a fertile frond; (3) a piece of one pinna cut off to show the +manner in which it is rolled up; and (4) a portion of the last, +magnified, with one side unrolled; toward the base the sporangia all +removed, to show how the fruit-dots are borne each on the middle of a +vein. + +PELLAEA.--Sterile and fertile plants of P. gracilis, and (1) a portion of +the fertile frond enlarged, with a piece of the marginal indusium turned +back to display the fruit; the sporangia are all removed from the +fruit-bearing tips of the two forks of the lower vein. + +[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XVI] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII. + +PTERIS.--A pinnule of P. aquilina, and (2) a piece of one of the lobes, +enlarged, the marginal indusium rolled back on one side, displaying the +fruit; the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the +receptacle that bears them, viz. a cross-line connecting the tips of the +veins. + +ADIANTUM.--(1) Piece of the frond of A. pedatum; (2) a pinnule somewhat +enlarged; and (3) a piece of one more enlarged, with the indusium of one +fruit dot turned back to show the attachment of the fruit. + +CHEILANTHES.--(1) Small plant of C. vestita; and (2) a fruit-bearing +pinnule, enlarged. + +WOODWARDIA.--(1) Portion of the sterile and (2) of the fertile frond of +W. augustifolia; (3) a piece of the latter, enlarged; (4) piece of the +frond of W. Virginica; and (5) part of a fruiting lobe, enlarged. + +[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XVII] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII. + +CAMPTOSORUS.--Plant of C. rhizophyllus, and (1) a portion of a frond, +with fruit dots, enlarged. + +SCOLOPENDRIUM.--Tip of a fertile frond of S. vulgare, and (2) a piece +enlarged, with two fruit-dots. + +ASPLENIUM.--(1) A pinna of A. thelypteroides; and (2) part of a lobe in +fruit, enlarged. + +DICKSONIA.--(1) Pinna of D. pilosiuscula; (2) portion of a pinnule, +enlarged; and (3) a fruit-dot in its cup shaped indusium. + +[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XVIII] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. + +CYSTOPTERIS.--(1) Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera; (2) a lobe in +fruit, enlarged; and (3) a small portion more magnified, bearing a +fruit-dot with its indusium thrown back. + +WOODSIA.--(1) Small frond of W. glabella; (2) a part of a fruiting pinna +of the same, magnified; and (3) a separate indusium, more magnified; (4) +a piece of a fruitful pinnule of W. obtusa, enlarged; and (5) a fruit +with the opened indusium beneath, more magnified. + +ASPIDIUM.--(1) Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale; and (2) a magnified +fruiting portion; (3) piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides; and (4) +a small fruiting portion, magnified. + +ONOCLEA.--Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibilis; (1) front view of +a fruiting contracted pinnule, enlarged; and (2) the same laid open and +viewed from the other side; on one lobe the sporangia are removed from +the veins. + +[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XIX] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. + +CYSTOPTERIS.--(1) Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera; (2) a lobe in +fruit, enlarged; and (3) a small portion more magnified, bearing a +fruit-dot with its indusium thrown back. + +WOODSIA.--(1) Small frond of W. glabella; (2) a part of a fruiting pinna +of the same, magnified; and (3) a separate indusium, more magnified; (4) +a piece of a fruitful pinnule of W. obtusa, enlarged; and (5) a fruit +with the opened indusium beneath, more magnified. + +ASPIDIUM.--(1) Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale; and (2) a magnified +fruiting portion; (3) piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides; and (4) +a small fruiting portion, magnified. + +ONOCLEA.--Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibilis; (1) front view of +a fruiting contracted pinnule, enlarged; and (2) the same laid open and +viewed from the other side; on one lobe the sporangia are removed from +the veins. + +[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XIX] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX. + +SCHIZAEA.--Plant of S. pusilla, of the natural size; (1) a fertile pinna +with eleven sporangia, magnified, and (2) a separate sporangium, more +magnified. + +LYGODIUM.--(1) Summit of frond of L. palmatum, with fertile and sterile +divisions; (2) a fruiting lobe enlarged, with two of the lower scales, +or indusia, removed, displaying a sporangium under each; and (3) a +sporangium more magnified. + +OSMUNDA.--(1) Small piece of the frond of O. Claytoniana, with a fertile +and a sterile pinna; (2) a portion of the fruit magnified; and (3) one +sporangium more magnified. + +BOTRYCHIUM.--Plant of B. ternatum, and (1) a portion of the fruit, with +six sporangia, magnified. + +OPHIOGLOSSUM.--Frond of O. vulgatum, and (1) a portion of the fruiting +spike enlarged. + +[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XX] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI. + +EQUISETUM.--(1) Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum; (2) one of +the shield shaped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six +sporangia underneath, enlarged; (3) same seen from below, discharging +the spores; (4) a magnified spore with the club shaped filaments +spreading; and (5) the same with the filaments coiled up. + +LYCOPODIUM.--Plant of L. Carolinianum, and (1) a magnified scale of the +spike removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery +spores. + +SELAGINELLA.--Plant of S. rupestris; (1) part of a fertile spike, +enlarged; (2) scale from the upper part of it, with its sporangium, +containing innumerable powdery spores; (3) scale from the base, with its +sporangium containing few large spores; and (4) three large spores. + +ISOETES.--(1) Plant of I. lacustris; (2) sporocarp containing the minute +spores, cut across, enlarged; (5) same divided lengthwise; (3) sporocarp +with the large spores, divided lengthwise; and (4) three large spores +more magnified. + +AZOLLA.--(1) Plant; (2) a portion magnified, with conceptacles of both +kinds; (3) the macrosporic one, more magnified; (4) the microsporic one, +more magnified; (5) the same burst open, showing the stalked +microsporangia; (6) one of the latter more magnified; (7) another +bursting; and (8) three masses of microspores beset with glochidiate or +barbed bristles. + +[Illustration: Gen. of Lycopodiaceae, Equisetaceae, &c. Pl. XXI] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII. + +RICCIA.--Plant of R. natans; section of thallus, showing two imbedded +capsules and numerous air cavities; spores enclosed in a mother cell; +three free spores; and calyptra with style. + +ANTHOCEROS.--Plant of A. laevis; portion of the columella and valves of +the capsule, with spores and elaters; two spores and two elaters. + +NOTOTHYLAS.--Plants of N. orbicularis; section of the thallus through +the involucre; apex of protruding capsule; lower half of capsule showing +the columella; upper half of capsule; a gemma, an antheridium; twelve +free spores, and two clusters of spores (4 in each). + +ASTERELLA.--Plant of A. hemisphaerica; [female] receptacle viewed from +above, the same from below; capsule dehiscing, with remains of calyptra +at base; section of [male] disk; an elater, a portion of same, and +spores. + +SPHIEROCARPUS.--Plant of S. terrestris, cluster of five involucres; +involucre enclosing a capsule; capsule filled with spores; and three +spores. + +DUMORTIERA.--Portions of [male] and [female] plants of D. hirsuta; +[female] receptacle showing three involucres, two with capsules; capsule +with calyptra; section of [male] disk; elater and portion of same; +spores. + +AITONIA.--Plant of A. Wrightii; upper view of [female] receptacle with +three involucres; side view of same, involucre partly cut away showing +capsule and remains of calyptra; a capsule closed, and dehiscent; an +elater, a piece of same, and spores. + +CONOCEPHALUS.--Parts of [male] and [female] plants of C. conicus; +section of [female] receptacle, showing two involucres and capsules; +capsule with ruptured calyptra; section of [male] disk; elaters, a +portion of one, and spores. + +PREISSIA.--Parts of [male] and [female] plants of P. commutata; section +of [female] receptacle; perianth opened showing calyptra and capsule, +section of part of [male] disk; elaters, a part of one, and spores. + +MARCHANTIA.--Parts of [male] and [female] plants of M. polymorpha; +section of receptacle; perianth, calyptra, and capsule; section of part +of [male] disk; an elater, part of same, and spores. + +FIMBRIARIA--Plant of F. tenella; [female] receptacle, and section of +same; capsule dehiscing; elaters and spores. + +PALLAVICINIA.--Plant of P. Lyellii, part of thallus with involucre, +perianth, and calyptra; perianth cut away showing young calyptra; +capsule closed, and dehiscent, antheridium enclosed in a leaf, elater +and spores. + +[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXII] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII. + +PELLIA.--Plant of P. epiphylla; calyptra with base of pedicel; capsule; +an elater, part of same, two spores, and two antheridia. + +BLASIA.--Plants of B. pusilla; section of cavity at the end of the +midrib showing young perianth and calyptra; end of thallus with calyptra +and protruding capsule; capsule dehiscing; elaters and spores; part of +elater and two spores; [male] thallus with two antheridia; gemmiparous +thallus with two receptacles; section of a receptacle showing enclosed +gemmae and the protruded orifice. + +METZGERIA.--Plants ([male], [female], and gemmiparous) of M. furcata, +and parts of same enlarged; hispid perianth with 2-lobed involucral leaf +and base of pedicel; a gemma; an antheridium; elaters and spores. + +ANEURA.--Plants ([male] and [female]) of A. sessilis; section of fleshy +calyptra with base of pedicel; dehiscing capsule bearded by persistent +elaters; elater, part of same, and spores; part of thallus with long +deflexed [male] receptacles, and one cut transversely showing +antheridia. + +FOSSOMBRONIA.--Plant of F. pusilla, and a part enlarged; capsule +dehiscing, with perianth and involucral leaves; part of stem with two +leaves and dorsal antheridia; an antheridium, elaters, and spores. + +GEOCALYX.--Plant of G. graveolens; two pairs of leaves with underleaves; +part of stem with an underleaf; section of involucre showing calyptra +and base of pedicel; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores. + +GRIMALDIA.--Parts of [male] and [female] plants of G. barbifrons; +section of [male] disk; [female] receptacle and section of same; +dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores. + +CHILOSCYPHUS.--Plant of C. ascendens; a leaf with underleaf; a pair of +leaves with antheridia; a part of stem with involucral leaves, perianth, +and calyptra; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores. + +HARPANTHUS.--Plant of H. Flotovianus, and same enlarged; a pair of +leaves with underleaf; perianth with involucral leaves, and section +showing calyptra; elaters, a part of one, and spores. + +LOPHOCOLEA.--Plant of L. heterophylla; a part enlarged with involucral +leaves and perianth; cross section of perianth; three pairs of leaves +with underleaves; a leaf and antheridium; an underleaf; an elater and +spores. + +CEPHALOZIA.--Plant of C. multiflora; two pairs of leaves; perianth with +involucral leaves; an involucral leaf; calyptra; capsule closed, and +dehiscent; an elater and spores. + +GYMNOMITRIUM.--Plants of G. concinnatum; three pairs of leaves; apex of +stem with involucral leaves and dehiscent capsule; two involucral +leaves; calyptra. + +MARSUPELLA.--Plant of M. emarginata; part of same with involucral +leaves; involucre and perianth opened showing calyptra and base of +pedicel; capsule; elater and spores. + +[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXIII] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV. + +SCAPANIA.--Plant of S. undulata; apex of stem with involucral leaves and +perianth enclosing calyptra; three pairs, of leaves, a capsule, elater +and spores. + +PLAGIOCHILA.--Plant of P. interrupta; five leaves; an underleaf; +perianth enclosing calyptra; antheridia, capsule, elaters, and spores. + +ODONTOSCHISMA.--Plant of O. Sphagni; parts of stems, one bearing gemmae, +the other a perianth with involucral leaves; an involucral leaf; a +capsule, elaters, and spores. + +LEJEUNEA.--Plant of L. clypeata; perianth with capsule and involucral +leaves; cross section of perianth; part of stein with [male] branch; +leaves with underleaves; elaters and spores. + +FRULLANIA.--Plant of F. Asagrayana; two pairs of leaves seen from above, +and from below with underleaves and ventral lobes; perianth with +involucral leaves; cross-section of perianth, involucral leaf; capsule, +elaters, and spores. + +PORELLA.--Plant of P. platyphylla; a pair of leaves with underleaves; +part of stem with [male] spikes; an antheridium in its leaf; perianth +with involucral leaves and capsule; an elater, and spores. + +RADULA.--Plant of R. obconica; end of branch with perianth and capsule +and lateral [male] branches; a [male] branch; an antheridium; leaves +seen from above and below; a capsule, elater, and spores. + +PTILIDIUM.--Plant of P. ciliare; a pair of leaves; an underleaf; +perianth with involucral leaves; capsule, elater, and spores. + +BAZZANIA.--Plant of B. trilobata; two pairs of leaves with underleaves +and [male] spike; portion of [male] spike, and antheridium; capsule, +elaters, and spores. + +TRICHOCOLEA.--Plant of T. tomentella; leaf and underleaf; capsule; +elater and spores. + +HERBERTA.--Plant of H. adunca; portion with leaves and underleaves; +perianth; capsules; elater and spores. + +LEPIDOZIA.--Plant of L. reptans; portion with leaves and underleaves; +antheridium in its leaf and free, perianth with involucre; capsule, +elater, and spores. + +KANTIA.--Plant of K. Trichomanis; leaves and underleaves; hairy +involucre, and section showing calyptra; capsule with spiral valves; +elater and spores. + +[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXIV] + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV. + +JUBULA.--Plant of typical J. Hutchinsiae, enlarged; two pairs of leaves +seen from below; a lower lobe separate and divided; a perianth with its +outer involucre and the dehiscent capsule; an elater. + +BLEPHAROSTOMA.--Plant of B. trichophylla, and same enlarged; perianth +with the outer involucre, ventral side; two cross sections of perianth; +portion of the margin of its orifice, expanded. + +LIOCHLAENA.--Plant of L. lanceolata; end of fertile branch, with two +leaves, two involucral leaves, and young perianth; summit of perianth, +perianth and involucre, the capsule protruding; capsule on its pedicel, +with remains of calyptra; capsule dehiscent. + +MYLIA.--Plants of M. Taylori, enlarged; portion of stem, seen from +beneath, a cauline leaf (below); an underleaf; an involucral leaf +(above); perianth partly cut away, showing the calyptra and exserted +dehiscent capsule. + +DYPLOPHYLLUM.--Plant of typical D. albicans, enlarged; a folded leaf; a +leaf with the upper lobe expanded to show the nerve; an involucral leaf +seen from without, and from within; perianth, cut longitudinally; +calyptra. + +NARDIA.--Plant of N. crenulata (a slender small leaved form), enlarged; +portion of upper stem with leaves; perianth; calyptra; elater and +spores. + +JUNGERMANNIA.--Sec. 1. Plants of J. Schraderi, natural size and enlarged; +two leaves; two underleaves; involucre; summit of perianth.--Sec. 2. Plant +of J. barbata, enlarged; portion of stem with leaves and underleaves; +perianth with involucre; involucre.--Sec. 3. Plant of J. Helleriana, +enlarged; summit of stem with leaves, involucre, and perianth; +involucral leaves, margin of perianth unfolded--Sec. 4. Plants of J. +inflata, natural size and enlarged; cauline leaves; involucral leaf. + +LUNULARIA.--Sterile and fruiting plants of L. vulgaris, enlarged; +section of involucre, showing calyptra and capsule; lunate receptacle of +sterile plant, with gemmae. + +MARSILIA.--Portion of plant of M. quadrifolia, a sporocarp; sporocarp +burst in water and extruding the gelatinous ring with compartments +attached. + +[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXV] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Manual of the Botany of the +Northern United States, by Asa Gray + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MANUAL OF BOTANY OF NORTHERN U.S. *** + +***** This file should be named 39423.txt or 39423.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/4/2/39423/ + +Produced by John Williams and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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