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+Project Gutenberg's Nooks and Corners of Old New York, by Charles Hemstreet
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Nooks and Corners of Old New York
+
+Author: Charles Hemstreet
+
+Illustrator: E. C. Peixotto
+
+Release Date: May 25, 2012 [EBook #39789]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOOKS AND CORNERS OF OLD NEW YORK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Annie R. McGuire. This book was produced from
+scanned images of public domain material from the Internet
+Archive.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_Nooks & Corners_
+_of_
+Old New York
+
+
+By
+Charles Hemftreet
+
+
+_Illustrated_
+_By_
+E. C. Peixotto
+
+
+New York
+Charles Scribner's Sons
+MDCCCCV
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1899
+BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
+NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+_INTRODUCTORY NOTE_
+
+
+The points of interest referred to in this book are to be found in the
+lower part of the Island of Manhattan.
+
+Settlements having early been made in widely separated parts of the
+island, streets were laid out from each settlement as they were needed
+without regard to the city as a whole; with the result that as the city
+grew the streets lengthened and those of the various sections met at
+every conceivable angle. This resulted in a tangle detrimental to the
+city's interests, and in 1807 a Commission was appointed to devise a
+City Plan that should protect the interests of the _whole_ community.
+
+A glance at a city map will show the confusion of streets at the lower
+end of the island and the regularity brought about under the City Plan
+above Houston Street on the east, and Fourteenth Street on the west
+side.
+
+The plan adopted by the Commission absolutely disregarded the natural
+topography of the island, and resulted in a city of straight lines and
+right angles.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+  No. 7 State Street                                                   6
+  Fraunces' Tavern                                                    11
+  The "Jack Knife," Gold and Platt Streets                            23
+  Golden Hill Inn                                                     24
+  Cell in the Prison under the Hall of Records                        35
+  Statue of Nathan Hale, City Hall Park                               38
+  No. 11 Reade Street, where Aaron Burr had an office                 40
+  The Tombs                                                           41
+  Park Street, with Church of the Transfiguration                     44
+  Hudson and Watts Streets                                            55
+  Grave of Charlotte Temple                                           62
+  Tomb of Alexander Hamilton                                          66
+  Washington's Pew, St. Paul's Chapel                                 76
+  Montgomery's Tomb                                                   77
+  A House of Other Days                                               79
+  "Murderers' Row"                                                    97
+  Old Houses, Wiehawken Street                                       112
+  Looking South from Minetta Lane                                    114
+  Old Theological Seminary, Chelsea Square                           126
+  Church of Sea and Land                                             135
+  Bone Alley                                                         139
+  Milestone on the Bowery                                            143
+  Entrance to Marble Cemetery                                        152
+  College of the City of New York                                    186
+  Gate of Old House of Refuge                                        188
+  The Little Church Around the Corner                                192
+  Milestone on Third Avenue                                          204
+
+
+
+
+NOOKS AND CORNERS
+OF OLD NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+
+[Sidenote: Fort Amsterdam]
+
+On the centre building of the row which faces bowling Green Park on the
+south there is a tablet bearing the words:
+
+  THE SITE OF FORT AMSTERDAM,
+  BUILT IN 1626.
+  WITHIN THE FORTIFICATIONS
+  WAS ERECTED THE FIRST
+  SUBSTANTIAL CHURCH EDIFICE
+  ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN.
+  IN 1787 THE FORT
+  WAS DEMOLISHED
+  AND THE GOVERNMENT HOUSE
+  BUILT UPON THIS SITE
+
+[Sidenote: Dutch West India Co.]
+
+This was the starting-point of the settlement which gradually became New
+York. In 1614 a stockade, called Fort Manhattan, was built as a
+temporary place of shelter for representatives of the United New
+Netherland Co., which had been formed to trade with the Indians. This
+company was replaced by the Dutch West India Co., with chartered rights
+to trade on the American coast, and the first step towards the forming
+of a permanent settlement was the building of Fort Amsterdam on the site
+of the stockade.
+
+In 1664 New Amsterdam passed into British possession and became New
+York, while Fort Amsterdam became Fort James. Under Queen Anne it was
+Fort George, remaining so until demolished in 1787.
+
+On the Fort's site was built the Government House, intended for
+Washington and the Presidents who should follow him. But none ever
+occupied it as the seat of government was removed to Philadelphia before
+the house was completed. After 1801 it became an office building, and
+was demolished in 1815 to make room for the present structures.
+
+[Sidenote: Bowling Green]
+
+The tiny patch of grass at the starting-point of Broadway, now called
+Bowling Green Park, was originally the centre of sports for colonists,
+and has been the scene of many stirring events. The iron railing which
+now surrounds it was set up in 1771, having been imported from England
+to enclose a lead equestrian statue of King George III. On the posts of
+the fence were representations of heads of members of the Royal family.
+In 1776, during the Revolution, the statue was dragged down and molded
+into bullets, and where the iron heads were knocked from the posts the
+fracture can still be seen.
+
+[Sidenote: The Battery]
+
+When the English took possession of the city, in 1664, the Fort being
+regarded as useless, it was decided to build a Battery to protect the
+newly acquired possession. Thus the idea of the Battery was conceived,
+although the work was not actually carried out until 1684.
+
+Beyond the Fort there was a fringe of land with the water reaching to a
+point within a line drawn from Water and Whitehall Streets to Greenwich
+Street. Sixty years after the Battery was built fifty guns were added,
+it having been lightly armed up to that time.
+
+The Battery was demolished about the same time as the Fort. The land on
+which it stood became a small park, retaining the name of the Battery,
+and was gradually added to until it became the Battery Park of to-day.
+
+[Sidenote: Castle Garden]
+
+A small island, two hundred feet off the Battery, to which it was
+connected by a drawbridge, was fortified in 1811 and called Fort
+Clinton. The armament was twenty-eight 32-pounders, none of which was
+ever fired at an enemy. In 1822 the island was ceded back to the city by
+the Federal Government--when the military headquarters were transferred
+to Governor's Island--and became a place of amusement under the name of
+Castle Garden. It was the first real home of opera in America. General
+Lafayette was received there in 1824, and there Samuel F. B. Morse first
+demonstrated the possibility of controlling an electric current in 1835.
+Jenny Lind, under the management of P. T. Barnum, appeared there in
+1850. In 1855 it became a depot for the reception of immigrants; in 1890
+the offices were removed to Ellis Island, and in 1896, after many
+postponements, Castle Garden was opened as a public aquarium.
+
+[Illustration: No. 7 State Street]
+
+[Sidenote: State Street]
+
+State Street, facing the Battery, during the latter part of the
+eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth century, was the
+fashionable quarter of the city, and on it were the homes of the
+wealthy. Several of the old houses still survive. No. 7, now a home for
+immigrant Irish girls, was the most conspicuous on the street, and is in
+about its original state. At No. 9 lived John Morton, called the "rebel
+banker" by the British, because he loaned large sums to the Continental
+Congress. His son, General Jacob Morton, occupied the mansion after his
+marriage in 1791, and commanded the militia. Long after he became too
+infirm to actually command, from the balcony of his home he reviewed on
+the Battery parade grounds the Tompkins Blues and the Light Guards. The
+veterans of these commands, by legislative enactment in 1868, were
+incorporated as the "Old Guard."
+
+[Sidenote: The "Stadhuis"]
+
+On the building at 4 and 6 Pearl Street, corner State Street, is a
+tablet which reads:
+
+  1636   1897
+  ON THIS SITE STOOD THE "STADHUIS"
+  OF NEW AMSTERDAM----ERECTED 1636
+  THIS TABLET IS PLACED HERE IN LOVING MEMORY
+  OF THE FIRST DUTCH SETTLERS BY THE
+  HOLLAND DAMES OF THE NEW
+  NETHERLANDS AND THE
+  KNIGHTS OF THE LEGION OF THE CROWN
+  LAVINIA
+  KONIGIN
+
+It was set up October 7, 1897, and marks the supposed site of the first
+City Hall. What is claimed by most authorities to be the real site is
+at Pearl Street, opposite Coenties Slip.
+
+Whitehall Street was one of the earliest thoroughfares of the city, and
+was originally the open space left on the land side of the Fort.
+
+[Sidenote: The Beaver's Path]
+
+Beaver Street was first called the Beaver's Path. It was a ditch, on
+either side of which was a path. When houses were built along these
+paths they were improved by a rough pavement. At the end of the Beaver's
+Path, close to where Broad Street is now, was a swamp, which, before the
+pavements were made, had been reclaimed and was known as the Sheep
+Pasture.
+
+[Sidenote: Petticoat Lane]
+
+Marketfield Street, whose length is less than a block, opens into Broad
+Street at No. 72, a few feet from Beaver Street. This is one of the
+lost thoroughfares of the city. Almost as old as the city itself, it
+once extended past the Fort and continued to the river in what is now
+Battery Place. It was then called Petticoat Lane. The first French
+Huguenot church was built on it in 1688. Now the Produce Exchange cuts
+the street off short and covers the site of the church.
+
+[Sidenote: Broad Street]
+
+Through Broad Street, when the town was New Amsterdam, a narrow,
+ill-smelling inlet extended to about the present Beaver Street, then
+narrowed to a ditch close to Wall Street. The water-front was then at
+Pearl Street. Several bridges crossed the inlet, the largest at the
+point where Stone Street is. Another gave Bridge Street its name. In
+1660 the ways on either side were paved, and soon became a market-place
+for citizens who traded with farmers for their products, and with the
+Indians who navigated the inlet in their canoes. The locality has ever
+since been a centre of exchange. When the inlet was finally filled in it
+left the present "Broad" Street.
+
+Where Beaver Street crosses this thoroughfare, on the northwest corner,
+is a tablet:
+
+  TO COMMEMORATE THE GALLANT AND PATRIOTIC
+  ACT OF MARINUS WILLETT IN HERE SEIZING
+  JUNE 6, 1775, FROM THE BRITISH FORCES THE
+  MUSKETS WITH WHICH HE ARMED HIS
+  TROOPS. THIS TABLET IS ERECTED BY
+  THE SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF THE
+  REVOLUTION, NEW YORK, NOV. 12, 1892
+
+On one side of the tablet is a bas-relief of the scene showing the
+patriots stopping the ammunition wagons.
+
+[Illustration: Fraunces' Tavern]
+
+[Sidenote: Fraunces' Tavern]
+
+Fraunces' Tavern, standing at the southeast corner of Broad and Pearl
+Streets, is much the same outwardly as it was when built in 1700, except
+that it has two added stories. Etienne De Lancey, a Huguenot nobleman,
+built it as his homestead and occupied it for a quarter of a century. It
+became a tavern under the direction of Samuel Fraunces in 1762. It was
+Washington's headquarters in 1776, and in 1783 he delivered there his
+farewell address to his generals.
+
+[Sidenote: Pearl Street]
+
+Pearl Street was one of the two early roads leading from the Fort. It
+lay along the water front, and extended to a ferry where Peck Slip is
+now. The road afterwards became Great Queen Street, and was lined with
+shops of store-keepers who sought the Long Island trade. The other road
+in time became Broadway.
+
+On a building at 73 Pearl Street, facing Coenties Slip, is a tablet
+which reads:
+
+  THE SITE OF THE
+  FIRST DUTCH HOUSE OF ENTERTAINMENT
+  ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN
+  LATER THE SITE OF THE OLD "STADT HUYS"
+  OR CITY HALL
+  THIS TABLET IS PLACED HERE BY
+  THE HOLLAND SOCIETY OF NEW YORK
+  SEPTEMBER, 1890
+
+[Sidenote: The First City Hall]
+
+This is the site of the first City Hall of New Amsterdam, built 1642. It
+stood by the waterside, for beyond Water Street all the land has been
+reclaimed. There was a court room and a prison in the building. Before
+it, where the pillars of the elevated road are now, was a cage and a
+whipping-post. There was also the public "Well of William Cox."
+
+Beside the house ran a lane. It is there yet, still called Coenties Lane
+as in the days of old. But it is no longer green. Now it is narrow,
+paved, and almost lost between tall buildings.
+
+Opposite Coenties Lane is Coenties Slip, which was an inlet in the days
+of the Stadt Huys. The land about was owned by Conraet Ten Eyck, who was
+nicknamed Coentje. This in time became Coonchy and was finally
+vulgarized to "Quincy." The filling in of this waterway began in 1835
+and the slip is now buried beneath Jeanette Park. The filled-in slip
+accounts for the width of the street. For the same reason there is
+considerable width at Wall, Maiden Lane and other streets leading to the
+water front.
+
+[Sidenote: First Printing Press in the Colony]
+
+At 81 Pearl Street, close by Coenties Slip, the first printing-press was
+set up by William Bradford, after he was appointed Public Printer in
+1693. A tablet marks the site, with the inscription:
+
+  ON THIS SITE
+  WILLIAM BRADFORD
+  APPOINTED
+  PUBLIC PRINTER
+  APRIL 10, A. D. 1693
+  ESTABLISHED THE FIRST
+  PRINTING PRESS
+  IN THE
+  COLONY OF NEW YORK
+  ERECTED BY THE
+  NEW YORK
+  HISTORICAL SOCIETY
+  APRIL 10, A. D. 1893
+  IN COMMEMORATION OF
+  THE 200TH ANNIVERSARY
+  OF THE INTRODUCTION
+  OF PRINTING IN
+  NEW YORK
+
+[Sidenote: Fire of 1835]
+
+Across the way, on a warehouse at 88 Pearl Street, is a marble tablet of
+unique design, to commemorate the great fire of 1835, which started in
+Merchant Street, burned for nineteen hours, extended over fifty acres
+and consumed 402 buildings.
+
+Directly through the block from this point is Cuyler's Alley, a narrow
+way between the houses running off Water Street. Although it is a
+hundred years old the only incident connected with its existence that
+has crept into the city's history, is a murder. In 1823, a Boston
+merchant was waylaid and murdered for his money, and was dragged through
+this street for final disposition in the river, but the murderer made so
+much noise in his work that the constable heard him and came upon the
+abandoned corpse.
+
+[Sidenote: Stone Street]
+
+Through a pretty garden at the back of the Stadt Huys, Stone Street was
+reached. It was the first street to be laid with cobble-stones (1657),
+and so came by its name, which originally had been Brouwer Street.
+
+Delmonico's establishment at Beaver and William Streets is on the site
+of the second of the Delmonico restaurants. (See Fulton and William
+Streets.)
+
+[Sidenote: Flat and Barrack Hill]
+
+Exchange Place took its name from the Merchants' Exchange, which was
+completed in William Street, fronting on Wall, in 1827 (the present
+Custom House). Before that date it had been called Garden Street. From
+Hanover to Broad Street was a famous place for boys to coast in winter,
+and the grade was called "Flat and Barrack Hill." Scarcely more than an
+alley now, the street was even narrower once and was given its present
+width in 1832.
+
+[Sidenote: Wall Street]
+
+Wall Street came by its name naturally, for it was a walled street once.
+When war broke out between England and Holland in 1653, Governor Peter
+Stuyvesant built the wall along the line of the present street, from
+river to river. His object was to form a barrier that should enclose
+the city. It was a wall of wood, twelve feet high, with a sloping
+breastwork inside. After the wall was removed in 1699, the street came
+to be a chief business thoroughfare.
+
+[Sidenote: Federal Hall]
+
+A new City Hall, to replace the Stadt Huys, was built in 1699, at Nassau
+Street, on the site of the present Sub-Treasury building. In front of
+the building was the cage for criminals, stocks and whipping-post. When
+independence was declared, this building was converted into a capitol
+and was called Federal Hall. The Declaration of Independence was read
+from the steps in 1776. President Washington was inaugurated there in
+1789. The wide strip of pavement on the west side of Nassau Street at
+Wall Street bears evidence of the former existence of Federal Hall. The
+latter extended across to the western house line of the present Nassau
+Street, and so closed the thoroughfare that a passage-way led around the
+building to Nassau Street. When the Sub-Treasury was built in 1836, on
+the site of Federal Hall, Nassau Street was opened to Wall, and the
+little passage-way was left to form the wide pavement of to-day.
+
+[Sidenote: Where Alexander Hamilton Lived]
+
+Alexander Hamilton, in 1789, lived in a house on the south side of Wall
+Street at Broad. His slayer, Aaron Burr, then lived back of Federal Hall
+in Nassau Street.
+
+The Custom House at William Street and Wall was completed in 1842. At
+this same corner once stood a statue of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham.
+In 1776, during the Revolution, the statue was pulled down by British
+soldiers, the head cut off and the remainder dragged in the mud. The
+people petitioned the Assembly in 1766 to erect the statue to Pitt, as
+a recognition of his zealous defence of the American colonies and his
+efforts in securing the repeal of the Stamp Act. At the same time
+provision was made for the erection of the equestrian statue of George
+III in Bowling Green. The statue of Pitt was of marble, and was erected
+in 1770.
+
+[Sidenote: Tontine Coffee House]
+
+The Tontine Building at the northwest corner of Wall and Water Streets
+marks the site of the Tontine Coffee House, a celebrated house for the
+interchange of goods and of ideas, and a political centre. It was a
+prominent institution in the city, resorted to by the wealthy and
+influential. The building was erected in 1794, and conducted by the
+Tontine Society of two hundred and three members, each holding a $200
+share. Under their plan all property was to revert to seven survivors of
+the original subscribers. The division was made in 1876.
+
+[Sidenote: Meal Market]
+
+Close to where the coffee house was built later, a market was set up in
+the middle of Wall Street in 1709, and being the public market for the
+sale of corn and meal was called the "Meal Market." Cut meat was not
+sold there until 1740. In 1731 this market became the only public place
+for the sale and hiring of slaves.
+
+Trinity Church has stood at the head of Wall Street since 1697. Before
+1779 the street was filled with tall trees, but during the intensely
+cold winter of that year most of them were cut down and used for
+kindling.
+
+The ferry wharf has been at the foot of the street since 1694, when the
+water came up as far as Pearl Street. It was here that Washington
+landed, coming from Elizabethport after his journey from Virginia, April
+23, 1789, to be inaugurated.
+
+The United States Hotel, Fulton, between Water and Pearl Streets, was
+built in 1823 as Holt's Hotel. It was the headquarters for captains of
+whaling ships and merchants. A semaphore, or marine telegraph, was on
+the cupola, the windmill-like arms of which served to indicate the
+arrival of vessels.
+
+[Sidenote: Middle Dutch Church]
+
+On the building at the northeast corner of Nassau and Cedar Streets is a
+tablet reading:
+
+  HERE STOOD
+  THE MIDDLE DUTCH CHURCH
+  DEDICATED A. D. 1729
+  MADE A BRITISH MILITARY PRISON 1776
+  RESTORED 1790
+  OCCUPIED AS THE UNITED STATES POST-OFFICE
+  1845-1875
+  TAKEN DOWN 1882
+
+This church was a notable place of worship; the last in the city to
+represent strict simplicity of religious service as contrasted with
+modern ease and elegance. The post-office occupied the building until
+its removal to the structure it now occupies. The second home of the
+Middle Dutch Church was in Lafayette Place.
+
+[Sidenote: Pie Woman's Lane]
+
+Nassau Street was opened in 1696, when Teunis de Kay was given the right
+to make a cartway from the wall to the commons (now City Hall Park). At
+first the street was known as Pie Woman's Lane.
+
+[Sidenote: The Maiden's Lane]
+
+Where Maiden Lane is there was once a narrow stream or spring water,
+which flowed from about the present Nassau Street. Women went there to
+wash their clothing, so that it came to be called the Virgin's Path, and
+from that the Maiden's Lane. A blacksmith having set up a shop at the
+edge of the stream near the river, the locality took the name of Smit's
+V'lei, or the Smith's Valley, afterwards shortened to the V'lei, and
+then readily corrupted to "Fly." It was natural, then, when a market
+was built on the Maiden's Lane, from Pearl to South Streets, to call it
+the Fly Market. This was pulled down in 1823.
+
+[Illustration: The Jack Knife, Gold & Platt Sts.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Jack-Knife]
+
+On Gold Street, northwest corner of Platt Street, is a wedge-shaped
+house of curious appearance. It is best seen from the Platt Street side.
+When this street was opened in 1834 by Jacob S. Platt, who owned much of
+the neighboring land and wanted a street of his own, the house was large
+and square and had been a tavern for a great many years. The new street
+cut the house to its present strange shape, and it came to be called the
+"Jack-knife."
+
+[Illustration: Golden Hill Inn]
+
+[Sidenote: Golden Hill]
+
+Golden Hill, celebrated since the time of the Dutch, is still to be
+seen in the high ground around Cliff and Gold Streets. Pearl street near
+John shows a sweeping curve where it circled around the hill's base, and
+the same sort of curve is seen in Maiden Lane on the south and Fulton
+Street on the north. The first blood of the Revolution was shed on this
+hill in January, 1770, after the British soldiers had cut down a liberty
+pole set up by the Liberty Boys. The fight occurred on open ground back
+of an inn which still stands at 122 William Street, and is commemorated
+in a tablet on the wall of a building at the corner of John and William
+Streets. It reads:
+
+  "GOLDEN HILL"
+  HERE, JAN. 18, 1770
+  THE FIGHT TOOK PLACE BETWEEN THE
+  "SONS OF LIBERTY" AND THE
+  BRITISH REGULARS, 16TH FOOT
+  FIRST BLOODSHED IN THE
+  WAR OF THE REVOLUTION
+
+The inn is much the same as in early days, except that many buildings
+crowd about it now, and modern paint has made it hideous to antiquarian
+eyes.
+
+[Sidenote: Delmonico's]
+
+On the east side of William Street, a few doors south of Fulton, John
+Delmonico opened a dingy little bake shop in 1823, acted as chef and
+waiter, and built up the name and business which to-day is synonymous
+with good eating. In 1832 he removed to 23 William Street. Burned out
+there in 1835, he soon opened on a larger scale with his brother at
+William and Beaver Streets, on which site is still an establishment
+under the Delmonico name. In time he set up various places--at Chambers
+Street and Broadway; Fourteenth Street and Fifth Avenue; Twenty-sixth
+Street and Broadway, and finally at Forty-fourth Street and Fifth
+Avenue.
+
+[Sidenote: John Street Church]
+
+John Street Church, between Nassau and William Streets, was the first
+Methodist Church in America. In 1767 it was organized in a loft at 120
+William Street, then locally known as Horse and Cart Street. In 1768 the
+church was built in John Street. It was rebuilt in 1817 and again in
+1841. John Street perpetuates the name of John Harpendingh, who owned
+most of the land thereabout.
+
+[Sidenote: John Street Theatre]
+
+At what is now 17, 19 and 21 John Street, in 1767 was built the old John
+Street Theatre, a wooden structure, painted red, standing sixty feet
+back from the street and reached by a covered way. An arcade through the
+house at No. 17 still bears evidence of the theatre. The house was
+closed in 1774, when the Continental Congress recommended suspension of
+amusements. Throughout the Revolutionary War, however, performances were
+given, the places of the players being filled by British officers.
+Washington frequently attended the performances at this theatre after he
+became President. The house was torn down in 1798.
+
+The site of the Shakespeare Tavern is marked by a tablet at the
+southwest corner of Nassau and Fulton Streets. The words of the tablet
+are:
+
+  ON THIS SITE IN THE
+  OLD SHAKESPEARE TAVERN
+  WAS ORGANIZED
+  THE SEVENTH REGIMENT
+  NATIONAL GUARD, S. N. Y.
+  AUG. 25, 1824
+
+[Sidenote: Shakespeare Tavern]
+
+This tavern, low, old-fashioned, built of small yellow bricks with
+dormer windows in the roof, was constructed before the Revolution. In
+1808 it was bought by Thomas Hodgkinson, an actor, and was henceforth a
+meeting-place for Thespians. It was resorted to--in contrast to the
+business men guests of the Tontine Coffee House--by the wits of the day,
+the poets and the writers. In 1824 Hodgkinson died, and the house was
+kept up for a time by his son-in-law, Mr. Stoneall.
+
+[Sidenote: First Clinton Hall]
+
+At the southwest corner of Beekman and Nassau Streets was built, in
+1830, the first home of the Mercantile Library, called Clinton Hall. In
+1820 the first steps were taken by the merchants of the city to
+establish a reading room for their clerks. The library was opened the
+following year with 700 volumes. In 1823 the association was
+incorporated. It was located first in a building in Nassau Street, but
+in 1826 was moved to Cliff Street, and in 1830 occupied its new building
+in Beekman Street. De Witt Clinton, Governor of the State, had presented
+a History of England as the first volume for the library. The new
+building was called Clinton Hall in his honor. In 1850, the building
+being crowded, the Astor Place Opera House was bought for $250,000, and
+remodeled in 1854 into the second Clinton Hall. The third building of
+that name is now on the site at the head of Lafayette Place.
+
+[Sidenote: St. George's Church]
+
+The St. George Building, on the north side of Beekman Street, just west
+of Cliff Street, stands on the site of St. George's Episcopal Church, a
+stately stone structure which was erected in 1811. In 1814 it was
+burned; in 1816 rebuilt, and in 1845 removed to Rutherford Place and
+Sixteenth Street, where it still is. Next to the St. George Building is
+the tall shot-tower which may be so prominently seen from the windows of
+tall buildings in the lower part of the city, but is so difficult to
+find when search is made for it.
+
+[Sidenote: Barnum's Museum]
+
+Barnum's Museum, opened in 1842, was on the site of the St. Paul
+Building, at Broadway and Ann Street. There P. T. Barnum brought out Tom
+Thumb, the Woolly Horse and many other curiosities that became
+celebrated. On the stage of a dingy little amphitheatre in the house
+many actors played who afterwards won national recognition.
+
+[Sidenote: Original Park Theatre]
+
+The original Park Theatre was built in 1798, and stood on Park Row,
+between Ann and Beekman Streets, facing what was then City Hall Park and
+what is now the Post Office. It was 200 feet from Ann Street, and
+extended back to the alley which has ever since been called Theatre
+Alley. John Howard Payne, author of "Home, Sweet Home," appeared there
+for the first time on any stage, in 1809, as the "Young American
+Roscius." In 1842 a ball in honor of Charles Dickens was given there.
+Many noted actors played at this theatre, which was the most important
+in the city at that period. It was rebuilt in 1820 and burned in 1848.
+
+[Sidenote: First Brick Presbyterian Church]
+
+At the junction of Park Row and Nassau Street, where the _Times_
+Building is, the Brick Presbyterian Church was erected in 1768. There
+was a small burying-ground within the shadow of its walls, and green
+fields stretched from it in all directions. It was sold in 1854, and a
+new church was built at Fifth Avenue and Thirty-seventh Street.
+
+[Sidenote: Where Leisler Was Hanged]
+
+Within a few steps of where the statue of Benjamin Franklin is in
+Printing House Square, Jacob Leisler was hanged in his own garden in
+1691, the city's first martyr to constitutional liberty. A wealthy
+merchant, after James III fled and William III ascended the throne,
+Leisler was called by the Committee of Safety to act as Governor. He
+assembled a Continental Congress, whose deliberations were cut short by
+the arrival of Col. Henry Sloughter as Governor. Enemies of Leisler
+decided on his death. The new Governor refused to sign the warrant, but
+being made drunk signed it unknowingly and Leisler was hanged and his
+body buried at the foot of the scaffold. A few years later, a royal
+proclamation wiped the taint of treason from Leisler's memory and his
+body was removed to a more honored resting-place.
+
+[Sidenote: Tammany Hall]
+
+The walls of the _Sun_ building at Park Row and Frankfort Street, are
+those of the first permanent home of Tammany Hall. Besides the hall it
+contained the second leading hotel in the city, where board was $7 a
+week. Tammany Hall, organized in 1789 by William Mooney, an upholsterer,
+occupied quarters in Borden's tavern in lower Broadway. In 1798 it
+removed to Martling's tavern, at the southeast corner of Nassau and
+Spruce, until its permanent home was erected in 1811.
+
+[Sidenote: A Liberty Pole]
+
+There is a tablet on the wall of the south corridor of the post-office
+building, which bears the inscription:
+
+  ON THE COMMON OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,
+  NEAR WHERE THIS BUILDING NOW STANDS, THERE
+  STOOD FROM 1766 TO 1776 A LIBERTY POLE
+  ERECTED TO COMMEMORATE THE REPEAL OF THE
+  STAMP ACT. IT WAS REPEATEDLY DESTROYED BY
+  THE VIOLENCE OF THE TORIES AND AS REPEATEDLY
+  REPLACED BY THE SONS OF LIBERTY, WHO ORGANIZED
+  A CONSTANT WATCH AND GUARD. IN ITS
+  DEFENCE THE FIRST MARTYR BLOOD OF THE AMERICAN
+  REVOLUTION WAS SHED ON JAN. 18, 1770.
+
+The cutting down of this pole led to the battle of Golden Hill.
+
+[Sidenote: City Hall Park]
+
+[Sidenote: Potter's Field In City Hall Park]
+
+The post-office building was erected on a portion of the City Hall Park.
+This park, like all of the Island of Manhattan, was a wilderness a few
+hundred years ago. By 1661, where the park is there was a clearing in
+which cattle were herded. In time the clearing was called The Fields;
+later The Commons. On The Commons, in Dutch colonial days, criminals
+were executed. Still later a Potter's Field occupied what is now the
+upper end of the Park; above it, and extending over the present Chambers
+Street was a negro burying-ground. On these commons, in 1735, a
+poor-house was built, the site of which is covered by the present City
+Hall. From time to time other buildings were erected.
+
+[Illustration: Cell in the Prison under the Hall of Records]
+
+The new Jail was finished in 1763, and, having undergone but few
+alterations, is now known as the Hall of Records. It was a military
+prison during the Revolution, and afterwards a Debtors' Prison. In 1830
+it became the Register's Office. It was long considered the most
+beautiful building in the city, being patterned after the temple of
+Diana of Ephesus.
+
+The Bridewell, or City Prison, was built on The Commons in 1775, close
+by Broadway, on a line with the Debtors' Prison. It was torn down in
+1838.
+
+[Sidenote: Third City Hall]
+
+[Sidenote: Governor's Room]
+
+The present City Hall was finished in 1812. About that time The Commons
+were fenced in and became a park, taking in besides the present space,
+that now occupied by the post-office building. The constructors of the
+City Hall deemed it unnecessary to use marble for the rear wall as they
+had for the sides and front, and built this wall of freestone, it being
+then almost inconceivable that traffic could ever extend so far up-town
+as to permit a view of the rear of the building. The most noted spot in
+the City Hall is the Governor's Room, an apartment originally intended
+for the use of the Governor when in the city. In time it became the
+municipal portrait gallery, and a reception room for the distinguished
+guests of the city. The bodies of Abraham Lincoln and of John Howard
+Payne lay in state in this room. With it is also associated the visit of
+Lafayette when he returned to this country in 1824 and made the room his
+reception headquarters. The room was also the scene of the celebration
+after the capture of the "Guerriere" by the "Constitution"; the
+reception to Commodore Perry after his Lake Erie victory; the
+celebration in connection with the laying of the Atlantic cable; and at
+the completion of the Erie Canal. It contains a large gilt punch-bowl,
+showing scenes in New York a hundred years ago. This was presented to
+the city by General Jacob Morton, Secretary of the Committee of
+Defense, at the opening of the City Hall.
+
+At the western end of the front wall of City Hall is a tablet reading:
+
+  NEAR THIS SPOT IN THE PRESENCE OF
+  GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON
+  THE DECLARATION OF
+  INDEPENDENCE
+  WAS READ AND PUBLISHED
+  TO THE
+  AMERICAN ARMY
+  JULY 9TH, 1776
+
+[Sidenote: First Savings Bank]
+
+Other buildings erected in the Park were The Rotunda, 1816, on the site
+of the brown stone building afterwards occupied by the Court of General
+Sessions, where works of art were exhibited; and the New York Institute
+on the site of the Court House, occupied in 1817 by the American, or
+Scudder's Museum, the first in the city. The Chambers Street Bank, the
+first bank for savings in the city, opened in the basement of the
+Institute building in 1818. In 1841 Philip Hone was president of this
+bank. It afterwards moved to the north side of Bleecker Street, between
+Broadway and Crosby, and became the Bleecker Street Bank. Now it is at
+Twenty-second Street and Fourth Avenue, and is called The Bank for
+Savings.
+
+[Illustration: Statue of NATHAN HALE City Hall Park]
+
+[Sidenote: Fences of City Hall Park]
+
+The statue of Nathan Hale was erected in City Hall Park by the Sons of
+the Revolution. Some authorities still insist that the Martyr Spy was
+hanged in this park. Until 1821 there were fences of wooden pickets
+about the park. In that year iron railings, which had been imported from
+England, were set up, with four marble pillars at the southern entrance.
+The next year trees were set out within the enclosure, and just within
+the railing were planted a number of rose-bushes which had been supplied
+by two ladies who had an eye to landscape gardening. Frosts and vandals
+did not allow the bushes more than a year of life. Four granite balls,
+said to have been dug from the ruins of Troy, were placed on the pillars
+at the southern entrance, May 8, 1827. They were given to the city by
+Captain John B. Nicholson, U. S. N.
+
+The building 39 and 41 Chambers Street, opposite the Court House, stands
+on the site of the pretty little Palmo Opera House, built in 1844 for
+the production of Italian opera, by F. Palmo, the wealthy proprietor of
+the Cafe des Mille Colonnes on Broadway at Duane Street. He lost his
+fortune in the operatic venture and became a bartender. In 1848 the
+house became Burton's Theatre. About 1800, this site was occupied by
+the First Reformed Presbyterian Church, a frame building which was
+replaced by a brick structure in 1818. The church was moved to Prince
+and Marion Streets in 1834.
+
+[Illustration: No. 11 Reade St. where Aaron Burr had an office....]
+
+[Sidenote: Office of Aaron Burr]
+
+At No. 11 Reade Street is a dingy little house, now covered with signs
+and given over to half a dozen small business concerns, about which
+hover memories of Aaron Burr. It was here he had a law office in 1832,
+and here when he was seventy-eight years old he first met Mme. Jumel
+whom he afterwards married. The house is to be torn down to make way for
+new municipal buildings.
+
+[Sidenote: An Historic Window]
+
+At Rose and Duane Streets stands the Rhinelander building, and on the
+Rose Street side close by the main entrance is a small grated window.
+This is the last trace of a sugar-house, which, during the
+Revolutionary War, was used as a British military prison. The building
+was not demolished until 1892, and the window, retaining its original
+position in the old house, was built into the new.
+
+[Illustration: The Tombs]
+
+[Sidenote: The Tombs Prison]
+
+[Sidenote: The Collect]
+
+Where the Tombs prison stands was once the Collect, or Fresh Water Pond.
+This deep body of water took up, approximately, the space between the
+present Baxter, Elm, Canal and Pearl Streets. When the Island of
+Manhattan was first inhabited, a swamp stretched in a wide belt across
+it from where Roosevelt Slip is now to the end of Canal Street on the
+west side. The Collect was the centre of this stretch, with a stream
+called the Wreck Brook flowing from it across a marsh to the East River.
+At a time near the close of the eighteenth century a drain was cut from
+the Collect to the North River, on a line with the present Canal Street.
+With the progress of the city to the north, the pond was drained, and
+the swamp made into firm ground. In 1816, the Corporation Yards occupied
+the block of Elm, Centre, Leonard and Franklin Streets, on the ground
+which had filled in the pond. The Tombs, or City Prison, was built on
+this block in 1838.
+
+[Sidenote: The Five Points]
+
+The Five Points still exists where Worth, Baxter and Park Streets
+intersect, but it is no longer the centre of a community of crime that
+gained international notoriety. It was once the gathering-point for
+criminals and degraded persons of both sexes and of all nationalities, a
+rookery for thieves and murderers. Its history began more than a century
+and a half ago. During the so-called Negro Insurrection of 1741, when
+many negroes were hanged, the severest punishment was the burning at
+the stake of fourteen negroes in this locality.
+
+[Sidenote: Mulberry Bend Slum]
+
+One of the five "Points" is now formed by a pleasant park which a few
+years ago took the place of the last remnant of the old-time locality.
+In no single block of the city was there ever such a record for crime as
+in this old "Mulberry Bend" block. Set low in a hollow, it was a refuge
+for the outcasts of the city and of half a dozen countries. The slum
+took its name, as the park does now, from Mulberry Street, which on one
+side of it makes a deep and sudden bend. In this slum block the houses
+were three deep in places, with scarcely the suggestion of a courtyard
+between them. Narrow alleys, hardly wide enough to permit the passage of
+a man, led between houses to beer cellars, stables and time-blackened,
+tumbledown tenements. Obscure ways honeycombed the entire block--ways
+that led beneath houses, over low sheds, through fragments of
+wall--ways that were known only to the thief and the tramp. There
+"Bottle Alley," "Bandit's Roost" and "Rag-picker's Row" were the scenes
+of many wild fights, and many a time the ready stiletto ended the lives
+of men, or the heavy club dashed out brains.
+
+The Five Points House of Industry's work was begun in 1850, and has been
+successful in ameliorating the moral and physical condition of the
+people of the vicinity. The institution devoted to this work stands on
+the site of the "Old Brewery," the most notorious criminal resort of the
+locality.
+
+[Illustration: Park St. with Church of the Transfiguration]
+
+[Sidenote: An Ancient Church]
+
+At Mott and Park Streets is now the Church of the Transfiguration
+(Catholic). On a hill, the suggestion of which is still to be seen in
+steep Park Street, the Zion Lutheran Church was erected in 1797. In
+1810 it was changed to Zion Episcopal Church. It was burned in 1815;
+rebuilt 1819, and sold in 1853 to the Church of the Transfiguration,
+which has occupied it since. This last church had previously been in
+Chambers Street, and before that it had occupied several quarters. It
+was founded in 1827, and is the fourth oldest church in the diocese.
+Zion Episcopal Church moved in 1853 to Thirty-eighth Street and Madison
+Avenue, and in 1891 consolidated with St. Timothy's Church at No. 332
+West Fifty-seventh Street. The Madison Avenue building was sold to the
+South (Reformed) Dutch Church.
+
+[Sidenote: Chatham Square]
+
+Chatham Square has been the open space it is now ever since the time
+when a few houses clustered about Fort Amsterdam. The road that
+stretched the length of the island in 1647 formed the only connecting
+link between the fort and six large bouweries or farms on the east
+side.
+
+The bouwerie settlers in the early days were harassed by Indians, and
+spent as much time defending themselves and skurrying off to the
+protection of the Fort as they did in improving the land. The earliest
+settlement in the direction of these bouweries, which had even a
+suggestion of permanency, was on a hill which had once been an Indian
+outlook, close by the present Chatham Square. Emanuel de Groot, a giant
+negro, with ten superannuated slaves, were permitted to settle here upon
+agreeing to pay each a fat hog and 22-1/2 bushels of grain a year, their
+children to remain slaves.
+
+North of this settlement stretched a primeval forest through which
+cattle wandered and were lost. Then the future Chatham Square was fenced
+in as a place of protection for the cattle.
+
+[Sidenote: Bouwerie Lane]
+
+The lane leading from this enclosure to the outlying bouweries, during
+the Revolution was used for the passage of both armies. At that period
+the highway changed from the Bouwerie Lane of the Dutch to the English
+Bowery Road. In 1807 it became "The Bowery."
+
+[Sidenote: Kissing Bridge]
+
+The earliest "Kissing Bridge" was over a small creek, on the Post Road,
+close by the present Chatham Square. Travelers who left the city by this
+road parted with their friends on this bridge, it being the custom to
+accompany the traveler thus far from the city on his way.
+
+What is now Park Row, from City Hall Park to Chatham Square, was for
+many years called Chatham Street, in honor of William Pitt, Earl of
+Chatham. In 1886 the aldermen of the city changed the name to Park Row,
+and in so doing seemed to stamp approval of an event just one hundred
+years before which had stirred American manhood to acts of valor. This
+was the dragging down by British soldiers in 1776 of a statue of the
+Earl of Chatham which had stood in Wall Street.
+
+[Sidenote: Tea Water Pump]
+
+The most celebrated pump in the city was the Tea Water Pump, on Chatham
+Street (now Park Row) near Queen (now Pearl) Street. The water was
+supplied from the Collect and was considered of the rarest quality for
+the making of tea. Up to 1789 it was the chief water-works of the city,
+and the water was carted about the city in casks and sold from carts.
+
+[Sidenote: Home of Charlotte Temple]
+
+Within a few steps of the Bowery, on the north side of Pell Street, in a
+frame house, Charlotte Temple died. The heroine of Mrs. Rowson's "Tale
+of Truth," whose sorrowful life was held up as a moral lesson a
+generation ago, had lived first in a house on what is now the south side
+of Astor Place close to Fourth Avenue. Her tomb is in Trinity
+churchyard.
+
+[Sidenote: Bull's Head Tavern]
+
+The Bull's Head Tavern was built on the site of the present Thalia
+Theatre, formerly the Bowery Theatre, just above Chatham Square, some
+years before 1763. It was frequented by drovers and butchers, and was
+the most popular tavern of its kind in the city for many years.
+Washington and his staff occupied it on the day the British evacuated
+the city in 1783. It was pulled down in 1826, making way for the Bowery
+Theatre.
+
+[Sidenote: First Bowery Theatre]
+
+The Bowery Theatre was opened in 1826, and during the course or its
+existence was the home of broad melodrama, that had such a large
+following that the theatre obtained a national reputation. Many
+celebrated actors appeared in the house. It was burned in 1828, rebuilt
+and burned again in 1836, again in 1838, in 1845 and in 1848.
+
+New Bowery Street was opened from the south side of Chatham Square in
+1856. The street carried away a part of a Jewish burying-ground, a
+portion of which, crowded between tenement-houses and shut off from the
+street by a wall and iron fence, is still to be seen a few steps from
+Chatham Square. The first synagogue of the Jews was in Mill Street (now
+South William). The graveyard mentioned was the first one used by this
+congregation, and was opened in 1681, so far from the city that it did
+not seem probable that the latter could ever reach it. Early in the
+nineteenth century the graveyard was moved to a site which is now Sixth
+Avenue and Eleventh Street.
+
+[Sidenote: Washington's Home on Cherry Hill]
+
+The Franklin House was the first Cherry Hill place of residence of
+George Washington in the city, when he became President in 1789. It
+stood at the corner of Franklin Square (then St. George Square) and
+Cherry Street. A portion of the East River Bridge structure rests on the
+site. Pearl Street, passing the house, was a main thoroughfare in those
+days. The house was built in 1770 by Walter Franklin, an importing
+merchant. It was torn down in 1856. The site is marked by a tablet on
+the Bridge abutment, which reads:
+
+  THE FIRST
+  PRESIDENTIAL MANSION
+  NO. 1 CHERRY STREET
+  OCCUPIED BY
+  GEORGE WASHINGTON
+  FROM APRIL 23, 1789
+  TO FEBRUARY 23, 1790
+  ERECTED BY THE
+  MARY WASHINGTON COLONIAL CHAPTER, D.A.R.
+  APRIL 30, 1899
+
+At No. 7 Cherry Street gas was first introduced into the city in 1825.
+This is the Cherry Hill district, sadly deteriorated from the merry
+days of its infancy. Its name is still preserved in Cherry Street, which
+is hemmed in by tenement-houses which the Italian population crowd in
+almost inconceivable numbers. At the top of the hill, where these
+Italians drag out a crowded existence, Richard Sackett, an Englishman,
+established a pleasure garden beyond the city in 1670, and because its
+chief attraction was an orchard of cherry trees, called it the Cherry
+Garden--a name that has since clung to the locality.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Hudson & Watts Sts.]
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Origin of Broadway]
+
+From New Amsterdam, which centered about the Fort, the only road which
+led through the island branched out from Bowling Green. It took the line
+of what is now Broadway, and during a period of one hundred years was
+the only road which extended the length of the island.
+
+That Broadway, beyond St. Paul's Chapel, ever became a greatly traveled
+thoroughfare, was due more to accident than design, for to all
+appearances the road which turned to the east was to be the main artery
+for the city's travel, and all calculations were made to that end.
+Broadway really ended at St. Paul's.
+
+[Sidenote: The First Graveyard]
+
+Morris Street was called Beaver Lane before the name was changed in
+1829. On this street, near Broadway, the first graveyard of the city was
+situated. It was removed and the ground sold at auction in 1676, when a
+plot was acquired opposite Wall Street. This last was used in
+conjunction with Trinity Church until city interment was prohibited.
+
+[Sidenote: The First House Built]
+
+On the office building at 41 Broadway there is fixed a tablet which
+bears the inscription:
+
+  THIS TABLET MARKS THE SITE OF THE
+  FIRST HABITATIONS OF WHITE MEN
+  ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN
+  ADRIAN BLOCK
+  COMMANDER OF THE "TIGER"
+  ERECTED HERE FOUR HOUSES OR HUTS
+  AFTER HIS VESSEL WAS BURNED
+  NOVEMBER, 1613
+  HE BUILT THE RESTLESS, THE FIRST VESSEL
+  MADE BY EUROPEANS IN THIS COUNTRY
+  THE RESTLESS WAS LAUNCHED
+  IN THE SPRING OF 1614
+
+Adrian Block was one of the earliest fur traders to visit the island
+after Henry Hudson returned to Holland with the news of his discovery.
+The "Tiger" took fire in the night while anchored in the bay, and Block
+and his crew reached the shore with difficulty. They were the only white
+men on the island. Immediately they set about building a new vessel,
+which was named the "Restless."
+
+Next door, at No. 39, President Washington lived in the Macomb's
+Mansion, moving there from the Franklin House in 1790. Subsequently the
+house became a hotel.
+
+[Sidenote: Tin Pot Alley]
+
+There is a rift in the walls between the tall buildings at No. 55
+Broadway, near Rector Street, a cemented way that is neither alley nor
+street. It was a green lane before New Amsterdam became New York, and
+for a hundred years has been called Tin Pot Alley. With the growth of
+the city the little lane came near being crowded out, and the name, not
+being of proper dignity, would be forgotten but for a terra cotta tablet
+fixed in a building at its entrance. This was placed there by Rev.
+Morgan Dix, the pastor of Trinity Church.
+
+At the southwest corner of Broadway and Rector Street, where a
+sky-scraper is now, Grace Church once stood with a graveyard about it.
+The church was completed in 1808, and was there until 1846, when the
+present structure was erected at Broadway and Tenth Street. Upon the
+Rector Street site, the Trinity Lutheran Church, a log structure, was
+built in 1671. It was rebuilt in 1741, and was burned in the great fire
+of 1776.
+
+[Sidenote: Trinity Churchyard]
+
+Trinity churchyard is part of a large tract of land, granted to the
+Trinity Corporation in 1705, that was once the Queen's Farm.
+
+[Sidenote: Annetje Jans's Farm]
+
+In 1635 there were a number of bouweries or farms above the Fort. The
+nearest--one extending about to where Warren Street is--was set apart
+for the Dutch West India Company, and called the Company's Farm. Above
+this was another, bounded approximately by what are now Warren and
+Charlton Streets, west of Broadway. This last was given by the company,
+in 1635, to Roelof Jansz (contraction of Jannsen), a Dutch colonist. He
+died the following year, and the farm became the property of his wife,
+Annetje Jans. (In the feminine, the z being omitted, the form became
+Jans.) The farm was sold to Francis Lovelace, the English Governor, in
+1670, and he added it to the company's farm, and it became thereafter
+the Duke's Farm. In 1674 it became the King's Farm. When Queen Anne
+began her reign it became the Queen's Farm, and it was she who granted
+it to Trinity, making it the Church Farm.
+
+In 1731, which was sixty-one years after the Annetje Jans's farm was
+sold to Governor Lovelace, the descendants of Annetje Jans for the first
+time decided that they had yet some interest in the farm, and made an
+unsuccessful protest. From time to time since protests in the form of
+lawsuits have been made, but no court has sustained the claims.
+
+The city's growth was retarded by church ownership of land, as no one
+wanted to build on leasehold property. It was not until the greater part
+of available land on the east side of the island was built upon that the
+church property was made use of on the only terms it could be had. Not
+until 1803 were the streets from Warren to Canal laid out.
+
+Trinity Church was built in 1697. For years before, however, there had
+been a burying-ground beyond the city and the city's wall that became
+the Trinity graveyard of to-day. The waving grass extended to a bold
+bluff overlooking Hudson River, which was about where Greenwich Street
+now is. Through the bluff a street was cut, its passage being still
+plainly to be seen in the high wall on the Trinity Place side of the
+graveyard.
+
+[Sidenote: Oldest Grave In Trinity Churchyard]
+
+The oldest grave of which there is a record is in the northern section
+of the churchyard, on the left of the first path. It is that of a child,
+and is marked with a sandstone slab, with a skull, cross-bones and
+winged hour-glass cut in relief on the back, the inscription on the
+front reading:
+
+  W. C.
+  HEAR . LYES . THE . BODY
+  OF . RICHARD . CHVRCH
+  ER . SON . OF . WILLIA
+  M . CHVRCHER . WHO .
+  DIED . THE . 5 OF . APRIL
+  1681 . OF . AGE 5 YEARS
+  AND . 5 . MONTHS
+
+The records tell nothing of the Churcher family.
+
+Within a few feet of this stone is another that countless eyes have
+looked at through the iron fence from Broadway, which says:
+
+  HA, SYDNEY, SYDNEY!
+  LYEST THOU HERE?
+        I HERE LYE,
+  'TIL TIME IS FLOWN
+  TO ITS EXTREMITY.
+
+It is the grave of a merchant--once an officer of the British
+army--Sydney Breese, who wrote his epitaph and directed that it be
+placed on his tombstone. He died in 1767.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Sidenote: Grave of Charlotte Temple]
+
+On the opposite side of the path, nearer to Broadway, is a marble slab
+lying flat on the ground and each year sinking deeper into the earth.
+It was placed there by one of the sextons of Trinity more than a century
+ago, in memory of Charlotte Temple.
+
+Close by the porch of the north entrance to the church is the stone that
+marks the grave of William Bradford, who set up the first printing-press
+in the colony and was printer to the Colonial Government for fifty
+years. He was ninety-two years old when he died in 1752. The original
+stone was crumbling to decay when, in 1863, the Vestry of Trinity Church
+replaced it by the present stone, renewing the original inscription (see
+page 14).
+
+[Sidenote: Martyr's Monument]
+
+The tall freestone Gothic shaft, the only monumental pile in the
+northern section of the churchyard, serves to commemorate the unknown
+dead of the Revolution. Trinity Church with all its records, together
+with a large section of the western part of the city, was burned in
+1776 when the British army occupied the city. During the next seven
+years the only burials in the graveyard were the American prisoners from
+the Provost Jail in The Commons and the other crowded prisons of the
+city, who were interred at night and without ceremony. No record was
+kept of who the dead were.
+
+[Sidenote: A Churchyard Cryptograph]
+
+Close to the Martyrs' Monument is a stone so near the fence that its
+inscription can be read from Broadway:
+
+  HERE LIES
+  DEPOSITED THE BODY OF
+  JAMES LEESON,
+  WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE ON
+  THE 28TH DAY OF SEPTEMBER, 1794,
+  AGED 38 YEARS.
+
+And above the inscription are cut these curious characters:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is a cryptograph, but a simple one, familiar to school children. In
+its solution three diagrams are drawn and lettered thus:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The lines which enclose the letters are separated from the design, and
+each section used instead of the letters. For example, the letters A, B,
+C, become:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The second series begins with K, because the I sign is also used for J.
+The letters of the three series are distinguished by dots; one dot being
+placed with the lines of the first series; two dots with the second, but
+none with the third. If this be tried, any one can readily decipher the
+meaning of the cryptograph, and read "REMEMBER DEATH."
+
+Close to the north door of the church are interred the remains of Lady
+Cornbury, who could call England's Queen Anne cousin. She was the wife
+of Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, who was Governor of New York in 1702. He
+was a grandson of the Earl of Clarendon, Prime Minister of Charles II;
+and son of that Earl of Clarendon who was brother-in-law of James II. So
+Lady Cornbury was first cousin of Queen Anne. She was Baroness of
+Clifton in her own right, and a gracious lady. She died in 1706.
+
+[Illustration: Tomb of Alexander Hamilton]
+
+[Sidenote: Alexander Hamilton's Tomb]
+
+The tomb of Alexander Hamilton, patriot, soldier and statesman, stands
+conspicuously in the southern half of the churchyard, about forty feet
+from Broadway and ten feet from the iron railing on Rector Street.
+
+In the same part of the churchyard are interred the remains of Philip,
+eldest son of Alexander Hamilton. The son in 1801 fell in a duel with
+George L. Eacker, a young lawyer, when the two disagreed over a
+political matter. Three years later Eacker died and was buried in St.
+Paul's churchyard, and the same year Alexander Hamilton fell before the
+duelling pistol of Aaron Burr.
+
+[Sidenote: Last Friend Of Aaron Burr]
+
+Close by Hamilton's tomb, a slab almost buried in the earth bears the
+inscription "Matthew L. Davis' Sepulchre." Strange that this "last
+friend that Aaron Burr possessed on earth" should rest in death so close
+to his friend's great enemy. He went to the Jersey shore in a row-boat
+with Burr on the day the duel was fought with Hamilton, and stood not
+far away with Dr. Hosack to await the outcome. He was imprisoned for
+refusing to testify before the Coroner. Afterwards he wrote a life of
+Burr. He was a merchant, with a store at 49 Stone Street, and was highly
+respected.
+
+[Sidenote: Tomb of Capt. James Lawrence]
+
+Within a few steps of Broadway, at the southern entrance to the church,
+is the tomb of Captain James Lawrence, U. S. N., who was killed on board
+the frigate Chesapeake during the engagement with H. B. M. frigate
+"Shannon." His dying words, "Don't give up the ship!" are now known to
+every school-boy. The handsome mausoleum close by the church door, and
+the surrounding eight cannon, first attract the eye. These cannon,
+selected from arms captured from the English in the War of 1812, are
+buried deep, according to the directions of the Vestry of Trinity, in
+order that the national insignia, and the inscription telling of the
+place and time of capture, might be hidden and no evidence of triumph
+paraded in that place--where all are equal, where peace reigns and
+enmity is unknown. The monument was erected August 22, 1844. Before that
+the remains of Captain Lawrence had been interred in the southwest
+corner of the churchyard, beneath a shaft of white marble. This first
+resting-place was selected in September, 1813, when the body was brought
+to the city and interred, after being carried in funeral procession from
+the Battery.
+
+"D. Contant" is the inscription on the first vault at the south
+entrance, one of the first victims of the revocation of the Edict of
+Nantes to be buried in the city. There are many Huguenot memorials in
+the churchyard, the oddest being a tombstone with a Latin inscription
+telling that Withamus de Marisco, who died in 1765, was "most noble on
+the side of his father's mother."
+
+[Sidenote: Cresap, the Indian Fighter]
+
+At the rear of the church, to the north, is a small headstone:
+
+  IN MEMORY OF
+  MICHAEL CRESAP
+  FIRST CAPTAIN OF THE
+  RIFLE BATTALIONS
+  AND SON OF COLONEL THOMAS CRESAP
+  WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE
+  OCT. 18, A. D. 1775.
+
+His father had been a friend and neighbor of Washington in Virginia, and
+he himself was a brilliant Indian fighter on the frontier of his native
+State. It was the men under his command who, unordered, exterminated the
+family of Logan, the Indian chief, "the friend of the white man." Many a
+boy, who in school declaimed, unthinkingly, "Who is there to mourn for
+Logan? Not one!" grown to manhood, cannot but look with interest on the
+grave of Logan's foe. Tradition has been kind to Cresap's memory,
+insisting that his heart broke over the accusation of responsibility
+for the death of Logan's family.
+
+There is another slab, close by the grave of Captain Cresap, which
+tells:
+
+  "HERE LIETH YE BODY OF SUSANNAH
+  NEAN, WIFE OF ELIAS NEAN, BORN
+  IN YE CITY OF ROCHELLE, IN FRANCE,
+  IN YE YEAR 1660, WHO DEPARTED
+  THIS LIFE 25 DAY OF DECEMBER,
+  1720, AGE 60 YEARS." "HERE LIETH
+  ENTERRED YE BODY OF ELIAS NEAN,
+  CATECHIST IN NEW YORK, BORN IN
+  SOUBISE, IN YE PROVINCE OF CAENTONGE
+  IN FRANCE IN YE YEAR 1662,
+  WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE 8 DAY OF
+  SEPTEMBER 1722 AGED 60 YEARS."
+  "THIS INSCRIPTION WAS RESTORED BY
+  ORDER OF THEIR DESCENDANT OF THE
+  6TH GENERATION, ELIZABETH CHAMPLIN
+  PERRY, WIDOW OF THE LATE
+  COM'R O. H. PERRY, OF THE U. S.
+  NAVY, MAY, ANNO DOMINI, 1846."
+
+But the stone does not tell that the Huguenot refugee was for many
+years a vestryman of Trinity Church, and that among his descendants are
+the Belmonts and a dozen distinguished families. Before coming to
+America, Elias Nean was condemned to the galleys in France because he
+refused to renounce the reformed religion.
+
+[Sidenote: Where Gov De Lancy Was buried]
+
+Beneath the middle aisle in the church lie the bones of the eldest son
+of Stephen (Etienne) De Lancey--James De Lancey. He was Chief Justice of
+the Colony of New York in 1733, and Lieutenant-Governor in 1753. He died
+suddenly in 1760 at his country house which was at the present northwest
+corner of Delancey and Chrystie Streets. A lane led from the house to
+the Bowery.
+
+[Sidenote: Home of The De Lanceys]
+
+Thames Street is as narrow now as it was one hundred and fifty years
+ago, when it was a carriageway that led to the stables of Etienne De
+Lancey. The Huguenot nobleman left his Broad Street house for the new
+home he had built at Broadway and Cedar Street in 1730. In 1741,
+at his death, it became the property of his son, James, the
+Lieutenant-Governor. It was the most imposing house in the town,
+elegantly decorated, encircled by broad balconies, with an uninterrupted
+garden extending to the river at the back.
+
+After the death of Lieutenant-Governor De Lancey in 1760, the house
+became a hotel, and was known under many names. It was a favorite place
+for British officers during the Revolution, and in 1789 was the scene of
+the first "inauguration ball" in honor of President Washington.
+
+The house was torn down in 1793. In 1806 the City Hotel was erected on
+its site and became the most fashionable in town. It was removed in 1850
+and a line of shops set up. In 1889 the present buildings were erected.
+
+A tablet on the building at 113 Broadway, corner of Cedar Street, marks
+the site, reading:
+
+  THE SITE OF
+  LIEUT. GOVE. DE LANCEY'S HOUSE,
+  LATER THE CITY HOTEL.
+  IT WAS HERE THAT THE NON-IMPORTATION
+  AGREEMENT, IN OPPOSITION TO THE STAMP
+  ACT, WAS SIGNED, OCT. 15TH, 1766. THE
+  TAVERN HAD MANY PROPRIETORS BY WHOSE
+  NAMES IT WAS SUCCESSIVELY CALLED. IT
+  WAS ALSO KNOWN AS THE PROVINCE ARMS, THE
+  CITY ARMS AND BURNS COFFEE HOUSE OR TAVERN.
+
+Opposite Liberty (then Crown) Street, in the centre of Broadway, there
+stood in 1789 a detached building 42 x 25 feet. It was the "up-town
+market," patronized by the wealthy, who did their own marketing in those
+days, their black slaves carrying the purchases home.
+
+[Sidenote: Washington Market]
+
+Washington Market, at the foot of Fulton Street, was built in 1833. The
+water washed the western side of it then, and ships sailed to it to
+deliver their freight. Since then the water has been crowded back year
+by year with the growing demand for land. In its early days it was
+variously called Country Market, Fish Market and Exterior Market.
+
+[Sidenote: St. Paul's Chapel]
+
+At the outskirts of the city, in a field that the same year had been
+sown with wheat, the cornerstone of St. Paul's Chapel was laid on May
+14, 1764. The church was opened two years later, and the steeple added
+in 1794. It fronted the river which came up then as far as to where
+Greenwich Street is now, and a grassy lawn sloped down to a beach of
+pebbles. During the days of English occupancy, Major Andre, Lord Howe
+and Sir Guy Carleton worshipped there. Another who attended services
+there was the English midshipman who afterwards became William IV.
+
+[Illustration: Washington Pew St. Paul's Chapel]
+
+[Sidenote: The Washington Pew in St. Paul's]
+
+President Washington, on the day of his inauguration, marched at the
+head of the representative men of the new nation to attend service in
+St. Paul's, and thereafter attended regularly. The pew he occupied has
+been preserved and is still to be seen next the north wall, midway
+between the chancel and the vestry room. Directly opposite is the pew
+occupied at the same period by Governor George Clinton.
+
+Back of the chancel is the monument to Major-General Richard Montgomery,
+who fell before Quebec in 1775, crying, "Men of New York, you will not
+fail to follow where your general leads!" Congress decided on the
+monument, and Benjamin Franklin bought it in France for 300 guineas. A
+privateer bringing it to this country was captured by a British gunboat,
+which in turn was taken, and the monument, arriving safe here, was set
+in place. The body was removed from its first resting-place in Quebec,
+and interred close beside the monument in 1818.
+
+In the burying-ground, which has been beside the church since it was
+built, are the monuments of men whose names are associated with the
+city's history: Dr. William James Macneven, who raised chemistry to a
+science; Thomas Addis Emmet, an eminent jurist and brother of Robert
+Emmet; Christopher Collis, who established the first water works in the
+city, and who first conceived the idea of constructing the Erie Canal;
+and a host of others.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Sidenote: The Actor Cooke's Grave]
+
+The tomb of George Frederick Cooke, the tragedian, is conspicuous in the
+centre of the yard, facing the main door of the church. Cooke was born
+in England in 1756, and died in New York in 1812. Early in life he was a
+printer's apprentice. By 1800 he had taken high rank among tragic
+actors.
+
+The grave of George L. Eacker, who killed the eldest son of Alexander
+Hamilton in a duel, is near the Vesey Street railing.
+
+[Sidenote: Astor House]
+
+The Astor House, occupying the Broadway block between Vesey and Barclay
+Streets, was opened in 1836 by Boyden, a hotel keeper of Boston. This
+site had been part of the Church Farm, and as early as 1729, when there
+were only a few scattered farm houses on the island above what is now
+Liberty Street, there was a farm house on the Astor House site; and from
+there extended, on the Broadway line, a rope-walk. Prior to the erection
+of the hotel in 1830, the site for the most part had been occupied by
+the homes of John Jacob Astor, John G. Coster and David Lydig. On a
+part of the site, at 221 Broadway, in 1817, M. Paff, popularly known as
+"Old Paff," kept a bric-a-brac store. He dealt especially in paintings,
+having the reputation of buying worthless and old ones and "restoring"
+them into masterpieces. His was the noted curiosity-shop of the period.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Sidenote: A House of Other Days]
+
+Where Vesey and Greenwich Streets and West Broadway come together is a
+low, rough-hewn rock house. It has been used as a shoe store since the
+early part of the century. On its roof is a monster boot bearing the
+date of 1832, which took part in the Croton water parade and a dozen
+other celebrations. In pre-revolutionary days, when the ground where the
+building stands was all Hudson River, and the water extended as far as
+the present Greenwich Street, according to tradition, this was a
+lighthouse. There have been many changes in the outward appearance, but
+the foundation of solid rock is the same as when the waters swept around
+it.
+
+[Sidenote: The Road To Greenwich]
+
+Greenwich Street follows the line of a road which led from the city to
+Greenwich Village. This road was on the waterside. It was called
+Greenwich Road. South of Canal Street, west of Broadway, was a marshy
+tract known as Lispenard's Meadows. Over this swamp Greenwich Road
+crossed on a raised causeway. When the weather was bad for any length of
+time, the road became heavy and in places was covered by the strong
+tide from the river. At such times travel took an inland route, along
+the Post Road (now the Bowery) and by Obelisk Lane (now Astor Place and
+Greenwich Avenue).
+
+[Sidenote: St. Peter's Church]
+
+St. Peter's Church, at the southeast corner of Barclay and Church
+Streets, the home of the oldest Roman Catholic congregation in the city,
+was built in 1786, and rebuilt in 1838. The congregation was formed in
+1783, although mass was celebrated in private houses before that for the
+few scattered Catholic families.
+
+[Sidenote: Columbia College]
+
+The two blocks included between Barclay and Murray Streets, West
+Broadway and Church Street, were occupied until 1857 by the buildings
+and grounds of Columbia College. That part of the Queen's Farm lying
+west of Broadway between the present Barclay and Murray Streets--a
+strip of land then in the outskirts of the city--in 1754 was given to
+the governors of King's College. During the Revolution the college
+suspended exercises, resuming in 1784 as Columbia College under an act
+passed by the Legislature of the State. In 1814, in consideration of
+lands before granted to the college which had been ceded to New
+Hampshire in settlement of the boundary, the college was granted by the
+State a tract of farming land known as the Hosack Botanical Garden. This
+is the twenty acres lying between Forty-seventh and Forty-ninth Streets,
+Fifth and Sixth Avenues. At that time the city extended but little above
+the City Hall Park, and this land was unprofitable and for many years of
+considerable expense to the college. By 1839 the city had crept past the
+college and the locality being built up the college grounds were cramped
+between the limits of two blocks. In 1854, Park Place was opened
+through the grounds of the college from Church Street to West Broadway
+(then called College Place). Until about 1816 the section of Park Place
+west of the college grounds was called Robinson Street. In 1857 the
+college was moved to Madison Avenue, between Forty-ninth and Fiftieth
+Streets, and in 1890 it was re-organized on a university basis.
+
+[Sidenote: Chapel Place]
+
+West Broadway was originally a lane which wound from far away Canal
+Street to the Chapel of Columbia College, and was called Chapel Place.
+Later it became College Place. In 1892 the street was widened south of
+Chambers Street, in order to relieve the great traffic from the north,
+and extended through the block from Barclay to Greenwich Street.
+Evidence of the former existence of the old street can be seen in the
+pillars of the elevated road on the west side of West Broadway at Murray
+Street, for these pillars, once on the sidewalk, are now several feet
+from it in the street.
+
+[Sidenote: Bowling Green Garden And First Vauxhall]
+
+In the vicinity of what is now Greenwich and Warren Streets, the Bowling
+Green Garden was established in the early part of the eighteenth
+century. It was a primitive forest, for there were no streets above
+Crown (now Liberty) Street on the west side, and none above Frankfort on
+the east. The land on which the Garden stood was a leasehold on the
+Church Farm. The place was given the name of the Vauxhall Garden before
+the middle of the same century, and for forty years thereafter was a
+fashionable resort and sought to be a copy of the Vauxhall in London.
+There was dancing and music, and groves dimly lighted where visitors
+could stroll, and where they might sit at tables and eat. By the time
+the city stretched past the locality, all that was left of the resort
+was what would now be called a low saloon, and its pretty garden had
+been sold for building lots. The second Vauxhall was off the Bowery,
+south of Astor Place.
+
+[Sidenote: A. T. Stewart's Store]
+
+The Stewart Building, on the east side of Broadway, between Chambers and
+Reade Streets, has undergone few external changes since it was the dry
+goods store of Alexander T. Stewart. On this site stood Washington Hall,
+which was erected in 1809. It was a hotel of the first class, and
+contained the fashionable ball room and banqueting-hall of the city. The
+building was destroyed by fire July 5, 1844. The next year Stewart,
+having purchased the site from the heirs of John G. Coster, began the
+construction of his store. Stewart came from Ireland in 1823, at the age
+of twenty. For a time after his arrival he was an assistant teacher in a
+public school. He opened a small dry goods store, and was successful.
+The Broadway store was opened in 1846. Four years later Stewart
+extended his building so that it reached Reade Street. All along
+Broadway by this year business houses were taking the place of
+residences. The Stewart residence at the northwest corner of
+Thirty-fourth Street and Fifth Avenue, was, at the time it was built,
+considered the finest house in America. Mr. Stewart died in 1876,
+leaving a fortune of fifty millions. His body was afterwards stolen from
+St. Mark's Churchyard at Tenth Street and Second Avenue.
+
+At Broadway and Duane Street, roasted chestnuts were first sold in the
+street. A Frenchman stationed himself at this corner in 1828, and sold
+chestnuts there for so many years that he came to be reckoned as a
+living landmark.
+
+At the same corner was the popular Cafe des Mille Colonnes, the
+proprietor of which, F. Palmo, afterwards built and conducted Palmo's
+Opera House in Chambers Street.
+
+[Sidenote: First Sewing Machine]
+
+In a store window on Broadway, close to Duane Street, the first
+sewing-machine was exhibited. A young woman sat in the window to exhibit
+the working of the invention to passers-by. It was regarded as an
+impracticable toy, and was looked at daily by many persons who
+considered it a curiosity unworthy of serious attention.
+
+[Sidenote: Masonic Hall]
+
+At Nos. 314 and 316 Broadway, on the east side of the street just south
+of Pearl Street, stood Masonic Hall, the cornerstone of which was laid
+June 24, 1826. It looked imposing among the structures of the street,
+over which it towered, and was of the Gothic style of architecture.
+While it was in course of erection, William Morgan published his book
+which claimed to reveal the secrets of masonry. His mysterious
+disappearance followed, and shortly after, the rise of the anti-Masonic
+party and popular excitement put masonry under such a ban that the house
+was sold by the Order, and the name of the building was changed to
+Gothic Hall. On the second floor was a room looked upon as the most
+elegant in the United States: an imitation of the Chapel of Henry VIII,
+it was of Gothic architecture, furnished in richness of detail and
+appropriateness of design, and was one hundred feet long, fifty wide and
+twenty-five high. In it were held public gatherings of social and
+political nature.
+
+[Sidenote: New York Hospital]
+
+The two blocks now enclosed by Duane, Worth, Broadway and Church
+Streets, were occupied by the buildings and grounds of the New York
+Hospital. Thomas Street was afterwards cut through the grounds. As the
+City Hospital, the institution had been projected before the War of the
+Revolution. The building was completed about 1775. During the war it
+was used as a barrack. In 1791 it was opened for the admission of
+patients. On the lawn, which extended to Broadway, various societies
+gathered on occasions of annual parades and celebrations. The hospital
+buildings were in the centre of the big enclosure. At the northern end
+of the lawn, the present corner of Broadway and Worth Street, was the
+New Jerusalem Church.
+
+[Sidenote: Riley's Fifth Ward Hotel]
+
+On the corner of West Broadway and Franklin Street was Riley's Fifth
+Ward Hotel, which was a celebrated place in its day. It was the
+prototype of the modern elaborately fitted saloon, but was then a place
+of instruction and a moral resort. In a large room, reached by wide
+stairs from the street, were objects of interest and art in glass
+cases--pictures of statesmen, uniforms of the soldiers of all nations,
+Indian war implements, famous belongings of celebrated men, as well as
+such simple curiosities as a two-headed calf. On Franklin Street,
+before Riley's door, was a marble statue minus a head, one arm and
+sundry other parts. It was all that remained of the statue of the Earl
+of Chatham, William Pitt, which had stood in Wall Street until dragged
+down by British soldiers. For twenty-five years the battered wreck had
+lain in the corporation yard, until found and honored with a place
+before his door by Riley. At the latter's death the Historical Society
+took the remains of the statue, and it is in its rooms yet.
+
+The passage of Washington through the island is commemorated by a tablet
+on a warehouse at 255 West Street, near Laight, which is inscribed:
+
+  TO MARK THE LANDING PLACE OF
+  GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON,
+  JUNE 25, 1775,
+  ON HIS WAY TO CAMBRIDGE
+  TO COMMAND
+  THE AMERICAN ARMY.
+
+[Sidenote: St. John's Church]
+
+St. John's Church of Trinity Parish, in Varick Street close to Beach,
+was built in 1807. When the church was finished St. John's Park,
+occupying the entire block opposite--between Varick and Hudson, Laight
+and Beach Streets--was established for the exclusive use of residents
+whose houses faced it. Before it was established, the place had been a
+sandy beach that stretched to the river. The locality became the most
+fashionable of the city in 1825. By 1850 there had begun a gradual
+decline, for persons of wealth were moving up-town, and it degenerated
+to a tenement-house level after 1869, when the park disappeared beneath
+the foundations of the big freight depot which now occupies the site.
+
+Around the corner from the church, a block away in Beach Street, is a
+tiny park, one of the last remnants of the Annetje Jans Farm. The bit of
+farm is carefully guarded now, much more so than was the entire
+beautiful tract. It forms a triangle and is fenced in by an iron
+railing, with one gate, that is fast barred and never opened. There is
+one struggling tree, wrapped close in winter with burlap, but it seems
+to feel its loneliness and does not thrive.
+
+[Sidenote: The Red Fort]
+
+From the centre of St. John's Park on the west, Hubert Street extends to
+the river. This street, now given over to manufacturers, was, in 1824,
+the chief promenade of the city next to the Battery Walk. It led
+directly to the Red Fort at the river. The fort was some distance from
+the shore. It was built early in the century, was round and of brick,
+and a bridge led to it. It was never of any practical use, but, like
+Castle Garden, was used as a pleasure resort.
+
+[Sidenote: Lispenard's Meadows]
+
+[Sidenote: Cows on Broadway]
+
+Early in the eighteenth century, Anthony Rutgers held under lease from
+Trinity a section of the Church Farm which took in the Dominie's
+Bouwerie, a property lying between where Broadway is and the Hudson
+River. The southern and northern lines were approximately the present
+Reade and Canal Streets. It was a wild spot, remaining in a primitive
+condition--part marsh, part swamp--covered with dwarf trees and tangled
+underbrush. Cattle wandered into this region and were lost. It was a
+dangerous place, too, for men who wandered into it. To live near it was
+unhealthy, because of the foul gases which abounded. It seemed to be a
+worthless tract. About the year 1730, Anthony Rutgers suggested to the
+King in Council that he would have this land drained and made wholesome
+and useful provided it was given to him. His argument was so strong and
+sensible that the land--seventy acres, now in the business section of
+the city--was given him and he improved it. At the northern edge of the
+improved waste lived Leonard Lispenard, in a farm house which was then
+in a northern suburb of the city, bounded by what is Hudson, Canal and
+Vestry Streets. Lispenard married the daughter of Rutgers, and the land
+falling to him it became Lispenard's Meadows. In Lispenard's time
+Broadway ended where White Street is now and a set of bars closed the
+thoroughfare against cows that wandered along it. The one bit of the
+meadows that remains is the tiny park at the foot of Canal Street on the
+west side. Anthony Rutgers' homestead was close by what is Broadway and
+Thomas Street. After his death in 1750 it became a public house, and,
+with the surrounding grounds, was called Ranelagh Garden, a popular
+place in its time.
+
+[Sidenote: Canal Street]
+
+On a line with the present Canal Street, a stream ran from the Fresh
+Water Pond to the Hudson River, at the upper edge of Lispenard's
+Meadows. A project, widely and favorably considered in 1825, but which
+came to nothing, advocated the extension of Canal Street, as a canal,
+from river to river. The street took its name naturally from the little
+stream which was called a canal. When the street was filled in and
+improved, the stream was continued through a sewer leading from Centre
+Street. The locality at the foot of the street has received the local
+title of "Suicide Slip" because of the number of persons in recent years
+who have ended their lives by jumping into Hudson River at that point.
+
+In Broadway, between Grand and Howard Streets, in 1819, West's circus
+was opened. In 1827 this was converted into a theatre called the
+Broadway. Later it was occupied by Tattersall's horse market.
+
+[Sidenote: Original Olympic Theatre]
+
+Next door to Tattersall's, at No. 444 Broadway, the original Olympic
+Theatre was built in 1837. W. R. Blake and Henry E. Willard built and
+managed the house. It was quite small and their aim had been to present
+plays of a high order of merit by an exceptionally good company. The
+latter included besides Blake, Mrs. Maeder and George Barrett. After a
+few months of struggle against unprofitable business, prices were
+lowered. Little success was met with, the performances being of too
+artistic a nature to be popular, and Blake gave up the effort and the
+house. In December, 1839, Wm. Mitchell leased the house and gave
+performances at low prices.
+
+At No. 453 Broadway, between Grand and Howard Streets, in 1844 John
+Littlefield, a corn doctor, set up a place, designating himself as a
+chiropodist--an occupation before unknown under that title.
+
+At No. 485 Broadway, near Broome Street, Brougham's Lyceum was built in
+1850, and opened in December with an "occasional rigmarole" and a farce.
+In 1852 the house was opened, September 8, as Wallack's Lyceum, having
+been acquired by James W. Wallack. Wallack ended his career as an actor
+in this house. In 1861 he removed to his new theatre, corner Thirteenth
+Street and Broadway. Still later the Lyceum was called the Broadway
+Theatre.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+"Murderers' Row" has its start where Watts Street ends at Sullivan,
+midway of the block between Grand and Broome Streets. It could not be
+identified by its name, for it is not a "row" at all, merely an
+ill-smelling alley, an arcade extending through a block of battered
+tenements. After running half its course through the block, the alley
+is broken by an intersecting space between houses--a space that is taken
+up by push carts, barrels, tumbledown wooden balconies and lines of
+drying clothes. "Murderers' Row" is celebrated in police annals as a
+crime centre. But the evil doers were driven out long years ago and the
+houses given over to Italians. These people are excessively poor, and
+have such a hard struggle for life as to have no desire to regard the
+laws of the Health Board. Constant complaints are made that the houses
+are hovels and the alley a breeding-place for disease.
+
+[Sidenote: Greenwich Village]
+
+Greenwich Village sprang from the oldest known settlement on the Island
+of Manhattan. It was an Indian village, clustering about the site of the
+present West Washington Market, at the foot of Gansevoort Street, when
+Hendrick Hudson reached the island, in 1609.
+
+The region was a fertile one, and its natural drainage afforded it
+sanitary advantages which even to this day make it a desirable place of
+residence. There was abundance of wild fowl and the waters were alive
+with half a hundred varieties of fish. There were sand hills, sometimes
+rising to a height of a hundred feet, while to the south was a marsh
+tenanted by wild fowl and crossed by a brook flowing from the north. It
+was this Manetta brook which was to mark the boundary of Greenwich
+Village when Governor Kieft set aside the land as a bouwerie for the
+Dutch West India Company. The brook arose about where Twenty-first
+Street now crosses Fifth Avenue, flowed to the southwest edge of Union
+Square, thence to Fifth Avenue and Eighth Street, across where
+Washington Square is, along the line of Minetta Street, and then to
+Hudson River, between Houston and Charlton Streets.
+
+[Sidenote: Sir Peter Warren]
+
+The interests of the little settlement were greatly advanced in 1744,
+when Sir Peter Warren, later the hero of Louisburg, married Susannah De
+Lancey and went to live there, purchasing three hundred acres of land.
+
+Epidemics in the city from time to time drove many persons to Greenwich
+as a place of refuge. But it remained for the fatal yellow-fever
+epidemic of 1822, when 384 persons died in the city, to make Greenwich a
+thriving suburb instead of a struggling village. Twenty thousand persons
+fled the city, the greater number settling in Greenwich. Banks, public
+offices, stores of every sort were hurriedly opened, and whole blocks of
+buildings sprang up in a few days. Streets were left where lanes had
+been, and corn-fields were transformed into business and dwelling
+blocks.
+
+[Sidenote: Evolution of Greenwich Streets]
+
+The sudden influx of people and consequent trade into the village
+brought about the immediate need for street improvements. Existing
+streets were lengthened, footpaths and alleys were widened, but all was
+done without any regard to regularity. The result was the jumble of
+streets still to be met with in that region, where the thoroughfares are
+often short and often end in a cul-de-sac.
+
+In time the streets of the City Plan crept up to those of Greenwich
+Village, and the village was swallowed up by the city. But it was not
+swallowed up so completely but that the irregular lines of the village
+streets are plainly to be seen on any city map.
+
+Near where Spring Street crosses Hudson there was established, about
+1765, Brannan's Garden, on the northern edge of Lispenard's Meadows. It
+was like the modern road-house. Greenwich Road was close to it, and
+pleasure-seekers, who thronged the road on the way from the city to
+Greenwich Village, were the chief guests of the house.
+
+[Sidenote: Duane Street Church]
+
+Crowded close between dwellings on the east side of Hudson Street, fifty
+feet south of Spring, is the Duane M. E. Church, a quaint-looking
+structure, half church, half business building. This is the successor of
+the North Church, the North River Church and the Duane Street Church,
+founded in 1797, which, before it moved to Hudson Street, in 1863, was
+in Barley (now Duane) Street, between Hudson and Greenwich Streets.
+
+In Spring Street, near Varick, is the Spring Street Presbyterian Church,
+which was built in 1825. Before its erection the "old" Spring Street
+Presbyterian Church stood on the site, having been built in 1811.
+
+[Sidenote: Richmond Hill]
+
+Although the leveling vandalism of a great city has removed every trace
+of Richmond Hill, the block encircled by Macdougal, Charlton, Varick
+and Vandam Streets, is crowded thick with memories of men and events of
+a past generation.
+
+Long before there was a thought of the city getting beyond the wall that
+hemmed in a few scattering houses, and when the Indian settlement, which
+afterwards became Greenwich Village, kept close to the water's edge, a
+line of low sand hills called the Zandtberg, stretched their curved way
+from where now Eighth Street crosses Broadway, ending where Varick
+Street meets Vandam. At the base of the hill to the north was Manetta
+Creek.
+
+The final elevation became known as Richmond Hill, and that, with a
+considerable tract of land, was purchased by Abraham Mortier,
+commissioner of the forces of George III. of England. In 1760 he built
+his home on the hill and called it also Richmond Hill.
+
+[Sidenote: Burr's Pond]
+
+The house was occupied by General Washington as his headquarters in
+1776, and by Vice-President Adams in 1788. Aaron Burr obtained it in
+1797, entertained lavishly there, improved the grounds, constructed an
+artificial lake long known as Burr's Pond, and set up a beautiful
+entrance gateway at what is now Macdougal and Spring Streets, which he
+passed through in 1804 when he went to fight his duel with Alexander
+Hamilton.
+
+Burr gave up the house in 1807, and, the hill being cut away in the
+opening of streets in 1817, the house was lowered and rested on the
+north side of Charlton Street just east of Varick. It became a theatre
+later and remained such until it was torn down in 1849. A quiet row of
+brick houses occupies the site now.
+
+[Sidenote: St. John's Burying Ground]
+
+What is now a pleasant little park enclosed by Hudson, Leroy and
+Clarkson Streets, was part of a plot set aside for a graveyard when St.
+John's Chapel was built. It was called St. John's Burying-Ground. Its
+early limits extended to Carmine Street on one side and to Morton Street
+on the other. Under the law burials ceased there about 1850. There were
+10,000 burials in the grounds, which, unlike the other Trinity
+graveyards, came to be neglected. The tombstones crumbled to decay, the
+weeds grew rank about them and the trees remained untrimmed and
+neglected.
+
+About 1890 property owners in the vicinity began steps to have the
+burying-ground made into a park. Conservative Trinity resisted the
+project until the city won a victory in the courts and the property was
+bought. Relatives of the dead were notified and some of the bodies were
+removed. In September, 1897, the actual work of transforming the
+graveyard into a park was begun. Laborers with crowbars knocked over
+the tombstones that still remained and putting the fragments in a pit at
+the eastern end of the grounds covered them with earth to make a
+play-spot for children.
+
+[Sidenote: Bedford Street Church]
+
+At Morton and Bedford Streets is the Bedford Street M. E. Church. The
+original structure was built in 1810 in a green pasture. Beside it was a
+quiet graveyard, reduced somewhat in 1830 when the church was enlarged,
+and wiped out when the land became valuable and the present structure
+was set up in 1840. The church was built for the first congregation of
+Methodists in Greenwich Village, formed in 1808 at the house of Samuel
+Walgrove at the north side of Morton Street close to Bleecker.
+
+[Sidenote: Where Thomas Paine Lived And Died]
+
+Thomas Paine--famous for his connection with the American and French
+revolutions, but chiefly for his works, "The Age of Reason," favoring
+Deism against Atheism and Christianity; and "Common Sense," maintaining
+the cause of the American colonies--died in Greenwich Village June 8,
+1809, having retired there in 1802.
+
+The final years of his life were passed in a small house in Herring (now
+Bleecker) Street. On the site is a double tenement numbered No. 293
+Bleecker Street, southeast corner Barrow. This last named street was not
+opened until shortly after Paine's death. It was first called Reason
+Street, a compliment to the author of "The Age of Reason." This was
+corrupted to Raisin Street. In 1828 it was given its present name.
+
+Shortly before his death Paine moved to a frame building set in the
+centre of a nearby field. Grove Street now passes over the site which is
+between Bleecker and West Fourth Streets, the back of the building
+having been where No. 59 Grove Street is now.
+
+About the time that Barrow Street was opened Grove Street was cut
+through. It was called Cozine Street, then Columbia, then Burrows, and
+finally, in 1829, was changed to Grove. When the street was widened in
+1836, the house in which Paine had died, until then left standing, was
+demolished.
+
+[Sidenote: Admiral Warren and His Family]
+
+The homestead of Admiral Sir Peter Warren occupied the ground now taken
+up in the solidly built block bounded by Charles, Fourth, Bleecker and
+Perry Streets. The house was built in 1744, in the midst of green
+fields, and for more than a century it was the most important dwelling
+in Greenwich. Admiral Warren of the British Navy was, next to the
+Governor, the most important person in the Province. His house was the
+favorite resort of social and influential New York. The Admiral's
+influence and popularity had a marked effect on the village, which, by
+his coming, was given an impetus that made it a thriving place.
+
+Of the three daughters of Admiral Warren, Charlotte, the eldest, married
+Willoughby, Earl of Abingdon; the second, Ann, married Charles Fitzroy,
+afterwards Baron Southampton, and Susannah, the youngest, married
+William Skinner, a Colonel of Foot. These marriages had their effect
+also on Greenwich Village, serving to continue the prosperity of the
+place. Roads which led through the district, of which the Warren family
+controlled a great part, were named in honor of the different family
+branches. The only name now surviving is that of Abingdon Square.
+
+In the later years of his life, Sir Peter Warren represented the City of
+Westminster in Parliament. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
+
+[Sidenote: State Prison]
+
+In 1796 the State Prison was built on about four acres of ground,
+surrounded by high walls, and taking in the territory now enclosed by
+Washington, West, Christopher and Perry Streets. The site is now, for
+the most part, occupied by a brewery, but traces of the prison walls are
+yet to be seen in those of the brewery. There was a wharf at the foot of
+Christopher Street. In 1826 the prison was purchased by the Corporation
+of the State. The construction of a new State Prison had begun at Sing
+Sing in 1825. In 1828 the male prisoners were transferred to Sing Sing,
+and the female prisoners the next year.
+
+[Sidenote: Convict Labor]
+
+The yard of the early prison extended down to the river, there were
+fields about and a wide stretch of beach. It was here that the first
+system of prison manufactures was organized. A convict named Noah
+Gardner, who was a shoemaker, induced the prison officials to permit him
+the use of his tools. In a short time he had trained most of the
+convicts into a skilled body of shoemakers.
+
+The gathering together of a number of convicts in a workroom was at
+first productive of some disorder, owing to the difficulty of keeping
+them under proper discipline under the new conditions. In 1799 came the
+first riot. The keepers fired upon and killed several convicts. There
+was another revolt in 1803.
+
+Gardner had been found guilty of forgery, but was reprieved on the
+gallows through the influence of the Society of Friends, of which he was
+a member, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Because of his services in
+organizing the prison work, he was liberated after serving seven years.
+Becoming then a shoe manufacturer, he was successful for several years,
+when he absconded, taking with him a pretty Quakeress, and was never
+heard of again.
+
+[Illustration: Old Houses Wiehawken St.]
+
+[Sidenote: Quaint Houses in Wiehawken Street]
+
+Although the prison has been swept away, an idea of its locality can be
+had from the low buildings at the west side of nearby Wiehawken Street.
+These buildings have stood for more than a hundred years, having been
+erected before the prison.
+
+That part of Greenwich Village that was transformed from fields into a
+town in a few days, during the yellow fever scare of 1822, centered at
+the point where West Eleventh Street crosses West Fourth Street. At this
+juncture was a cornfield on which, in two days, a hotel capable of
+accommodating three hundred guests was built. At the same time a
+hundred other houses sprang up, as if by magic, on all sides.
+
+[Sidenote: Bank Street]
+
+Bank Street was named in 1799. The year previous a clerk in the Bank of
+New York on Wall Street was one of the earliest victims of yellow fever,
+and the officials decided to take precautions in case of the bank being
+quarantined at a future time. Eight lots were purchased on a then
+nameless lane in Greenwich Village. The bank was erected there, and gave
+the lane the name of Bank Street.
+
+[Sidenote: Washington Square]
+
+Washington Square was once a Potter's Field. A meadow was purchased by
+the city for this purpose in 1789, and the pauper graveyard was
+established about where the Washington Arch is now.
+
+[Illustration: Looking South from Minetta Lane]
+
+Manetta Creek, coming from the north, flowed to the west of the arch
+site, crossed to what is now the western portion of the Square, ran
+through the present Minetta Street and on to the river. In 1795, during
+a yellow fever epidemic, the field was used as a common graveyard. In
+1797 the pauper graveyard which had been in the present Madison Square,
+was abandoned in favor of this one. There was a gallows on the ground
+and criminals were executed and interred on the spot as late as 1822.
+
+In 1823 the Potter's Field was abandoned and removed to the present
+Bryant Park at Forty-second Street and Sixth Avenue. In 1827, three and
+one half acres of ground were added to the plot and the present
+Washington Square was opened.
+
+[Sidenote: Obelisk Lane]
+
+Past the pauper graveyard ran an inland road to Greenwich Village. This
+extended from the Post Road (now the Bowery) at the present Astor Place
+near Cooper Union, continued in a direct line to about the position of
+the Washington Arch, and from that point to the present Eighth Avenue
+just above Fifteenth Street. This road, established through the fields
+in 1768, was called Greenwich Lane. It was also known as Monument Lane
+and Obelisk Lane. A small section of it still exists in Astor Place from
+Bowery to Broadway. A larger section is Greenwich Avenue from Eighth to
+Fourteenth Streets. Monument Lane took its name from a monument at
+Fifteenth Street where the road ended, which had been erected to the
+memory of General Wolfe, the hero of Quebec. The monument disappeared
+in a mysterious way during the British occupation. It is thought to have
+been destroyed by soldiers.
+
+[Sidenote: Graveyard In a Side Street]
+
+A few feet east of Sixth Avenue, on the south side of Eleventh Street,
+is a brick wall and railing, behind which can be seen several battered
+tombstones in a triangular plot of ground. This is all that is left of a
+Jewish graveyard established almost a century ago.
+
+Milligan's Lane was the continuation of Amos (now West Tenth) Street,
+from Greenwich Avenue to Twelfth Street where it joined the Union Road.
+This lane struck the line of Sixth Avenue where Eleventh Street is now.
+At the southwest corner of this junction the course of the lane can be
+seen yet in the peculiar angle of the side wall of a building there, and
+in a similar angle of other houses near by. Close by this corner the
+second graveyard of Shearith Israel Synagogue was established early in
+this century. It took the place of the Beth Haim, or Place of Rest, down
+town, a remnant of which is to be seen in New Bowery off Chatham Square.
+
+[Sidenote: Milligan's Lane]
+
+The Eleventh Street graveyard, established in the midst of green fields,
+fronted on Milligan's Lane and extended back 110 feet. When Eleventh
+Street was cut through under the conditions of the City Plan, in 1830,
+it passed directly through the graveyard, cutting it away so that only
+the tiny portion now there was left. At that time a new place of burial
+was opened in Twenty-first Street west of Sixth Avenue.
+
+[Sidenote: Union Road]
+
+At a point just behind the house numbered 23 Eleventh Street, midway of
+the block between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, Union Road had its
+starting-point. It was a short road, forming a direct communicating line
+between Skinner and Southampton Roads. Skinner Road, running from
+Hudson River along the line of the present Christopher Street, ended
+where Union Road began; and Union Road met Southampton at what is now
+the corner of Fifteenth Street and Seventh Avenue. This point was also
+the junction of Southampton and Great Kiln Roads.
+
+Evidences of the Union Road are still to be seen in Twelfth Street, at
+the projecting angle of the houses numbered 43 and 45. It was just at
+this point that Milligan's Lane ended. On Thirteenth Street, the course
+of Union Road is shown by the slanting wall of a big business building,
+numbered 36.
+
+[Sidenote: First Presbyterian Church]
+
+In Twelfth Street, between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, is the First
+Reformed Presbyterian Church. The congregation was started as a praying
+society in 1790 at the house of John Agnew at No. 9 Peck Slip. In 1798
+the congregation worshipped in a school house in Cedar Street. They
+soon after built their first church at Nos. 39 and 41 Chambers Street,
+where the American News Company building is now. It was a frame
+building, and was succeeded in 1818 by a brick building on the same
+site. In 1834 a new church was erected at Prince and Marion Streets. The
+foundation for the present church was laid in 1848, and the church
+occupied it in the following year.
+
+[Sidenote: Society Library]
+
+The New York Society Library, at 107 University Place, near Fourteenth
+Street, claims to be the oldest institution of its kind in America. It
+is certainly the most interesting in historical associations, richness
+of old literature and art works. It is the direct outcome of the library
+established in 1700, with quarters in the City Hall, in Wall Street, by
+Richard, Earl of Bellomont, the Governor of New York.
+
+In 1754 an association was incorporated for carrying on a library, and
+their collection, added to the library already in existence, was called
+the City Library. The Board of Trustees consisted of the most prominent
+men in the city. In 1772 a charter was granted by George III, under the
+name of the New York Society Library.
+
+During the Revolutionary War the books became spoil for British
+soldiers. Many were destroyed and many sold. After the war the remains
+of the library were gathered from various parts of the city and again
+collected in the City Hall. In 1784 the members of the Federal Congress
+deliberated in the library rooms. In 1795 the library was moved to
+Nassau Street, opposite the Middle Dutch Church; in 1836 to Chambers
+Street; in 1841 to Broadway and Leonard Street; in 1853 to the Bible
+House, and in 1856 to the present building.
+
+[Sidenote: Great Kiln Road]
+
+At the point that is now Seventh Avenue and Fifteenth Street, then
+intersected by the Union Road, the Great Kiln Road ended. Its
+continuation was called Southampton Road. From that point it continued
+to Nineteenth Street, east of Sixth Avenue, and then parallel with Sixth
+Avenue to Love Lane, the present Twenty-first Street.
+
+The line of this road, where it joined the Great Kiln Road, is still
+clearly shown in the oblique side wall of the house at the northwest
+corner of Seventh Avenue and Fifteenth Street. Here, also, it has a
+marked effect on the east wall of St. Joseph's Home for the Aged. The
+first-mentioned house, with the cutting through of the streets, has been
+left one of those queer triangular buildings, with full front and
+running to a point in the rear.
+
+[Sidenote: Weavers' Row]
+
+When the road reached what is now Sixteenth Street, a third of a block
+east of Seventh Avenue, it passed through the block in a sweeping curve
+to the present corner of Seventeenth Street and Sixth Avenue. The
+evidence of its passage is still to be seen in the tiny wooden houses
+buried in the centre of the block, which are remnants of a row called
+Paisley Place, or Weavers' Row. This row was built during the
+yellow-fever agitation of 1822, and was occupied by Scotch weavers who
+operated their hand machines there.
+
+The road took its name from Sir Peter Warren's second daughter, who
+married Charles Fitzroy, who later became the Baron Southampton.
+
+[Sidenote: Graveyard Behind a Store]
+
+In Twenty-first Street, a little west of Sixth Avenue, is the unused
+though not uncared-for graveyard of the Shearith Israel Synagogue. The
+graveyard cannot be seen from the street, but from the rear windows of a
+nearby dry-goods store a glimpse can be had of the ivy-covered
+receiving-vault and the time-grayed tombstones.
+
+When this "Place of Rest" was established the locality was all green
+fields. The graveyard had been forced from further down town by the
+cutting through of Eleventh Street in 1830. Interments were made in this
+spot until 1852, when the cemetery was removed to Cypress Hills, L. I.,
+the Common Council having in that year prohibited burials within the
+city limits. But though there were no burials, the congregation have
+persistently refused to sell this plot, just as they have the earlier
+plots, the remains of which are off Chatham Square and in Eleventh
+Street, near Sixth Avenue.
+
+[Sidenote: Love Lane]
+
+Abingdon Road in the latter years of its existence was commonly called
+Love Lane, and more than a century ago followed close on the line of the
+present Twenty-first Street from what is now Broadway to Eighth Avenue.
+It was the northern limit of a tract of land given by the city to
+Admiral Sir Peter Warren in recognition of his services at the capture
+of Louisburg.
+
+From this road, when the Warren estate was divided among the daughters
+of the Admiral, two roads, the Southampton and the Warren, were opened
+through this upper part of the estate.
+
+The name Love Lane was given to the road in the latter part of the
+eighteenth century, and was retained until it was swallowed up in
+Twenty-first Street. This last was ordered opened in 1827, but was not
+actually opened until some years later. There is no record to show where
+the name came from. The generally accepted idea is that being a quiet
+and little traveled spot, it was looked upon as a lane where happy
+couples might drive, far from the city, and amid green fields and
+stately trees confide the story of their loves. It was the longest drive
+from the town, by way of the Post Road, Bloomingdale Road and so across
+the west to Southampton, Great Kiln roads, through Greenwich Village
+and by the river road back to town.
+
+The road originally took its name from the oldest daughter of Admiral
+Warren, who married the Earl of Abingdon.
+
+There are still traces of Love Lane in Twenty-first Street. The two
+houses numbered 25 and 27 stood on the road. The houses 51, 53 and 55,
+small and odd appearing, are more closely identified with the lane. When
+built, these houses were conspicuous and alone, at the junction where
+Southampton Road from Greenwich Village ran into Love Lane. They are
+thought to have been a single house serving as a tavern.
+
+Close by, at the northeast corner of Twenty-first Street and Sixth
+Avenue, the house with the gable roof is one that also stood on the old
+road, though built at a later date than the three next to it.
+
+The road ended for many years about on the line with the present Eighth
+Avenue, where it ran into the Fitzroy Road. Some years previous to the
+laying out of the streets under the City Plan in 1811, Love Lane was
+continued to Hudson River. Before it reached the river it was crossed, a
+little east of Seventh Avenue, by the Warren Road, although there is no
+trace of the crossing now.
+
+[Sidenote: Chelsea Village]
+
+[Illustration: Old Theological Seminary Chelsea Square]
+
+Although Chelsea Village was long ago swallowed up by the city, and its
+boundaries blotted out by the rectangular lines of the plan under which
+the streets were mapped out in 1811, there is still a suggestion of it
+in the green lawns and gray buildings of the General Theological
+Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, which occupies the block
+between Twentieth and Twenty-first Streets, Ninth and Tenth Avenues.
+
+Chelsea got its name in 1750, when Captain Thomas Clarke, an old
+soldier, gave the name to his country seat, in remembrance of the
+English home for invalided soldiers. It was between two and three miles
+from the city, a stretch of country land along the Hudson River with not
+another house anywhere near it. The house stood, as streets are now, at
+the south side of Twenty-third Street, about two hundred feet west of
+Ninth Avenue, on a hill that sloped to the river. The captain had hoped
+to die in his retreat, but his home was burned to the ground during his
+severe illness, and he died in the home of his nearest neighbor. Soon
+after his death the house was rebuilt by his widow, Mrs. Mollie Clarke.
+The latter dying in 1802, a portion of the estate with the house went to
+Bishop Benjamin Moore, who had married Mrs. Clarke's daughter, Charity.
+It passed from him in 1813 to his son, Clement C. Moore. The latter
+reconstructed the house, and it stood until 1850.
+
+Clement C. Moore's estate was included within the present lines of
+Eighth Avenue, Nineteenth to Twenty-fourth Streets and Hudson River.
+These are approximately the bounds of Chelsea Village which grew up
+around the old Chelsea homestead. It came to be a thriving village,
+conveniently reached by the road to Greenwich and then by Fitzroy Road;
+or by the Bowery Road, Bloomingdale, and then along Love Lane.
+
+[Sidenote: London Terrace]
+
+In 1831 the streets were cut through and the village thereafter grew up
+on the projected lines of the City Plan. It was for this reason that
+Chelsea, when the city reached it, was merged into it so perfectly that
+there is not an imperfect street line to tell where the village had
+been and where the city joined it. There are houses of the old village
+still standing; notably those still called the Chelsea Cottages in
+Twenty-fourth Street west of Ninth Avenue, and the row called the London
+Terrace in Twenty-third Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues.
+
+The block on which the General Theological Seminary stands was given to
+the institution by Clement C. Moore, and was long called Chelsea Square.
+The cornerstone of the East Building was laid in 1825, and of the West
+Building, which still stands, in 1835.
+
+It was this Clement C. Moore, living quietly in the village that had
+grown up around him, who wrote the child's poem which will be remembered
+longer than its writer--"'Twas the Night before Christmas."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+
+[Sidenote: Oliver Street Baptist Church]
+
+The Oliver Street Baptist Church was built on the northwest corner of
+Oliver and Henry Streets in 1795. It was rebuilt in 1800, and again in
+1819. Later it was burned, and finally restored in 1843. The structure
+is now occupied by the Mariners' Temple, and the record of its burning
+is to be seen on a marble tablet on the front wall.
+
+Oliver Street--that is, the two blocks from Chatham Square to Madison
+Street--was called Fayette Street before the name was changed to Oliver
+in 1825.
+
+James Street was once St. James Street. The change was made prior to
+1816.
+
+Mariners' Church, at 46 Catherine Street, was erected in 1854, on the
+southeast corner of Madison Street. Prior to that, and as far back as
+1819, it had been at 76 Roosevelt Street.
+
+[Sidenote: Madison Street]
+
+Banker Street having become a byword, because of the objectionable
+character of its inhabitants, the name was changed to Madison Street in
+1826.
+
+Between Jefferson and Clinton Streets, and south of Henry, was a pond,
+the only bit of water which, in early days, emptied into the East River
+between what afterward became Roosevelt Street and Houston Street. A wet
+meadow, rather than a distinct stream, extended from this pond to the
+river as an outlet. This became later the region of shipyards.
+
+[Illustration: Church of Sea & Land]
+
+[Sidenote: Where Nathan Hale Was Hanged]
+
+On what is now Cherry Street, between Clinton and Jefferson Streets, was
+the house of Col. Henry Rutgers, the Revolutionary patriot, and his farm
+extended from that point in all directions. On a tree of this farm
+Nathan Hale, the martyr spy of the Revolution, was hanged, September 22,
+1776. On this same farm the Church of the Sea and Land, still standing
+with its three-foot walls, at Market and Henry Streets, was built in
+1817.
+
+In 1828, at the corner of Henry and Scammel Streets, was erected All
+Saints' Church (Episcopal). It still stands, now hemmed in by
+dwelling-houses. It is a low rock structure. A bit of green, a stunted
+tree and some shrubs still struggle through the bricks at the rear of
+the church, and can be seen through a tall iron railing from narrow
+Scammel Street. In 1825 the church occupied a chapel on Grand Street at
+the corner of Columbia.
+
+[Sidenote: First Tenement House]
+
+The first house designed especially for many tenants was built in 1833,
+in Water Street just east of Jackson, on which site is now included
+Corlears Hook Park. It was four stories in height, and arranged for one
+family on each floor. It was built by Thomas Price, and owned by James
+P. Allaire, whose noted engine works were close by in Cherry Street,
+between Walnut (now Jackson) and Corlears Street.
+
+Where Grand and Pitt Streets cross is the top of a hill formerly known
+as Mount Pitt. On this hill the building occupied by the Mount Pitt
+Circus was built in 1826. It was burned in 1828.
+
+At Grand, corner of Ridge Street, is the St. Mary's Church (Catholic),
+which was built in 1833, a rough stone structure with brick front and
+back. In 1826 it was in Sheriff, between Broome and Delancey Streets. It
+had the first Roman Catholic bell in the city. In 1831 the church was
+burned by a burglar, and the new structure was built in Grand Street.
+
+Actual work on the pier for the new East River Bridge, at the foot of
+Delancey Street, was begun in the spring of 1897.
+
+[Sidenote: Manhattan Island]
+
+Much confusion has arisen, and still exists, in the designation of the
+territory under the names of Manhattan Island and Island of Manhattan.
+The two islands a hundred years ago were widely different bodies. They
+are joined now.
+
+Manhattan Island was the name given to a little knoll of land which lay
+within the limits of what is now Third, Houston and Lewis Streets and
+the East River. At high tide the place was a veritable island. There
+seems to be still a suggestion of it in the low buildings which occupy
+the ground of the former island. About the ancient boundary, as though
+closing it in, are tall tenements and factory buildings. On the grounds
+of this old island the first recreation pier was built, in 1897, at the
+foot of Third Street.
+
+The Island of Manhattan has always been the name applied to the land
+occupied by the old City of New York, now the Borough of Manhattan.
+
+In the heart of the block surrounded by Rivington, Stanton, Goerck and
+Mangin Streets, there is still to be seen the remains of a
+slanting-roofed market, closed in by the houses which have been built
+about it. It was set up in 1827, and named Manhattan Market after the
+nearby island.
+
+[Illustration: Bone Alley]
+
+[Sidenote: Bone Alley]
+
+Work on the Hamilton Fish Park was begun in 1896, in the space bounded
+by Stanton, Houston, Pitt and Sheriff Streets, then divided into two
+blocks by Willett Street. This was a congested, tenement-house vicinity,
+where misery and poverty pervaded most of the dingy dwellings. In wiping
+out the two solidly built-up blocks, Bone Alley, well known in police
+history for a generation, was effaced. On the west side of Willett
+Street, midway of the block, Bone Alley had its start and extended sixty
+feet into the block--a twenty-five-foot space between tall tenements,
+running plump into a row of houses extending horizontal with it. When
+these houses were erected they each had long gardens, which were built
+upon when the land became too valuable to be spared for flower-beds or
+breathing-spots. In time they became the homes of rag-and bone-pickers,
+and thus the alley which led to them got its name, which it kept even
+after the rag-pickers and the law-breakers who succeeded them had been
+driven away by the police.
+
+There was, forty years ago, a well of good, drinkable water at the point
+where Rivington and Columbia Streets now cross.
+
+[Sidenote: "Mother Mandelbaum"]
+
+The little frame house at the northwest corner or Rivington and Clinton
+Streets was the home of "Mother" Frederica Mandelbaum for many years,
+until she was driven from the city in 1884. This "Queen of the Crooks,"
+receiver of stolen goods and friend of all the criminal class,
+compelled, in a sense, the admiration of the police, who for years
+battled in vain to outwit her cleverness. When the play, "The Two
+Orphans," was first produced, Mrs. Wilkins, as the "Frochard," copied
+the character of "Mother" Mandelbaum and gave a representation of the
+woman that all who knew the original recognized. Other plays were
+written, and also many stories, having her as a central figure. She died
+at Hamilton, Ontario, in 1894.
+
+At the crossing of Rivington and Suffolk Streets was the source of
+Stuyvesant's Creek. From there, as the streets exist now, it crossed
+Stanton Street, near Clinton; Houston, at Sheriff; Second, near Houston;
+then wound around to the north of Manhattan Island, and emptied into the
+East River at Third Street.
+
+[Sidenote: Allen Street Memorial Church]
+
+In Rivington Street, between Ludlow and Orchard, is the Allen Street
+Memorial Church (M. E.), built in 1888. The original Church, which was
+built in 1810, is two blocks away, in Allen Street, between Delancey and
+Rivington Streets. It was rebuilt in 1836, and when the new Rivington
+Street structure was erected the old house was sold to a Jewish
+congregation, who still occupy it as a synagogue.
+
+In Grand Street, between Essex and Ludlow Streets, the Essex Market was
+built in 1818. The court next to it, in Essex Street, was built in 1856.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Sidenote: Mile Stone On the Bowery]
+
+On the Bowery, opposite Rivington Street, is a milestone (one of three
+that yet remain) which formerly marked the distance from the City Hall,
+in Wall Street, on the Post Road. The land to the east of the Bowery
+belonged to James De Lancey, who was Chief Justice of the Colony in
+1733, and in 1753 became Lieutenant-Governor. A lane led from the
+Bowery, close by the milestone, to his country house, which was at the
+present northwest corner of Delancey and Chrystie Streets. It was in
+this house that he died suddenly in 1760. James De Lancey was the eldest
+son of Etienne (Stephen) De Lancey, who built the house which afterwards
+was known as Fraunces' Tavern, and which still stands at Broad and Pearl
+Streets. He later built the homestead at Broadway and Cedar Street.
+Originally the name was "de Lanci." It became "de Lancy" in the
+seventeenth century, and was Anglicized in the eighteenth century to "De
+Lancey."
+
+Where Grand Street crosses Mulberry was, until 1802, the family
+burial-vault of the Bayard family, it having been the custom of early
+settlers to bury their dead near their homesteads. The locality was
+called Bunker Hill.
+
+[Sidenote: St. Patrick's Church]
+
+St. Patrick's Church, enclosed now by the high wall at Mott and Prince
+Streets, was completed in 1815, the cornerstone having been laid in
+1809. It was surrounded by meadows and great primitive trees. This
+region was so wild that in 1820 a fox was killed in the churchyard. In
+1866 the interior of the church was destroyed by fire. It was at once
+reconstructed in its present form. Amongst others buried in the vaults
+are "Boss" John Kelly, Vicar-General Starr and Bishop Connelly, first
+resident bishop of New York.
+
+At Prince and Marion Streets, northwest corner, the house in which
+President James Monroe lived while in the city still stands.
+
+[Sidenote: An Unsolved Crime]
+
+The St. Nicholas Hotel was at Broadway and Spring Street, and on the
+ground floor John Anderson kept a tobacco store, to which the attention
+of the entire country was directed in July, 1842, because of the murder
+of Mary Rogers. This tragedy gave Edgar Allan Poe material for his
+story "The Mystery of Marie Roget," into which he introduced every
+detail of the actual happening. Mary Rogers was a saleswoman in the
+tobacco store, and being young and pretty she attracted considerable
+attention. She disappeared one July day, and, soon after, her body was
+found drowned near the Sibyl's Cave at Hoboken. The deepest mystery
+surrounded her evident murder, and much interest was taken in attempts
+at a solution, but it remained an unsolved crime.
+
+On the east side of Broadway, between Prince and Houston Streets, on
+July 4, 1828, William Niblo opened his Garden, Hotel and Theatre, to be
+known for many years thereafter as Niblo's Garden. Prior to that, he had
+kept the Bank Coffee House, at William and Pine Streets.
+
+[Sidenote: Niblo's Garden]
+
+The Metropolitan Hotel was built in Niblo's Garden, on the corner that
+is now Broadway and Prince Street, in 1852, at a cost of a million
+dollars. The theatre in the hotel building was called Niblo's Garden.
+The building was demolished in 1894, and a business block was put up on
+the site.
+
+Across the street from Niblo's, on Broadway, in a modest brick house,
+lived, at one time, James Fenimore Cooper, the novelist.
+
+At No. 624 Broadway, between Houston and Bleecker Streets, was Laura
+Keene's theatre. On March 1, 1858, Polly Marshall made her first
+appearance on any stage at that theatre. Later it became the Olympic
+Theatre.
+
+At Broadway and Bleecker Streets, a well was drilled, in 1832, which was
+four hundred and forty-eight feet deep, and which yielded forty-four
+thousand gallons of water a day.
+
+[Sidenote: Tripler Hall]
+
+Tripler Hall was at No. 677 Broadway, near Bond Street. Adelina Patti
+appeared there on September 22, 1852, when ten years old, giving
+evidence of her future greatness. She sang there for some time, usually
+accompanied by the boy violinist, Paul Julien.
+
+Tripler Hall had been renamed the Metropolitan Hall, when it was
+destroyed by fire in 1854. Lafarge House, which stood next it, was also
+burned. The house was rebuilt on the site, and opened in September,
+1854, under the name of the New York Theatre and Metropolitan Opera
+House.
+
+Rachel the great was first seen in America at this house, September 3,
+1855. Later the house became the Winter Garden.
+
+[Sidenote: First Marble-Fronted Houses]
+
+The first marble-fronted houses in the city were built on Broadway,
+opposite Bond Street, in 1825. They were called the Marble Houses, and
+attracted much attention. Being far out of the city, excursions were
+made to view them. Afterwards they became the Tremont House, and are
+still in use as a hotel.
+
+A pipe for a well was sunk in Broadway, opposite Bond Street, in April,
+1827, it being thought that enough water for the supply of the immediate
+neighborhood could be obtained therefrom. The water was not found,
+however.
+
+[Sidenote: Burdell Murder]
+
+No. 31 Bond Street was the scene of a celebrated murder. The house is
+torn down now, but it was identical with the one which now stands at No.
+29. On January 3, 1857, Dr. Harvey Burdell, a dentist, was literally
+butchered there, being stabbed fifteen times. A portion of the house had
+been occupied by a widow named Cunningham, and her two daughters. After
+the murder, Mrs. Cunningham claimed a widow's share of the Doctor's
+estate, on the ground that she had been married to him some months
+before. This claim started an investigation, which resulted in Mrs.
+Cunningham's being suspected of the crime, arrested, tried and
+acquitted. Soon after her acquittal, she attempted to secure control of
+the entire Burdell estate, by claiming that she had given birth to an
+heir to the property. The scheme failed, for the physician through whom
+she obtained a new-born child from Bellevue Hospital, disclosed the plot
+to District Attorney A. Oakey Hall. The woman and her daughters left the
+city suddenly, and were not heard of again. The mystery of the murder
+was never solved.
+
+The part of Houston Street east of the Bowery was, prior to November,
+1833, called North Street. At the time the change in names was made the
+street was raised. Between Broadway and the Bowery had been a wet tract
+of land many feet below the grade. In 1844 the street was extended from
+Lewis Street to the East River.
+
+The Bleecker Street Bank, which was just east of Broadway, on the north
+side of Bleecker Street, was moved in October, 1897, to Twenty-first
+Street and Fourth Avenue, and called The Bank for Savings. It had
+originally been in the New York Institute Building in City Hall Park.
+
+[Illustration: Entrance to Marble Cemetery]
+
+[Sidenote: Marble Cemetery]
+
+In the heart of the block inclosed by the Bowery, Second Avenue, Second
+and Third Streets, is a hidden graveyard. It is the New York Marble
+Cemetery, and so completely has it been forgotten that its name no
+longer appears in the City Directory. On four sides it is hemmed about
+by tenements and business buildings, so that one could walk past it for
+a lifetime without knowing that it was there. On the Second Avenue side,
+the entrance is formed by a narrow passage between houses, which is
+closed by an iron gateway. But the gate is always locked, and at the
+opposite end of the passage is another gate of wood set in a brick
+wall, so high that nothing but the tops of trees can be seen beyond it.
+From the upper rear windows of the neighboring tenements a view of the
+place can be had. It is a wild spot, four hundred feet by one hundred,
+covered by a tangled growth of bushes and weeds, crossed by neglected
+paths, and enclosed by a wall seventeen feet high. There is no sign of a
+tombstone. In the southwest corner is a deadhouse of rough hewn stone.
+On the south wall the names of vault owners are chiseled. Among these
+were some of the best known New Yorkers fifty years ago. The records of
+the city show that this land was owned by Henry Eckford and Marion, his
+wife. They deeded it to Anthony Dey and George W. Strong when the
+cemetery corporation was organized, July 30, 1830. There were one
+hundred and fifty-six vaults, and fifteen hundred persons were buried
+there. This cemetery is forgotten almost as completely as its own dead,
+and its memories do not molest the dwellers in the surrounding tenements
+who overlook it from their rear windows, and use it as a sort of
+dumping-ground for all useless things that can readily be thrown into
+it.
+
+[Sidenote: The Second Marble Cemetery]
+
+There is another Marble Cemetery which historians sometimes confuse with
+this hidden graveyard, namely, one on Second Street, between First and
+Second Avenues. Some of the larger merchants of the city bought the
+ground in 1832, and created the New York City Marble Cemetery. Among the
+original owners was Robert Lenox. When he died, in 1839, his body was
+placed in a vault of the First Presbyterian Church at 16 Wall Street.
+When that church was removed to Fifth Avenue and Twelfth Street the
+remains of Lenox with others were removed to this Marble Cemetery. The
+body of President James Monroe was first interred here, but was removed
+in 1859 to Virginia. Thomas Addis Emmet, the famous jurist, is also
+buried here. One of the most conspicuous monuments in St. Paul's
+churchyard, the shaft at the right of the church, was erected to the
+memory of Emmet. A large column on the other side of the church
+preserves the memory of another man whose body does not lie in the
+churchyard, for William James Macneven was interred in the
+burying-ground of the Riker family at Bowery Bay, L. I.
+
+In Second Street, between Avenue A and First Avenue, stood a Methodist
+church, and beside it a graveyard, until 1840; when the building was
+turned into a public school. There were fifteen hundred bodies in the
+yard, but they were not removed to Evergreen Cemetery until 1860. Only
+fifteen bodies were claimed by relatives. One man who applied for his
+father's body refused that offered him, claiming that the skull was too
+small, and that some mistake had been made in disinterment.
+
+Second Street Methodist Episcopal Church, between Avenues C and D, was
+built in 1832, the congregation having previously worshipped in private
+houses in the vicinity. At one time this was the most prominent and
+wealthiest church on the eastern side of the city.
+
+[Sidenote: Bouwerie Village]
+
+The Bouwerie Village was another of the little settlements--once a busy
+spot, but now so effaced that every outline of its existence is blotted
+out. It centred about the site of the present St. Mark's Church, Second
+Avenue and Tenth Street. In 1651, when Peter Stuyvesant, the last of
+the Dutch Governors, had ruled four years, he purchased the Great
+Bouwerie, a tract of land extending two miles along the river north of
+what is now Grand Street, taking in a section of the present Bowery and
+Third Avenue. As there was, from time to time, trouble with the Indians,
+the Governor ordered the dwellers on his bouwerie, as well as those on
+adjoining bouweries, to form a village and gather there for mutual
+protection at the first sign of an outbreak. Very soon the settlement
+included a blacksmith's shop, a tavern and a dozen houses. In this way
+the Bouwerie Village was started. Peter Stuyvesant in time built a
+chapel, and in it Hermanus Van Hoboken, the schoolmaster, after whom the
+city of Hoboken is named, preached. Years after the founding of the
+village, when New Amsterdam had become New York, and when the old
+Governor had returned from Holland, where he had, before the
+States-General, fought for vindication in so readily giving up the
+province to the English, Stuyvesant returned to end his days in the
+Bouwerie Village. He died there at the age of eighty, and was buried in
+the graveyard of the Bouwerie Church. St. Mark's Church, at Tenth Street
+and Second Avenue, stands on the site of the old church, and a memorial
+stone to Peter Stuyvesant is still to be seen under the porch. It reads:
+
+[Sidenote: Grave of Peter Stuyvesant]
+
+  IN THIS VAULT LIES BURIED
+  PETRUS STUYVESANT,
+  LATE CAPTAIN-GENERAL AND GOVERNOR IN CHIEF
+  OF AMSTERDAM IN NEW NETHERLAND
+  NOW CALLED NEW YORK
+  AND THE DUTCH WEST INDIES, DIED IN A. D. 1671/2
+  AGED 80 YEARS.
+
+When Judith, the widow of Peter Stuyvesant, died, in 1692, she left the
+church in which the old Governor had worshipped to the Dutch Reformed
+Church. A condition was that the Stuyvesant vault should be forever
+protected. By 1793 the church had fallen into decay. Then another Peter
+Stuyvesant, great-grandson of the Dutch Governor, who was a vestryman of
+Trinity Church, gave the site and surrounding lots, together with
+$2,000, and the Trinity Corporation added $12,500, and erected the
+present St. Mark's Church. The cornerstone was laid in 1795 and the
+building completed in 1799. It had no steeple until 1829, when that
+portion was added. In 1858 the porch was added. In the churchyard were
+buried the remains of Mayor Philip Hone and of Governor Daniel D.
+Tompkins. It was here that the body of Alexander T. Stewart rested until
+stolen. Close by the church was the mansion of Governor Stuyvesant. It
+was an imposing structure for those days, built of tiny bricks brought
+from Holland. A fire destroyed the house at the time of the Revolution.
+
+When Peter Stuyvesant returned from Holland he brought with him a pear
+tree, which he planted in a garden near his Bouwerie Village house. This
+tree flourished for more than two hundred years. At Thirteenth Street
+and Third Avenue, on the house at the northeast corner, is a tablet
+inscribed:
+
+  ON THIS CORNER GREW
+  PETRUS STUYVESANT'S PEAR TREE
+         *       *       *       *       *
+  RECALLED TO HOLLAND IN 1664,
+  ON HIS RETURN
+  HE BROUGHT THE PEAR TREE
+  AND PLANTED IT
+  AS HIS MEMORIAL,
+  "BY WHICH," SAID HE, "MY NAME
+  MAY BE REMEMBERED."
+  THE PEAR TREE FLOURISHED
+  AND BORE FRUIT FOR OVER
+  TWO HUNDRED YEARS.
+  THIS TABLET IS PLACED HERE BY
+  THE HOLLAND SOCIETY
+  OF NEW YORK
+  SEPTEMBER, 1890.
+
+[Sidenote: First Sunday School]
+
+In 1785 half a dozen persons in the First Bouwerie Village, then
+scattering to the school east from the site of Cooper Union, met at the
+"Two Mile Stone"--so called from being two miles from Federal Hall--in
+the upper room of John Coutant's house, on the site where Cooper
+Institute stands now. The room was used as a shoe store during the week.
+Here, on Sundays, ministers from the John Street Church instructed
+converts. Peter Cooper, who was a member of the church, a few years
+later conceived the idea of connecting the school with the church. The
+organization was perfected, and he was chosen Superintendent of this,
+the first Sunday School of New York.
+
+[Sidenote: Bowery Village Church]
+
+The quarters becoming cramped, in 1795 the congregation moved to a
+two-story building a block away, on Nicholas William Street. This
+street, long since blotted out, extended from what is now Fourth Avenue
+and Seventh Street, across the Cooper Institute site and part of the
+adjoining block, to Eighth (now St. Mark's Place), midway of the block
+between Third and Second Avenues. The street was named after Nicholas
+William Stuyvesant. When the old John Street Church was taken down, in
+1817, the timber from it was used to erect a church next to the Sunday
+School (called the Academy). This church was called the Bowery Village
+Church. In 1830, the Bowery Village Church having been wiped out by the
+advancing streets of the City Plan, Nicholas William Street went with
+it, and a church was then established a short distance to the east, on
+the line of what is now Seventh Street, north side, and this became the
+Seventh Street Church. In 1837 persons living near by who objected to
+the church revivals presented the trustees with two lots, nearer Third
+Avenue. There a new church was built, which still stands.
+
+[Sidenote: Second Vauxhall Garden]
+
+Vauxhall Garden occupied (according to the present designation of the
+streets) the space south of Astor Place, between Fourth Avenue and
+Broadway, to the line of Fifth Street. Fourth Avenue was then Bowery
+Road, and the main entrance to the Garden was on that side, opposite the
+present Sixth Street. At Broadway the Garden narrowed down to a V shape.
+On this ground, for many years, John Sperry, a Swiss, cultivated fruits
+and flowers, and when he had grown old he sold his estate, in 1799, to
+John Jacob Astor. The latter leased it to a Frenchman named Delacroix,
+who had previously conducted the Vauxhall Garden on the Bayard Estate,
+close by the present Warren and Greenwich Streets. During the next eight
+years Delacroix transformed his newly-acquired possession into a
+pleasure garden, by erecting a small theatre and summer-house, and by
+setting out tables and seats under the trees on the grounds, and booths
+with benches around the inside close up to the high board fence that
+enclosed the Garden. He called the place Vauxhall, thereby causing some
+confusion to historians, who often confound this Garden with the earlier
+one of the same name. This last Vauxhall was situated a mile out of town
+on the Bowery Road. It was an attractive retreat, and the tableaux were
+so fine, the ballets so ingenius and the singing of such excellence,
+that the resort became immensely popular, and remained so continuously
+until the Garden was swept out of existence in 1855. Admission to the
+grounds was free, and to the theatre two shillings. In its last years it
+was a favorite place for the holding of large public meetings.
+
+[Sidenote: Cooper Union]
+
+Cooper Union, at the upper end of the Bowery, was built in 1854. Peter
+Cooper, merchant and philanthropist, made the object of his life the
+establishment of an institution designed especially to give the working
+classes opportunity for self-education better than the existing
+institutions afforded. His store was on the site of the present
+building, which he founded. By a deed executed in 1859 the institution,
+with its incomes, he devoted to the instruction and improvement of the
+people of the United States forever. The institution has been taxed to
+its full capacity since its inception. From time to time it has been
+enriched by gifts from Mr. Cooper's heirs and friends. The statue of
+Peter Cooper, in the little park in front of the building, was unveiled
+May 28th, 1897. It is the work of Augustus St. Gaudens, once a pupil in
+the Institute.
+
+On a part of the site of Cooper Union, at the east side of what was then
+the Bowery, and what is now Fourth Avenue, stood a house which was said
+to have been haunted. It was demolished to make way for Cooper Union.
+No permanent tenant, it is said, had occupied it for sixty years. It was
+a peaked-roofed brick structure, two stories high.
+
+The house of Peter Cooper was on the site of the present Bible House, at
+Eighth Street and Third Avenue. He removed in 1820 to Twenty-eighth
+Street and Fourth Avenue, and his dwelling may still be seen there.
+
+[Sidenote: Astor Place]
+
+Astor Place is part of old Greenwich Lane, which led from the Bowery
+Lane past the pauper cemetery, where Washington Square is now, over the
+sand hills where University Place now is, and took the line of the
+present Greenwich Avenue. This was also called Monument Lane, because of
+a monument to the memory of General Wolfe erected on the spot where the
+road ended, at the junction of Eighth Avenue and Fifteenth Street.
+
+Astor Place, as far as Fifth Avenue, was called Art Street when it was
+changed from a road to a street. The continuation of Astor Place to the
+east, now Stuyvesant Street, was originally Stuyvesant Road, and
+extended to the river at about Fifteenth Street. It was also called Art
+when it became a street. On the south side of this thoroughfare, just
+west of Fourth Avenue, Charlotte Temple lived in a small stone house.
+
+At the head of Lafayette Place, fronting on Astor Place, is a building
+used at this time as a German Theatre. It was built for Dr. Schroeder,
+once the favorite preacher of the city, of whom it was said that if
+anyone desired to know where Schroeder preached, he had only to follow
+the crowds on Sunday. But he became dissatisfied and left Trinity for a
+church of his own. He very soon gave up this church, and for a time the
+building was occupied by St. Ann's Roman Catholic congregation.
+Afterward it became a theatre and failed to succeed.
+
+The ground at the junction of Astor Place and Eighth Street was made a
+public square in 1836. In the midst of it may now be seen a statue of
+Samuel S. Cox.
+
+[Sidenote: Scene of Forrest-Macready Riots]
+
+Astor Place Opera House, at the junction of Eighth Street and Astor
+Place, where Clinton Hall stands now, was built in 1847. It was a
+handsome theatre for those days, and contained eighteen hundred seats.
+It was opened on November 22nd with "Ernani." On May 7th, 1849, at this
+house occurred the first of the Macready riots. The bitter jealousy
+existing between William Charles Macready, the English actor, and Edwin
+Forrest, which had assumed the proportions of an international quarrel,
+so far as the two actors and their friends were concerned, was the
+cause. The admirers of Forrest sought, on this night, to prevent the
+performance of "Macbeth," and a riot ensued in which no particular
+damage was done. On May 10th, in response to a petition signed by many
+prominent citizens, Macready again sought to play "Macbeth." An effort
+was made to keep all Forrest sympathizers from the house. Many, however,
+gained admission, and the performance was again frustrated. The
+ringleaders were arrested. A great crowd blocked Astor Place, and an
+assault upon the theatre was attempted. Macready escaped by a rear door.
+The Seventh Regiment and a troop of cavalry cleared Eighth Street and
+reached Astor Place. The mob resisted. The Riot Act was read. That
+producing no effect, and the assault upon the building and the soldiers
+defending it becoming more violent each moment, the mob was fired upon.
+Three volleys were fired. Thirty-four persons were killed and some
+hundred injured. Over one hundred soldiers and many policemen were also
+hurt.
+
+On August 30th, 1852, the name of the house was changed to the New York
+Theatre, under the direction of Charles R. Thorne. In a month's time he
+gave up the venture and Frank Chanfrau took it up. He also abandoned it
+after a few weeks.
+
+[Sidenote: Clinton Hall]
+
+In 1854 the Opera House was reconstructed and occupied by the Mercantile
+Library. It was given the name of Clinton Hall, which had been the name
+of the library's first home in Beekman Street. This building in time
+gave way to the present Clinton Hall on the same site.
+
+[Sidenote: Lafayette Place]
+
+Lafayette Place was opened through the Vauxhall Garden in 1826.
+
+The Astor Library, in Lafayette Place, was completed in 1853, and was
+opened in 1854. The site cost $25,000.
+
+The Middle Dutch Reformed Church was built in Lafayette Place in 1839,
+at the northwest corner of Fourth Street after its removal from Nassau
+and Cedar Streets. A new church was built at Seventh Street and Second
+Avenue in 1844. In the Lafayette Place building was a bell which had
+been cast in Holland in 1731, and which had first been used when the
+church was in Nassau Street. It was the gift of Abraham de Peyster, and
+now hangs in the Reformed Church at Fifth Avenue and Forty-eighth
+Street.
+
+Next to this church, for many years, lived Madam Canda, who kept the
+most fashionable school for ladies of a generation ago. Her beautiful
+daughter was dashed from a carriage, and killed on her eighteenth
+birthday--the age at which she was to make her debut into society. The
+entire city mourned her loss.
+
+[Sidenote: La Grange Terrace]
+
+Soon after Lafayette Place was opened, La Grange Terrace was built. It
+was named after General Lafayette's home in France. The row is still
+prominent on the west side of the thoroughfare, and is known as
+Colonnade Row. A riot occurred at the time it was built, the masons of
+the city being aroused because the stone used in the structure was cut
+by the prisoners in Sing Sing prison.
+
+John Jacob Astor lived on this street. He died March 29th, 1848, and was
+buried from the home of his son, William B. Astor, just south of the
+library building.
+
+[Sidenote: Sailors' Snug Harbor]
+
+
+A line drawn through Astor Place and continued to the Washington Arch in
+Washington Square, through Fifth Avenue to the neighborhood of Tenth
+Street, with Fourth Avenue as an eastern boundary, would roughly enclose
+what used to be the Eliot estate in the latter part of the eighteenth
+century. It was a farm of about twenty-one acres in 1790, when it was
+purchased for five thousand pounds from "Baron" Poelnitz, by Captain
+Robert Richard Randall, who had been a ship-master and a merchant.
+Randall dying in 1801, bequeathed the farm for the founding of an asylum
+for superannuated sailors, together with the mansion house in which he
+had lived. The house stood, approximately, at the present northwest
+corner of Ninth Street and Broadway. It was the intention of Captain
+Randall that the Sailors' Snug Harbor should be built on the property,
+and the farming land used to raise all vegetables, fruit and grain
+necessary for the inmates. There were long years of litigation, however,
+for relatives contested the will. When the case was settled in 1831, the
+trustees had decided to lease the land, and to purchase the Staten
+Island property where the Asylum is now located. The estate, at the
+time of Captain Randall's death, yielded an annual income of $4,000. At
+present the income is about $400,000 a year. It is conceded that the
+property would have increased more rapidly in value had it been sold
+outright, instead of becoming leasehold property in perpetuity.
+
+Many efforts have been made to cut through Eleventh Street from Fourth
+Avenue to Broadway. The first was in 1830, when the street was open on
+the lines of the City Plan. Hendrick Brevoort, whose farm adjoined the
+Sailors' Snug Harbor property, had a homestead directly in the line of
+the proposed street, between Fourth Avenue and Broadway. He resisted the
+attempted encroachment on his home so successfully that the street was
+not opened through that block. He was again similarly successful in
+1849, when an ordinance was passed for the removal of his house and the
+opening of the street.
+
+[Sidenote: Grace Church]
+
+Grace Church, at Tenth Street and Broadway, was completed in 1846.
+Previous to that date it had been on the southwest corner of Broadway
+and Rector Street, opposite Trinity Church.
+
+There is a reason for the sudden bend in Broadway at Tenth Street, close
+by Grace Church. The Bowery Lane, which is now Fourth Avenue, curved in
+passing through what is now Union Square until, at the line of the
+present Seventeenth Street it turned and took a direct course north and
+was from thereon called the Bloomingdale Road. This road to Bloomingdale
+was opened long before Broadway, and it was in order to let the latter
+connect as directly as possible with the straight road north that the
+direction of Broadway was changed about 1806 by the Tenth Street bend
+and a junction effected with the other road at the Seventeenth Street
+line.
+
+At Thirteenth Street and Fourth Avenue there was constructed in 1834 a
+tank which was intended to furnish water for extinguishing fires. It had
+a capacity of 230,000 gallons, and was one hundred feet above tide
+water. Water was forced into it by a 12-horse power engine from a well
+and conducting galleries at the present Tenth Street and Sixth Avenue,
+on the site of the Jefferson Market Prison.
+
+[Sidenote: Wallack's Theatre]
+
+In 1861 James W. Wallack moved from Wallack's Lyceum at Broome Street,
+and occupied the new Wallack's, now the Star Theatre, at Thirteenth
+Street and Broadway. His last appearance was when he made a little
+speech at the close of the season of 1862. He died in 1864.
+
+[Sidenote: Union Square]
+
+Union Square was provided for in the City Plan, under the name of Union
+Place. The Commissioners decided that the Place was necessary, as an
+opening for fresh air would be needed when the city should be built up.
+Furthermore, the union of so many roads intersecting at that point
+required space for convenience; and if the roads were continued without
+interruption the land would be divided into such small portions as to be
+valueless for building purposes.
+
+The fountain in the square was operated for the first time in 1842, on
+the occasion of the great Croton Water celebration.
+
+The bronze equestrian statue of Washington was erected in the square
+close by where the citizens had received the Commander of the Army when
+he entered the city on Evacuation Day, November 25, 1783. The statue is
+the work of Henry K. Brown. The dedication occurred on July 4, 1856,
+and was an imposing ceremony. Rev. George W. Bethune delivered an
+oration, and there was a military parade.
+
+[Sidenote: Academy of Music]
+
+The Academy of Music, at Fourteenth Street and Irving Place, was built
+in 1854 by a number of citizens who desired a permanent home for opera.
+On October 2nd of that year, Hackett took his company, headed by Grisi
+and Matio, there, the weather being too cold to continue the season at
+Castle Garden. The building was burned in 1866 and rebuilt in 1868.
+
+In Third Avenue, between Sixteenth and Seventeenth Streets, is an old
+milestone which marked the third mile from Federal Hall on the Post
+Road.
+
+The Friends' Meeting House, at East Sixteenth Street and Rutherford
+Place, has existed since 1860. In 1775 it was in Pearl Street, near
+Franklin Square. In 1824 it was taken down and rebuilt in 1826 in Rose
+Street, near Pearl.
+
+[Sidenote: St. George's Church]
+
+St. George's (Episcopal) Church, at Rutherford Place and Sixteenth
+Street, was built in 1845. The church was organized in 1752, and before
+occupying the present site was in Beekman Street.
+
+Early in the century a stream of water ran from Stuyvesant's Pond, close
+by what is now Fourteenth Street and Second Avenue, to First Avenue and
+Nineteenth Street, having an outlet into the East River at about
+Sixteenth Street. In winter this furnished an excellent skating-ground.
+
+[Sidenote: Gramercy Park]
+
+Gramercy Park, at Twentieth and Twenty-first Streets and Lexington
+Avenue, was originally part of the Gramercy Farm. In 1831 it was given
+by Samuel B. Ruggles to be used exclusively by the owners of lots
+fronting on it. It was laid out and improved in 1840. In the pavement,
+in front of the park gate on the west side, is a stone bearing this
+inscription:
+
+  GRAMERCY PARK
+  FOUNDED BY
+  SAMUEL B. RUGGLES
+  1831
+  COMMEMORATED BY THIS TABLET
+  IMBEDDED IN
+  THE GRAMERCY FARM BY
+  JOHN RUGGLES STRONG.
+  1875.
+
+[Sidenote: Madison Square]
+
+There was no evidence during the last part of the eighteenth century
+that the town would ever creep up to and beyond the point where
+Twenty-third Street crosses Broadway. This point was the junction of the
+Post Road to Boston and the Bloomingdale Road. The latter was the
+fashionable out-of-town driveway, and it followed the course that
+Broadway and the Boulevard take now. The Post Road extended to the
+northeast. At this point, in 1794, a Potter's Field was established.
+There were many complaints at its being located there, where pauper
+funerals clashed with the vehicles of the well-to-do, and there was much
+rejoicing three years later, when the burying-ground was removed to the
+spot that is now Washington Square.
+
+[Sidenote: Arsenal in Madison Square]
+
+In 1797 was built, where the burying-ground had been, an arsenal which
+extended from Twenty-fourth Street and over the site of the Worth
+Monument.
+
+In the City Plan, completed in 1811, provision was made for a
+parade-ground to extend from Twenty-third to Thirty-fourth Streets, and
+Seventh to Third Avenue. The Commissioners decided that such a space was
+needed for military exercises, and where, in case of necessity, there
+could be assembled a force to defend the city. In 1814, the limits of
+the parade-ground were reduced to the space between Twenty-third and
+Thirty-first Streets, Sixth and Fourth Avenues, and given the name of
+Madison Square.
+
+[Sidenote: House of Refuge]
+
+The Arsenal in Madison Square was turned into a House of Refuge in 1824,
+and opened January 1, 1825. This was the result of the work of an
+association of citizens who formed a society to improve the condition of
+juvenile delinquents. The House of Refuge was burned in 1839, and
+another institution built at the foot of Twenty-third Street the same
+year. A portion of the old outer wall of this last structure is still to
+be seen on the north side of Twenty-third Street, between First Avenue
+and Avenue A.
+
+In 1845, at the suggestion of Mayor James Harper, Madison Square was
+reduced to its present limits and laid out as a public park. Up to this
+time a stream of water had crossed the square, fed by springs in the
+district about Sixth Avenue, between Twenty-first and Twenty-seventh
+Streets. It spread out into a pond in Madison Square, and emptied into
+the East River at Seventeenth Street. It was suggested that a street be
+created over its bed from Madison Avenue to the river. This was not
+carried out, and the stream was simply buried.
+
+[Sidenote: Post Road]
+
+The road which branched out of the Bloomingdale Road at Twenty-third
+Street, sometimes called the Boston Post Road, sometimes the Post Road,
+sometimes the Boston Turnpike, ran across the present Madison Square,
+striking Fourth Avenue at Twenty-ninth Street; went through Kipsborough
+which hugged the river between Thirty-third and Thirty-seventh Streets,
+swept past Turtle Bay at Forty-seventh Street and the East River,
+crossed Second Avenue at Fifty-second Street, recrossed at Sixty-third
+Street, reached the Third Avenue line at Sixty-fifth Street, and at
+Seventy-seventh Street crossed a small stream over the Kissing Bridge.
+Then proceeded irregularly on this line to One Hundred and Thirtieth
+Street, where it struck the bridge over the Harlem River at Third
+Avenue. The road was closed in 1839.
+
+The monument to Major-General William J. Worth, standing to the west of
+Madison Square, was dedicated November 25, 1857. General Worth was the
+main support of General Scott in the campaign of Mexico. His body was
+first interred in Greenwood Cemetery. On November 23rd the remains were
+taken to City Hall, where they lay in state for two days, then were
+taken, under military escort, and deposited beside the monument.
+
+[Sidenote: Fifth Avenue Hotel]
+
+For twenty years, or more, prior to 1853, the site of the present Fifth
+Avenue Hotel, at Twenty-third Street and Broadway, was occupied by a
+frame cottage with a peaked roof, and covered veranda reached by a
+flight of wooden stairs. This was the inn of Corporal Thompson, and a
+favorite stopping-place on the Bloomingdale Road. An enclosed lot,
+extending as far as the present Twenty-fourth Street, was used at
+certain times of the year for cattle exhibitions. In 1853 the cottage
+made way for Franconi's Hippodrome, a brick structure, two stories high,
+enclosing an open space two hundred and twenty-five feet in diameter.
+The performances given here were considered of great merit and received
+with much favor. In 1856 the Hippodrome was removed, and in 1858 the
+present Fifth Avenue Hotel was opened.
+
+The Madison Square Presbyterian Church, at Madison Avenue and
+Twenty-fourth Street, was commenced in 1853, the earlier church of the
+congregation having been in Broome Street. It was opened December, 1854,
+with Rev. Dr. William Adams as pastor.
+
+[Illustration: College of the City of New York]
+
+[Sidenote: College of City of New York]
+
+At the southeast corner of Twenty-third Street and Lexington Avenue, the
+College of the City of New York has stood since 1848, the opening
+exercises having taken place in 1849. In 1847 the Legislature passed an
+Act authorizing the establishment of a free academy for the benefit of
+pupils who had been educated in the public schools of this city. The
+name Free Academy was given to the institution, and under that name it
+was incorporated. It had the power to confer degrees and diplomas. In
+1866 the name was changed to its present title, and all the privileges
+and powers of a college were conferred upon it. In 1882 the college was
+thrown open to all young men, whether educated in the public schools of
+this city or not. In 1898 ground was set aside in the northern part of
+the city, overlooking the Hudson River, for the erection of modern
+buildings suitable to meet the growth of the college.
+
+[Illustration: Gate of Old House of Refuge]
+
+[Sidenote: Old House of Refuge Wall]
+
+The House of Refuge in Madison Square was, after the fire in 1839,
+rebuilt on the block bounded by Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Streets,
+First Avenue and the East River. It was surrounded by a high wall, a
+section of which is still standing on the north side of Twenty-third
+Street, between First Avenue and Avenue A. The river at that time
+extended west to beyond the Avenue A line. The old gateway is there
+yet, and is used now as the entrance to a coal-yard. Some of the barred
+windows of the wall can still be seen. In 1854 the inmates were removed
+to Randall's Island, and were placed in charge of the State.
+
+[Sidenote: Bellevue Hospital]
+
+Bellevue Hospital has occupied its present site; at the foot of East
+Twenty-sixth Street, since about 1810. The hospital really had its
+beginning in 1736, in the buildings of the Public Work-house and House
+of Correction in City Hall Park. There were six beds there, in charge of
+the medical officer, Dr. John Van Beuren. About the beginning of the
+nineteenth century, yellow fever patients were sent to a building known
+as Belle Vue, on the Belle Vue Farm, close by the present hospital
+buildings. In about 1810 it was decided to establish a new almshouse,
+penitentiary and hospital on the Belle Vue Farm. Work on this was
+completed in 1816. The almshouse building was three stories high,
+surmounted by a cupola, and having a north and south wing each one
+hundred feet long. This original structure stands to-day, and is part of
+the present hospital building, other branches having been added to it
+from time to time. The water line, at that time, was within half a block
+of where First Avenue is now.
+
+In 1848 the Almshouse section of the institution was transferred to
+Blackwell's Island. The ambulance service was started in 1869, and was
+the first service of its kind in the world.
+
+[Sidenote: Bull's Head Village]
+
+Bull's Head Village was located in the district now included within
+Twenty-third and Twenty-seventh Streets, Fourth and Second Avenues. It
+became a centre of importance in 1826, when the old Bull's Head Tavern
+was moved from its early home on the Bowery, near Bayard Street, to the
+point which is now marked by Twenty-sixth Street and Third Avenue. It
+continued to be the headquarters of drovers and stockmen. As at that
+time there was no bank north of the City Hall Park, the Bull's Head
+Tavern served as inn, bank and general business emporium for the
+locality. For more than twenty years this district was the great cattle
+market of the city. As business increased, stores and business houses
+were erected, until, toward the year 1850, the cattle mart, which was
+the source of all business, was crowded out. It was moved up-town to the
+neighborhood of Forty-second Street; later to Ninety-fourth Street, and
+in the early 80's to the Jersey shore. The most celebrated person
+connected with the management of the Bull's Head Tavern was Daniel Drew.
+He afterwards operated in Wall Street, became a director of the New York
+and Erie Railroad upon its completion in 1851, and accumulated a fortune
+by speculation.
+
+[Sidenote: Peter Cooper's House]
+
+At Twenty-eighth Street and Fourth Avenue, on the southeast corner, the
+house numbered 399-401, stands the old "Cooper Mansion," in which Peter
+Cooper lived. It was formerly on the site where the Bible House is now,
+at the corner of Eighth Street and Fourth Avenue. Peter Cooper himself
+superintended the removal of the house in 1820, and directed its
+establishment on the new site so that it should be reconstructed in a
+manner that should absolutely preserve its original form. Now it
+presents an insignificant appearance crowded about by modern structures,
+and it is occupied by a restaurant.
+
+This corner of Twenty-eighth Street and Fourth Avenue was directly on
+the line of the Boston Post Road. Just at that point the Middle Road ran
+from it, and extended in a direct line to Fifth Avenue and Forty-second
+Street.
+
+[Illustration: The Little Church around the Corner]
+
+[Sidenote: Little Church Around the Corner]
+
+The Little Church Around the Corner, a low, rambling structure,
+seemingly all angles and corners, is on the north side of Twenty-ninth
+Street, midway of the block between Fifth and Madison Avenues. It is
+the Episcopal Church of The Transfiguration. Its picturesque title was
+bestowed upon it in 1871, when Joseph Holland, an English actor, the
+father of E. M. and Joseph Holland, the players known to the present
+generation, died. Joseph Jefferson, when arranging for the funeral, went
+to a church which stood then at Madison Avenue and Twenty-eighth Street,
+to arrange for the services. The minister said that his congregation
+would object to an actor being buried from their church, adding: "But
+there is a little church around the corner where they have such
+funerals." Mr. Jefferson, astonished that such petty and unjust
+distinctions should be persisted in even in the face of death,
+exclaimed: "All honor to that Little Church Around the Corner!" From
+that time until the present day, "The Little Church Around the Corner"
+has been the religious refuge of theatrical folk. For twenty-six years
+of that time, and until his death, the Rev. Dr. George H. Houghton, who
+conducted the services over the remains of actor Holland, was the firm
+friend of the people of the stage in times of trouble, of sickness and
+of death.
+
+[Sidenote: Lich Gate]
+
+The lich gate at the entrance of the church is unique in this country,
+and is considered the most elaborate now in existence anywhere. It was
+erected in 1895, at a cost of $4,000.
+
+The congregation worshipped first in a house at No. 48 East
+Twenty-fourth Street, in 1850. The present building was opened in 1856.
+Lester Wallack was buried from this church, as were Dion Boucicault,
+Edwin Booth, and a host of others. In the church is a memorial window to
+the memory of Edwin Booth, which was unveiled in 1898. It represents a
+mediaeval histrionic student, his gaze fixed on a mask in his hand. Below
+the figure is the favorite quotation of Booth, from "Henry II": "As
+one, in suffering all, that suffers nothing; a man that fortune's
+buffets and rewards has taken with equal thanks." And the further
+inscription: "To the glory of God and in loving memory of Edwin Booth
+this window has been placed here by 'The Players.'"
+
+At Lexington Avenue and Thirtieth Street is the First Moravian Church,
+which has occupied the building since 1869. This congregation was
+established in 1749. In 1751 their first church was built at No. 108
+Fair (now Fulton) Street. In 1829 a second house was erected on the same
+site. In 1849 a new building was erected at the southwest corner of
+Houston and Mott Streets. This property was sold in 1865, and the
+congregation then worshipped in the Medical College Hall, at the
+northwest corner of Twenty-third Street and Fourth Avenue, until the
+purchase of the present building from the Episcopalians. It was erected
+by the Baptists in 1825.
+
+[Sidenote: Brick Presbyterian Church]
+
+At Fifth Avenue and Thirty-seventh Street is the Brick Presbyterian
+Church, which stood at the junction of Park Row and Nassau Street until
+1858, when the present structure was erected. The locality was a very
+different one then, and the square quaintness of the church looks out of
+place amid its present modern surroundings. There is an air of solitude
+about it, as though it mourned faithfully for the green fields that shed
+peace and quietness about its walls when it was first built there.
+
+It is related of William C. H. Waddell, who, in 1845, built a residence
+on the same site, that when he went to look at the plot, with a view to
+purchase, his wife waited for him near by, under the shade of an apple
+tree. The ground there was high above the city grade.
+
+[Sidenote: Bryant Park]
+
+The ground between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, Fortieth and Forty-second
+Streets, now occupied by Bryant Park and the old reservoir, was
+purchased by the city in 1822, and in 1823 a Potter's Field was
+established there, the one in Washington Square having been abandoned in
+its favor. The reservoir, of Egyptian architecture, was finished in
+1842. Its cost was about $500,000. On July 5th water was introduced into
+it through the new Croton aqueduct, with appropriate ceremonies. The
+water is brought from the Croton lakes, forty-five miles above the city,
+through conduits of solid masonry. The first conduit, which was begun in
+1835, is carried across the Harlem River through the High Bridge, which
+was erected especially to accommodate it. At the time the reservoir was
+put in use the locality was at the northern limits of the city. On
+Sundays and holidays people went on journeys to the reservoir, and from
+the promenades at the top of the structure had a good view from river to
+river, and of the city to the south. The reservoir has not been in use
+for many years.
+
+The park was called Reservoir Square until 1884, when the name was
+changed to Bryant Park.
+
+[Sidenote: A World's Fair]
+
+On July 4, 1853, a World's Fair, in imitation of the Crystal Palace,
+near London, was opened in Reservoir Square, when President Pierce made
+an address. The fair was intended to set forth the products of the
+world, but it attracted but little attention outside the city. It was
+opened as a permanent exposition on May 14, 1854, but proved a failure.
+One of the attractions was a tower 280 feet high, which stood just north
+of the present line of Forty-second Street and Fifth Avenue. In August,
+1856, it was burned, and as a great pillar of flame it attracted more
+attention than ever before. The exposition buildings and their contents
+were in the hands of a receiver when they were destroyed by fire October
+5, 1858.
+
+Bryant Park has been selected as the site for the future home of the
+consolidated Tilden, Astor and Lenox Libraries.
+
+[Sidenote: Murray Hill]
+
+Murray Hill derives its name from the possessions of Robert Murray,
+whose house, Inclenberg, stood at the corner of what is now Thirty-sixth
+Street and Park Avenue, on a farm which lay between the present
+Thirty-third and Thirty-seventh Streets, Bloomingdale Road (now
+Broadway) and the Boston Post Road (the present Third Avenue). The house
+was destroyed by fire in 1834. On September 15, 1776, after the defeat
+on Long Island, the Americans were marching northward from the lower end
+of the island, when the British, marching toward the west, reached the
+Murray House. There the officers were well entertained by the Murrays,
+who, at the same time, managed to get word to the American Army: the
+latter hurried on and joined Washington at about Forty-third Street and
+Broadway, before the English suspected that they were anywhere within
+reach.
+
+The Murray Farm extended down to Kip's Bay at Thirty-sixth Street. The
+Kip mansion was the oldest house on the Island of Manhattan when it was
+torn down in 1851. Where it stood, at the crossing of Thirty-fifth
+Street and Second Avenue, there is now not a trace. Jacob Kip built the
+house in 1655, of brick which he imported from Holland. The locality
+between the Murray Hill Farm and the river, that is, east of what is now
+Third Avenue between Thirty-third and Thirty-seventh Streets, was called
+Kipsborough in Revolutionary times.
+
+[Sidenote: Turtle Bay]
+
+The British forces landed, on the day of the stop at the Murray House,
+in Turtle Bay, that portion of the East River between Forty-sixth and
+Forty-seventh Streets. It was a safe harbor and a convenient one.
+Overlooking the bay, on a great bluff at the present Forty-first Street,
+was the summer home of Francis Bayard Winthrop. He owned the Turtle Bay
+Farm. The bluff is there yet, and subsequent cutting through of the
+streets has left it in appearance like a small mountain peak. Winthrop's
+house is gone, and in its place is Corcoran's Roost, far up on the
+height, whose grim wall of stone on the Fortieth Street side at First
+Avenue became in modern times the trysting-place for members of the "Rag
+Gang."
+
+[Sidenote: The Elgin Garden]
+
+Forty-seventh and Forty-ninth Streets, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues,
+enclose the tract formerly known as the Elgin Garden. This was a
+botanical garden founded by David Hosack, M. D., in 1801, when he was
+Professor of Botany in Columbia College. In 1814 the land was purchased
+by the State from Dr. Hosack and given to Columbia College, in
+consideration of lands which had been owned by the College but ceded to
+New Hampshire after the settlement of the boundary dispute. The ground
+is still owned by Columbia University.
+
+The block east of Madison Avenue, between Forty-ninth and Fiftieth
+Streets, was occupied in 1857 by Columbia College, when the latter moved
+from its down-town site at Church and Murray Streets. The College
+occupied the building which had been erected in 1817 by the founders of
+the Institute for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb--the first asylum
+for mutes in the United States. The original intention had been to erect
+the college buildings on a portion of the Elgin Garden property, but
+the expense involved was found to be too great. The asylum property,
+consisting of twenty lots and the buildings, was purchased in 1856.
+Subsequently the remainder of the block was also bought up.
+
+[Sidenote: St. Patrick's Cathedral]
+
+At Fiftieth Street and Fifth Avenue is St. Patrick's Cathedral, the
+cornerstone of which was laid in 1858. The entire block on which it
+stands was, the preceding year, given to the Roman Catholics for a
+nominal sum--one dollar--by the city.
+
+The Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum in the adjoining block, on Fifth
+Avenue, between Fifty-first and Fifty-second Streets, was organized in
+1825, but not incorporated until 1852, when the present buildings were
+erected.
+
+[Illustration: Milestone 3rd Ave. near 47th St.]
+
+[Sidenote: Four Mile Stone]
+
+There is still standing, in Third Avenue, just above Fifty-seventh
+Street, a milestone. It was once on the Post Road, four miles from
+Federal Hall in Wall Street.
+
+Close by Fiftieth Street and Third Avenue, a Potter's Field was
+established about 1835. Near it was a spring of exceptionally pure
+water. This water was carried away in carts and supplied to the city.
+Even after the introduction of Croton water the water from this spring
+commanded a price of two cents a pail from many who were strongly
+prejudiced against water that had been supplied through pipes.
+
+[Sidenote: Beekman House]
+
+Memories of Nathan Hale, the Martyr Spy of the Revolution, hover about
+the neighborhood of Fifty-first Street and First Avenue. The Beekman
+House stood just west of the Avenue, between Fifty-first and
+Fifty-second Streets, on the site where Grammar School No. 135 is now.
+It was in a room of this house that Major Andre slept, and in the
+morning passed out to dishonor; and it was in a greenhouse on these
+grounds that Nathan Hale passed the last of his nights upon earth. The
+house was built in 1763 by a descendant of the William Beekman who came
+from Holland in 1647 with Peter Stuyvesant. During the Revolution it was
+the headquarters of General Charles Clinton and Sir William Howe. It
+stood until 1874, by which time it had degenerated into a crumbling
+tenement, and was demolished when it threatened to fall of natural
+decay.
+
+[Sidenote: An Old Shot Tower]
+
+A very few steps from the East River, at Fifty-third Street, stands an
+old brick shot tower; a lonely and neglected sentinel now, but still
+proudly looking skyward and bearing witness to its former usefulness. It
+was built in 1821 by a Mr. Youle. On October 9th it was nearing
+completion when it collapsed. It was at once rebuilt, and, as has been
+said, still stands. In 1827 Mr. Youle advertised the sale of the lots
+near the tower, and designated the location as being "close by the Old
+Post Road near the four mile stone."
+
+[Sidenote: The De Voor Farm]
+
+Within half a dozen steps of the old tower, in the same lumber yard, is
+a house said to be the oldest in the city. It is of Dutch architecture,
+with sloping roof and a wide porch. The cutting through and grading of
+Fifty-third Street have forced it higher above the ground than its
+builders intended it to be. The outer walls, in part, have been boarded
+over, and some "modern improvements" have made it somewhat unsightly;
+but inside, no vandal's art has been sufficient to hide its solid oak
+beams and its stone foundations that have withstood the shocks of time
+successfully. It was a farm-house, and its site was the Spring Valley
+Farm of the Revolution. It is thought to have been built by some member
+of the De Voor family, who, after 1677, had a grant of sixty acres of
+land along the river, and gave their name to a mill-stream long since
+forgotten, save for allusion in the pages of history.
+
+A block away in Fifty-fourth Street, between First Avenue and the river,
+is another Dutch house, though doubtless of much later origin. It stands
+back from the street and has become part of a brewery, being literally
+surrounded by buildings.
+
+[Sidenote: Central Park]
+
+The first suggestion of a Central Park was made in the fall of 1850,
+when Andrew J. Downing, writing to the _Horticulturist_, advocated the
+establishment of a large park because of the lack of recreation-grounds
+in the city. On April 5, 1851, Mayor Ambrose C. Kingsland, in a special
+message to the Common Council, suggested the necessity for the new park,
+pointing out the limited extent and inadequacy of the existing ones. The
+Common Council, approving of the idea, asked the Legislature for
+authority to secure the necessary land. The ground suggested for the new
+park was the property known as "Jones' Woods," which lay between
+Sixty-sixth and Seventy-fifth Streets, Third Avenue and the East River.
+At an extra session of the Legislature in July, 1851, an Act known as
+the "Jones' Woods Park Bill" was passed, under which the city was given
+the right to acquire the land. The passage of this Act opened a
+discussion as to whether there was no other location better adapted for
+a public park than Jones' Woods. In August a committee was appointed by
+the Board of Aldermen to examine the proposed plot and others. This
+committee reported in favor of what they considered a more central site,
+namely, the ground lying between Fifty-ninth and One Hundred and Sixth
+Streets, Fifth and Eighth Avenues. On July 23, 1853, the Legislature
+passed an Act giving authority for the acquirement of the land,
+afterward occupied by Central Park, to Commissioners appointed by the
+Supreme Court. The previous Jones' Woods Act was repealed. These
+Commissioners awarded for damages $5,169,369.69, and for benefits
+$1,657,590.00, which report was confirmed by the court in February,
+1856.
+
+In May, 1856, the Common Council appointed a commission which took
+charge of the work of construction. On this commission were William C.
+Bryant, Washington Irving and George Bancroft. In 1857, however, a new
+Board was appointed by the Legislature, because of the inactivity of the
+first one. Under the new Board, in April of the year in which they were
+appointed, the designs of Calvert Vaux and Frederick L. Olmsted were
+accepted and actual work was begun.
+
+The plans for the improvement of the park, which have been consistently
+adhered to, were based upon the natural configuration of the land. As
+nearly as possible the hills, valleys and streams were preserved
+undisturbed. Trees, shrubs and vines were arranged with a view to an
+harmonious blending of size, shape and color--all that would attract the
+eye and make the park as beautiful in every detail as in its entirety.
+
+The year 1857 was one of much distress to the poor, and work on the park
+being well under way, the Common Council created employment for many
+laborers by putting them to work grading the new park.
+
+The original limits were extended from One Hundred and Sixth to One
+Hundred and Tenth Street in 1859.
+
+As it exists to-day, Central Park contains eight hundred and sixty-two
+acres, of which one hundred and eighty-five and one-quarter are water.
+It is two and a half miles long and half a mile wide. Five hundred
+thousand trees have been set out since the acquisition of the land.
+There are nine miles of carriageway, five and a half miles of
+bridle-path, twenty-eight and one half miles of walk, thirty buildings,
+forty-eight bridges, tunnels and archways, and out-of-door seats for ten
+thousand persons. It is assessed at $87,000,000 and worth twice that
+amount. More than $14,000,000 have been spent on improvements.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abingdon, Earl of, 109, 125
+  Abingdon Road, 123, 124
+  Abingdon Square, 109
+  Academy of Music, 178
+  All Saints' Church, 136
+  Allen Street Memorial Church, 142
+  American Museum, 37
+  Andre, Major, 205
+  Aquarium, Public, 5
+  Arsenal in Madison Square, 182
+  Art Street, 167
+  Astor House, 78
+  Astor, John Jacob, 163, 172
+  Astor Library, 170, 171
+  Astor Place, 172
+  Astor Place Opera House, 168, 169, 170
+  Astor, William B., 172
+
+  Bank Coffee House, 146
+  Bank Street, 113
+  Banker Street, 134
+  Bank for Savings, The, 38, 151
+  Barnum, P. T., 5, 30
+  Barnum's Museum, 30
+  Barrow Street, 108
+  Battery, 4
+  Battery Park, 4
+  Battery Place, 9
+  Bayard Family Vault, 144
+  Beaver Lane, 56
+  Beaver's Path, 8
+  Beaver Street, 8, 9, 10
+  Bedford Street M. E. Church, 106
+  Beekman House, 205
+  Belle Vue Farm, 189
+  Bellevue Hospital, 188, 189, 190
+  Bible House, 166, 191
+  Bleecker Street Bank, 151
+  Block, Adrian, 56, 57
+  Bloomingdale Road, 124, 128, 175, 180, 185, 199
+  Bond Street, 149
+  Bone Alley, 139, 140
+  Booth, Edwin, 194
+  Boston Post Road, 183, 192, 199
+  Boston Turnpike, 183
+  Boulevard, 181
+  Bouwerie Lane, 46
+  Bouwerie Village, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161
+  Bowery, The, 47
+  Bowery Lane, 166, 175
+  Bowery Road, 47, 128, 163, 164
+  Bowery Theatre, 49
+  Bowery Village Church, 162
+  Bowling Green, 3, 55
+  Bowling Green Garden, 84
+  Bradford, William, 14
+    Grave of, 63
+  Brannan's Garden, 101
+  Breese, Sydney, grave of, 62
+  Brevoort, Hendrick, 174
+  Brick Presbyterian Church, 31, 196
+  Bridewell, 35
+  Bridge Street, 9
+  Broad Street, 9, 10
+
+  Broadway, 12, 55, 175, 180, 181
+  Broadway Theatre, 97
+  Brougham's Lyceum, 97
+  Brouwer Street, 15
+  Bryant Park, 114, 197, 198, 199
+  Bull's Head Tavern, 49, 190
+  Bull's Head Village, 190, 191
+  Bunker Hill, 144
+  Burdell Murder, The, 149, 150
+  Burr, Aaron, home of, 18, 104
+    Office of, 40
+    Last Friend of, 67
+  Burton's Theatre, 39
+
+  Cafe des Mille Colonnes, 39, 86
+  Canal Street, 41, 42, 94, 95
+  Canda, Madam, 171
+  Castle Garden, 5, 178
+  Cedar Street, 21
+  Cemetery, New York City Marble, 154, 155
+  Cemetery, New York Marble, 151, 152, 153, 154
+  Central Park, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211
+  Chambers Street, 34
+  Chambers Street Bank, 37
+  Chanfrau, Frank, 170
+  Chapel Place, 83
+  Chatham, Earl of, 18, 47, 90
+  Chatham Square, 45, 46
+  Chatham Street, 47
+  Chelsea Cottages, 129
+  Chelsea Village, 126, 127, 128, 129
+  Cherry Hill, 51, 52
+  Cherry Street, 51
+  Church, All Saints', 136
+    "  Allen Street Memorial, 142
+    "  Bedford Street Memorial, 106
+    "  Bowery Village, 162
+    "  Brick Presbyterian, 31, 196
+    "  Dr. Schroeder's, 167
+    "  Duane M. E., 102
+    "  First French Huguenot, 9
+    "  First Moravian, 195
+    "  First Presbyterian, 154
+    "  First Reformed Presbyterian, 40, 118
+    "  Friends' Meeting House, 178
+    "  Grace, 58, 175
+    "  John Street, 26, 161, 162
+    "  Little, Around the Corner, 192, 193, 194, 195
+    "  Madison Square Presbyterian, 186
+    "  Mariners', 133, 134
+    "  Dutch Middle Reformed, 21, 22, 171
+    "  New Jerusalem, 89
+    "  Oliver Street Baptist, 133
+    "  St. Ann's, 167
+    "  St. George's, 29, 179
+    "  St. John's, 91
+    "  St. Mark's, 86, 156, 157, 158, 159
+    "  St. Mary's, 137
+    "  St. Patrick's, 144, 145
+    "  St. Patrick's Cathedral, 203
+    "  St. Paul's, 75, 76, 77, 78
+    "  St. Peter's, 81
+    "  Sea and Land, of, 135
+    "  Second Street Methodist, 156
+    "  Spring Street Presbyterian, 102
+    "  Transfiguration, of the (Episcopal), 192, 193, 194, 195
+    "  Transfiguration, of the (Catholic), 44, 45
+    "  Trinity, 20, 56, 58, 60, 61
+  Church Farm, 59
+  Churchyard, St. Paul's, 155
+    "  Trinity, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72
+  Churcher, Richard, Grave of, 61
+  City Hall, 35
+  City Hall (first) Site of, 7, 8, 12
+  City Hall in Wall Street, 17
+  City Hall Park, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39
+  City Hospital, 88, 89
+  City Hotel, 73, 74
+  City Library, 120
+  City Prison in City Hall Park, 35
+  Clarke, Capt. Thomas, 127
+  Cliff Street, 24
+  Clinton, Gen. Charles, 205
+  Clinton Hall, 28, 168, 169
+  Coenties Lane, 13
+  Coenties Slip, 12, 13
+  Collect, The, 41
+  College of the City of New York, 186, 187
+  College Place, 83
+  Collis, Christopher, Tomb of, 77
+  Colonnade Row, 172
+  Columbia College, 81, 82, 83, 202
+  Commons, The, 34
+  Company's Farm, 59
+  Cooke, George Frederick, Grave of, 77, 78
+  Cooper, James Fenimore, House of, 147
+  Cooper Mansion, 191
+  Cooper, Peter, 164, 165, 166
+    House of, 191, 192
+    Statue of, 165
+  Cooper Union, 161, 164, 165
+  Corcoran's Roost, 201
+  Cornbury, Lady, 66
+  Corlears Hook Park, 136
+  Country Market, 75
+  Coutant, John, House of, 161
+  Cox, Samuel S., Statue of, 168
+  Cresap, Michael, Grave of, 70
+  Croton Water Celebration, 177, 197
+  Cryptograph in Trinity Churchyard, 64, 65, 66
+  Crystal Palace, 198
+  Custom House, 16, 18
+  Cuyler's Alley, 15
+
+  Debtors' Prison, 34, 35
+  Delacroix, 163
+  De Lancey, Etienne, 10, 72, 73, 74
+  De Lancey, James, 72, 73, 143, 144
+  De Lancey, Susannah, 100
+  Delmonico's, 16, 25
+  De Voor House, 207
+  Dickens, Charles, 31
+  Drew, Daniel, 191
+  Duane M. E. Church, 102
+  Duke's Farm, 59
+  Dutch West India Company, 2
+
+  Eacker, George, Grave of, 78
+  East River Bridge (second), 137
+  Eleventh Street, 174
+  Elgin Garden, 201, 202, 203
+  Eliot Estate, 172
+  Emmet, Thomas Addis, 77, 155
+  Essex Market, 143
+  Exterior Market, 75
+
+  Fayette Street, 133
+  Federal Hall, 17, 18
+  Fields, The, 34
+  Fifth Avenue Hotel, 185
+  Fire of 1835, 14
+  First French Huguenot Church, 9
+  First Graveyard, 56
+  First House Built, 56
+  First Moravian Church, 195
+  First Presbyterian Church, 154
+  First Prison Labor, 110
+  First Reformed Presbyterian Church, 40, 118
+  First Savings Bank, 37
+  First Sunday School, 161
+  First Tenement House, 136
+  Fish, Hamilton, Park, 139
+  Fish Market, 75
+  Fitzroy Road, 126, 128
+  Five Points, 42, 43
+  Five Points House of Industry, 44
+  "Flat and Barrack Hill", 16
+  Fly Market, 23
+  Forrest, Edwin, 168, 169
+  Forrest-Macready Riots, 168, 169, 170
+  Fort Amsterdam, 1, 2
+  Fort Clinton, 4
+  Fort George, 2
+  Fort James, 2
+  Fort Manhattan, 2
+  Fountain in Union Square, 177
+  Franconi's Hippodrome, 185
+  Franklin House, 50
+  Franklin Square, 51
+  Fraunces' Tavern, 10, 11
+  Free Academy, 186, 187
+  Fresh Water Pond, 41
+  Friends' Meeting House, 178
+  Fulton Street, 20
+
+  Garden, Bowling Green, 84
+    "  Brannan's, 101
+    "  Castle, 5, 178
+    "  Elgin, 201, 202, 203
+    "  Niblo's, 146, 147
+    "  Ranelagh, 94
+    "  Vauxhall (first), 84, 163
+    "  Vauxhall (last), 163, 164, 170
+    "  Winter, 148
+  Garden Street, 16
+  Gardner, Noah, 110, 111
+  General Theological Seminary, 126, 127, 129
+  George III, Statue of, 3, 19
+  Gold Street, 23
+  Golden Hill, 23
+  Golden Hill, Battle of, 24
+  Golden Hill Inn, 24, 25
+  Government House, 1, 2
+  Governor's Room, City Hall, 36
+  Grace Church, 58, 175
+  Gramercy Park, 179
+  Graveyard, Jewish, 50, 116, 117, 122, 123
+    "  Paupers', 34, 114, 115, 181, 197, 204
+    "  St. John's, 105
+    "  St. Paul's, 155
+    "  Trinity, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68
+    "  New York City Marble, 154, 155
+    "  New York Marble, 151, 152, 153, 154
+  Great Bouwerie, 157
+  Great Kiln Road, 118, 121, 122, 125
+  Great Queen Street, 12
+  Greenwich Avenue, 116
+    "  Lane, 116, 166
+    "  Road, 80, 81
+    "  Street, 80, 81
+    "  Village, 98, 99, 100, 101
+  Grove Street, 108
+
+  Hale, Nathan, 38, 135, 204
+  Hall of Records, 34
+  Hamilton, Alexander, Grave of, 66
+  Hamilton, Alexander, Home of, 18
+  Hamilton, Philip, 67
+  Haunted House, 165, 166
+  Holland, Joseph, 193
+  Holt's Hotel, 21
+  Hone, Philip, 159
+  Horse and Cart Street, 26
+  Hosack Botanical Garden, 82
+  Hosack, David, 202
+  Hotel, Astor, 78
+    "  City, 73, 74
+    "  Fifth Avenue, 185
+    "  Holt's, 21
+    "  Metropolitan, 147
+    "  Riley's Fifth Ward, 89, 90
+    "  St. Nicholas, 145
+    "  Tremont, 149
+    "  United States, 20
+  Houghton, Rev. Dr. George H., 194
+  House of Aaron Burr, 18, 104
+  House, First, of White Men, 56
+  House of James Fenimore Cooper, 147
+  House of Peter Cooper, 191, 192
+  House of John Coutant, 161
+  House of the De Lanceys, 10, 72, 73, 74
+  House of Alexander Hamilton, 18
+  House of Thomas Paine, 107, 108
+  House of President Monroe, 145
+  House of Refuge, 182
+  House of Charlotte Temple, 48, 167
+  House of Francis Bayard Winthrop, 201
+  Houston Street, 150
+  Howe, Sir William, 205
+  Huguenot Memorials in Trinity Churchyard, 69, 71
+
+  Inclenberg, 199
+  Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, 202
+  Island of Manhattan, 138
+
+  "Jack-knife," The, 23
+  Jail in City Hall Park, 34
+  James Street, 133
+  Jans' Farm, 59, 60
+  Jeanette Park, 13
+  Jefferson, Joseph, 193
+  Jewish Graveyard in New Bowery, 50
+  Jewish Graveyard in Eleventh Street, 116, 117
+  Jewish Graveyard in Twenty-first Street, 117, 122, 123
+  John Street, 26
+  John Street Church, 26, 161, 162
+  John Street Theatre, 26
+  Jones' Woods,208
+  Jumel, Mme., 40
+
+  Keene, Laura, Theatre of, 147
+  King's College, 82
+  King's Farm, 59
+  Kip's Bay, 200
+  Kip, Jacob, 200
+  Kipsborough, 183, 200
+  Kissing Bridge, 47, 184
+
+  Lawrence, Capt., Grave of, 68
+  Lafarge House, 148
+  Lafayette, General, 172
+  Lafayette Place, 167, 170, 171, 172
+  La Grange Terrace, 172
+  Leeson, James, Grave of, 64
+  Leisler, Jacob, Where Hanged, 31, 32
+  Lich Gate of Little Church Around the Corner, 194
+  Light Guards, 7
+  Lind, Jenny, 5
+  Lispenard's Meadows, 80, 93, 94, 95
+  Little Church Around the Corner, 192, 193, 194, 195
+  Logan, the Friend of the White Man, 70
+  London Terrace, 129
+  Love Lane, 121, 124, 125, 126, 128
+
+  Macneven, William James, 77, 155
+  Macomb's Mansion, 57
+  Macready-Forrest Riots, 168, 169, 170
+  Macready, William Charles, 168, 169
+  Madison Square, 182, 183
+  Madison Square Presbyterian Church, 186
+  Madison Street, 134
+  Maiden Lane, 13, 22
+  Mandelbaum, "Mother", 141, 142
+  Manetta Brook, 99
+  Manetta Creek, 113, 114
+  Manhattan Island, 137, 138, 142
+  Manhattan Market, 139
+  Marble Houses on Broadway, 148, 149
+  Mariners' Church, 133, 134
+  Mariners' Temple, 133
+  Market, Country, 75
+    "  Essex, 143
+    "  Exterior, 75
+    "  Fish, 75
+    "  Fly, 23
+    "  Manhattan, 139
+    "  Meal, 20
+    "  Uptown, 74
+    "  Washington, 74
+  Marketfield Street, 8
+  Martyrs' Monument, 63, 64
+  Masonic Hall, 87, 88
+  Meal Market, 20
+  Medical College Hall, 195
+  Mercantile Library, 28, 29, 170
+  Merchants' Exchange, 16
+  Metropolitan Hall, 148
+  Metropolitan Hotel, 147
+  Middle Dutch Reformed Church, 21, 22, 171
+  Middle Road, 192
+  Mile Stone, 143, 178, 204
+  Military Prison Window, 41
+  Milligan's Lane, 117, 118
+  Minetta Street, 99, 113, 114
+  Monroe, President James, 145, 155
+  Montgomery, General, 76
+  Monument Lane, 115, 166
+  Moore, Bishop Benjamin, 127, 128
+  Moore, Clement C., 128, 129
+  Morris Street, 56
+  Morse, Samuel F. B., 5
+  Morton, General Jacob, 7, 37
+  Morton, John, 6
+  Mount Pitt, 137
+  Mount Pitt Circus, 137
+  Mulberry Bend, 43
+  Murder of Dr. Burdell, 149, 150
+  Murder of Mary Rogers, 145, 146
+  Murderers' Row, 97
+  Murray Family, 199, 200, 201
+  Murray Farm, 200
+  Murray Hill, 199, 200
+
+  Nassau Street, 17, 18, 21, 22
+  Nean, Elias, Grave of, 71
+  Nean, Susannah, Grave of, 71
+  Negro Insurrection, 42
+  New Jerusalem Church, 89
+  New York City Marble Cemetery, 154, 155
+  New York Hospital, 88, 89
+  New York Institute, 37
+  New York Marble Cemetery, 151, 152, 153, 154
+  New York Society Library, 119, 120
+  New York Theatre, 170
+  New York Theatre and Metropolitan Opera House, 148
+  Niblo's Garden, 146, 147
+  Niblo's Theatre, 146
+  Nicholas William Street, 161
+  North Street, 150, 151
+
+  Obelisk Lane, 115
+  "Old Brewery", 44
+  Oldest Grave in Trinity Churchyard, 61
+  Old Guard, 7
+  Oliver Street, 133
+  Oliver Street Baptist Church, 133
+  Orphan Asylum, Roman Catholic, 203
+  Olympic Theatre, 96, 147
+
+  Paine, Thomas, Home of, 107, 108
+  Paisley Place, 122
+  Palmo Opera House, 39, 87
+  Parade-Ground, 181
+  Park, Battery, 4
+    "  Bryant, 114, 197, 198, 199
+    "  Central, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211
+    "  City Hall, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39
+    "  Corlears Hook, 136
+    "  Gramercy, 179
+    "  Hamilton Fish, 139
+    "  Jeanette, 13
+    "  St. John's, 91, 92
+
+  Park Row, 47
+  Park Theatre (first), 30
+  Patti, Adelina, 148
+  Payne, John Howard, 36
+  Pauper Graveyard, 34, 114, 115, 181, 197, 204
+  Pearl Street, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14
+  Peck Slip, 12
+  Petticoat Lane, 8, 9
+  Pie Woman's Lane, 22
+  Pitt, William, Statue of, 18, 47, 90
+  Platt Street, 23
+  Poelnitz, "Baron", 173
+  Poor House in City Hall Park, 34
+  Post Office, 21, 33
+  Post Road, 47, 124, 125, 180, 181, 182, 204
+  Potter's Field, Bryant Park, 114, 197
+  Potter's Field, City Hall Park, 34
+  Potter's Field, Madison Square, 181
+  Potter's Field, Third Avenue, 204
+  Potter's Field, Washington Square, 114, 115
+  Printing-Press, First in Colony, 13
+  Prison Manufactures, 110
+  Prison Riots, 111
+  Prison, State, 109, 110, 111, 112
+
+  Queen's Farm, 59, 81
+
+  Rachel, the Actress, 148
+  "Rag Gang", 201
+  Randall, Robert Richard, 173, 174
+  Ranelagh Garden, 94
+  Red Fort, 92
+  Reservoir Square, 198
+  Revolutionary House, 79
+  Revolutionary War, First Blood of, 24
+  Richmond Hill, 103, 104, 105
+  Riley's Fifth Ward Hotel, 89, 90
+  Road, Abingdon, 123
+    "  Boston Post, 183, 192, 199
+    "  Bowery, 47, 128, 163, 164
+    "  Fitzroy, 126, 128
+    "  Great Kiln, 118, 121, 122
+    "  Greenwich, 80, 81
+    "  Middle, 192
+    "  Post, 47, 124, 125, 180, 181, 182, 204
+    "  Skinner, 117
+    "  Southampton, 117, 120, 125
+    "  Union, 117, 118, 119, 120
+    "  Warren, 126
+  Rogers, Mary, Murder of, 145, 146
+  Rotunda in City Hall Park, 37
+  Ruggles, Samuel B., 180
+  Rutgers, Anthony, 92, 93, 94
+  Rutgers, Col. Henry, 135
+  Rutgers Farm, 135
+
+  Sailors' Snug Harbor, 173, 174
+  St. Ann's Church, 167
+  St. Gaudens, Augustus, 165
+  St. George's Church, 29, 179
+  St. George Square, 51
+  St. James Street, 133
+  St. John's Burying-Ground, 105
+  St. John's Church, 91
+  St. John's Park, 91, 92
+  St. Mark's Church, 86, 156, 158, 159
+  St. Mary's Church, 137
+  St. Nicholas Hotel, 145
+  St. Patrick's Cathedral, 203
+  St. Patrick's Church, 144, 145
+  St. Paul's Chapel, 75, 76, 77, 78
+  St. Paul's Churchyard, 155
+  St. Peter's Church, 81
+  Savings Bank, the First, 37
+  Schroeder, Rev. Dr., 167
+  Scudder's Museum, 37
+  Second East River Bridge, 137
+  Second Street Methodist Church, 156
+  Sewing Machine Exhibited, 87
+  Shakespeare Tavern, 27, 28
+  Shearith Israel Graveyard, 50, 116, 122
+  Sheep Pasture, 8
+  Shot Tower, 206
+  Shipyards, 134
+  Skinner Road, 117
+  Smit's V'lei, 22
+  Southampton, Baron, 109, 122
+  Southampton Road, 117, 120, 125
+  Sperry, John, 163
+  Spring Street Presbyterian Church, 102
+  Spring Valley Farm, 207
+  Stadhuis Site, 7
+  Stadt Huys, 12, 15
+  State Prison, 109, 110, 111, 112
+  State Street, 5, 6
+  Stewart, Alexander T., 85, 86, 159
+  Stewart Mansion, 86
+  Stone Street, 15
+  Stuyvesant's Creek, 142
+  Stuyvesant's Pear Tree, 160
+  Stuyvesant, Peter, 16, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160
+  Stuyvesant's Pond, 179
+  Stuyvesant Street, 167
+  Sub-Treasury Building, 18
+  "Suicide Slip", 95
+  Sunday School, the First, 161
+
+  Tammany Hall, 32, 33
+  Tattersall's, 95, 96
+  Tea Water Pump, 48
+  Temple, Charlotte, Tomb of, 62, 63
+  Temple, Charlotte, Home of, 48, 167
+  Tenement House, the First, 136
+  Ten Eyck, Conraet, 13
+  Tompkins, Daniel D., 159
+  Thames Street, 72
+  Theatre Alley, 31
+  Theatre, Academy of Music, 178
+    "  Astor Place Opera House, 168, 169, 170
+  Theatre, Bowery, 49
+    "  Broadway, 97
+    "  Brougham's, 97
+    "  Burton's, 39
+    "  Laura Keene's, 147
+    "  John Street, 26
+    "  Metropolitan Hall, 148
+    "  New York, 170
+    "  New York Theatre and Metropolitan Opera House, 148
+    "  Niblo's, 146
+    "  Olympic, 96, 147
+    "  Palmo's, 39, 87
+    "  Park, 30
+    "  Tripler Hall, 148
+    "  Wallack's, 97, 176
+    "  Winter Garden, 148
+  Thompson's Inn, Corporal, 185
+  Thorne, Charles R., 170
+  Tilden, Astor and Lenox Libraries, 199
+  Tin Pot Alley, 57, 58
+  Tombs, 41
+  Tompkins Blues, 7
+  Tontine Coffee House, 19
+  Tontine Society, 19
+  Tremont House, 149
+  Trinity Church, 20, 56, 58, 60, 61
+  Trinity Churchyard, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
+      71, 72
+  Tripler Hall, 148
+  Turtle Bay, 184, 201
+  Turtle Bay Farm, 201
+  Twenty-first Street, 124
+
+  Union Place, 177
+  Union Road, 117, 118, 119, 120
+  Union Square, 175, 177
+  United New Netherland Company, 2
+  United States Hotel, 20
+  Uptown Market, 74
+
+  Van Hoboken, Hermanus, 157
+  Vauxhall Garden (first), 84, 163
+  Vauxhall Garden (last), 163, 164, 170
+  Virgin's Path, 22
+
+  Wall, City's, 16
+  Wall Street, 9, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20
+  Wall Street, Trees in, 20
+  Wallack, James W., 176
+  Wallack's Lyceum, 97, 176
+  Warren, Ann, 109
+  Warren, Charlotte, 109
+  Warren Road, 126
+  Warren, Sir Peter, 100, 108, 109, 124
+  Warren, Susannah, 109
+  Washington Inaugurated, 17
+  Washington Inauguration Ball, 73
+  Washington's Broadway Home, 57
+  Washington Hall, 85
+  Washington's Headquarters, 11
+  Washington's Headquarters at Richmond Hill, 104
+  Washington's Home in Franklin House, 50
+  Washington's Pew in St. Paul's Chapel, 76
+  Washington Market, 74
+  Washington Statue in Union Square, 177
+  Washington Tablet, 37, 90
+  Washington Square, 113, 115, 172, 181, 197
+  Water Tank, 176
+  Weavers' Row, 122
+  Well in Broadway, 149
+  Well in Rivington Street, 141
+  Well of William Cox, 13
+  West Broadway, 83
+  West's Circus, 95
+  West India Co., 2
+  Whitehall Street, 8
+  Wiehawken Street, 112
+  William Street, 16
+  Window of Military Prison, 40
+  Winter Garden, 148
+  Winthrop, Francis Bayard, 201
+  Wolfe, Gen., Statue of, 115
+  World's Fair Grounds, 198
+  Worth Monument, 184, 185
+  Wreck Brook, 41
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Nooks and Corners of Old New York, by
+Charles Hemstreet
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