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diff --git a/40005-h/40005-h.htm b/40005-h/40005-h.htm index 430f985..068a29e 100644 --- a/40005-h/40005-h.htm +++ b/40005-h/40005-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of North American Soft-shelled Turtles, by Robert G. Webb. @@ -84,45 +84,7 @@ a {white-space: nowrap;} </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of North American Recent Soft-shelled Turtles -(Family Trionychidae), by Robert G. Webb - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: North American Recent Soft-shelled Turtles (Family Trionychidae) - -Author: Robert G. Webb - -Release Date: June 16, 2012 [EBook #40005] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTH AMERICAN RECENT *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper, page -images courtesy of The Internet Archive and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40005 ***</div> <div class="fig_center" style="width: 242px;"> <a name="cover" id="cover"></a> @@ -870,7 +832,7 @@ Baker, Dr. Fred R. Cagle, Mr. J. Keever Greer, Dr. A. Byron Leonard, Dr. Carl D. Riggs, and Dr. Edward H. Taylor deserve especial mention for aid extended in the course of this study. I am indebted to Mr. J. C. Battersby, British Museum (Natural History), London, for information concerning the type of <i>Trionyx -ferox</i>, to Dr. Jean Guibé, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, for information +ferox</i>, to Dr. Jean Guibé, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, for information concerning the types of <i>Trionyx muticus</i>, <i>T. spinifer</i> and <i>T. carinatus</i>, and photographs of the types of <i>T. muticus</i>, <i>T. spinifer</i> and <i>T. ocellatus</i>, and to Dr. Lothar Forcart of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland, for @@ -879,7 +841,7 @@ information pertaining to a published record of <i>T. muticus</i>.</p> <p>The maps and figures are the work of Miss Lucy Jean Remple and Mrs. Lorna Cordonnier, University of Kansas. Dr. John M. Legler, University of Utah, prepared most of the photographs on plates 1-20; photographs as mentioned -in the preceding paragraph were received from Dr. Guibé, one was +in the preceding paragraph were received from Dr. Guibé, one was provided through the co-operation of Roger Conant and Isabelle Hunt Conant, another was furnished by Mr. J. Keever Greer, and the others were taken by me. Field work was financed in part by funds provided by the Sigma Xi-RESA @@ -894,7 +856,7 @@ Research Fund.</p> <p>Recent soft-shelled turtles comprise a well-defined assemblage of the family Trionychidae. Although the scope of this study does not involve an assay of the relationships of the soft-shelled turtles -of the Old World, a brief résumé that includes some of the salient +of the Old World, a brief résumé that includes some of the salient characteristics of the family is included.</p> <div class="smaller"> @@ -936,7 +898,7 @@ Williams, 1957:412; Romer, 1956:513; Smith, <i>op. cit.</i>:147-54).</p> <p><i>Recent distribution</i> (<a href="#Fig_1">Figure 1</a>).—North America, from extreme southeastern Canada and eastern United States west to Rocky Mountains and south to -northern México; introduced in southwestern United States (Conant, 1958:69-73). +northern México; introduced in southwestern United States (Conant, 1958:69-73). Africa, from Egypt and Senegal south to Angola and Zambesi River drainage (Loveridge and Williams, <i>op. cit.</i>:412-68); occurrence of <i>Trionyx triunguis</i> in Syria (Boulenger, <i>op. cit.</i>:255) and coastal streams of Palestine @@ -1014,8 +976,8 @@ and conceive of both as members of the suborder Cryptodira 1955).</p> <p>The oldest trionychid fossil, <i>Trionyx primoevus</i>, is from marine -deposits of the Upper Jurassic (Kiméridgien) from "Cap de la -Hève," and its characters do not indicate the kind of cryptodiran +deposits of the Upper Jurassic (Kiméridgien) from "Cap de la +Hève," and its characters do not indicate the kind of cryptodiran ancestor from which the family arose (Bergounioux, <i>op. cit.</i>:1409; 1937:188). Lane (1910:350) found that the entoplastron (= epiplastron) was paired in embryos of <i>Trionyx</i> and regarded that @@ -1080,7 +1042,7 @@ closely related.</p> graeca</i> Linnaeus by subsequent designation (Fitzinger, 1843:29).</p> <p class="references"><i>Trionyx</i> Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14:1, August, 1809; type, -<i>Trionyx aegyptiacus</i> (= <i>Testudo triunguis</i> Forskål) by original designation.</p> +<i>Trionyx aegyptiacus</i> (= <i>Testudo triunguis</i> ForskÃ¥l) by original designation.</p> <p class="references"><i>Apalone</i> Rafinesque, Atlan. Jour., Friend of Knowledge, Philadelphia, 1 (No. 2, Art. 12):64, Summer, 1832; type, <i>Apalone hudsonica</i> (= <i>Trionyx @@ -1091,14 +1053,14 @@ spiniferus</i> Lesueur) by monotypy.</p> ferox</i> Schneider) by monotypy.</p> <p class="references"><i>Aspidonectes</i> Wagler, Naturl. Syst. Amphib., p. 134, 1830; type, <i>Aspidonectes -aegyptiacus</i> Wagler (= <i>Testudo triunguis</i> Forskål) by subsequent designation +aegyptiacus</i> Wagler (= <i>Testudo triunguis</i> ForskÃ¥l) by subsequent designation (Fitzinger, 1843:30).</p> <p class="references"><i>Amyda</i> Fitzinger, Ann. Wiener Mus. Naturg., 1:110, 120, 127, 1835; type, <i>Amyda subplana</i> Fitzinger by subsequent designation (Fitzinger 1843:30).</p> -<p class="references"><i>Gymnopus</i> Duméril and Bibron, Erpét. Gén., 2:472, 1835; new (substitute) +<p class="references"><i>Gymnopus</i> Duméril and Bibron, Erpét. Gén., 2:472, 1835; new (substitute) name for <i>Aspidonectes</i> Wagler.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[444]</a></span></p> @@ -1114,7 +1076,7 @@ type, <i>Platypeltis ferox</i> by subsequent designation (Fitzinger, 1843:30).</ Wagler (= <i>Testudo cartilaginea</i> Boddaert) by original designation.</p> <p class="references"><i>Tyrse</i> Gray, Cat. Tort. Croc. Amphis. Brit. Mus., p. 48, 1844; type, <i>Tyrse -nilotica</i> Gray (= <i>Testudo triunguis</i> Forskål) by tautonomy (<i>Tyrse</i>, a +nilotica</i> Gray (= <i>Testudo triunguis</i> ForskÃ¥l) by tautonomy (<i>Tyrse</i>, a name for the Nile River).</p> <p class="references"><i>Callinia</i> Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 222, 1869; new (substitute) name @@ -1126,7 +1088,7 @@ name for <i>Amyda mutica</i> of Agassiz (1857:399); type, <i>Amyda mutica</i> Agassiz by monotypy.</p> <div class="smaller"> -<p><i>Type Species.</i>—<i>Trionyx aegyptiacus</i> (= <i>Testudo triunguis</i> Forskål).</p> +<p><i>Type Species.</i>—<i>Trionyx aegyptiacus</i> (= <i>Testudo triunguis</i> ForskÃ¥l).</p> <p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Cutaneous femoral valves absent; width of postorbital arch of skull less than diameter of orbit; pterygoids usually not contacting opisthotics; @@ -1161,7 +1123,7 @@ Zoological Nomenclature with the Title No. 33; see Opinion 417 (Hemming, <p>There has been considerable debate as to whether Geoffroy did or did not designate a type species of the genus <i>Trionyx</i> (1809a). Although not specifically designated as the type species, <i>Trionyx aegyptiacus</i> (= <i>Testudo -triunguis</i> Forskål) is considered by Smith (1930:2), Schmidt (1953:108, +triunguis</i> ForskÃ¥l) is considered by Smith (1930:2), Schmidt (1953:108, footnote), and Loveridge and Williams (1957:422) to have been sufficiently indicated by Geoffroy as the type species. But Stejneger (1944:6), H. M. <span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[445]</a></span> @@ -1451,9 +1413,9 @@ males of <i>ferox</i> and <i>muticus</i> is not contrasting and resembles that o <p class="smaller">Because most specimens examined were preserved, the detection of secondary sexual differences in coloration was difficult. There is one difference in coloration -between the sexes in the subspecies <i>T. s. emoryi</i>. Males from the Río +between the sexes in the subspecies <i>T. s. emoryi</i>. Males from the RÃo Grande drainage, at least those from the Big Bend region of Texas, and southwestward -in the Río Conchos into Chihuahua, México, are bright orange on +in the RÃo Conchos into Chihuahua, México, are bright orange on the side of head (postlabial and postocular pale areas); an orange tinge also occurs in pale stripes on the snout, and pale orange blotches sometimes occur on the dorsal surfaces of limbs, especially the hind limbs. The coloration of @@ -2040,7 +2002,7 @@ limbs than on the forelimbs.</p> <p class="smaller">The anterolateral edge of the carapace in <i>T. ferox</i> (both sexes and all sizes) is "folded over" into a ridge having a distinct inner margin (Pls. 1 and 2), which is hereafter referred to as the marginal ridge. Siebenrock (1924:184-85) -referred to this ridge as a "Hautsäume" and mentioned its occurrence in Old +referred to this ridge as a "Hautsäume" and mentioned its occurrence in Old World species of the genus <i>Trionyx</i>. The marginal ridge is not present in <i>T. muticus</i>, <i>T. spinifer</i> or <i>T. ater</i>.</p> @@ -2968,7 +2930,7 @@ Philos. Trans. London, 61 (Pt. 1, Art. 32): 268, pl. 10 [figs. 1-3], <p class="references"><i>Trionyx ferox</i> Schwartz, Charleston Mus. Leaflet, No. 26:17, pls. 1-3, May, 1956.</p> -<p class="references"><i>Testudo mollis</i> Lacépède, Hist., Nat. Quadr. Ovip. Serp., 1:137, pl. 7, 1788.</p> +<p class="references"><i>Testudo mollis</i> Lacépède, Hist., Nat. Quadr. Ovip. Serp., 1:137, pl. 7, 1788.</p> <p class="references"><i>Testudo</i> (<i>ferox</i>?) verrucosa Schoepff, Hist. Testud., Fasc. 5 (Plag. M):90, pl. 19, 1795.</p> @@ -3166,7 +3128,7 @@ is depicted in <a href="#Fig_3">Figure 3</a> (dorsal view); the neck is fully ex part of the thick, pyramidal tail is visible in dorsal view. British Museum (Natural History) 1947.3.6.17 is considered a holotype. The three figures published <span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[483]</a></span> -by Pennant have been duplicated by Schoepff (1795:Pl. 19) and Duméril and +by Pennant have been duplicated by Schoepff (1795:Pl. 19) and Duméril and Bibron (1835:482). To my knowledge, the holotype was first specifically designated as the "(Type.)" of <i>T. ferox</i> by Boulenger (1889:259). The skull of the holotype is figured by Stejneger (1944:Pl. 5).</p> @@ -3178,20 +3140,20 @@ stated that the locality of the holotype was "Georgia." Baur (1893:220) restrict the type locality to the "Savannah river, Ga." Neill (1951:17), who believed <i>T. ferox</i> to be absent from the Savannah River, changed the type locality of <i>ferox</i> to east Florida. Schwartz (1956:8) reappraised the status of -softshells in Georgia and Florida and reëstablished the Savannah River (at +softshells in Georgia and Florida and reëstablished the Savannah River (at Savannah), Georgia, as the type locality of <i>T. ferox</i>.</p> <p>Pennant failed to use binomial nomenclature when he published the type description of Garden. The first name-combination (<i>Testudo ferox</i>) was proposed by Schneider (1783:220).</p> -<p>Lacépède (1788:137, Pl. 7) referred to Garden's description in Pennant -only as "The Molle" but on a folded paper chart entitled "Table Méthodique -des Quadrupèdes ovipares," which is inserted after an introduction of 17 pages, +<p>Lacépède (1788:137, Pl. 7) referred to Garden's description in Pennant +only as "The Molle" but on a folded paper chart entitled "Table Méthodique +des Quadrupèdes ovipares," which is inserted after an introduction of 17 pages, listed <i>T. mollis</i>; this name is again listed on another folded chart, entitled "Synopsis methodica Quadrupedum oviparorum," which is inserted between pages 618 and 619 under the genus <i>Testudo</i>. The illustration (Pl. 7) was -taken from Pennant (Duméril and Bibron, <i>loc. cit.</i>). The type locality has +taken from Pennant (Duméril and Bibron, <i>loc. cit.</i>). The type locality has been designated "(following Stejneger, 1944) as eastern Florida" by Schmidt (1953:108).</p> @@ -3204,7 +3166,7 @@ in Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion 447 (see Hemming, 1957). Bartram's description of a soft-shelled turtle has provided the basis for the proposal of at least three name-combinations. The first was <i>Testudo</i> (<i>ferox?</i>) <i>verrucosa</i> proposed in 1795 by Schoepff; it appeared simultaneously in <i>The Historia -Testudinum</i> and in a German translation, <i>Naturgeschichte der Schildkröten</i> +Testudinum</i> and in a German translation, <i>Naturgeschichte der Schildkröten</i> (see Mittleman, 1944:245). Stejneger (1944:26) listed the type locality as eastern Florida. Daudin (1801:74), also referring to Bartram's description in his <i>Voyage</i> (French translation), proposed the name <i>Testudo bartrami</i>; @@ -3218,7 +3180,7 @@ or a composite on the part of the artist), referred to Bartram's description as a new genus, <i>Mesodeca bartrami</i>, a name which Boulenger (1889:245, footnote) referred to as "mythical." Geoffroy (1809a:18-19) considered Bartram's description the basis for the recognition of a second species of <i>Chelys</i> (binomial -nomenclature not employed), and Duméril and Bibron (<i>loc. cit.</i>) suggested +nomenclature not employed), and Duméril and Bibron (<i>loc. cit.</i>) suggested that the description was based partly on a "Chelyde Matamata." <span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[484]</a></span> The descriptive comments of Bartram are not clearly applicable to <i>Testudo @@ -3232,7 +3194,7 @@ ferox</i> Schneider.</p> <p>Schweigger (1812:285) referred <i>ferox</i> to the genus <i>Trionyx</i> following the description of that genus by Geoffroy in 1809. <i>Testudo ferox</i> was listed as a synonym by Geoffroy in the description of <i>Trionyx georgicus</i> (1809a:17); -Duméril and Bibron (1835:432) mentioned that the specific characters of +Duméril and Bibron (1835:432) mentioned that the specific characters of <i>georgicus</i> were taken from Pennant. The name <i>Trionyx georgianus</i> presumably appears for this taxon in Geoffroy's earlier-published synopsis (1809:367). <i>T. georgicus</i> was listed as occurring in rivers of Georgia and the Carolinas; @@ -3252,14 +3214,14 @@ as having tubercles. Geoffroy listed <i>Testudo membranacea</i> and <i>Testudo rostrata</i> as synonyms of <i>carinatus</i>. Fitzinger (1835:127) listed <i>T. membranacea</i>, <i>T. rostrata</i> and <i>T. carinatus</i> as synonyms of <i>Trionyx javanicus</i> (= <i>T. cartilagineus</i>), which was also described by Geoffroy (<i>op. cit.</i>:15). -Duméril and Bibron (<i>op. cit.</i>:478, 482) considered <i>carinatus</i> to be the young +Duméril and Bibron (<i>op. cit.</i>:478, 482) considered <i>carinatus</i> to be the young of <i>spinifer</i> (<i>ferox</i> as synonym). Gray (1844:48), however, referred <i>T. membranacea</i> and <i>T. rostrata</i> to the synonymy of <i>T. javanicus</i>, but considered <i>T. carinatus</i> to be a synonym of <i>T. ferox</i> (<i>op. cit.</i>:50), an interpretation followed by all subsequent authors. <i>Trionyx carinatus</i> is questionably listed as a -synonym of <i>ferox</i> by Stejneger (1944:27). Duméril and Bibron (<i>op. cit.</i>:482) +synonym of <i>ferox</i> by Stejneger (1944:27). Duméril and Bibron (<i>op. cit.</i>:482) wrote that the young type of <i>carinatus</i> is in the museum at Paris. Dr. Jean -Guibé informs me in letter of September 24, 1959, that the type of Geoffroy's +Guibé informs me in letter of September 24, 1959, that the type of Geoffroy's <i>T. carinatus</i> cannot be found in the Natural History Museum at Paris. For the present, <i>T. carinatus</i> is considered a <i>nomen dubium</i>. According to Stejneger (1944:27), <i>Trionyx brongniarti</i> Schweigger is a substitute name for @@ -3391,7 +3353,7 @@ Spiny Softshell</p> northwestern Vermont and western New York south to northern Florida, east to central Montana, eastern Wyoming and Colorado, and New Mexico; introduced into the Colorado River system of California, Nevada, Arizona and New -Mexico; in México, the northern part of the states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, +Mexico; in México, the northern part of the states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila, and eastern Chihuahua (see map, <a href="#Fig_19">Fig. 19</a>).</p> <p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Juvenal pattern uniform tan or brownish lacking markings, having @@ -3516,13 +3478,13 @@ Eastern Spiny Softshell</p> <p class="center">Plates <a href="#Pl_33">33</a>, <a href="#Pl_34">34</a>, and <a href="#Pl_52">52</a></p> -<p class="references"><i>Trionyx spiniferus</i> Lesueur, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:258, pl. 6, +<p class="references"><i>Trionyx spiniferus</i> Lesueur, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:258, pl. 6, December, 1827.</p> <p class="references"><i>T[rionyx] s[pinifer] spinifer</i> Schwartz, Charleston Mus. Leaflet, No. 26:11, May, 1956.</p> -<p class="references"><i>Trionyx ocellatus</i> Lesueur, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:261, December, +<p class="references"><i>Trionyx ocellatus</i> Lesueur, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:261, December, 1827.</p> <p class="references"><i>Apalone hudsonica</i> Rafinesque, Atlan. Jour., Friend Knowledge, Philadelphia, @@ -3623,9 +3585,9 @@ seems to be based mostly, if not entirely, on a large female (length of carapace 13 inches), which was "Le plus grand des individus observes …" <span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[491]</a></span> (<i>op. cit.</i>:258); an accompanying illustration depicting the dorsal surface of -the bony carapace is unusual in lacking neurals (Pl. 6, E). Duméril and +the bony carapace is unusual in lacking neurals (Pl. 6, E). Duméril and Bibron (1835:481) mentioned eight or nine additional specimens that Lesueur -sent to the Museum of Natural History in Paris. Dr. Jean Guibé informed +sent to the Museum of Natural History in Paris. Dr. Jean Guibé informed me under letter dated September 24, 1959, that a larger stuffed female, bearing catalog number 8808 is regarded as the holotype, and that there are seven additional specimens (1949, 4143, 8807, 8809-12) in the museum at Paris. @@ -3640,7 +3602,7 @@ original description; consequently I prefer to regard No. 8808 as a lectotype.</ <i>T. spiniferus</i> having ocelli, or parts thereof, on the carapace and mentioned three specimens. The total number of specimens that were available to Lesueur is unknown. One young alcoholic specimen having ocelli is in the British -Museum (Natural History) (Gray, 1855:69). The same letter from Dr. Guibé +Museum (Natural History) (Gray, 1855:69). The same letter from Dr. Guibé stated that a specimen in the Museum of Natural History, Paris, No. 6957, having a carapace 17 centimeters in length, conforms to the characters of <i>ocellatus</i> as mentioned by Lesueur, and was obtained from the Wabash River @@ -3717,8 +3679,8 @@ but was uncertain whether his interpretation was based on a species, a variety or a secondary sexual difference. Wied-Neuwied mentioned that Lesueur had already named this soft-shelled turtle as <i>Trionyx ocellatus</i>, and agreed with Lesueur that those turtles having occulated spots on the carapace were -distinguishable from <i>T. spiniferus</i> and <i>T. muticus</i>. But because Duméril and -Bibron in their <i>Erpétologie Général</i> failed to recognize <i>T. ocellatus</i>, Wied-Neuwied +distinguishable from <i>T. spiniferus</i> and <i>T. muticus</i>. But because Duméril and +Bibron in their <i>Erpétologie Général</i> failed to recognize <i>T. ocellatus</i>, Wied-Neuwied felt obliged to bring it to the attention of his American colleagues and he renamed it. Wied-Neuwied also stated, in the context of a synonym, "Beschreibung einer Reise in Nord-America Bd. I., pag. 140." This comment presumably @@ -4741,7 +4703,7 @@ Yarrow, 1882:29 and Hay, 1892:145; see discussion by Cahn, 1937:200, and Stejneger, 1944:73-75); USNM 131859.</p> <p><i>Records in the literature.</i>—<span class="smcap">Alabama</span>: <i>Coffee</i>: Elba (KKA). <i>Marengo</i>: -Tombigbee River near Demopolis. <i>Mobile</i>: Fig Island (Löding, 1922:47).</p> +Tombigbee River near Demopolis. <i>Mobile</i>: Fig Island (Löding, 1922:47).</p> <p><span class="smcap">Florida</span>: <i>Jackson</i>: Chattahoochee River, 8 mi. SE Butler. <i>Leon</i>: Ochlocknee River, NW of Tallahassee (Goin, 1948:304).</p> @@ -4799,12 +4761,12 @@ Texas Spiny Softshell</p> <div class="smaller"> <p><i>Type.</i>—Lectotype, USNM 7855; alcoholic (sex undetermined); obtained -from the Río Grande near Brownsville, Texas, in the course of the Mexican +from the RÃo Grande near Brownsville, Texas, in the course of the Mexican Boundary Survey under the command of Colonel Wm. H. Emory.</p> -<p><i>Range.</i>—Southwestern United States and northern México; the Río Grande -drainage in Texas, New Mexico and northern México; the Río San Fernando -and Río Purificación drainages in northeastern México; the Colorado River +<p><i>Range.</i>—Southwestern United States and northern México; the RÃo Grande +drainage in Texas, New Mexico and northern México; the RÃo San Fernando +and RÃo Purificación drainages in northeastern México; the Colorado River drainage in Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Nevada (see map, <a href="#Fig_19">Fig. 19</a>).</p> <p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Juvenal pattern of white dots, not encircled with dusky or @@ -4892,9 +4854,9 @@ or other characters.</p> <p>The ground color of the carapace on some individuals from the Pecos River (TU, Terrell County, Texas) is grayish and in contrast with the pale rim -(<a href="#Pl_44">Pl. 44</a>). UI 43509 from the Río Florida, La Cruz, Chihuahua, a female, has +(<a href="#Pl_44">Pl. 44</a>). UI 43509 from the RÃo Florida, La Cruz, Chihuahua, a female, has a dark brownish carapace with little evidence of a blotched pattern except on -the pale rim of the carapace. A female and adult male from the Río Sabinas, +the pale rim of the carapace. A female and adult male from the RÃo Sabinas, Coahuila (MSU 905-06), also show considerable darkening on the dorsal surfaces; the pale rim is evident but not in sharp contrast to the coloration of the carapace. Notes taken on the freshly-killed Sabinas individuals are: male—carapace @@ -4905,7 +4867,7 @@ forward than the carapace in both sexes.</p> <p>Notes on coloration (judged to be the most common or "normal" type) <span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">[512]</a></span> -of living <i>emoryi</i> from the Río Mesquites, central Coahuila, are: Adult male +of living <i>emoryi</i> from the RÃo Mesquites, central Coahuila, are: Adult male (KU 53753)—pale rim butterscotch yellow; marginal line blackish; whitish dots on pale brown or tan carapace; soft parts of body olive or olive-green, slightly darker on head and paler (yellowish) on hind limbs; pale areas on @@ -4918,22 +4880,22 @@ side of neck and head, chin and throat pale lemon yellow; ventral surface white having slight red tinge to groin and soft parts posteriorly; underside of carapace near edge pale yellow.</p> -<p>Softshells from the Río Grande in the Big Bend region of Texas, and the -Río Conchos in Chihuahua differ from other specimens of <i>emoryi</i>. Fifteen +<p>Softshells from the RÃo Grande in the Big Bend region of Texas, and the +RÃo Conchos in Chihuahua differ from other specimens of <i>emoryi</i>. Fifteen adult males, KU 51187-201 (no females in sample), were taken from the -mouth of the Río San Pedro at Meoquí, Chihuahua (see KU 51194, <a href="#Pl_44">Pl. 44</a>). +mouth of the RÃo San Pedro at MeoquÃ, Chihuahua (see KU 51194, <a href="#Pl_44">Pl. 44</a>). They are noteworthy because of a conspicuous orange or orange-yellow on the side of the head. Another relatively consistent character is the blackish tip of snout (excepting 51199), although the degree (palest on 51190) and extent of pigmentation posteriorly on the snout is variable. Eleven males, KU -51175-85, from approximately 100 miles northeastward in the Río Conchos +51175-85, from approximately 100 miles northeastward in the RÃo Conchos near Ojinaga, Chihuahua, also have the bright orange on the side of the head; the tip of the snout is not blackish, although in some it is slightly darkened. Three females, KU 51174, 51186 (from Ojinaga) and 51173 (from 8 mi. S, 16 mi. W Ojinaga), lack the orange on the side of the head; KU 51186 has a plastral length of 8.0 centimeters, whereas the other two females have the same plastral length of 16.5 centimeters (larger than any male). Nineteen -adult males, KU 51965-72, 51980-90, from the Río Grande near Lajitas also +adult males, KU 51965-72, 51980-90, from the RÃo Grande near Lajitas also have the orangish coloration on the side of the head, whereas twenty females, KU 51954-64, 51973-79, 51991-92 (three smaller than largest male) lack the coloration. The tip of the snout is not blackish on any turtle in the series @@ -4957,7 +4919,7 @@ cm., respectively) have large hyoplastral and hypoplastral callosities that appe to touch medially, and callosities on the epiplastron and both preplastra.</p> <p>On July 8, 1953, an adult male of <i>T. spinifer</i> was removed from a hoop-net -set in the Río Purificación at Padilla, Tamaulipas, México. I was particularly +set in the RÃo Purificación at Padilla, Tamaulipas, México. I was particularly <span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513">[513]</a></span> impressed by the lack of whitish dots on the dark carapace; the following notes were taken from the freshly-killed specimen: carapace a uniform @@ -4973,7 +4935,7 @@ from this locality is a hatchling (UMMZ 69412, <a href="#Pl_43">Pl. 43</a>), whi brownish or tan carapace that lacks whitish dots; it resembles <i>emoryi</i> in other characters. Although the absence of whitish dots is not distinctive, its combination with the uniform dark olive carapace in adult males and the fact -that the Río Purificación is an isolated drainage system, suggests that soft-shelled +that the RÃo Purificación is an isolated drainage system, suggests that soft-shelled turtles from that river system may warrant further taxonomic study.</p> <p><i>Comparisons.</i>—From all other subspecies of <i>spinifer</i>, <i>T. s. emoryi</i> can be distinguished @@ -5002,7 +4964,7 @@ other subspecies of <i>T. spinifer</i>.</p> <p><i>Remarks.</i>—Agassiz (1857, 1:407-08) did not designate a holotype in the original description of <i>Aspidonectes emoryi</i>; specimens are mentioned from the -lower Río Grande of Texas, near Brownsville, and a stream of the Río Brazos +lower RÃo Grande of Texas, near Brownsville, and a stream of the RÃo Brazos drainage in Williamson County, Texas. The description is applicable to <i>T. s. emoryi</i> as herein restricted, except for the statement that the white tubercles of young specimens are "encircled by faint black lines"; that statement @@ -5076,7 +5038,7 @@ and Hopkins (1955) and Schwartz (1956), however, demonstrated that <p>Two specimens having blackish dots on the carapace, indicate relationship with <i>T. s. guadalupensis</i>. USNM 7638, a hatchling, has large whitish dots surrounded by blackish dots confined to the posterior half of the carapace, and -the locality for this specimen is merely Río Bravo (= Río Grande). CNHM +the locality for this specimen is merely RÃo Bravo (= RÃo Grande). CNHM 47366, a hatchling from Sierra de las Palmas (Sierra de Santa Rosa, La Palma), Coahuila, has a few, small, blackish dots, irregularly spaced, on the anterior half of the carapace, but other dots more evenly distributed on the posterior half @@ -5117,10 +5079,10 @@ Dill (1944:179-81) and Miller (1946:46) indicate that <i>emoryi</i> was introduc into the Gila River (Colorado River drainage) in western New Mexico near the turn of the century.</p> -<p><i>T. s. emoryi</i> and <i>T. ater</i> are the only kinds of softshells occurring in México. -The colloquial name for soft-shelled turtles in México is "tortuga blanca." +<p><i>T. s. emoryi</i> and <i>T. ater</i> are the only kinds of softshells occurring in México. +The colloquial name for soft-shelled turtles in México is "tortuga blanca." This name is also used in reference to the Central American river turtle, -<i>Dermatemys mawei</i>, which occurs on the east coast of México as far north as +<i>Dermatemys mawei</i>, which occurs on the east coast of México as far north as Veracruz.</p> <p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total 275, as follows: <span class="smcap">Arizona</span>: <i>Maricopa</i>: CNHM @@ -5137,14 +5099,14 @@ TU 15802, Virgin River, Mesquite.</p> <p><span class="smcap">New Mexico</span>: <i>Eddy</i>: KU 15938, Carlsbad; KU 48217-18, Black River Village. <i>Grant</i>: AMNH 79911, Gila River, 8 mi. NE Cliff.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Texas</span>: <i>Brewster</i>: CNHM 39999, Tornillo Creek near jct. with Río Grande; +<p><span class="smcap">Texas</span>: <i>Brewster</i>: CNHM 39999, Tornillo Creek near jct. with RÃo Grande; KU 51954-92, Lajitas; TCWC 4291, UMMZ 66471, USNM 45545, 103678, Boquillas; INHS 7975, UMMZ 114360, Hot Springs. <i>Cameron</i>: BCB 7564-73, CNHM 5339-40, 6810, MCZ 1909 (3), 1910, TU 11479-80, 11561-62, UMMZ 54021, 105209-13 (Brownsville Lake), USNM 7642, 7644, 7855, Brownsville; BCB 5121, 3 mi. S Harlington. <i>El Paso</i>: UMMZ 85085, El Paso; USNM 7641, -7701, El Paso del Norte. <i>Hudspeth</i>: USNM 20846, Fort Hancock on Río -Grande. <i>Kinney</i>: CNHM 26090, Río Pinto W of Bracketville; USNM 26426-36, +7701, El Paso del Norte. <i>Hudspeth</i>: USNM 20846, Fort Hancock on RÃo +Grande. <i>Kinney</i>: CNHM 26090, RÃo Pinto W of Bracketville; USNM 26426-36, Fort Clark. <i>Loving</i>: TTC 1143, Red Bluff Lake just below dam on Pecos River. <i>Maverick</i>: TU 3696-97, UMMZ 116578, Eagle Pass. <i>Presidio</i>: TTC 628 (2), 632 (2), 3 mi. WNW Lajitas, Brewster County. <i>Terrell</i>: TNHC @@ -5154,26 +5116,26 @@ Dunlap Ranch, 25 mi. SE Sheffield, Pecos County; TU 14453 (7), 14462 (2), 104240, Pecos River "near" Dryden. <i>Val Verde</i>: TTC 113, Pecos River. <i>Webb</i>: TNHC 19788, 42 mi. NW Laredo; USNM 109078-79, Laredo. <i>Zapata</i>: UI 19332, "near" Zapata. <i>County unknown</i>: MCZ 1628, USNM 7635-36, -7854; USNM 7637-38, Río Bravo (= Río Grande).</p> +7854; USNM 7637-38, RÃo Bravo (= RÃo Grande).</p> <p><span class="smcap">Chihuahua</span>: KU 51173, 8 mi. S, 16 mi. W Ojinaga; KU 51174-86, 1 mi. -NW Ojinaga; KU 51187-201, Río Conchos at mouth of Río San Pedro near -Meoquí; UI 43508-09, Río Florida, La Cruz.</p> +NW Ojinaga; KU 51187-201, RÃo Conchos at mouth of RÃo San Pedro near +MeoquÃ; UI 43508-09, RÃo Florida, La Cruz.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Coahuila</span>: CNHM 26054, Sta. Helena Canyon of Río Grande; CNHM -28846, "near" Músquis; CNHM 55657, Río Alamos, Rcho. de la Gacha; CNHM -47366, Sierra de Santa Rosa, La Palma; CNHM 47367, 55661, Cuatro Ciénegas; +<p><span class="smcap">Coahuila</span>: CNHM 26054, Sta. Helena Canyon of RÃo Grande; CNHM +28846, "near" Músquis; CNHM 55657, RÃo Alamos, Rcho. de la Gacha; CNHM +47366, Sierra de Santa Rosa, La Palma; CNHM 47367, 55661, Cuatro Ciénegas; CNHM 55658-60, Rcho. de los Borregos near Juarez; KU 33523, La Presa Don -Martín; KU 39991, 39993, 8 mi. N, 2 mi. W Piedras Negras; KU 39992, 2 mi. -W Jiménez; KU 46907, 16 km. S Cuatro Ciénegas; KU 46913-16, 10 km. S -Cuatro Ciénegas; KU 53752-54, Río Mesquites, 8 mi. W Nadadores; KU 53757, -8.5 mi. SW Cuatro Ciénegas; MSU 905-06, Río Sabinas, 1 mi. E Sabinas.</p> +MartÃn; KU 39991, 39993, 8 mi. N, 2 mi. W Piedras Negras; KU 39992, 2 mi. +W Jiménez; KU 46907, 16 km. S Cuatro Ciénegas; KU 46913-16, 10 km. S +Cuatro Ciénegas; KU 53752-54, RÃo Mesquites, 8 mi. W Nadadores; KU 53757, +8.5 mi. SW Cuatro Ciénegas; MSU 905-06, RÃo Sabinas, 1 mi. E Sabinas.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Nuevo Leon</span>: CNHM 1874, 2191, Rodriguez; UMMZ 69411, Río Conchos, +<p><span class="smcap">Nuevo Leon</span>: CNHM 1874, 2191, Rodriguez; UMMZ 69411, RÃo Conchos, 9 mi. N Linares.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Tamaulipas</span>: CM 3037, Nuevo Laredo. UMMZ 7614-20, 7622-25, 7628, -7630, 7632-33, Matamoros; UMMZ 69412, Río Purificación, N of Ciudad Victoria.</p> +7630, 7632-33, Matamoros; UMMZ 69412, RÃo Purificación, N of Ciudad Victoria.</p> <p><span class="smcap">No Data</span>: MCZ 1629 (2), NHB 1032.</p> @@ -5191,10 +5153,10 @@ Palo Verde; Colorado River at Laguna Dam (Dill, 1944:180).</p> <i>loc. cit.</i>); Colorado River, 6 mi. N California line (Linsdale, 1940:255).</p> <p><span class="smcap">New Mexico</span>: <i>Chaves</i>: Bitter Lakes Wildlife Refuge, 12 mi. NE Roswell -(Bundy, 1951:314). <i>Dona Ana</i>: Río Grande near Mesilla Dam (Little and +(Bundy, 1951:314). <i>Dona Ana</i>: RÃo Grande near Mesilla Dam (Little and Keller, 1937:221).</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Texas</span>: <i>Brewster</i>: Río Grande at Castolon (Minton, 1959:38). <i>Val Verde</i>: +<p><span class="smcap">Texas</span>: <i>Brewster</i>: RÃo Grande at Castolon (Minton, 1959:38). <i>Val Verde</i>: mouth of Devil's River (Brown, 1950:250).</p> <p><span class="smcap">Baja California</span>: Colorado River delta, 7 mi. E Cerro Prieto; Imperial @@ -5451,7 +5413,7 @@ the subspecies <i>emoryi</i>. It, however, has characters not found in <i>pallid <i>guadalupensis</i>, and is more distinct from either of those subspecies than either is from each other; the difference in characters as well as the break in the gradient of characters between <i>guadalupensis</i> in the Nueces River drainage -and <i>emoryi</i> in the Río Grande drainage is greater than that between <i>guadalupensis</i> +and <i>emoryi</i> in the RÃo Grande drainage is greater than that between <i>guadalupensis</i> in the Colorado and <i>pallidus</i> in the Brazos River drainages.</p> <p>I have refrained from designating individuals between these three subspecies @@ -5465,7 +5427,7 @@ Hondo Creek, 4 mi. W Bandera; TNHC 797-98, 7 mi. SW Medina. <i>Bexar</i>: ANSP 13447, Helotes; MCZ 4587; USNM 10789, 71009, San Antonio. <i>Borden</i>: BCB 4066, 7 mi. N Vincent. <i>Brown</i>: TNHC 7262, 1 mi. E Brownwood. <i>Comal</i>: USNM 7700, New Braunfels. <i>Dawson</i>: TNHC 21594-95, -10 mi. E Lamesa. <i>Frio</i>: USNM 7747, Río Seco. <i>Gillespie</i>: TU 10185, 10187, +10 mi. E Lamesa. <i>Frio</i>: USNM 7747, RÃo Seco. <i>Gillespie</i>: TU 10185, 10187, 10205, Beaver Creek, "near" Doss. <i>Hays</i>: AMNH 29950-52, San Marcos. <i>Kerr</i>: SM 2553, headwaters Turtle Creek; TU 10142-45, 10147-65, 10176, 10833, Guadalupe River, 9 mi. SE Kerrville. <i>Kimble</i>: BCB 5052-55, 6010, @@ -5897,12 +5859,12 @@ Black Softshell</p> <div class="smaller"> <p><i>Type.</i>—Holotype, KU 46903, alcoholic female; obtained 16 km. S Cuatro -Ciénegas, Coahuila, México, by John M. Legler (and party), September 6, +Ciénegas, Coahuila, México, by John M. Legler (and party), September 6, 1958.</p> <p><span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529">[529]</a></span></p> -<p><i>Range.</i>—Basin of Cuatro Ciénegas, central Coahuila, Mexico (see map, +<p><i>Range.</i>—Basin of Cuatro Ciénegas, central Coahuila, Mexico (see map, <a href="#Fig_22">Fig. 22</a>).</p> <p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Posterior margin of carapace of some females having fine corrugations, @@ -5985,11 +5947,11 @@ is short in <i>T. ater</i> and most closely resembles that of <i>T. s. pallidus< and <i>T. s. emoryi</i>.</p> <p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>T. ater</i> is confined to permanent, clear-water ponds in the basin -of Cuatro Ciénegas. The male and 11 females (KU) were taken at the type -locality (a pond known locally as Tío Candido); the other female (UI 43510) +of Cuatro Ciénegas. The male and 11 females (KU) were taken at the type +locality (a pond known locally as TÃo Candido); the other female (UI 43510) was taken from a pond approximately seven miles northward (known locally -as Anteojo). <i>T. spinifer emoryi</i> also occurs in the basin of Cuatro Ciénegas. -Males and females of <i>emoryi</i> were collected in the Río Mesquites (Río Salado +as Anteojo). <i>T. spinifer emoryi</i> also occurs in the basin of Cuatro Ciénegas. +Males and females of <i>emoryi</i> were collected in the RÃo Mesquites (RÃo Salado drainage) that drains the basin; two adult males of <i>emoryi</i> were taken from the clear-water ponds—one from the type locality of <i>ater</i> (KU 46907), and the other (KU 53757) from a pond (known locally as El Mojarral) from which @@ -6003,7 +5965,7 @@ posterior margin of the carapace and blackish marks on the ventral surface do not occur on every female of <i>ater</i>. Too, the dorsal coloration of living females (dark brown-buff) is paler than that of preserved specimens (dark gray-slate). Furthermore, a hatchling (CNHM 47367) recorded from Cuatro -Ciénegas, Anteojo, is not distinguishable from <i>emoryi</i>.</p> +Ciénegas, Anteojo, is not distinguishable from <i>emoryi</i>.</p> <p>The mention of absence of septal ridges in males of <i>T. ater</i> in the original description (Webb and Legler, 1960:22) should be amended. The septal @@ -6015,30 +5977,30 @@ pattern, the noticeably broadened snout, and the reduced septal ridges. The last character mentioned possibly is variable in <i>ater</i> (and in <i>emoryi</i> in this region) in view of the variation in development of the ridge on four male <i>emoryi</i> from the basin: well-developed on KU 53757 (Mojarral) and KU -46907 (Tío Candido); reduced on KU 53752 (Río Mesquites), resembling development -in <i>ater</i>; and, reduced on right side only on KU 53753 (Río +46907 (TÃo Candido); reduced on KU 53752 (RÃo Mesquites), resembling development +in <i>ater</i>; and, reduced on right side only on KU 53753 (RÃo Mesquites).</p> <p><span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_531" id="Page_531">[531]</a></span></p> -<p>Presumably, the continued erosive action at the headwaters of the Río +<p>Presumably, the continued erosive action at the headwaters of the RÃo Salado has permitted the invasion of this drainage into the formerly isolated -basin of Cuatro Ciénegas. In the basin, however, I know of no evidence of +basin of Cuatro Ciénegas. In the basin, however, I know of no evidence of a direct aquatic contact between the headwater streams and the isolated, clear-water, ponds. How <i>emoryi</i> entered the ponds is unknown. Some of the ponds are tapped by small, man-made, irrigation canals, but, so far as I know, these are not connected to the river. The ponds have permanent water and are often separated by several miles of arid environment. Overland dispersal between waterways is possible in time of flooding. Local residents -tell of the infrequent sale of softshells in Cuatro Ciénegas, which hints +tell of the infrequent sale of softshells in Cuatro Ciénegas, which hints at their dispersal via the agency of man. The underlying gypsum substrate of the valley has been subjected to considerable erosion; the ponds observed have deep holes, and small caverns and grottos. There are conflicting reports concerning subterranean connections between ponds. Possibly there are underwater connections between some ponds and the headwater streams of the -Río Mesquites. Whatever the dispersal route for <i>emoryi</i> into the ponds has +RÃo Mesquites. Whatever the dispersal route for <i>emoryi</i> into the ponds has been, it is strange that the same route has not been traversed by <i>ater</i>, permitting -its occurrence in the Río Mesquites.</p> +its occurrence in the RÃo Mesquites.</p> <p>On the basis of morphological criteria, I suspect that <i>ater</i> and <i>emoryi</i> are genetically compatible. Possibly there is only sporadic entrance of <i>emoryi</i> @@ -6046,28 +6008,28 @@ into the ponds inhabited by <i>ater</i>, or the accessible dispersal routes for have been relatively recent and there has been insufficient time for genetic adaptation. <i>T. ater</i> is maintained as a full species because of the occurrence of two distinct males (KU 46907, <i>emoryi</i>, and KU 46911, <i>ater</i>) in the same -pond (Tío Candido, the type locality). These two specimens are contrasted +pond (TÃo Candido, the type locality). These two specimens are contrasted in a photograph accompanying the type description (Webb and Legler, 1960: Pl. II). The restricted distribution of <i>ater</i>, and its characteristics suggest a relict population derived from a <i>ferox</i>-like ancestor that may be in the process of becoming extinct.</p> -<p>There are two specimens in the CNHM recorded from Cuatro Ciénegas. +<p>There are two specimens in the CNHM recorded from Cuatro Ciénegas. One is a female (CNHM 55661) having a plastral length of 19.0 centimeters, -and no specific locality other than Cuatro Ciénegas. I examined this specimen +and no specific locality other than Cuatro Ciénegas. I examined this specimen before I knew of the existence of <i>ater</i>, and noted no unusual features; I have not re-examined the specimen. It is considered representative of <i>emoryi</i>. The second is a hatchling (CNHM 47367) having a plastral length of 3.2 centimeters, -recorded from Cuatro Ciénegas, Anteojo. The carapace is dark tan +recorded from Cuatro Ciénegas, Anteojo. The carapace is dark tan having small whitish dots intermixed with a few indistinct, small, blackish specks posteriorly. The specimen is indistinguishable from <i>emoryi</i>.</p> <p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total 12, as follows: <span class="smcap">Coahuila</span>: KU 46903-06, -46908-12, 53755-56, 16 km. S Cuatro Ciénegas; UI 73510, 5.7 mi. W Cuatro -Ciénegas.</p> +46908-12, 53755-56, 16 km. S Cuatro Ciénegas; UI 73510, 5.7 mi. W Cuatro +Ciénegas.</p> <p><i>Records in the literature.</i>—Schmidt and Owens (1944:103) record <i>emoryi</i> -from Cuatro Ciénegas (no museum numbers listed); presumably their reference +from Cuatro Ciénegas (no museum numbers listed); presumably their reference is to CNHM 55661.</p> </div> @@ -6188,7 +6150,7 @@ Midland Smooth Softshell</p> <p class="center">Plates <a href="#Pl_45">45</a>, <a href="#Pl_46">46</a>, and <a href="#Pl_53">53</a></p> -<p class="references"><i>Trionyx muticus</i> Lesueur, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:263, pl. 7, December, +<p class="references"><i>Trionyx muticus</i> Lesueur, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:263, pl. 7, December, 1827.</p> <p class="references"><i>Trionyx muticus muticus</i> Webb, Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 11:520, @@ -6302,7 +6264,7 @@ type in the description, and mentioned that he had seen only three specimens (<i>op. cit.</i>:264). Stejneger (1944:17-18) discussed two mounted specimens (Nos. 787 and 788) in the Natural History Museum at Paris, and mentioned that No. 787 was designated "… as the type on the printed label -(although presumably not done by Lesueur)." Dr. Jean Guibé (<i>in litt.</i> September +(although presumably not done by Lesueur)." Dr. Jean Guibé (<i>in litt.</i> September 24, 1959) informed me that Nos. 787 and 788 are numbers without value and correspond, respectively, to catalog numbers 8813 and 8814. In addition, the Museum possesses an alcoholic specimen, No. 564, obtained by @@ -6323,13 +6285,13 @@ microcephala</i> Gray, of the British Museum, with the locality Sarawak, is synonym of <i>Trionyx muticus</i>. Schmidt (1953:110) designated the type locality as New Harmony, Indiana.</p> -<p>Müller (1878:641) listed the species <i>Trionyx muticus</i> from México as follows: +<p>Müller (1878:641) listed the species <i>Trionyx muticus</i> from México as follows: "*b. in Alcohol. Mexico. 1872. [2]." Smith and Taylor (1950:18, footnote) wrote that the record required confirmation. Webb and Legler (1960:24) questionably referred this record to the synonomy of <i>T. ater</i>, which -resembles <i>muticus</i>. <i>T. muticus</i> is not known to occur in México. According +resembles <i>muticus</i>. <i>T. muticus</i> is not known to occur in México. According to Dr. Lothar Forcart (<i>in litt.</i>) of the Naturhistorische Museum in Basel, -Switzerland, only one specimen on which Müller based his record is extant. +Switzerland, only one specimen on which Müller based his record is extant. My examination of this specimen reveals that it is a hatchling <i>T. s. emoryi</i>, plastral length 3.5 centimeters, bearing catalog number 1032; there are no additional data of collection.</p> @@ -6634,7 +6596,7 @@ aquatic environment as are some kinds of fish, which seem to be more or less confined to riffle areas or deep holes. Certain activities of softshells such as burying themselves in soft sand in shallow water or seeking crawfish and other food over a gravel-rock substrate or -one that is débris-laden, are best carried on in different habitats. +one that is débris-laden, are best carried on in different habitats. Repeated observations of turtles that are probably engaged in a specific activity in a restricted area may lead to erroneous general conclusions regarding the over-all preference for a specific habitat. @@ -6746,7 +6708,7 @@ added that commercial fishermen had told him that these turtles are sometimes netted with loggerhead sea turtles (<i>Caretta</i>) in the Indian River. Neill (<i>op. cit.</i>:5-6) also noted the presence of <i>ferox</i> on Meritt Island, which supports an extensive saltwater herpetofauna, off the coast of Brevard County, -Florida. Löding (1922:47) recorded <i>spinifer</i> from Fig Island, Mobile County, +Florida. Löding (1922:47) recorded <i>spinifer</i> from Fig Island, Mobile County, Alabama, which is probably a marine or brackish water habitat. Cagle and Chaney (1950:386) obtained one <i>spinifer</i> in a brackish marsh of the Sabine Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana; the poor trapping returns here (one <i>Trionyx</i> @@ -6760,7 +6722,7 @@ inches below the surface at night using a head-light.</p> <p>Individuals of <i>spinifer</i> have been taken in large, deep rivers having a moderate to swift current, relatively clear water, mostly sand and clay bottoms, and -emergent débris intermittent along the shoreline; the banks may be steep and +emergent débris intermittent along the shoreline; the banks may be steep and of mud having a sparse growth of herbs (Black Warrior River, south of Tuscaloosa, Alabama), or of low extensive, sandy bars and beaches (Escambia River, near Century, Florida, <a href="#Pl_50">Pl. 50, Fig. 1</a>). A juvenile <i>spinifer</i> was taken by hand @@ -6768,7 +6730,7 @@ among rocks in quiet water behind a rocky shoal in the large, deep-channeled Ocmulgee River (near Hawkinsville, Georgia). Several individuals of <i>spinifer</i> were seen in the Flint River (near Bainbridge, Georgia), which had a swift current in a wide, deep channel, sandy or sand-silt banks, few brush piles along -shore and many oölitic, submergent snags on an otherwise sandy bottom; the +shore and many oölitic, submergent snags on an otherwise sandy bottom; the water was exceedingly clear and permitted water-goggling (this habitat has been obliterated by a dam on the Apalachicola River). A large female <i>spinifer</i> was taken on a set line from the bottom of one of several deep holes (approximately @@ -6785,7 +6747,7 @@ clear water, a moderate current, steep banks four to 15 feet high, and a substra of mud with few rocks (one taken on trotline, escaped; Black River, near Black Rock, Lawrence County). Two <i>spinifer</i> were taken (trotline and hoop-net) from a smaller (approximately 50 feet wide) turbid river having a swift -current, débris along the shoreline, and mud-gravel banks (Petit Jean Creek, +current, débris along the shoreline, and mud-gravel banks (Petit Jean Creek, Yell County). Several <i>spinifer</i> and <i>muticus</i> were taken from the White River (Marion County) having a sand-gravel or bed rock bottom and clear water; individuals were collected by hand in shallow water (approximately 3<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> feet @@ -6796,7 +6758,7 @@ moderate to swift or in a quiet-water side channel having submergent vegetation. level with no permanent stand of aquatic vegetation, a mud-rock or sand-silt bottom, and turbid water (<a href="#Pl_49">Pl. 49, Fig. 1</a>) is a suitable habitat for <i>spinifer</i> and <i>muticus</i>. <i>T. spinifer</i> is found in large rivers having relatively clear water, moderate -currents, emergent logs and débris, and mud or sand banks (Little River, +currents, emergent logs and débris, and mud or sand banks (Little River, McCurtain County, Oklahoma, <a href="#Pl_48">Pl. 48, Fig. 1</a>), or small, shallow, turbid creeks having sand-gravel channels of pools connected by riffle areas (Mayhew Creek, Choctaw County, Oklahoma).</p> @@ -6808,18 +6770,18 @@ the shore. The river bed of sand, gravel and large boulders consisted of narrower, swift-water channels, small pools and riffles, and large ponds.</p> <p>Individuals of <i>T. s. emoryi</i> have been taken in large ponds having little or -no current, turbid, deep water, and clay or sand-gravel banks (Río Purificación, -Padilla, Tamaulipas). Two <i>emoryi</i> were collected from a large pond (Río +no current, turbid, deep water, and clay or sand-gravel banks (RÃo Purificación, +Padilla, Tamaulipas). Two <i>emoryi</i> were collected from a large pond (RÃo Sabinas, near Sabinas, Coahuila), which was connected to an adjoining one by riffle areas and had little or no current, relatively clear, greenish water, clay or mud banks, a sand-gravel bottom, and was flanked by brush and large cypress -trees. A few <i>emoryi</i> were trapped in hoop-nets that were set in the Río +trees. A few <i>emoryi</i> were trapped in hoop-nets that were set in the RÃo Mesquites, a stream in central Coahuila approximately 20 feet wide and six feet deep, flanked by dense stands of <i>Phragmites</i>, and having a moderate current, relatively clear, pea-green water and a mud-sand substrate with some gravel; the stream enlarged in some places to form quiet-water coves (<a href="#Pl_48_2">Pl. 48, Fig. 2</a>). One adult male <i>emoryi</i> was taken from a crystal-clear, dendritic, -pond (El Mojarral, near Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila), having shallow areas +pond (El Mojarral, near Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila), having shallow areas averaging about two feet but several deep holes—in one of these at the west end of the pond the water was being emitted under pressure from an underwater cavern and "bubbling" at the surface; the vegetation consisted of @@ -6853,7 +6815,7 @@ reported seeing a large softshell in a narrow, shallow, clear sandy creek in Holt County, Nebraska.</p> <p><i>T. s. emoryi</i> occurs in large rivers having generally turbid waters, a moderate -to swift current and mud or sand bottoms such as the Río Grande; this habitat +to swift current and mud or sand bottoms such as the RÃo Grande; this habitat corresponds to that of large rivers in the western parts of the range of <i>T. s. pallidus</i> (Red and Washita) and <i>T. s. hartwegi</i> (Canadian and Cimarron). These last-named rivers, in periods of low water level, often have shallow, clear, @@ -6968,7 +6930,7 @@ the <i>spinifer-hartwegi</i> cline.</p> <p class="center"><i>Diurnal Habits</i></p> -<p>Softshells bask on débris in the water or on banks close to the +<p>Softshells bask on débris in the water or on banks close to the water; basking presumably raises the bodily temperature. In general in the southeastern and southwestern United States, I have seen softshells basking only rarely but once saw six at one time @@ -7156,7 +7118,7 @@ is the plastral hinge.</p> <p>Concealment of softshells is not enhanced by growths of algae on the carapace. Proctor (1958:637-38) reported that the common, -epizoöphytic alga of chelonians, <i>Basicladia</i>, has never been reported +epizoöphytic alga of chelonians, <i>Basicladia</i>, has never been reported from <i>Trionyx</i>; the same author recorded a large amount of filamentous algae, principally <i>Stigeoclonium</i>, but the algae could be easily wiped from the turtle, and Vinyard (1955:64) recorded an @@ -7306,7 +7268,7 @@ under six inches of ice in water about one foot deep on January 31, 1940 (Cimarron River, Payne County, Oklahoma).</p> <p>The published information suggests that the length of the normal -annual period of activity of <i>spinifer</i> in latitudes of about 40° and 43° +annual period of activity of <i>spinifer</i> in latitudes of about 40° and 43° is approximately five months, from April into September, depending upon the weather. There are numerous published statements to the effect that the period of hibernation is passed under a shallow @@ -7332,7 +7294,7 @@ digestive tract indicate "a purely carnivorous diet."</p> <p>In an examination of the contents of 11 stomachs of <i>spinifer</i> from Michigan, Lagler (1943:304) found that crawfish (47%) and insects (52%), principally burrowing mayfly naiads (<i>Hexagenia</i>), and dragonfly naiads, comprised the bulk -of the diet with cryptogams, vegetable débris, snails and fish remains present in +of the diet with cryptogams, vegetable débris, snails and fish remains present in small amounts. Breckenridge (1944:186) wrote that 18 specimens of <i>spinifer</i> in Minnesota contained 44 per cent crawfish, 29 per cent aquatic insects, 8 per cent fish, and 19 per cent unidentified material. Surface (1908:123) found @@ -7405,7 +7367,7 @@ fleas (<i>Daphnia</i>) and canned fish. Conant (<i>op. cit.</i>:160) wrote that was observed to take vegetable matter.</p> <p>Food, mostly in intestines, of two adult females of <i>T. s. emoryi</i> collected -on June 12-14, 1959, from the Río Grande at Lajitas, Brewster County, Texas, +on June 12-14, 1959, from the RÃo Grande at Lajitas, Brewster County, Texas, was examined. One female, KU 51961, contained little food and mostly plant fragments; because the stomach or intestine was not full of plant fragments, this food probably was ingested incidentally to the few insects present. Another @@ -7831,13 +7793,13 @@ sexual maturity is attained there seems to be much individual variation as well as geographic variation.</p> <div class="smaller"> -<p>Females of <i>T. s. emoryi</i> from the Río Grande in the Big Bend region of +<p>Females of <i>T. s. emoryi</i> from the RÃo Grande in the Big Bend region of Texas are sexually mature when the plastron is approximately 16.0 centimeters (16.2 cm., KU 51960), and are the smallest adult females of <i>spinifer</i> that I have seen; these females are representative of the population from which the smallest adult males of <i>spinifer</i> are known and which is unique in showing sexual differences in coloration. A female (TU 3697), having a plastral length -of 16.0 centimeters, which was obtained in the Río Grande near Eagle Pass, +of 16.0 centimeters, which was obtained in the RÃo Grande near Eagle Pass, <span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_561" id="Page_561">[561]</a></span> Texas, in mid-July, is immature; the ovaries are compact having the largest follicles 2.5 millimeters in diameter, and the oviduct is wrinkled and convoluted @@ -7846,7 +7808,7 @@ Pecos River, Terrell County, Texas, having plastrons 17.4, 18.3 and 18.8 centimeters in length and obtained on June 11, the largest and smallest are immature, and internally resemble TU 3697. TU 14453.2 (18.3 cm.) is sexually mature having large corpora lutea and enlarged ovarian follicles. -KU 53754, from the Río Salado in central Coahuila, México, having corpora +KU 53754, from the RÃo Salado in central Coahuila, México, having corpora lutea and a plastral length of 20.3 centimeters, is sexually mature.</p> <p>Females of <i>T. s. guadalupensis</i>, measuring 14.5, 15.7, 16.3, 16.5, 16.8, 17.0, @@ -7912,8 +7874,8 @@ are adult when 22.0 centimeters long. In general, females are sexually mature at a plastral length of approximately 20.0 centimeters, a measurement that corresponds to a length of carapace of approximately 28.0 centimeters or about 11 inches. Females representative -of that population of <i>emoryi</i> inhabiting the Río Conchos and the -Río Grande in the Big Bend region of Texas are adult when the +of that population of <i>emoryi</i> inhabiting the RÃo Conchos and the +RÃo Grande in the Big Bend region of Texas are adult when the plastron is approximately 16.0 centimeters in length, and are thus the smallest sexually mature females of the species <i>spinifer</i>. Oviducts are large (at least eight mm. in width, undistended), swollen @@ -7981,11 +7943,11 @@ movements probably occur in <i>Trionyx</i> is indicated by my trapping 17 males in a group of 19 <i>spinifer</i> in hoop-nets in Lake Texoma in the period June 14-July 12, 1954. On June 24-26, 1959, a field party from the University of Kansas collected 15 softshells in hoop-nets -at the mouth of the Río San Pedro, near Meoquí, Chihuahua; all +at the mouth of the RÃo San Pedro, near MeoquÃ, Chihuahua; all turtles were males. On June 17-18, 1959, the same expedition -trapped 11 males in a group of 13 turtles in the Río Conchos, near +trapped 11 males in a group of 13 turtles in the RÃo Conchos, near Ojinaga, Chihuahua. Earlier, June 12-14, 1959, 39 softshells were -trapped in the Río Grande near Lajitas, Brewster County, Texas. +trapped in the RÃo Grande near Lajitas, Brewster County, Texas. Of these turtles, however, 19 were adult males and 20 were females; eight females were adult (sexually mature) all having oviducal eggs (<a href="#Fig_23">Fig. 23</a>). One of the two females from Ojinaga, KU @@ -8005,7 +7967,7 @@ them. The movements of immature females probably approximate those of adult males; the absence of immature -females in the Meoquí series, +females in the Meoquà series, and near absence (only one) in the Ojinaga series perhaps is due to fortuitous collecting @@ -8033,7 +7995,7 @@ expected 1:1 ratio.</p> <p class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 23.</span> Size distribution of 39 <i>Trionyx spinifer emoryi</i> (19 males and 20 females) collected in the period June 12 -through June 14, 1959, from the Río +through June 14, 1959, from the RÃo Grande, near Lajitas, Brewster County, Texas. Solid squares represent sexually mature specimens. Females approaching @@ -8082,7 +8044,7 @@ ruts formed by cars or the slope of the roadbed"; dates of deposition of eggs recorded are March 30 at 11 a. m. in bright sun, and March 31 (from context, the date given as March 21 is considered an error) at 5 p. m. following a heavy rain. The daily temperatures at the time of Hamilton's observations -"averaged 85° F., the first really warm spell of the season."</p> +"averaged 85° F., the first really warm spell of the season."</p> <p>Eigenmann (1896:262) reported egg-laying of <i>spinifer</i> in sand and gravel in June and July at Turkey Lake (= Lake Wawasee), Indiana. A turtle was @@ -8173,7 +8135,7 @@ On June 4, 1953, six clutches of eggs were found on an open sandbar of the Escambia River, Florida; all hatchlings from those eggs that were successfully incubated were <i>muticus</i>. On June 1, 1954, three nests were found on an open sandbar of the same river (<a href="#Pl_50">Pl. 50</a>); the temperature within the nests at 6:30 -a. m. was approximately 25° C. Two nests were dug in a sand substrate on +a. m. was approximately 25° C. Two nests were dug in a sand substrate on the level portion of the bar (<a href="#Pl_51">Pl. 51, Fig. 1</a>). The third clutch of eggs was deposited in a sand-gravel substrate at the brim of the incline from the shore (approximately 30 degrees and about five feet above the water); the eggs @@ -8221,7 +8183,7 @@ inches at the bottom and one and one-half inches in the neck. Hamilton described a flask-shaped nest, the entrance of which would "barely permit the passage of an egg … the bottom, at a depth of five inches, being about the width of a quart milk bottle." Cahn related that the "hole descended at -an angle of about 60°," and the eggs thus rolled down an inclined plane.</p> +an angle of about 60°," and the eggs thus rolled down an inclined plane.</p> <p>Possibly the nests of <i>ferox</i> and <i>spinifer</i> differ from those of <i>muticus</i> in being flask-shaped. A nest of <i>spinifer</i> was reported by Gehlbach and Collette (<i>loc. @@ -8335,7 +8297,7 @@ Eggs of Three American Species of Trionyx.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="brdl">21 (n and o)</td> - <td class="brdl">(o) and some (n) .93 × .93 inches; rest of (n) 1.07 × 1.07 inches</td> + <td class="brdl">(o) and some (n) .93 × .93 inches; rest of (n) 1.07 × 1.07 inches</td> <td class="brdl">"</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -8355,7 +8317,7 @@ Eggs of Three American Species of Trionyx.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="brdl">21 (o)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_570" id="Page_570">[570]</a></span></td> - <td class="brdl">24 to 27.8 (ave. 25.6 mm.) × 25.8 to 29 (ave. 27 mm.)</td> + <td class="brdl">24 to 27.8 (ave. 25.6 mm.) × 25.8 to 29 (ave. 27 mm.)</td> <td class="brdl">Conant (1951:160); Michigan</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -8406,7 +8368,7 @@ Eggs of Three American Species of Trionyx.</p> <p class="smaller">Additional records of size of clutch are provided by data from dissected females (<a href="#Table_9">Table 9</a>). All females were collected from May through September -from localities south of latitude 36.5°. The number of eggs includes those in +from localities south of latitude 36.5°. The number of eggs includes those in both oviducts, and the number of ovarian follicles those in both ovaries. The number and range in size of only the largest group of follicles is listed; in some instances the size of follicles formed a graded series, and the designation of a @@ -8612,8 +8574,8 @@ in Adult Females of T. spinifer and T. muticus.</p> clutch for the three American species is about 20, although the number of eggs may exceed 30 in <i>spinifer</i> and <i>muticus</i>. Except for those of <i>ferox</i>, most of these records are based on observations in northern latitudes (approximately -40°). My examination of females from southern latitudes (below -36.5°) reveals no oviducal egg count greater than 17 and an average number +40°). My examination of females from southern latitudes (below +36.5°) reveals no oviducal egg count greater than 17 and an average number of eggs per clutch of 9.6 per <i>spinifer</i> (<a href="#Table_9">Table 9</a>); that of <i>muticus</i> is 7.3, as based on data given in <a href="#Table_9">Table 9</a> as well as on egg-nest counts of 15, 6, 6, 6, 6, <span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_572" id="Page_572">[572]</a></span> @@ -8679,7 +8641,7 @@ therefore some eggs in the oviducts are smaller than those in nests.</p> <p>The data concerning <i>ferox</i> (<a href="#Table_8">Table 8</a>) suggest that the maximum size of eggs is 31 to 32 millimeters, whereas oviducal eggs are slightly smaller, about 25 to 27 millimeters. Eggs of <i>spinifer</i> from northern latitudes (most from approximately -40°, <a href="#Table_8">Table 8</a>) also vary in size, oviducal eggs being as small as 22 +40°, <a href="#Table_8">Table 8</a>) also vary in size, oviducal eggs being as small as 22 millimeters in diameter and the maximal size about 29 millimeters. Average extreme measurements (in mm.) of oviducal eggs (number of eggs in parentheses) from females taken in latitudes of 33 degrees or less are: 25 × 29 (11), @@ -8707,9 +8669,9 @@ fewer eggs are laid by females from farther south.</p> <p>Length of the incubation period seems to depend upon conditions of heat and moisture, and, in general, to be geared to the prevailing climatic conditions. Goff and Goff (1935:156) artificially incubated some eggs of <i>ferox</i> at -temperatures varying from 82.3 to 89.2° F., and found that the incubation period +temperatures varying from 82.3 to 89.2° F., and found that the incubation period was 64 days. Muller (1921:184) wrote that the period of incubation of eggs -of <i>muticus</i> (natural nests at temperatures about 90°., <i>op. cit.</i>:182, and artificial +of <i>muticus</i> (natural nests at temperatures about 90°., <i>op. cit.</i>:182, and artificial nests) in Iowa is from 70 to 75 days. Breckenridge (1944:187) stated that <i>spinifer</i> makes nests in Minnesota from June 14 to July 6, and cited reports that indicate hatching in September. Hedrick and Holmes (1956:126) discovered @@ -9062,8 +9024,8 @@ south of the equator (<a href="#Fig_1">Fig. 1</a>; Dunn, 1931:109, fig. 2; Gadow 72; Hay, 1908:35, fig. 16).</p> <p>American softshells occur in all river systems in the United States and the -two adjacent river systems on the east coast of México that drain into the Gulf -of México. Softshells inhabit streams of the Great Plains and occur westward +two adjacent river systems on the east coast of México that drain into the Gulf +of México. Softshells inhabit streams of the Great Plains and occur westward to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in the western tributaries of the <span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_579" id="Page_579">[579]</a></span> Mississippi River. Only <i>T. s. spinifer</i> occurs in the southern part of the Great @@ -9071,35 +9033,35 @@ Lakes-St. Lawrence drainage. Softshells are absent from the Atlantic Coast drainage except the Hudson River and those rivers at least south of (and including) the Pee Dee River in South Carolina.</p> -<p><i>T. s. emoryi</i> is not known to be indigenous west of the Río Grande drainage, +<p><i>T. s. emoryi</i> is not known to be indigenous west of the RÃo Grande drainage, and has probably been introduced across the Continental Divide via the Gila River in western New Mexico into the Colorado River drainage of Arizona -(Miller, 1946:46); the species undoubtedly occurs in México on the Sonoran +(Miller, 1946:46); the species undoubtedly occurs in México on the Sonoran side of the Colorado River opposite Baja California (Bogert and Oliver, 1945:417).</p> <p>In the summer of 1959, I trapped turtles and with a specimen in hand inquired -about softshells occurring in the inland drainages of northern México. -From two collecting stations on the Río Nazas in Durango, only specimens of +about softshells occurring in the inland drainages of northern México. +From two collecting stations on the RÃo Nazas in Durango, only specimens of <i>Pseudemys</i> and <i>Kinosternon</i> were obtained; local inhabitants had neither seen nor heard of softshells. Flooded conditions in August of 1959 permitted trapping in only one of the inland drainages of northwestern Chihuahua, the -Río Santa María; only specimens of <i>Kinosternon</i> were obtained. Local residents -near that river as well as those living near the Río Casa Grandes and -Río del Carmen had not seen or heard of softshells. A person that I judge to +RÃo Santa MarÃa; only specimens of <i>Kinosternon</i> were obtained. Local residents +near that river as well as those living near the RÃo Casa Grandes and +RÃo del Carmen had not seen or heard of softshells. A person that I judge to be a competent observer reported seeing a softshell in June of 1958 in the -Río Alamos (Arroyo Cuchujáqui) near Alamos, Sonora, in the Río del Fuerte -drainage on the west coast of México. I was a member of a field party from +RÃo Alamos (Arroyo Cuchujáqui) near Alamos, Sonora, in the RÃo del Fuerte +drainage on the west coast of México. I was a member of a field party from the University of Kansas that visited that locality in late January of 1959; only specimens of <i>Pseudemys</i> and <i>Kinosternon</i> were collected. Possibly isolated populations occur in streams of the Pacific Coast drainage of northern -México. If so, they may have entered Pacific Coast drainages by stream capture +México. If so, they may have entered Pacific Coast drainages by stream capture across the Continental Divide. Several species of fish that are characteristic -of the Río Grande traversed the Sierra Madre Occidental at some former -time (presumably via the Río Conchos and Río Papigochic) and occur in -the Yáqui River drainage (Meek, 1904:xxxviii, xlvii; Miller, 1959:214-15, 217). -Because of the probability that the Río Nazas at some former time flowed north -into the Río Grande (Meek, <i>op. cit.</i>:xxxiv), it is notable that softshells are absent -in the Río Nazas drainage; the Big Bend turtle, <i>Pseudemys scripta gaigeae</i>, +of the RÃo Grande traversed the Sierra Madre Occidental at some former +time (presumably via the RÃo Conchos and RÃo Papigochic) and occur in +the Yáqui River drainage (Meek, 1904:xxxviii, xlvii; Miller, 1959:214-15, 217). +Because of the probability that the RÃo Nazas at some former time flowed north +into the RÃo Grande (Meek, <i>op. cit.</i>:xxxiv), it is notable that softshells are absent +in the RÃo Nazas drainage; the Big Bend turtle, <i>Pseudemys scripta gaigeae</i>, occurs in both drainages.</p> </div> @@ -9176,7 +9138,7 @@ in the corresponding size at sexual maturity and in having well-developed plastral callosities. It is notable that the occurrence of <i>ater</i>, and to a lesser extent that of <i>T. s. emoryi</i>, which resembles <i>ferox</i> (and <i>muticus</i>), is in the southwestern United States and northern -México.</p> +México.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_581" id="Page_581">[581]</a></span></p> @@ -9738,7 +9700,7 @@ northern South Dakota (Hay, 1910:324), central Utah (Gilmore, 1946), western Colorado (Schmidt, 1945), southwestern Kansas (Galbreath, 1948:284), southeastern Texas (Hay <i>in</i> Stejneger, 1944:65), southern California (Brattstrom, 1958:5), and northeastern -Coahuila, México (Mullerried, 1943:623). Hay's record of the +Coahuila, México (Mullerried, 1943:623). Hay's record of the living <i>Platypeltis</i> (= <i>Trionyx</i>) <i>ferox</i> and other remains from the Peace Creek formation in Hillsborough County, Florida (<i>op. cit.</i>:548), presumably is the same record mentioned by Pope (1949:305).</p> @@ -9756,7 +9718,7 @@ is not shown.</p> from the Cretaceous of Patagonia, a record that, at present, cannot be accepted (Simpson, 1943:423). Mullerried (<i>loc. cit.</i>) also mentioned some trionychid remains that were housed in Tuxtla -Gutierrez, Chiapas, México, (material now lost), but their geographical +Gutierrez, Chiapas, México, (material now lost), but their geographical provenance was unknown. The former extent of range <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_585" id="Page_585">[585]</a></span> southward is not known; it is improbable that trionychids occurred @@ -9780,7 +9742,7 @@ of range by an arid environment in the Pliocene may have been terminated by the colder climates in the Pleistocene.</p> <p>The degree of morphological difference between <i>ferox</i> and the -forms in southwestern Texas and northern México, suggests that the +forms in southwestern Texas and northern México, suggests that the time of separation antedated the Pleistocene.</p> <p>Trionychid turtles may have traversed the Bering land bridge @@ -9828,13 +9790,13 @@ of the east.</p> <p>In the late Miocene or early Pliocene, the MSA (<i>muticus-spinifer-ater</i>) stock presumably occupied a large region of the central United -States, which extended southward into northern México and along +States, which extended southward into northern México and along the Gulf Coast at least as far as Alabama. Farther eastward, the <i>ferox</i> stock was isolated in more mesic, probably swampy, marshy habitats.</p> <p>Later, in the southwestern part of the range of the MSA stock -(southern Texas and northern México), the SA and <i>muticus</i> stocks +(southern Texas and northern México), the SA and <i>muticus</i> stocks were separated. The <i>muticus</i> stock occurred to the northeastward, and presumably no farther south than the area included within the present drainage basin of the Colorado River. Southward, the SA @@ -9850,7 +9812,7 @@ in habitat. Therefore, the progenitors of <i>ater</i> are considered to have undergone comparatively little differentiation.</p> <p>The <i>spinifer</i> stock, occurring principally in the area included -within the present drainage basin of the Río Grande, extended its +within the present drainage basin of the RÃo Grande, extended its geographic range eastward and became sympatric with <i>muticus</i> and <i>ferox</i>. An expansion of range necessarily demands more mesic conditions; these were perhaps afforded by the pluvials (wet, rainy @@ -9902,11 +9864,11 @@ of <i>muticus</i>. However, the juvenal pattern of the subspecies <i>muticus</i> that inhabits the Gulf Coast streams is slightly different (having less short lines) from that of <i>muticus</i> elsewhere.</p> -<p>The Río Grande (inhabited by <i>emoryi</i>) presumably had its own +<p>The RÃo Grande (inhabited by <i>emoryi</i>) presumably had its own exit to the Gulf whereas rivers westward to (and including) the Red River (inhabited by <i>pallidus-guadalupensis</i> cline) probably were joined near their mouths forming a large drainage system. -Hubbs (1957:93) pointed out that the Río Grande-Nueces divide +Hubbs (1957:93) pointed out that the RÃo Grande-Nueces divide also limits a large number of species of fish. The differentiation of <i>pallidus</i> and <i>guadalupensis</i> is possibly due to a difference in the salt content of waters that drain the Edward's Plateau (see page @@ -9931,15 +9893,15 @@ in molluscan fauna and as corroborated by physiographical evidence <p class="caption3">The Importance of the Study of Turtle Populations in Relation to the History of River Systems</p> -<p>In the Río Grande drainage the geographic distribution of the +<p>In the RÃo Grande drainage the geographic distribution of the population of <i>emoryi</i> having orange color in males is approximately the same as that of <i>Pseudemys scripta gaigeae</i>; the corresponding <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_589" id="Page_589">[589]</a></span> -distributions suggest that a part of the Río Grande drainage consisting -of the Río Conchos in Chihuahua and the Big Bend region +distributions suggest that a part of the RÃo Grande drainage consisting +of the RÃo Conchos in Chihuahua and the Big Bend region of Texas was isolated in former times. Accordingly, the known -aquatic chelonian fauna in the basin of Cuatro Ciénegas in central -Coahuila, México, is endemic (except <i>T. s. emoryi</i>). And the coincidence +aquatic chelonian fauna in the basin of Cuatro Ciénegas in central +Coahuila, México, is endemic (except <i>T. s. emoryi</i>). And the coincidence of the geographic ranges of <i>T. muticus calvatus</i> and <i>Graptemys pulchra</i> in the southeast suggest a former association of the included (Pearl to Escambia) river systems. The occurrence of @@ -10024,7 +9986,7 @@ and relative age of river systems.</p> <p>In North America, soft-shelled turtles (genus <i>Trionyx</i>) occur -in northern México, the eastern two-thirds of the United States, +in northern México, the eastern two-thirds of the United States, and extreme southeastern Canada. The genus fits the well-known Sino-American distributional pattern. In North America there are four species. Three (<i>ferox</i>, <i>spinifer</i> and <i>muticus</i>) are well-differentiated @@ -10078,7 +10040,7 @@ population the males have orange coloration. <i>T. s. emoryi</i> has been introduced into the Colorado River drainage of Arizona. <i>T. ater</i> most closely resembles <i>T. s. emoryi</i>, but shows alliance with <i>T. muticus</i> and <i>T. ferox</i>. <i>T. ater</i> is confined to ponds of crystal-clear -water in central Coahuila, México. <i>T. muticus</i> is completely +water in central Coahuila, México. <i>T. muticus</i> is completely sympatric with <i>spinifer</i>, and is composed of two subspecies (<i>muticus</i> and <i>calvatus</i>). <i>T. m. calvatus</i> shows no evidence of intergradation in the lower Mississippi River drainage with <i>T. m. muticus</i>, corresponding @@ -10095,7 +10057,7 @@ or <i>spinifer</i>. Small size and pallid coloration seem correlated with arid environments. The largest species (<i>ferox</i>) and the smallest population of <i>spinifer</i> (resembling <i>muticus</i>) both occur in the southernmost part of the range of the genus. Diurnal habits include -basking on shores or débris in water, floating at the surface, procuring +basking on shores or débris in water, floating at the surface, procuring food, and burrowing in shallow and deep water (no observations for <i>spinifer</i> and <i>muticus</i> in deep water). Softshells are principally carnivorous; the food consists mostly of crawfish and insects; @@ -10115,7 +10077,7 @@ of some nocturnal activity, and a general parallel in habits between trionychids and chelydrids. Softshells sometimes move overland; they move little in aquatic habitats. The normal annual period of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_593" id="Page_593">[593]</a></span> -activity of <i>spinifer</i> in latitudes 40° to 43° is approximately five +activity of <i>spinifer</i> in latitudes 40° to 43° is approximately five months from April into September, depending on the weather; they hibernate under a shallow covering of mud in deep water. The southernmost populations may be active throughout the year.</p> @@ -10178,7 +10140,7 @@ fossils are of Upper Cretaceous age.</p> <p>The interrelationships of the living species and subspecies suggest that the species <i>spinifer</i>, <i>ater</i>, and <i>muticus</i> are derivatives of a <i>ferox</i>-like ancestor, and that they differentiated in North America; most -differentiation occurs in southwestern Texas and northern México +differentiation occurs in southwestern Texas and northern México where characters of some populations indicate alliance with <i>ferox</i>. It is hypothesized that aridity in the late Tertiary effected specific differentiation by the modification and isolation of aquatic habitats. @@ -10273,7 +10235,7 @@ IV" (dorsal view of head of softshell), inserted between pages <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Baur, G.</span></p> -<p class="references">1887. Über die stellung der Trionychidae zu den übrigen Testudinata. +<p class="references">1887. Ãœber die stellung der Trionychidae zu den übrigen Testudinata. Zool. Anz., 10(242):96-102, January 17.</p> <p class="references">1888. Notes on the American Trionychidae. Amer. Nat., 22(264): @@ -10288,16 +10250,16 @@ May 5.</p> <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Bergounioux, M. F.-M.</span></p> -<p class="references">1932. Sur la place des <i>Trionyx</i> dans la classification des chéloniens. +<p class="references">1932. Sur la place des <i>Trionyx</i> dans la classification des chéloniens. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., 195(26):1407-09, December 27.</p> -<p class="references">1936. Sur l'origine du groupe des Trionychoidés. Compt. Rend. Acad. +<p class="references">1936. Sur l'origine du groupe des Trionychoidés. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., 203(21):1087-88, November 23.</p> -<p class="references">1937. Chéloniens fossiles du Kiméridgien du Cap de la Hève. Bull. Soc. +<p class="references">1937. Chéloniens fossiles du Kiméridgien du Cap de la Hève. Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. de Toulouse, 71(1-2):180-91, 2 figs., 2 pls., June 30.</p> -<p class="references">1952. Remarques due les chéloniens fossiles de la famille des Carettochelyidae. +<p class="references">1952. Remarques due les chéloniens fossiles de la famille des Carettochelyidae. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., 234(23):2302-04, June 4.</p> <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Beyer, G. E.</span></p> @@ -10561,7 +10523,7 @@ frontispiece.</p> <p class="author outdnt">* <span class="smcap">Daudin, F. M.</span></p> -<p class="references">1801. Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére des Reptiles. Paris, +<p class="references">1801. Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére des Reptiles. Paris, 2:1-432, 13 pls. (from Loveridge and Williams, 1957:511).</p> <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Deckert, R. F.</span></p> @@ -10627,9 +10589,9 @@ Univ. Arkansas Mus., No. 3:1-51, 1 map, July 15.</p> <p class="references">1958. Amphibians and reptiles of southern Florida. Bull. Florida St. Mus., 3(5):81-324, 28 figs.</p> -<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Duméril, A. M. C.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Bibron, G.</span></p> +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Duméril, A. M. C.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Bibron, G.</span></p> -<p class="references">1835. Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. +<p class="references">1835. Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Paris, 2:iv + 682 pp., 12 pls., 2 folding tables.</p> <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Dundee, H. A.</span></p> @@ -10691,8 +10653,8 @@ Sci., 1917 (1916), pp. 472-518, with minor changes.</p> <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Fitzinger, L.</span></p> -<p class="references">1835. Entwurf einer systematischen Anordnung der Schildkröten nach den -Grundsätzen der natürlichen Methode. Ann. Wiener Mus. +<p class="references">1835. Entwurf einer systematischen Anordnung der Schildkröten nach den +Grundsätzen der natürlichen Methode. Ann. Wiener Mus. Naturg., 1(1):103-128.</p> <p class="references">1843. Systema reptilium. Fasc. I. Ambyglossae. Vindobonae, vi + @@ -10753,13 +10715,13 @@ Herpetologica, 15(Pt. 3):141-143, September 10.</p> River drainage of Tennessee. Jour. Tennessee Acad. Sci., 16(3):329-332, July.</p> -<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É.</span></p> +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É.</span></p> -<p class="references outdnt">* 1809. Mémoire sur les tortues molles. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Philom., Paris, +<p class="references outdnt">* 1809. Mémoire sur les tortues molles. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Philom., Paris, 1(22):363-67, July (from Stejneger, 1944:27, and Loveridge and Williams, 1957:515).</p> -<p class="references">1809a. Mémoire sur les tortues molles, nouveau genre sous le nom de +<p class="references">1809a. Mémoire sur les tortues molles, nouveau genre sous le nom de <i>Trionyx</i>, et sur la formation des carapaces. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 14:1-20 pp., 5 pls., August.</p> @@ -10899,7 +10861,7 @@ proposed. Trans. Kansas Acad., Sci., 39:277-81.</p> <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Hoffman, C. K.</span></p> -<p class="references">1890. Reptilian. I. Schildkröten. <i>In</i> Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen +<p class="references">1890. Reptilian. I. Schildkröten. <i>In</i> Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. Leipzig, 6(3):1-442, 48 pls.</p> <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Holland, W. C.</span></p> @@ -10929,10 +10891,10 @@ Acad. Sci., 1940, 21:35-43.</p> <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Hummel, K.</span></p> -<p class="references">1929. Die fossilen weichschildkröten (Trionychia). Eine morphologisch-systematische -und stammesgeschichtliche studie. Geol. und Paläont. +<p class="references">1929. Die fossilen weichschildkröten (Trionychia). Eine morphologisch-systematische +und stammesgeschichtliche studie. Geol. und Paläont. Abh. N. F., 16(5):357-487, 34 figs. Abstract by K. Staesche in -Neu. Jahrb. Min., Geol. und Paläont., Referate III, 1929, pp. +Neu. Jahrb. Min., Geol. und Paläont., Referate III, 1929, pp. 768-72.</p> <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Hurter, J.</span></p> @@ -10964,9 +10926,9 @@ Agric., Tech. Bull. 147:1-36, December.</p> <p class="references">1956. County records of Testudinata collected in Georgia. Jour. Tennessee Acad. Sci., 31(4):322-24, October.</p> -<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Lacépède, B. G. E.</span></p> +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Lacépède, B. G. E.</span></p> -<p class="references">1788. Histoire naturelle des quadrupèdes ovipares et des serpens. Volume +<p class="references">1788. Histoire naturelle des quadrupèdes ovipares et des serpens. Volume I. Paris, 17 pp., 1 folding table, 651 pp., 1 folding table, 41 pls.</p> @@ -10997,7 +10959,7 @@ Acad. Sci., 1909, pp. 345-50.</p> <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Lesueur, C. A.</span></p> <p class="references">1827. Note sur deux especes de tortues du genre <i>Trionyx</i> Gffr. St. H. -Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:257-68, 2 pls.</p> +Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:257-68, 2 pls.</p> <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Linsdale, J. M.</span></p> @@ -11017,7 +10979,7 @@ Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:257-68, 2 pls.</p> <p class="references">1937. Amphibians and reptiles of the Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico. Copeia, 1937(4):216-22, December 31.</p> -<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Löding, H. P.</span></p> +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Löding, H. P.</span></p> <p class="references">1922. A preliminary catalogue of Alabama amphibians and reptiles. Geol. Surv. Alabama, Alabama Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 5:1-59 pp., September.</p> @@ -11067,13 +11029,13 @@ Field Columbian Mus. Publ. 93, Zool. Ser., 5:lxiii + 252, <p class="author outdnt">* <span class="smcap">Mertens, R.</span></p> -<p class="references">1928. Über die einwirkung der kulturlandschaft auf die verbreitung der +<p class="references">1928. Ãœber die einwirkung der kulturlandschaft auf die verbreitung der amphibien und reptilien. Zool. Garten Leipzig, N. S., 1(Pt. 5-6): 195-203 (from Biol. Absts., and Stejneger, 1944:47).</p> <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Mertens, R.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Wermuth, H.</span></p> -<p class="references">1955. Die rezenten schildkröten, krokodile und brückenechsen. Zool. +<p class="references">1955. Die rezenten schildkröten, krokodile und brückenechsen. Zool. Jahrb., 83(5):323-440, October 31.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_604" id="Page_604">[604]</a></span></p> @@ -11118,9 +11080,9 @@ Zool. Sumatrana, 40:1-2 (from Biol. Absts.).</p> <p class="references">1942. Notes on the herpetology of Payne County, Oklahoma. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci., 22:77-80.</p> -<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Müller, F.</span></p> +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Müller, F.</span></p> -<p class="references">1878. Katalog der im museum und universitätskabinet zu Basel aufgestellten +<p class="references">1878. Katalog der im museum und universitätskabinet zu Basel aufgestellten amphibien und reptilien nebst anmerkungen. Verh. der Natur. Ges. Basel, 6:557-709, 3 pls.</p> @@ -11387,7 +11349,7 @@ Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 29(6):97-115, February 23.</p> <p class="author outdnt">* <span class="smcap">Schneider, J. G.</span></p> -<p class="references">1783. Allgemeine Naturgeschichte der Schildkröten, nebst einem system. +<p class="references">1783. Allgemeine Naturgeschichte der Schildkröten, nebst einem system. Verzeichnisse der einzelnen arten. Leipzig, "2 Kpftaf. (wovon 1 illum.) gr. 8" (from Engelmann, W., 1846, Bibliotheca Historico-naturalis. 1700-1846, p. 422).</p> @@ -11405,7 +11367,7 @@ Mus. Leaflet, 26:1-21, 1 fig., 2 maps, 3 pls., May.</p> <p class="author outdnt">* <span class="smcap">Schweigger, A. F.</span></p> -<p class="references">1812. Monographiae cheloniorum. Königsberger Arch. Naturwiss. Math., +<p class="references">1812. Monographiae cheloniorum. Königsberger Arch. Naturwiss. Math., 1:271-368, 406-458 (from Loveridge and Williams, 1957:533).</p> <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Shields, L. M.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Lindeborg, R. G.</span></p> @@ -11426,11 +11388,11 @@ January.</p> <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Siebenrock, F.</span></p> -<p class="references">1902. Zur systematik der schildkrötenfamilie Trionychidae Bell, nebst +<p class="references">1902. Zur systematik der schildkrötenfamilie Trionychidae Bell, nebst der beschreibung einer neuen <i>Cyclanorbis</i>-art. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 91(1):807-46, 18 figs., October.</p> -<p class="references">1909. Synopsis der rezenten schildkröten, mit berücksichtigung der in +<p class="references">1909. Synopsis der rezenten schildkröten, mit berücksichtigung der in historischer zeit ausgestorbenen arten. Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. 10, Pt. 3, pp. 427-618.</p> @@ -11735,7 +11697,7 @@ County, Oklahoma, near Shawnee. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci., <p class="author"><span class="smcap">Wied-Neuwied, M. A. P.</span></p> <p class="references outdnt">* 1838. Reise in das innere Nord-America in den Jahren 1832 bis 1834. -Reise von Bethlehem nach Pittsburgh über die Alleghanys, vom +Reise von Bethlehem nach Pittsburgh über die Alleghanys, vom 17. September bis zum 7. October. Coblenz, pp. 121-42 (from Carr, 1952:527).</p> @@ -11932,8 +11894,8 @@ NNW San Saba, San Saba County, Texas.</p> <p class="caption2">PLATE 43</p> <img src="images/plate_43.png" width="421" height="602" alt="" /> <p class="fig_caption"><i>Trionyx spinifer emoryi</i>, dorsal views. <i>Top</i>—Juveniles; left, UMMZ 69411 -(× <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>), Río Conchos, 9 mi. N Linares, Nuevo León, México; right, UMMZ -69412 (× <sup>5</sup>/<sub>6</sub>), Río Purificación, north Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. +(× <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>), RÃo Conchos, 9 mi. N Linares, Nuevo León, México; right, UMMZ +69412 (× <sup>5</sup>/<sub>6</sub>), RÃo Purificación, north Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. <i>Bottom</i>—Adult males; left, topotype, TU 11561 (× <sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub>), Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas; right, KU 48217 (× <sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub>), Black River Village, Eddy County, New Mexico.</p> @@ -11944,7 +11906,7 @@ New Mexico.</p> <p class="caption2">PLATE 44</p> <img src="images/plate_44.png" width="422" height="603" alt="" /> <p class="fig_caption"><i>Trionyx spinifer emoryi</i>, dorsal views. <i>Top</i>—Left, adult male, KU 51194 -(× <sup>2</sup>/<sub>7</sub>), Río Conchos, near Meoquí, Chihuahua, México; right, female, KU +(× <sup>2</sup>/<sub>7</sub>), RÃo Conchos, near MeoquÃ, Chihuahua, México; right, female, KU 3119 (× <sup>4</sup>/<sub>9</sub>), Salt River, Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. <i>Bottom</i>—Females; left, KU 3118 (× <sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub>), locality same as KU 3119; right, TU 14453 (× <sup>3</sup>/<sub>10</sub>), Pecos River, near junction with Independence Creek, Terrell County, @@ -11993,8 +11955,8 @@ McCurtain County, Oklahoma, September 7, 1953.</p> <a name="Pl_48_2" id="Pl_48_2"></a> <img src="images/plate_48_f2.png" width="604" height="404" alt="" /> -<p class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span> Habitat of <i>T. s. emoryi</i>, Río Mesquites, 2 mi. W Nadadores, -Coahuila, México, July 27, 1959. Two <i>emoryi</i> were trapped in hoop +<p class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span> Habitat of <i>T. s. emoryi</i>, RÃo Mesquites, 2 mi. W Nadadores, +Coahuila, México, July 27, 1959. Two <i>emoryi</i> were trapped in hoop nets set in quiet water to left of what is believed to be a muskrat house.</p> </div> @@ -12008,8 +11970,8 @@ February 24, 1951.</p> <a name="Pl_49_2" id="Pl_49_2"></a> <img src="images/plate_49_f2.png" width="602" height="417" alt="" /> -<p class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span> Type locality of <i>T. ater</i>, Tío Candido, 16 km. S Cuatro Ciénegas, -Coahuila, México, July 30, 1959. An adult male of <i>T. s. emoryi</i> was also +<p class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span> Type locality of <i>T. ater</i>, TÃo Candido, 16 km. S Cuatro Ciénegas, +Coahuila, México, July 30, 1959. An adult male of <i>T. s. emoryi</i> was also netted here.</p> </div> @@ -12066,7 +12028,7 @@ Harmony, Posey County, Indiana. <i>Top</i>—Dorsal view. <i>Bottom</i>&mdas <p class="caption2">PLATE 54</p> <img src="images/plate_54.png" width="400" height="619" alt="" /> <p class="fig_caption">Skull of holotype of <i>Platypeltis agassizi</i> Baur (= <i>T. s. asper</i>), MCZ 37172 -(× 1), Savannah River, Georgia. <i>Top</i>—Dorsal view. <i>Bottom</i>—Ventral view.</p> +(× 1), Savannah River, Georgia. <i>Top</i>—Dorsal view. <i>Bottom</i>—Ventral view.</p> </div> <p class="center pt2 pb2">28-7818</p> @@ -12388,7 +12350,7 @@ supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows: <td> </td> <td class="tdr vtop">14.</td> <td class="justify">Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, - Nuevo León, México. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. + Nuevo León, México. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. December 19, 1958.</td> </tr> @@ -12436,7 +12398,7 @@ supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows: <td> </td> <td class="tdr vtop">20.</td> <td class="justify">Small carnivores from San Josecito Cave - (Pleistocene), Nuevo León, México. By E. Raymond Hall. + (Pleistocene), Nuevo León, México. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 531-538, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960.</td> </tr> @@ -12444,7 +12406,7 @@ supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows: <td> </td> <td class="tdr vtop">21.</td> <td class="justify">Pleistocene pocket gophers from San - Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, México. By Robert J. Russell. + Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, México. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 539-548, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960.</td> </tr> @@ -12538,7 +12500,7 @@ supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows: <td> </td> <td class="tdr vtop">9.</td> <td class="justify">A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus - sacki, from Michoacán, México. By William E. Duellman. + sacki, from Michoacán, México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 587-598, 2 figures in text. May 2, 1960.</td> </tr> @@ -12560,7 +12522,7 @@ supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows: <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></td> <td class="tdr vtop">1.</td> <td class="justify">The systematic status of the colubrid - snake, Leptodeira discolor Günther. By William E. Duellman. + snake, Leptodeira discolor Günther. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 1-9, 4 figures. July 14, 1958.</td> </tr> @@ -12616,7 +12578,7 @@ supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows: <tr> <td> </td> <td class="tdr vtop">8.</td> - <td class="justify">Birds from Coahuila, México. By Emil K. Urban. + <td class="justify">Birds from Coahuila, México. By Emil K. Urban. Pp. 443-516. August 1, 1959.</td> </tr> @@ -12690,7 +12652,7 @@ supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows: <td> </td> <td class="tdr vtop">2.</td> <td class="justify">A distributional study of the - amphibians of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, México. By William + amphibians of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 19-72, pls. 1-8, 3 figures in text. August 16, 1960.</td> </tr> @@ -12698,7 +12660,7 @@ supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows: <td> </td> <td class="tdr vtop">3.</td> <td class="justify">A new subspecies of the slider turtle - (Pseudemys scripta) from Coahulia, México. By John M. Legler. + (Pseudemys scripta) from Coahulia, México. By John M. Legler. Pp. 73-84, pls. 9-12, 3 figures in text. August 16, 1960.</td> </tr> @@ -12762,7 +12724,7 @@ supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows: <tr> <td class="tdr vtop">Vol. 14.</td> <td class="tdr vtop">1.</td> - <td class="justify">Neotropical bats from western México. + <td class="justify">Neotropical bats from western México. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 1-8. October 24, 1960.</td> </tr> @@ -12826,8 +12788,8 @@ supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows: <tr> <td class="tdr vtop">Vol. 15.</td> <td class="tdr vtop">1.</td> - <td class="justify">The amphibians and reptiles of Michoacán, - México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, + <td class="justify">The amphibians and reptiles of Michoacán, + México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figures in text. December 20, 1961.</td> </tr> @@ -12923,387 +12885,6 @@ FMSA-+ | +--Ss (<i>spinifer spinifer</i>) </table> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of North American Recent Soft-shelled -Turtles (Family Trionychidae), by Robert G. 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