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diff --git a/40031-h/40031-h.htm b/40031-h/40031-h.htm index 3e86d97..e97b171 100644 --- a/40031-h/40031-h.htm +++ b/40031-h/40031-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Nooks and Corners of English Life, by John Timbs. @@ -111,45 +111,7 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Nooks and Corners of English Life, Past and -Present, by John Timbs - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Nooks and Corners of English Life, Past and Present - -Author: John Timbs - -Release Date: June 20, 2012 [EBook #40031] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOOKS AND CORNERS OF ENGLISH *** - - - - -Produced by Annie R. McGuire. This book was produced from -scanned images of public domain material from the Internet -Archive. - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40031 ***</div> <hr class="chap" /> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 395px;"> @@ -203,13 +165,13 @@ Scenes and Incidents which illustrate great changes in Society, and tend to show, in different degrees, the Past as the guide for the Present and the Future.</p> -<p>The value and interest of Archæological studies in bringing home to our +<p>The value and interest of Archæological studies in bringing home to our very doors the information required of special localities, and their former life, have, it is hoped, been made available by the Author of this work, so far as to render it acceptable as well for the soundness of its information as for its entertaining character. The antiquary of old was but, in many instances, "a gatherer of other men's stuff;" -whereas the archæologist of the present day adds to the worth of +whereas the archæologist of the present day adds to the worth of antiquarian studies by placing their results in new lights, and thus extending the utility and amusement which they afford.</p> @@ -269,7 +231,7 @@ Railways—Country of the Brigantes—London of Roman origin—The Romans leave Britain—Roman London in Leadenhall Street—Mr. Roach Smith's Museum—Roman Wall, Pottery, and Glass—Roman City of Uriconium, Wroxeter, described—Owen Glendower's Oak—Shropshire -Legends of Giants—Silchester explored—Conquest by Cæsar: +Legends of Giants—Silchester explored—Conquest by Cæsar: Condition of the People then and now</p></blockquote> <h4><a href="#DOMESTIC_LIFE_OF_THE_SAXONS"><span class="smcap">Domestic Life of the Saxons</span>.</a></h4> @@ -553,7 +515,7 @@ homes of the people at different periods.</p> <p>The aboriginal Britons are described as dwelling in slight cabins of reeds and wattles, and in some instances in <i>caverns of the earth</i>, many sets of which, arranged with some degree of symmetry, antiquaries have -recognised; but Cæsar tells us that the maritime tribes had buildings in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> +recognised; but Cæsar tells us that the maritime tribes had buildings in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> the fashion of the Gauls—that is, of wood, of a circular figure, and thatched. Such towns as they had were clusters of huts erected on a cleared portion of the forest, which covered the greater part of the @@ -569,7 +531,7 @@ Chief.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class group of these abodes near Penzance, the most remarkable of all ancient British Caves hitherto discovered in Cornwall, and thus described by Mr. J. Edwards, to the Royal Institution of that county:—"Half of a mile -W.S.W. of Caër Bran, and four and a half miles W. by S. of Penzance, +W.S.W. of Caër Bran, and four and a half miles W. by S. of Penzance, there is, in the village of Chapel Euny, a cave, consisting for the most part of a deep trench, walled with stones, and roofed with huge slabs. It extends 30 feet from N.N.W. to S.S.E., and then branches eastward, @@ -630,8 +592,8 @@ erected as a protection from an attack by the land side, and to have been evidently the last retreat of the natives.</p> <p>Next was visited the Bosphrennis Bee-hive Hut, first brought to light by -the Cambrian Archæological Society: it was seen in clusters or villages -by Cæsar. And, on an eminence near the village of Porthemear, was found +the Cambrian Archæological Society: it was seen in clusters or villages +by Cæsar. And, on an eminence near the village of Porthemear, was found a large inclosed circle, now hidden by briars and thorns, which, on examination, showed the remains of several circular huts, leaving no doubt that here a considerable ancient British village had once existed.</p> @@ -642,7 +604,7 @@ some specimens in the Orkneys: they are rude and miserable dwellings underground, but they are supposed to be calculated for the requirements of a more advanced state of society than that of the dwellers in Picts' houses. A complete drawing of one of the Orkney specimens has been made, -and was exhibited to the British Archæological Association in 1866.</p> +and was exhibited to the British Archæological Association in 1866.</p> <div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> <img src="images/ill_004.jpg" width="400" height="281" alt="" /> @@ -735,7 +697,7 @@ inhabitants of Britain, as far as we know, were probably of that great family, the main branches of which, distinguished by the designation of Celts, spread themselves so widely over middle and western Europe. They crossed over from the neighbouring country of Gaul. At a later period, -the Belgæ, actuated by martial restlessness or the love of plunder, +the Belgæ, actuated by martial restlessness or the love of plunder, assailed the southern and western coasts of the island, and settled there, driving the Celts into the inland country. Lappenberg's life-like picture of the condition of these people is as follows:—</p> @@ -795,7 +757,7 @@ considerable regard to the changes of the moon. Their time was computed by nights, according to very ancient practice, by moons or months; and by years, when the planet had gone the revolutions of the seasons. That at least they knew the reversion of the seasons, as adapted to -agricultural purposes, is evident from the fact, that Cæsar landed in +agricultural purposes, is evident from the fact, that Cæsar landed in Britain on the 26th day of August, when he states that the harvest was all completed, excepting one field, which was more backward than the rest of the country.</p> @@ -808,10 +770,10 @@ symbolizing the triple aspect of God. The sacred herbs and plant, with another plant, hyssop, the emblem of fortitude in adversity, were gathered on the sixth day of the moon. The great festivals of Druidism were three: the solstitial festivals of the rise and fall of the year, -and the winter festival. At the spring festival, the bâltân, or sacred +and the winter festival. At the spring festival, the bâltân, or sacred fire, was brought down by means of a burning-glass from the sun. No hearth in the island was held sacred till the fire on it had been relit -from the bâltân. The bâltân became the Easter festival of Christianity, +from the bâltân. The bâltân became the Easter festival of Christianity, as the mid-winter festival, in which the mistletoe was cut with the golden sickle from the sacred oak, became Christmas. The mistletoe, with its three berries, was the symbol of the Deity in his triple aspect—its @@ -840,7 +802,7 @@ considered a safeguard against witches." (<i>W. Sandys, F.S.A.</i>)</p> <p>It is concluded that the Druids possessed some knowledge of arithmetic, using the Greek characters as figures, in the public and private -computations mentioned by Cæsar; they were not unacquainted with +computations mentioned by Cæsar; they were not unacquainted with mensuration, geometry, and geography, because, as judges, they decided disputes about the limits of fields, and are even said to have been engaged in determining the measure of the world. Their mechanical skill, @@ -886,7 +848,7 @@ hundred yards north of the great Temple.</p> Druidic temple, reared on the solitary plain long before Roman, Dane, or Saxon had set foot within the country. Still, Stonehenge was the work of two distinct eras: the smaller circles are attributed to the Celtic -Britons, and the other to the Belgæ. There is a common notion that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +Britons, and the other to the Belgæ. There is a common notion that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> stones cannot be counted twice alike; but when Charles II. visited Stonehenge in 1651, he counted and re-counted the stones, and proved to his satisfaction the fallacy of this notion.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> @@ -894,7 +856,7 @@ his satisfaction the fallacy of this notion.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_ <p>A few months since, Professor Nielson, in a paper read to the Ethnological Society, considered that Stonehenge was a temple of early fire-worshippers, and of pre-Druidical origin, and belonging to the -"Bronze Period" of the northern archæologists. The remains of +"Bronze Period" of the northern archæologists. The remains of Stonehenge, he remarked, are placed, not on the summit, but on the declivity of a hill surrounded by numerous barrows, from which bronze articles have been exhumed, with others of flint, but never any of iron. @@ -1049,7 +1011,7 @@ of animals and horns, it is not improbable that some rude endeavour decorated the armour of the Britons. Whatever their skill might be, it was, doubtless, greatly improved by the Romans, since their bas-reliefs and effigies have been found in different parts of the kingdom; and as -early as <span class="smcap">a.d</span>. 61, not twenty years after the invasion of Claudius Cæsar, +early as <span class="smcap">a.d</span>. 61, not twenty years after the invasion of Claudius Cæsar, a statue of Liberty was erected at Camulodunum, or Colchester.</p> <p>The early custom of painting the body has been incidentally mentioned. @@ -1060,7 +1022,7 @@ animals. It is doubtful whether in these arts they were improved by the Romans; since the delineation of deities, which Gildas mentions, on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> walls of the British houses, are said by him only to resemble demons.</p> -<p>Although Cæsar describes the natives of Britain as a hardy race of +<p>Although Cæsar describes the natives of Britain as a hardy race of shepherds, whose simple wants were provided for in their own country, even then the commerce of Britain was of considerable importance; since the tin of Cornwall, and the hides of the vast flocks of cattle, had @@ -1105,7 +1067,7 @@ ships of passage and war.</p> most ancient weapons were bows, reed-arrows with flint or bone heads, quivers of basket-work, oaken spears; and flint battle-axes, which are now considered to have been called <i>celts</i>, though there is no connexion -between this word and the name of the nation, Celtæ. The British forces +between this word and the name of the nation, Celtæ. The British forces included infantry, cavalry, and such as fought from war-chariots. The southern foot soldiers wore a coarse woollen tunic, and over it a cloak reaching below the middle, the legs and thighs being covered with close @@ -1159,7 +1121,7 @@ nearly eighteen centuries since.</p> <img src="images/ill_006.jpg" width="95" height="100" alt="" /> </div> -<p>rchæological information obtained of late years shows that at the time +<p>rchæological information obtained of late years shows that at the time of the Roman invasion, there was a larger amount of civilization in Ancient Britain than had been generally supposed: that in addition to the knowledge of the old inhabitants in agriculture, in the training and @@ -1196,7 +1158,7 @@ a ditch, the earth thrown inwards, forming a high mound, defended on the top with wooden palisades, but of these all vestiges have disappeared: in the middle of each side the entrance, from which a way led to the opposite gate; and at or near the outer action of the two ways, was the -Prætorium, the remains of which may frequently be traced. These camps +Prætorium, the remains of which may frequently be traced. These camps are not usually found on very high hills. The Britons, on the other hand, always occupied the highest ground, frequently an isolated hill, which they surrounded with deep trenches and a series of low terraces @@ -1227,7 +1189,7 @@ such an appropriation of one of its chalk ridges; and it may be inferred that the agger called the Hog's Back presented to the earliest inhabitants of Britain a natural causeway of solid chalk, covered with a soft verdant turf, peculiarly suited to the traffic of the British -chariots, and connecting the western Belgæ with the Cantii, and +chariots, and connecting the western Belgæ with the Cantii, and affording through them an access towards the continent at all seasons of the year. These advantageous peculiarities, no doubt, rendered it the grand strategic route by which an invading army would have penetrated to @@ -1268,7 +1230,7 @@ indicated by the great features of nature; and that, for the most part, the Roman ways followed and straightened the old tracks.</p> <p>"It is equally remarkable and significant that the Roman municipia and -coloniæ became the centres of Saxon and Anglican strength; and if in +coloniæ became the centres of Saxon and Anglican strength; and if in this day of the steam-engine their relative importance is less conspicuous, it is still a matter of English history. From the top of the Brigantian mountain we may reanimate the busy world which has long @@ -1405,7 +1367,7 @@ East India-house, in Leadenhall-street, the remains of a Roman room, <i>in situ</i> 19 ft. 6 in. below the present surface of the street, and 6 ft.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> below the lowest foundations of the India-house. The room was about 16 ft. square; the walls built of Roman bricks and rubble; the floor paved -with good red tesseræ, but without any ornamental pattern; the walls +with good red tesseræ, but without any ornamental pattern; the walls plastered and coloured in fresco of an agreeable tint, and decorated with red lines and bands. This was a small room, attached to the <i>atrium</i> of a large house, of which near the same spot a large and @@ -1414,7 +1376,7 @@ this pavement is now preserved in the Indian Museum at Whitehall. This was the most magnificent Roman tesselated pavement yet found in London. It lay at only 9½ ft. below the street, and appeared to have been the floor of a room 20 ft. square. In the centre was a Bacchus upon a tiger, -encircled with three borders (inflections of serpents, cornucopiæ, and +encircled with three borders (inflections of serpents, cornucopiæ, and squares diagonally concave), and drinking-cups and plants at the angles. Surrounding the whole was a square border of a bandeau of oak, and lozenge figures, and true lovers' knots, and a 5 ft. outer margin of @@ -1446,7 +1408,7 @@ trunk and thighs of a statue of Hercules, were dug up in 1806. In 1842 was found at Battle Bridge a Roman inscription, attesting the great battle between the Britons under Boadicea and the Romans under Suetonius Paulinus, to have been fought on this spot. Stamped tiles have been -found in various parts of the city. A group of the <i>Deæ Matres</i> was +found in various parts of the city. A group of the <i>Deæ Matres</i> was discovered in excavating a sewer in Hart-street, Crutched-friars, at a considerable depth, amongst the ruins of Roman buildings, and is now in the Guildhall Library. A fine sarcophagus was dug up in Haydon-square, @@ -1476,11 +1438,11 @@ several fragments of a flat and semi-transparent kind, which have every appearance of having been used as window-glass. And still more curious it is to find that specimens of a glass manufacture termed pillar-moulding, and for which Mr. James Green took out a patent, have -also turned up among the <i>débris</i> of the Roman city. Mr. Green's patent +also turned up among the <i>débris</i> of the Roman city. Mr. Green's patent had been worked for some years under the full belief that it was a modern invention, until Mr. Apsley Pellatt recognised in the fragments evidence of the antiquity of the supposed discovery.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> Among the -personal ornaments and implements of the toilet are the gold armillæ dug +personal ornaments and implements of the toilet are the gold armillæ dug up in Cheapside in 1837; the tweezers, nail-cleaners, mirrors, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> strigils of the city dames of Londinium; the worn-out sandals thrown upon the dust-heaps; the sporls, spindles, fishhooks, bucket-handles, @@ -1508,7 +1470,7 @@ interesting spot will be found in the <i>Philosophical Transactions</i> for the year 1701, where Lyster has described a Roman sudatory, or hypocaustum, discovered in Wroxeter in that year. It is strange that so important a locality should have remained unexplored during a century -and a half of archæological research. The present is the first instance +and a half of archæological research. The present is the first instance in which there has been in this country the chance of penetrating into a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> city of more than fourteen centuries ago, on so large a scale, and with such extensive remains of its former condition; where the visitor may @@ -1548,7 +1510,7 @@ haunt of wild beasts, which were then abundant. Thus Uriconium stood ruined and deserted from the middle of the fifth century to the middle of the twelfth; the level of the ground was raised by decaying floors and roofs, and vegetation; for at this time England was covered with the -<i>débris</i> of Roman ruined towns and villages standing above ground. Such +<i>débris</i> of Roman ruined towns and villages standing above ground. Such ruins were frequently pillaged for building materials; and Uriconium was probably one of the great quarries from which the builders of Haughmond Abbey, and other monastic houses in this part of the country, were @@ -1558,7 +1520,7 @@ supplied.</p> floors of the Roman houses is attributed to this cause. In the excavations at Wroxeter, we see the floor sometimes perfect, and sometimes broken up; the walls of the remaining houses, to the height of -two or three feet, as they were left by the mediæval builders, when they +two or three feet, as they were left by the mediæval builders, when they carried away the upper part of the walls for materials; the original level of the Roman town on which its inhabitants trod, strewed with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> roof-tiles and slates and other material which had fallen in during the @@ -1577,7 +1539,7 @@ unburnt coal; and from the end wall of this hypocaust we learn the interesting fact, that the Roman houses were plastered and painted externally as well as internally; the exterior wall was painted red, with stripes of yellow. A sort of dust-bin was found filled with coins, -hair-pins, fibulæ, broken pottery and glass, bones of birds and animals +hair-pins, fibulæ, broken pottery and glass, bones of birds and animals which had been eaten. In another hypocaust were the remains of three persons who had crept in there for concealment; near one lay a little heap of Roman coins, 132 in number, and a decomposed box or coffer. @@ -1624,7 +1586,7 @@ Romano-Salopian pottery is a red ware, and included bowls pierced all over with small holes so as to have served for colanders. Fragments of glass vessels were found, with a ladle, several knives, a stone knife-handle, and several whetstones. Hair-pins of bone, bronze, and -wood were found, with bronze fibulæ, buttons, finger-rings, bracelets, +wood were found, with bronze fibulæ, buttons, finger-rings, bracelets, combs, bone needles, and bronze tweezers for eradicating superfluous hairs. The most curious of the miscellaneous objects is a medicine-stamp for salves or washes for the eyes, inscribed with, probably, the name of @@ -1632,7 +1594,7 @@ a physician resident in Uriconium. The stones with Roman inscriptions, chiefly sepulchral, are numerous. The church, a Norman edifice, at Wroxeter contains amongst other architectural and sepulchral fragments two capitals, richly ornamented, of the late period of Roman -architecture which became the model of the mediæval Byzantine and +architecture which became the model of the mediæval Byzantine and Romanesque; also, a Roman <i>miliarium</i>, or mile-stone. The general result of these discoveries, is that they show the manner in which this country was inhabited and governed during nearly four centuries; we also learn, @@ -1650,7 +1612,7 @@ totally destroyed. Like the busy crowds who inhabited them, the edifices have sunk beneath the fresh and silent greensward: but the flinty wall which surrounded the city is yet firm, and the direction of the streets may be discerned by the difference of tint in the herbage; -and the ploughshare turns up the medals of the Cæsars, so long dead and +and the ploughshare turns up the medals of the Cæsars, so long dead and forgotten, who were once masters of the world.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> <p>Silchester, thirty-eight acres in extent, is now being excavated, at the @@ -1668,7 +1630,7 @@ since been able to find them; and some they carried with them into Gaul." With this passage the authentic history of Britain ceases for a period of nearly sixty years. The Roman power being finally withdrawn, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> state of society prevailed in the island, much the same as had existed -at the coming of Cæsar. The British cities formed themselves into a +at the coming of Cæsar. The British cities formed themselves into a varying number of independent states, usually at war among themselves, but occasionally united by some common danger into a confederacy under an elective chieftain. Such was Vortigern, who bears the reproach of @@ -1683,13 +1645,13 @@ one, couched in the most abject terms, is known in history as "The Groans of the Britons;" but the succour they received had no permanent effect on the contest.</p> -<p>In a retrospect of the Roman Era, the conquest of Cæsar is commonly +<p>In a retrospect of the Roman Era, the conquest of Cæsar is commonly referred to as the starting point in our social progress; and it has been thus felicitously illustrated by a leading writer of our time:—"If," he says, "we compare the present situation of the people of -England with that of their predecessors at the time of Cæsar's invasion; +England with that of their predecessors at the time of Cæsar's invasion; if we contrast the warm and dry cottage of the present labourer, its -chimney and glass windows (luxuries not enjoyed by Cæsar himself), the +chimney and glass windows (luxuries not enjoyed by Cæsar himself), the linen and woollen clothing of himself and his family, the steel and glass and earthenware with which his table is furnished, the Asiatic and American ingredients of his food, and, above all, his safety from @@ -1868,7 +1830,7 @@ were accustomed to wait upon their elders, and those unto whom they wished to show respect; therefore, the appearance of Rowena as the cup-bearer of the feast was neither unbecoming nor unseemly. And when the lady came near unto Vortigern, she said in her own Saxon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> -language—"<i>Wæs heal plaford Conung</i>;" which means, "Health to my Lord +language—"<i>Wæs heal plaford Conung</i>;" which means, "Health to my Lord the King." Vortigern did not understand the salutation of Rowena, but the words were explained to him by an interpreter. "<i>Drinc heal</i>," "Drink thou health," was the accustomed answer, and the memory of the event was @@ -2042,7 +2004,7 @@ of Nutfield, where fuller's-earth has been for centuries dug:—"While Bradford was still the little local centre of a wild hill tract in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> pastoral Yorkshire, the 'grey cloths of Kent' kept many a loom at work in the homesteads of Tenterden, and Biddenden, and Cranbrook, and all -the other little mediæval towns that dot the Weald with their carved +the other little mediæval towns that dot the Weald with their carved barge-boards and richly-moulded beams." (<i>Saturday Review</i>, No. 182.) The distaff and the spindle, which appear to have been anciently the type, and symbol, and the insignia of the softer sex in nearly every @@ -2071,7 +2033,7 @@ lefts" are only a very old fashion revived.</p> <p>The art of smelting iron was known in England during the Roman occupation; and in many ancient beds of cinders, the refuse of -iron-works, Roman coins have been found. Cæsar describes iron as being +iron-works, Roman coins have been found. Cæsar describes iron as being so rare in Britain, that pieces of it were employed as a medium of exchange; but a century later it had become common, since in Strabo's time it was an article of exportation. There is reason to believe that @@ -2162,13 +2124,13 @@ and game, poultry, venison, and pork, are often mentioned as elements of<span cl a luxurious banquet; but undoubtedly the common food of all classes was vegetable, flavoured with lard or bacon. Among the Romans the hare was held in great estimation. Alexander Severus had a hare daily served at -his table; yet Cæsar says that in his time the Britons did not eat the +his table; yet Cæsar says that in his time the Britons did not eat the flesh of hare.</p> <p>"The Romans, after their colonization of Britain, must have enjoyed its great supplies of fish; with them its fine oysters were celebrities. They were fattened in pits and ponds by the Romans, who obtained the -finest oysters from Ruterpiæ, now Sandwich, in Kent. The Roman epicures +finest oysters from Ruterpiæ, now Sandwich, in Kent. The Roman epicures iced their oysters before eating them; the ladies used the calcined shell as a cosmetic and depilatory. Apicius is said to have supplied Trajan with fresh oysters at all seasons of the year. The Romans, @@ -2190,7 +2152,7 @@ sea-hedgehogs, raw oysters, and asparagus; for the second, a fat fowl, with another plate of oysters and shell-fish; several species of dates, fig-peckers, roebuck, and wild boar, fowls encrusted with paste, and the purple shell-fish, then esteemed so great a delicacy. The third course -was composed of a wild-boar's head, of ducks, of a <i>compôte</i> of +was composed of a wild-boar's head, of ducks, of a <i>compôte</i> of river-birds, of leverets, roast-fowls, Ancona-cakes, called <i>panes picandi</i>," which must have somewhat resembled Yorkshire pudding. The old Romans had their fancy bread as well as the moderns, as loaves baked @@ -2292,7 +2254,7 @@ thrice a day on wheaten bread.</p> ages in the domestic herbal. The leaves are aromatic and bitter, but the root is much more so. The former were used by the Romans as pot-herbs; and appear to have been held in no mean repute in after times, from the -monkish line,—"<i>Elena campana reddit præcordia sana.</i>" When preserved, +monkish line,—"<i>Elena campana reddit præcordia sana.</i>" When preserved, it is still eaten as a cordial by Eastern nations; and the root is used in England to flavour the small sugar-cakes, which bear its name. It is tonic and stimulant.</p> @@ -2661,7 +2623,7 @@ shrine of St. Cuthbert, there offered it, with other possessions, to the saint. Bishop Flambard wrested the rich gift from the monastics, but restored it again on his death-bed. It continued in the peaceful possession of the monks till 1131. In that year they granted it, for an -annual rent of £4, to Dolphin, son of Ughtred, of the blood-royal of +annual rent of £4, to Dolphin, son of Ughtred, of the blood-royal of Northumberland. Whoever the original founder might have been, Dolphin's descendant, Robert filius Maldred, was Lord of Raby when, early in the thirteenth century, he married Isabel Neville, by the death of her @@ -2723,7 +2685,7 @@ feasts were held; and here,</p> <span style="margin-left: 21em;">Together sat in Raby's Hall."</span><br /> </p> -<p>When the British Archæological Association visited Raby in the autumn of +<p>When the British Archæological Association visited Raby in the autumn of 1865, the Duke of Cleveland, as the President of the Association, entertained some 200 guests at a sumptuous dinner, in which venison, venison pasties, and grouse were paramount. The kitchen is on a scale to @@ -2791,7 +2753,7 @@ giant named Ettin. This is a mere corruption of the name of the <i>eotenas</i>, or giants of Teutonic mythology.</p> <p>One of our most celebrated castles of defence is Corfe Castle, in -Dorset, a remarkable specimen of mediæval military architecture. The +Dorset, a remarkable specimen of mediæval military architecture. The earliest notice of this fortress is in an Anglo-Saxon charter of the year 948. In 981 Corfe was the scene of the murder of King Edward the Martyr. After the death of his father, Edgar, Elfrida, his widow, headed @@ -2856,7 +2818,7 @@ towers and moat. Its masonry is unrivalled.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor <p>Of one of these spacious castles we give a descriptive outline, chiefly from the paper read by Mr. J. H. Parker, on the visit of the -Archæological Institute to Windsor, in July 1866. Amongst the royal and +Archæological Institute to Windsor, in July 1866. Amongst the royal and palatial edifices of Europe, that of Windsor holds a very high rank, and is, in a manner, to England what Versailles is to France and the Escurial to Spain; and while it is infinitely superior to both in point @@ -2881,7 +2843,7 @@ doorways are of the same period, one of which is quite perfect, and opens into the inner foss. If Windsor Castle had been built in the fifth century by King Arthur, as was believed by Edward III. and the chronicler Froissart, the roads would have been on the level. They are -more likely of the time of Caractacus or Julius Cæsar. Edward the +more likely of the time of Caractacus or Julius Cæsar. Edward the Confessor is believed to have resided chiefly at Old Windsor, where some of the ancient earthworks certainly belong to a period before the Norman Conquest. William himself is said to have built a castle at Windsor, @@ -3160,7 +3122,7 @@ Consort, a short time previous to his death, at the cost of 1,000<i>l</i>.; besides rock crystal cups and beakers, the gold mounts studded with jewels, and the cups engraved and ornamented with flowers in silver<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> filigree. Two of the most splendid receptions at the castle in the -present reign, were the fêtes at the christening of the Prince of Wales +present reign, were the fêtes at the christening of the Prince of Wales in 1842, and the visits of Louis Philippe and some of his family in 1844: upon the latter occasion, the castle, seen from a distance, in the shades of an autumnal evening, with lights gleaming from nearly every @@ -3172,7 +3134,7 @@ picturesqueness of site rivalling the royal palace; it is one of the finest specimens in the kingdom of the ancient residences of our feudal nobles. Not only for its architecture, but for its scenic accessories, and the sylvan character of the surrounding grounds, Warwick Castle is -of almost matchless beauty. Of its archæology, on reference to the Pipe +of almost matchless beauty. Of its archæology, on reference to the Pipe Rolls, we find it first mentioned in the 19th of Henry II., when it was furnished and garrisoned, at an expense of 10<i>l</i>. (equal to 200<i>l</i>. now), on behalf of the king against his son, and so it remained in the @@ -3205,7 +3167,7 @@ the exquisite finish of its details. The collection of ancient and modern armour is very valuable. The great hall of the castle, in its appearance and furniture, retains much of its ancient character. Externally, the form of the building has sustained little alteration; -its site is a solid rock, in which the cellars are excavated. Cæsar's +its site is a solid rock, in which the cellars are excavated. Cæsar's Tower is the most ancient; Guy's Tower, of Decorated English character, is la fine preservation. In one of the greenhouses is the celebrated ancient marble vase brought to England by the Earl of Warwick, to whom @@ -3283,7 +3245,7 @@ the castle ruins: it was dismantled after the Civil War of Charles I.</p> <p>Kenilworth ruins remind one of a <i>puzzle</i>, a few of the pieces of which have been lost, but are so few as to be readily supplied. The ruins are principally Late Perpendicular, but there are some Norman portions. -Cæar's Tower, of which three sides remain, has walls sixteen feet thick. +Cæar's Tower, of which three sides remain, has walls sixteen feet thick. John of Gaunt's large and massive additions are in decay; and the Leicester Buildings, though comparatively modern, present, from the friable nature of the stone, an appearance of great antiquity: they @@ -3400,7 +3362,7 @@ the drawing-room is a stained glass window, by Eginton, representing the Duke and Duchess of Norfolk as King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba at a banquet! The renovation of the castle cost Charles Howard, the eleventh Duke of Norfolk, the large sum of 600,000<i>l</i>. Upon the completion of the -work in June, 1815, he gave a magnificent fête, which accelerated his +work in June, 1815, he gave a magnificent fête, which accelerated his death in December following. The appointments of the castle are very superb. The Duke of Norfolk received here, in 1846, a state visit from Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.</p> @@ -3801,7 +3763,7 @@ striking features. "The top beam of the Hall," in allusion to the position of his coat-of-arms, was a symbolical manner of drinking the health of the master of the house. At the upper end of the apartment, furthest from the entrance, the floor was usually raised a step, and -this part was styled the <i>daïs</i>, or high place. On one side of the daïs +this part was styled the <i>daïs</i>, or high place. On one side of the daïs was a deep embayed window, reaching nearly down to the floor; the other windows ranged along one or both sides of the Hall, at some height above the ground, so as to leave room for wainscoting, or arras, below them. @@ -3825,7 +3787,7 @@ other furniture; every man of rank, whether civil or ecclesiastical, was in the habit of travelling with all his retinue, from one estate to another, so as to consume the produce of each estate upon the spot. It is this custom, or rather necessity, which explains the multitude of -manorial houses possessed by every mediæval magnate, and the constant +manorial houses possessed by every mediæval magnate, and the constant migrations from one to the other. Royal writs and documents are frequently dated from the most insignificant places where the court, on its progress from one royal manor to another, might happen to be @@ -3948,7 +3910,7 @@ gables, and corbelled attics, to the east end of the Hall, retains the<span clas designation of the Buttery. There is a view of the Hall by Buck, dated 1735, which represents a great portion of the palace, with its quaint water-towers and moated walls still standing; but, although Parliament -in 1827 spent £700 upon the repairs, the state of the Hall is sad enough +in 1827 spent £700 upon the repairs, the state of the Hall is sad enough now: full of litter of every sort, its windows unglazed or bricked up; with damp fastenings in the naked walls, and rough rafters stretching across from side to side, and reaching above the corbels. It is now @@ -3957,7 +3919,7 @@ feet in length, 55 in height, and 36 feet broad. But the windows now admit broad streams of cheerful sunshine, which light up the thick trails of ivy that flow over the empty panes; its deep bay-window, now stripped of glazing, but enriched with groining and tracery which -flanked the daïs, betoken the progress which elegance and security had +flanked the daïs, betoken the progress which elegance and security had made at the period of their erection: the lofty walls continue to support a high pitched roof of oak, in tolerable preservation, with hammer-beams, carved pendants, and braces supported on corbels of hewn @@ -4062,7 +4024,7 @@ curiously carved wood; all the fair and rich rooms and lodgings in the spacious tower not long since built, and repaired at great cost by Leicester. "The priuate, plaine, retiring-chamber wherein o<sup>r</sup> renowned Queene of euer famous memory, alwayes made choice to repose her Selfe. -Also the famous, strong old tower, called Julius Cæsar's, on top whereof +Also the famous, strong old tower, called Julius Cæsar's, on top whereof was view'd the pleasant, large Poole continually sporting and playing on the Castle: the Parke, and the fforest contiguous thereto." Kenilworth has been already described at pp. <a href='#Page_101'><b>101-103</b></a>.</p> @@ -4258,7 +4220,7 @@ strangely at variance with that of the heat philosopher already quoted.</p> <p>We are now approaching the age of Chimneys. A practical writer has thus pictured the domestic contrivance, <i>ad interim</i>: "The hearth recess was generally wide, high, deep, and had a large flue. The hearth, usually -raised a few inches above the floor, had sometimes a halpas or daïs made +raised a few inches above the floor, had sometimes a halpas or daïs made before it, as in the King's and Queen's chambers in the Tower. Before the hearth recess, or on the halpas, when there was one, a piece of green cloth or tapestry was spread, as a substitute for the rushes that @@ -4294,7 +4256,7 @@ sound remembrance. One is the multitude of chimneys lately erected; whereas, in their younger days, there was not about two or three, if so many, in most uplandish towns of the realm (the religious houses and manor places of the lords always excepted, and peradventure some great -personage's); but each made his fire against a reré-dosse in the hall, +personage's); but each made his fire against a reré-dosse in the hall, where he dined and dressed his meat."</p> <p>Numerous instances, however, remain of fireplaces and chimneys of the @@ -4776,7 +4738,7 @@ carpenters, plasterers, and tilers, for works in the Queen's chamber, for making a staircase from the chamber to the chapel, &c. Afterwards we find half-yearly payments of twenty-five shillings and twopence to the Prioress of St. Helen's, in London, as rent for the Queen's house in -Lombard Street; a purchase of two small "catastæ," or cages, for birds, +Lombard Street; a purchase of two small "catastæ," or cages, for birds, in the Queen's chamber; and of hemp-seed for the same birds. From an entry under Gifts, it appears that two small birds were given to Isabella by the King, on the 26th of November. Next are payments for @@ -4848,7 +4810,7 @@ the King, and a present of three pipes of wine; a messenger from the King, with three casks of Gascon wine; another messenger from the King, with a present of small birds; John of Paris, coming from the King of France to the Queen at Hertford, and returning with two volumes of -Lancelot and the Sang Réal, sent to the same King by Isabella; a +Lancelot and the Sang Réal, sent to the same King by Isabella; a messenger bringing a boar's head and breast from the Duke of Lancaster, Henry Plantagenet; William Orloger, Monk of St. Albans, bringing to the Queen several quadrants of copper; a messenger bringing a present of a @@ -4892,7 +4854,7 @@ several divisions of the account are:—</p> <div class="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="8" summary=""> -<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="center">£</td><td align="center"><i>s</i>.</td><td align="center"><i>d</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="center">£</td><td align="center"><i>s</i>.</td><td align="center"><i>d</i>.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">The Household Expenses amount to</td><td align="right">4,014</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">11½</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Alms</td><td align="right">298</td><td align="right">18</td><td align="right">7½</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Necessaries</td><td align="right">1,395</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">11</td></tr> @@ -5114,7 +5076,7 @@ one Mrs. Joyce Jefferies, of whose singular establishment, during nine years, a minute record has been preserved. In a cathedral town, olden features of English life may be traced more considerably than in other towns of less antiquity and extent. Hereford is thought to be derived -from the British Hêre-fford, signifying the "old road." It has its +from the British Hêre-fford, signifying the "old road." It has its Mayor's Court, view of Frankpledge, and court of Pie Pondre; though it has lost its monastic edifices; and, two centuries ago, its castle, built by Harold, was in ruins, which, as materials, were worth no more @@ -5560,7 +5522,7 @@ wardrobe."<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50 <img src="images/ill_018.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> </div> -<p>rom the old accounts of the Laundry we gather some idea of mediæval +<p>rom the old accounts of the Laundry we gather some idea of mediæval clothing and personal cleanliness. Four shirts was a large allowance for a nobleman in the fifteenth century; and youths of noble rank were sent to college without a change of linen. It is upon record that Bishop @@ -5578,9 +5540,9 @@ French bed.</p> appliances of tapestried hangings were far inferior to the modern devices of double walls, sashes, and French casements, &c. as means of excluding draughts of air. But then the costume was suited to the -houses. The modern drawing-room life was scarcely possible in a mediæval +houses. The modern drawing-room life was scarcely possible in a mediæval mansion. It was a necessity to dress more warmly; and, as may be seen in -very many mediæval illuminations, almost every one, of either sex, went +very many mediæval illuminations, almost every one, of either sex, went with covered heads. Just in the same way, in a modern farm-house or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> cottage, it is common enough for hats and bonnets to be worn habitually indoors.</p> @@ -5649,7 +5611,7 @@ the bed; and the sturdy oaken bedstead and furniture of the house lasted one whole century; the shovel-board and other long tables, both in hall and parlour, were as fixed as the freehold; nothing was movable save joint-stools, the black jacks, silver tankards, and bowls.... The -virgins and young ladies of that golden age, <i>quæsiverunt lanam et +virgins and young ladies of that golden age, <i>quæsiverunt lanam et linum</i>, put their hands to the spindle, nor disdained they the needle; were obsequious and helpful to their parents, instructed in the managery of the family, and gave presages of making excellent wives. Their @@ -5724,7 +5686,7 @@ haberdashers, who came here <i>late</i> from the Chepe, however, sold pins.</p> <p>Yet vast quantities of early pins have been recovered from the Thames near the site of the old Bridge. In 1864, Mr. Burnell exhibited to the -British Archæological Association fifteen brass pins, varying in length +British Archæological Association fifteen brass pins, varying in length from one inch and three-eighths to five inches and a half, stated to have been found on the paper on which they now are, in a cellar on the northern bank of the Thames, in excavating for the foundations of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> @@ -5751,8 +5713,8 @@ the use of ladies received the name of <i>pin-money</i>.</p> with pins; from whence the term of <i>pin-money</i> has been, undoubtedly, applied by us to that provision for married women, with which the husband is not to interfere. In Bellon's <i>Voyages</i>, 1553, we -read:—"Quand nous donnons l'argent a quelque chambrière, nous <i>disons -pour ses épingles</i>."</p> +read:—"Quand nous donnons l'argent a quelque chambrière, nous <i>disons +pour ses épingles</i>."</p> <p>Pins must soon have been made and sold at a very cheap rate, to justify the common remark, "Not worth a pin," and equivalent expressions in some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> @@ -6155,7 +6117,7 @@ the side upon which the fruit or comfits were laid, is smooth and clear, without varnish or colour. These curious fruit-trenchers were found amongst a variety of old articles at Elmley Castle, Worcestershire, about forty years since. They were exhibited during the Meeting of the -Archæological Institute at Winchester, in 1845, and brought to light +Archæological Institute at Winchester, in 1845, and brought to light other sets of fruit-trenchers. One of these, belonging to Jervoise Clarke Jervoise, Esq., of Idsworth Park, Hants, consisted of ten trenchers, in the form of roundels, ornamented like those just @@ -6229,7 +6191,7 @@ classes in our own country, towards its close.</p> <p>The wooden fruit-trencher was not, however, wholly disused during the seventeenth century; and amongst sets of roundels which may be assigned to the reign of James I. or Charles I. may be mentioned a set exhibited -in the Museum formed during the meeting of the Archæological Institute +in the Museum formed during the meeting of the Archæological Institute at York, in 1846. They were purchased at a broker's shop at Bradford, Yorkshire: in dimensions they resemble the trenchers of the reign of Elizabeth, already described; but their decoration is of a more ordinary @@ -6352,7 +6314,7 @@ Spanish war, in the reign of George II.</p> <p> <span style="margin-left: 21em;">"A Cheshire-man sailed into Spain,</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 22em;">To trade for merchandise:</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 21em;">When he arrivèd from the main</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 21em;">When he arrivèd from the main</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 22em;">A Spaniard him espies.</span><br /> <br /> <span style="margin-left: 21em;">"Who said, 'You English rogue, look here—</span><br /> @@ -6488,7 +6450,7 @@ was the favourite fluid of the Anglo-Saxons and Danes, whom we have seen descend in turn on Great Britain. Before their conversion to Christianity, they believed that one of the chief felicities the heroes admitted after death into Odin's paradise enjoyed, was to drink long -draughts of ale from tall cups. Archæologians have made learned and +draughts of ale from tall cups. Archæologians have made learned and laborious researches to recover the history of beer in Great Britain: it will be sufficient for us to say, that in Wales, ale, even small, was formerly regarded as a luxury, and was only seen on the tables of the @@ -6978,8 +6940,8 @@ required to carry goods in a poke, pouch, or bag. In the Channel Islands, on the first spring-tide after the 24th of June, the poor who possess neither cart nor horse have the exclusive right to cut <i>vraic</i> (wrack, sea-weed), on consideration that it is conveyed on their backs -to the beach. Thus cut and conveyed it is called <i>vraic à la poche</i>, and -distinguished from <i>vraic à cheval</i>.</p> +to the beach. Thus cut and conveyed it is called <i>vraic à la poche</i>, and +distinguished from <i>vraic à cheval</i>.</p> <p>When fish was wanted at Rochester, the tenants of the four hydes of Hedenham and Cuddington, near Aylesbury, were called out; two of the @@ -7033,7 +6995,7 @@ attached to it: the rope may have been used to stop the way. The ward-staff was a type of authority, cut and carried with peculiar ceremony, and treated with great reverence.</p> -<p>The duties of the beadle (Saxon, <i>bydel</i> or <i>bædel</i>), in ancient times, +<p>The duties of the beadle (Saxon, <i>bydel</i> or <i>bædel</i>), in ancient times, lay more on the farm than in the law-court, the state procession, or in the parochial duties of punishing petty offenders, as in the present day.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> In many places, the bedelry and the haywardship were held @@ -7095,7 +7057,7 @@ merchants' marks are at Norwich and Yarmouth. At Holstein, within the memory of man, the beams of the cottages of the bond-servants were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> incised with the marks of their masters. A pastor, writing from Angeln, says, "The hides had their marks, which served instead of the names of -their owners." In the island of Föhr, a little to the north of Ditmarsh, +their owners." In the island of Föhr, a little to the north of Ditmarsh, the mark, cut on a wooden ticket, is always sold with the house; and it is cut in stone over the door; and the same custom is still in use in Schleswig and Holstein. In the Tyrolese Alps, at the present day, the @@ -7134,7 +7096,7 @@ Franks, Goths, and Germans, in the ninth and tenth centuries, on the transfer of land, with the <i>signum</i> cut on a piece of wood, was originally intended for notching the mark on the wood, in the same manner as the inkstand and pen were lifted up with the chart, as symbols -of a transfer of land. Among the archives of Nôtre Dame, at Paris, is +of a transfer of land. Among the archives of Nôtre Dame, at Paris, is preserved a pointed pocket-knife of the eleventh century, on the ivory handle of which is engraved the record of a gift of land; and at the same place is preserved a piece of wood, of the ninth century, six @@ -7287,7 +7249,7 @@ imitation of the Sainte Chapelle, in its immediate neighbourhood. It is true that it contains no building of the first rank; but it exhibits an almost infinite variety, under the influence of accidental yet harmonious grouping, which has a charm more akin to that of nature than -that of art. In its æsthetical as well as in its moral aspect, it +that of art. In its æsthetical as well as in its moral aspect, it betrays a strong spirit of Conservatism, and, occasionally, one of studied Revivalism. We see in Oxford the shadow of the Middle Ages projected far into the region of modern life. A College is a strange @@ -7297,7 +7259,7 @@ Protestant founders cast their institutions in the mould of Wykeham and Waynflete: the scholastic system appears to have been a living thing at the beginning of the last century, and its ghost still haunts the academic shades. These facts have their parallel in the architecture of -Oxford. The revival of mediæval art, which we have ourselves witnessed, +Oxford. The revival of mediæval art, which we have ourselves witnessed, had its precursors here in the early part of the seventeenth century. Nowhere in England—we may almost say, nowhere in Europe—shall we find such good and pure Gothic, built at a time when the style was defunct @@ -7347,7 +7309,7 @@ and is a relic of the ages of Romanism.</p> <p>The May-pole still lingers in the village of St. Briavel's, in the picturesque forest of Dean. In the village of Burley in the New Forest,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> -a May-pole is erected, a fête given to the school children, and a +a May-pole is erected, a fête given to the school children, and a May-queen is chosen by lots; a floral crown surmounts the pole, and garlands of flowers hang about the shaft. Among other late instances are recorded a May-pole, eighty feet high, on the village-green of West @@ -7525,7 +7487,7 @@ cakes were sold weekly; large quantities being shipped to America, India, and even Australia.</p> <p>The cakes are now more widely sold than formerly, when the roadside inns -were the chief depôts. We remember the old galleried Three Cranes inn at +were the chief depôts. We remember the old galleried Three Cranes inn at Edgware, noted for its fresh supplies of Banbury cakes; as were also the Green Man and Still, and other taverns of Oxford Road, now Oxford Street.</p> @@ -7756,7 +7718,7 @@ Salisbury, second son of Lord Burghley.</p> has been suggested that the appearance of the foremost is much that of the portraits of Shakspeare, and the head behind him is not unlike that of Ben Jonson. Nor would there be any improbability in the idea of -Shakspeare and Jonson being present at such a fête, as Shakspeare lived +Shakspeare and Jonson being present at such a fête, as Shakspeare lived in St. Saviour's, and is very likely to have been invited to a festival<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> in the adjoining parish; but the date of the picture is somewhat too early to be consistent with that notion.</p> @@ -7879,7 +7841,7 @@ characteristics of the olden festivals. The only vestiges which distinguish them are the booths, clowns, and drinking bouts; and these amusements are only indulged in by children and the lowest class of the population. Among the features recently introduced in connexion with -district Wakes may be enumerated out-door fêtes, flower-shows, bazaars, +district Wakes may be enumerated out-door fêtes, flower-shows, bazaars, and excursions. Temperance Societies and Working Men's Institutes select Wake-time for their celebrations. Two of the most successful exhibitions ever held in the district were inaugurated at the Wakes of Willenhall, @@ -7965,10 +7927,10 @@ age.</p> <p>From Neckam we learn how great was the love for animals in the Middle Ages; how ready people, apparently of all classes, were to observe and note the peculiarities of animated nature, and especially how fond they -were of tamed and domestic animals. We see that the mediæval castles and +were of tamed and domestic animals. We see that the mediæval castles and great mansions were like so many menageries of rare beasts of all kinds. It is in the stories told by Neckam, also, that we become more than ever -acquainted with the attachment of our mediæval forefathers to the chase, +acquainted with the attachment of our mediæval forefathers to the chase, and to all the animals connected with it. Beginning with the King of Birds, the Eagle, however, he offers no new facts; though he makes it the subject of numerous moralisings. With the lesser birds of prey he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> @@ -8124,7 +8086,7 @@ from the vengeance of the Queen, he removed her successively to various places of greater or less security. But the most famous of all, and with which her name is more than with all others associated, was her retreat at Woodstock. It was here that Henry built a chamber, which Brompton -describes as of wondrous architecture—resembling the work of Dædalus; +describes as of wondrous architecture—resembling the work of Dædalus; in other words, a labyrinth or maze. A manuscript of Robert of Gloucester, in the Heralds' Office, says that—</p> @@ -8200,12 +8162,12 @@ unhappy contrast which death had effected:—</p> <p> <span style="margin-left: 21em;">"Hic jacet in tumba Rosa mundi, non Rosa munda;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 21em;">Non redolet, sed olet, quæ redolere solet."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 21em;">Non redolet, sed olet, quæ redolere solet."</span><br /> </p> <p>This tomb remained, an object of interest and respect, until the dissolution of the house. It was then destroyed, and a stone was -discovered within it, bearing the simple inscription, "<span class="smcap">Tumba Rosamundæ</span>." +discovered within it, bearing the simple inscription, "<span class="smcap">Tumba Rosamundæ</span>." The bones were found undecayed, and on the opening of the leaden coffin which contained them, "there was a very swete smell came out of it." Another eye-witness described it as having "enterchangeable weavings @@ -8287,7 +8249,7 @@ God Almighty of her soul have mercy. Amen."<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor <p>The history of this unhappy lady, of whom the reader now possesses all that can be gathered from olden sources, and more, perhaps, than can be -accepted as true, was a favourite subject of Mediæval romance; and all +accepted as true, was a favourite subject of Mediæval romance; and all kinds of embellishments were imported into the story in order to impress a salutary caution against any imitation of the heroine. The story of her being poisoned by Queen Eleanor is of comparatively modern @@ -8364,7 +8326,7 @@ inveighed against it so discreetly, with such witty persuasions and deep reasons, that the same could take no effect."</p> <p>Although the charge of treason was for the present abandoned, Wolsey was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> -indicted for a <i>præmunire</i>, the result of which was, to place him at the +indicted for a <i>præmunire</i>, the result of which was, to place him at the King's mercy as to all his goods and possessions. Whilst his enemies were thus steadily pursuing their schemes for his destruction, the King betrayed occasional symptoms of returning favour, sending him gracious @@ -8782,7 +8744,7 @@ transaction, and, on their evidence, revoking the settled deliberate verdict of past centuries. The vast accession of materials of this kind<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> obtained of late years, is truly surprising. There is likewise another means of verifying the dates, places, and names, of great events: we -mean in the visits of archæologists to the sites, and the comparison of +mean in the visits of archæologists to the sites, and the comparison of the actual localities with recorded details; proceedings of the most pleasurable and intellectual kind.</p> @@ -8850,7 +8812,7 @@ him, had not the younger one called him scoundrel for his meditated flight; the prayerful eve in the one camp and the carousing eve in the other, "with wassails and drinkhails;" the exploits of valiant knight Taillifer between the lines; how the Normans shot high in air to blind -the enemy; and the dreadful <i>mêlée</i> in the "blind ditch Malfosse +the enemy; and the dreadful <i>mêlée</i> in the "blind ditch Malfosse shadowed with reed and sedge;" and the Conqueror's hearty after-battle meal, when he was chaired among the dying and the dead; and that exquisitely pathetic touch of story which tells how Edith, the @@ -8877,7 +8839,7 @@ the department of Calvados, in Normandy. It was near this town, at the mouth of the Dives, that William and his companions in arms met previous to their embarkation for the subjugation of England. The very spot was already marked by a column erected in 1861, by M. de Caumont, the -eminent Norman savant and archæologist; and the fête in August, 1862, +eminent Norman savant and archæologist; and the fête in August, 1862, was held under the auspices of the same learned gentleman. The commemoration was intended to be international, and a public invitation was given to the English residents in the locality; but, from some @@ -8890,7 +8852,7 @@ feel prouder still to belong, and which may be said to form the very household words of our glory—the roll, in fact, of what has since been the best and bravest aristocracy in the universe?"</p> -<p>The fête commenced by a meeting in the Market-hall of Dives, which was +<p>The fête commenced by a meeting in the Market-hall of Dives, which was characteristically decorated; one of the objects being a large picture of the construction and embarkation of William's fleet, painted from the Bayeux Tapestry. The Dives Roll is deposited within the church, over the @@ -8898,7 +8860,7 @@ principal entrance. It differs from the Battle Abbey Roll in this<span class="pa respect, that the latter is the roll of those who actually fought at Hastings, and the former is the roll of those who assembled for the expedition, and were otherwise engaged in furthering the conquest of -England. The roll is printed in the <i>Bulletin de la Societé des +England. The roll is printed in the <i>Bulletin de la Societé des Antiquaires de Normandie</i>, and in the <i>Vicissitudes of Families</i>, third series.</p> @@ -9018,9 +8980,9 @@ and Queries</i>, 2nd S., No. 150, has shown also that the Ordnance Map is not altogether to be relied upon as a guide to the various localities connected with the battle of Bosworth.</p> -<p>Mr. Syer Cuming, F.S.A., in a paper read to the British Archæological +<p>Mr. Syer Cuming, F.S.A., in a paper read to the British Archæological Association, in 1862, has grouped these interesting Memorials of Richard -III. On this occasion, the archæologists proceeded from Leicester to the +III. On this occasion, the archæologists proceeded from Leicester to the battle-field; and a considerable accession to the number being received at Bosworth, the procession extended upwards of half-a-mile in length. On arriving at the field, large numbers of people had preceded the @@ -9153,7 +9115,7 @@ for Richmond:—</p> <p> <span style="margin-left: 21em;">"Young Howard single with an army fights;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 21em;">When, moved with pity, two renownèd knights,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 21em;">When, moved with pity, two renownèd knights,</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 21em;">Strong Clarendon and valiant Conyers, try</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 21em;">To rescue him, in which attempt they die.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 21em;">Now Surrey, fainting, scarce his sword can hold,</span><br /> @@ -9879,7 +9841,7 @@ English regiment serving in Flanders) joined the King's army at Brentford; but that he had not the temperament of a hero we may judge from the fact that, on the day before the battle of Edgehill was fought, after seeing Portsmouth delivered up to Sir William Waller, "he was able -to make a careful archæological survey of the city of Winchester, calmly +to make a careful archæological survey of the city of Winchester, calmly noting its castle, church, school, and King Arthur's Round Table." Knowing this characteristic trait, we are not surprised that he left his distracted country for the pleasures of foreign travel. On returning @@ -9888,7 +9850,7 @@ wife, the daughter of the Ambassador, Sir Richard Browne. He married her when she was little more than fourteen, and some months afterwards left her, as he admits, "still very young," under the appropriate care<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> of her mother, whilst he transacted business in England. The Prince de -Condé besieged Paris, and a year and a half elapsed before Evelyn +Condé besieged Paris, and a year and a half elapsed before Evelyn rejoined his wife.</p> <p>Upon their return to England, they took up their abode at Sayes Court, @@ -9904,7 +9866,7 @@ moon, wind west." Evelyn next planned a royal garden to comprehend embossments, labyrinths, dedals, cabinets, cradles, close-walks, galleries, pavilions, porticoes, lanterns, and other relievos of topiary and hortular architecture; fountains, cascades, piscines, rocks, grotts, -cryptæ, mounts, precipices, and ventiducts; gazon-theatres, artificial +cryptæ, mounts, precipices, and ventiducts; gazon-theatres, artificial echoes, automate and hydraulic music."</p> <p>When Evelyn left Sayes to pass the remainder of his days at Wotton, he @@ -10153,7 +10115,7 @@ his former pupil, Strode. Markland died at Milton Court in 1776, in his eighty-third year; and Strode placed a brass plate in the chancel of Dorking Church in memory of the learning and virtue of Markland. He left his books and papers to Dr. Heberden. The story of old Jeremiah's -charity is very naïve:—"Poor as I am," said he, "I would rather have +charity is very naïve:—"Poor as I am," said he, "I would rather have pawned the coat on my back than have left the afflicted good woman and her children to starve,"—an episode of charity and friendship which has its sweet uses.</p> @@ -10695,14 +10657,14 @@ eastern counties. The large tumuli and barrows which remain, pertain to a much later era of our history; generally to the Roman and Saxon periods, when the use of bronze and iron became known.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p> -<p>At a recent meeting of the Norwich Archæological Society, the members<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> +<p>At a recent meeting of the Norwich Archæological Society, the members<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> made an excursion to Brandon and neighbourhood, and at Grime's Graves Mr. Manning read a paper on the Graves, in which he maintained that this irregularly-shaped cluster of holes are ancient British dwellings, forming the remains of an ancient town. Each hole was lined with a layer of stones, and, when inhabited, roofed over with boughs or grass. The term "graves" means pits or holes, and the name "Grime's" was probably -derived from "Græme," the Saxon for witch, or rather for anything +derived from "Græme," the Saxon for witch, or rather for anything supernatural. Thus the term "Grime's Graves" meant "Witches' Work." After leaving Grime's Graves, the party examined the Devil's Dyke, a long and extensive fosse and bank, supposed to have been made by the @@ -10743,7 +10705,7 @@ Roman spectators, or half the number contained in the Colosseum at Rome. Again, the stones of Stonehenge have exhibited, when their tenons and mortices have been first exposed, the working of a well-directed steel point, beyond the workmanship of barbarous nations. Stonehenge is not -mentioned by Cæsar or Ptolemy, and its historical records commence in +mentioned by Cæsar or Ptolemy, and its historical records commence in the fifth century. On the whole, Mr. Rickman is induced to conclude that the era of Abury is the third century, and that of Stonehenge the fourth, or before the departure of the Romans from Britain; and that @@ -10826,7 +10788,7 @@ games.</p> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brougham, Lord, on Lord Bolingbroke, <a href='#Page_344'><b>344</b></a>, <a href='#Page_350'><b>350</b></a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buckhurst Hill, <a href='#Page_361'><b>361</b></a>.</span><br /> <br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cæsar, his Account of the Britons, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cæsar, his Account of the Britons, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Campden, Gloucestershire, built, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carpentry, Ornamental, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carpets and Rushes, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>.</span><br /> @@ -11264,7 +11226,7 @@ one more meritorious in aim, or more successful in execution, than useful compilation, the author of <i>Things not generally Known</i> says that he has endeavoured 'to present wonders free from that love of exaggeration which besets narratives of Natural -History.'"—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +History.'"—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p>"An excellent selection of bird and beast tales, taken by that clever and judicious book-maker, excellent Mr. John @@ -11358,7 +11320,7 @@ Cornwall and exported.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The Rev. R. Burgess, B.D.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <i>On some of the Relations of Archæology to Physical +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <i>On some of the Relations of Archæology to Physical Geography in the North of England.</i> 1853.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> See <i>Curiosities of Glass-making</i>.</p></div> @@ -11371,14 +11333,14 @@ of the road from Shrewsbury to Oswestry, where the Welsh army lay.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> See the <i>Guide to the Ruins of Uriconium</i> (Third Edition, 1860), by Thomas Wright, Esq. M.A., F.S.A., the accomplished -archæologist, who, by his unwearied exertions, has so efficiently +archæologist, who, by his unwearied exertions, has so efficiently contributed to the exploration of these remains.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Palgrave's <i>Hist. of England</i>, Anglo-Saxon Period. 1834.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Senior's <i>Lectures on Political Economy</i>.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Hoskins; <i>Encylopædia Britannica</i>, 7th edit.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Hoskins; <i>Encylopædia Britannica</i>, 7th edit.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Just as Charles, Duke of Norfolk, in our day, was accustomed to feed his favourite dogs, by cutting pieces from joints on @@ -11397,7 +11359,7 @@ existing in the Tower of London, is preserved in <p> <span style="margin-left: 21em;">"Master Hogfe, and his man John,</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 21em;">They did cast the first can-non."</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 21em;">(<i>W. D. Cooper, F.S.A., Archæologia</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 483.)</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 21em;">(<i>W. D. Cooper, F.S.A., Archæologia</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 483.)</span><br /> </p> <p> @@ -11406,7 +11368,7 @@ England: the last furnace, at Ashburnham, was blown out in 1827. Kent was alike noted for its iron; and the last great work of its furnaces was the noble balustrades and gates which surround St. Paul's Cathedral, London: they were cast at Gloucester Furnace, Lamberhurst, and cost -upwards of £11,202. "In the middle ages, and down even to a late date, +upwards of £11,202. "In the middle ages, and down even to a late date, while Dudley and Wolverhampton were obscure names, the forges of Kent and Sussex were all a-glow with smelting and hammering the iron which the soil still yields, although it is not worth the while of any one to @@ -11484,7 +11446,7 @@ Esq. Vol. i. p. 64.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>Quarterly Review.</i></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Charles Knight; <i>Penny Cyclopædia, sub</i> Windsor Castle.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Charles Knight; <i>Penny Cyclopædia, sub</i> Windsor Castle.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Surrey's <i>Poems</i>.</p></div> @@ -11571,7 +11533,7 @@ our staple fuel.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> See <i>Popular Errors Explained</i>. New edit. p. 42. 1858. The old custom of ringing the curfew-bell is retained in several villages and towns. (See Mr. Syer Cuming's paper in the <i>Journal of the British -Archæological Association</i>, vol. iv. p. 153. Also, <i>Notes and Queries</i>, +Archæological Association</i>, vol. iv. p. 153. Also, <i>Notes and Queries</i>, vols. ii. iii. iv. vi. vii. viii.) In proof that the custom cannot justly be considered an evidence of an unworthy state of subjection, is the fact that the obligation to extinguish fires and lights at a certain @@ -11616,7 +11578,7 @@ Herefordshire and Worcestershire during the Civil War of the Seventeenth Century, collected from her Account Book in the possession of Sir Thomas Edward Winnington, Baronet, of Stamford Court, in the county of Worcester, with Historical Observations and Notes by John Webb, M.A., -F.S.A. <i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xxxvii. pp. 189-223. 1857."</p></div> +F.S.A. <i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xxxvii. pp. 189-223. 1857."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Loseley, the fine old domain of the Mores, mentioned in a preceding page (<a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a>), lies between two and three miles @@ -11627,7 +11589,7 @@ and the present mansion at Loseley is of the age of Elizabeth, and was built between 1562 and 1568. The principal entrance opens into the Hall, but was originally at the end of the passage between the screens which divide the Hall from the Kitchen and Butteries. Latin inscriptions were -placed over the doors: that over the Kitchen door was "<i>Fami, non Gulæ</i>" +placed over the doors: that over the Kitchen door was "<i>Fami, non Gulæ</i>" (To hunger, not to gluttony); over the Buttery door, "<i>Siti, non Ebrietati</i>" (To thirst, not to drunkenness); and over the Parlour door, "<i>Probis, non Pravis</i>" (To the virtuous, not the wicked). The finest @@ -11662,7 +11624,7 @@ taken down in the same year—1866.</p></div> <i>Chron.</i> ii. 171.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Abridged from a paper by Mr. Albert Way, F.S.A.; -<i>Archæological Journal</i>, vol. ii. pp. 332-339.</p></div> +<i>Archæological Journal</i>, vol. ii. pp. 332-339.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Dogget, the actor, who bequeathed the Coat and Badge, to be rowed for annually on the Thames, was noted for dancing the Cheshire @@ -11710,7 +11672,7 @@ eye-witness.</p></div> <i>The Times</i> journal.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> From a paper, by the Rev. Thomas Hugo, read to the -Somerset Archæological Society.</p></div> +Somerset Archæological Society.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Translated from the Anglo-Norman, by H. T. Riley, M.A. 1863.</p></div> @@ -11812,390 +11774,9 @@ hawk, a peck of oats for his horse, and a loaf of bread for his greyhound; they all dine, after which the master blows three blasts with his horn, and they all depart."</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Mr. Whincopp; <i>Journal of the British Archæological +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Mr. Whincopp; <i>Journal of the British Archæological Association</i>, 1866.</p></div></div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Nooks and Corners of English Life, -Past and Present, by John Timbs - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOOKS AND CORNERS OF ENGLISH *** - -***** This file should be named 40031-h.htm or 40031-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/0/3/40031/ - -Produced by Annie R. 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