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diff --git a/40032-h/40032-h.htm b/40032-h/40032-h.htm index 11fafc5..9b02684 100644 --- a/40032-h/40032-h.htm +++ b/40032-h/40032-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Mexico, by Susan Hale</title> <style type="text/css"> @@ -143,18 +143,8 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40032 ***</div> <h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Mexico, by Susan Hale</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: Mexico</p> -<p>Author: Susan Hale</p> -<p>Release Date: June 18, 2012 [eBook #40032]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEXICO***</p> <p> </p> <h3>E-text prepared by Steven Gibbs, Josephine Paolucci,<br /> and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> @@ -194,15 +184,15 @@ href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> 5. <b>ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE.</b> Prof <span class="smcap">J. P. Mahaffy</span>.<br /> 6. <b>THE MOORS IN SPAIN.</b> <span class="smcap">Stanley Lane-Poole.</span><br /> 7. <b>ANCIENT EGYPT.</b> Canon <span class="smcap">Rawlinson</span>.<br /> -8. <b>HUNGARY.</b> Prof. <span class="smcap">A. Vambéry.</span><br /> +8. <b>HUNGARY.</b> Prof. <span class="smcap">A. Vambéry.</span><br /> 9. <b>THE SARACENS.</b> <span class="smcap">A. Gilman</span>, M.A.<br /> 10. <b>IRELAND.</b> Hon. <span class="smcap">Emily Lawless</span>.<br /> -11. <b>CHALDÆA.</b> <span class="smcap">Z. A. Ragozin.</span><br /> +11. <b>CHALDÆA.</b> <span class="smcap">Z. A. Ragozin.</span><br /> 12. <b>THE GOTHS.</b> <span class="smcap">Henry Bradley.</span><br /> 13. <b>ASSYRIA.</b> <span class="smcap">Z. A. Ragozin.</span><br /> 14. <b>TURKEY.</b> <span class="smcap">Stanley Lane-Poole.</span><br /> 15. <b>HOLLAND.</b> Prof. <span class="smcap">J. E. Thorold Rogers.</span><br /> -16. <b>MEDIÆVAL FRANCE.</b> Prof. <span class="smcap">Gustave Masson</span>.<br /> +16. <b>MEDIÆVAL FRANCE.</b> Prof. <span class="smcap">Gustave Masson</span>.<br /> 17. <b>PERSIA.</b> <span class="smcap">S. G. W. Benjamin.</span><br /> 18. <b>PHŒNICIA.</b> Canon <span class="smcap">Rawlinson</span>.<br /> 19. <b>MEDIA.</b> <span class="smcap">Z. A. Ragozin.</span><br /> @@ -268,12 +258,12 @@ By T. FISHER UNWIN<br /> <p><span class="tocnum"> PAGE</span><br /><br /></p> <p>The Subject <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_1">1</a>-11</span></p> -<div class="blockquot">View from a steamer, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>—Seen by Fernando Cortés, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>; his +<div class="blockquot">View from a steamer, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>—Seen by Fernando Cortés, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>; his ambition, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>—Inhospitable coast, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>—Vera Cruz, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>—Departure, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>—Climate we leave, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>—Climate we are seeking, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>—Three climates of Mexico, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>—Anahuac, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>; <i>Tierra templada</i>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>—Scenery of the plateau, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>—Its early inhabitants, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>—Destroyed -by Cortés, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>—Traditions of Anahuac, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>—<i>Teocallis</i> +by Cortés, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>—Traditions of Anahuac, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>—<i>Teocallis</i> changed to cathedrals, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>—The <i>Conquistadores</i>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>—Spanish rulers, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>—Two emperors, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>—Mexico a republic, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>; its past and future, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>.</div> @@ -353,8 +343,8 @@ Texcucan historian, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>—Legend or fact? <a href="#Pa <p>Michoacan <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_62'>62</a>-69</span></p> <div class="blockquot">The Land of Fish, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>—Lonely lakes, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>—Patzcuaro, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>—The -Place of Delights, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>—The first settlers, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>—Iré -Titatacamé, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>—A dusky princess, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>—Tixiacurí, the first +Place of Delights, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>—The first settlers, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>—Iré +Titatacamé, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>—A dusky princess, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>—TixiacurÃ, the first king of Michoacan, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>—The kingdom divided, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>—Tzintzuntzan, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>—The glorious reign of Zovanga, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>—A city of @@ -439,25 +429,25 @@ life of pleasure, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>—State correspondence, <a hre <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>—Montezuma's cypress, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>—Clouds on the horizon, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>—Sinister predictions, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>—The coming of the white men, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>—An unhappy monarch, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>—Landing of -the strangers, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>—Velasquez de Léon, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>; his expedition +the strangers, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>—Velasquez de Léon, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>; his expedition to Yucatan, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>—Grijalva visits Mexico, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>—Montezuma's embassy, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>.</div> <h4>XIII.</h4> -<p>Cortés <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_135'>135</a>-144</span></p> +<p>Cortés <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_135'>135</a>-144</span></p> <div class="blockquot">Birth, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>; enters the army, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>; visits Cuba, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>—An attractive portrait, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>—Defects of character, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>—Velasquez -and Grijalva's expedition, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>—A love story, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>—Cortés +and Grijalva's expedition, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>—A love story, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>—Cortés receives a commission, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>; his companions, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>—Jealousy -of Velasquez, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>—The squadron, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>—Jérome +of Velasquez, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>—The squadron, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>—Jérome d' Aguilar, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>—First conflict with the Aztecs, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>—Palm Sunday, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>—A happy people, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>—Rumors of danger, -<a href='#Page_140'>140</a>—Presents to the strangers, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>—Cortés as Quetzalcoatl, +<a href='#Page_140'>140</a>—Presents to the strangers, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>—Cortés as Quetzalcoatl, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>—Easter, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>—A perplexed council, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>—Mistaken -policy, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>—Vera Cruz, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>—Cortés visits Cempoallan, +policy, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>—Vera Cruz, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>—Cortés visits Cempoallan, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span> <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>—Tlaxcalla, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>—The ships destroyed, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</div> @@ -467,11 +457,11 @@ policy, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>—Vera Cruz, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a> <p>Malintzi <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_145'>145</a>-150</span></p> <div class="blockquot">Her birthplace, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>—The little duchess is made a slave, -<a href='#Page_145'>145</a>—Life in Tabasco, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>—Arrival of Cortés, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>—Treaty +<a href='#Page_145'>145</a>—Life in Tabasco, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>—Arrival of Cortés, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>—Treaty of alliance, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>—The heiress-slave becomes a Christian, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>—Marina or Malinche, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>—A new interpreter, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>—A beautiful picture, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>—Splendid gifts, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>—Malintzi's -beauty, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>; her devotion to Cortés, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>; its result, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</div> +beauty, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>; her devotion to Cortés, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>; its result, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</div> <h4>XV.</h4> @@ -484,7 +474,7 @@ for the Spaniards, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>—A battle, <a href='#Page_15 <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>—Peace concluded, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>—Christianity introduced, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>—Cholula, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>—Slaughter of the Cholultecas, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>—Alliance with Ixtlilxochitl, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>—Cacamatzin imprisoned, -<a href='#Page_155'>155</a>—Cortés reaches Mexico, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>—Cortés and Montezuma, +<a href='#Page_155'>155</a>—Cortés reaches Mexico, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>—Cortés and Montezuma, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>—A lesson and a vow, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>.</div> @@ -496,7 +486,7 @@ for the Spaniards, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>—A battle, <a href='#Page_15 in the power of the Spaniards, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>—A rival in the field, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>—Alvarado, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>—The feast of Huitzilopochtli, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>—The Spaniards in danger, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>—Death of Montezuma, -<a href='#Page_161'>161</a>—Mexican traditions, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>—Cortés abandons the city, +<a href='#Page_161'>161</a>—Mexican traditions, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>—Cortés abandons the city, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>—A desperate struggle, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>—<i>La Noche Triste</i>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>—The scene of the battle, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>; the losses, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</div> @@ -506,31 +496,31 @@ scene of the battle, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>; the losses, <a href='#Page_165 <p>Conquest <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_166'>166</a>-179</span></p> <div class="blockquot">An interval of peace, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>—The new emperor, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>—A -legacy of the Spaniards, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>—Cortés <i>in extremis</i>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>—The +legacy of the Spaniards, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>—Cortés <i>in extremis</i>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>—The Aztec army, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>—Battle at Otumba, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>—The Spaniards victorious, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>—Preparations for defence, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>—The Spaniards -in Tlaxcalla, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>—Ixtlilxochitl, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>—Cortés at +in Tlaxcalla, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>—Ixtlilxochitl, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>—Cortés at Texcuco, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>—A new army and a new fleet, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>—The <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> campaign against Mexico, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>—Suffering in the city, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>—Surrender, -<a href='#Page_174'>174</a>—The city destroyed, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>—Cortés at -Coyoacán, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>—Search for treasures, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>—The kings +<a href='#Page_174'>174</a>—The city destroyed, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>—Cortés at +Coyoacán, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>—Search for treasures, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>—The kings tortured, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>—Military rule, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>—Subjugation of Michoacan, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>—Later conquests, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>—Death of the Aztec kings, -<a href='#Page_178'>178</a>—Later life of Cortés, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>; return to Spain, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>; death, +<a href='#Page_178'>178</a>—Later life of Cortés, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>; return to Spain, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>; death, 178; burial in Mexico, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>. </div> <h4>XVIII.</h4> -<p>Doña Marina <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_180'>180</a>-183</span></p> +<p>Doña Marina <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_180'>180</a>-183</span></p> <div class="blockquot">Her position in the camp, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>—After the victory, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>—Life -at Coyoacán, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>—Arrival of Doña Catalina, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>; +at Coyoacán, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>—Arrival of Doña Catalina, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>; her death, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>—Insurrection in Honduras, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>—Marriage -of Marina, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>; her later life and her death, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>—Cortés +of Marina, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>; her later life and her death, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>—Cortés visits Spain, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>—A second marriage, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.</div> @@ -541,7 +531,7 @@ visits Spain, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>—A second marriage, <a href='#Pag <div class="blockquot">The conquest complete, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>—The name Indian, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>—Origin of the Nahuatl tribes, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>—Distinguished from the North American Indian, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>—Military government, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>—The -<i>Ayuntamiento</i>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>—The <i>Audiencia</i>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>—Nuño de +<i>Ayuntamiento</i>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>—The <i>Audiencia</i>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>—Nuño de Guzman, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>; his cruelty to the natives, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>—Guadalajara founded, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>—A second <i>Audiencia</i>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>—A viceroy appointed, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>—Extent of New Spain, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>.</div> @@ -559,7 +549,7 @@ and its people, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>—The founding of a city, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>—Spanish families in Mexico, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>—Jews and Moors banished, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>—Vasco de Quiroga, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>; his life in Tarasco, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>; his church at Tzintzuntzan, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>—A wonderful picture, -<a href='#Page_198'>198</a>—The cathedral at Morelia, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>—Cortés goes to Spain, +<a href='#Page_198'>198</a>—The cathedral at Morelia, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>—Cortés goes to Spain, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>—Popularity of the viceroy, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>—First Mexican book, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> @@ -655,7 +645,7 @@ dispersed, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>—Apodaca and Guerrero, <a href='#Pag Spain, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>—Agustin de Yturbide, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>; early services, 260; meets Guerrero, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>—"Plan of Iguala," <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>—The "three guaranties," <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>—Advance of the insurgents, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>—The -viceroy deposed, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>—A successful campaign, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>—O'Donojú, +viceroy deposed, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>—A successful campaign, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>—O'Donojú, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>—Treaty of Cordova, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>—Yturbide enters the capital, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>—The Regency, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>—The Mexican Empire founded, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>—Work of the new government, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>—Second @@ -678,7 +668,7 @@ presidential election, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>—Mutiny in the capital, of Texas, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>—Pedraza, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>—A Spanish invasion, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>—Santa Anna made Commander-in-Chief, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>—Bustamente, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>—Guerrero betrayed and shot, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>—Santa -Anna becomes President, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>—Farías, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>—Insurrection +Anna becomes President, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>—FarÃas, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>—Insurrection in Texas, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>.</div> @@ -698,7 +688,7 @@ Anna triumphant, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</div> <p>Society <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_290'>290</a>-300</span></p> <div class="blockquot">Madame Calderon's journal, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a>—An ambassador from -Spain, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a>—State of society, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a>—The Paséo, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a>—The +Spain, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a>—State of society, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a>—The Paséo, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a>—The Viga, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>—Women in Mexico, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>—Good-Friday in Mexico, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>—Robbers, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>—<i>Guardias Rurales</i>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>—A monarchy proposed, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>.</div> @@ -714,7 +704,7 @@ monarchy proposed, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>.</div> territory, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>—Colonization of Texas, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>—Moses Austin, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>—Revolt against Mexico, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>—Houston and Santa Anna, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>—Texas independent, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>—Annexed to the -United States, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>—Herrera, Farías, and Paredes, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>—The +United States, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>—Herrera, FarÃas, and Paredes, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>—The <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span> @@ -820,7 +810,7 @@ Fischer, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>—The Emperor's manifesto, <a href='#Pa <div class="blockquot">The French army withdrawn, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a>—Advance of Juarez, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>—The Emperor and his attendants, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>—Investment of -Querétaro, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>—Márquez and Diaz, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>—Personal appearance +Querétaro, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>—Márquez and Diaz, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>—Personal appearance of the Emperor, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>—The treachery of Lopez, <a href='#Page_377'>377</a>—Maximilian a prisoner, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a>; his death, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a>.</div> @@ -829,7 +819,7 @@ a prisoner, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a>; his death, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a>. <p>End of the Episode <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_383'>383</a>-385</span></p> -<div class="blockquot">General Vidaurri, <a href='#Page_383'>383</a>—The escape of Márquez, <a href='#Page_384'>384</a>—General +<div class="blockquot">General Vidaurri, <a href='#Page_383'>383</a>—The escape of Márquez, <a href='#Page_384'>384</a>—General Diaz, <a href='#Page_384'>384</a>—Puebla, <a href='#Page_385'>385</a>—Vigor of the liberal government, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span><a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</div> @@ -992,7 +982,7 @@ exertion has been to keep cool upon the pleasant deck, and to take enough exercise to be able to enjoy the frequent food provided by the admirable <i>chef</i> of the steamer.</p> -<p>The scenery is the same that Fernando Cortés looked upon, some three +<p>The scenery is the same that Fernando Cortés looked upon, some three hundred years ago, when he, too, cast anchor about half a mile from the coast, and scanned the shore with an anxious eye, to find a suitable landing. Orizaba rose before him, as now we see it, stately, majestic, @@ -1009,7 +999,7 @@ to Anahuac.</p> <p>Every true traveller has some of the instincts of the explorer in him, and these instincts must make us envy the prospect which lay before -Cortés as he approached in the Bay of Vera Cruz the real beginning of +Cortés as he approached in the Bay of Vera Cruz the real beginning of his enterprise. There was the shore of the new country, where he might plant his "rich city of the true cross." There was the cold mountain which might contain in its depths the treasure he was seeking, and @@ -1017,7 +1007,7 @@ beyond it was the rumored Empire he longed to conquer. At that moment, no fear, no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> discouragement, held back the eager steps with which he sprang into his boat, and beckoned his companions to follow him.</p> -<p>Cortés fulfilled his ambition, achieved his task, with what +<p>Cortés fulfilled his ambition, achieved his task, with what difficulties, through what straits and failures, we shall have later to see. He scaled the sides of Orizaba, reached the lofty plateau, and seized the ancient citadel of the Montezumas. Civilization has trodden @@ -1049,7 +1039,7 @@ that festoon the tangled forests. Let us hasten away from these dangers, and climb the slope that leads to a purer air.</p> <p>We have escaped the terrors of the custom-house at Vera Cruz, from -which, by the way, Cortés was exempt, and after a doubtful night in the +which, by the way, Cortés was exempt, and after a doubtful night in the hotel, serenaded by swarms of Vera Cruz mosquitoes, at early dawn we creep stealthily from our chambers, not to disturb the few misguided guests who mean to stay a little longer, and follow the dusky @@ -1061,7 +1051,7 @@ himself to repose, undisturbed by the exodus in early morning. The sleeping prey and lead them through a wide, straight street to the railroad station. There is no sign of breakfast at the hotel. Nobody is stirring but one sleepy innkeeper. Hard by the station, as in every -Mexican town, is a café, where excellent hot coffee is furnished, with +Mexican town, is a café, where excellent hot coffee is furnished, with plenty of boiled milk and good bread in many and various forms. Here we may sit and refresh ourselves with cup after cup, if we like, until the short, sharp whistle of the steam-engine warns<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> us to take the train. @@ -1076,7 +1066,7 @@ Sugar-cane and coffee plantations now appear; and the trees are hung with orchids, tangled with vines bright with blossoms, many of them fruit-trees now in flower, one mass of white or pink. The road crosses water-falls, winds round ravines, under mountains, through tunnels, -climbing ever higher and higher, until Córdoba is reached at an +climbing ever higher and higher, until Córdoba is reached at an elevation of over 2,000 feet. This town is surrounded and invaded by coffee plantations and orange groves. At the station baskets of delicious fruits are offered us—oranges, bananas, grenaditas, mangoes. @@ -1109,7 +1099,7 @@ Anahuac, the so-called table-land of Mexico, a broad plateau upon which the picturesque romantic drama of Mexican history has been played. Upon this high plateau, which is by no means level, rise the crests of the great volcanic ridges, of which the highest are Popocatepetl and -Istaccíhuatl. The table-land rolls off northward at first, keeping its +IstaccÃhuatl. The table-land rolls off northward at first, keeping its high level, growing narrower, gradually sinking as it approaches the Rio Grande, until at the boundary line of the United States it has fallen to 3,000 feet.</p> @@ -1146,7 +1136,7 @@ rich growths.</p> its own, until within the period of modern inventions all but inaccessible to the lower country and the ocean beyond, we find the traces of an ancient civilization, reaching backward until it is lost in -legend. Long before the invasion of Anahuac by Cortés, it was inhabited +legend. Long before the invasion of Anahuac by Cortés, it was inhabited by intelligent races of men. The mystery which hangs about these people makes the search for their history full of interest. In the present native population, we seek to find some clue to the manners and customs @@ -1156,7 +1146,7 @@ stronger than they were, by reason of the resources of advancing civilization, their idols and temples overturned by the zealots of another belief.</p> -<p>Outraged by the human sacrifices of the Mexican tribes, Cortés +<p>Outraged by the human sacrifices of the Mexican tribes, Cortés destroyed, with a reckless hand, all the evidences of what he regarded heathen worship. In so doing, the records of the race were lost, together with carved images of gods. It is unfortunate that his zeal was @@ -1209,7 +1199,7 @@ neglect and mismanagement, shook herself free from Spanish rule; since the early part of this century she has called herself independent, with the exception of the two brief periods when the ambition of two men, differing widely from each other in their antecedents and aims, caused -them to attempt the rôle of "Emperor of Mexico." Iturbide was the former +them to attempt the rôle of "Emperor of Mexico." Iturbide was the former of these; the latter, the ill-advised Maximilian. For the last twenty years, since the fall of Maximilian, Mexico has been a republic, with all the varying fortunes that attend a young institution struggling with @@ -1275,7 +1265,7 @@ that valley of the perfect climate?</p> Tollan, which means perhaps "the place of many people." A road, shaded by great ash-trees leads across the river Tula, through a narrow pass to some ruins of an ancient civilization, ruins already when the city of -Montezuma, which Cortés found flourishing, arose. A building of ancient +Montezuma, which Cortés found flourishing, arose. A building of ancient stone is still there, laid in mud and covered with hard cement of a ruddy tint, with which the floors are also covered. The largest room in the building is not more than fifteen feet square. Another building @@ -1302,7 +1292,7 @@ broken limestone, little pebbles, and small bits of lava. Sun-dried bricks were employed, of varying sizes and different make, which aids the idea that the mound was built slowly and by differing methods. On the platform at the top, which was reached by five successive terraces, -Cortés found a temple, which he caused to be destroyed. The dates fixed +Cortés found a temple, which he caused to be destroyed. The dates fixed for the erection of this pyramid vary from the seventh to the tenth century of our era. Conjecture only offers explanation of the purpose for which it was erected. Legends which the neighboring Indians preserve @@ -1360,7 +1350,7 @@ primitive type, although differing in details of material and form.</p> nations who erected them, are rapidly disappearing. The Spanish conquerors were amazed at their size and importance—so much so that in their description they often exaggerated their splendor. Some of them -Cortés destroyed; whatever he spared, gradually falls away, through +Cortés destroyed; whatever he spared, gradually falls away, through neglect, theft, or other ravage of time. Forests of tropical growth have hidden the wonders of Palenque from destruction. Other such places may yet exist all undiscovered; and it is probable that the researches of @@ -1404,7 +1394,7 @@ each other.</p> <p>The Otomis, still with the same northern origin, spread themselves very early over the territory which is now occupied by the states of San -Luis, Potosi, Guanajuato, and Querétaro, reaching Michoacan, and +Luis, Potosi, Guanajuato, and Querétaro, reaching Michoacan, and spreading still farther. These were a rough people who lurked among the mountains, avoiding the life of large communities. They have left no record of progressive civilization. Their descendants are still traced @@ -1641,12 +1631,12 @@ thousand feet above the sea, is built upon a headland projecting into a valley between two sharp barrancas. The region is richly watered, and produces now, as in the time of the Toltecs, abundant crops. Fruits also abound there. The winter climate is delightful. The place was captured -by Cortés before he laid siege to the city of Mexico. It became his +by Cortés before he laid siege to the city of Mexico. It became his favorite resort, and the valley was included in the royal reward he received for his Mexican conquests. It was here that he began in Mexico the cultivation of the sugar-cane, and here the Conquistador passed the last years of his life. Traces of the ancient civilization are still to -be seen. Behind a house in the town called the Casa de Cortés is a +be seen. Behind a house in the town called the Casa de Cortés is a solitary rock upon which are prehistoric carvings; on the crest of a little hill near by is a lizard about eight feet long carved in stone. Eighteen miles from Cuernavaca are the ruins of Xochicalco, before @@ -1741,7 +1731,7 @@ divinity and festival.</p> leading to the town are decorated with flowers. Native boats float over the water heaped with bright blossoms, and the dark heads of the Indian girls are crowned with wreaths of poppies. They bring these blossoms in -masses to decorate the altars of Nuestra Señora in the churches. Her +masses to decorate the altars of Nuestra Señora in the churches. Her image is the symbol of their divinity transferred from the earlier idols their remote ancestors worshipped.</p> @@ -2089,7 +2079,7 @@ pursuit. The good old governor lost his head, but Nezahualcoyotl found shelter in the neighboring province of Tlaxcalla, whose rulers were for the moment friendly to his family.</p> -<p>This is the place which later offered to Cortés protection and aid in +<p>This is the place which later offered to Cortés protection and aid in his enterprise of conquest. Prescott calls it a republic in the midst of many small monarchies, dwelling apart on a system of government wholly independent.</p> @@ -2232,7 +2222,7 @@ end, having lasted not more than two hundred and sixty years.</p> <p>The kingdom which Nezahualcoyotl regained from the usurpers, whose kings traced their lineage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> back to the Chichimec Xolotl (Eye of great Vigilance), now became the kingdom of Texcuco Aculhuacan, by which it -was known when Cortés, with his conquering legions, appeared on the +was known when Cortés, with his conquering legions, appeared on the plains of Anahuac.</p> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -2285,7 +2275,7 @@ from the mysterious North. All this is lost to us by the infatuation of the Spanish Conquistadores, as we shall see later on.</p> <p>As if barbarians, ignorant of types and bindings, should descend upon -the British Museum or Bibliotèque Nationale, and, perceiving therein +the British Museum or Bibliotèque Nationale, and, perceiving therein countless parallelograms of calf containing wicked little dots<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> upon countless white leaves, should order them to be destroyed, as foolishness or blasphemy. So the first priests of the Christian religion @@ -2351,7 +2341,7 @@ this is a purely modern application of the title of a chief more commonly known. The baths belonged to Nezahualcoyotl, and if by chance any Montezuma made use of them, it was only as a passing guest.</p> -<p>Nezahualcoyotl, this wise, good, æsthetic king, committed a deed which +<p>Nezahualcoyotl, this wise, good, æsthetic king, committed a deed which his descendant and historian regards as a great blot upon his fame. He remained unmarried for a long time, on account of an early disappointment in love, and was no longer young when he conceived a @@ -2557,7 +2547,7 @@ the lake, to be broken by and by with similar incursions, followed by similar results. Out of such sequence, a name and date emerge as pegs to hang some facts on, in the hitherto accepted story.</p> -<p>Iré-Titatacamé was this first chief of this first people with a name +<p>Iré-Titatacamé was this first chief of this first people with a name which could last. He made friends with a neighboring chief, and married his daughter, the Princess of Naranjan. We may imagine her, like her remote descendants, a dusky maiden, rather small, with straight black @@ -2583,21 +2573,21 @@ of the thirteenth century, leaving two sons.</p> <p>One of these married an island woman of the lake, and her son preserved the royal line; for his father and uncle were put to death by a chieftain of the neighborhood who desired the fair Place of Delights for -his own. But Tixiacurí was hidden by priests, who taught him the great +his own. But Tixiacurà was hidden by priests, who taught him the great art of war, so that in due time he came forth at the head of armies, destroyed his enemies, took to himself all the territory of the king who slew his father, and extended his own even beyond these, thus first really governing the wide kingdom of Michoacan, which goes down to the sea.</p> -<p>Tixiacurí, at his death, divided the territory, giving parts of it to -two nephews, one of whom, Hicuxaxé, got Patzcuaro, and called himself +<p>TixiacurÃ, at his death, divided the territory, giving parts of it to +two nephews, one of whom, Hicuxaxé, got Patzcuaro, and called himself king of it. Tangoxoan, the son of the late king summoned his court to Tzintzuntzan, fifteen miles up the lake. He is counted the fifth of the chiefs of Michoacan, and leaves no other record but that all his sons died violent deaths.</p> -<p>In the next period the provinces given to Tixiacurí's nephews came +<p>In the next period the provinces given to TixiacurÃ's nephews came together again under one head, and the tribes thus united grew and prospered. Zovanga, the seventh ruler, held sway over the whole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> extent of Michoacan. Its capital was Tzintzuntzan, and its fullest limit @@ -2701,7 +2691,7 @@ capital or chief.</p> <p>This great city was already in ruins, buried in the thick wilderness, its site and very existence forgotten before the arrival of the -Conquistadores. Cortés must have marched close to it once when he was on +Conquistadores. Cortés must have marched close to it once when he was on his way to Honduras, but he probably had no notion of its existence. The ruins were discovered by chance in the middle of the eighteenth century, by a curate of the little town Palenque in the neighborhood.</p> @@ -2832,7 +2822,7 @@ serpents.</p> <p>Chaak Mool, also known under the name of Balam, the tiger-chief, was one of three brothers who shared between them the government of Yucatan. He -was married to Kinich Katmò, a woman of marvellous beauty.</p> +was married to Kinich Katmò, a woman of marvellous beauty.</p> <p>Now Aak, the brother of Chaak Mool, fell in love with the fair Kinich, the wife of his brother. In order to possess her, he caused her husband @@ -2853,7 +2843,7 @@ were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> foun about twenty feet lower down was an urn of stone containing ashes, and last of all the statue of a man reclining upon a slab of stone. This statue is now in the National Museum of Mexico, under the title of Chaak -Mool, as if it were the image made by order of the devoted Kinich Katmò; +Mool, as if it were the image made by order of the devoted Kinich Katmò; but the type of the face, the costume, head-dress, and sandals are altogether different from the usual Yucatan models, and moreover other little Chaak Mools have been found in different parts of Mexico, so that @@ -2995,7 +2985,7 @@ often condemned by posterity.</p> <p>They saw a vast oval of more than forty leagues' circumference, surrounded, like an amphitheatre, with a girdle of mountains. On the -east rose the two proud volcanoes, Popocatepetl and Iztaccíhuatl, +east rose the two proud volcanoes, Popocatepetl and IztaccÃhuatl, covered with perpetual snow, their sides clothed with forests. When the Aztecs came, one vast lake occupied the basin of the broad plateau, too wide to be called a valley, as well as too elevated, for the lowest part @@ -3522,7 +3512,7 @@ tendency to the institutions of their society.</p> <p>It is all very obscure, now more than ever, because new information is disturbing the accepted theory of Aztec culture given by writers of Mexican history up to nearly the present time. For a true knowledge of -early life in Mexico, we must wait till explorers and archæologists have +early life in Mexico, we must wait till explorers and archæologists have fully established their discoveries by facts. Such an exposition, which is pretty sure to come, will be of great importance to those interested in the future, as well as the past, of the native races of Mexico.</p> @@ -3704,7 +3694,7 @@ writing was by pictures instead of by combinations of letters selected from an alphabet, they could give a long name in brief space with a few adroit turns of their writing instrument.</p> -<p>The Mexican archæologist, Leony Gama, considers the stone not only to be +<p>The Mexican archæologist, Leony Gama, considers the stone not only to be a calendar, but a solar clock, which by means of shadows cast in a certain manner gave eight intervals of the day between the rising and setting sun. He adds that the stone clearly shows the dates of the @@ -3947,7 +3937,7 @@ deep-red blossoms of clover. Above the houses, which were not high, with flat roofs, or <i>azoteas</i>, rose the lofty teocalli, and the walls of the royal palace which dominated the other buildings.</p> -<p>Bernal Diaz, the companion of Cortés, who is charged with much garrulity +<p>Bernal Diaz, the companion of Cortés, who is charged with much garrulity and exaggeration, says that when the Spaniards arrived at the great causeway leading to the capital they paused, struck with admiration on seeing so many cities and villages rising from the soil, with the @@ -4067,7 +4057,7 @@ and not to be denied, that men in boats had landed by the river Tabasco.</p> <p>Twenty years after the discovery of the Antilles by Columbus, these islands were fully under the control of the Spanish. Cuba, the most important of them, was a flourishing colony, under the administration of -Diégo Velasquez de Léon.</p> +Diégo Velasquez de Léon.</p> <p>In 1517, three Spanish adventurers armed three vessels of discovery at Cuba. The governor Velasquez joined himself to this enterprise. These @@ -4123,10 +4113,10 @@ in negotiations with the Aztec monarch, had sailed away.</p> <h2>XIII.</h2> -<h3>CORTÉS.</h3> +<h3>CORTÉS.</h3> -<p>Fernando Cortés was born in 1485 at Medellin, the principal town of the +<p>Fernando Cortés was born in 1485 at Medellin, the principal town of the province of Estramadura, in Spain. His father was a gentleman of old blood, but poor. He sent his son to the University of Salamanca, but Fernando had no taste for study, and of his own will entered the army, @@ -4136,10 +4126,10 @@ a roof prevented his starting with the fleet. As soon as he was well enough he set off in quest of adventure for the West Indies, then a new and tempting discovery, and joined a relative in St. Domingo, who happened to be governor there. This was in 1504. He passed several years -there, and in 1511 accompanied Diégo Velasquez to Cuba when the latter +there, and in 1511 accompanied Diégo Velasquez to Cuba when the latter was appointed to colonize that island.</p> -<p>The contemporaries of Fernando Cortés draw an attractive portrait of +<p>The contemporaries of Fernando Cortés draw an attractive portrait of him. He was well built and skilful in all manly exercises. The wonderful beauty of his glance enhanced the charm to his fine and regular features. With unequalled bravery he combined wonderful penetration @@ -4150,7 +4140,7 @@ he never renounced a project after he had recognized it as practicable, but he tempered his audacity of design with an extreme prudence in execution. Reverses he endured with heroism, while he never suffered himself to be made giddy by his successes. The inviolable fidelity which -Cortés preserved towards his legitimate sovereigns tempered his personal +Cortés preserved towards his legitimate sovereigns tempered his personal ambition, great as it was, and his love of money though great did not prevent his showing liberality when the interest of his glory demanded it.</p> @@ -4172,20 +4162,20 @@ the same direction. He sent to Spain to ask for wider powers, and to obtain for himself the government of the lands he expected to conquer. He offered the command of this expedition to several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> of his relatives. They all refused it. It was then that he addressed himself to Fernando -Cortés.</p> +Cortés.</p> -<p>There is a story that Cortés was in love with a young lady named Doña +<p>There is a story that Cortés was in love with a young lady named Doña Catalina Juarez, who afterwards became his wife, and that the governor, -Velasquez, also devoted to the Doña, subjected his brilliant rival to a +Velasquez, also devoted to the Doña, subjected his brilliant rival to a terrible persecution, and even had him seized and put in prison, that -Cortés escaped and took refuge in the church, a few days afterwards he +Cortés escaped and took refuge in the church, a few days afterwards he was again seized, and then incarcerated in a ship with a chain about his foot. Escaping in a skiff and afterwards by swimming he reached the -shore and again hid himself in a sanctuary. In the end he married Doña +shore and again hid himself in a sanctuary. In the end he married Doña Catalina, goes this tale, was reconciled with the governor, and made Alcalde of Santiago de Cuba.</p> -<p>However this may have been, Cortés received and accepted the commission +<p>However this may have been, Cortés received and accepted the commission now offered. His reputation for bravery and great popularity gathered about him young and old, the bold spirits of Cuba, some among them former companions of Grijalva in his expedition; Bernal Diaz, the first @@ -4194,37 +4184,37 @@ bravery, destined to play great parts in the epic of the New World.</p> <p>Velasquez, even before the departure of his commander, began to distrust him, jealous again of his great powers, but they parted on good terms, -and Cortés embarked at San Jago de Cuba on the 18th November, 1518. He +and Cortés embarked at San Jago de Cuba on the 18th November, 1518. He had not gone far when an emissary of Velasquez was sent after the -expedition to arrest Cortés, but encouraged by his companions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> who +expedition to arrest Cortés, but encouraged by his companions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> who urged him to remain at their head, he sent off the messenger and started without taking any further notice of the jealousy of his chief.</p> -<p>The squadron of Cortés was composed of eleven small vessels. There were +<p>The squadron of Cortés was composed of eleven small vessels. There were 110 sailors, 553 soldiers, of which thirteen were armed with muskets, and thirty-two with arquebuses, the others with swords and pikes only. There were ten little field-pieces, and sixteen horses. Such were the forces with which the bold adventurer set forth to conquer a vast empire, defended by large armies, not without courage, according to the -report of Grijalva. But the companions of Cortés were unfamiliar with -fear. Cortés followed the same route as Grijalva. At Cozumel, an island +report of Grijalva. But the companions of Cortés were unfamiliar with +fear. Cortés followed the same route as Grijalva. At Cozumel, an island off Yucatan, he learned by signs from the natives that white captives, -with beards, had been lately seen by them. Cortés left a letter for +with beards, had been lately seen by them. Cortés left a letter for these men with a boat and some soldiers, and the result was their -finding a white man named Jérome d' Aguilar, whom they restored to +finding a white man named Jérome d' Aguilar, whom they restored to liberty. He told them that he was a native of Ecija, in Spain, ship-wrecked in 1511, seven years before. Thirteen of his companions escaped drowning and starvation, only to be exposed to the danger of being eaten by Mayas, from which also they escaped by the toleration of a cacique, who treated them well. All the rest died but one, and this -one refused to join Cortés, having a wife and children, his face +one refused to join Cortés, having a wife and children, his face tattoed, and wearing ear-rings. He preferred to continue in the way of life first forced upon him, but Aguilar gladly joined the adventurers, and proved a valuable acquisition, for though he knew but little of the country,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> he had much to tell of the manners and customs of the people, and moreover served as interpreter, of which the commander was in sore need. During his long captivity, Aguilar had acquired the language of -the country, and could now bring Cortés into communication with its +the country, and could now bring Cortés into communication with its inhabitants.</p> <p>At the Tabasco River, which the Spanish called Rio de Grijalva, because @@ -4240,7 +4230,7 @@ prince, overcome, sent gifts to the conqueror, and, without much knowing the extent of his agreement, acknowledged himself as vassal of the king of Spain, the most powerful monarch of the world.</p> -<p>Cortés passed in this place Palm Sunday, urging Aguilar, who called +<p>Cortés passed in this place Palm Sunday, urging Aguilar, who called himself a deacon of the church, to explain to the prince and the lords of the land the mysteries of religion, and to make them comprehend the vanity of worshipping idols. The anniversary was then solemnized, with @@ -4280,7 +4270,7 @@ all ready. To these were now added the ornaments used in the decoration of the image of Quetzalcoatl, on days of solemnity, regarded as the most sacred among all the possessions of the royal house of Mexico.</p> -<p>Cortés accepted the rôle of Quetzalcoatl and allowed himself to be +<p>Cortés accepted the rôle of Quetzalcoatl and allowed himself to be decorated with the ornaments belonging to that god without hesitation. The populace were convinced that it was their deity really returned to them. A feast was served to the envoys, with the accompaniment of some @@ -4288,7 +4278,7 @@ European wine which they found delicious.</p> <p>The adventurers landed on Good Friday, and celebrated Easter on shore with great pomp and solemnity. The intendant of the province brought -offerings to the great stranger, and presents were exchanged. Cortés +offerings to the great stranger, and presents were exchanged. Cortés sent to Montezuma a gilt helmet with the message that he hoped to see it back again filled with gold. During the feast native painters were busy depicting every thing they saw to be shown to their royal master. The @@ -4296,7 +4286,7 @@ bearer of this gift and communication, returning swiftly to the court, reported to the monarch that the intention of the stranger was to come at once to the capital of the empire. Montezuma at once assembled a new council of all his great vassals, some of whom urged the reception of -Cortés, others his immediate dismissal. The latter view prevailed, and +Cortés, others his immediate dismissal. The latter view prevailed, and the monarch sent, with more presents to the unknown invader,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> benevolent but peremptory commands that he should go away immediately. Having sent off the messenger, poor Montezuma retreated to the depths of his palace @@ -4315,12 +4305,12 @@ Aztec chieftain had for years been making enemies all over the country, invading surrounding states, and carrying off prisoners for a horrible death by sacrifice. These welcomed the strangers, and encouraged their presence, thinking they might be valuable allies against the oppressive -power of the tyrant. They made a dreadful mistake of course, for Cortés +power of the tyrant. They made a dreadful mistake of course, for Cortés ruined all the native populations of Mexico, while he grasped at the wealth of Montezuma; but the extent of his daring and powers were little imagined at his first coming.</p> -<p>Cortés made himself captain-general of his forces, and established the +<p>Cortés made himself captain-general of his forces, and established the site of Vera Cruz, the rich city of the True Cross. While reposing here, he was delighted to receive an invitation from the cacique of Cempoallan, "a very fat man, and an enemy of Montezuma," says the @@ -4330,9 +4320,9 @@ city.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> <p>The site of this city, a <i>pueblo</i>, is now unknown, one or two places -being attributed to it. In fact, the route of Cortés from the coast to +being attributed to it. In fact, the route of Cortés from the coast to the interior has never been thoroughly traced. The account of the place -and his reception in it by Cortés, is now thought to be greatly +and his reception in it by Cortés, is now thought to be greatly exaggerated; doubtless the satisfaction of finding himself in a place of any comfort, and in hospitable hands, led him to depict the place with glowing colors. He accepted the invitation with alacrity, set forth for @@ -4341,7 +4331,7 @@ shores of the Gulf of Mexico for higher ground, fresher air, and finer climate. The next day they entered the city, where they were received as the avengers and liberators of an oppressed country. The first lords of the court, richly dressed, bearing superb bunches of flowers in their -hands, came to meet them outside the town, begging Cortés to accept the +hands, came to meet them outside the town, begging Cortés to accept the excuses of their sovereign's health, who would receive them at home, being obliged to give up the pleasure of coming out on account of his extreme fatness.</p> @@ -4353,7 +4343,7 @@ houses, and the magnificence of the gardens. All the population came forth to await them, throwing flowers at their feet, presenting garlands and sometimes more valuable gifts.</p> -<p>At Cempoallan, during his visit, Cortés learned of the existence of the +<p>At Cempoallan, during his visit, Cortés learned of the existence of the republic of Tlaxcalla, hostile to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> Mexico, and immediately resolved to avail himself of these people if necessary. He determined, in spite of the repeated requests of Montezuma that he should go away, to march to @@ -4366,7 +4356,7 @@ with snow, rising behind hills and valleys and lesser mountains; it is probable that the Spaniards regarded less the splendor of the prospect than the difficulties it presented to their passage.</p> -<p>Before leaving the sea-coast, Cortés with great resolution destroyed the +<p>Before leaving the sea-coast, Cortés with great resolution destroyed the greater part of his ships by beaching them. This was to put an end to any scheme of retreat which might have sprung up in the breasts of discontented members of his party. Three months had now passed since he @@ -4393,12 +4383,12 @@ devoted bravery of his little band.</p> <h3>MALINTZI.</h3> -<p>While Cortés and his followers are resting themselves at Cempoallan, +<p>While Cortés and his followers are resting themselves at Cempoallan, while Montezuma is awaiting their approach with superstitious dread, we will stop to make the acquaintance of the gentle woman who was so important to the daring invader of the heights of Anahuac.</p> -<p>She was born at Païnala, now a picturesque village buried in forests on +<p>She was born at Païnala, now a picturesque village buried in forests on the borders of the Coatzacoalco River, about 1502. This pueblo, as well as others in its neighborhood, belonged, it is said, to her father, one of the great vassals to the crown, then worn by Montezuma II. Thus the @@ -4423,16 +4413,16 @@ always blossoming, rich vegetation, and new friends, who, although her keepers, were gentle and indulgent after the manner of the Mayan tribes.</p> <p>In 1519, just as the pretty maiden was reaching her seventeenth year, -Cortés arrived at Tabasco. After the first fright of their coming was +Cortés arrived at Tabasco. After the first fright of their coming was over, followed by futile efforts at resistance, the Tabascans were willing to make peace. A treaty of alliance was concluded, as we have seen, and with the gifts of the chief to the conqueror, came twenty young slave-girls, whose business it was to grind the corn to make bread -for their new masters. Cortés at once ordered that these women should be +for their new masters. Cortés at once ordered that these women should be taught the truths of the Christian religion, and among the rest the -heiress of Païnala was converted by Aguilar, and baptized by her new +heiress of Païnala was converted by Aguilar, and baptized by her new name, Marina. Marina, for the Indians became Malina, as their tongues do -not accept the <i>R</i>. Afterwards Cortés himself acquired the nickname of +not accept the <i>R</i>. Afterwards Cortés himself acquired the nickname of Malintzin, that is, the master of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> Malina, and with them the word Malintzi, or Malinche, has attached itself to her as well.</p> @@ -4447,7 +4437,7 @@ Spanish. Through her was transmitted the first message of Montezuma to the dreaded white woman. It makes a pretty picture—this graceful Aztec girl standing between the two parties: on one side the Indians, richly dressed, to impress the stranger, in robes of gay colors, adorned with -feathers and ornaments; on the other Cortés, in the armor of the time, +feathers and ornaments; on the other Cortés, in the armor of the time, assuming all the haughtiness of demeanor possible; grouped about him his band of stalwart followers, curiosity on their features, making up by their eyes for the uselessness of their ears, which were of no use to @@ -4461,7 +4451,7 @@ sound Spanish to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]< interpreting back to the messengers. The substance of the colloquy is, on the part of Montezuma, a welcome, and lavish offering of gifts, through which appears his unconcealed anxiety to speed the parting -guest. From Cortés the reply of scanty thanks for benefits received, and +guest. From Cortés the reply of scanty thanks for benefits received, and the determination to press on to the plateau.</p> <p>If we were allowed to believe good old Bernal Diaz, the visible @@ -4469,7 +4459,7 @@ testimonials of the conference needed no interpreter. The gifts of the messengers are described as splendid—shields, helmets, cuirasses embossed with pure gold ornaments, sandals, fans, crests of gaudy feathers interwoven with gold and silver threads, and strewed with -pearls and precious stones. The helmet sent back by Cortés had come +pearls and precious stones. The helmet sent back by Cortés had come again filled to the brim with grains of gold.</p> <p>Two round plates of gold and silver, as big as carriage wheels, excited @@ -4481,7 +4471,7 @@ imagination of the chronicler of the Conquest.</p> <p>No wonder that such startling treasures proved an invitation more potent than the twice translated prayer to go away which accompanied them.</p> -<p>The Spaniards were impatient to move at once. Cortés, charmed with the +<p>The Spaniards were impatient to move at once. Cortés, charmed with the grace and intelligence of the young interpreter, encouraged her by every sign of favor, and she, young, forlorn, deserted, expanded under the warmth of his kindness and flattery. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> a very short time she acquired @@ -4538,7 +4528,7 @@ to him. They give to the little republic, which contained scarcely fifty square miles, the dignity of a confederacy of four separate states with one common head.</p> -<p>In this constant exaggeration we must remember that Cortés was in the +<p>In this constant exaggeration we must remember that Cortés was in the hands of the interpreters, one of them Malintzi, who may have used the word for republic when she meant tribe, and splendid city instead of pueblo. We may allow ourselves to think that.</p> @@ -4555,15 +4545,15 @@ of judging. Those which prevailed were for a third course, by which a trap was laid for the Spaniards without implicating at first the Tlaxcallans.</p> -<p>Cortés, impatient of delay, pressed forward without waiting for his +<p>Cortés, impatient of delay, pressed forward without waiting for his answer, and found himself, September 2, 1519, before an army of Otomis, a tribe friendly to the Tlaxcallans, whom they had persuaded to attack -the strangers, without mixing in the fight themselves. Cortés easily +the strangers, without mixing in the fight themselves. Cortés easily repulsed this savage band, and without pressing his advantage, again attempted negotiations with the republic; but by this time a haughty message was returned to him that "the strangers which the sea had thrown up could come if they chose to the great city, to become sacrifices to -the gods and served up at a sacred festival." Cortés, of course, was +the gods and served up at a sacred festival." Cortés, of course, was firm, and on the 5th of September, 1519, took place the first real struggle between the army of the old world, which in this case appeared the new one, and the brave descendants of an ancient race.</p> @@ -4577,29 +4567,29 @@ while their father was shining in the sky, but that by night they would lose their strength and be like other mortals.</p> <p>The next night, encouraged by this divine decree, an attack was made, -but Cortés was on his guard. The enemy, who, relying on their priests, +but Cortés was on his guard. The enemy, who, relying on their priests, had imagined they were marching to certain victory, took flight, in abject terror.</p> <p>After this, the Tlaxcallans made no further resistance. Peace was solemnly concluded, and the republic recognized as a vassal to the crown -of Castile, pledging itself to sustain Cortés in all his expeditions. +of Castile, pledging itself to sustain Cortés in all his expeditions. Mass was celebrated, and the conclusion of the treaty was an occasion of -great joy. This alliance was absolutely important to Cortés. The +great joy. This alliance was absolutely important to Cortés. The Tlaxcallans remained to the end faithful to it; later on, without their support, and their chief city to fall back upon, the conqueror must have inevitably failed in his enterprise.</p> <p>The Tlaxcallans consented to accept the God of the Christians, but were unwilling to give up their old protecting divinities for fear of -appearing ungrateful to them. Cortés insisted upon the abolition of +appearing ungrateful to them. Cortés insisted upon the abolition of human sacrifices, and himself made a chapel in the palace assigned to him and erected in it the cross. The first mass celebrated there attracted immense crowds, and many natives, especially young girls of good birth, were voluntarily baptized.</p> <p>The Conquistadores entered Tlaxcalla the 22d of September, receiving -demonstrations of the greatest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> friendship. Here Cortés rested awhile, +demonstrations of the greatest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> friendship. Here Cortés rested awhile, but only in order to cement his good relations, and to obtain information how best to proceed. He himself is said to have been so ill from fever that he could hardly keep his seat in the saddle, but this @@ -4607,22 +4597,22 @@ man of iron habitually disregarded the troubles of the flesh.</p> <p>His next step was to Cholula, where he was received with apparent cordiality; but Malintzi's vigilance discovered a plot for the -destruction of the Spanish army. Cortés resolved to punish this +destruction of the Spanish army. Cortés resolved to punish this treachery by an example. He collected all the principal Cholultecas in a large court, accused them of perfidy, and, without listening to explanations, put them to general slaughter, so that "in two hours," -according to the letter of Cortés describing the affair, "perished more +according to the letter of Cortés describing the affair, "perished more than three thousand natives." The body of the Tlaxcallans who had joined themselves to this expedition, gathered rich booty from it, and returned home well content with the prowess of their new ally.</p> -<p>Cortés then issued a general pardon. Calm returned to the streets of +<p>Cortés then issued a general pardon. Calm returned to the streets of Cholula, and the people of the surrounding villages poured in to do honor to the terrible conqueror. Emissaries from Mexico, who witnessed this bloody triumph, were not slow to describe it to their sovereign, who became more and more frightened and despairing.</p> -<p>Cortés stayed two weeks in Cholula, before setting out again for Mexico. +<p>Cortés stayed two weeks in Cholula, before setting out again for Mexico. It was thus early that he received overtures of alliance from Ixtlilxochitl, king of a portion of Texcuco, who was in constant warfare with his brother Cacamatzin. These young men,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> it will be remembered, @@ -4633,18 +4623,18 @@ his enemy, Ixtlilxochitl had later reason to regret his hasty recognition of the stranger, who came to seize and adopt for his own every thing, regardless of small quarrels and petty animosities. This early alliance with one of the neighboring chiefs was of great advantage -to Cortés though he scarcely understood then its importance.</p> +to Cortés though he scarcely understood then its importance.</p> -<p>Ixtlilxochitl sent ambassadors as far as Tlaxcalla to invite Cortés to +<p>Ixtlilxochitl sent ambassadors as far as Tlaxcalla to invite Cortés to pass through his territory on his way to Mexico. Cacamatzin, on the other hand, indignant at the disregard shown to the wishes of his royal uncle by the Europeans, hastened to Texcuco, resolved to collect an army and declare war against them, but Montezuma, with a faithlessness not to be excused by his terror, himself set an ambuscade for his nephew, and -handed him over to Cortés, who had him loaded with chains and +handed him over to Cortés, who had him loaded with chains and imprisoned.</p> -<p>Through the influence of Montezuma, Cortés allowed a third son of the +<p>Through the influence of Montezuma, Cortés allowed a third son of the late King Nezahualpilli to occupy his throne. This was Cuicuicatzin, twelfth king at Texcuco. He was loyal to the Spaniards. It would seem that he stayed by them even through the terrors of the <i>noche triste</i>; @@ -4654,7 +4644,7 @@ order of the successor of Montezuma.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p> -<p>Followed by a horde of Cholulans and Tlaxcallans, Cortés set out on his +<p>Followed by a horde of Cholulans and Tlaxcallans, Cortés set out on his difficult journey across the plateau, impeded by tempests and sandstorms. The view they got of the fair valley of Mexico made them forget all their fatigues. At their feet were noble forests; farther on @@ -4667,13 +4657,13 @@ surrounded by its great cypresses. Farther off was seen Texcuco, not less fair than Tenochtitlan, and, round about all, the girdle of irregular mountains which enclose and form this incomparable picture.</p> -<p>Cortés was seized with enthusiasm at the sight. This was his promised +<p>Cortés was seized with enthusiasm at the sight. This was his promised land. Boldly he pressed onward to success, in spite of his feeble means.</p> <p>At Ayotzinco, Cacama came forth to meet the strangers, King of Texcuco, loyal to Montezuma, a splendid young man of twenty-five, richly dressed. He brought presents for the invaders, but urged them even then to turn -back. Cortés replied with courtesy but firmness that nothing would deter +back. Cortés replied with courtesy but firmness that nothing would deter him from entering Mexico. "In that case," replied Cacama, "I will return to the court"; and without any thing which could be considered an invitation, he withdrew with his suite.</p> @@ -4683,7 +4673,7 @@ avenue leading to the capital.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_ the greatest splendor, of costume and retinue. Magnificent carpets were spread on the ground, the monarch descended from his palanquin with a bouquet in his hand, supported on either side by his brother and nephew. -Cortés approached him with respect and put about his neck a chain of +Cortés approached him with respect and put about his neck a chain of gold ornamented with paltry colored beads.</p> <p>Montezuma, calm and dignified at this critical moment, welcomed Fernando @@ -4691,13 +4681,13 @@ to his capital, where the gods had long announced his coming. Then he entered his palanquin again, leaving the two princes to escort the Spaniards to the palace he destined to receive them.</p> -<p>The adventurers followed with their eyes the royal <i>cortége</i> as it +<p>The adventurers followed with their eyes the royal <i>cortége</i> as it vanished along a wide street which they describe as lined with sumptuous palaces. No one was looking on in the streets, and the silence of death reigned in the city. By royal command the whole population abstained from coming out to welcome these audacious intruders.</p> -<p>Cortés understood the lesson, and it is said that he then and there made +<p>Cortés understood the lesson, and it is said that he then and there made a vow, that if he should escape safely from this enterprise he would erect a church upon that very spot.</p> @@ -4720,45 +4710,45 @@ compliance with this vow.</p> within whose walls were ample accommodations for the leaders of the little host.</p> -<p>Cortés proceeded at once to explore the capital, its paved causeways and +<p>Cortés proceeded at once to explore the capital, its paved causeways and lagoons. He devoted himself to gaining the friendship of Montezuma, and strove to incline him to embrace the Catholic religion and become a subject of the king of Spain. The bewildered king listened to these persuasions, transmitted to him through the lips of Malintzi-Marina, with amazement and dread. He scarcely understood the import of the words, and the doctrine of the Cross, thus suddenly presented to him, -was only a puzzle. Cortés had but little patience with his pupil. His +was only a puzzle. Cortés had but little patience with his pupil. His own situation was full of peril, in the midst of a large population who showed no cordiality towards the Spaniards. He resolved upon the bold measure of seizing the person of Montezuma.</p> -<p>Having found a pretext for a visit, Cortés waited on the monarch in his +<p>Having found a pretext for a visit, Cortés waited on the monarch in his palace. An audience was readily granted. He was graciously received by Montezuma, who entered into light conversation through the interpreters, and gave little presents<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> to the Spanish general and his attendants. He -readily listened to the complaints brought by Cortés against certain -caciques who had killed some Spaniards. Cortés then coolly suggested +readily listened to the complaints brought by Cortés against certain +caciques who had killed some Spaniards. Cortés then coolly suggested that it would be better for Montezuma to transfer his residence to the palace occupied by the Spaniards, as a sign to his people of his perfect -confidence, as well as a proof to the king and master of Cortés that he +confidence, as well as a proof to the king and master of Cortés that he was loyal to the strangers.</p> <p>Montezuma listened to this proposal with looks of profound amazement. He became pale under his dark skin, but in a moment his face flushed with resentment; and he utterly declined the proposal. The visit was prolonged in discussion and persuasion, always gentle on the part of -Cortés, but one of his companions, Velasquez de Léon, to cut short the +Cortés, but one of his companions, Velasquez de Léon, to cut short the matter, proposed seizing the king, with such fierce note and gesture, that Montezuma, alarmed, asked Marina what had been said. She strove to explain the exclamation in a gentle fashion, and besought him so tenderly to yield, that the poor king finally consented to quit his own palace and allowed himself to be led away. With their sovereign thus in -his power, Cortés, with his wonderful tact and resource, might have +his power, Cortés, with his wonderful tact and resource, might have succeeded in his plan of peaceably subjugating the Mexicans, but unfortunately at that time he had to leave the capital for Vera Cruz, where Narvaez, an emissary from the governor of Cuba, had just landed, -with directions to dispossess Cortés of his command. The affair took -only a little while, for Cortés surprised the new-comer in his own +with directions to dispossess Cortés of his command. The affair took +only a little while, for Cortés surprised the new-comer in his own quarters at Cempoallan, routed him entirely, and carried<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> off to join his own troops the forces sent against him from Cuba, a very timely addition, especially the horses, of which he was greatly in need.</p> @@ -4766,7 +4756,7 @@ addition, especially the horses, of which he was greatly in need.</p> <p>This despatched, he returned in all haste to Mexico, which he had left in the hands of Don Pedro de Alvarado, whose unflinching bravery was spoiled by his cruel and sanguinary temper. Entirely lacking the good -judgment of Cortés, he had in his absence involved the Spaniards in +judgment of Cortés, he had in his absence involved the Spaniards in ruin. The month of May had arrived, in which the Mexicans were accustomed to hold a great festival in honor of Huitzilopochtli. By this time, the supremacy of the Spaniards had become so established, through @@ -4775,13 +4765,13 @@ have it. He consented, but in the middle of the night, when they were all assembled in the temple, unarmed and carelessly engaged in dancing and the festive ceremonies of the occasion, Alvarado entered with fifty Spaniards and in wholesale destruction killed them all. The population -arose, and when Cortés came back he found Alvarado and the army besieged +arose, and when Cortés came back he found Alvarado and the army besieged in their quarters and at the point of being overcome by the enraged populace.</p> -<p>Cortés, in dismay, disgusted with the folly of his lieutenant, knew not +<p>Cortés, in dismay, disgusted with the folly of his lieutenant, knew not how to escape from its result. For several days the Mexicans attacked -the Spaniards in their head-quarters. Cortés made several sallies and +the Spaniards in their head-quarters. Cortés made several sallies and engaged in terrible combats with compact masses of the natives, but always had to retreat to his quarters, with losses that daily diminished his small army.</p> @@ -4839,7 +4829,7 @@ sorrowful phantoms of the victims of the Conquest.</p> <p>As this is the story of the Mexicans, and not of the Conquest only, and as moreover that period of Mexican history is fully elsewhere described, -we must pass slightly over the continued adventures of Cortés.</p> +we must pass slightly over the continued adventures of Cortés.</p> <p>When the adventurer saw that the presence of the monarch had produced no good effect upon his subjects, he withdrew to head-quarters, and after a @@ -4858,7 +4848,7 @@ progress, so that every Spaniard had to choose between abandoning these precious objects or saving his life. Quantities of gold and precious things according to the report, were thrown into the canals.</p> -<p>Cortés, himself under a thousand dangers, succeeded in effecting his +<p>Cortés, himself under a thousand dangers, succeeded in effecting his escape from the city to a spot where, under a large tree, he threw himself down to rest, and there reviewed the whole extent of his misfortune, recognized the loss of his most faithful and bravest @@ -4875,7 +4865,7 @@ beholders. Several others were there, and above all, Marina was safe in the hands of some Tlaxcallans who had faithfully protected her.</p> <p>This fearful escape is called universally the <i>Noche triste</i>. The tree -under which Cortés sat and wept is a venerable cypress still alive. It +under which Cortés sat and wept is a venerable cypress still alive. It has been in perfect health until a few years ago, when a fire was lighted underneath it, by some foolish pic-nic party, which burned into its huge trunk. Since then an iron railing has been put up to protect @@ -4888,7 +4878,7 @@ Here, says tradition, is the very point in the causeway where Alvarado leaped the breach. As there is no indication nor tradition of the actual width of the chasm, our wonder is without any limit.</p> -<p>Cortés did not allow himself time to repose or despair. As the dawn +<p>Cortés did not allow himself time to repose or despair. As the dawn broke he mounted his horse, and gathering together such stragglers as he could find, he led them out into the country to the Cerro of Otoncalpolco, now the Sanctuary de los Remedios. Here, weary and @@ -4899,7 +4889,7 @@ dispersed remnants of his army.</p> <p>This sanctuary is now the abode of an image of the Holy Virgin, of which the legend is that it was brought to Mexico by one of the soldiers of -Cortés, and that during the first stay of the Spaniards in Tenochtitlan +Cortés, and that during the first stay of the Spaniards in Tenochtitlan it was permitted to be set up in a shrine of the great teocalli among the Aztec gods. It was carried thence on the fatal <i>Noche triste</i>, by its possessor, when he sought shelter in this very temple with the rest @@ -4926,7 +4916,7 @@ of people who swarmed through the streets during the night.</p> <p>The Mexicans drew a long breath after the departure of the enemy. It is true their emperor was ignominiously slain, covered with the contempt -and scorn of his own subjects. His two sons, whom Cortés carried with +and scorn of his own subjects. His two sons, whom Cortés carried with him as prisoners, perished in the flight. The streets ran with blood and were strewn with corpses. The beautiful city was defaced, the causeways shattered, the bridges destroyed, and many of the houses burnt down. But @@ -4937,13 +4927,13 @@ to their places, and contemplated appeasing Huitzilopochtli for the indignity with which he had been treated, by a new course of sacrifices.</p> <p>Cuitlahuatzin, brother of Montezuma, was elected emperor. He had fought -valiantly in the struggle, and shown heroic courage in driving Cortés +valiantly in the struggle, and shown heroic courage in driving Cortés from the capital, which it was his determination to enforce. He began the slow task of gathering the army together, and bringing order out of confusion, but a few days only after the great battle, he was attacked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> by small-pox. This disease, never before known among the Aztecs, was one of the misfortunes bequeathed to them by the Spaniards. A negro, who had -just come up with Cortés, on his return from Vera Cruz, one of his +just come up with Cortés, on his return from Vera Cruz, one of his recruits belonging to Narvaez, had the malady, and died of it, spreading contagion in the capital.</p> @@ -4957,7 +4947,7 @@ years old.</p> <p>The tranquillity of the capital was but brief. In less than a week rumors came that the terrible white warrior was not killed, but alive, strong and determined as ever. Many of the Aztecs conceived him to be -immortal, and it is scarcely to be wondered at. Cortés had gathered +immortal, and it is scarcely to be wondered at. Cortés had gathered together the little remnant of his army, who crept along a winding route north of the city absolutely ignorant of their way, and what they might encounter. When light came, so that they were observed, stones and @@ -4965,7 +4955,7 @@ arrows were aimed at them by chance natives from above. For several days and nights they slowly advanced, living on the few ears of maize they found; for all provision was carried off from the deserted villages they passed through by the inhabitants as soon as they saw them approach. -Cortés was always brave, cheerful, and even encouraging in these dark +Cortés was always brave, cheerful, and even encouraging in these dark days. In this toilsome<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> march seven days were passed, and then they came upon the strange pyramid of the sun and moon, at San Juan Teotihuacan, supposed to be the work of the earliest dwellers upon Anahuac, older @@ -5004,10 +4994,10 @@ chief of the army was seen advancing on a litter, richly dressed, with plumes upon his head, a mantle of feather-work, and the banner of Tenochtitlan floating from his shoulders. Around him, to protect his sacred person, were a body of young warriors, richly dressed. It was a -shining mark, and Cortés sprang towards it on his charger. Coming down +shining mark, and Cortés sprang towards it on his charger. Coming down upon the prince, and overturning his bearers, he struck him through with his lance and threw him to the ground. One of his men sprang from the -saddle, seized the banner, and gave it to Cortés quick as a flash. It +saddle, seized the banner, and gave it to Cortés quick as a flash. It was all over in a moment. A panic ensued. The whole Mexican army fled in confusion, convinced that they fought against odds too great, human skill against the power of the immortals.</p> @@ -5019,7 +5009,7 @@ famous battle of Otumba, one of the most extraordinary in history, fought on the 8th of July, 1520. This encounter at Otumba is regarded by Baudelier as grossly exaggerated. He reduces the number of the attacking army to a much smaller proportion, but does credit to the bravery of -Cortés and his men. He considers the episode, the fall of the +Cortés and his men. He considers the episode, the fall of the standard-bearer deciding the fight, as completely in accordance with Indian modes of warfare.</p> @@ -5031,46 +5021,46 @@ prepare the country for another conflict. He collected great stores of corn in the warehouses, fortified all the places he considered exposed to attack, shattered the calzadas, or causeways, and got ready a large fleet of canoas. He worked with all diligence, for he was kept well -informed of the proceedings of the enemy, and knew that Cortés had +informed of the proceedings of the enemy, and knew that Cortés had arrived safe within the boundaries of Tlaxcalla. And, indeed, before the end of the year the renewed attack began.</p> <p>The distance from Otumba to Tlaxcalla was short, and the Spaniards were not further interrupted. The returned Tlaxcallans were received at home with great honors, and in spite of the disasters of the Spaniards, they -remained faithful to the stranger. Cortés reposed among them, recovering +remained faithful to the stranger. Cortés reposed among them, recovering from his own wounds, and giving his companions time to rest and refresh themselves. Meanwhile, he was forming new projects and drawing closer the bond of friendship with his hosts. The wise old Maxixcatzin, his first friend and constant supporter, died at that time, but the other Tlaxcallans continued their favor.</p> -<p>By December, only six months from his return to Tlaxcalla, Cortés had +<p>By December, only six months from his return to Tlaxcalla, Cortés had succeeded in making a new army of respectable proportion. Ixtlilxochitl now ruled undisturbed over the whole of Texcuco, after the death of his brothers, who had resisted the cause of the invaders. He was the fourteenth and last monarch of his country, of which he was the greatest enemy, fatal to it as well as to his own race and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> family. From the -beginning a prudent ally of Cortés, after the retreat of the Spanish +beginning a prudent ally of Cortés, after the retreat of the Spanish army to Texcuco, he sent him renewed offers of aid, and raised a large troop of soldiers for the invading army. Without them and other -indigenous bands Cortés would have been badly off. Thus increased, his +indigenous bands Cortés would have been badly off. Thus increased, his new army reached the reputed number of two hundred thousand men. With these he came to Texcuco, by two days' march, halting at a little -village at the base of Iztaccíhuatl, the companion volcano of +village at the base of IztaccÃhuatl, the companion volcano of Popocatepetl, which, stretched like a corpse in its shroud of everlasting snow, bears the name of the White Woman. The Spanish army entered Texcuco on the last day of the year, December 31, 1520, and here was conducted to the palace of Nezahualpilli, a building spacious enough to accommodate all the Spaniards. The town, as on his first entrance at -Tenochtitlan, was deserted, and Cortés learned that whole families were +Tenochtitlan, was deserted, and Cortés learned that whole families were leaving in boats and by the mountain paths. A weaker heart might have sunk at the repetition of such intimations of dislike, but the Spanish conqueror's heart was inflexible. Ixtlilxochitl received him with all cordiality, and presented to him the body of fifty thousand men he had raised, a substantial gift, which was in itself encouraging.</p> -<p>It was a great advantage to Cortés to have Texcuco for his +<p>It was a great advantage to Cortés to have Texcuco for his head-quarters. He had caused to be made in Tlaxcalla thirteen brigantines for crossing the lake. These were put together after his arrival and launched upon the water, through a little stream which had @@ -5078,7 +5068,7 @@ to be enlarged by the work of thousands of Indians, which led from the gardens of Nezahualcoyotl<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> to the lake. These brigantines, constructed in part of the timbers of his own ships which he had left scuttled at Vera Cruz, supplemented by quantities of native canoas, made a -respectable fleet. During these preparations Cortés was bringing the +respectable fleet. During these preparations Cortés was bringing the whole neighborhood into his control, either by conquest or negotiation. As we have seen, the Mexicans were by no means beloved by the smaller powers. It was not until the latter part of May, 1521, that the regular @@ -5089,13 +5079,13 @@ assigned to Christobal de Olid, and the third to Gonzalo de Sandoval. These three were all his trusty companions, who had shown themselves from the first as daring, as enduring, as invincible as himself. Only in the characteristics of superior forethought, judgment, and tact did -Cortés exceed them. To himself he reserved the conduct of the +Cortés exceed them. To himself he reserved the conduct of the brigantines upon the lake.</p> <p>The whole campaign against Mexico lasted eight months, while the siege proper was maintained for eighty days. The Spaniards attacked time and again with their artillery, and slew thousands of Mexicans. They -penetrated even to the heart of the capital but were driven back. Cortés +penetrated even to the heart of the capital but were driven back. Cortés himself, and all his captains, ran several times great risk of being slain or taken prisoners. The native allies could not be, or were not, restrained from plundering and burning houses and killing men, women, @@ -5107,7 +5097,7 @@ were burned; the new images of the gods, put in place since the first sack of the teocalli, were thrown down and hustled into the lake; whole streets were demolished, and with their ruins the canals were filled up.</p> -<p>Cortés made various propositions of peace to Cuahtemoc, but the brave +<p>Cortés made various propositions of peace to Cuahtemoc, but the brave young monarch, in spite of the hunger which reigned in the besieged city, the multitude of corpses heaped in the streets, although he saw before him the inevitable ruin of his kingdom, was unwilling to @@ -5117,13 +5107,13 @@ impossible. On the 13th of August, 1521, Cuahtemoc was concealed in a His presence there was suspected and the boat followed. Just as the pursuers were aiming their cross-bows, a young warrior, fully armed, rose and said, "I am Cuahtemoc, lead me to your chief." On landing, he -was escorted to the presence of Cortés, who was stationed on an <i>azotca</i> +was escorted to the presence of Cortés, who was stationed on an <i>azotca</i> where he could survey the combat. Marina was by his side as interpreter. Cuahtemoc approached with a calm bearing and firm step, a noble, well-proportioned youth, it is said, with a complexion fair for one of his race. Without waiting to be addressed he said: "I have done my best to defend my people. Deal with me as you will," and touching the dagger -in Cortés' belt, he added, "Despatch me at once, I beseech you."</p> +in Cortés' belt, he added, "Despatch me at once, I beseech you."</p> <p>The wife of the captive king was now sent for; she was one of the daughters of Montezuma, and of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> wonderful beauty it is said. The captive @@ -5136,7 +5126,7 @@ shattered teocallis and levelled them to the ground. The elements finished what the Conquistadores had begun,—the ancient city of the Aztecs was in ruins.</p> -<p>After the surrender of Tenochtitlan, Cortés withdrew to Coyoacán, still +<p>After the surrender of Tenochtitlan, Cortés withdrew to Coyoacán, still a picturesque old town in the suburbs of the modern city. There he remained while the capital was rebuilt. It is said that he gave a banquet to his captains in honor of the victory they had achieved, an @@ -5145,12 +5135,12 @@ then at Vera Cruz. The house he occupied with Marina, is still to be seen on the northern side of the plaza of the little town. Over the doorway are carved the arms of the conqueror, much obscured by repeated coats of whitewash. In the church-yard is a stone cross set up on a -little mound, said to have been placed there by Cortés himself. His +little mound, said to have been placed there by Cortés himself. His first labor was to cleanse the city and dispose of the dead, then to clear away the ruins in order to erect new buildings. The Spaniards were greatly disappointed not to find vast treasures belonging to the Aztec crown, which they were convinced were somewhere concealed. To his -everlasting dishonor Cortés allowed Cuahtemoc to be tortured by putting +everlasting dishonor Cortés allowed Cuahtemoc to be tortured by putting his feet in boiling oil, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> order that he might reveal where such treasure was to be found. The king of Tlacopan was tortured also for the same object, but with no result. Both victims were of opinion that the @@ -5160,7 +5150,7 @@ the bottom of the shallow expanse and found nothing. If such treasures were there, there they still remain.</p> <p>The country was put under military rule, although the Mexican chiefs -were allowed to retain their titles and nominal authority. Cortés +were allowed to retain their titles and nominal authority. Cortés assumed the titles of Governor, Captain General, and Chief-Justice, in all of which he was later confirmed by the King of Spain. He had next to make sure of the subjugation of the other tribes of Anahuac. He @@ -5168,13 +5158,13 @@ organized expeditions and embassies to all the peoples thereabouts, and among others to Michoacan, where, as we have seen, was a kingdom of strength and power, which had never surrendered to the Aztecs. Tangaxoan II., when he heard of the conquest of Mexico, awaited his own turn with -terror. Cortés at first sent a peaceful ambassador, led by a soldier -named Montaño, who returned after some dangers with a detailed account +terror. Cortés at first sent a peaceful ambassador, led by a soldier +named Montaño, who returned after some dangers with a detailed account of the wonders of Calzonzi—the name given this monarch by the Spaniards. Shortly afterwards Christobal de Olid was sent out with seventy horses and two hundred foot soldiers; this force was sufficient to subjugate the monarch and make him swear allegiance to the King of -Spain. Afterwards Calzonzi came to Mexico on a visit to Cortés; he +Spain. Afterwards Calzonzi came to Mexico on a visit to Cortés; he beheld with amazement the ruins of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> great city which he had never seen in the days of its splendor. The destruction of his hereditary rival gave him much to reflect upon, and hastened his willingness to @@ -5182,23 +5172,23 @@ accept the religion of the Conquistadores. In his ancient capital of Tzintzuntzan there is a pathetic picture, crude and of course not ancient, which depicts the Tarascan king accepting the cross.</p> -<p>During the rule of Cortés, Tangaxoan lived peacefully, enjoying the +<p>During the rule of Cortés, Tangaxoan lived peacefully, enjoying the nominal control of his vast kingdom. In the course of three years, -Cortés greatly extended the dominion of Castile in New Spain, as it was +Cortés greatly extended the dominion of Castile in New Spain, as it was then called; for all his conquests were of course referred to his sovereign, Charles V. of Spain, to whom from time to time he sent presents of gold, specimens of the wealth of the new possessions. His power extended as far as Honduras, where Christobal de Olid was put in power. At a safe distance from his chief, Olid conceived the foolish idea of asserting his personal control, and made himself king of the -colony. Olid lost his life in this attempt; and Cortés determined to go +colony. Olid lost his life in this attempt; and Cortés determined to go himself to Honduras. It was on this expedition that, without knowing it, he passed close to the ruins of the serpent city, Nachan, now Palenque. -But, as we have seen, Cortés was more in the way of making ruins on his +But, as we have seen, Cortés was more in the way of making ruins on his own account, than of regarding the mighty ones wrought by time; and had he known of the existence of the city, it is doubtful whether he would have stopped to cut away the massive growth in which it was concealed. -In Izancapac, a Tabascan town, Cortés suddenly ordered the death of the +In Izancapac, a Tabascan town, Cortés suddenly ordered the death of the three royal captives of Anahuac, whom he had brought thus far with him, perhaps for this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> purpose. On the charge of a conspiracy to restore the Aztec rule, they were hung upon a ceyba tree,—Cuahtemoc, and the kings @@ -5213,7 +5203,7 @@ uncivilized tribes retreated to the sierras or the deserts of the north, where they continued for generations in perpetual war with the white race.</p> -<p>During the remainder of his life, Cortés made several voyages to Spain +<p>During the remainder of his life, Cortés made several voyages to Spain to defend his interests and arrange his affairs. In Mexico he employed the greater part of his time and fortune in the discovery of new lands in the neighborhood of Jalisco and the western coast. Finally, @@ -5225,7 +5215,7 @@ much of disappointment as disease, and withdrew to Seville; afterwards to a small town in that neighborhood, Castilleja de la Cuesta, where he died on the 2d of December, 1547. His body was carried thence in great state and buried in the chapel of the Dukes of Medina Sidonia. But -Cortés had ordered in his will that his bones should be brought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> in ten +Cortés had ordered in his will that his bones should be brought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> in ten years time from his death to Mexico, and this wish was fulfilled, and the remains were interred at Texcuco. On the 2d of July, 1794, the bones of the great Conquistador were placed in a marble sepulchre which had @@ -5233,7 +5223,7 @@ been prepared for them in the church of Jesu-Nazareno, which he had founded himself. Even then they did not rest, for in the first years of the revolution, so great was the popular hatred of everything Spanish, safety required that they should be hidden; they were secretly removed, -by the orders of the heirs of Cortés, and by last advices, they are now +by the orders of the heirs of Cortés, and by last advices, they are now at rest in Italy, in the vaults of the Dukes of Monteleone, his descendants.</p> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -5244,53 +5234,53 @@ descendants.</p> <h2>XVIII.</h2> -<h3>DOÑA MARINA.</h3> +<h3>DOÑA MARINA.</h3> <p>During the two years occupied, with varying fortunes, in the conquest of -Mexico, Cortés was always accompanied by Malintzi, who was indeed +Mexico, Cortés was always accompanied by Malintzi, who was indeed indispensable to him as interpreter. Her tent was always near that of the commander. His lieutenants treated her with consideration and -respect, always giving her the title of Doña.</p> +respect, always giving her the title of Doña.</p> <p>Through his reverses, and on the terrible <i>Noche triste</i>, it is said, that Malintzi never lost her courage. She was put in charge of some -brave Tlaxcallans, by Cortés, who could not have her with him at the +brave Tlaxcallans, by Cortés, who could not have her with him at the head of the fray, and their devotion brought her through the wild confusion of flight.</p> -<p>The long struggle over, Cortés, as we have seen, went to live at -Coyoacán. Doña Marina was with him.</p> +<p>The long struggle over, Cortés, as we have seen, went to live at +Coyoacán. Doña Marina was with him.</p> <p>Now she is happy. Her hero rules triumphant over millions of men. She lives in a palace, with her guards, her maids of honor, her pages, and esquires. The long, sad days of her youth of slavery are at an end, she has resumed her rank. She has a son, baptized under the name of Martin -Cortés, whom she tenderly loves, and with this child and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> his father, +Cortés, whom she tenderly loves, and with this child and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> his father, now at peace with all the vast empire he has conquered for his sovereign, she passes a tranquil, happy life.</p> -<p>Suddenly, to break in upon this dream, comes the news that Doña Catalina -Juarez Cortés has landed at Vera Cruz, and is approaching the capital.</p> +<p>Suddenly, to break in upon this dream, comes the news that Doña Catalina +Juarez Cortés has landed at Vera Cruz, and is approaching the capital.</p> -<p>Very likely Cortés had forgotten to mention his marriage to Marina. -Perhaps he had forgotten it himself. But the reader will remember Doña +<p>Very likely Cortés had forgotten to mention his marriage to Marina. +Perhaps he had forgotten it himself. But the reader will remember Doña Catalina, the cause of the jealousy of Velasquez in the early days of Fernando's career. It is said that his first ardor for her cooled off after a time, and that the marriage would never have taken place but for -the persistence of the Doña. It was not happy, and the adventurer sailed +the persistence of the Doña. It was not happy, and the adventurer sailed away, without regret for the cheerless home he left behind in Cuba.</p> <p>Her name was never mentioned during the long period which passed between the landing of the Spaniards and their successful establishment in -Mexico. But the deeds of Fernando Cortés were known to all the world, -and especially sounded about in the island whence he set out. Doña +Mexico. But the deeds of Fernando Cortés were known to all the world, +and especially sounded about in the island whence he set out. Doña Catalina, with every right on her side, set out to join her recusant -spouse, encouraged by Diégo Velasquez, who saw with no pleasure the -continued triumphs of Cortés.</p> +spouse, encouraged by Diégo Velasquez, who saw with no pleasure the +continued triumphs of Cortés.</p> -<p>Bernal Diaz says that Cortés hated his wife, but he dared not bring down -upon himself the wrath of the Church by ignoring her, and Doña Catalina +<p>Bernal Diaz says that Cortés hated his wife, but he dared not bring down +upon himself the wrath of the Church by ignoring her, and Doña Catalina was received on her arrival with all the honors due to the wife of the great conqueror. She made a splendid entrance into the capital, and at once stepped into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> the position of head of his household, and succeeded @@ -5300,46 +5290,46 @@ to the homage of maids of honor, pages, and esquires.</p> who baptized her, trained her in the Christian faith, and now, in the hour of trial, stood by her side.</p> -<p>Doña Catalina was not destined to enjoy long her new state. The air of +<p>Doña Catalina was not destined to enjoy long her new state. The air of the lofty plateau did not suit her constitution, accustomed to the lower atmosphere of Cuba. She died suddenly.</p> -<p>At Coyoacán there is a tale that Doña Catalina was drowned by her +<p>At Coyoacán there is a tale that Doña Catalina was drowned by her husband, and the well is even shown to tourists into which she is supposed to have been thrown. This legend is probably of later date than the time of her death, but even then rumors arose that it had been a -violent one, and reports were rapidly circulated about Cortés likely to +violent one, and reports were rapidly circulated about Cortés likely to injure his reputation and, moreover, that of the Malintzi.</p> -<p>At that time Cortés was thinking of a return to Spain. He was +<p>At that time Cortés was thinking of a return to Spain. He was thirty-five, still young enough to thirst for a full recognition at home of his great deeds. While making his preparation for departure, he heard of the insurrection of his lieutenant Olid in Honduras, who had declared himself independent. It was necessary for him to hasten at once to -chastise his boldness. Aguilar, the interpreter, was dead, and Cortés, +chastise his boldness. Aguilar, the interpreter, was dead, and Cortés, who had never troubled himself to acquire the Mexican dialects, had to send for Marina to accompany him, as interpreter only. This caused the rumors about the death of his wife to circulate more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> than before. -Cortés, warned of the danger, took a decisive step to silence all such +Cortés, warned of the danger, took a decisive step to silence all such insinuations. At Orizaba, he caused the sudden marriage of Marina with one of his officers, Don Juan de Jaramillo.</p> <p>Poor Marina was required to carry her devotion, her absolute obedience to her chief, to the extreme point of marrying a man she scarcely knew. She yielded. It is said that she never lived with her husband, but -withdrew at once to her birthplace, at Païnala, where her own family +withdrew at once to her birthplace, at Païnala, where her own family still lived; that her guilty relatives threw themselves at her feet, afraid that she would have them destroyed by the Spaniard. She forgave them, and passed the rest of her life far away from the capital, in -obscurity. She died young, when Cortés was yet at the height of his +obscurity. She died young, when Cortés was yet at the height of his fame, before he had suffered the mortification of seeing himself overlooked by the court of Spain.</p> -<p>Not long after the expedition to Honduras, Cortés carried out his +<p>Not long after the expedition to Honduras, Cortés carried out his intention of crossing to Spain. On this first visit he was, as we have seen, received with acclamations, and loaded with praise and honors. When he again entered Mexico, with the title of Marquess of the Valley -of Oaxaca, he brought with him a Spanish bride, Doña Juana de Zuñiga, +of Oaxaca, he brought with him a Spanish bride, Doña Juana de Zuñiga, daughter of the second Count of Aguilar, and niece of the Duke de Bejar.</p> <p>So Malintzi, if her shade returns to wander under the <i>ahuehuetes</i> of @@ -5394,7 +5384,7 @@ people of the United States, as belonging to the savage of the tomahawk and war-whoop, that it is rather common to fancy the Mexican Indios to be of the same stock. Many a reader of Prescott's "Conquest" has been surprised to find that the natives who were terrified at the approach of -Cortés on his war-horse, were not first cousins to the Mohawks and +Cortés on his war-horse, were not first cousins to the Mohawks and Algonquins whom Parkman has described.</p> <p>It is necessary to dwell on this, in order that any fair opinion should @@ -5448,10 +5438,10 @@ feasting and dancing, and general rejoicing on such occasions.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> <p>The first government of the Spaniards was a military one, whose chief -was Fernando Cortés. He had wisely surrounded himself by a body of +was Fernando Cortés. He had wisely surrounded himself by a body of advisers or approvers, in the early time of founding Vera Cruz when he established the <i>Ayuntamiento</i>, composed of his companions of the -voyage. This organization was maintained during the time of Cortés' +voyage. This organization was maintained during the time of Cortés' administration. Its duties were to found new cities, parcel out lands and farms among the colonists, establish markets, regulate sanitary conditions, and enforce the laws; thus standing between the natives and @@ -5459,12 +5449,12 @@ new settlers, who began to enter the country. Many of the rules and ordinances of the early Ayuntamientos are still in force.</p> <p>On account of complaints which reached the court of Spain, against the -rule thus established by Cortés, the king resolved to put the new +rule thus established by Cortés, the king resolved to put the new country in the hands of a body of magistrates who should be obeyed by all the governors of provinces, representing the person of the monarch and enforcing his authority. The members of the first <i>Audiencia</i> arrived in Vera Cruz on the 6th of December, 1528. There were five of -them; their president was Nuño de Guzman, a cruel and sanguinary man, +them; their president was Nuño de Guzman, a cruel and sanguinary man, whose despotism left the most bitter recollections throughout the country.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> With his <i>oidores</i>, as the other members were called, he displayed the greatest cruelty toward the Indians, in direct @@ -5474,7 +5464,7 @@ his Audiencia expected to enrich themselves. They quarrelled with the ecclesiastics and religious orders, so that they were excommunicated by the bishop, in return for which they broke up by force a religious procession in the streets of the capital. In short, they made themselves -intolerable alike to natives and colonists. Nuño de Guzman, finding +intolerable alike to natives and colonists. Nuño de Guzman, finding himself thus unpopular, went away from Mexico in 1529, and paid a visit to Michoacan, where he strove to extort quantities of gold from Calzonzi, who, as we know, had hitherto escaped the violence of the @@ -5483,7 +5473,7 @@ Patzcuaro, nominal sovereign of his Tarascans.</p> <p>Calzonzi could not or would not satisfy the greed of the cruel Guzman, whereupon he was burned alive, as is shown in the same picture where he -embraces the cross, in the town-hall of Tzintzuntzan. Nuño went away +embraces the cross, in the town-hall of Tzintzuntzan. Nuño went away without any treasures or precious stones, and made war upon the natives of Jalisco, founding in that country a town which he called the Holy Ghost. This afterwards became Guadalajara, now one of the finest cities @@ -5566,9 +5556,9 @@ and all employments coming from the productions of the earth, which the climate of Mexico greatly favors.</p> <p>Before his arrival the Franciscan brotherhood had founded several -convents. As early as 1521 Cortés, after the conquest of Tenochtitlan, +convents. As early as 1521 Cortés, after the conquest of Tenochtitlan, had sent home an urgent request that priests should be sent from Spain -to convert the heathen in the new province. For Cortés, through all his +to convert the heathen in the new province. For Cortés, through all his undertaking, earnestly regarded his mission as a crusade against the unbeliever; he never hesitated to destroy the temples and gods of the Aztecs, and his first step after victory was to forcibly baptize all his @@ -5598,7 +5588,7 @@ fifteen years, to see every thing bear the marks of his judgment and enterprise.</p> <p>It was he who founded two cities which have reached great importance. -The first was Guadalajara, near the site where Nuño de Guzman had +The first was Guadalajara, near the site where Nuño de Guzman had established a town under the name Espiritu Santo, in the state of Jalisco. Mendoza removed it from its first situation to the one it now occupies. It has become one of the largest and most flourishing cities @@ -5614,7 +5604,7 @@ Mexico, such as are nowhere else to be found.</p> <p>Mendoza also founded the city of Valladolid, in the late kingdom of Michoacan, of which the poor King Calzonzi had lately been sacrificed to -the greed of Nuño de Guzman. This latter received the just punishment +the greed of Nuño de Guzman. This latter received the just punishment for his cruelty. He was imprisoned in 1537, and shortly after died, "in misery and oblivion," says the chronicle.</p> @@ -5683,7 +5673,7 @@ of the viceroy. Religious liberty was not the motive, for here the strong arm of the Church was stretched as firmly as at home. As early as 1527 a royal order was issued, by which all Jews and Moors were banished from New Spain. The Inquisition was established in 1570, but although -the <i>auto da fé</i> was of frequent occurrence during two centuries, the +the <i>auto da fé</i> was of frequent occurrence during two centuries, the institution never<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> flourished with the vigor it acquired in the old country.</p> @@ -5702,7 +5692,7 @@ in a suitable place, to be selected by the viceroy and the good Bishop Vasco de Quiroga, who was known as a friend of the Tarascans.</p> <p>Among the members of the second Audiencia, which retrieved by its wisdom -the evil deeds of Nuño and his assistants, was an eminent lawyer, the +the evil deeds of Nuño and his assistants, was an eminent lawyer, the Licenciado Vasco de Quiroga. As the proceedings of Guzman were fresh in everybody's mind, he heard of them, and at once went into the neighborhood of Tzintzuntzan to relieve, if possible, the condition of @@ -5768,14 +5758,14 @@ cathedral are well provided with them, great and small, for all occasions. On a feast-day of the Church these bells are ringing continuously, filling the air of the town with their joyous clangor.</p> -<p>Cortés was away when the Viceroy Mendoza arrived in Mexico. He still +<p>Cortés was away when the Viceroy Mendoza arrived in Mexico. He still retained his title of governor, with the same powers always conferred upon him; but his long absences from the capital made it necessary, as he fully recognized, that some other strong authority should be established there. Nevertheless, he never got on very well with such other authorities, and on his return soon became at odds with Mendoza, who, in his opinion, interfered with his prerogatives. It was then that -Cortés bade farewell to his family, and taking with him his eldest son +Cortés bade farewell to his family, and taking with him his eldest son and heir, Don Martin, then eight years old, he embarked for Spain, leaving Mendoza undisturbed in the execution of his office.</p> @@ -5852,7 +5842,7 @@ middle of the next century.</p> only, receives its name from the tradition that before the light of Christianity was shed on New Spain, the heathen used to see visions of angels marshalled in mighty hosts in the heavens above the spot where -the city stands. It is in the Province of Tlaxcalla, where Cortés found +the city stands. It is in the Province of Tlaxcalla, where Cortés found his first friends and stanch allies, on the highway between the coast and the capital.</p> @@ -5908,7 +5898,7 @@ Puebla de Zaragoza, in honor of the brave general who defended it against the French, on the 5th of May, 1862.</p> <p>Thus the efforts of the viceroys were ably seconded by the zeal of the -first ecclesiastics of the church of Mexico. Fray Juan de Zumárraga was +first ecclesiastics of the church of Mexico. Fray Juan de Zumárraga was the first bishop presented by the emperor to Pope Clement VII., in 1527. The next year he arrived at Vera Cruz, bearing the titles of bishop-elect and protector of the Indians, honors which he fairly earned @@ -6087,7 +6077,7 @@ powerful monarchy in Europe. He was king of Spain, comprehending under that name Castile, Aragon, and Granada, which, for centuries independent states, had been brought under one sceptre in the reign of his father, Charles V. He was king of Naples and Sicily, duke of Milan, lord of -Franche Comté and the Low Countries; he had important possessions in +Franche Comté and the Low Countries; he had important possessions in Africa; in the true Indias he owned the Philippine and Spice Islands; and in America, besides his possessions in the West Indies, he was master of Mexico and Peru.</p> @@ -6097,14 +6087,14 @@ II. has maintained the reputation for admirable management, constant attention to public affairs, and the strictest sense of justice. It may well be believed, however, that he had not the same interest in the remote acquisition to his territories which his father had. Charles knew -Cortés personally; received the first exciting reports of the discovery +Cortés personally; received the first exciting reports of the discovery of the new country and the rich gifts which were sent him as trophies and specimens of the advantages to be derived from the conquests. Philip had had no part in these things. Much of his early life was passed elsewhere, absorbed in other more closely personal events.</p> <p>By the time he became king the exciting days of the Conquest were over. -Cortés was dead. The government of New Spain was established. The vital +Cortés was dead. The government of New Spain was established. The vital interest to the monarch of Spain in his American colonies was to secure the large sums of gold and silver that were expected from them, and the mines of Peru by that time so far exceeded those of Mexico, that the @@ -6142,12 +6132,12 @@ jurisdiction, only heretics from other nations falling under the ban.</p> <p>The <i>Quemadero</i>, a burning place in the city of Mexico, upon land since included in the Alameda, was a square platform in a large open space, where the spectacle could be witnessed by the population. The first -<i>auto-da-fé</i> was celebrated in the year 1574, when, as its chronicler +<i>auto-da-fé</i> was celebrated in the year 1574, when, as its chronicler mentions cheerfully, "there perished twenty-one pestilent Lutherans."</p> <p>From this time such ceremonies were of frequent occurrence, but the Inquisition never reached the point it did in Old Spain. Although large -numbers undoubtedly perished in these, <i>autos-da-fé</i>, the number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> of +numbers undoubtedly perished in these, <i>autos-da-fé</i>, the number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> of those actually burned to death was comparatively small and insignificant compared to that of the victims to this religious fury in Europe. Early in the present century the Holy Office was suppressed throughout Spain @@ -6188,7 +6178,7 @@ long, and eleven feet wide by thirteen in height. It was completed in eleven months, and the event was celebrated by the presence of the viceroy himself with great pomp, who gave the first stroke with his spade. Mass was said, and there were great rejoicings. This cut was call -the <i>desaguë</i> of Huehuetoca, a small village near the hills of +the <i>desaguë</i> of Huehuetoca, a small village near the hills of Nochistongo.</p> <p>The canal proved too small, and several schemes were tried for enlarging @@ -6242,7 +6232,7 @@ Bourbon at one time thought of running away from his difficulties at home, and taking refuge in Mexico.</p> <p>Only one more of the viceroys need be mentioned, the Conde de -Revillagigedo, Don Juan Vicente de Güemes Pacheco de Padilla, whose +Revillagigedo, Don Juan Vicente de Güemes Pacheco de Padilla, whose deeds are worth remembering. He found the city in 1787 in a wretched condition, unlighted, undrained, unpaved. Even a part of the viceregal palace was useless, being occupied by the stalls of Indian women selling @@ -6334,7 +6324,7 @@ leaves. We will hasten over the uninteresting plain, and come to the emotional foreground.</p> <p>There were in all sixty-four viceroys, beginning with Don Antonio de -Mendoza, 1535, and ending with Juan O'Donojú in 1822. For nearly three +Mendoza, 1535, and ending with Juan O'Donojú in 1822. For nearly three centuries they ruled New Spain, and ruled it pretty well, according to their lights and those from whom they received their authority.</p> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -6395,7 +6385,7 @@ the Viceroy Mayorga to project an academy of the three fine arts, painting, sculpture, and architecture. In 1783, under the rule of the good Galvez, royal approval was granted, and license was given for the existing institution under the name of: "Academia de las Nobles Artes de -San Carlos de la Nueva España."</p> +San Carlos de la Nueva España."</p> <p>The academy was formally opened with suitable ceremony in 1785, removed a few years later to the building it still occupies. Charles III. @@ -6464,7 +6454,7 @@ Teotihuacan, and afterwards gave a prolonged study to mines, visiting first Moran and Real del Monte, northeast of the capital, and afterwards Guanajuato. Long before the arrival of the Spaniards, the natives of Mexico were acquainted with the working of subterranean veins to find -metal. Cortés says that gold, silver, copper, lead, and tin were all +metal. Cortés says that gold, silver, copper, lead, and tin were all sold in the markets of Tenochtitlan. They either collected grains of native gold in small baskets of slender rushes, or melted the metal into bars, like those now used in trade, represented in Mexican paintings. @@ -6525,7 +6515,7 @@ which burned steadily, throwing up lava and hot ashes for several months.</p> <p>The Indians were greatly terrified by such a spectacle, as well they -might be. Flames were seen at Patzcuaro, and even at Querétaro, many +might be. Flames were seen at Patzcuaro, and even at Querétaro, many miles away. The roofs of houses were covered with ashes, and the rich plantations of San Pedro reduced to a barren plain. They believed that some missionary monks who were ill received at the plantation poured out @@ -6633,7 +6623,7 @@ the authorities.</p> <p>Here we must leave Spain to fight her own battles.</p> -<p>In the beginning of the new century, Don José de Iturrigaray took +<p>In the beginning of the new century, Don José de Iturrigaray took possession of the viceregal seat. He was a man of public spirit, and an excellent ruler. He greatly improved the highroad from Vera Cruz to the capital, built the Puente del Rey, since called the National Bridge, @@ -6647,7 +6637,7 @@ who had thus brought the army to an available condition, had conceived the idea of seizing Mexico, and assuming an independent crown for himself. Acting upon this idea, they rose in revolt, took possession of the palace and seized Iturrigaray and all his family, shutting him up in -the fortress of San Juan de Ulóa, until opportunity offered to send him +the fortress of San Juan de Ulóa, until opportunity offered to send him back to Spain. An old marshal of the army, Garibay, was made viceroy in his place, but he ruled but a few months, when the central Junta of Spain ordered him superseded by the Archbishop of Mexico. Whatever were @@ -6699,7 +6689,7 @@ sent to school in Valladolid, at the Colegio de San Nicholas, where he pursued his studies until he came to be head of the institution. This school was founded by the good Bishop Quiroga, at the time the Cathedral was transferred from Tzintzuntzan, and was therefore one of the first in -the country. This fact, and the greater one, that the Benemérito cura +the country. This fact, and the greater one, that the Benemérito cura Hidalgo not only taught but lived within the walls, where no doubt he first formed his ideas of independence, makes Morelia very proud of its seminary.</p> @@ -6743,7 +6733,7 @@ rapidly deteriorating Spain.</p> <p>Such dreams and ideas Hidalgo imparted to a few other persons, and they became plans. Those who talked these things fell under suspicion, and in -Querétaro, an attempt was made to seize a small knot of such men. They +Querétaro, an attempt was made to seize a small knot of such men. They were warned, and fled or concealed themselves. Hidalgo, hearing of this, instead of following their example, determined to delay no longer, but to declare independence at once. In this resolve he was supported by @@ -6800,7 +6790,7 @@ representatives of government, resolved to defend the town, and prepared for the attack.</p> <p>The Independents were driven back several times. The besieged had -entrenched themselves in the strong place, Alhóndiga de Grenaditas, used +entrenched themselves in the strong place, Alhóndiga de Grenaditas, used for storing grain, with the governor of the town at their head; and there defended themselves so well that things were going badly for their opponents, until a little boy, called Pipita, on all fours, with a @@ -6832,7 +6822,7 @@ sustain the war against Napoleon.</p> The viceroy learned that Mexico was not behind the age in revolutions, and that he must call upon his military skill to suppress a formidable rising in its cradle. He ordered all the troops then in garrison at -Mexico to Querétaro, increased these forces with rural troops, and sent +Mexico to Querétaro, increased these forces with rural troops, and sent for marines to Vera Cruz, while he summoned forces from San Luis Potosi, at the north, and even those of Guadalajara, in the west, to hold themselves in readiness.</p> @@ -6877,7 +6867,7 @@ commanding general, Trujillo, owed his life to his excellent horse, which bore him swiftly back to Mexico. Had Hidalgo marched immediately upon Mexico, then in a state of panic and confusion most advantageous to his cause, it might have been for him the victorious end of the -struggle. Unfortunately, he decided to withdraw towards Querétaro, +struggle. Unfortunately, he decided to withdraw towards Querétaro, fearing the approach of reinforcements from the capital.</p> <p>In fact, at Aculco he was vigorously attacked by the division of Calleja @@ -6938,7 +6928,7 @@ Chihuahua, and upon the 31st of July perished Hidalgo, showing in his last moments great bravery and self-possession.</p> <p>The heads of these four illustrious chiefs were carried to Guanajuato, -and nailed upon the four corners of the Alhóndiga de Grenaditas, where +and nailed upon the four corners of the Alhóndiga de Grenaditas, where they remained for ten years. Later the remains, as those of martyrs, received solemn burial beneath the altar of the sovereigns in the grand cathedral of Mexico.</p> @@ -6961,7 +6951,7 @@ that came upon them was martyrdom to their cause, more efficient as an incentive to future patriotism than lives of prolonged incomplete effort.</p> -<p>The Alhóndiga de Grenaditas is now used for a prison. In its walls is +<p>The Alhóndiga de Grenaditas is now used for a prison. In its walls is still to be seen the spike from which for ten years hung the head of Hidalgo. Before the entrance stands a bronze statue of the first liberator of his country.</p> @@ -6989,7 +6979,7 @@ over the doorway thus inscribed:</p> <p class="center"> <i>The immortal<br /> -José M. Morelos was born in this house<br /> +José M. Morelos was born in this house<br /> on the 30th of September 1765.<br /> 16th of September 1881.</i><br /> </p> @@ -7106,7 +7096,7 @@ himself betrayed by a deserter.</p> <p>Morelos was taken to Mexico; the ecclesiastical tribunes covered him with ignominy, and he was handed over to the military authorities. By them he was at once sentenced to death, and on the 22d<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> of December, -1815, he was shot in the small town San Cristóbal Ecatepec, dying with +1815, he was shot in the small town San Cristóbal Ecatepec, dying with the bravery of a hero.</p> <p>This was the end of the dark period, called the second, of Mexican @@ -7189,7 +7179,7 @@ birth of Morelos. The Emperor Maximilian presided on the occasion.</p> returned to Spain, having taken vigorous measures to extinguish forever, as he thought, the flames of insurrection. In the last days of his administration he arrested and sent to a convent two women distinguished -for their devotion to the cause of independence; one of them, Doña +for their devotion to the cause of independence; one of them, Doña Josefa Dominguez, the wife of the man who began with Hidalgo the agitation of the subject.</p> @@ -7222,7 +7212,7 @@ soil of Anahuac.</p> again upon the throne, but there was a revolution in 1820, by which he was compelled to surrender much of the authority which he had taken upon himself in spite of his oaths and promises. He was obliged to convoke -the Cortés, to change his ministers for liberals, to abolish the +the Cortés, to change his ministers for liberals, to abolish the Inquisition, free the press, and re-establish the national militia.</p> <p>Such events awoke again the demand for a liberal government in Mexico. @@ -7246,7 +7236,7 @@ independence of Mexico.</p> <p>Agustin de Yturbide was born in the city of Valladolid, not then re-named Morelia, on the 27th of September, 1783. His parents were of native Mexican blood, Joaquin de Yturbide, born in Pamplona, and Ana -Arámburu.</p> +Arámburu.</p> <p>He had entered a royalist regiment before he was sixteen years old, and until 1808 he showed himself a vigorous opponent of the liberal party, @@ -7297,7 +7287,7 @@ field of action in the south, where the troops of the late brigadier had joined the insurgent forces. This gave time for the Independents to collect together the various forces of Bustamente and other chiefs of their way of thinking. Valladolid was compelled to capitulate for the -third or fourth time in twenty years; afterwards Querétaro, and, +third or fourth time in twenty years; afterwards Querétaro, and, finally, Puebla, which, besieged by the troops of Bravo and Herrera, surrendered to Yturbide, who made a triumphal entry into the city on the 2d of August, 1821. This was the first of the sieges which the City of @@ -7331,7 +7321,7 @@ himself at the head of all, and with such resources the campaign was swift and successful. Thus passed the month of July. On the 30th arrived at Vera Cruz a new viceroy, sent in advance, before insurrection was dreamed of at home, to replace Apodaca, the last governor ever sent from -Spain, Juan O'Donojú, sixty-fourth viceroy since the coming of Mendoza.</p> +Spain, Juan O'Donojú, sixty-fourth viceroy since the coming of Mendoza.</p> <p>He disembarked, took the oath of office before the governor of Vera Cruz, and assumed the position of governor and captain-general.</p> @@ -7342,10 +7332,10 @@ power, visible in the ample number of troops within his control, that discretion was the better part of valor.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> The Treaty of Cordova, then and there settled between these two men, declared the independence of Mexico, with Ferdinand VII. or some other for its independent sovereign, -establishing a Junta of government, to which O'Donojú stipulated to +establishing a Junta of government, to which O'Donojú stipulated to belong, provisional until a king should be found.</p> -<p>These things settled, Yturbide and O'Donojú, hand in hand, as Yturbide +<p>These things settled, Yturbide and O'Donojú, hand in hand, as Yturbide and Guerrero had come before, approached the capital. Sub-inspector Novella was summoned outside the city to a conference, and not unwillingly surrendered his brief authority to the two harmonious @@ -7365,7 +7355,7 @@ thirty-eight members accepted by oath the Plan of Iguala and the Treaty of Cordova, and further issued an Act of Independence of the Mexican Empire, subscribed to by all the Junta. A government was formed, called the Regency, composed of Don Agustin de Yturbide, president, and five -other members, among them Don Juan O'Donojú. The latter died the next<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> +other members, among them Don Juan O'Donojú. The latter died the next<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> month, and thus ended his very brief career in Mexico; his place was taken by the Bishop of Puebla.</p> @@ -7400,8 +7390,8 @@ elevating Yturbide to a throne.</p> <p>A ferment of discordant opinions, conflicting interests, and personal ambitions arose, in the midst of which came the news, naturally to be -expected, that the Cortés of Spain declared null and void the Treaty of -Cordova, concerted by Yturbide and O'Donojú.</p> +expected, that the Cortés of Spain declared null and void the Treaty of +Cordova, concerted by Yturbide and O'Donojú.</p> <p>This gave Yturbide his opportunity. On the night of the 18th of May, a movement was begun by a sergeant of one of the regiments, echoed @@ -7681,7 +7671,7 @@ withdrew to New Orleans, to bide his time, while Congress declared in favor of Guerrero, who ventured to return and try his hand as President.</p> <p>Santa Anna distinguished himself by resisting the troops sent by Spain, -somewhat late, after the <i>mañana</i> methods of both countries, to resent +somewhat late, after the <i>mañana</i> methods of both countries, to resent the secession of their dependent colony. A Spanish force from Cuba, by royal mandate of King Ferdinand, landed at Tampico. This invasion aroused the patriotism of the country. Santa Anna, without waiting for @@ -7690,7 +7680,7 @@ invaders, combining on his way with the troops of government. Their action was vigorous, and the Spanish commander, Barradas, capitulated after two days, and returned to Cuba with what was left of his army. This was the only attempt made by Spain to win back her lost province. -The wealth which Cortés had poured into her coffers had long ceased to +The wealth which Cortés had poured into her coffers had long ceased to flow with regularity, and its source was now shut off from her.</p> <p>In reward for this good service, Santa Anna was made Minister of War and @@ -7728,10 +7718,10 @@ dignities.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p> -<p>The Vice-President at this time was Valentin Gomez Farías, whose merits +<p>The Vice-President at this time was Valentin Gomez FarÃas, whose merits deserve notice. He was a native of Guadalajara, born in February, 1781. He studied medicine, and made good advances in the scientific -discoveries of his time. He was appointed to the Cortés of Spain; but +discoveries of his time. He was appointed to the Cortés of Spain; but organized instead a battalion in aid of Hidalgo in the cause of independence, sacrificing to it his career and his personal fortune. He was elected deputy to the Congress of Morelos, and afterwards made @@ -7785,7 +7775,7 @@ for pastry stolen from him by revolutionists. The claim received the name of the <i>reclamacion de los pasteles</i>, a claim for pie. It was denied <i>in toto</i> by the Mexican government. The French squadron, commanded by the Prince de Joinville, captured the fortress of San Juan -de Ulóa, and occupied Vera Cruz on the 5th of December.</p> +de Ulóa, and occupied Vera Cruz on the 5th of December.</p> <p>Out came Santa Anna and offered his services, and taking command after the fall of the castle, he repelled the French from the city and forced @@ -7822,7 +7812,7 @@ French his countenance assumed an alarming appearance of bitterness.</p> <p>In 1837 Bustamente was recalled. On the succession of Pedraza to the presidency, he had been banished, and went away to pursue his medical -studies in France; for he, like Farías, had received a diploma as doctor +studies in France; for he, like FarÃas, had received a diploma as doctor of medicine, and had been the family physician of the viceroy Calleja. He returned to Mexico on the outbreak of the Texan revolution, was made President, and filled the office with dignity and respectability, @@ -7831,7 +7821,7 @@ who, however, was sometimes on his side. In 1840 there was trouble again, with Santa Anna at the head of the government forces. Against him was arrayed General Mejia, a Mexican known for his valor, which amounted to rashness. He was a rival and personal enemy to Santa Anna, and the -struggle between them was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> a duel <i>à la mort</i>. Fate was against Mejia +struggle between them was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> a duel <i>à la mort</i>. Fate was against Mejia and he perished. Taken prisoner on the field of battle at the hacienda La Blanca, he was shot. It is said that, being informed of the sentence of death passed upon him, he asked when he was to be shot.</p> @@ -7866,7 +7856,7 @@ show his grateful sense of having just received the rank of general of brigade, with the insignia of this new grade, which the President put on with his own hands. Another check to the President. Once begun, defection spread rapidly, and Paredes and Cortazar, having advanced upon -Querétaro, found that the General there had <i>pronounced</i> just at the +Querétaro, found that the General there had <i>pronounced</i> just at the moment he was expected in Mexico to assist the government.</p> <p>"Meanwhile General Valencia, pressed to declare his 'Plan,' has replied @@ -7877,7 +7867,7 @@ Bustamente.</p> <p>"This, then, is the position of the three pronounced chiefs, on this second day of September of the year of our Lord, 1841: Santa Anna in Perote, hesitating whether to advance or retreat, and in fact prevented -from doing either; Paredes in Querétaro, with the other revolted +from doing either; Paredes in Querétaro, with the other revolted generals; Valencia in the citadel of Mexico with his <i>pronunciados</i>; while Bustamente, the mark against which all these hostile operations are directed, is determined, it is said, to fight to the last.</p> @@ -7943,7 +7933,7 @@ for the President and his suite, and lined with crimson and gold, with draperies of the same. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> staircase leading to the box was lighted by rows of footmen all the way up, in crimson and gold livery. A crowd of gentlemen stood waiting in the lobby for the arrival of the hero of the -fête. He came at last, in regal state, carriages and outriders at full +fête. He came at last, in regal state, carriages and outriders at full gallop, himself, staff, and suite in splendid uniforms. As he entered, the libretto of the opera was presented to him, bound in red and gold. His expression was resigned and rather melancholy, his manner grave but @@ -7997,7 +7987,7 @@ historian.</p> country, Spain made no effort to recognize her truant, grown-up Mexico. It was not until 1839 that its independence was finally acknowledged, and its right to be regarded as a friendly state, by Spain. In that year -Señor Don Calderon de la Barca was sent by Ferdinand VII. as accredited +Señor Don Calderon de la Barca was sent by Ferdinand VII. as accredited Ambassador to the Republic of Mexico where Bustamente was then President. The occasion was hailed with satisfaction by all parties as a signal of peace between the two countries; the remaining Mexicans of @@ -8020,10 +8010,10 @@ walls were falling to ruin, the glass of the windows and the carved work of the doors had been sold, so that the interior was exposed to every wind that blew around the lofty height.</p> -<p>She describes the gayety of the Paséo, a long, broad avenue planted with +<p>She describes the gayety of the Paséo, a long, broad avenue planted with trees, with a large stone fountain, whose sparkling waters were cool and pleasant, ornamented by a gilt statue of Victory. Here, every evening, -but more especially Sundays and fête days, were to be seen two long rows +but more especially Sundays and fête days, were to be seen two long rows of carriages filled with ladies, crowds of gentlemen on horseback riding down the middle between them, soldiers at intervals keeping order, and multitudes of common people and beggars on foot. The carriages were for @@ -8034,7 +8024,7 @@ equipages. Most families had both horses and mules in their stables, the latter animal requiring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> less care than a horse, and capable of enduring more fatigue. <i>Carratelas</i>, open at the sides, with glass windows, were filled with ladies in full toilet, without mantillas, their heads -uncovered and generally <i>coiffées</i> with flowers as jewels. Equestrians, +uncovered and generally <i>coiffées</i> with flowers as jewels. Equestrians, on fine horses and handsome Mexican asses, passed and repassed the carriages without stopping for conversation. Her favorite promenade was the Viga, where, as in Montezuma's time and long before, in Humboldt's, @@ -8052,7 +8042,7 @@ the dead body upon the bier."</p> <p>In answer to questions about the society women of Mexico, Madame Calderon writes: "I must put aside exceptions, which are always rising up before me, and write <i>en masse</i>. Generally speaking, the Mexican -señoras and señoritas write, read, and play a little; sew, and take care +señoras and señoritas write, read, and play a little; sew, and take care of their houses and children. When I say they read, I mean they know how to read; when I say they write, I do not mean that they can always spell, and when I say they play, I do not assert that they have a @@ -8080,7 +8070,7 @@ could present a <i>coup d'œil</i> of equal brilliancy. The Plaza itself, even on ordinary days, is a noble square, and but for its one fault, a row of shops called the Parian, which breaks its uniformity, would be nearly unrivalled. Every object is interesting. The eye wanders from the -Cathedral to the house of Cortés (the Monte de Piedad), and from thence +Cathedral to the house of Cortés (the Monte de Piedad), and from thence to a range of fine buildings, with lofty arcades to the west. From a balcony we could see all the different streets that branch out from the square covered with gay crowds pouring in that direction to see a great @@ -8107,7 +8097,7 @@ they have little color, with swimming black or hazel eyes, and long lashes resting on the clear pale cheek, and a mass of fine dark hair plaited down behind.</p> -<p>"As a contrast to the señoras, with their over-dressed beauties, were +<p>"As a contrast to the señoras, with their over-dressed beauties, were the poor Indian women, trotting across the square, their black hair plaited with dirty red ribbon, a piece of woollen cloth wrapped round them, and a little mahogany baby hanging behind, its face upturned to @@ -8121,9 +8111,9 @@ petticoats of two colors, generally scarlet and yellow, thin satin shoes and lace-trimmed chemises, or bronze-colored damsels, all crowned with flowers, strolling along, tingling light guitars.</p> -<p>"Add to this motley crowd, men dressed <i>à la Mexicaine</i>, with large +<p>"Add to this motley crowd, men dressed <i>à la Mexicaine</i>, with large ornamented hats and <i>serapes</i>, or embroidered jackets, sauntering along, -smoking their cigars; <i>léperos</i>, in rags, Indians in blankets, officers +smoking their cigars; <i>léperos</i>, in rags, Indians in blankets, officers in uniform, priests in their shovel hats, monks of every order; Frenchmen exercising their wit upon the passers-by; Englishmen looking on, cold and philosophical; Germans gazing through their spectacles, @@ -8216,7 +8206,7 @@ and very seldom, in proportion, can they be charged upon Indians.</p> The following note has an importance further on in our story, of which she was at the time unconscious:</p> -<p>"The whole world is talking of a pamphlet written by Señor Gutierrez +<p>"The whole world is talking of a pamphlet written by Señor Gutierrez Estrada, which has just appeared, and seems likely to create a greater sensation in Mexico than the discovery of the gunpowder plot in England. Its sum and substance is the proposal of a constitutional monarchy in @@ -8311,7 +8301,7 @@ They were heavily punished accordingly.</p> <p>The United States had in a hundred years spread over the great western lands of North America with surprising rapidity, and now approached the -regions which Cortés had laid claim to three centuries before. This +regions which Cortés had laid claim to three centuries before. This claim was but vague, for the deserts and plains of the north were not accessible or inviting; still some posts were established, while the boundary line which should put a stop to the encroachments of either @@ -8384,7 +8374,7 @@ to a declaration of war.</p> <p>During this period of agitation and irritation, the Mexicans went on with "Plans" and pronunciamentos. Herrera was President during 1844, during which short period Congress decreed the destruction of Santa -Anna. Farías returned to the Republic from a voluntary exile abroad. +Anna. FarÃas returned to the Republic from a voluntary exile abroad. General Paredes on his way to the north with an army to check the approach of United States forces <i>pronounced</i> a revolution and "Plan" at San Luis, and returned to Mexico to enforce it. He was made President, @@ -8706,7 +8696,7 @@ conduct operations against the invaders<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" great difficulty, and assembling a large army, he made ready to leave the capital on the 31st of July. On that day the garrison of Vera Cruz <i>pronounced</i> in favor of Santa Anna, the whole garrison of the city of -Mexico joined in the pronunciamento and seized upon the citadel. Farías, +Mexico joined in the pronunciamento and seized upon the citadel. FarÃas, whom we have known as a patriotic man, lent all his influence to support this rebellion. The Vice-President, Bravo, and the old ministry, made some opposition on paper, but it was fruitless, and Paredes was made @@ -8802,7 +8792,7 @@ for the taking root of this institution.</p> <p>"Broadly speaking," Mr. Janvier says, in his admirable "Mexican Guide," "the influence of the religious orders upon the colony was beneficial during its first century, neutral during its second, harmful during its -third." It must always be remembered that Cortés, with all his personal +third." It must always be remembered that Cortés, with all his personal ambition and greed of gold, was deeply religious, and that he never lost sight of his highest aim in conquering New Spain, which was in all sincerity to plant the cross upon its soil. The impulse given by his @@ -8885,7 +8875,7 @@ where the surrender of arms was to take place, and to salute their flag when it was struck. The civil and religious rights of Vera Cruz were guaranteed to its inhabitants. The troops laid down their arms, and General Worth's command entered and took possession of the city and the -neighboring Castle of San Juan d' Ulóa.</p> +neighboring Castle of San Juan d' Ulóa.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span></p> @@ -8901,7 +8891,7 @@ advance upon the city of Mexico, and, moreover, inflicted another blow upon the courage of the Mexican nation.</p> <p>Santa Anna, who, by the way, had been made President, leaving political -affairs in the hands of Governor Farías, Vice-President, hastened from +affairs in the hands of Governor FarÃas, Vice-President, hastened from the defeat at Buena Vista to the encounter of another American army, met General Scott between Jalapa and Vera Cruz, and sustained a new defeat at Cerro Gordo. He himself escaped and fled to Orizaba, where he made @@ -9285,7 +9275,7 @@ had <i>pronounced</i>, been condemned, and forced to leave the country. Juarez and his party held their own through much adverse circumstance. On his side were ranged, in the defence of the Constitution of 1857, Doblado, Ortega, Zaragoza, Guillermo, Prieto, and other important men; -on the side of the <i>clerigos</i> were the Generals Miramon and Márquez, and +on the side of the <i>clerigos</i> were the Generals Miramon and Márquez, and the greater part of the chiefs of the regular army. Civil war waged over the land; there is reason to believe that moderate principles and the Constitution of 1857 would have triumphed, had it not been for the @@ -9364,7 +9354,7 @@ quarter.</p> <p>The demands of the commissioners, therefore, were but an excuse for entering the country. Relying on the representatives of the Mexican -<i>émigrés</i>, which promised cordial support from the clerical party at +<i>émigrés</i>, which promised cordial support from the clerical party at home, the French advanced towards the capital of Mexico.</p> <p>Meanwhile, the future Emperor had been found. Ferdinand Maximilian @@ -9441,7 +9431,7 @@ innovation of a foreign ruler on Mexican soil.</p> <p>French troops under the command of General Lorencez advanced upon Puebla, joined before they arrived there by a strong Mexican force of -the clerical party under Márques, so that they had a large and effective +the clerical party under Márques, so that they had a large and effective army. The resisting force in Puebla was much smaller, not more than two thousand strong, but the defence under General Zaragoza was brilliant against a vigorous attack. The French were driven off and had to retire @@ -9493,7 +9483,7 @@ dislodgement of the enemy. This granted, in the deep darkness of night one hundred and fifty soldiers crept cautiously up the narrow path, unconsciously betrayed by the Indian woman, close<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> to the edge of the cliff. Suddenly, as they arrived at the top, the officer called out "<i>A -moi les Zouaves!</i>" "<i>A moi la Légion!</i>" giving such a volley of +moi les Zouaves!</i>" "<i>A moi la Légion!</i>" giving such a volley of directions that the Mexicans imagined the whole French army was upon their traces. Startled from secure slumber, they were easily overcome. The French claim the destruction of three hundred men, a general, three @@ -9539,7 +9529,7 @@ ceremony, followed by the large suite they brought with them. But the priests had aroused the Indians <i>en masse</i> to welcome new rulers, who would, they were promised, restore their liberties and raise their condition. Crowds of these people in serapes and rebozos, with dark eyes -full of questions, stood along the route of the imperial cortége as it +full of questions, stood along the route of the imperial cortége as it left Vera Cruz.</p> <p>Nor was enthusiasm elsewhere wanting; a real imperialist party sprang up @@ -9659,7 +9649,7 @@ Pompeii. It was furnished in the French taste with light stuffs and gold, very well suited to its sunny height and the pure atmosphere of the valley of Mexico.</p> -<p>Fêtes, receptions, dinners, and dances, every form of gay life, ruled +<p>Fêtes, receptions, dinners, and dances, every form of gay life, ruled the home at Chapultepec. The young Empress, animated and brilliant, was the centre of her court. For a time no shadow fell upon the bright prospect of the new Empire.</p> @@ -9898,7 +9888,7 @@ remain, even to perish for that cause. Just then, to reinforce the eloquence of Father Fischer, two generals, devoted to the clerical cause, who had been in exile in Europe for two years, disembarked at Vera Cruz, and instantly offered their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span> services to the Emperor; these -were Miramon and Márquez, eager, as they declared, to open the campaign +were Miramon and Márquez, eager, as they declared, to open the campaign again under the imperial banner. Maximilian, inspired by their discourse and their promises of arms and money, hesitated no longer, but pledged his word to the clerical party to return to his station, and resume its @@ -9953,7 +9943,7 @@ Potosi, and the greater part of the cities and states, abandoned by the French, fell at once into the hands of the liberals.</p> <p>It was thought best by the imperialists to advance towards the enemy as -far as Querétaro, and there the army established itself, Maximilian with +far as Querétaro, and there the army established itself, Maximilian with it, while Miramon advanced towards Zacatecas and surprised it, almost taking Juarez prisoner with his whole government.</p> @@ -9961,7 +9951,7 @@ taking Juarez prisoner with his whole government.</p> Europeans being about him. He was determined to excite no jealousy in the minds of his subjects by apparent preference for those of his own country. As for the French, they were no longer desired by him. General -Márquez was his quartermaster-general; his aides-de-camp were Mexican;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span> +Márquez was his quartermaster-general; his aides-de-camp were Mexican;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span> his physician accompanied him, Dr. Basch, who was a worthy and devoted friend up to his last moments. Personally attached to the Emperor was the young Prince Felix of Salm-Salm, who had been fighting in the civil @@ -9977,22 +9967,22 @@ of the old regular army, who showed great bravery, as did their trained soldiers, but nearly half the troops were raw Mexican recruits, ready to run away at a moment's notice.</p> -<p>Querétaro was soon invested by the army of the north under General +<p>Querétaro was soon invested by the army of the north under General Escobedo. Daily skirmishes took place, which showed great daring on both sides. The troops of the Emperor sallied out for provisions, of which there was soon sore need within the besieged city, returning after each attack to their quarters, around which the liberals were drawing their lines closer and closer. The investment lasted two months, during which -General Márquez was sent by Maximilian to the capital for those forces +General Márquez was sent by Maximilian to the capital for those forces and funds which had been so confidently promised him by the clergy. -Márquez succeeded in avoiding the liberal army, but never returned, and -no reinforcements whatever were sent to Querétaro. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> made use of the +Márquez succeeded in avoiding the liberal army, but never returned, and +no reinforcements whatever were sent to Querétaro. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> made use of the troops and funds he was able to raise in the capital in order to attack General Diaz who was advancing upon Puebla. Diaz captured Puebla, after a siege of twenty-five days, and then turned round and utterly routed -Márquez, who, taking refuge in flight, returned almost alone to the +Márquez, who, taking refuge in flight, returned almost alone to the capital under cover of the night. Had he brought back his troops to the -succor of Querétaro, the immediate result might have been different, but +succor of Querétaro, the immediate result might have been different, but the fall of the Empire could not be long delayed. During this long and trying siege, the conduct of Maximilian was admirable. He won everybody by the gentleness and cheerfulness of his bearing, brave to a fault, and @@ -10003,7 +9993,7 @@ elsewhere, but these were generally frustrated at the last moment by the unwillingness of Maximilian to abandon his brave companions, from a delicate sense of honor.</p> -<p>Maximilian, at Querétaro, is described by the Prince of Salm-Salm, as +<p>Maximilian, at Querétaro, is described by the Prince of Salm-Salm, as generally in citizen's dress; but when he stood at the head of his troops he wore the uniform of a general of division.</p> @@ -10026,14 +10016,14 @@ moral dignity he displayed when his misfortunes came upon him, and the sadness of his fate, silence whatever criticisms of his course may be suggested by the events of his brief career in Mexico.</p> -<p>The condition of the foreign army shut up in Querétaro became more and +<p>The condition of the foreign army shut up in Querétaro became more and more painful. Provisions grew scarce. Maximilian, with the greatest serenity, accepted the coarse, tough food which was all that could be -had. The only hope of the garrison was in Márquez, and day after day +had. The only hope of the garrison was in Márquez, and day after day brought only disappointment, as no troops appeared from the capital.</p> <p>On the night of the 14th of May, Gen. Lopez, who had the charge of the -most important point in Querétaro, the Convent de la Cruz, betrayed his +most important point in Querétaro, the Convent de la Cruz, betrayed his trust and admitted two battalions of the enemy into the citadel. From this point they advanced to other parts of the city, where all became at once terror<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span> and confusion. Lopez had been won by the liberals, but he @@ -10047,7 +10037,7 @@ the victorious general. Generals Miramon and Mejia were also then taken prisoners. Mendez, another imperialist, succeeded in lying concealed for a few days, but being found, he was shot at once.</p> -<p>For a month Maximilian and his generals remained prisoners in Querétaro, +<p>For a month Maximilian and his generals remained prisoners in Querétaro, while their fate hung undecided in the hands of Juarez. Even then there were propositions for the escape of the Emperor, boldly planned and helped by ample funds; but he always failed at the last moment to avail @@ -10055,7 +10045,7 @@ himself of them.</p> <p>The Princess of Salm-Salm, an American by birth, was as devoted to the cause of the unfortunate Emperor as her husband. She showed great energy -and courage at Querétaro, visiting Maximilian and carrying messages +and courage at Querétaro, visiting Maximilian and carrying messages between him and the Prince, from whom he was separated. She even went to San Luis de Potosi to beseech the clemency of the liberal chief, Juarez, or at least obtain a delay, but her pleading was in vain.</p> @@ -10129,13 +10119,13 @@ throne.</p> <h3>END OF THE EPISODE.</h3> -<p>The city of Mexico, after the departure of Maximilian for Querétaro, had +<p>The city of Mexico, after the departure of Maximilian for Querétaro, had remained tranquil awaiting events. The Emperor sent back immediately General Santiago Vidaurri, who had accompanied him out of the capital, with full powers to govern the city.</p> <p>This man had been one of the chiefs of the liberal party, and had often -fought, on the opposite side, both Márquez and Miramon. As governor of +fought, on the opposite side, both Márquez and Miramon. As governor of the state of Nueva Leon, he had brought its administration into such good order that it was an example to the rest of Mexico. Disgusted with anarchy, and disliking Juarez personally, he espoused the cause of @@ -10144,8 +10134,8 @@ he always remained a liberal, not joining the clerical party, and thus was distrusted by Miramon and the rest, who kept him away from the Emperor as much as they could. Nevertheless Maximilian, recognizing his worth and his capacity for organization, entrusted him with the charge -of the capital. But Márquez, when he reached Mexico, after successfully -evading the enemy around Querétaro, instead of sending back<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> money and +of the capital. But Márquez, when he reached Mexico, after successfully +evading the enemy around Querétaro, instead of sending back<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> money and troops to succor that besieged place, assumed the position of lieutenant of the Empire, and proceeded to govern the capital. Vidaurri withdrew from the scene, and from that time was allowed no part in the affairs of @@ -10153,7 +10143,7 @@ the imperialists; yet he did not escape judgment from the liberals, and was shot, among the first examples of their government restored to power.</p> -<p>Márquez was intended for the same fate, but he kept in hiding, and +<p>Márquez was intended for the same fate, but he kept in hiding, and succeeded later in escaping to the coast, where he embarked for Havana. He then returned to Mexico, after travelling abroad under an assumed name. He is described as a lively little man with black hair and sharp @@ -10217,7 +10207,7 @@ troops of Bazaine marched from the town. There are still lurking in the capital descendants of French pastry-cooks and barbers, who shake their heads mournfully over the good old days, all too brief, of the imperial court. A French flavor still lingers about the capital; it is welcome in -the excellent cuisine of the Café Anglais, and is evident in the +the excellent cuisine of the Café Anglais, and is evident in the handiwork of certain Parisian <i>modistes</i>.</p> <p>Peace now came back to the country. A general<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span> election established @@ -10367,11 +10357,11 @@ emerged to take an active part in the general disturbance.</p> <p>Porfirio Diaz was born in Oaxaca, on the 15th of September, 1830. This state, the farthest of all the states to the south, and except Chiapas, the limit of the Mexican Republic, has many claims to distinction. Its -northern part formed the Marquezado, or grant, given in 1529 to Cortés, -with the title of Márqués del Valle de Oaxaca.</p> +northern part formed the Marquezado, or grant, given in 1529 to Cortés, +with the title of Márqués del Valle de Oaxaca.</p> <p>The scenery of Oaxaca is of the wildest and grandest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span> in Mexico. The -Pass of Saloméa, leading to the city, recalls those of Switzerland. Wild +Pass of Saloméa, leading to the city, recalls those of Switzerland. Wild animals, not only deer, but pumas and even the jaguar, roam over its slopes, covered with fan-palms and other tropical growths, while higher up is a forest of palms and oaks growing together. At the summit is a @@ -10384,7 +10374,7 @@ grand view of the valley of Oaxaca.</p> <p>The city, like Puebla, is of Spanish foundation, but at no very great distance from it are the ancient ruins of Mitla, still a puzzle to -archæologists, since nothing certain is known even of the tribes found +archæologists, since nothing certain is known even of the tribes found in that region by the Conquistadores,—the Zapotecas, or the traditions of their origin. Their customs seem to have been like those of the Mexicans, but their language resembled that of the Mayas. They were @@ -10591,7 +10581,7 @@ valuable woods, such as mahogany, ebony, and rosewoods, extend over the for any demand. It is safe to say that any thing may be cultivated somewhere in Mexico. Corn, beans, wheat, rice, sugar-cane, tobacco, cotton, cocoa, indigo, vanilla, are at present raised; above all, -coffee, which has a high reputation—that of Cordova and of Uruápam +coffee, which has a high reputation—that of Cordova and of Uruápam especially. The latter is considered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span> by experts to be not only equal to the best Mocha, but similar to it in flavor. It is possible that it belongs to the same variety, brought from Arabia by unknown hands. The @@ -10699,13 +10689,13 @@ only blanket, but sheet and bed as well, since his sleeping-place is often a sheltered doorway, and no more.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span> Certain towns are famous for their serapes—those of San Miguel are especially good, and some of them are very pretty. Travellers buy them and carry them off to serve as -<i>portières</i> or <i>afghans</i> at home. The Indian taste for colors, though +<i>portières</i> or <i>afghans</i> at home. The Indian taste for colors, though gaudy, is naturally controlled by a good perception of harmonious effects. Unluckily in late years, the aniline dyes of recent discovery have brought into the country a facility for making intense purples, magentas, and violent blues, which have dazzled their untrained eyes. For this reason, many modern serapes are too violent in coloring; and -æsthetic collectors must seek for old fabrics, among which some examples +æsthetic collectors must seek for old fabrics, among which some examples are lovely in tone. The rebozo is a long broad scarf, generally blue, worn by every woman over her head, instead of hat or bonnet. It protects her shoulders also, and conceals whatever deficiency of style or @@ -10759,7 +10749,7 @@ good intellectual training, to enable it, in future, to walk alone up the steep path of national progress.</p> <p>The great source of wealth in Mexico is her mineral productions, which -have been renowned from the early period when they allured Cortés and +have been renowned from the early period when they allured Cortés and his companions to endure hardship and risk defeat on their difficult passage up to Anahuac. The most sanguine dreams of the Spanish conquerors have yet to be realized in the possible amounts to be yielded @@ -11039,7 +11029,7 @@ Aculhuas, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a><br /> <br /> Agave, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a><br /> <br /> -Aguilar, Jérome de, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a><br /> +Aguilar, Jérome de, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a><br /> <br /> Agustin I., <i>see</i> Yturbide<br /> <br /> @@ -11165,7 +11155,7 @@ Calderon, Conde de, <i>see</i> Calleja<br /> Calderon, Madame, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a></span><br /> <br /> -Calderon, Señor, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a><br /> +Calderon, Señor, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a><br /> <br /> California, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a><br /> <br /> @@ -11189,7 +11179,7 @@ Carlotta, Empress of Mexico, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>;<br /> <br /> <i>Carratelas</i>, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a><br /> <br /> -Casa de Cortés, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a><br /> +Casa de Cortés, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a><br /> <br /> Casa Grande, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br /> <br /> @@ -11277,7 +11267,7 @@ Contreras, Don Pedro Moya de, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a><br /> <br /> Copan, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a><br /> <br /> -Córdoba, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a><br /> +Córdoba, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a><br /> <br /> Cordova, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a><br /> <br /> @@ -11285,7 +11275,7 @@ Cordova, treaty of, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a><br <br /> Cortazar, General, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a><br /> <br /> -Cortés, Fernando, alluded to, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>;<br /> +Cortés, Fernando, alluded to, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">birth of, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">commissioned by Velasquez, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>;</span><br /> @@ -11306,14 +11296,14 @@ Cortés, Fernando, alluded to, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>;< <span style="margin-left: 1em;">retreat from the city, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">gathers a new army, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">campaign against Mexico, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Coyoacán, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Coyoacán, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">conquers Michoacan, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">expedition to Honduras, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>;</span><br /> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">voyages to Spain, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">burial in Mexico, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></span><br /> <br /> -Cortés, Martin, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a><br /> +Cortés, Martin, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a><br /> <br /> Cotton, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_406'>406</a><br /> <br /> @@ -11321,7 +11311,7 @@ Council of Music, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a><br /> <br /> Coxcox, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a><br /> <br /> -Coyoacán, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a><br /> +Coyoacán, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a><br /> <br /> Cozumel, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a><br /> <br /> @@ -11375,7 +11365,7 @@ Dolores, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a><br /> <br /> Dominicans, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a><br /> <br /> -Dominiguez, Doña Josefa, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a><br /> +Dominiguez, Doña Josefa, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a><br /> <br /> "Drinking cup of the Eagle," <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> <br /> @@ -11389,7 +11379,7 @@ Estrada, Gutierrez, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>, <a href='#Page_349'>349</a><br <br /> F<br /> <br /> -Farías, Valentine Gomez, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a><br /> +FarÃas, Valentine Gomez, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a><br /> <br /> Ferdinand VII., <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a><br /> <br /> @@ -11422,7 +11412,7 @@ Gorostiza, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a><br /> <br /> Grant, Ulysses, quoted, <a href='#Page_341'>341</a><br /> <br /> -Grenaditas, Alhóndiga de, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a><br /> +Grenaditas, Alhóndiga de, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a><br /> <br /> Grijalva, Juan de, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>-134<br /> <br /> @@ -11448,14 +11438,14 @@ Guerrero, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>;<br /> <br /> Guillermo, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a><br /> <br /> -Guzman, Nuño de, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>-194<br /> +Guzman, Nuño de, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>-194<br /> <br /> <br /> H<br /> <br /> Herrara, General, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_342'>342</a><br /> <br /> -Hicuxaxé, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a><br /> +Hicuxaxé, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a><br /> <br /> Hidalgo, Manuel, birth and education, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">life at Dolores, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>;</span><br /> @@ -11506,11 +11496,11 @@ Indian, the name, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a><br /> <br /> Inquisition, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a><br /> <br /> -Iré-Titatacamé, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a><br /> +Iré-Titatacamé, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a><br /> <br /> -Istaccíhuatl, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a><br /> +IstaccÃhuatl, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a><br /> <br /> -Iturrigaray, Don José de, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a><br /> +Iturrigaray, Don José de, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a><br /> <br /> Itzcoatl, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a><br /> <br /> @@ -11546,7 +11536,7 @@ Juarez, Benito, his descent, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">re-elected, <a href='#Page_390'>390</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href='#Page_390'>390</a></span><br /> <br /> -Juarez, Doña Catalina, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a><br /> +Juarez, Doña Catalina, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a><br /> <br /> <i>Juntas</i>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a><br /> <br /> @@ -11560,7 +11550,7 @@ L<br /> <br /> Lane, General, <a href='#Page_340'>340</a><br /> <br /> -Leon, Diégo Velasquez de, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a><br /> +Leon, Diégo Velasquez de, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a><br /> <br /> Leon y Gama, quoted, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a><br /> <br /> @@ -11591,11 +11581,11 @@ Malinche, mountain of, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a><br /> <br /> Malintzi, birth and early life, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in slavery, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">given to Cortés, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">given to Cortés, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes interpreter, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">appearance of, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">escape of, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">life with Cortés, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">life with Cortés, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage of, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></span><br /> <br /> @@ -11603,7 +11593,7 @@ Marina, <i>see</i> Malintzi<br /> <br /> Markets in Mexico, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a><br /> <br /> -Márques, General, joins the <i>clerigos</i>, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>;<br /> +Márques, General, joins the <i>clerigos</i>, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">joins Maximilian, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes quartermaster-general, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sent to the capital, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>;</span><br /> @@ -11624,7 +11614,7 @@ Maximilian, emperor of Mexico, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Orizaba, <a href='#Page_370'>370</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence of the clerical party, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to Mexico, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Querétaro, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Querétaro, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his appearance described, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">a prisoner, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a></span><br /> @@ -11699,7 +11689,7 @@ Molino del Rey, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#Page_360'>360</a><br /> <br /> Monasteries, suppression of, <a href='#Page_412'>412</a><br /> <br /> -Montaño, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a><br /> +Montaño, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a><br /> <br /> Monte de la Cruces, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a><br /> <br /> @@ -11714,7 +11704,7 @@ Montezuma I., <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Pa Montezuma II., <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">coronation of, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">court of, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview with Cortés, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview with Cortés, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">a prisoner, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></span><br /> <br /> @@ -11726,7 +11716,7 @@ Morales, General, <a href='#Page_328'>328</a><br /> <br /> Morelia, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a><br /> <br /> -Morelos, José Manuel, birth of, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>;<br /> +Morelos, José Manuel, birth of, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">education of, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">joins the Independents, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">defends Cuautla, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>;</span><br /> @@ -11795,7 +11785,7 @@ Oaxaca, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#Page_392'>392</a><br /> <br /> Obregon, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a><br /> <br /> -O'Donojú, Don Juan, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>-266<br /> +O'Donojú, Don Juan, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>-266<br /> <br /> <i>Oidores</i>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a><br /> <br /> @@ -11816,7 +11806,7 @@ Otumba, battle of, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a><br / <br /> P<br /> <br /> -Païnala, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a><br /> +Païnala, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a><br /> <br /> Palenque, ruins at, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>-76<br /> <br /> @@ -11869,7 +11859,7 @@ Q<br /> <br /> <i>Quemadero</i>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a><br /> <br /> -Querétaro, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a><br /> +Querétaro, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a><br /> <br /> Quetzalcoatl, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">legends of, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>;</span><br /> @@ -11891,7 +11881,7 @@ Railways in Mexico, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a><br /> <br /> <i>Reclamacion de los Pasteles</i>, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a><br /> <br /> -Revillagigedo, Don Juan Vicente de Güemes Pacheco de Padilla, +Revillagigedo, Don Juan Vicente de Güemes Pacheco de Padilla, Conde de, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>-222<br /> <br /> Robbers, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a><br /> @@ -11912,7 +11902,7 @@ Salanueva, Don Antonio, <a href='#Page_345'>345</a><br /> Salm-Salm, Prince of, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Princess of, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a></span><br /> <br /> -Saloméa, Pass of, <a href='#Page_393'>393</a><br /> +Saloméa, Pass of, <a href='#Page_393'>393</a><br /> <br /> Saltillo, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a><br /> <br /> @@ -11920,7 +11910,7 @@ San Christobal, Lake, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a><br /> <br /> San Diego, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a><br /> <br /> -San Juan de Ulóa, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a><br /> +San Juan de Ulóa, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a><br /> <br /> San Juan Teotihuacan, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a><br /> <br /> @@ -12025,7 +12015,7 @@ Tezozomoc, king of Azcapotzalco, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>9 <br /> <i>Tierra caliente</i>, <a href='#Page_402'>402</a><br /> <br /> -Tixiacurí, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a><br /> +TixiacurÃ, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a><br /> <br /> Tizoc, reign of, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a><br /> <br /> @@ -12035,11 +12025,11 @@ Tlatelolca, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a><br /> <br /> Tlaxcalla, subject to the Chichimecs, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">the name, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cortés goes to, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cortés goes to, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">position of, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">resists the Spaniards, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">forced to make peace, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">head-quarters of Cortés, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">head-quarters of Cortés, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></span><br /> <br /> Tollan, <i>see</i> Tula<br /> <br /> @@ -12090,9 +12080,9 @@ Valladolid, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>, <a href='# <br /> Velasco, Luis de, second viceroy, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a><br /> <br /> -Velasquez de Léon, Diégo, governor of Cuba, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>;<br /> +Velasquez de Léon, Diégo, governor of Cuba, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends Grijalva to Mexico, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is jealous of Cortés, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is jealous of Cortés, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></span><br /> <br /> Venegas, Don Francisco, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a><br /> <br /> @@ -12166,371 +12156,17 @@ Zoquipan, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a><br /> <br /> Zovanga, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a><br /> <br /> -Zumárraga, Fray Juan de, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a><br /> +Zumárraga, Fray Juan de, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a><br /> <br /> Zumpango, Lake, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a><br /> <br /> -Zuñiga, Doña Juana de, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a><br /> +Zuñiga, Doña Juana de, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a><br /> </p> <h4>PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO. 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