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diff --git a/40628-h/40628-h.htm b/40628-h/40628-h.htm index 32db52d..3d7291a 100644 --- a/40628-h/40628-h.htm +++ b/40628-h/40628-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Iron Ration, by George Abel Schreiner</title> <style type="text/css"> @@ -118,26 +118,9 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40628 ***</div> <h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Iron Ration, by George Abel Schreiner</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: The Iron Ration</p> -<p> Three Years in Warring Central Europe</p> -<p>Author: George Abel Schreiner</p> -<p>Release Date: August 30, 2012 [eBook #40628]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRON RATION***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Moti Ben-Ari<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -632,7 +615,7 @@ the Entente economists were right.</p> in Berlin I found a very interesting bill of fare and a placard speaking of food. The menu was generous enough. It offered the usual assortment -of <i>hors-d'œuvre</i>, soup, fish, <i>entrée</i>, <i>relevée</i>, roasts, +of <i>hors-d'œuvre</i>, soup, fish, <i>entrée</i>, <i>relevée</i>, roasts, cold meats, salads, vegetables, and sweetmeats.</p> <p>On the table stood a basket filled with dinner @@ -749,7 +732,7 @@ almost perfectly. Armed in this manner, I invaded markets and stores, ate to-day in the super-refined halls of the Adlon and shared to-morrow a table with some hackman, and succeeded -also in gaining <i>entrée</i> into some families, +also in gaining <i>entrée</i> into some families, rich, not-so-rich, and poor.</p> <p>In the course of three weeks I had established @@ -1106,7 +1089,7 @@ the change.</p> <p>A very snappy sergeant of the border survey service wanted to know how I had dared to travel -with an imperfectly viséd passport. There was +with an imperfectly viséd passport. There was nothing else to say but that I thought the passport was in order.</p> @@ -1331,7 +1314,7 @@ them were seized with a mania for volume in export and ever-growing personal wealth.</p> <p>Germany's population<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> had failed to get its -share of this wealth. Though the <i>Arbeiter-Verbände</i>—unions—had +share of this wealth. Though the <i>Arbeiter-Verbände</i>—unions—had seen to it that the workers were not entirely ignored, it was a fact that a large class was living in that peculiar sort @@ -1359,7 +1342,7 @@ that occupies itself with the welfare of the individual. The sphere of a government should begin and end with the care for the aggregate. The government that must care for the individual -has no <i>raison d'être</i>, and the same must +has no <i>raison d'être</i>, and the same must be said of the individual who needs such care. One should be permitted to perish with the other.</p> @@ -1488,7 +1471,7 @@ really doing his best. For a while he had as his "set piece" a huge German eagle formed of cervelat sausages each four feet long and as thick as the club of Hercules. I thought the -things had been made of papier-mâché, but found +things had been made of papier-mâché, but found that they were real enough.</p> <p>But camouflage of that sort has its good purposes. @@ -1721,7 +1704,7 @@ parole. The army might do its share, but in the end the war purveyor would win the war.</p> <p>The express in which I was traveling from -Osnabrück to Berlin had pulled up in the station +Osnabrück to Berlin had pulled up in the station of Hanover. The train was crowded and in my compartment sat three war purveyors, who seemed to be members of the same group, @@ -1939,7 +1922,7 @@ there. There had been a slight increase in food prices, but this was a negligible quantity in times such as these.</p> -<p>The Vienna restaurants and cafés were serving +<p>The Vienna restaurants and cafés were serving wheat bread, butter, and cream as before. In a single place I identified as many as thirty-seven different varieties of cakes and pastry. @@ -1949,14 +1932,14 @@ food conservation a thought. While the Berlin bills of fare had been generous, to say the least, those of Vienna were nothing short of wasteful. Even that of the well-known Hardman emporium -on the Kärntner Ring, not an extravagant place +on the Kärntner Ring, not an extravagant place by any means, enumerated no less than one -hundred and forty-seven separate items <i>à la carte</i>.</p> +hundred and forty-seven separate items <i>à la carte</i>.</p> <p>I thought of the elephant steak and marveled at the imagination of some people. It seemed that in Austria such titbits were a long way off. -A <i>mêlée</i> of Viennese cooking, Austrian wine, +A <i>mêlée</i> of Viennese cooking, Austrian wine, and Hungarian music would have left anybody under that impression.</p> @@ -2070,7 +2053,7 @@ robs a man of his sense of proportions.</p> <p>To see the Vienna war purveyor at his best it was necessary to wait until midnight and visit the haunts he frequented, such as the -Femina, Trocadero, Chapeau Rouge, Café Capua, +Femina, Trocadero, Chapeau Rouge, Café Capua, and Carlton cabarets. Vienna's <i>demi-monde</i> never knew such spenders. The memory of certain harebrained American tourists faded into @@ -2096,7 +2079,7 @@ might spill over the Tartra and the Carpathians, in which case it would be all over. The light-heartedness which is so characteristic of the Austrians reached degrees that made the serious -observer wonder. <i>Après nous le déluge</i>, was the +observer wonder. <i>Après nous le déluge</i>, was the motto of the times. So long as there was food enough, champagne to be had, and women to share these, the Russians could have the rest.</p> @@ -2124,7 +2107,7 @@ the Entente's design to reduce the country by hunger. These figures were imposing, I will admit, and after I had studied them I had the impression that famine was indeed a long way -off. It seemed that the Stürgkh régime knew +off. It seemed that the Stürgkh régime knew what it was doing, after all, as I had been told at the government offices. Everything would be well, even if the war should be long.</p> @@ -2158,7 +2141,7 @@ a week later to visit Budapest. In that city everybody was eating without a thought of the future, and that eating was good, as will be attested by anybody who has ever sat down to -a Budapestian lamb <i>pörkölt</i>, of which the American +a Budapestian lamb <i>pörkölt</i>, of which the American goulash is a sort of degenerate descendant. The only other thing worth mentioning is that the Astoria Hotel was the only place in town @@ -2300,7 +2283,7 @@ I may state, however, that money left deep scars on many a fairly good character in those days. The influence and persuasion of the <i>chanteuses et danseuses</i> of the cabarets on the -Calea Victoriei played often a great rôle in +Calea Victoriei played often a great rôle in cereal exports. I gained personal knowledge of a case in which a four-karat diamond secured the immediate release of eight thousand tons of @@ -2771,7 +2754,7 @@ that was expected of them on the estates, though here they were almost free.</p> <p>I remember especially the experiences of Count -Erdödy, a Hungarian nobleman and owner of +Erdödy, a Hungarian nobleman and owner of several big estates. After trying every sort of available male labor, he finally decided to cultivate his lands with the help of women. The @@ -2780,7 +2763,7 @@ he came to compare notes with his neighbors he found that, after all, the women had done much better than the men on his neighbors' estates. As a sign of the times I should mention -here that Count Erdödy, no longer a young man, +here that Count Erdödy, no longer a young man, would spend weeks at a stretch doing the heaviest of farm work, labor in which he was assisted by his American wife and two daughters, one of @@ -3117,7 +3100,7 @@ and that was considered going too far.</p> <p>Regulation thereafter resolved itself into an endeavor by the anti-capitalists to trim their -<i>bête noire</i> as much as was possible and safe, and +<i>bête noire</i> as much as was possible and safe, and the effort of the economic standpatters to come to the rescue of their friends. Now the one, then the other, would carry off the honors, and @@ -3475,7 +3458,7 @@ into the country to see how things were getting along. On one occasion I was in Moravia. I had heard rumors that here the food shark had found Paradise. It was a fact. Near a freight-yard -in Brünn a potato-dealer was installed. +in Brünn a potato-dealer was installed. He bought potatoes in any quantity, being in effect merely the agent of the Vienna Bank Ring that was doing a food-commission business as a @@ -3711,7 +3694,7 @@ Hard-headed farmers often prefer direct methods.</p> <p>In Westphalia they had similar food islands, -and from Osnabrück to the North Sea victuals +and from Osnabrück to the North Sea victuals had generally to be pried loose with a crowbar. There the farmer was the peasant of the good old type; he was generally a hard person to deal @@ -3967,7 +3950,7 @@ over; in those days it was still "soon."</p> <p>The wholesaler maintained the best of relations with the retailer, despite the fact that he was of a superior class. The two would meet -now and then in the cafés, and there the somewhat +now and then in the cafés, and there the somewhat unequal business friendship would be fostered over the marble-topped table.</p> @@ -4047,7 +4030,7 @@ along the line. The mill got a few crowns more per hundred kilograms, and a little of the extra price would get as far as the farmer.</p> -<p>That <i>l'appétit vient en mangeant</i> is a notorious +<p>That <i>l'appétit vient en mangeant</i> is a notorious fact. A dangerous practice had been launched, nor was it always inaugurated by the consumer. No class of dealers was averse to doing business @@ -4122,7 +4105,7 @@ and foot.</p> <p>The fine relations between customer and retailer of yore were gone by the board. The era of hoarding and greed was on. The good-natured -Vienna and Berlin <i>Kleinkrämer</i> grew +Vienna and Berlin <i>Kleinkrämer</i> grew more autocratic every time he opened his store. People had to come to him or go hungry, and it was ever hurtful to put the beggar on horse-back.</p> @@ -4305,7 +4288,7 @@ was an utter failure.</p> <p>So it was in most cases. To preserve food is almost a science, and suitable storage facilities -play an important rôle in this. The private +play an important rôle in this. The private hoarder had no proper facilities. That it was unlawful to hoard food caused him to go ahead storing without asking advice of people familiar @@ -4434,7 +4417,7 @@ the police was instructed to keep its eyes on the family larder. Under the "War" paragraphs of the constitutions the several governments of Central Europe had that power. In Austria it was -the famous "§14," for instance, under which any +the famous "§14," for instance, under which any and all war measures were possible.</p> <p>Government by inspection is not only oppressive; @@ -4528,7 +4511,7 @@ as usual.</p> <p>The clerk at the desk in the Adlon did not know me. He was a new man. He had, however, been witness to the very effusive welcome -which the <i>chef de réception</i> gave me.</p> +which the <i>chef de réception</i> gave me.</p> <p>That did not interest me until I came down from my room and approached the desk for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> @@ -4589,7 +4572,7 @@ Still, I have often wondered what sort of detective service it must be that will employ such helpless bunglers.</p> -<p>It may be no more than an <i>idée fixe</i> on my part, +<p>It may be no more than an <i>idée fixe</i> on my part, but ever since then I have taken <i>cum grano salis</i> all that has been said for and against the efficiency of the German secret service, be it @@ -4939,7 +4922,7 @@ given them are the words:</p> <p>Not long after that I sat on the shambles at Suvla Bay, the particular spot in question being -known as the Kiretch Tépé—Chalk Hill.</p> +known as the Kiretch Tépé—Chalk Hill.</p> <p>Sir Ian Hamilton had just thrown into the vast amphitheater to the east of the bay some two @@ -4951,7 +4934,7 @@ left dead on the slopes of the hill. As usual,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pag somebody on Gallipoli had bungled and bungled badly. A few days before I had seen how a British division ate itself up in futile attacks -against a Turkish position west of Kütchük +against a Turkish position west of Kütchük Anafarta. The thing was glorious to look at, but withal very foolish. Four times the British assailed the trenches of the Turks, and each time @@ -5042,7 +5025,7 @@ What was left of them trickled back in a thin stream of wounded.</p> <p>For nine days the "drum" fire never ceased. -From Le Transloy to south of Pozières the earth +From Le Transloy to south of Pozières the earth rocked. From the walls and ceilings of the old citadel at Cambrai the plaster fell, though many miles lay between it and the front.</p> @@ -5138,7 +5121,7 @@ or maybe they soughed like this before.</p> <p>Still<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> a little later I was standing at an ancient -stone bridge in the Vörös Torony defile in the +stone bridge in the Vörös Torony defile in the Transylvanian Alps. It was a late afternoon in the late fall. In the defile it was still, save for an occasional artillery detonation near the @@ -5301,7 +5284,7 @@ to keep the kiddies alive, while the good Scotchman was keeping vigil on the Isonzo.</p> <p>That Scotchman, by the way, had a reputation -in the Austrian army for being a terrible <i>Draufgänger</i>, +in the Austrian army for being a terrible <i>Draufgänger</i>, which means that when occasion came he was rather hard on the Italians. He would have been just as ruthless with the profiteers had @@ -5424,8 +5407,8 @@ Oriental carpets and lace.</p> different. The name won't matter.</p> <p>I had accepted an invitation to dinner. It -was a good dinner—war or peace. Its <i>pièce de -résistance</i> was a whole broiled ham, which, as my +was a good dinner—war or peace. Its <i>pièce de +résistance</i> was a whole broiled ham, which, as my hostess admitted, had cost in the clandestine market some one hundred and forty marks, roughly twenty-five dollars at the rate of exchange @@ -5450,7 +5433,7 @@ more were the days of wheat bread and butter.</p> <p>One rainy afternoon I was contemplating the leafless trees on the Ring through the windows -of the Café Sacher when two bodies of mounted +of the Café Sacher when two bodies of mounted police hove into view on the bridle path, as if they were really in a great hurry. I smelled a food riot, rushed down-stairs, caught a taxi on @@ -5526,10 +5509,10 @@ such affairs in the Austrian equivalent for overalls.</p> <p>Some weeks before, the Austrian premier, -Count Stürgkh, had been shot to death by a +Count Stürgkh, had been shot to death by a radical socialist named Adler. In his statements Adler said that he had done this because of his -belief that so long as Stürgkh was at the helm of +belief that so long as Stürgkh was at the helm of the Austrian ship of state nothing would be done to solve the food situation.</p> @@ -5540,7 +5523,7 @@ a great service by killing the premier. The right and wrong of the case need not occupy us here. I am merely concerned with practical effects.</p> -<p>Count Stürgkh was an easy-going politician of +<p>Count Stürgkh was an easy-going politician of a reactionary type. He gave no attention of an intelligent sort to the food problem, and did nothing to check the avarice of the food sharks, @@ -5557,14 +5540,14 @@ was heard when it became known that Adler had shot the premier.</p> <p>A revolution could not have been averted in -Austria had Stürgkh continued at his post much +Austria had Stürgkh continued at his post much longer. At first he was attacked only by the <i>Wiener Arbeiter Zeitung</i>, a socialist daily controlled by the father of Adler, who, in addition to being the editor-in-chief of the publication, is a member of the Austrian Reichsrath and the leader of the Austrian Socialist party. But later -other papers began to object to Stürgkh's <i>dolce +other papers began to object to Stürgkh's <i>dolce far niente</i> official life, among them the rather conservative <i>Neue Freie Presse</i>. Others joined. Ultimately the premier saw himself deserted even @@ -5572,7 +5555,7 @@ by the <i>Fremdenblatt</i>, the semi-official organ of the government.</p> <p>Though charged with incompetency by some -and with worse by others, Count Stürgkh refused +and with worse by others, Count Stürgkh refused to resign. Emperor Francis Joseph was staying his hands and this made futile all endeavor to remove the count from his high office. The old @@ -5581,10 +5564,10 @@ people, and had it not been that the Austrians respected this opinion more than they should have done, trouble would have swept the country.</p> -<p>A new era dawned after Count Stürgkh's +<p>A new era dawned after Count Stürgkh's death. But his successors found little they could put in order. The larder was empty.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> -Premier Körber tried hard to give the people +Premier Körber tried hard to give the people more food. But the food was no longer to be had.</p> @@ -6003,7 +5986,7 @@ the chemical-food experts were wrecked. Soon they began to see that substitution would have to take the place of invention and innovation.</p> -<p>They used to sell in the cafés of Vienna, and +<p>They used to sell in the cafés of Vienna, and other large cities, a cake made mostly of ground clover meal, to which was added the flour of horse-chestnuts, a little rice, some glucose, a @@ -6382,7 +6365,7 @@ customary ten hours in the shops and factories, and then still had enough daylight to work in their gardens. When dusk came they went to bed. Street traction had been limited also. -The early closing of shops, cafés, and restaurants +The early closing of shops, cafés, and restaurants effected further savings in light, and, above all, eatables.</p> @@ -6922,13 +6905,13 @@ government for remounts. I don't think there was anything the man had not dealt in. But the same can be said of every one of the thousands that used to do business in the quiet corners -of the Berlin and Vienna cafés.</p> +of the Berlin and Vienna cafés.</p> <p>I should mention here that the Central European commission-man does not generally hold -forth in an office. The café is his place of business—not +forth in an office. The café is his place of business—not a bad idea, since those with whom he -trades do the same. There are certain cafés in +trades do the same. There are certain cafés in Vienna, Berlin, and Budapest, and the other cities, that exist almost for that purpose. In any three of them one can buy and sell anything @@ -6937,7 +6920,7 @@ from a paper of pins to a stack of hay.</p> <p>My acquaintance found that the new order of things in the food department left him nothing but the pleasant memory of the "wad" he had -made under the old régime. He took to matches.</p> +made under the old régime. He took to matches.</p> <p>Matches were uncontrolled and rather scarce. Soon he had a corner in matches. He made @@ -7315,7 +7298,7 @@ had so much as a thought of eating war-bread, Emperor William would tolerate nothing else on his table. The Empress, too, adhered to this. All wheat bread was banished from the several -palaces of the imperial <i>ménage</i>. Every court +palaces of the imperial <i>ménage</i>. Every court function was abandoned, save coffee visits in the afternoon for the friends of the Empress.</p> @@ -7373,7 +7356,7 @@ that in civilian clothing I would take the Emperor for a retired merchant-marine captain, in whose house I would expect to find a fairly good library indiscriminately assembled and balanced by much -bric-à-brac collected in all parts of the world +bric-à -brac collected in all parts of the world without much plan or design.</p> <p>Such a retired sea-dog would be a very human @@ -7494,7 +7477,7 @@ and then turned on a young officer with whom he had been on very friendly terms.</p> <p>"I suppose you must say majesty now, but do -me the favor of saying '<i>Du Majestät</i>.' I am still +me the favor of saying '<i>Du Majestät</i>.' I am still in the army; or are you trying to rule me out of it?"</p> @@ -7558,7 +7541,7 @@ the other parts were placed in a copper urn. In the funeral processions these containers were carried in a vehicle following the imperial hearse.</p> -<p>The funeral cortège of Francis Joseph was +<p>The funeral cortège of Francis Joseph was without that vehicle. The old man had requested that he be buried without the dissection that had been necessary in other instances. That @@ -7630,7 +7613,7 @@ difficult to get what coal they needed. The street-car service had been curtailed to such an extent that many were unable to reach their place of work. In Austria that was especially -the fault of the Stürgkh régime, whose mad +the fault of the Stürgkh régime, whose mad career in burning the candle at both ends the dead emperor had failed to check.</p> @@ -7734,7 +7717,7 @@ was the case with Central Europe.</p> not contributing directly to the military strength of the Central Powers were ordered to discontinue all night work and overtime. Shops, -cafés, hotels, restaurants, and other public +cafés, hotels, restaurants, and other public places had to limit the consumption of fuel for heating and lighting purposes to one-third their usual quota. The lighting of shop-windows was @@ -7820,7 +7803,7 @@ it stood as one to hundreds.</p> <p>Such was the case. The men, women, and families who had formerly spent their evenings in the movies were now obliged to frequent the -more expensive cafés or sit home and use light +more expensive cafés or sit home and use light and fuel. Some man with a statistical mind figured out that the closing of a movie seating five hundred people and giving two performances<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span> @@ -7832,13 +7815,13 @@ times greater than what the movie used.</p> the movies and cheap theaters resumed business. More than that followed. The government decided that this was a fine method of co-operation. -It gave the cafés permission to use more fuel and +It gave the cafés permission to use more fuel and light in return for a more liberal treatment of patrons not able to spend much money. In harmony with this policy the passenger service of the car lines was extended first to nine and later to ten o'clock, so that people were not obliged to -spend every evening in the same café or other +spend every evening in the same café or other public place.</p> <p>The case was a fine example of co-operation @@ -7923,7 +7906,7 @@ was an unqualified success.</p> longer bought much of anything. The word "wealth" had lost most of its meaning. In the open food market it might buy an overlooked can -of genuine Russian caviar or some real <i>pâté de +of genuine Russian caviar or some real <i>pâté de foie gras</i>, and if one could trust one's servants and was willing to descend to illicit trading with some hoarding dealer, some extra food could be @@ -8029,12 +8012,12 @@ in German, however—Hungarian in Budapest. In other parts of the Dual Monarchy they were given in the language of the district; Italian, for instance, in Trieste, where I heard a late Italian -<i>opéra comique</i> just imported <i>via</i> Switzerland.</p> +<i>opéra comique</i> just imported <i>via</i> Switzerland.</p> <p>The stage was not fallow by any means during the war. In Berlin, Vienna, and Budapest it was a poor week that did not have its two or -three <i>premières</i>. It is rather odd that nobody +three <i>premières</i>. It is rather odd that nobody wrote plays about the war. Of some twoscore new plays I saw in three years not a single one occupied itself with a theme related to the @@ -8046,7 +8029,7 @@ a phenomenal success. I refer to Franz Molnar's <p>About<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> twenty new "Viennese" operas made -their <i>début</i> during the war. Just two of them +their <i>début</i> during the war. Just two of them touched upon the thing that was uppermost in the mind of man. The others dealt with the good old days of long ago; the happy days of @@ -8085,7 +8068,7 @@ there was the hotel. Balls and similar frivolities were under the ban, of course.</p> <p>After listening all day long to what the people -in the cafés and restaurants had to say of the +in the cafés and restaurants had to say of the war, it was really refreshing to hear what the aristocrats thought. Most of them were severely objective in their opinions, some verged on neutrality, @@ -8105,7 +8088,7 @@ this war."</p> could lead to such a catastrophe had shown itself futile. She was plain-spoken for one of her station, and the American ambassador at Vienna -was her <i>bête noire</i>. This will suffice to identify +was her <i>bête noire</i>. This will suffice to identify the lady to all whom her identity could interest.</p> <p>Much of the food shortage was laid at the door @@ -8159,7 +8142,7 @@ the necessary experience.</p> <p>The worst of it was that travel to the international<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span> summer and winter resorts was out of the question. And to move about in one's own -country meant passes, visées, authorizations, +country meant passes, visées, authorizations, health certificates, documents attesting good conduct and a clean slate with the police; and if by chance the trip should take one into an inner @@ -8495,7 +8478,7 @@ he was to cope with presently—had to cope with if he wanted to see the government continued.</p> -<p>The removal of Premier Stürgkh by the hand of +<p>The removal of Premier Stürgkh by the hand of the assassin had been timely; the death of Francis Joseph was timelier yet. The old monarch had ceased to live in the times that were. He @@ -8529,7 +8512,7 @@ and rolls were banished. Every servant not actually needed was dismissed so that he might do some useful work. Several of the imperial and royal establishments were closed altogether. The -<i>ménage</i> at Castle Schönbrunn was disbanded. +<i>ménage</i> at Castle Schönbrunn was disbanded. The personnel of the Hofburg in Vienna was reduced to actual needs. It was ordered that only one suite in the palace be lighted and heated—a @@ -8544,7 +8527,7 @@ other reason I may not doubt.</p> <p>They had been leading a rather easy life at the Austro-Hungarian general headquarters. The -chief of staff, Field-Marshal Conrad von Hötzendorff, +chief of staff, Field-Marshal Conrad von Hötzendorff, was rather indulgent with his subordinates, and had never discouraged certain extravagances the officers of the establishment were @@ -8716,7 +8699,7 @@ circumstances he cannot support them.</p> <p>His influence with the new Emperor was great, and led to a rather "unsocialist" result—the appointment of a military food-dictator, -General Höfer, a member of the Austro-Hungarian +General Höfer, a member of the Austro-Hungarian general staff.</p> <p>It was argued that equity in food distribution @@ -8724,7 +8707,7 @@ could be effected only by placing it in charge of a man who would treat all classes of the population as the drill-sergeant does his men. The military food-dictator had no favors to grant -and none to expect. General Höfer acted on +and none to expect. General Höfer acted on this principle, and despite the fact that he was handicapped by a top-heavy regulation machine and a shortage in all food essentials, he was @@ -9285,9 +9268,9 @@ would be needed for anything the Central governments might do.</p> <p>In Constantinople I had made the acquaintance -of Dr. Richard von Kühlmann, the present German +of Dr. Richard von Kühlmann, the present German Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. -Doctor von Kühlmann was then the <i>conseiller</i> +Doctor von Kühlmann was then the <i>conseiller</i> of the German embassy at that point. He was somewhat of an admirer of the British and their ways, a fact which later caused his promotion @@ -9296,11 +9279,11 @@ was delightfully objective—one of the few people I have met who did not mistake their wishes and desires for the fact.</p> -<p>I met Doctor von Kühlmann again in Vienna, +<p>I met Doctor von Kühlmann again in Vienna, while he was ambassador at Constantinople. But ambassadors are not supposed to talk for publication. Be that as it may, Doctor von -Kühlmann had not even then made up his mind +Kühlmann had not even then made up his mind that recourse to the submarine warfare was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> proper thing under the circumstances, no matter how great the prospect of success might appear. @@ -9417,11 +9400,11 @@ VIENNA AND LOWER AUSTRIA</span> </div> <div class="center"> -Niederösterreich.<br /><br /> +Niederösterreich.<br /><br /> Tages-Ausweis<br /> -über den Verbrauch von<br /> +über den Verbrauch von<br /> 210 <i>g</i> Brot<br /><br /> -Gültig nur am<br /> +Gültig nur am<br /> ---- 1915<br /><br /> </div> @@ -9429,11 +9412,11 @@ Gültig nur am<br /> Verkauf nur nach Gewicht gegen Vorlegung der Ausweiskarte und Abtrennung eines entsprechenden -Abschnittes zulässig.<br /><br /> +Abschnittes zulässig.<br /><br /> </div> -<div class="center">Nicht übertragbar!<br /> -Sorgfältig aufbewahren!<br /> +<div class="center">Nicht übertragbar!<br /> +Sorgfältig aufbewahren!<br /> Nachdruck verboten!<br /><br /> Strafbestimmungen.<br /><br /> @@ -9441,18 +9424,18 @@ Strafbestimmungen.<br /><br /> <div class="blockquot"> Zuwiderhandlungen werden an dem -Verkäufer wie an dem Käufer mit +Verkäufer wie an dem Käufer mit Geldstrafen bis zu 5000 K oder mit Arrest bis zu 6 Monaten geahndet. Bei einer Verurteilung kann auf den Verlust einer Gewerbeberechtigung -erkannt werden. Fälschung der Ausweiskarte +erkannt werden. Fälschung der Ausweiskarte wird nach dem Strafgesetze bestraft.<br /><br /> </div> <div class="center"> -K. k. n. ö. Statthalterei. +K. k. n. ö. Statthalterei. </div> <p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Many months @@ -9494,14 +9477,14 @@ FOOD AUTHORITIES OF BERLIN</span> </div> <div class="center"> -Nicht übertragbar Nicht übertragbar<br /><br /> +Nicht übertragbar Nicht übertragbar<br /><br /> Berlin und Nachbarorte.<br /><br /> Tages-Brotkarte<br /><br /> -Nur gültig für den<br /> +Nur gültig für den<br /> ---- 1916<br /><br /> -Ohne Ausfüllung des Datums<br /> -ungültig.<br /><br /> -Rückseite beachten! +Ohne Ausfüllung des Datums<br /> +ungültig.<br /><br /> +Rückseite beachten! </div> <p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> @@ -9700,7 +9683,7 @@ the hard-labor classes.</p> <div class="blockquot"> Der Rat zu Dresden.<br /> -Bezugskarte für ¼ kg (½ Pfd.)<br /> +Bezugskarte für ¼ kg (½ Pfd.)<br /> <b>Butter</b> oder <b>Margarine</b> oder <b>Speisefett</b> oder <b>Kunstspeisefett</b><br /> @@ -9739,33 +9722,33 @@ NEUKOLLN, A SUBURB OF BERLIN</span> <div class="blockquot"> <p>Lfd. Nr.</p> -<p>Vor-u. Zuname: Straße Nr.</p> +<p>Vor-u. Zuname: Straße Nr.</p> </div> <div class="center"> -Milchkarte für stillende Mütter und Kranke<br /> -Giltig für den Monat November 1915 +Milchkarte für stillende Mütter und Kranke<br /> +Giltig für den Monat November 1915 </div> <div class="blockquot"> -<p>Der Inhaber dieser Karte ist während der Gültigkeitsdauer berechtigt, aus einem der auf der Rückseite -bezeichneten Geschäfte der</p> +<p>Der Inhaber dieser Karte ist während der Gültigkeitsdauer berechtigt, aus einem der auf der Rückseite +bezeichneten Geschäfte der</p> </div> <div class="center"> -Meierei J. Schmidt Söhne<br /> -zum Preise von 28 Pf. täglich 1 Liter Vollmilch zu beziehen.<br /> +Meierei J. Schmidt Söhne<br /> +zum Preise von 28 Pf. täglich 1 Liter Vollmilch zu beziehen.<br /> </div> <div class="blockquot"> <p>Die Karte ist an jedem Tage beim Kauf der Milch vorzulegen und wird nach erfolgter Ausgabe der Milch durchlocht.</p> -<p>Am letzten Gültigkeitstage ist die Karte gegen Umtausch einer neuen Karte in den Milchgeschäften -zurückzugeben. Sind die Voraussetzungen für die Berechtigung der Milchentnahme fortgefallen, wird die Karte eingezogen. +<p>Am letzten Gültigkeitstage ist die Karte gegen Umtausch einer neuen Karte in den Milchgeschäften +zurückzugeben. Sind die Voraussetzungen für die Berechtigung der Milchentnahme fortgefallen, wird die Karte eingezogen. </p> -<p>Neukölln, den —— 1915 Der Magistrat</p> +<p>Neukölln, den —— 1915 Der Magistrat</p> </div> <p>Even this fare might have been bearable had @@ -9984,7 +9967,7 @@ because nobody cared to patronize them any more. It is possible, also, that people had grown tired of the stew eternal.</p> -<p>The <i>Volksküchen</i>—people's kitchens—and those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span> +<p>The <i>Volksküchen</i>—people's kitchens—and those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span> war kitchens which were established when the war began, operated with more success. The public was used to them. They were located in @@ -10017,7 +10000,7 @@ most essential and deserved a better fate. In it could be found some of the best men and women in Central Europe.</p> -<p>Devoted to the régime with heart and soul, +<p>Devoted to the régime with heart and soul, this class had never joined in any numbers the co-operative consumption societies of Germany and Austria-Hungary, because of their socialistic @@ -10266,7 +10249,7 @@ it would not be long before the only thing of value of most Central European railroads would be the right of way and its embankments, bridges, cuts, and tunnels—the things known -collectively as <i>Bahnkörper</i>—line body.</p> +collectively as <i>Bahnkörper</i>—line body.</p> <p>When I first made the acquaintance of Central Europe's railroads, I found them in a high @@ -10442,7 +10425,7 @@ sort of gentry they were, merely by traveling on their railroads. To which I would add that he could also very easily determine what sort<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span> of government they had, if he had an ear for all -the "<i>Es ist Verboten</i>," "<i>C'est défendu</i>," and "It +the "<i>Es ist Verboten</i>," "<i>C'est défendu</i>," and "It is not allowed" which usually grace the interiors of stations and car.</p> @@ -10832,7 +10815,7 @@ countries have together a population of, roundly, one hundred and fifteen millions to-day, of which not less than ten million of the best producers are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span> under the colors, thereby causing a consumption -in food and <i>matériel</i> that is at least one-third +in food and <i>matériel</i> that is at least one-third greater than normal—munitions and ammunition not included.</p> @@ -10846,7 +10829,7 @@ Bulgaria, and Turkey were essentially military. They were this to such an extent that they almost overshadowed even the diplomatic services of these countries. For the time being, the -<i>Militärbevollmächtigte</i>—military plenipotentiary—as +<i>Militärbevollmächtigte</i>—military plenipotentiary—as the chief communication officer was known, eclipsed often the diplomatic plenipotentiary. Militarism was absolute. The civil government @@ -10966,7 +10949,7 @@ equal.</p> <p>Officially, Captain Humann was known as the commander of the German naval base in Constantinople -and as naval attaché. Actually, he +and as naval attaché. Actually, he was the alpha and omega of German-Ottoman relations.</p> @@ -11393,7 +11376,7 @@ father is wealthy.</p> Like Halideh Hannym they were "Young Turk" women, despite the fact that most of them still preferred the non-transparent veil—<i>yashmak</i>—to -the transparent silk <i>büründshük</i>.</p> +the transparent silk <i>büründshük</i>.</p> <p>I commented upon this fact.</p> @@ -11409,7 +11392,7 @@ ruled, instead of being ruled."</p> <p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span>All of which was true enough.</p> -<p>I pointed out that the <i>büründshük</i>, however, +<p>I pointed out that the <i>büründshük</i>, however, was the promise that the Turkish woman would soon be able to look into the world—that seclusion would before long be an unpleasant memory. @@ -11452,7 +11435,7 @@ But I believe that the plowing which the race had during the present war will again make it a fertile field for the seeds of progress."</p> -<p>Not long before that Sultan Mahmed Réchad +<p>Not long before that Sultan Mahmed Réchad Khan V. had told me the same thing.</p> <p>"We of the Orient are known to you Westerners @@ -11692,11 +11675,11 @@ My reply to him was more or less the same.</p> <p>A regular epidemic of introspective reasoning seemed to be on. At the Roumanian end of the -Törzburger Pass I lunched a few days later with +Törzburger Pass I lunched a few days later with Gen. Elster von Elstermann. He also wanted to know why the Germans were so cordially hated. Gen. Krafft von Delmansingen, whose guest I -was at Heltau, at the head of the Vörös Torony +was at Heltau, at the head of the Vörös Torony gorge, showed the same interest.</p> <p>"It seems that there is nothing we can do but @@ -11787,7 +11770,7 @@ even be able to reach port under her own steam.</p> <p>"There is a great deal of mania in this Germanophobe sentiment that is sweeping the world," he said. "For the time being, we are -everybody's <i>bête noire</i>. The world must have +everybody's <i>bête noire</i>. The world must have somebody on whom it can pick. Right now we are that somebody. Quite recently, during the Boer War, it was Great Britain. During the @@ -11839,7 +11822,7 @@ advantages alleged to have been procured, were certainly not worth what Belgium was in the end to cost the Germans. This is all the more true when it is considered that the reduction of -Liège and other Belgian fortifications might have +Liège and other Belgian fortifications might have never become a necessity, in view of the fact that the documents found in Brussels have never convinced me that the Belgian government @@ -12016,7 +11999,7 @@ makes martyrs of men, so long as there is an audience. It is sentiment minus all sickly self-indulgence, and that is fortitude—the thing that will cause men to adhere to an idea or principle -even in the face of the stake at the <i>auto da fé</i>.</p> +even in the face of the stake at the <i>auto da fé</i>.</p> <p>It was this spirit, also, that caused the German multitude to bear with patience the many deprivations @@ -12031,7 +12014,7 @@ becomes easily a slave to habit.</p> <p>To the Austrian-German the war was never more than a nuisance. It interfered with his business; above all, his enjoyments; it drove -him from his favorite café and his clandestine +him from his favorite café and his clandestine lady-love. It upset life for him thoroughly. What was the preservation of the Austrian Empire to a man who shared that empire with @@ -12164,7 +12147,7 @@ sincere.</p> <p>I had occasion to discuss Turkey's entry into the European War with his Majesty, Sultan -Mahmed Réchad Khan V., Ghazi, Caliph of all +Mahmed Réchad Khan V., Ghazi, Caliph of all the Faithful, etc., etc., etc.</p> <p>"They [the Allies] deny us the right to exist," @@ -12252,7 +12235,7 @@ twin in Young Turkism. He is heavy, good-natured, thick-necked, stubborn, bullet-headed, shrewd.</p> -<p>"<i>Très bien, cher frère</i>" ("We meet on the same +<p>"<i>Très bien, cher frère</i>" ("We meet on the same pavement"), he said to me in the best of Levantine French. "I can't say that this war is any too popular with some of our people. They have @@ -12273,7 +12256,7 @@ little.</p> <p>"When a man is up against that he does the best he can. That's what we are doing. It's -a mighty effort, <i>cher frère</i>, but there is no way +a mighty effort, <i>cher frère</i>, but there is no way out. We Turks are not ready yet to bow to the audience. We would still remain in the play awhile. And we are willing to play accordingly. @@ -12285,7 +12268,7 @@ the capitulations. That is something for a start. When this war is over we hope to be more the masters of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles than we have been since the days of Grand -Vizier Köprülü. It'll be a hard row to hoe before +Vizier Köprülü. It'll be a hard row to hoe before the end is reached. But we will come out on top. After that we and the Germans will try to make something of our natural resources. @@ -12444,7 +12427,7 @@ category of offenses in which external influence was the <i>causa movens</i>. Desperate need caused many to steal and embezzle; it caused many women to divest themselves of that self-respect -which is decency and the glory of the <i>fille honnête</i>.</p> +which is decency and the glory of the <i>fille honnête</i>.</p> <p>Nothing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span> can be so cynical as the laws of social @@ -12480,7 +12463,7 @@ his chance.</p> <p>For a few days these girls would be the paramours of their masters. When, finally, they saw themselves cast off in favor of a prettier face, they -would for a while frequent cafés where they would +would for a while frequent cafés where they would meet the officers on leave and small fry of civilians,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span> and not long after that they did business on the street with a government license and certificate @@ -12556,7 +12539,7 @@ did not always have that much feeling left in them.</p> <p>Poor little Margit! When my attention was -drawn to her she was a waitress in a café in +drawn to her she was a waitress in a café in Budapest, and her patrons used to give her an extra <i>filler</i> or two in order that she might not have to do on her own account what she had been @@ -12578,7 +12561,7 @@ excuse of having natural causes as their background. Rendered irresponsible by sexual desire and the monotony of a poverty-stricken existence, many of the younger women whose husbands -were in the army started liaisons, <i>Verhältnisse</i>, +were in the army started liaisons, <i>Verhältnisse</i>, as they are called in German, with such men as were available. It speaks well for the openness of mind of some husbands that they did not resent @@ -12591,7 +12574,7 @@ same thing, and it was the practice of commanders<span class="pagenum"><a name=" to send home young men of physical perfection in order that the women should beget well-developed children. The offspring was later -known as <i>partheniæ</i>—of the virgin born. But the +known as <i>partheniæ</i>—of the virgin born. But the laws of the Spartans favored an intelligent application of this principle, while in Central Europe no regulation of that sort could be attempted.</p> @@ -12624,7 +12607,7 @@ take some loving interest in the mother is not of as much value as that which has been born in the "wedlock" of love. With that in view,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span> the government took what precaution there was -possible. The profligate and <i>roué</i> were given +possible. The profligate and <i>roué</i> were given a great deal of attention, though little good came of this, since the times favored them entirely too much. But there is no doubt that the eyes of the @@ -12665,7 +12648,7 @@ almost two weeks. I had my eye on him, and would have nabbed him quick enough had he ever spoken to the woman while in the line. Well, three days ago I saw the two of them together -in the Schwarzenberg Café. The damage +in the Schwarzenberg Café. The damage is done now, I suppose. You will notice that she has on a new pair of shoes. She must have paid for them at least one hundred and ten @@ -12734,7 +12717,7 @@ situation in one of the Central European seats of government, I decided to pass some of it by taking<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span> piano lessons. I made the necessary arrangements with a master of the instrument near -the Kärntner Ring. On the three half-hours a +the Kärntner Ring. On the three half-hours a week which I took from the <i>maestro</i> I was preceded on two by a pretty young woman greatly gifted musically. Her parents were well off, so @@ -12815,7 +12798,7 @@ cause one to believe that they were above surrendering to sexual laxness.</p> <p>In the "Hall" of the Hotel Excelsior of Trieste -were sitting at café tables some sixty Austro-Hungarian +were sitting at café tables some sixty Austro-Hungarian officers from the Isonzo front who on that day had been furloughed from the trenches for a certain purpose. At the tables @@ -12883,7 +12866,7 @@ high prices.</p> <p>Out on the Carso the bombardment progressed, satisfactorily, I presume, as the next -official <i>communiqué</i> of the Italian government +official <i>communiqué</i> of the Italian government would say. The champagne bottles continued to pop. Men and women drank to one another's good health, the former oblivious, for the time @@ -12951,7 +12934,7 @@ governments, that of Prussia excepted, also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3 abolished the "illegitimate" birth certificate and gave the unwed soldier wife or widow the right to use the designation <i>Frau</i>—Mistress—instead of, -as heretofore, <i>Fräulein</i>, or Miss.</p> +as heretofore, <i>Fräulein</i>, or Miss.</p> <p>This measure was a fine example of humaneness, seeing that otherwise many thousands of @@ -13101,7 +13084,7 @@ Hence the petition for admission to the usual civil rights. The Austrian government recognized the situation, but in the absence of the necessary legislative authority could do nothing -to admit the Russian to Austrian <i>Staatsangehörigkeit</i>. +to admit the Russian to Austrian <i>Staatsangehörigkeit</i>. Yet it was eager to do that. The new blood was needed.</p> @@ -13198,7 +13181,7 @@ changed mates by mutual consent on the part of all four concerned. One of the husbands is a rich banker, and the other, his best friend by the way, is also well off. The double pair -go to the same café, sit at the same table, and +go to the same café, sit at the same table, and their friends think nothing of it. They are regularly divorced and married, of course.</p> @@ -13240,7 +13223,7 @@ result, and that means that more women will have to sacrifice more self-respect. That is the worst part of it.</p> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span>But, again, the <i>légère</i> views of Central Europe +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span>But, again, the <i>légère</i> views of Central Europe come into play. So long as the man has sense enough to keep his "war" wife in the background, nobody will take offense, and the legal @@ -13248,7 +13231,7 @@ wife may not mind. Officially, the paramour will not exist. As soon as she has children she will be a "Mrs." in her own right, and I suppose that many will not wait that long before changing -"<i>Fräulein</i>" into "<i>Frau</i>."</p> +"<i>Fräulein</i>" into "<i>Frau</i>."</p> <p>There is no doubt that the condition is unjust to two women at the same time. But there @@ -13819,7 +13802,7 @@ spend their life on small incomes without working.</p> THE AFTERMATH</h2> -<p>In Cæsar's time the pound of beef at Rome cost +<p>In Cæsar's time the pound of beef at Rome cost 1¼ American cents. At the end of the thirteenth century it was 2½ cents, due largely to the influence of the Crusades. In a Vienna @@ -13874,7 +13857,7 @@ were bought and sold in markets.</p> is, Why has food become dearer?</p> <p>Actually food is not dearer to-day than it was -in Rome under Cæsar. The fact is that money is +in Rome under Cæsar. The fact is that money is cheaper, and money is cheaper because it is more plentiful. Let me quote a case that is somewhat abstract, but very applicable here.</p> @@ -14309,7 +14292,7 @@ strangled many of the better qualities of the race or at best gave these qualities no field in which they might exert themselves. The liberty-loving race which in the days of Napoleon had produced -such men as Scharnhorst and Lüchow, Körner +such men as Scharnhorst and Lüchow, Körner and others, and the legions they commanded, was on the verge of becoming a non-thinking machine,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[382]</a></span> which men exercising power for the lust of power @@ -14401,7 +14384,7 @@ by the European War. All sectionalism has disappeared. Three years' contact with the German army, and study of the things that are German, has convinced me that to-day there -is no Prussian, Bavarian, Saxon, Würtemberger, +is no Prussian, Bavarian, Saxon, Würtemberger, Badenser, Hanoverian, or Hessian. I have never met any but Germans, in contrast to conditions in the Austro-Hungarian army, @@ -14495,367 +14478,13 @@ quantity of crude rubber).</p> <p>P. 154: "Kaffee-ersatz-ersatz" changed to "Kaffee-ersatz".</p> -<p>P. 227: "General Höefer" changed to "General Höfer".</p> +<p>P. 227: "General Höefer" changed to "General Höfer".</p> <p>P. 366: "fron" changed to "from" (prevented them from increasing).</p> </div> <p> </p> <p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRON RATION***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 40628-h.txt or 40628-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/0/6/2/40628">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/6/2/40628</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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