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diff --git a/40641-h/40641-h.htm b/40641-h/40641-h.htm index 9dea0ae..429251f 100644 --- a/40641-h/40641-h.htm +++ b/40641-h/40641-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= - "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + "text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume XV Slice VIII - Kite-Flying to Kyshtym. @@ -143,46 +143,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, -Volume 15, Slice 8, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 15, Slice 8 - "Kite-Flying" to "Kyshtym" - -Author: Various - -Release Date: September 1, 2012 [EBook #40641] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYC. BRITANNICA, VOL 15 SLICE 8 *** - - - - -Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40641 ***</div> <table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #dcdcdc; color: #696969; " summary="Transcriber's note"> <tr> @@ -223,7 +184,7 @@ Kite-Flying to Kyshtym</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar1">KITE-FLYING</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar165">KOSTER, LAURENS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar2">KIT-FOX</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar166">KOSTROMA</a> (government of Russia)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar3">KITTO, JOHN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar167">KOSTROMA</a> (town of Russia)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar4">KITTUR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar168">KSZEG</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar4">KITTUR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar168">KÖSZEG</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar5">KITZINGEN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar169">KOTAH</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar6">KIU-KIANG FU</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar170">KOTAS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar7">KIUSTENDIL</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar171">KOTKA</a></td></tr> @@ -243,7 +204,7 @@ Kite-Flying to Kyshtym</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar21">KLAPKA, GEORG</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar185">KRAFFT, ADAM</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar22">KLAPROTH, HEINRICH JULIUS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar186">KRAGUYEVATS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar23">KLAPROTH, MARTIN HEINRICH</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar187">KRAKATOA</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar24">KLBER, JEAN BAPTISTE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar188">KRAKEN</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar24">KLÉBER, JEAN BAPTISTE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar188">KRAKEN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar25">KLEIN, JULIUS LEOPOLD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar189">KRALYEVO</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar26">KLEIST, BERND HEINRICH WILHELM VON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar190">KRANTZ, ALBERT</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar27">KLEIST, EWALD CHRISTIAN VON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar191">KRASNOVODSK</a></td></tr> @@ -273,7 +234,7 @@ Kite-Flying to Kyshtym</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar51">KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN CIRCLE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar215">KROONSTAD</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar52">KNIPPERDOLLINCK, BERNT</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar216">KROPOTKIN, PETER ALEXEIVICH</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar53">KNITTING</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar217">KROTOSCHIN</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar54">KNOBKERRIE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar218">KRDENER, BARBARA JULIANA</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar54">KNOBKERRIE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar218">KRÜDENER, BARBARA JULIANA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar55">KNOLLES, RICHARD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar219">KRUG, WILHELM TRAUGOTT</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar56">KNOLLES, SIR ROBERT</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar220">KRUGER, STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar57">KNOLLYS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar221">KRUGERSDORP</a></td></tr> @@ -286,7 +247,7 @@ Kite-Flying to Kyshtym</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar64">KNOX, HENRY</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar228">KRUSHEVATS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar65">KNOX, JOHN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar229">KSHATTRIYA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar66">KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar230">KUBAN</a> (river of Russia)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar67">KNOXVILLE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar231">KUBA</a> (province of Russia)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar67">KNOXVILLE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar231">KUBAÑ</a> (province of Russia)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar68">KNUCKLE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar232">KUBELIK, JAN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar69">KNUCKLEBONES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar233">KUBERA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar70">KNUTSFORD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar234">KUBLAI KHAN</a></td></tr> @@ -298,7 +259,7 @@ Kite-Flying to Kyshtym</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar76">KOCK, CHARLES PAUL DE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar240">KUEN-LUN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar77">KODAIKANAL</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar241">KUFA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar78">KODAMA, GENTARO</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar242">KUHN, FRANZ FELIX ADALBERT</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar79">KODUNGALUR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar243">KHNE, WILLY</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar79">KODUNGALUR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar243">KÜHNE, WILLY</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar80">KOENIG, KARL DIETRICH EBERHARD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar244">KUKA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar81">KOESFELD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar245">KU KLUX KLAN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar82">KOHAT</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar246">KUKU KHOTO</a></td></tr> @@ -308,28 +269,28 @@ Kite-Flying to Kyshtym</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar86">KOHLHASE, HANS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar250">KULMSEE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar87">KOKOMO</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar251">KULP</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar88">KOKO-NOR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar252">KULU</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar89">KOKSHAROV, NĪKOLA ĪVANOVICH VON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar253">KUM</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar89">KOKSHAROV, NĪKOLAÍ ĪVANOVICH VON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar253">KUM</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar90">KOKSTAD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar254">KUMAIT IBN ZAID</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar91">KOLA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar255">KUMAON</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar92">KOLABA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar256">KUMASI</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar93">KOLAR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar257">KUMISHAH</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar94">KOLBE, ADOLPHE WILHELM HERMANN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar258">KUMQUAT</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar95">KOLBERG</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar259">KUMTA</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar96">KLCSEY, FERENCZ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar260">KUMYKS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar96">KÖLCSEY, FERENCZ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar260">KUMYKS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar97">KOLDING</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar261">KUNAR</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar98">KOLGUEV</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar262">KUNBIS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar99">KOLHAPUR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar263">KUNDT, AUGUST ADOLPH EDUARD EBERHARD</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar100">KOLIN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar264">KUNDUZ</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar101">KOLIS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar265">KUNENE</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar102">KLLIKER, RUDOLPH ALBERT VON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar266">KUNERSDORF</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar102">KÖLLIKER, RUDOLPH ALBERT VON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar266">KUNERSDORF</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar103">KOLLONTAJ, HUGO</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar267">KUNGRAD</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar104">KOLOMEA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar268">KUNGUR</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar105">KOLOMNA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar269">KUNKEL VON LOWENSTJERN, JOHANN</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar106">KOLOZSVR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar270">KUNLONG</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar106">KOLOZSVÁR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar270">KUNLONG</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar107">KOLPINO</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar271">KUNZITE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar108">KOLS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar272">KUOPIO</a> (province of Finland)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar109">KOLYVA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar273">KUOPIO</a> (city of Finland)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar110">KOMROM</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar274">KUPRILI</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar109">KOLYVAÑ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar273">KUOPIO</a> (city of Finland)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar110">KOMÁROM</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar274">KUPRILI</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar111">KOMATI</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar275">KURAKIN, BORIS IVANOVICH</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar112">KOMOTAU</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar276">KURBASH</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar113">KOMURA, JUTARO</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar277">KŪRDISTĀN</a> (country)</td></tr> @@ -338,28 +299,28 @@ Kite-Flying to Kyshtym</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar116">KONGSBERG</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar280">KURIA MURIA ISLANDS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar117">KONIA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar281">KURILES</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar118">KONIECPOLSKI, STANISLAUS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar282">KURISCHES HAFF</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar119">KNIG, KARL RUDOLPH</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar283">KURNOOL</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar120">KNIGGRTZ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar284">KUROKI, ITEI</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar121">KNIGINHOF</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar285">KUROPATKIN, ALEXEI NIKOLAIEVICH</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar122">KNIGSBERG</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar286">KURO SIWO</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar123">KNIGSBORN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar287">KURRAM</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar124">KNIGSHTTE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar288">KURSEONG</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar125">KNIGSLUTTER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar289">KURSK</a> (government of Russia)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar126">KNIGSMARK, MARIA AURORA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar290">KURSK</a> (town of Russia)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar127">KNIGSMARK, PHILIPP CHRISTOPH</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar291">KURTZ, JOHANN HEINRICH</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar128">KNIGSSEE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar292">KURUMAN</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar129">KNIGSTEIN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar293">KURUMBAS and KURUBAS</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar130">KNIGSWINTER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar294">KURUNEGALA</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar119">KÖNIG, KARL RUDOLPH</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar283">KURNOOL</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar120">KÖNIGGRÄTZ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar284">KUROKI, ITEI</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar121">KÖNIGINHOF</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar285">KUROPATKIN, ALEXEI NIKOLAIEVICH</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar122">KÖNIGSBERG</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar286">KURO SIWO</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar123">KÖNIGSBORN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar287">KURRAM</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar124">KÖNIGSHÜTTE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar288">KURSEONG</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar125">KÖNIGSLUTTER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar289">KURSK</a> (government of Russia)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar126">KÖNIGSMARK, MARIA AURORA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar290">KURSK</a> (town of Russia)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar127">KÖNIGSMARK, PHILIPP CHRISTOPH</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar291">KURTZ, JOHANN HEINRICH</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar128">KÖNIGSSEE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar292">KURUMAN</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar129">KÖNIGSTEIN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar293">KURUMBAS and KURUBAS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar130">KÖNIGSWINTER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar294">KURUNEGALA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar131">KONINCK, LAURENT GUILLAUME DE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar295">KURUNTWAD</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar132">KONINCK, PHILIP DE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar296">KURZ, HERMANN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar133">KONITZ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar297">KUSAN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar134">KONKAN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar298">KUSHALGARH</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar135">KONTAGORA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar299">KUSHK</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar136">KOORINGA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar300">KUSTANAISK</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar137">KPENICK</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar301">KSTENLAND</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar137">KÖPENICK</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar301">KÜSTENLAND</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar138">KOPISCH, AUGUST</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar302">KUTAIAH</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar139">KOPP, HERMANN FRANZ MORITZ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar303">KUTAIS</a> (government of Russia)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar140">KOPRL</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar304">KUTAIS</a> (town of Russia)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar140">KOPRÜLÜ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar304">KUTAIS</a> (town of Russia)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar141">KORA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar305">KUT-EL-AMARA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar142">KORAN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar306">KUTENAI</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar143">KORAT</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar307">KUTTALAM</a></td></tr> @@ -369,18 +330,18 @@ Kite-Flying to Kyshtym</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar147">KORESHAN ECCLESIA, THE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar311">KUZNETSK</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar148">KŌRIN, OGATA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar312">KVASS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar149">KORKUS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar313">KWAKIUTL</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar150">KRMCZBNYA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar314">KWANGCHOW BAY</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar151">KRNER, KARL THEODOR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar315">KWANG-SI</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar150">KÖRMÖCZBÁNYA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar314">KWANGCHOW BAY</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar151">KÖRNER, KARL THEODOR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar315">KWANG-SI</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar152">KORNEUBURG</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar316">KWANG-TUNG</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar153">KOROCHA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar317">KWANZA</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar154">KORSR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar318">KWEI-CHOW</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar154">KORSÖR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar318">KWEI-CHOW</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar155">KORTCHA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar319">KYAUKPYU</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar156">KORYAKS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar320">KYAUKSĒ</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar157">KOSCIUSCO</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar321">KYD, THOMAS</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar158">KOSCIUSZKO, TADEUSZ ANDRZEJ BONAWENTURA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar322">KYFFHUSER</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar159">KSEN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar323">KYNASTON, EDWARD</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar158">KOSCIUSZKO, TADEUSZ ANDRZEJ BONAWENTURA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar322">KYFFHÄUSER</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar159">KÖSEN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar323">KYNASTON, EDWARD</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar160">KOSHER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar324">KYNETON</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar161">KSLIN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar325">KYŌSAI, SHO-FU</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar161">KÖSLIN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar325">KYŌSAI, SHO-FU</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar162">KOSSOVO</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar326">KYRIE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar163">KOSSUTH, FERENCZ LAJOS AKOS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar327">KYRLE, JOHN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar164">KOSSUTH, LAJOS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar328">KYSHTYM</a></td></tr> @@ -598,7 +559,7 @@ and the <i>Pictorial Bible</i>. The <i>Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature</i>, edited under his superintendence, appeared in two volumes in 1843-1845 and passed through three editions. His <i>Daily Bible Illustrations</i> (8 vols. 1849-1853) received an appreciation which -is not yet extinct. In 1850 he received an annuity of 100 from +is not yet extinct. In 1850 he received an annuity of £100 from the civil list. In August 1854 he went to Germany for the waters of Cannstatt on the Neckar, where on the 25th of November he died.</p> @@ -622,7 +583,7 @@ governor of Madras, fell subsequently when the fort was stormed.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KITZINGEN,<a name="ar5" id="ar5"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Bavaria on the Main, 95 m. S.E. of Frankfort-on-Main by rail, at the -junction of the main-lines to Passau, Wrzburg and Schweinfurt. +junction of the main-lines to Passau, Würzburg and Schweinfurt. Pop. (1900), 8489. A bridge, 300 yards long, connects it with its suburb Etwashausen on the left bank of the river. A railway bridge also spans the Main at this point. Kitzingen is still @@ -634,7 +595,7 @@ and the manufacture of cement and colours. Considerable trade in wine, fruit, grain and timber is carried on by boats on the Main. Kitzingen possessed a Benedictine abbey in the 8th century, and later belonged to the bishopric of -Wrzburg.</p> +Würzburg.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See F. Bernbeck, <i>Kitzinger Chronik 745-1565</i> (Kitzingen, 1899).</p> @@ -646,7 +607,7 @@ Wrzburg.</p> province of Kiang-si, China. The city, which is situated on the south bank of the Yangtsze-kiang, 15 m. above the point where the Kan Kiang flows into that river from the Po-yang -lake, stands in 29 42 N. and 116 8 E. The north face of the +lake, stands in 29° 42´ N. and 116° 8´ E. The north face of the city is separated from the river by only the width of a roadway, and two large lakes lie on its west and south fronts. The walls are from 5 to 6 m. in circumference, and are more than usually @@ -681,8 +642,8 @@ the Yangtsze. The bund, which is 500 yards long, was erected by the foreign community. The climate is good, and though hot in the summer months is invariably cold and bracing in the winter. According to the customs returns the value of the -trade of the port amounted in 1902 to 2,854,704, and in 1904 -to 3,489,816, of which 1,726,506 were imports and 1,763,310 +trade of the port amounted in 1902 to £2,854,704, and in 1904 +to £3,489,816, of which £1,726,506 were imports and £1,763,310 exports. In 1904 322,266 ℔. of opium were imported.</p> @@ -742,7 +703,7 @@ is of great interest and has various names, that most used being Mfumbiro (<i>q.v.</i>), though this name is sometimes restricted to a single peak. Kivu and Mfumbiro were first heard of by J. H. Speke in 1861, but not visited by a European until 1894, when -Count von Gtzen passed through the country on his journey +Count von Götzen passed through the country on his journey across the continent. The lake and its vicinity were subsequently explored by Dr R. Kandt, Captain Bethe, E. S. Grogan, J. E. S. Moore, and Major St Hill Gibbons. The @@ -792,7 +753,7 @@ Francis Stephens also in 1826 acquiesced (<i>Gen. Zoology</i>, xiii. a specimen, had assorted it with the dodo in an order to which he applied the name of <i>Inertes</i> (<i>Man. d’Ornithologie</i>, i. cxiv.). In 1831 R. P. Lesson, who had previously (<i>loc. cit.</i>) made some -blunders about it, placed it (<i>Trait d’Ornithologie</i>, p. 12), though +blunders about it, placed it (<i>Traité d’Ornithologie</i>, p. 12), though only, as he says, “par analogie et <i>a priori</i>,” in his first division of birds, “Oiseaux Anomaux,” which is equivalent to what we now call <i>Ratitae</i>, making of it a separate family “Nullipennes.” @@ -934,7 +895,7 @@ feeding.</p> <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> -<p><a name="ft1a" id="ft1a" href="#fa1a"><span class="fn">1</span></a> Cuvier in the second edition of his <i>Rgne Animal</i> only referred to +<p><a name="ft1a" id="ft1a" href="#fa1a"><span class="fn">1</span></a> Cuvier in the second edition of his <i>Règne Animal</i> only referred to it in a footnote (i. 498).</p> <p><a name="ft2a" id="ft2a" href="#fa2a"><span class="fn">2</span></a> Cruise in 1822 (<i>Journ. Residence in New Zealand</i>, p. 313) had @@ -1009,7 +970,7 @@ founded by the Georgian chief Daniel in 1736; the Armenian church of SS Peter and Paul, remarkable for its size and wealth. The population is mainly supported by the gardens and vineyards irrigated by canals from the river. A government -vineyard and school of viticulture are situated 3 m. from the +vineyard and school of viticulture are situated 3½ m. from the town. About 1,200,000 gallons of Kizlyar wine are sold annually at the fair of Nizhniy-Novgorod. Silk and cotton are woven. Kizlyar is mentioned as early as 1616, but the most @@ -1045,7 +1006,7 @@ seriously studied music at all, and not for ten years did he attract any particular notice. Then, however, his Government paid for a year’s instruction for him at Leipzig. For many years after his return to Norway Kjerulf tried in vain to establish serial -classical concerts, while he himself was working with Bjrnson +classical concerts, while he himself was working with Björnson and other writers at the composition of lyrical songs. His fame rests almost entirely on his beautiful and manly national part-songs and solos; but his pianoforte music is equally charming and @@ -1092,14 +1053,14 @@ in 1842.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KLAFSKY, KATHARINA<a name="ar17" id="ar17"></a></span> (1855-1896), Hungarian operatic -singer, was born at Szt Jnos, Wieselburg, of humble parents. +singer, was born at Szt János, Wieselburg, of humble parents. Being employed at Vienna as a nurserymaid, her fine soprano voice led to her being engaged as a chorus singer, and she was given good lessons in music. By 1882 she became well-known -in Wagnerian rles at the Leipzig theatre, and she increased her +in Wagnerian rôles at the Leipzig theatre, and she increased her reputation at other German musical centres. In 1892 she appeared in London, and had a great success in Wagner’s operas, -notably as Brnnhilde and as Isolde, her dramatic as well as +notably as Brünnhilde and as Isolde, her dramatic as well as vocal gifts being of an exceptional order. She sang in America in 1895, but died of brain disease in 1896.</p> @@ -1112,9 +1073,9 @@ in 1895, but died of brain disease in 1896.</p> <p><span class="bold">KLAGENFURT<a name="ar18" id="ar18"></a></span> (Slovene, <i>Celovec</i>), the capital of the Austrian duchy of Carinthia, 212 m. S.W. of Vienna by rail. Pop. (1900), 24,314. It is picturesquely situated on the river Glan, which is -in communication with the Wrther-see by the 3 m. long Lend +in communication with the Wörther-see by the 3 m. long Lend canal. Among the more noteworthy buildings are the parish -church of St gidius (1709), with a tower 298 ft. in height; the +church of St Ægidius (1709), with a tower 298 ft. in height; the cathedral of SS Peter and Paul (1582-1593, burnt 1723, restored 1725); the churches of the Benedictines (1613), of the Capuchins (1646), and of the order of St Elizabeth (1710). To these must @@ -1145,20 +1106,20 @@ as his headquarters.</p> <p><span class="bold">KLAJ<a name="ar19" id="ar19"></a></span> (latinized <span class="sc">Clajus</span>), <span class="bold">JOHANN</span> (1616-1656), German poet, was born at Meissen in Saxony. After studying theology at Wittenberg he went to Nuremberg as a “candidate for holy -orders,” and there, in conjunction with Georg Philipp Harsdrffer, +orders,” and there, in conjunction with Georg Philipp Harsdörffer, founded in 1644 the literary society known as the Pegnitz order. In 1647 he received an appointment as master in the Sebaldus school in Nuremberg, and in 1650 became preacher at Kitzingen, where he died in 1656. Klaj’s poems consist of dramas, written in stilted language and redundant with adventures, -among which are <i>Hllen- und Himmelfahrt Christi</i> (Nuremberg, -1644), and <i>Herodes, der Kindermrder</i> (Nuremberg, 1645), and -a poem, written jointly with Harsdrffer, <i>Pegnesische Schfergedicht</i> +among which are <i>Höllen- und Himmelfahrt Christi</i> (Nuremberg, +1644), and <i>Herodes, der Kindermörder</i> (Nuremberg, 1645), and +a poem, written jointly with Harsdörffer, <i>Pegnesische Schäfergedicht</i> (1644), which gives in allegorical form the story of his settlement in Nuremberg.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Tittmann, <i>Die Nrnberger Dichterschule</i> (Gttingen, 1847).</p> +<p>See Tittmann, <i>Die Nürnberger Dichterschule</i> (Göttingen, 1847).</p> </div> @@ -1175,20 +1136,20 @@ to North American Ethnology</i>, vol. ii. (Washington, 1890).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KLAPKA, GEORG<a name="ar21" id="ar21"></a></span> (1820-1892), Hungarian soldier, was born -at Temesvr on the 7th of April 1820, and entered the Austrian +at Temesvár on the 7th of April 1820, and entered the Austrian army in 1838. He was still a subaltern when the Hungarian revolution of 1848 broke out, and he offered his services to the patriot party. He served in important staff appointments during the earlier part of the war which followed; then, early in -1849, he was ordered to replace General Mszros, who had been +1849, he was ordered to replace General Mészáros, who had been defeated at Kaschau, and as general commanding an army corps -he had a conspicuous share in the victories of Kaplna, Isaszeg, -Waitzen, Nagy Sarlo and Komrom. Then, as the fortune of +he had a conspicuous share in the victories of Kapólna, Isaszeg, +Waitzen, Nagy Sarlo and Komárom. Then, as the fortune of war turned against the Hungarians, Klapka, after serving for a -short time as minister of war, took command at Komrom, from +short time as minister of war, took command at Komárom, from which fortress he conducted a number of successful expeditions -until the capitulation of Vilgos in August put an end to the war -in the open field. He then brilliantly defended Komrom for two +until the capitulation of Világos in August put an end to the war +in the open field. He then brilliantly defended Komárom for two months, and finally surrendered on honourable terms. Klapka left the country at once, and lived thenceforward for many years in exile, at first in England and afterwards chiefly in Switzerland. @@ -1200,16 +1161,16 @@ Prussian major-general he organized a Hungarian corps in Silesia) Klapka was permitted by the Austrian government to return to his native country, and in 1867 was elected a member of the Hungarian Chamber of Deputies, in which he belonged to the -Dek party. In 1877 he made an attempt to reorganize the +Deák party. In 1877 he made an attempt to reorganize the Turkish army in view of the war with Russia. General Klapka died at Budapest on the 17th of May 1892. A memorial was -erected to his memory at Komrom in 1896.</p> +erected to his memory at Komárom in 1896.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>He wrote <i>Memoiren</i> (Leipzig, 1850); <i>Der Nationalkrieg in Ungarn</i>, &c. (Leipzig, 1851); a history of the Crimean War, <i>Der Krieg im Orient ... bis Ende Juli 1855</i> (Geneva, 1855); and <i>Aus meinen -Erinnerungen</i> (translated from the Hungarian, Zrich, 1887).</p> +Erinnerungen</i> (translated from the Hungarian, Zürich, 1887).</p> </div> @@ -1235,7 +1196,7 @@ He died in that city on the 28th of August 1835.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The principal feature of Klaproth’s erudition was the vastness of the field which it embraced. His great work <i>Asia polyglotta</i> (Paris, -1823 and 1831, with <i>Sprachatlas</i>) not only served as a <i>rsum</i> of all +1823 and 1831, with <i>Sprachatlas</i>) not only served as a <i>résumé</i> of all that was known on the subject, but formed a new departure for the classification of the Eastern languages, more especially those of the Russian Empire. To a great extent, however, his work is now superseded. @@ -1248,10 +1209,10 @@ spurious.</p> <p>Klaproth’s other works include: <i>Reise in den Kaukasus und Georgien in den Jahren 1807 und 1808</i> (Halle, 1812-1814; French translation, Paris, 1823); <i>Geographisch-historische Beschreibung des -stlichen Kaukasus</i> (Weimar, 1814); <i>Tableaux historiques de l’Asie</i> -(Paris, 1826); <i>Mmoires relatifs l’Asie</i> (Paris, 1824-1828); <i>Tableau +östlichen Kaukasus</i> (Weimar, 1814); <i>Tableaux historiques de l’Asie</i> +(Paris, 1826); <i>Mémoires relatifs à l’Asie</i> (Paris, 1824-1828); <i>Tableau historique, geographique, ethnographique et politique de Caucase</i> (Paris, -1827); and <i>Vocabulaire et grammaire de la langue gorgienne</i> (Paris, +1827); and <i>Vocabulaire et grammaire de la langue géorgienne</i> (Paris, 1827).</p> </div> @@ -1285,15 +1246,15 @@ tellurium, strontium, cerium and chromium.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>His papers, over 200 in number, were collected by himself in -<i>Beitrge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkrper</i> (5 vols., 1795-1810) +<i>Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper</i> (5 vols., 1795-1810) and <i>Chemische Abhandlungen gemischten Inhalts</i> (1815). He -also published a <i>Chemisches Wrterbuch</i> (1807-1810), and edited a +also published a <i>Chemisches Wörterbuch</i> (1807-1810), and edited a revised edition of F. A. C. Gren’s <i>Handbuch der Chemie</i> (1806).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KLBER, JEAN BAPTISTE<a name="ar24" id="ar24"></a></span> (1753-1800), French general, was +<p><span class="bold">KLÉBER, JEAN BAPTISTE<a name="ar24" id="ar24"></a></span> (1753-1800), French general, was born on the 9th of March 1753, at Strassburg, where his father was a builder. He was trained, partly at Paris, for the profession of architect, but his opportune assistance to two German nobles @@ -1308,12 +1269,12 @@ at once elected adjutant and soon afterwards lieutenant-colonel. At the defence of Mainz he so distinguished himself that though disgraced along with the rest of the garrison and imprisoned, he was promptly reinstated, and in August 1793 promoted general -of brigade. He won considerable distinction in the Vendan +of brigade. He won considerable distinction in the Vendéan war, and two months later was made a general of division. In these operations began his intimacy with Marceau, with whom he defeated the Royalists at Le Mans and Savenay. For openly expressing his opinion that lenient measures ought to be pursued -towards the Vendans he was recalled; but in April 1794 he +towards the Vendéans he was recalled; but in April 1794 he was once more reinstated and sent to the Army of the Sambre-and-Meuse. He displayed his skill and bravery in the numerous actions around Charleroi, and especially in the crowning victory @@ -1334,7 +1295,7 @@ governor of Alexandria. In the Syrian campaign of 1799, however, he commanded the vanguard, took El-Arish, Gaza and Jaffa, and won the great victory of Mount Tabor on the 15th of April 1799. When Napoleon returned to France -towards the end of 1799 he left Klber in command of the +towards the end of 1799 he left Kléber in command of the French forces. In this capacity, seeing no hope of bringing his army back to France or of consolidating his conquests, he made the convention of El-Arish. But when Lord Keith, @@ -1344,7 +1305,7 @@ the Turks at Heliopolis, though with but 10,000 men against He then retook Cairo, which had revolted from the French. Shortly after these victories he was assassinated at Cairo by a fanatic on the 14th of June 1800, the same day on which his -friend and comrade Desaix fell at Marengo. Klber was undoubtedly +friend and comrade Desaix fell at Marengo. Kléber was undoubtedly one of the greatest generals of the French revolutionary epoch. Though he distrusted his powers and declined the responsibility of supreme command, there is nothing in his career to @@ -1357,11 +1318,11 @@ to those he possessed as a general.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Ernouf, the grandson of Jourdan’s chief of staff, published in -1867 a valuable biography of Klber. See also Reynaud, <i>Life of +1867 a valuable biography of Kléber. See also Reynaud, <i>Life of Merlin de Thionville</i>; Ney, Memoirs; Dumas, <i>Souvenirs</i>; Las -Casas, <i>Memorial de Ste Hlne</i>; J. Charavaray, <i>Les Gnraux morts -pour la patrie</i>; General Pajol, <i>Klber</i>; lives of Marceau and Desaix; -M. F. Rousseau, <i>Klber et Menou en Egypte</i> (Paris, 1900).</p> +Casas, <i>Memorial de Ste Hélène</i>; J. Charavaray, <i>Les Généraux morts +pour la patrie</i>; General Pajol, <i>Kléber</i>; lives of Marceau and Desaix; +M. F. Rousseau, <i>Kléber et Menou en Egypte</i> (Paris, 1900).</p> </div> @@ -1375,7 +1336,7 @@ death on the 2nd of August 1876. He was the author of many dramatic works, among others the historical tragedies <i>Maria von Medici</i> (1841); <i>Luines</i> (1842); <i>Zenobia</i> (1847); <i>Moreto</i> (1859); <i>Maria</i> (1860); <i>Strafford</i> (1862) and <i>Heliodora</i> (1867); and the -comedies <i>Die Herzogin</i> (1848); <i>Ein Schtzling</i> (1850); and <i>Voltaire</i> +comedies <i>Die Herzogin</i> (1848); <i>Ein Schützling</i> (1850); and <i>Voltaire</i> (1862). The tendency of Klein as a dramatist was to become bombastic and obscure, but many of his characters are vigorously conceived, and in nearly all his tragedies there are passages of @@ -1412,15 +1373,15 @@ entitled <i>Die Familie Ghonorez</i>. In the autumn of 1802 Kleist returned to Germany; he visited Goethe, Schiller and Wieland in Weimar, stayed for a while in Leipzig and Dresden, again proceeded to Paris, and returning in 1804 to his post in Berlin was -transferred to the <i>Domnenkammer</i> (department for the administration -of crown lands) at Knigsberg. On a journey to Dresden +transferred to the <i>Domänenkammer</i> (department for the administration +of crown lands) at Königsberg. On a journey to Dresden in 1807 Kleist was arrested by the French as a spy, and being sent -to France was kept for six months a close prisoner at Chlons-sur-Marne. +to France was kept for six months a close prisoner at Châlons-sur-Marne. On regaining his liberty he proceeded to Dresden, -where in conjunction with Adam Heinrich Mller (1779-1829) he -published in 1808 the journal <i>Phbus</i>. In 1809 he went to Prague, +where in conjunction with Adam Heinrich Müller (1779-1829) he +published in 1808 the journal <i>Phöbus</i>. In 1809 he went to Prague, and ultimately settled in Berlin, where he edited (1810-1811) the -<i>Berliner Abendbltter</i>. Captivated by the intellectual and musical +<i>Berliner Abendblätter</i>. Captivated by the intellectual and musical accomplishments of a certain Frau Henriette Vogel, Kleist, who was himself more disheartened and embittered than ever, agreed to do her bidding and die with her, carrying out this resolution @@ -1440,10 +1401,10 @@ indignation.</p> to; the material for the second, <i>Penthesilea</i> (1808), queen of the Amazons, is taken from a Greek source and presents a picture of wild passion. More successful than either of these was his romantic -play, <i>Das Kthchen von Heilbronn, oder Die Feuerprobe</i> (1808), a poetic +play, <i>Das Käthchen von Heilbronn, oder Die Feuerprobe</i> (1808), a poetic drama full of medieval bustle and mystery, which has retained its popularity. In comedy, Kleist made a name with <i>Der zerbrochene -Krug</i> (1811), while <i>Amphitryon</i> (1808), an adaptation of Molire’s +Krug</i> (1811), while <i>Amphitryon</i> (1808), an adaptation of Molière’s comedy, is of less importance. Of Kleist’s other dramas, <i>Die Hermannschlacht</i> (1809) is a dramatic treatment of an historical subject and is full of references to the political conditions of his own @@ -1452,7 +1413,7 @@ This, together with the drama <i>Prinz Friedrich von Homburg</i>, the latter accounted Kleist’s best work, was first published by Ludwig Tieck in <i>Kleists hinterlassene Schriften</i> (1821). <i>Robert Guiskard</i>, a drama conceived on a grand plan, was left a fragment. Kleist was -also a master in the art of narrative, and of his <i>Gesammelte Erzhlungen</i> +also a master in the art of narrative, and of his <i>Gesammelte Erzählungen</i> (1810-1811), <i>Michael Kohlhaas</i>, in which the famous Brandenburg horse dealer in Luther’s day (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Kohlhase</a></span>) is immortalized, is one of the best German stories of its time. He also wrote some @@ -1460,15 +1421,15 @@ patriotic lyrics. His <i>Gesammelte Schriften</i> were published by Ludwig Tieck (3 vols. 1826) and by Julian Schmidt (new ed. 1874); also by F. Muncker (4 vols. 1882); by T. Zolling (4 vols. 1885); by K. Siegen, (4 vols. 1895); and in a critical edition by E. Schmidt -(5 vols. 1904-1905). His <i>Ausgewhlte Dramen</i> were published by +(5 vols. 1904-1905). His <i>Ausgewählte Dramen</i> were published by K. Siegen (Leipzig, 1877); and his letters were first published -by E. von Blow, <i>Heinrich von Kleists Leben und Briefe</i> (1848).</p> +by E. von Bülow, <i>Heinrich von Kleists Leben und Briefe</i> (1848).</p> <p>See further A. Wilbrandt, <i>Heinrich von Kleist</i> (1863); O. Brahm, <i>Heinrich von Kleist</i> (1884); R. Bonafous, <i>Henri de Kleist, sa vie et ses œuvres</i> (1894); H. Conrad, <i>Heinrich von Kleist als Mensch und Dichter</i> (1896); G. Minde-Pouet, <i>Heinrich von Kleist, seine Sprache -und sein Stil</i> (1897); R. Steig, <i>Heinrich von Kleists Berliner Kmpfe</i> +und sein Stil</i> (1897); R. Steig, <i>Heinrich von Kleists Berliner Kämpfe</i> (1901); F. Servaes, <i>Heinrich von Kleist</i> (1902); S. Wukadinowic, <i>Kleist-Studien</i> (1904); S. Rahmer, <i>H. von Kleist als Mensch und Dichter</i> (1909).</p> @@ -1477,10 +1438,10 @@ Dichter</i> (1909).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KLEIST, EWALD CHRISTIAN VON<a name="ar27" id="ar27"></a></span> (1715-1759), German -poet, was born at Zeblin, near Kslin in Pomerania, on the 7th of +poet, was born at Zeblin, near Köslin in Pomerania, on the 7th of March 1715. After attending the Jesuit school in Deutschkrona and the gymnasium in Danzig, he proceeded in 1731 to the university -of Knigsberg, where he studied law and mathematics. +of Königsberg, where he studied law and mathematics. On the completion of his studies, he entered the Danish army, in which he became an officer in 1736. Recalled to Prussia by Frederick II. in 1740, he was appointed lieutenant in a regiment @@ -1495,7 +1456,7 @@ in the battle of Kunersdorf, on the 12th of August 1759, he was mortally wounded while leading the attack, and died at Frankfort-on-Oder on the 24th of August following.</p> -<p>Kleist’s chief work is a poem in hexameters, <i>Der Frhling</i> +<p>Kleist’s chief work is a poem in hexameters, <i>Der Frühling</i> (1749), for which Thomson’s <i>Seasons</i> largely supplied ideas. In his description of the beauties of nature Kleist shows real poetical genius, an almost modern sentiment and fine taste. @@ -1507,10 +1468,10 @@ in a battle against the Athenians.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Kleist published in 1756 the first collection of his <i>Gedichte</i>, which was followed by a second in 1758. After his death his friend Karl -Wilhelm Ramler (<i>q.v.</i>) published an edition of <i>Kleists smtliche Werke</i> +Wilhelm Ramler (<i>q.v.</i>) published an edition of <i>Kleists sämtliche Werke</i> in 2 vols. (1760). A critical edition was published by A. Sauer, in 3 vols. (1880-1882). Cf. further, A. Chuquet, <i>De Ewaldi Kleistii vita -et scriptis</i> (Paris, 1887), and H. Prhle, <i>Friedrich der Grosse und die +et scriptis</i> (Paris, 1887), and H. Pröhle, <i>Friedrich der Grosse und die deutsche Literatur</i> (1872).</p> </div> @@ -1584,7 +1545,7 @@ had been acquainted since childhood, helped him in many ways. In 1775 Klinger gained with his tragedy <i>Die Zwillinge</i> a prize offered by the Hamburg theatre, under the auspices of the actress Sophie Charlotte Ackermann (1714-1792) and her son the famous -actor and playwright, Friedrich Ludwig Schrder (1744-1816). +actor and playwright, Friedrich Ludwig Schröder (1744-1816). In 1776 Klinger was appointed <i>Theaterdichter</i> to the “Seylersche Schauspiel-Gesellschaft” and held this post for two years. In 1778 he entered the Austrian military service and took part in the @@ -1613,10 +1574,10 @@ and restless “storm and stress” are <i>Die neue Arria</i> (1776), a later period belongs the fine double tragedy of <i>Medea in Korinth</i> and <i>Medea auf dem Kaukasos</i> (1791). In Russia he devoted himself mainly to the writing of philosophical romances, of -which the best known are <i>Fausts Leben, Taten und Hllenfahrt</i> +which the best known are <i>Fausts Leben, Taten und Höllenfahrt</i> (1791), <i>Geschichte Giafars des Barmeciden</i> (1792) and <i>Geschichte Raphaels de Aquillas</i> (1793). This series was closed in 1803 -with <i>Betrachtungen und Gedanken ber verschiedene Gegenstnde +with <i>Betrachtungen und Gedanken über verschiedene Gegenstände der Welt und der Literatur</i>. In these works Klinger gives calm and dignified expression to the leading ideas which the period of <i>Sturm und Drang</i> had bequeathed to German classical @@ -1626,7 +1587,7 @@ literature.</p> <p>Klinger’s works were published in twelve volumes (1809-1815), also 1832-1833 and 1842. The most recent edition is in eight volumes (1878-1880); but none of these is complete. A selection will be found -in A. Sauer, <i>Strmer und Drnger</i>, vol. i. (1883). See E. Schmidt, +in A. Sauer, <i>Stürmer und Dränger</i>, vol. i. (1883). See E. Schmidt, <i>Lenz und Klinger</i> (1878); M. Rieger, <i>Klinger in der Sturm- und Drangperiode</i> (1880); and <i>Klinger in seiner Reife</i> (1896).</p> </div> @@ -1645,7 +1606,7 @@ artist was voted insane; nevertheless the “Glove” series was bought by the Berlin National Gallery. His painting of “The Judgment of Paris” caused a similar storm of indignant protest in 1887, owing to its rejection of all conventional attributes and -the nave directness of the conception. His vivid and somewhat +the naïve directness of the conception. His vivid and somewhat morbid imagination, with its leaning towards the gruesome and disagreeable, and the Goyaesque turn of his mind, found their best expression in his “cycles” of etchings: “Deliverances of @@ -1656,7 +1617,7 @@ masters; it supplies him merely with means of expressing his ideas. After 1886 Klinger devoted himself more exclusively to painting and sculpture. In his painting he aims neither at classic beauty nor modern truth, but at grim impressiveness not without -a touch of mysticism. His “Piet” at the Dresden Gallery, the +a touch of mysticism. His “Pietà” at the Dresden Gallery, the frescoes at the Leipzig University, and the “Christ in Olympus,” at the Modern Gallery in Vienna, are characteristic examples of his art. The Leipzig Museum contains his sculptured “Salome” @@ -1678,7 +1639,7 @@ The activity of these antelopes is marvellous.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KLONDIKE,<a name="ar33" id="ar33"></a></span> a district in Yukon Territory, north-western -Canada, approximately in 64 N. and 140 W. The limits are +Canada, approximately in 64° N. and 140° W. The limits are rather indefinite, but the district includes the country to the south of the Klondike River, which comes into the Yukon from the east and has several tributaries, as well as Indian River, a second @@ -1746,8 +1707,8 @@ continue the production of gold when the gravels are exhausted.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KLOPP, ONNO<a name="ar34" id="ar34"></a></span> (1822-1903), German historian, was born at Leer on the 9th of October 1822, and was educated at the universities -of Bonn, Berlin and Gttingen. For a few years he was -a teacher at Leer and at Osnabrck; but in 1858 he settled at +of Bonn, Berlin and Göttingen. For a few years he was +a teacher at Leer and at Osnabrück; but in 1858 he settled at Hanover, where he became intimate with King George V., who made him his <i>Archivrat</i>. Thoroughly disliking Prussia, he was in hearty accord with George in resisting her aggressive policy; @@ -1759,16 +1720,16 @@ Stuart</i> (Vienna, 1875-1888), the fullest existing account of the later Stuarts.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>His <i>Der Knig Friedrich II. und seine Politik</i> (Schaffhausen, 1867) +<p>His <i>Der König Friedrich II. und seine Politik</i> (Schaffhausen, 1867) and <i>Geschichte Ostfrieslands</i> (Hanover, 1854-1858) show his dislike -of Prussia. His other works include <i>Der dreissigjhrige Krieg bis +of Prussia. His other works include <i>Der dreissigjährige Krieg bis zum Tode Gustav Adolfs</i> (Paderborn, 1891-1896); a revised edition -of his <i>Tilly im dreissigjhrigen Kriege</i> (Stuttgart, 1861); a life of -George V., <i>Knig Georg V.</i> (Hanover, 1878); <i>Phillipp Melanchthon</i> +of his <i>Tilly im dreissigjährigen Kriege</i> (Stuttgart, 1861); a life of +George V., <i>König Georg V.</i> (Hanover, 1878); <i>Phillipp Melanchthon</i> (Berlin, 1897). He edited <i>Corrispondenza epistolare tra Leopoldo I. imperatore ed il P. Marco l’Aviano capuccino</i> (Gratz, 1888). Klopp also wrote much in defence of George V. and his claim to Hanover, -including the <i>Offizieller Bericht ber die Kriegsereignisse zwischen +including the <i>Offizieller Bericht über die Kriegsereignisse zwischen Hannover und Preussen im Juni 1866</i> (Vienna, 1867), and he edited the works of Leibnitz in eleven volumes (1861-1884).</p> @@ -1798,13 +1759,13 @@ abandoned in favour of the religious epic. While yet at school, he had already drafted the plan of <i>Der Messias</i>, upon which his fame mainly rests. On the 21st of September 1745 he delivered on quitting school a remarkable “leaving oration” on epic -poetry—<i>Abschiedsrede ber die epische Poesie, kultur- und literargeschichtlich -erlutert</i>—and next proceeded to Jena as a student +poetry—<i>Abschiedsrede über die epische Poesie, kultur- und literargeschichtlich +erläutert</i>—and next proceeded to Jena as a student of theology, where he elaborated the first three cantos of the <i>Messias</i> in prose. The life at this university being uncongenial to him, he removed in the spring of 1746 to Leipzig, and here joined the circle of young men of letters who contributed to -the <i>Bremer Beitrge</i>. In this periodical the first three cantos +the <i>Bremer Beiträge</i>. In this periodical the first three cantos of the <i>Messias</i> in hexameters were anonymously published in 1748. A new era in German literature had commenced, and the name of the author soon became known. In Leipzig he also @@ -1814,7 +1775,7 @@ the university in 1748 and became a private tutor in the family of a relative at Langensalza. Here unrequited love for a cousin (the “Fanny” of his odes) disturbed his peace of mind. Gladly therefore he accepted in 1750 an invitation from Jakob Bodmer -(<i>q.v.</i>), the translator of <i>Paradise Lost</i>, to visit him in Zrich. +(<i>q.v.</i>), the translator of <i>Paradise Lost</i>, to visit him in Zürich. Here Klopstock was at first treated with every kindness and respect and rapidly recovered his spirits. Bodmer, however, was disappointed to find in the young poet of the <i>Messias</i> a man @@ -1898,17 +1859,17 @@ the work aroused in its commencement had almost vanished before its completion. It was translated into seventeen languages and led to numerous imitations. In his odes Klopstock had more scope for his peculiar talent. Among the best are <i>An Fanny</i>; <i>Der -Zrchersee</i>; <i>Die tote Klarissa</i>; <i>An Cidli</i>; <i>Die beiden Musen</i>; <i>Der -Rheinwein</i>; <i>Die frhen Grber</i>; <i>Mein Vaterland</i>. His religious odes +Zürchersee</i>; <i>Die tote Klarissa</i>; <i>An Cidli</i>; <i>Die beiden Musen</i>; <i>Der +Rheinwein</i>; <i>Die frühen Gräber</i>; <i>Mein Vaterland</i>. His religious odes mostly take the form of hymns, of which the most beautiful is <i>Die -Frhlingsfeier</i>. His dramas, in some of which, notably <i>Hermanns -Schlacht</i> (1769) and <i>Hermann und die Frsten</i> (1784), he celebrated +Frühlingsfeier</i>. His dramas, in some of which, notably <i>Hermanns +Schlacht</i> (1769) and <i>Hermann und die Fürsten</i> (1784), he celebrated the deeds of the ancient German hero Arminius, and in others, <i>Der Tod Adams</i> (1757) and <i>Salomo</i> (1764), took his materials from the Old Testament, are essentially lyrical in character and deficient in action. In addition to <i>Die Gelehrtenrepublik</i>, he was also the author -of <i>Fragmente ber Sprache und Dichtkunst</i> (1779) and <i>Grammatische -Gesprche</i> (1794), works in which he made important contributions +of <i>Fragmente über Sprache und Dichtkunst</i> (1779) and <i>Grammatische +Gespräche</i> (1794), works in which he made important contributions to philology and to the history of German poetry.</p> <p>Klopstock’s <i>Werke</i> first appeared in seven quarto volumes (1798-1809). @@ -1918,21 +1879,21 @@ were added in 1830. More recent editions were published in 1844-1845, 1854-1855, 1879 (ed. by R. Boxberger), 1884 (ed. by R. Hamel) and 1893 (a selection edited by F. Muncker). A critical edition of the <i>Odes</i> was published by F. Muncker and J. Pawel in 1889; a -commentary on these by H. Dntzer (1860; 2nd ed., 1878). For +commentary on these by H. Düntzer (1860; 2nd ed., 1878). For Klopstock’s correspondence see K. Schmidt, <i>Klopstock und seine Freunde</i> (1810); C. A. H. Clodius, <i>Klopstocks Nachlass</i> (1821); J. M. Lappenberg, <i>Briefe von und an Klopstock</i> (1867). Cf. further K. F. -Cramer, <i>Klopstock, er und ber ihn</i> (1780-1792); J. G. Gruber, +Cramer, <i>Klopstock, er und über ihn</i> (1780-1792); J. G. Gruber, <i>Klopstocks Leben</i> (1832); R. Hamel, <i>Klopstock-Studien</i> (1879-1880); F. Muncker, <i>F. G. Klopstock</i>, the most authoritative biography, -(1888); E. Bailly, <i>tude sur la vie et les œuvres de Klopstock</i> (Paris, +(1888); E. Bailly, <i>Étude sur la vie et les œuvres de Klopstock</i> (Paris, 1888).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KLOSTERNEUBURG,<a name="ar36" id="ar36"></a></span> a town of Austria, in Lower Austria, -5 m. N.W. of Vienna by rail. Pop. (1900), 11,595. It is situated +5½ m. N.W. of Vienna by rail. Pop. (1900), 11,595. It is situated on the right bank of the Danube, at the foot of the Kahlenberg, and is divided by a small stream into an upper and a lower town. As an important pioneer station Klosterneuburg has various @@ -1972,25 +1933,25 @@ which the most important were: the complete works of Cicero (2nd ed., 1869-1874); Clement of Alexandria (1831-1834); Euripides (1841-1867), in continuation of Pflugk’s edition, but unfinished; Terence (1838-1840), with the commentaries of Donatus and -Eugraphius. Mention should also be made of: <i>Handwrterbuch der -lateinischen Sprache</i> (5th ed., 1874); <i>Rmische Litteraturgeschichte</i> +Eugraphius. Mention should also be made of: <i>Handwörterbuch der +lateinischen Sprache</i> (5th ed., 1874); <i>Römische Litteraturgeschichte</i> (1847), of which only the introductory volume appeared; an edition of the treatise <i>De Graecae linguae particulis</i> (1835-1842) of Matthaeus Deverius (Devares), a learned Corfiote (<i>c.</i> 1500-1570), and corrector of the Greek MSS. in the Vatican; the posthumous <i>Index Ciceronianus</i> (1872) and <i>Handbuch der lateinischen Stilistik</i> (1874). -From 1831-1855 Klotz was editor of the <i>Neue Jahrbcher fr +From 1831-1855 Klotz was editor of the <i>Neue Jahrbücher für Philologie</i> (Leipzig). During the troubled times of 1848 and the following years he showed himself a strong conservative.</p> -<p>A memoir by his son Richard will be found in the <i>Jahrbcher</i> for +<p>A memoir by his son Richard will be found in the <i>Jahrbücher</i> for 1871, pp. 154-163.</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KNARESBOROUGH,<a name="ar38" id="ar38"></a></span> a market town in the Ripon parliamentary -division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 16 m. +division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 16½ m. W. by N. from York by a branch of the North Eastern railway. Pop. of urban district (1901), 4979. Its situation is most picturesque, on the steep left bank of the river Nidd, which here @@ -2099,13 +2060,13 @@ Knebel’s writings is his correspondence with the eminent poet, <div class="condensed"> <p>Knebel’s <i>Literarischer Nachlass und Briefwechsel</i> was edited by K. A. Varnhagen von Ense and T. Mundt in 3 vols. (1835; 2nd ed., -1840). See Hugo von Knebel-Dberitz, <i>Karl Ludwig von Knebel</i> +1840). See Hugo von Knebel-Döberitz, <i>Karl Ludwig von Knebel</i> (1890).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNEE<a name="ar41" id="ar41"></a></span> (O.E. <i>cnow</i>, a word common to Indo-European +<p><span class="bold">KNEE<a name="ar41" id="ar41"></a></span> (O.E. <i>cnéow</i>, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. <i>Knie</i>, Fr. <i>genou</i>, Span, <i>hinojo</i>, Lat. <i>genu</i>, Gr. <span class="grk" title="gonu">γόνυ</span>, Sansk. <i>janu</i>), in human anatomy, the articulation of the upper and lower parts of the leg, the joint between the femur @@ -2120,7 +2081,7 @@ or heel of a bird’s foot.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KNELLER, SIR GODFREY<a name="ar42" id="ar42"></a></span> (1648-1723), a portrait painter -whose celebrity belongs chiefly to England, was born in Lbeck +whose celebrity belongs chiefly to England, was born in Lübeck in the duchy of Holstein, of an ancient family, on the 8th of August 1648. He was at first intended for the army, and was sent to Leyden to learn mathematics and fortification. Showing, @@ -2147,7 +2108,7 @@ Not only his court favour but his general fame likewise was large: he was lauded by Dryden, Addison, Steele, Prior, Tickell and Pope. Kneller’s gains also were very considerable; aided by habits of frugality which approached stinginess, he left property -yielding an annual income of 2000. His industry was maintained +yielding an annual income of £2000. His industry was maintained till the last. His studio had at first been in Covent Garden, but in his closing years he lived in Kneller Hall, Twickenham. He died of fever, the date being generally given as the 7th @@ -2220,7 +2181,7 @@ Family,” beginning in vol. xxix., No. 1 (Jan. 1908) of the <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNIFE<a name="ar44" id="ar44"></a></span> (O.E. <i>cnf</i>, a word appearing in different forms in +<p><span class="bold">KNIFE<a name="ar44" id="ar44"></a></span> (O.E. <i>cníf</i>, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. <i>knijf</i>, Ger. <i>Kneif</i>, a shoemaker’s knife, Swed. <i>knif</i>; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of “nip,” formerly “knip”; @@ -2235,7 +2196,7 @@ chipped from flint by prehistoric man see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">A <p><span class="bold">KNIGGE, ADOLF FRANZ FRIEDRICH,<a name="ar45" id="ar45"></a></span> <span class="sc">Freiherr von</span> (1752-1796), German author, was born on the family estate of Bredenbeck near Hanover on the 16th of October 1752. After studying -law at Gttingen he was attached successively to the courts of +law at Göttingen he was attached successively to the courts of Hesse-Cassel and Weimar as gentleman-in-waiting. Retiring from court service in 1777, he lived a private life with his family in Frankfort-on-Main, Hanau, Heidelberg and Hanover until @@ -2249,7 +2210,7 @@ Knigge is known as the author of several novels, among which <i>Der Roman meines Lebens</i> (1781-1787; new ed., 1805) and <i>Die Reise nach Braunschweig</i> (1792), the latter a rather coarsely comic story, are best remembered. His chief literary -achievement was, however, <i>ber den Umgang mit Menschen</i> +achievement was, however, <i>Über den Umgang mit Menschen</i> (1788), in which he lays down rules to be observed for a peaceful, happy and useful life; it has been often reprinted.</p> @@ -2314,7 +2275,7 @@ on the 9th of March 1873.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY<a name="ar47" id="ar47"></a></span> (1845-  ), American artist, was born at Philadelphia, Penn., in 1845. He was a pupil at the -cole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, under Gleyre, and later worked +École des Beaux-Arts, Paris, under Gleyre, and later worked in the private studio of Meissonier. After 1872 he lived in France, having a house and studio at Poissy on the Seine. He painted peasant women out of doors with great popular @@ -2366,7 +2327,7 @@ into England,<a name="fa1b" id="fa1b" href="#ft1b"><span class="sp">1</span></a> obscure in many of its most important details.</p> <p>The words <i>knight</i> and <i>knighthood</i> are merely the modern forms -of the Anglo-Saxon or Old English <i>cniht</i> and <i>cnihthd</i>. Of these +of the Anglo-Saxon or Old English <i>cniht</i> and <i>cnihthád</i>. Of these the primary signification of the first was a boy or youth, and of the second that period of life which intervenes between childhood and manhood. But some time before the middle of the 12th @@ -2412,10 +2373,10 @@ character. But in any event it is manifest that their condition was in many respects similar to that of a vast number of unquestionably feudal and military tenants who made their appearance after the Norman Conquest. If consequently the former were -called <i>cnihtas</i> under the Anglo-Saxon rgime, it seems sufficiently +called <i>cnihtas</i> under the Anglo-Saxon régime, it seems sufficiently probable that the appellation should have been continued to the latter—practically their successors—under the Anglo-Norman -rgime. And if the designation of knights was first applied to +régime. And if the designation of knights was first applied to the military tenants of the earls, bishops and barons—who although they held their lands of mesne lords owed their services to the king—the extension of that designation to the whole body @@ -2845,9 +2806,9 @@ authority on the subject is an ancient tract written in French, which will be found at length either in the original or translated by Segar, Dugdale, Byshe and Nicolas, among other English writers.<a name="fa26b" id="fa26b" href="#ft26b"><span class="sp">26</span></a> Daniel explains his reasons for transcribing it, “tant - cause du detail que de la navet du stile et encore plus de la +à cause du detail que de la naïveté du stile et encore plus de la bisarrerie des ceremonies que se faisoient pourtant alors fort -srieusement,” while he adds that these ceremonies were essentially +sérieusement,” while he adds that these ceremonies were essentially identical in England, France, Germany, Spain and Italy.</p> <div class="condensed"> @@ -2939,11 +2900,11 @@ meant the same thing, namely, a man who under certain conditions of descent was entitled to armorial bearings. Hence Du Cange divides the medieval nobility of France and Spain into three classes: first, barons or ricos hombres; secondly, -chevaliers or caballeros; and thirdly, cuyers or infanzons; +chevaliers or caballeros; and thirdly, écuyers or infanzons; and to the first, who with their several special titles constituted the greater nobility of either country, he limits the designation of banneret and the right of leading their followers to war under -a banner, otherwise a “drapeau quarr” or square flag.<a name="fa30b" id="fa30b" href="#ft30b"><span class="sp">30</span></a> Selden +a banner, otherwise a “drapeau quarré” or square flag.<a name="fa30b" id="fa30b" href="#ft30b"><span class="sp">30</span></a> Selden shows especially from the parliament rolls that the term banneret has been occasionally employed in England as equivalent to baron.<a name="fa31b" id="fa31b" href="#ft31b"><span class="sp">31</span></a> In Scotland, even as late as the reign of James VI., @@ -3156,7 +3117,7 @@ France on his investiture in 1527.<a name="fa47b" id="fa47b" href="#ft47b"><span true account of the matter is that “King Edward having given forth his own garter as the signal for a battle which sped fortunately (which with Du Chesne we conceive to be that -of Crcy), the victory, we say, being happily gained, he thence +of Crécy), the victory, we say, being happily gained, he thence took occasion to institute this order, and gave the garter (assumed by him for the symbol of unity and society) preeminence among the ensigns of it.” But, as Sir Harris @@ -3218,7 +3179,7 @@ to them in the records during the 14th and 15th centuries leaves no doubt that they were regularly received into it. The queen consort, the wives and daughters of knights, and some other women of exalted position, were designated “Dames de la -Fraternit de St George,” and entries of the delivery of robes +Fraternité de St George,” and entries of the delivery of robes and garters to them are found at intervals in the Wardrobe Accounts from the 50th Edward III. (1376) to the 10th of Henry VII. (1495), the first being Isabel, countess of Bedford, @@ -3446,9 +3407,9 @@ as gentlemen-farmers on a great scale, even selling fruit from the castle gardens, while their ladies would go round on tours of inspection from dairy to dairy. The lord Thomas III. (1326-1361), who was noted as a special lover of tournaments, -spent in two years only 90, or an average of about 15 per +spent in two years only £90, or an average of about £15 per tournament; yet he was then laying money by at the rate of -450 a year, and, a few years later, at the rate of 1150, or +£450 a year, and, a few years later, at the rate of £1150, or nearly half his income! Indeed, economic causes contributed much to the decay of romantic chivalry. The old families had lost heavily from generation to generation, partly by personal @@ -3494,7 +3455,7 @@ and France, when archery became of supreme importance, and a large proportion even of the cavalry were mercenary soldiers, then the exigencies of serious warfare swept away much of that outward display and those class-conventions on which chivalry -had always rested. Simon Luce (chap. vi.) has shown how +had always rested. Siméon Luce (chap. vi.) has shown how much the English successes in this war were due to strict business methods. Several of the best commanders (<i>e.g.</i> Sir Robert Knolles and Sir Thomas Dagworth) were of obscure birth, while @@ -3503,14 +3464,14 @@ knighthood because he belonged only to the lesser nobility. The tournament again, which for two centuries had been under the ban of the Church, was often almost as definitely discouraged by Edward III. as it was encouraged by John of France; and -while John’s father opened the Crcy campaign by sending +while John’s father opened the Crécy campaign by sending Edward a challenge in due form of chivalry, Edward took advantage of this formal delay to amuse the French king with negotiations while he withdrew his army by a rapid march from an almost hopeless position. A couple of quotations from Froissart will illustrate the extent to which war had now become a mere business. Much as he admired the French chivalry, he -recognized their impotence at Crcy. “The sharp arrows +recognized their impotence at Crécy. “The sharp arrows ran into the men of arms and into their horses, and many fell, horse and men.... And also among the Englishmen there were certain rascals that went afoot with great knives, and they @@ -3530,7 +3491,7 @@ Similar practical considerations forced the nobles of other European countries either to conform to less sentimental methods of warfare and to growing conceptions of nationality, or to become mere Ishmaels of the type which outlived the -middle ages in Gtz von Berlichingen and his compeers.</p> +middle ages in Götz von Berlichingen and his compeers.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p><span class="sc">Bibliography.</span>—Froissart is perhaps the source from which we @@ -3538,17 +3499,17 @@ may gather most of chivalry in its double aspect, good and bad. The brilliant side comes out most clearly in Joinville, the <i>Chronique de Du Guesclin</i>, and the <i>Histoire de Bayart</i>; the darker side appears in the earlier chronicles of the crusades, and is especially emphasized -by preachers and moralists like Jacques de Vitry, tienne de +by preachers and moralists like Jacques de Vitry, Étienne de Bourbon, Nicole Bozon and John Gower. John Smyth’s <i>Lives of the Berkeleys</i> (Bristol and Gloucs. Archaeol. Soc, 2 vols.) and the <i>Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry</i> (ed. A. de Montaiglon, or in the old English trans. published by the Early English Text Soc.) throw a very vivid light on the inner life of noble families. Of modern books, besides those quoted by their full titles in the notes, -the best are A. Schultz, <i>Hfisches Leben z. Zeit der Minnesnger</i> -(Leipzig, 1879); S. Luce, <i>Hist. de Du Guesclin et de son poque</i> (2nd +the best are A. Schultz, <i>Höfisches Leben z. Zeit der Minnesänger</i> +(Leipzig, 1879); S. Luce, <i>Hist. de Du Guesclin et de son Époque</i> (2nd ed., Paris, 1882), masterly but unfortunately unfinished at the -author’s death; Lon Gautier, <i>La Chevalerie</i> (Paris, 1883), written +author’s death; Léon Gautier, <i>La Chevalerie</i> (Paris, 1883), written with a strong apologetic bias, but full and correct in its references; and F. W. Cornish, <i>Chivalry</i> (London, 1901), too little reference to the more prosaic historical documents, but candid and without @@ -3571,7 +3532,7 @@ Victorian, for instance, which has five, numerous foreign orders a like number, some six, while the Chinese “Dragon” boasts no less than eleven degrees. Generally speaking, the insignia of the “knights grand cross” consist of a star worn on the left breast -and a badge, usually some form either of the cross <i>pate</i> or of +and a badge, usually some form either of the cross <i>patée</i> or of the Maltese cross, worn suspended from a ribbon over the shoulder or, in certain cases, on days of high ceremonial from a collar. The “commanders” wear the badge from a @@ -3596,7 +3557,7 @@ or joint orders. Such have, as a rule, at least three, oftener five classes, and here belong such as the <i>Order of the Bath</i> (British), <i>Red Eagle</i> (Prussia), <i>Legion of Honour</i> (France). There are also certain orders, such as the recently instituted -<i>Order of Merit</i> (British), and the <i>Pour le Mrite</i> (Prussia), which +<i>Order of Merit</i> (British), and the <i>Pour le Mérite</i> (Prussia), which have but one class, all members being on an equality of rank within the order.</p> @@ -3752,7 +3713,7 @@ on Plate III., figs. 1 and 2.</p> <p>To the class of orders without the titular appellation “knight” belongs the <i>Order of Merit</i>, founded by King Edward VII. on the occasion of his coronation. The order is founded on the lines -of the Prussian <i>Ordre pour le mrite</i> (see below), yet more comprehensive, +of the Prussian <i>Ordre pour le mérite</i> (see below), yet more comprehensive, including those who have gained distinction in the military and naval services of the Empire, and such as have made themselves a great name in the fields of science, art and @@ -4059,7 +4020,7 @@ order. In 1805 the rank of “Grand Eagle” (now Grand Cross, or <i>Grand Cordon</i>) was instituted, taking precedence of the grand officers. At the Restoration many changes were made, the old military and religious orders were restored, and the <i>Legion of -Honour</i>, now <i>Ordre Royale de la Lgion d’Honneur</i>, took the lowest +Honour</i>, now <i>Ordre Royale de la Légion d’Honneur</i>, took the lowest rank. The revolution of July 1830 restored the order to its unique place. The constitution of the order now rests on the decrees of the 16th of March and 24th of November 1852, the law @@ -4069,7 +4030,7 @@ and the laws of the 16th of April 1895 and the 28th of January the republic is the grand master of the order; the administration is in the hands of a grand chancellor, who has a council of the order nominated by the grand master. The chancellery is -housed in the <i>Palais de la Lgion de l’Honneur</i>, which, burnt +housed in the <i>Palais de la Légion de l’Honneur</i>, which, burnt during the Commune, was rebuilt in 1878. The order consists of the five classes of grand cross (limited to 80), grand officer (200), commander (1000), officers (4000), and chevalier or knight, in @@ -4092,13 +4053,13 @@ cross from which the drawing was made was given to King Edward VII. when prince of Wales in 1863. In the present order of the French Republic the symbolical head of the Republic appears in the centre, and a laurel wreath replaces the imperial -crown; the inscription round the medallion is <i>Rpublique franaise</i>. +crown; the inscription round the medallion is <i>République française</i>. Since 1805 there has existed an institution, <i>Maison -d’ducation de la Legion d’Honneur</i>, for the education of the +d’éducation de la Legion d’Honneur</i>, for the education of the daughters, granddaughters, sisters and nieces of members of the Legion of Honour. There are three houses, at Saint Denis, at -couen and Les Loges (see <i>Dictionnaire de l’administration franaise</i>, -by M. Block and E. Magnro, 1905, <i>s.v.</i> “Decorations”).</p> +Écouen and Les Loges (see <i>Dictionnaire de l’administration française</i>, +by M. Block and E. Magnéro, 1905, <i>s.v.</i> “Decorations”).</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Among the orders swept away at the French Revolution, restored @@ -4106,7 +4067,7 @@ in part at the Restoration, and finally abolished at the revolution of July 1830 were the following: The <i>Order of St Michael</i> was founded by Louis XI. in 1469 for a limited number of knights of noble birth. Later the numbers were so much increased under Charles IX. that -it became known as <i>Le Collier toutes btes</i>. In 1816 the order was +it became known as <i>Le Collier à toutes bêtes</i>. In 1816 the order was granted for services in art and science. In view of the low esteem into which the <i>Order of St Michael</i> had fallen, Henry III. founded in 1578 the <i>Order of the Holy Ghost</i> (<i>St Esprit</i>). The badge of the @@ -4119,7 +4080,7 @@ Merit</i> by Louis XV. in 1759, originally for Protestant officers.</p> <p><i>Germany.</i>—i. <i>Anhalt.</i> The <i>Order of Albert the Bear</i>, a family order or <i>Hausorden</i>, was founded in 1836 by the dukes Henry of -Anhalt-Kthen, Leopold Frederick of Anhalt-Dessau and Alexander +Anhalt-Köthen, Leopold Frederick of Anhalt-Dessau and Alexander Charles of Anhalt-Bernburg. Changes in the constitution have been made at various dates. It now consists of five classes, grand cross, commander (2 classes) and knights (2 classes). The badge is @@ -4127,7 +4088,7 @@ a gold oval bearing in gold a crowned and collared bear on a crenellated wall; below the ring by which the badge is attached to the ribbon is a shield with the arms of the house of Anhalt, on the reverse those of the house of Ascania. Round the oval is the motto -<i>Frchte Gott und folge seine Befehle</i>. The ribbon is green with two +<i>Fürchte Gott und folge seine Befehle</i>. The ribbon is green with two red stripes. The grand master alone wears a collar.</p> <p>ii. <i>Baden.</i> The <i>Order of Fidelity or Loyalty</i> (<i>Hausorden der @@ -4143,19 +4104,19 @@ edging. The military <i>Order of Charles Frederick</i> was founded in 1807. There are three classes. The badge is a white cross resting on a green laurel wreath, the ribbon is red with a yellow stripe bordered with white. The order is conferred for long and meritorious -military service. The <i>Order of the Zhringen Lion</i> was founded +military service. The <i>Order of the Zähringen Lion</i> was founded in 1812 in commemoration of the descent of the reigning house of -Baden from the dukes of Zhringen. It has been reconstituted in +Baden from the dukes of Zähringen. It has been reconstituted in 1840 and 1877. It now consists of five classes. The badge is a green enamel cross with gold clasps in the angles; in the central medallion -an enamelled representation of the ruined castle of Zhringen. The +an enamelled representation of the ruined castle of Zähringen. The ribbon is green with two orange stripes. Since 1896 the <i>Order of Berthold I.</i> has been a distinct order; it was founded in 1877 as a -higher class of the <i>Zhringen Lion</i>.</p> +higher class of the <i>Zähringen Lion</i>.</p> <p>iii. <i>Bavaria.</i> The <i>Order of St Hubert</i>, one of the oldest and most distinguished knightly orders, was founded in 1444 by duke -Gerhard V. of Jlich-Berg in honour of a victory over Count Arnold +Gerhard V. of Jülich-Berg in honour of a victory over Count Arnold of Egmont at Ravensberg on the 3rd of November, St Hubert’s day. The knights wore a collar of golden hunting horns, whence the order was also known as the <i>Order of the Horn</i>. Statutes were granted in @@ -4194,7 +4155,7 @@ possesses the <i>Military Order of Maximilian Joseph</i>, 1806, and the 1808, and other minor orders and decorations, civil and military. There are also the two illustrious orders for ladies, the <i>Order of Elizabeth</i>, founded in 1766, and the <i>Order of Theresa</i>, in 1827. The -foundations of <i>St Anne of Munich</i> and of <i>St Anne of Wrzburg</i> for +foundations of <i>St Anne of Munich</i> and of <i>St Anne of Würzburg</i> for ladies are not properly orders.</p> <p>iv. <i>Brunswick.</i> The <i>Order of Henry the Lion</i>, for military and @@ -4270,7 +4231,7 @@ a circular medallion with the motto on a white centre surrounded by the initials F.R. repeated in green, the whole in a circle of blue with four gold crowns on the exterior rim. The <i>Order of the Red Eagle</i>, the second of the Prussian orders, was founded originally as the -<i>Order of Sincerity</i> (<i>L’Ordre de la Sincerit</i>) in 1705 by George William, +<i>Order of Sincerity</i> (<i>L’Ordre de la Sincerité</i>) in 1705 by George William, hereditary prince of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. The original constitution and insignia are now entirely changed, with the exception of the red eagle which formed the centre of the cross of the badge. The @@ -4291,7 +4252,7 @@ have exceedingly complicated distinguishing marks, some bearing crossed swords, a crown, or an oak-leaf surmounting the cross. The ribbon is white with two orange stripes.</p> -<p>The <i>Order for Merit</i> (<i>Ordre pour le Mrite</i>), one of the most highly +<p>The <i>Order for Merit</i> (<i>Ordre pour le Mérite</i>), one of the most highly prized of European orders of merit, has now two divisions, military and for science and art. It was originally founded by the electoral prince Frederick, afterwards Frederick I. of Prussia, in 1667 as the @@ -4308,13 +4269,13 @@ which one is selected by the king. It is interesting to note that this was the only distinction which Thomas Carlyle would accept. The badge of the military order is a blue cross with gold uncrowned eagles in the angles; on the topmost arm is the initial F., with a crown; on -the other arms the inscription <i>Pour le Mrite</i>. The ribbon is black +the other arms the inscription <i>Pour le Mérite</i>. The ribbon is black with a silver stripe at the edges. In 1866 a special grand cross was instituted for the crown prince (afterwards Frederick III.) and Prince Frederick Charles. It was in 1879 granted to Count von Moltke as a special distinction. The badge of the class for science or art is a circular medallion of white, with a gold eagle in the centre surrounded -by a blue border with the inscription <i>Pour le Mrite</i>; on the +by a blue border with the inscription <i>Pour le Mérite</i>; on the white field the letters <img style="width:13px; height:15px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img864a.jpg" alt="" />F. II. four times repeated, and four crowns in gold projecting from the rim. The ribbon is the same as for the military class. The <i>Order of the Crown</i>, founded by William I. in @@ -4380,14 +4341,14 @@ have also separate crosses of merit in science and art.</p> <p>xii. <i>Saxe Weimar.</i>—The <i>Order of the White Falcon</i> or <i>of Vigilance</i> was founded in 1732 and renewed in 1815.</p> -<p>xiii. <i>Wrttemberg.</i>—The <i>Order of the Crown of Wrttemberg</i> was +<p>xiii. <i>Württemberg.</i>—The <i>Order of the Crown of Württemberg</i> was founded in 1818, uniting the former <i>Order of the Golden Eagle</i> and an order of civil merit. It has five classes. The badge is a white cross surmounted by the royal crown, in the centre the initial F surrounded by a crimson fillet on which is the motto <i>Furchtlos und Treu</i>; in the angles of the cross are four golden leopards; the ribbon is crimson with two black stripes. Besides the military <i>Order of Merit</i> founded -in 1759, and the silver cross of merit, 1900, Wrttemberg has also +in 1759, and the silver cross of merit, 1900, Württemberg has also the <i>Order of Frederick</i>, 1830, and the <i>Order of Olga</i>, 1871, which is granted to ladies as well as men.</p> @@ -4425,7 +4386,7 @@ decreed that the order should be called the Annunziata, and made some other alterations in 1518. His son and successor, Emmanuel Philibert, made further modifications in the statute and the costume. The church of the order was originally the Carthusian monastery of -Pierre-chtel in the district of Bugey, but after Charles Emmanuel I. +Pierre-châtel in the district of Bugey, but after Charles Emmanuel I. had given Bugey and Bresse to France in 1601 the church of the order was transferred to the Camaldolese monastery near Turin. That religious order having been suppressed at the time of the @@ -4476,7 +4437,7 @@ took part in various expeditions against the Turks and the Barbary pirates. Leprosy, which had almost disappeared in the 17th century, broke out once more in the 18th, and in 1773 a hospital was established by the order at Aosta, made famous by Xavier de -Maistre’s tale, <i>Le Lpreux de la cit d’Aoste</i>. The statutes were +Maistre’s tale, <i>Le Lépreux de la cité d’Aoste</i>. The statutes were published in 1816, by which date the order had lost its military character; it was reformed first by Charles Albert (1831), and later by Victor Emmanuel II., king of Italy (1868). The knighthood of @@ -4598,7 +4559,7 @@ the ribbon is violet. In 1789 these three orders were granted a common badge uniting the three separate crosses in a gold medallion; the joint ribbon is red, green and violet, and to the separate crosses was added a red sacred heart and small white cross. There are also -the <i>Order of Our Lady of Villa Viosa</i> (1819), for both sexes, and the +the <i>Order of Our Lady of Villa Viçosa</i> (1819), for both sexes, and the <i>Order of St Isabella</i>, 1801, for ladies.</p> <p><i>Rumania.</i>—The <i>Order of the Star of Rumania</i> was founded in 1877, @@ -4695,12 +4656,12 @@ by electing a grand master of their own, the first holder of the office being Don Diego Sanche. During the rule of thirty-seven successive grand masters, similarly chosen, the influence and wealth of the order gradually increased until the Knights of Alcantara were -almost as powerful as the sovereign. In 1494-1495 Juan de Zuiga +almost as powerful as the sovereign. In 1494-1495 Juan de Zuñiga was prevailed upon to resign the grand-mastership to Ferdinand, who thereupon vested it in his own person as king; and this arrangement was ratified by a bull of Pope Alexander VI., and was declared permanent by Pope Adrian VI. in 1523. The yearly income of -Zuiga at the time of his resignation amounted to 150,000 ducats. +Zuñiga at the time of his resignation amounted to 150,000 ducats. In 1540 Pope Paul III. released the knights from the strictness of Benedictine rule by giving them permission to marry, though second marriage was forbidden. The three vows were henceforth <i>obedientia</i>, @@ -4818,7 +4779,7 @@ of the work done for the non-combatant victims of the Russo-Turkish war of 1877 in connexion with the Turkish Compassionate Fund started by the late Baroness Burdett-Coutts. She was one of the first to receive the order. There are also the family order, for Turkish -princes, the <i>Handani-Ali-Osman</i>, founded in 1893, and the <i>Ertogroul</i>, +princes, the <i>Hanédani-Ali-Osman</i>, founded in 1893, and the <i>Ertogroul</i>, in 1903.</p> <p><i>Non-European Orders.</i>—Of the various states of Central and @@ -4958,11 +4919,11 @@ corporation document of 18th Edw. III. (Hist. MSS. Commission Report XI. Appendix pt. iii. p. 189), and by Smyth’s <i>Lives of the Berkeleys</i>, i. 312, 319, 320.</p> -<p><a name="ft14b" id="ft14b" href="#fa14b"><span class="fn">14</span></a> J. B. de Lacurne de Sainte Palaye, <i>Mmoires sur l’Ancienne +<p><a name="ft14b" id="ft14b" href="#fa14b"><span class="fn">14</span></a> J. B. de Lacurne de Sainte Palaye, <i>Mémoires sur l’Ancienne Chevalerie</i>, i. 363, 364 (ed. 1781).</p> <p><a name="ft15b" id="ft15b" href="#fa15b"><span class="fn">15</span></a> Du Cange, <i>Dissertation sur Joinville</i>, xxi.; Sainte Palaye, -<i>Mmoires</i>, i. 272; G. F. Beltz, <i>Memorials of the Order of the Garter</i> +<i>Mémoires</i>, i. 272; G. F. Beltz, <i>Memorials of the Order of the Garter</i> (1841,) p. xxvii.</p> <p><a name="ft16b" id="ft16b" href="#fa16b"><span class="fn">16</span></a> Du Cange, <i>Dissertation</i>, xxi., and <i>Lancelot du Lac</i>, among other @@ -4975,12 +4936,12 @@ seq., and iii. 278 seq.</p> <p><a name="ft19b" id="ft19b" href="#fa19b"><span class="fn">19</span></a> Grose’s <i>Military Antiquities</i>, ii. 256.</p> -<p><a name="ft20b" id="ft20b" href="#fa20b"><span class="fn">20</span></a> Sainte Palaye, <i>Mmoires</i>, i. 36; Froissart, bk. iii. ch. 9.</p> +<p><a name="ft20b" id="ft20b" href="#fa20b"><span class="fn">20</span></a> Sainte Palaye, <i>Mémoires</i>, i. 36; Froissart, bk. iii. ch. 9.</p> -<p><a name="ft21b" id="ft21b" href="#fa21b"><span class="fn">21</span></a> Sainte Palaye, <i>Mmoires</i>, pt. i. and Mills, <i>History of Chivalry</i>, +<p><a name="ft21b" id="ft21b" href="#fa21b"><span class="fn">21</span></a> Sainte Palaye, <i>Mémoires</i>, pt. i. and Mills, <i>History of Chivalry</i>, vol. i. ch. 2.</p> -<p><a name="ft22b" id="ft22b" href="#fa22b"><span class="fn">22</span></a> See the long sermon in the romance of <i>Petit Jehan de Saintr</i>, +<p><a name="ft22b" id="ft22b" href="#fa22b"><span class="fn">22</span></a> See the long sermon in the romance of <i>Petit Jehan de Saintré</i>, pt. i. ch. v., and compare the theory there set forth with the actual behaviour of the chief personages. Even Gautier, while he contends that chivalry did much to refine morality, is compelled to admit @@ -4991,11 +4952,11 @@ modern French novels give of Parisian morals, but we have abundant other evidence for placing the moral standard of the age of chivalry definitely below that of educated society in the present day.</p> -<p><a name="ft23b" id="ft23b" href="#fa23b"><span class="fn">23</span></a> Sainte Palaye, <i>Mmoires</i>, i. 11 seq.: “C’est peut-tre cette -crmonie et non celles de la chevalerie qu’on doit rapporter ce -qui se lit dans nos historiens de la premire et de la seconde race au -sujet des premires armes que les Rois et les Princes remettoient avec -solemnit au ieunes Princes leurs enfans.”</p> +<p><a name="ft23b" id="ft23b" href="#fa23b"><span class="fn">23</span></a> Sainte Palaye, <i>Mémoires</i>, i. 11 seq.: “C’est peut-être à cette +cérémonie et non à celles de la chevalerie qu’on doit rapporter ce +qui se lit dans nos historiens de la première et de la seconde race au +sujet des premières armes que les Rois et les Princes remettoient avec +solemnité au ieunes Princes leurs enfans.”</p> <p><a name="ft24b" id="ft24b" href="#fa24b"><span class="fn">24</span></a> There are several obscure points as to the relation of the longer and shorter ceremonies, as well as the origin and original relation of @@ -5019,7 +4980,7 @@ p. 852) is at least partly removed.</p> <p><a name="ft25b" id="ft25b" href="#fa25b"><span class="fn">25</span></a> Selden, <i>Titles of Honor</i>, 639.</p> -<p><a name="ft26b" id="ft26b" href="#fa26b"><span class="fn">26</span></a> Daniel, <i>Histoire de la Milice Franoise</i>, i. 99-104; Byshe’s Upton, +<p><a name="ft26b" id="ft26b" href="#fa26b"><span class="fn">26</span></a> Daniel, <i>Histoire de la Milice Françoise</i>, i. 99-104; Byshe’s Upton, <i>De Studio Militari</i>, pp. 21-24; Dugdale, <i>Warwickshire</i>, ii. 708-710; Segar, Honor <i>Civil and Military</i>, pp. 69 seq. and Nicolas, <i>Orders of Knighthood</i>, vol. ii. (<i>Order of the Bath</i>) pp. 19 seq.... It is given as “the @@ -5034,7 +4995,7 @@ and consequently that the Knights of the Bath are in truth no other than knights bachelors, that is to say, such as are created with those ceremonies wherewith knights bachelors were formerly created.” (Ashmole, <i>Order of the Garter</i>, p. 15). See also Selden, <i>Titles of -Honor</i>, p. 678, and the <i>Archological Journal</i>, v. 258 seq.</p> +Honor</i>, p. 678, and the <i>Archæological Journal</i>, v. 258 seq.</p> <p><a name="ft27b" id="ft27b" href="#fa27b"><span class="fn">27</span></a> As may be gathered from Selden, Favyn, La Colombiers, Menestrier and Sainte Palaye, there were several differences of detail @@ -5047,7 +5008,7 @@ new knights are included, and of these the first and the last are quoted by Selden.</p> <p><a name="ft28b" id="ft28b" href="#fa28b"><span class="fn">28</span></a> Selden, <i>Titles of Honor</i>, p. 678; Ashmole, <i>Order of the Garter</i>, -p. 15; Favyn, <i>Thtre d’Honneur</i>, ii. 1035.</p> +p. 15; Favyn, <i>Théâtre d’Honneur</i>, ii. 1035.</p> <p><a name="ft29b" id="ft29b" href="#fa29b"><span class="fn">29</span></a> “If we sum up the principal ensigns of knighthood, ancient and modern, we shall find they have been or are a horse, gold ring, shield @@ -5076,7 +5037,7 @@ lxiii. 150 B, probable date April 1611).</p> <p><a name="ft36b" id="ft36b" href="#fa36b"><span class="fn">36</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> pp. 449 seq.</p> <p><a name="ft37b" id="ft37b" href="#fa37b"><span class="fn">37</span></a> Du Cange, <i>Dissertation</i>, ix.; Selden, <i>Titles of Honor</i>, p. 452; -Daniel, <i>Milice Franoise</i>, i. 86 (Paris, 1721).</p> +Daniel, <i>Milice Françoise</i>, i. 86 (Paris, 1721).</p> <p><a name="ft38b" id="ft38b" href="#fa38b"><span class="fn">38</span></a> Selden, <i>Titles of Honor</i>, p. 656; Grose, <i>Military Antiquities</i>, ii. 206.</p> @@ -5124,7 +5085,7 @@ p. 286.</p> <p><a name="ft48b" id="ft48b" href="#fa48b"><span class="fn">48</span></a> <i>Orders of Knighthood</i>, vol. i. p. lxxxiii.</p> -<p><a name="ft49b" id="ft49b" href="#fa49b"><span class="fn">49</span></a> Mmoires, i. 67, i. 22; <i>History of Chivalry</i>; Gibbon, <i>Decline and +<p><a name="ft49b" id="ft49b" href="#fa49b"><span class="fn">49</span></a> Mémoires, i. 67, i. 22; <i>History of Chivalry</i>; Gibbon, <i>Decline and Fall</i>, vii. 200.</p> <p><a name="ft50b" id="ft50b" href="#fa50b"><span class="fn">50</span></a> <i>Orders of Knighthood</i>, vol. i. p. xi.</p> @@ -5142,7 +5103,7 @@ of Reformation</i>, i. 15.</p> <p><a name="ft56b" id="ft56b" href="#fa56b"><span class="fn">56</span></a> On the Continent very elaborate ceremonies, partly heraldic and partly religious, were observed in the degradation of a knight, -which are described by Sainte Palaye, <i>Mmoires</i>, i. 316 seq., and +which are described by Sainte Palaye, <i>Mémoires</i>, i. 316 seq., and after him by Mills, <i>History of Chivalry</i>, i. 60 seq. Cf. <i>Titles of Honor</i>, p. 653.</p> @@ -5193,9 +5154,9 @@ i. 5.)</p> cliii. All the medieval <i>orders</i> of knighthood, however, insisted in their statutes on the noble birth of the candidate.</p> -<p><a name="ft64b" id="ft64b" href="#fa64b"><span class="fn">64</span></a> Lecoy de la Marche (<i>Chaire franaise au moyen ge</i>, 2nd ed., p. 387) -gives many instances to prove that “al chevalerie, au xiii<span class="sp">e</span> sicle, -est dj sur son dclin.” But already about 1160 Peter of Blois +<p><a name="ft64b" id="ft64b" href="#fa64b"><span class="fn">64</span></a> Lecoy de la Marche (<i>Chaire française au moyen âge</i>, 2nd ed., p. 387) +gives many instances to prove that “al chevalerie, au xiii<span class="sp">e</span> siècle, +est déjà sur son déclin.” But already about 1160 Peter of Blois had written, “The so-called order of knighthood is nowadays mere disorder” (<i>ordo militum nunc est, ordinem non tenere</i>. Ep. xciv.: the whole letter should be read); and, half a century earlier still, @@ -5404,11 +5365,11 @@ and W. D. Foulke, <i>Life of O. P. Morton</i> (2 vols., New York, 1899).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KNIPPERDOLLINCK<a name="ar52" id="ar52"></a></span> (or <span class="sc">Knipperdolling</span>), <span class="bold">BERNT</span> (<span class="sc">Berend</span> or <span class="sc">Bernhardt</span>) (<i>c.</i> 1490-1536), German divine, was a prosperous -cloth-merchant at Mnster when in 1524 he joined Melchior +cloth-merchant at Münster when in 1524 he joined Melchior Rinck and Melchior Hofman in a business journey to Stockholm, which developed into an abortive religious errand. Knipperdollinck, a man of fine presence and glib tongue, noted from his -youth for eccentricity, had the ear of the Mnster populace when +youth for eccentricity, had the ear of the Münster populace when in 1527 he helped to break the prison of Tonies Kruse, in the teeth of the bishop and the civic authorities. For this he made his peace with the latter; but, venturing on another business @@ -5417,42 +5378,42 @@ on payment of a high fine—in regard of which treatment he began an action before the Imperial Chamber. Though his aims were political rather than religious, he attached himself to the reforming movement of Bernhardt Rothmann, once -(1529) chaplain of St Mauritz, outside Mnster, now (1532) +(1529) chaplain of St Mauritz, outside Münster, now (1532) pastor of the city church of St Lamberti. A new bishop directed a mandate (April 17, 1532) against Rothmann, which -had the effect of alienating the moderates in Mnster from the +had the effect of alienating the moderates in Münster from the democrats. Knipperdollinck was a leader of the latter in the surprise (December 26, 1532) which made prisoners of the negotiating -nobles at Telgte, in the territory of Mnster. In the end, -Mnster was by charter from Philip of Hesse (February 14, 1533) +nobles at Telgte, in the territory of Münster. In the end, +Münster was by charter from Philip of Hesse (February 14, 1533) constituted an evangelical city. Knipperdollinck was made a burgomaster in February 1534. Anabaptism had already (September -8, 1533) been proclaimed at Mnster by a journeyman +8, 1533) been proclaimed at Münster by a journeyman smith; and, before this, Heinrich Roll, a refugee, had brought Rothmann (May 1533) to a rejection of infant baptism. From the 1st of January 1534 Roll preached Anabaptist doctrines in a city pulpit; a few days later, two Dutch emissaries of Jan Matthysz, or Matthyssen, the master-baker and Anabaptist -prophet of Haarlem, came on a mission to Mnster. They were +prophet of Haarlem, came on a mission to Münster. They were followed (January 13) by Jan Beukelsz (or Bockelszoon, or Buchholdt), better known as John of Leiden. It was his second -visit to Mnster; he came now as an apostle of Matthysz. He was +visit to Münster; he came now as an apostle of Matthysz. He was twenty-five, with a winning personality, great gifts as an organizer, and plenty of ambition. Knipperdollinck, whose daughter Clara was ultimately enrolled among the wives of John of Leiden, -came under his influence. Matthysz himself came to Mnster +came under his influence. Matthysz himself came to Münster (1534) and lived in Knipperdollinck’s house, which became the -centre of the new movement to substitute Mnster for Strassburg +centre of the new movement to substitute Münster for Strassburg (Melchior Hofmann’s choice) as the New Jerusalem. On the death of Matthysz, in a foolish raid (April 5, 1534), John became supreme. Knipperdollinck, with one attempt at revolt, when he claimed the kingship for himself, was his subservient henchman, -wheedling the Mnster democracy into subjection to the fantastic +wheedling the Münster democracy into subjection to the fantastic rule of the “king of the earth.” He was made second in command, and executioner of the refractory. He fell in with the polygamy innovation, the protest of his wife being visited with a penance. In the military measures for resisting the siege of -Mnster he took no leading part. On the fall of the city (June 25, +Münster he took no leading part. On the fall of the city (June 25, 1535) he hid in a dwelling in the city wall, but was betrayed by his landlady. After six months’ incarceration, his trial, along with his comrades, took place on the 19th of January, and his @@ -5465,15 +5426,15 @@ of 1607, is reproduced in the appendix to A. Ross’s Pansebeia, 1655.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See L. Keller, <i>Geschichte der Wiedertufer und ihres Reichs zu -Mnster</i> (1880); C. A. Cornelius, <i>Historische Arbeiten</i> (1899); E. +<p>See L. Keller, <i>Geschichte der Wiedertäufer und ihres Reichs zu +Münster</i> (1880); C. A. Cornelius, <i>Historische Arbeiten</i> (1899); E. Belfort Bax, <i>Rise and Fall of the Anabaptists</i> (1903).</p> </div> <div class="author">(A. Go.*)</div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNITTING<a name="ar53" id="ar53"></a></span> (from O.E. <i>cnyttan</i>, to knit; cf. Ger. <i>Kntten</i>; the +<p><span class="bold">KNITTING<a name="ar53" id="ar53"></a></span> (from O.E. <i>cnyttan</i>, to knit; cf. Ger. <i>Knütten</i>; the root is seen in “knot”), the art of forming a single thread or strand of yarn into a texture or fabric of a loop structure, by employing needles or wires. “Crochet” work is an analogous @@ -5561,14 +5522,14 @@ and of Charles II. of Navarre. He led the “great company” in their work of devastation along the valley of the Loire, fighting at this time for his own hand and for booty, and winning a terrible reputation by his ravages. After the conclusion of the treaty -of Brtigny in 1360 Knolles returned to Brittany and took part +of Brétigny in 1360 Knolles returned to Brittany and took part in the struggle for the possession of the duchy between John of Montfort (Duke John IV.) and Charles of Blois, gaining great fame by his conduct in the fight at Auray (September 1364), where <span class="pagenum"><a name="page870" id="page870"></a>870</span> Du Guesclin was captured and Charles of Blois was slain. In 1367 he marched with the Black Prince into Spain and fought at -the battle of Njera; in 1369 he was with the prince in Aquitaine. +the battle of Nájera; in 1369 he was with the prince in Aquitaine. In 1370 he was placed by Edward III. at the head of an expedition which invaded France and marched on Paris, but after exacting large sums of money as ransom a mutiny broke up the @@ -5805,7 +5766,7 @@ in the story not to have done.</p> <p><a name="ft2c" id="ft2c" href="#fa2c"><span class="fn">2</span></a> In this connexion we may compare the French <i>maringouin</i>, ordinarily a gnat or mosquito, but also, among the French Creoles of America, a small shore-bird, either a <i>Tringa</i> or an <i>Aegialitis</i>, -according to Descourtilz (<i>Voyage</i>, ii. 249). See also Littr’s +according to Descourtilz (<i>Voyage</i>, ii. 249). See also Littré’s <i>Dictionnaire</i>, <i>s.v.</i></p> <p><a name="ft3c" id="ft3c" href="#fa3c"><span class="fn">3</span></a> There are few of the <i>Limicolae</i>, to which group the knot belongs, @@ -6007,11 +5968,11 @@ part <i>c</i>, against the lay of the rope.</p> <tr><td class="caption"><span class="sc">Fig. 21.</span></td></tr></table> <p><i>Carrick Bend</i> (fig. 21).—Lay the end of one hawser over its own -part to form a bight as <i>e</i>, <i>b</i>; pass the end of another hawser up through +part to form a bight as <i>e</i>´, <i>b</i>; pass the end of another hawser up through that bight near <i>b</i>, going out over the first end at <i>c</i>, crossing under the first long part and over its end at <i>d</i>, then under both long parts, forming the loops, and above -the first short part at <i>b</i>, terminating at the end <i>e</i>, in +the first short part at <i>b</i>, terminating at the end <i>e</i>´´, in the opposite direction vertically and horizontally to the other end. The ends should be securely stopped to their respective standing parts, and also a stop put on @@ -6167,7 +6128,7 @@ on account of opening the strands and admitting water, thus hastening decay. In small vessels, especially yachts, it is admissible on the score of neatness; in that case a round seizing is placed between the dead-eye and the splice. The dead-eyes should be in -diameter 1 times the circumference of a hemp shroud and thrice +diameter 1½ times the circumference of a hemp shroud and thrice that of wire; the lanyard should be half the nominal size of hemp and the same size as wire: thus, hemp-shroud 12 in., wire 6 in., dead-eye 18 in., lanyard 6 in.</p> @@ -6504,7 +6465,7 @@ ends of the knittles which are laid back are led forward over and under the weft and hauled through tightly, making it present a circle of small bights, level with which the core is cut off smoothly. Hawsers and large ropes have a becket formed in their ends during the process -of pointing. A piece of 1 to 1 in. rope about 1 to 2 ft. long is +of pointing. A piece of 1 to 1½ in. rope about 1½ to 2 ft. long is spliced into the core by each end while it is open: from four to seven yarns (equal to a strand) are taken at a time and twisted up; open the ends of the becket only sufficient to marry them close in; turn in the @@ -6578,7 +6539,7 @@ drawn through another.</p> <p>The founder of the theory of knots is undoubtedly Johann Benedict Listing (1808-1882). In his “Vorstudien zur Topologie” -(<i>Gttinger Studien</i>, 1847), a work in many respects of +(<i>Göttinger Studien</i>, 1847), a work in many respects of startling originality, a few pages only are devoted to the subject.<a name="fa1d" id="fa1d" href="#ft1d"><span class="sp">1</span></a> He treats knots from the elementary notion of twisting one physical line (or thread) round another, and shows that from @@ -6827,7 +6788,7 @@ at Exeter Hall and elsewhere. He published two polemical works—the <i>Rock of Rome</i> and the <i>Idol Demolished by its own Priests</i>—in both of which he combated the special doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. Knowles was for some years in the -receipt of an annual pension of 200, bestowed by Sir Robert +receipt of an annual pension of £200, bestowed by Sir Robert Peel. He died at Torquay on the 30th of November 1862.</p> <div class="condensed"> @@ -7879,9 +7840,9 @@ Greece and Rome, was the Dog.</p> and Songs of American Children</i>, by W. W. Newell (1893); and <i>The Young Folks’ Cyclopaedia of Games and Sports</i> (New York, 1899), for the modern children’s game. For the history see <i>Les Jeux des -Anciens</i>, by L. Becq de Fouquires (Paris, 1869); <i>Das Knochelspiel +Anciens</i>, by L. Becq de Fouquières (Paris, 1869); <i>Das Knochelspiel der Alten</i>, by Bolle (Wismar, 1886); <i>Die Spiele der Griechen und -Rmer</i>, by W. Richter (Leipzig, 1887).</p> +Römer</i>, by W. Richter (Leipzig, 1887).</p> </div> @@ -8001,7 +7962,7 @@ minerals. He died at Munich on the 11th of November, 1882.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p><span class="sc">Publications.</span>—<i>Charakteristik der Mineralien</i> (2 vols. 1830-1831); <i>Tafeln zur Bestimmung der Mineralien</i> &c. (1833; and later editions, -ed. 12, by K. Oebbeke, 1884); <i>Grundzge der Mineralogie</i> (1838); +ed. 12, by K. Oebbeke, 1884); <i>Grundzüge der Mineralogie</i> (1838); <i>Geschichte der Mineralogie von 1650-1860</i> (1864).</p> </div> @@ -8011,7 +7972,7 @@ ed. 12, by K. Oebbeke, 1884); <i>Grundzge der Mineralogie</i> (1838); <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KOCH, ROBERT<a name="ar74" id="ar74"></a></span> (1843-1910), German bacteriologist, was born at Klausthal, Hanover, on the 11th of December 1843. He -studied medicine at Gttingen, and it was while he was practising +studied medicine at Göttingen, and it was while he was practising as a physician at Wollstein that he began those bacteriological researches that made his name famous. In 1876 he obtained a pure culture of the bacillus of anthrax, announcing a method of @@ -8055,12 +8016,12 @@ by his discoveries. Honours were showered upon him, and in 1905 he was awarded the Nobel prize for medicine.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>Among his works may be mentioned: <i>Weitere Mitteilungen ber +<p>Among his works may be mentioned: <i>Weitere Mitteilungen über ein Heilmittel gegen Tuberkulose</i> (Leipzig, 1891); and <i>Reiseberichte -ber Rinderpest, Bubonenpest in Indien und Afrika, Tsetse- oder +über Rinderpest, Bubonenpest in Indien und Afrika, Tsetse- oder Surra-Krankheit, Texasfieber, tropische Malaria, Schwarzwasserfieber</i> -(Berlin, 1898). From 1886 onwards he edited, with Dr Karl Flgge, -the <i>Zeitschrift fr Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten</i> (published at +(Berlin, 1898). From 1886 onwards he edited, with Dr Karl Flügge, +the <i>Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten</i> (published at Leipzig). See Loeffler, “Robert Koch, zum 60ten Geburtstage” in <i>Deut. Medizin. Wochenschr.</i> (No. 50, 1903).</p> </div> @@ -8075,7 +8036,7 @@ group. But since one of their chiefs established a powerful kingdom at Kuch Behar in the 16th century they have gradually become Hinduized, and now adopt the name of Rajbansi (= “of royal blood”). In 1901 the number in Eastern Bengal and -Assam was returned at nearly 2 millions.</p> +Assam was returned at nearly 2½ millions.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -8089,7 +8050,7 @@ on the 27th of April 1871. He began to write for the stage very early, and composed many operatic libretti. His first novel, <i>L’Enfant de ma femme</i> (1811), was published at his own expense. In 1820 he began his long and successful series of -novels dealing with Parisian life with <i>Georgette, ou la mre du +novels dealing with Parisian life with <i>Georgette, ou la mère du Tabellion</i>. His period of greatest and most successful activity was the Restoration and the early days of Louis Philippe. He was relatively less popular in France itself than abroad, where he @@ -8112,10 +8073,10 @@ romance and some miscellaneous works of which his share in <i>La Grande ville, Paris</i> (1842), is the chief, they are all stories of middle-class Parisian life, of <i>guinguettes</i> and <i>cabarets</i> and equivocal adventures of one sort or another. The most famous -are <i>Andr le Savoyard</i> (1825) and <i>Le Barbier de Paris</i> (1826).</p> +are <i>André le Savoyard</i> (1825) and <i>Le Barbier de Paris</i> (1826).</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>His <i>Mmoires</i> were published in 1873. See also Th. Trimm, <i>La Vie +<p>His <i>Mémoires</i> were published in 1873. See also Th. Trimm, <i>La Vie de Charles Paul de Kock</i> (1873).</p> </div> @@ -8180,7 +8141,7 @@ raja of Cochin.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page886" id="page886"></a>886</span></p> <p><span class="bold">KOENIG, KARL DIETRICH EBERHARD<a name="ar80" id="ar80"></a></span> (1774-1851), German palaeontologist, was born at Brunswick in 1774, and was -educated at Gttingen. In 1807 he became assistant keeper, +educated at Göttingen. In 1807 he became assistant keeper, and in 1813 he was appointed keeper, of the department of natural history in the British Museum, and afterwards of geology and mineralogy, retaining the post until the close of his life. He @@ -8195,7 +8156,7 @@ Westphalia, on the Berkel, 38 m. by rail N.N.W. of Dortmund. Pop. (1905), 8449. It has three Roman Catholic churches, one of which—the Gymnasial Kirche—is used by the Protestant community. Here are the ruins of the Ludgeri Castle, formerly -the residence of the bishops of Mnster, and also the castle +the residence of the bishops of Münster, and also the castle of Varlar, the residence of the princes of Salm-Horstmar. The leading industries include the making of linen goods and machinery.</p> @@ -8247,7 +8208,7 @@ in height, almost entirely composed of solid rock-salt, and may probably rank as one of the largest veins of its kind in the world. The most extensive exposure occurs at Bahadur Khel, on the south bank of the Teri Toi. The annual output is about 16,000 -tons, yielding a revenue of 40,000. Petroleum springs exude +tons, yielding a revenue of £40,000. Petroleum springs exude from a rock at Panoba, 23 m. east of Kohat; and sulphur abounds in the northern range. In 1901 the population was 217,865, showing an increase of 11% in the decade. The frontier tribes @@ -8260,9 +8221,9 @@ river Indus has been bridged at Kushalgarh.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KOHAT PASS,<a name="ar83" id="ar83"></a></span> a mountain pass in the North-West Frontier Province of India, connecting Kohat with Peshawar. From -the north side the defile commences at 4 m. S.W. of Fort +the north side the defile commences at 4½ m. S.W. of Fort Mackeson, whence it is about 12 or 13 m. to the Kohat -entrance. The pass varies from 400 yds. to 1 m. in width, +entrance. The pass varies from 400 yds. to 1¼ m. in width, and its summit is some 600 to 700 ft. above the plain. It is inhabited by the Adam Khel Afridis, and nearly all British relations with that tribe have been concerned with this pass, @@ -8330,10 +8291,10 @@ top, cultivated chiefly as food for cattle.</p> personality some controversy exists. He is chiefly known as the hero of Heinrich von Kleist’s novel, <i>Michael Kohlhaas</i>. He was a merchant, and not, as some have supposed, a horsedealer, -and he lived at Klln in Brandenburg. In October 1532, so the +and he lived at Kölln in Brandenburg. In October 1532, so the story runs, whilst proceeding to the fair at Leipzig, he was attacked and his horses were taken from him by the servants of -a Saxon nobleman, one Gnter von Zaschwitz. In consequence +a Saxon nobleman, one Günter von Zaschwitz. In consequence of the delay the merchant suffered some loss of business at the fair and on his return he refused to pay the small sum which Zaschwitz demanded as a condition of returning the horses. @@ -8386,8 +8347,8 @@ in 1865.</p> <p><span class="bold">KOKO-NOR<a name="ar88" id="ar88"></a></span> (or <span class="sc">Kuku-Nor</span>) (<i>Tsing-hai</i> of the Chinese, and <i>Tso-ngombo</i> of the Tanguts), a lake of Central Asia, situated at an altitude of 9975 ft., in the extreme N.E. of Tibet, 30 m. from -the W. frontier of the Chinese province of Kan-suh, in 100 E. -and 37 N. It lies amongst the eastern ranges of the Kuen-lun, +the W. frontier of the Chinese province of Kan-suh, in 100° E. +and 37° N. It lies amongst the eastern ranges of the Kuen-lun, having the Nan-shan Mountains to the north, and the southern Koko-nor range (10,000 ft.) on the south. It measures 66 m. by 40 m., and contains half a dozen islands, on one of which is a @@ -8400,7 +8361,7 @@ nomads who dwell round its shores are Tanguts.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KOKSHAROV, NĪKOLA ĪVANOVICH VON<a name="ar89" id="ar89"></a></span> (1818-1893), +<p><span class="bold">KOKSHAROV, NĪKOLAÍ ĪVANOVICH VON<a name="ar89" id="ar89"></a></span> (1818-1893), Russian mineralogist and major-general in the Russian army, was born at Ust-Kamenogork in Tomsk, on the 5th of December 1818 (<span class="scs">O.S.</span>). He was educated at the military school of mines @@ -8416,7 +8377,7 @@ mineralogical subjects to the St Petersburg and Vienna academies of science, to Poggendorf’s <i>Annalen</i>, Leonhard and Brown’s <i>Jahrbuch</i>, &c. He also issued as separate works <i>Materialen zur Mineralogie Russlands</i> (10 vols., 1853-1891), and <i>Vorlesungen -ber Mineralogie</i> (1865). He died in St Petersburg on the +über Mineralogie</i> (1865). He died in St Petersburg on the 3rd of January 1893 (<span class="scs">O.S.</span>).</p> @@ -8456,7 +8417,7 @@ general elevation, and crossed by several ranges of low mountains, which go up to over 3000 ft. in altitude. The lower slopes of these mountains are clothed with forest up to 1300 ft., and in places thickly studded with lakes, some of them of very considerable -extent, <i>e.g.</i> Imandra (330 sq. m.), Ump-jaur, Nuorti-jrvi, +extent, <i>e.g.</i> Imandra (330 sq. m.), Ump-jaur, Nuorti-järvi, Guolle-jaur or Kola Lake, and Lu-jaur. From these issue streams of appreciable magnitude, such as the Tuloma, Voronya, Yovkyok or Yokanka, and Ponoi, all flowing into the Arctic, and @@ -8464,7 +8425,7 @@ the Varsuga and Umba, into the White Sea. The area of the peninsula is estimated at 50,000 sq. m.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See A. O. Kihlmann and Palmn, <i>Die Expedition nach der Halbinsel +<p>See A. O. Kihlmann and Palmén, <i>Die Expedition nach der Halbinsel Kola</i> (1887-1892) (Helsingfors); A. O. Kihlmann, <i>Bericht einer naturwissenschaftlichen Reise durch Russisch-Lappland</i> (Helsingfors, 1890); and W. Ramsay, <i>Geologische Beobachtungen auf der Halbinsel Kola</i> @@ -8554,8 +8515,8 @@ a bombardment of 21 days.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KOLBE, ADOLPHE WILHELM HERMANN<a name="ar94" id="ar94"></a></span> (1818-1884), German chemist, was born on the 27th of September 1818 at -Elliehausen, near Gttingen, where in 1838 he began to study -chemistry under F. Whler. In 1842 he became assistant to +Elliehausen, near Göttingen, where in 1838 he began to study +chemistry under F. Wöhler. In 1842 he became assistant to R. W. von Bunsen at Marburg, and three years later to Lyon Playfair at London. From 1847 to 1851 he was engaged at Brunswick in editing the <i>Dictionary of Chemistry</i> started by @@ -8580,7 +8541,7 @@ the composition of which had not previously been understood. He published a <i>Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie</i> in 1854, smaller textbooks of organic and inorganic chemistry in 1877-1883, and <i>Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der theoretischen Chemie</i> in 1881. -From 1870 he was editor of the <i>Journal fr praktische Chemie</i>, +From 1870 he was editor of the <i>Journal für praktische Chemie</i>, in which many trenchant criticisms of contemporary chemists and their doctrines appeared from his pen.</p> @@ -8592,7 +8553,7 @@ the Persante, which falls into the Baltic about a mile below the town, and at the junction of the railway lines to Belgard and Gollnow. Pop. (1905), 22,804. It has a handsome market-place with a statue of Frederick William III.; and there are -extensive suburbs, of which the most important is Mnde. +extensive suburbs, of which the most important is Münde. The principal buildings are the huge red-brick church of St Mary, with five aisles, one of the most remarkable churches in Pomerania, dating from the 14th century; the council-house @@ -8630,51 +8591,51 @@ annually nearly 15,000 visitors.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See Riemann, <i>Geschichte der Stadt Kolberg</i> (Kolberg, 1873); -Stoewer, <i>Geschichte der Stadt Kolberg</i> (Kolberg, 1897); Schnlein, +Stoewer, <i>Geschichte der Stadt Kolberg</i> (Kolberg, 1897); Schönlein, <i>Geschichte der Belagerungen Kolbergs in den Jahren 1758, 1760, 1761 -und 1807</i> (Kolberg, 1878); and Kempin, <i>Fhrer durch Bad Kolberg</i> +und 1807</i> (Kolberg, 1878); and Kempin, <i>Führer durch Bad Kolberg</i> (Kolberg, 1899).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KLCSEY, FERENCZ<a name="ar96" id="ar96"></a></span> (1790-1838), Hungarian poet, critic and +<p><span class="bold">KÖLCSEY, FERENCZ<a name="ar96" id="ar96"></a></span> (1790-1838), Hungarian poet, critic and orator, was born at Szodemeter, in Transylvania, on the 8th of August 1790. In his fifteenth year he made the acquaintance of Kazinczy and zealously adopted his linguistic reforms. In 1809 -Klcsey went to Pest and became a “notary to the royal board.” -Law proved distasteful, and at Cseke in Szatmr county he +Kölcsey went to Pest and became a “notary to the royal board.” +Law proved distasteful, and at Cseke in Szatmár county he devoted his time to aesthetical study, poetry, criticism, and the -defence of the theories of Kazinczy. Klcsey’s early metrical +defence of the theories of Kazinczy. Kölcsey’s early metrical pieces contributed to the <i>Transylvanian Museum</i> did not attract much attention, whilst his severe criticisms of Csokonai, Kis, and especially Berzsenyi, published in 1817, rendered him very unpopular. From 1821 to 1826 he published many separate poems of great beauty in the <i>Aurora</i>, <i>Hebe</i>, <i>Aspasia</i>, and other magazines of polite literature. He joined Paul Szemere in a new -periodical, styled <i>let s literatura</i> (“Life and Literature”), +periodical, styled <i>Élet és literatura</i> (“Life and Literature”), which appeared from 1826 to 1829, in 4 vols., and gained for -Klcsey the highest reputation as a critical writer. From 1832 +Kölcsey the highest reputation as a critical writer. From 1832 to 1835 he sat in the Hungarian Diet, where his extreme liberal views and his singular eloquence soon rendered him famous as a parliamentary leader. Elected on the 17th of November 1830 a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, he took part in its first grand meeting; in 1832, he delivered his famous oration on Kazinczy, and in 1836 that on his former -opponent Daniel Berzsenyi. When in 1838 Baron Wesselnyi +opponent Daniel Berzsenyi. When in 1838 Baron Wesselényi was unjustly thrown into prison upon a charge of treason, -Klcsey eloquently though unsuccessfully conducted his defence; +Kölcsey eloquently though unsuccessfully conducted his defence; and he died about a week afterwards (August 24) from internal inflammation. His collected works, in 6 vols., were published at Pest, 1840-1848, and his journal of the diet of 1832-1836 appeared in 1848. A monument erected to the memory of -Klcsey was unveiled at Szatmr-Nmeti on the 25th of +Kölcsey was unveiled at Szatmár-Németi on the 25th of September 1864.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See G. Steinacker, <i>Ungarische Lyriker</i> (Leipzig, and Pest, 1874); -F. Toldy, <i>Magyar Kltk lete</i> (2 vols., Pest, 1871); J. Ferenczy and -J. Danielik, <i>Magyar Irk</i> (2 vols., Pest, 1856-1858).</p> +F. Toldy, <i>Magyar Költök élete</i> (2 vols., Pest, 1871); J. Ferenczy and +J. Danielik, <i>Magyar Irók</i> (2 vols., Pest, 1856-1858).</p> </div> @@ -8696,7 +8657,7 @@ date from 1321. In 1644 it was the scene of a Danish victory over the Swedes, and on the 22nd of April 1849 of a Danish defeat by the troops of Schleswig-Holstein. A comprehensive view of the Little Belt with its islands, and over the mainland, -is obtained from the Skamlingsbank, a slight elevation 8 m. +is obtained from the Skamlingsbank, a slight elevation 8½ m. S.E., where an obelisk (1863) commemorates the effort made to preserve the Danish language in Schleswig.</p> @@ -8725,7 +8686,7 @@ principalities, the other three being Baroda, Gwalior and Indore; and it is the principal state under the political control of the government of Bombay. Together with its <i>jagirs</i> or feudatories, it covers an area of 3165 sq. m. In 1901 the population -was 910,011. The estimated revenue is 300,000. Kolhapur +was 910,011. The estimated revenue is £300,000. Kolhapur stretches from the heart of the Western Ghats eastwards into the plain of the Deccan. Along the spurs of the main chain of the Ghats lie wild and picturesque hill slopes and valleys, producing @@ -8772,7 +8733,7 @@ neighbourhood.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KOLIN,<a name="ar100" id="ar100"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Neu-Kolin</span> (also <i>Kollin</i>; Czech, <i>Nov Koln</i>), a +<p><span class="bold">KOLIN,<a name="ar100" id="ar100"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Neu-Kolin</span> (also <i>Kollin</i>; Czech, <i>Nový Kolín</i>), a town of Bohemia, Austria, 40 m. E. of Prague by rail. Pop. (1900), 15,025, mostly Czech. It is situated on the Elbe, and amongst its noteworthy buildings may be specially mentioned @@ -8802,36 +8763,36 @@ familiar word “cooly” for an agricultural labourer. They form the main part of the inferior agricultural population of Gujarat, where they were formerly notorious as robbers; but they also extend into the Konkan and the Deccan. In 1901 the number -of Kolis in all India was returned as nearly 3 millions; but this +of Kolis in all India was returned as nearly 3¾ millions; but this total includes a distinct weaving caste of Kolis or Koris in northern India.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KLLIKER, RUDOLPH ALBERT VON<a name="ar102" id="ar102"></a></span> (1817-1905), Swiss -anatomist and physiologist, was born at Zrich on the 6th of -July 1817. His father and his mother were both Zrich people, +<p><span class="bold">KÖLLIKER, RUDOLPH ALBERT VON<a name="ar102" id="ar102"></a></span> (1817-1905), Swiss +anatomist and physiologist, was born at Zürich on the 6th of +July 1817. His father and his mother were both Zürich people, and he in due time married a lady from Aargau, so that Switzerland can claim him as wholly her own, though he lived the greater part of his life in Germany. His early education was -carried on in Zrich, and he entered the university there in 1836. +carried on in Zürich, and he entered the university there in 1836. After two years, however, he moved to the university of Bonn, and later to that of Berlin, becoming at the latter place the pupil -of Johannes Mller and of F. G. J. Henle. He graduated in philosophy -at Zrich in 1841, and in medicine at Heidelberg in 1842. +of Johannes Müller and of F. G. J. Henle. He graduated in philosophy +at Zürich in 1841, and in medicine at Heidelberg in 1842. The first academic post which he held was that of prosector of anatomy under Henle; but his tenure of this office was brief, for in 1844 his native city called him back to its university to occupy a chair as professor extraordinary of physiology and comparative anatomy. His stay here too, however, was brief, for in 1847 the -university of Wrzburg, attracted by his rising fame, offered him +university of Würzburg, attracted by his rising fame, offered him the post of professor of physiology and of microscopical and comparative anatomy. He accepted the appointment, and at -Wrzburg he remained thenceforth, refusing all offers tempting +Würzburg he remained thenceforth, refusing all offers tempting him to leave the quiet academic life of the Bavarian town, where he died on the 2nd of November 1905.</p> -<p>Klliker’s name will ever be associated with that of the tool +<p>Kölliker’s name will ever be associated with that of the tool with which during his long life he so assiduously and successfully worked, the microscope. The time at which he began his studies coincided with that of the revival of the microscopic investigation @@ -8845,7 +8806,7 @@ improvement of the compound microscope on the one hand, and the promulgation by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden of the “cell theory” on the other, inaugurated a new era of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page890" id="page890"></a>890</span> -microscopic investigation. Into this new learning Klliker threw +microscopic investigation. Into this new learning Kölliker threw himself with all the zeal of youth, wisely initiated into it by his great teacher Henle, whose sober and exact mode of inquiry went far at the time to give the new learning a right direction and to @@ -8854,21 +8815,21 @@ of the cell theory, were tending to be prominent. Henle’s labours were for the most part limited to the microscopic investigation of the minute structure of the tissues of man and of the higher animals, the latter being studied by him mainly with -the view of illustrating the former. But Klliker had another -teacher besides Henle, the even greater Johannes Mller, whose +the view of illustrating the former. But Kölliker had another +teacher besides Henle, the even greater Johannes Müller, whose active mind was sweeping over the whole animal kingdom, striving to pierce the secrets of the structure of living creatures of all sorts, and keeping steadily in view the wide biological problems of function and of origin, which the facts of structure might serve to solve. We may probably trace to the influence of these two great teachers, strengthened by the spirit of the -times, the threefold character of Klliker’s long-continued and +times, the threefold character of Kölliker’s long-continued and varied labours. In all of them, or in almost all of them, the microscope was the instrument of inquiry, but the problem to be solved by means of the instrument belonged now to one branch of biology, now to another.</p> -<p>At Zrich, and afterwards at Wrzburg, the title of the chair +<p>At Zürich, and afterwards at Würzburg, the title of the chair which he held laid upon him the duty of teaching comparative anatomy, and very many of the numerous memoirs which he published, including the very first paper which he wrote, and @@ -8880,16 +8841,16 @@ Notable among these were his papers on the Medusae and allied creatures. His activity in this direction led him to make zoological excursions to the Mediterranean Sea and to the coasts of Scotland, as well as to undertake, conjointly with -his friend C. T. E. von Siebold, the editorship of the <i>Zeitschrift fr +his friend C. T. E. von Siebold, the editorship of the <i>Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie</i>, which, founded in 1848, continued under his hands to be one of the most important zoological periodicals.</p> -<p>At the time when Klliker was beginning his career the influence +<p>At the time when Kölliker was beginning his career the influence of Karl Ernst von Baer’s embryological teaching was already being widely felt, men were learning to recognize the importance to morphological and zoological studies of -a knowledge of the development of animals; and Klliker +a knowledge of the development of animals; and Kölliker plunged with enthusiasm into the relatively new line of inquiry. His earlier efforts were directed to the invertebrata, and his memoir on the development of cephalopods, which appeared in @@ -8906,7 +8867,7 @@ latter half of the 19th century will always be associated with his name. His <i>Lectures on Development</i>, published in 1861, at once became a standard work.</p> -<p>But neither zoology nor embryology furnished Klliker’s chief +<p>But neither zoology nor embryology furnished Kölliker’s chief claim to fame. If he did much for these branches of science, he did still more for histology, the knowledge of the minute structure of the animal tissues. This he made emphatically his own. It @@ -8921,7 +8882,7 @@ this men were doubting whether arteries were muscular, and no solid histological basis as yet existed for those views as to the action of the nervous system on the circulation, which were soon to be put forward, and which had such a great influence on the -progress of physiology. By the above discovery Klliker completed +progress of physiology. By the above discovery Kölliker completed that basis.</p> <p>Even to enumerate, certainly to dwell on, all his contributions @@ -8934,9 +8895,9 @@ textbook on microscopical anatomy, which first saw the light in 1850, and by which he advanced histology no less than by his own researches. In the case of almost every tissue our present knowledge contains something great or small which -we owe to Klliker; but it is on the nervous system that his +we owe to Kölliker; but it is on the nervous system that his name is written in largest letters. So early as 1845, while still -at Zrich, he supplied what was as yet still lacking, the clear +at Zürich, he supplied what was as yet still lacking, the clear proof that nerve-fibres are continuous with nerve-cells, and so furnished the absolutely necessary basis for all sound speculations as to the actions of the central nervous system. From that @@ -8956,7 +8917,7 @@ that exact knowledge of the inner structure of the brain, which is rendering possible new and faithful conceptions of its working, came from his hands.</p> -<p>Lastly, Klliker was in his earlier years professor of physiology +<p>Lastly, Kölliker was in his earlier years professor of physiology as well as of anatomy; and not only did his histological labours almost always carry physiological lessons, but he also enriched physiology with the results of direct researches of an experimental @@ -8966,13 +8927,13 @@ of science of so many-sided an activity as he. His life constituted in a certain sense a protest against that specialized differentiation which, however much it may under certain aspects be regretted, seems to be one of the necessities of modern development. In -Johannes Mller’s days no one thought of parting anatomy and +Johannes Müller’s days no one thought of parting anatomy and physiology; nowadays no one thinks of joining them together. -Klliker did in his work join them together, and indeed said +Kölliker did in his work join them together, and indeed said himself that he thought they ought never to be kept apart.</p> <p>Naturally a man of so much accomplishment was not left without -honours. Formerly known simply as Klliker, the title +honours. Formerly known simply as Kölliker, the title “von” was added to his name. He was made a member of the learned societies of many countries; in England, which he visited more than once, and where he became well known, the Royal @@ -9077,7 +9038,7 @@ two of the 14th century, one being the cathedral. One gate <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KOLOZSVR<a name="ar106" id="ar106"></a></span> (Ger. <i>Klausenburg</i>; Rum. <i>Cluj</i>), a town of +<p><span class="bold">KOLOZSVÁR<a name="ar106" id="ar106"></a></span> (Ger. <i>Klausenburg</i>; Rum. <i>Cluj</i>), a town of Hungary, in Transylvania, the capital of the county of Kolozs, and formerly the capital of the whole of Transylvania, 248 m. E.S.E. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900), 46,670. It is @@ -9087,7 +9048,7 @@ with walls) and five suburbs. The greater part of the town lies on the right bank of the river, while on the other side is the so-called Bridge Suburb and the citadel (erected in 1715). Upon the slopes of the citadel hill there is a gipsy quarter. -With the exception of the old quarter, Kolozsvr is generally +With the exception of the old quarter, Kolozsvár is generally well laid out, and contains many broad and fine streets, several of which diverge at right angles from the principal square. In this square is situated the Gothic church of St Michael (1396-1432); @@ -9098,10 +9059,10 @@ Corvinus in 1486 and ceded to the Calvinists by Bethlen Gabor in 1622; the house in which Matthias Corvinus was born (1443), which contains an ethnographical museum; the county and town halls, a museum, and the university buildings. A feature of -Kolozsvr is the large number of handsome mansions belonging +Kolozsvár is the large number of handsome mansions belonging to the Transylvanian nobles, who reside here during the winter. It is the seat of a Unitarian bishop, and of the superintendent -of the Calvinists for the Transylvanian circle. Kolozsvr is the +of the Calvinists for the Transylvanian circle. Kolozsvár is the literary and scientific centre of Transylvania, and is the seat of numerous literary and scientific associations. It contains a university (founded in 1872), with four faculties—theology, philosophy, @@ -9114,14 +9075,14 @@ establishments for the manufacture of woollen and linen cloth, paper, sugar, candles, soap, earthenwares, as well as breweries and distilleries.</p> -<p>Kolozsvr is believed to occupy the site of a Roman settlement +<p>Kolozsvár is believed to occupy the site of a Roman settlement named <i>Napoca</i>. Colonized by Saxons in 1178, it then received its German name of <i>Klausenburg</i>, from the old word Klause, signifying a “mountain pass.” Between the years 1545 and 1570 large numbers of the Saxon population left the town in consequence of the introduction of Unitarian doctrines. In 1798 the town was to a great extent destroyed by fire. As capital of -Transylvania and the seat of the Transylvanian diets, Kolozsvr +Transylvania and the seat of the Transylvanian diets, Kolozsvár from 1830 to 1848 became the centre of the Hungarian national movement in the grand principality; and in December 1848 it was taken and garrisoned by the Hungarians under General Bem.</p> @@ -9163,13 +9124,13 @@ Kol.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KOLYVA.<a name="ar109" id="ar109"></a></span> (1) A town of West Siberia, in the government +<p><span class="bold">KOLYVAÑ.<a name="ar109" id="ar109"></a></span> (1) A town of West Siberia, in the government of Tomsk, on the Chaus river, 5 m. from the Ob and 120 m. S.S.W. of the city of Tomsk. It is a wealthy town, the merchants carrying on a considerable export trade in cattle, hides, tallow, corn and fish. It was founded in 1713 under the name of Chausky Ostrog, and has grown rapidly. Pop. (1897), 11,703. (2) -<span class="sc">Kolyvaskiy Zavod</span>, another town of the same government, +<span class="sc">Kolyvañskiy Zavod</span>, another town of the same government, in the district of Biysk, Altai region, on the Byelaya river, 192 m. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page892" id="page892"></a>892</span> S.E. of Barnaul; altitude, 1290 ft. It is renowned for its stone-cutting @@ -9179,18 +9140,18 @@ Old name of Reval (<i>q.v.</i>).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KOMROM<a name="ar110" id="ar110"></a></span> (Ger., <i>Komorn</i>), the capital of the county of -Komrom, Hungary, 65 m. W.N.W. of Budapest by rail. Pop. +<p><span class="bold">KOMÁROM<a name="ar110" id="ar110"></a></span> (Ger., <i>Komorn</i>), the capital of the county of +Komárom, Hungary, 65 m. W.N.W. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900), 16,816. It is situated at the eastern extremity of the -island Csallkz or Grosse Schtt, at the confluence of the Waag -with the Danube. Just below Komrom the two arms into +island Csallóköz or Grosse Schütt, at the confluence of the Waag +with the Danube. Just below Komárom the two arms into which the Danube separates below Pressburg, forming the Grosse -Schtt island, unite again. Since 1896 the market-town of -Uj-Szny, which lies on the opposite bank of the Danube, has -been incorporated with Komrom. The town is celebrated +Schütt island, unite again. Since 1896 the market-town of +Uj-Szöny, which lies on the opposite bank of the Danube, has +been incorporated with Komárom. The town is celebrated chiefly for its fortifications, which form the centre of the inland fortifications of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. A brisk -trade in cereals, timber, wine and fish is carried on. Komrom +trade in cereals, timber, wine and fish is carried on. Komárom is one of the oldest towns of Hungary, having received its charter in 1265. The fortifications were begun by Matthias Corvinus, and were enlarged and strengthened during the Turkish wars @@ -9198,10 +9159,10 @@ and were enlarged and strengthened during the Turkish wars enlarged between 1805 and 1809. In 1543, 1594, 1598 and 1663 it was beleaguered by the Turks. It was raised to the dignity of a royal free town in 1751. During the revolutionary -war of 1848-49 Komrom was a principal point of military +war of 1848-49 Komárom was a principal point of military operations, and was long unsuccessfully besieged by the Austrians, who on the 11th of July 1849 were defeated there by General -Grgei, and on the 3rd of August by General Klapka. On the +Görgei, and on the 3rd of August by General Klapka. On the 27th of September the fortress capitulated to the Austrians upon honourable terms, and on the 3rd and 4th of October was evacuated by the Hungarian troops. The treasure of the Austrian @@ -9219,7 +9180,7 @@ are gold-fields, but the reefs are almost entirely of low grade ore. The river descends the Drakensberg by a pass 30 m. S. of Barberton, and at the eastern border of Swaziland is deflected northward, keeping a course parallel to the Lebombo mountains. -Just W. of 32 E. and in 25 25 S. it is joined by one of the many +Just W. of 32° E. and in 25° 25´ S. it is joined by one of the many rivers of South Africa named Crocodile. This tributary rises, as the Elands river, in the Bergendal (6437 ft.) near the upper waters of the Komati, and flows E. across the high veld, being @@ -9238,11 +9199,11 @@ first N. and then S., forming lagoon-like expanses and backwaters and receiving from the north several tributaries. In flood time there is a connexion northward through the swamps with the basin of the Limpopo. The Komati enters the sea -15 m. N. of Loureno Marques. It is navigable from its mouth, +15 m. N. of Lourenço Marques. It is navigable from its mouth, where the water is from 12 to 18 ft. deep, to the foot of the Lebombo.</p> -<p>The railway from Loureno Marques to Pretoria traverses the +<p>The railway from Lourenço Marques to Pretoria traverses the plain in a direct line, and at mile 45 reaches the Komati. It follows the south bank of the river and enters the high country at Komati Poort. At a small town with the same name, 2 m. @@ -9254,7 +9215,7 @@ its length.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KOMOTAU<a name="ar112" id="ar112"></a></span> (Czech, <i>Chomtov</i>), a town of Bohemia, Austria +<p><span class="bold">KOMOTAU<a name="ar112" id="ar112"></a></span> (Czech, <i>Chomútov</i>), a town of Bohemia, Austria 79 m. N.N.W. of Prague by rail. Pop. (1900), 15,925, almost exclusively German. It has an old Gothic church, and its town-hall was formerly a commandery of the Teutonic knights. The industrial @@ -9277,7 +9238,7 @@ purchased its freedom and was created a royal city.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KOMURA, JUTARO,<a name="ar113" id="ar113"></a></span> <span class="sc">Count</span> (1855-  ), Japanese statesman, was born in Hiuga. He graduated at Harvard in 1877, and -entered the foreign office in Tokyo in 1884. He served as charg +entered the foreign office in Tokyo in 1884. He served as chargé d’affaires in Peking, as Japanese minister in Seoul, in Washington, in St Petersburg, and in Peking (during the Boxer trouble), earning in every post a high reputation for diplomatic ability. @@ -9324,8 +9285,8 @@ colony, covers 46,000 sq. m. and has a population of some 400,000. The inhabitants are negroes, chiefly Bambara and Mandingo. About a fourth of the population profess Mahommedanism; the remainder are spirit worshippers. The town of -Kong, situated in 9 N., 4 20 W., is not now of great importance. -Probably Ren Cailli, who spent some time in the western part +Kong, situated in 9° N., 4° 20´ W., is not now of great importance. +Probably René Caillié, who spent some time in the western part of the country in 1827, was the first European to visit Kong. In 1888 Captain L. G. Binger induced the native chiefs to place themselves under the protection of France, and in 1893 the @@ -9407,7 +9368,7 @@ Pasha who defeated and captured the Turkish general, Reshid Pasha, not far from the walls. It had come to fill only part of its ancient circuit, but of recent years it has revived considerably, and, since the railway reached it, has acquired a semi-European -quarter, with a German hotel, cafs and Greek shops, &c.</p> +quarter, with a German hotel, cafés and Greek shops, &c.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See W. M. Ramsay, <i>Historical Geography of Asia Minor</i> (1890); @@ -9471,8 +9432,8 @@ and his inexorable severity made him an ideal lord-marcher.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNIG, KARL RUDOLPH<a name="ar119" id="ar119"></a></span> (1832-1901), German physicist, -was born at Knigsberg (Prussia) on the 26th of November 1832, +<p><span class="bold">KÖNIG, KARL RUDOLPH<a name="ar119" id="ar119"></a></span> (1832-1901), German physicist, +was born at Königsberg (Prussia) on the 26th of November 1832, and studied at the university of his native town, taking the degree of Ph.D. About 1852 he went to Paris, and became apprentice to the famous violin-maker, J. B. Vuillaume, and some six years @@ -9480,7 +9441,7 @@ later he started business on his own account. He called himself a “maker of musical instruments,” but the instruments for which his name is best known are tuning-forks, which speedily gained a high reputation among physicists for their accuracy -and general excellence. From this business Knig derived his +and general excellence. From this business König derived his livelihood for the rest of his life. He was, however, very far from being a mere tradesman, and even as a manufacturer he regarded the quality of the articles that left his workshop as a @@ -9495,7 +9456,7 @@ pitches, extending over four octaves, and it afforded a perfect means for testing, by enumeration of the beats, the number of vibrations producing any given note and for accurately tuning any musical instrument. An attempt was made to secure this -apparatus for the university of Pennsylvania, and Knig was +apparatus for the university of Pennsylvania, and König was induced to leave it behind him in America on the assurance that it would be purchased; but, ultimately, the money not being forthcoming, the arrangement fell through, to his great disappointment @@ -9506,7 +9467,7 @@ nucleus for the construction of a still more elaborate tonometer. While the range of the old apparatus was only between 128 and 4096 vibrations a second, the lowest fork of the new one made only 16 vibrations a second, while the highest gave a sound too -shrill to be perceptible by the human ear. Knig will also be +shrill to be perceptible by the human ear. König will also be remembered as the inventor and constructor of many other beautiful pieces of apparatus for the investigation of acoustical problems, among which may be mentioned his wave-sirens, the @@ -9521,7 +9482,7 @@ died in Paris on the 2nd of October 1901.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNIGGRTZ<a name="ar120" id="ar120"></a></span> (Czech, <i>Hradec Krlov</i>), a town and episcopal +<p><span class="bold">KÖNIGGRÄTZ<a name="ar120" id="ar120"></a></span> (Czech, <i>Hradec Králové</i>), a town and episcopal see of Bohemia, Austria, 74 m. E. of Prague by rail. Pop. (1900), 9773, mostly Czech. It is situated in the centre of a very fertile region called the “Golden Road,” and contains many @@ -9530,27 +9491,27 @@ was founded in 1303 by Elizabeth, wife of Wenceslaus II; and the church of St John, built in 1710, stands on the ruins of the old castle. The industries include the manufacture of musical instruments, machinery, colours, and <i>carton-pierre</i>, as well as -gloves and wax candles. The original name of Kniggrtz, -one of the oldest settlements in Bohemia, was <i>Chlumec Dobroslavsk</i>; +gloves and wax candles. The original name of Königgrätz, +one of the oldest settlements in Bohemia, was <i>Chlumec Dobroslavský</i>; the name <i>Hradec</i>, or “the Castle,” was given to it when it became the seat of a count, and <i>Kralove</i>, “of the queen” (Ger. -<i>Knigin</i>), was prefixed when it became one of the dower towns +<i>Königin</i>), was prefixed when it became one of the dower towns of the queen of Wenceslaus II., Elizabeth of Poland, who lived here for thirty years. It remained a dower town till 1620. -Kniggrtz was the first of the towns to declare for the national +Königgrätz was the first of the towns to declare for the national cause during the Hussite wars. After the battle of the White Mountain (1620) a large part of the Protestant population left the place. In 1639 the town was occupied for eight months by the Swedes. Several churches and convents were pulled down to make way for the fortifications erected under Joseph II. The -fortress was finally dismantled in 1884. Near Kniggrtz took +fortress was finally dismantled in 1884. Near Königgrätz took place, on the 3rd of July 1866, the decisive battle (formerly called Sadowa) of the Austro-Prussian war (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Seven Weeks’ War</a></span>).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNIGINHOF<a name="ar121" id="ar121"></a></span> (<i>Dvur Kralove</i> in Czech), the seat of a provincial +<p><span class="bold">KÖNIGINHOF<a name="ar121" id="ar121"></a></span> (<i>Dvur Kralove</i> in Czech), the seat of a provincial district and of a provincial law-court, is situated in north-eastern Bohemia on the left bank of the Elbe, about 160 kilometres from Prague. Brewing, corn-milling and cotton-weaving are the @@ -9571,7 +9532,7 @@ town of Dvur Kralove when on a visit there, a very ancient MS. containing epic and lyric poems. Though Dobrovsky, the greatest Czech philologist of the time, from the first expressed suspicions, the MS. known as the Kralodvorsky Rukopis manuscript -of Kniginhof was long accepted as genuine, frequently +of Königinhof was long accepted as genuine, frequently printed and translated into most European languages. Doubts as to the genuineness of the document never, however, ceased, and they became stronger when Hanka was convicted of having @@ -9584,27 +9545,27 @@ any Bohemian scholars of the present day believe in its genuineness.</p> <p>The discussion of the authenticity of the MS. of Dvur Kralove lasted with short interruptions about seventy years, and the Bohemian works written on the subject would fill a considerable -library. Count Ltzow’s <i>History of Bohemian Literature</i> gives a +library. Count Lützow’s <i>History of Bohemian Literature</i> gives a brief account of the controversy.</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNIGSBERG<a name="ar122" id="ar122"></a></span> (Polish <i>Krolewiec</i>), a town of Germany, capital +<p><span class="bold">KÖNIGSBERG<a name="ar122" id="ar122"></a></span> (Polish <i>Krolewiec</i>), a town of Germany, capital of the province of East Prussia and a fortress of the first rank. Pop. (1880), 140,800; (1890), 161,666; (1905), 219,862 (including the incorporated suburbs). It is situated on rising ground, on -both sides of the Pregel, 4 m. from its mouth in the Frische +both sides of the Pregel, 4½ m. from its mouth in the Frische Haff, 397 m. N. E. of Berlin, on the railway to Eydtkuhnen and at the junction of lines to Pillau, Tilsit and Kranz. It consists of three parts, which were formerly independent administrative -units, the Altstadt (old town), to the west, Lbenicht to the +units, the Altstadt (old town), to the west, Löbenicht to the east, and the island Kneiphof, together with numerous suburbs, -all embraced in a circuit of 9 miles. The Pregel, spanned by +all embraced in a circuit of 9½ miles. The Pregel, spanned by many bridges, flows through the town in two branches, which -unite below the Grne Brcke. Its greatest breadth within the +unite below the Grüne Brücke. Its greatest breadth within the town is from 80 to 90 yards, and it is usually frozen from November -to March. Knigsberg does not retain many marks of +to March. Königsberg does not retain many marks of antiquity. The Altstadt has long and narrow streets, but the Kneiphof quarter is roomier. Of the seven market-places only that in the Altstadt retains something of its former appearance. @@ -9636,7 +9597,7 @@ here in 1724 and to whom a monument was erected in 1864), J. G. von Herder, Bessel, F. Neumann and J. F. Herbart. It is attended by about 1000 students and has a teaching staff of over 100. Among other educational establishments, -Knigsberg numbers four classical schools (gymnasia) and three +Königsberg numbers four classical schools (gymnasia) and three commercial schools, an academy of painting and a school of music. The hospitals and benevolent institutions are numerous. The town is less well equipped with museums and similar institutions, @@ -9645,7 +9606,7 @@ antiquities, which is especially rich in East Prussian finds from the Stone age to the Viking period. Besides the cathedral the town has fourteen churches.</p> -<p>Knigsberg is a naval and military fortress of the first order. +<p>Königsberg is a naval and military fortress of the first order. The fortifications were begun in 1843 and were only completed in 1905, although the place was surrounded by walls in early times. The works consist of an inner wall, brought into connexion @@ -9654,18 +9615,18 @@ forts, of which six are on the right and six on the left bank of the Pregel. Between them lie two great forts, that of Friedrichsburg on an island in the Pregel and that of the Kaserne Kronprinz on the east of the town, both within the environing ramparts. The -protected position of its harbour has made Knigsberg one of the +protected position of its harbour has made Königsberg one of the most important commercial cities of Germany. A new channel has recently been made between it and its port, Pillau, 29 miles distant, on the outer side of the Frische Haff, so as to admit vessels drawing 20 feet of water right up to the quays of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page895" id="page895"></a>895</span> -Knigsberg, and the result has been to stimulate the trade of +Königsberg, and the result has been to stimulate the trade of the city. It is protected for a long distance by moles, in which a break has been left in the Fischhauser Wiek, to permit of freer circulation of the water and to prevent damage to the mainland.</p> -<p>The industries of Knigsberg have made great advances +<p>The industries of Königsberg have made great advances within recent years, notable among them are printing-works and manufactures of machinery, locomotives, carriages, chemicals, toys, sugar, cellulose, beer, tobacco and cigars, pianos and @@ -9676,17 +9637,17 @@ garden attached, another the Luisenwahl which commemorates the sojourn of Queen Louisa of Prussia in the town in the disastrous year 1806.</p> -<p>The Altstadt of Knigsberg grew up around the castle built +<p>The Altstadt of Königsberg grew up around the castle built in 1255 by the Teutonic Order, on the advice of Ottaker II. King of Bohemia, after whom the place was named. Its first site was near the fishing village of Steindamm, but after its destruction by the Prussians in 1263 it was rebuilt in its present position. It received civic privileges in 1286, the two other -parts of the present town—Lbenicht and Kneiphof—receiving -them a few years later. In 1340 Knigsberg entered the +parts of the present town—Löbenicht and Kneiphof—receiving +them a few years later. In 1340 Königsberg entered the Hanseatic League. From 1457 it was the residence of the grand master of the Teutonic Order, and from 1525 till 1618 of the -dukes of Prussia. The trade of Knigsberg was much hindered +dukes of Prussia. The trade of Königsberg was much hindered by the constant shifting and silting up of the channels leading to its harbour; and the great northern wars did it immense harm, but before the end of the 17th century it had almost @@ -9695,7 +9656,7 @@ recovered.</p> <p>In 1724 the three independent parts were united into a single town by Frederick William I.</p> -<p>Knigsberg suffered severely during the war of liberation +<p>Königsberg suffered severely during the war of liberation and was occupied by the French in 1807. In 1813 the town was the scene of the deliberations which led to the successful uprising of Prussia against Napoleon. During the 19th century the @@ -9706,34 +9667,34 @@ now regular steam communication with Memel, Stettin, Kiel, Amsterdam and Hull.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Faber, <i>Die Haupt- und Residenzstadt Knigsberg in Preussen</i> -(Knigsberg, 1840); Schubert, <i>Zur 600-jhrigen Jubelfeier Knigsbergs</i> -(Knigsberg, 1855); Beckherrn, <i>Geschichte der Befestigungen Knigsbergs</i> -(Knigsberg, 1890); H. G. Prutz, <i>Die knigliche Albertus-Universitt -zu Knigsberg im 19 Jahrhundert</i> (Knigsberg, 1894); -Armstedt, <i>Geschichte der kniglichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt -Knigsberg</i> (Stuttgart, 1899); M. Schultze, <i>Knigsberg und Ostpreussen +<p>See Faber, <i>Die Haupt- und Residenzstadt Königsberg in Preussen</i> +(Königsberg, 1840); Schubert, <i>Zur 600-jährigen Jubelfeier Königsbergs</i> +(Königsberg, 1855); Beckherrn, <i>Geschichte der Befestigungen Königsbergs</i> +(Königsberg, 1890); H. G. Prutz, <i>Die königliche Albertus-Universität +zu Königsberg im 19 Jahrhundert</i> (Königsberg, 1894); +Armstedt, <i>Geschichte der königlichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt +Königsberg</i> (Stuttgart, 1899); M. Schultze, <i>Königsberg und Ostpreussen zu Anfang 1813</i> (Berlin, 1901); and Gordak, <i>Wegweiser durch -Knigsberg</i> (Knigsberg, 1904).</p> +Königsberg</i> (Königsberg, 1904).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNIGSBORN,<a name="ar123" id="ar123"></a></span> a spa of Germany, in the Prussian province +<p><span class="bold">KÖNIGSBORN,<a name="ar123" id="ar123"></a></span> a spa of Germany, in the Prussian province of Westphalia, immediately to the N. of the town of Unna, of which it practically forms a suburb. It has large saltworks, producing annually over 15,000 tons. The brine springs, in connexion with which there is a hydropathic establishment, -have a temperature of 93 F., and are efficacious in skin +have a temperature of 93° F., and are efficacious in skin diseases, rheumatism and scrofula.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Wegele, <i>Bad Knigsborn und seine Heilmittel</i> (Essen, 1902).</p> +<p>See Wegele, <i>Bad Königsborn und seine Heilmittel</i> (Essen, 1902).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNIGSHTTE,<a name="ar124" id="ar124"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the Prussian province +<p><span class="bold">KÖNIGSHÜTTE,<a name="ar124" id="ar124"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Silesia, situated in the middle of the Upper Silesian coal and iron district, 3 m. S. of Beuthen and 122 m. by rail S.E. of Breslau. Pop. (1852), 4495; (1875), 26,040; (1900), 57,919. @@ -9741,7 +9702,7 @@ In 1869 it was incorporated with various neighbouring villages, and raised to the dignity of a town. It has two Protestant and three Roman Catholic churches and several schools and benevolent institutions. The largest iron-works in Silesia is -situated at Knigshtte, and includes puddling works, rolling-mills, +situated at Königshütte, and includes puddling works, rolling-mills, and zinc-works. Founded in 1797, it was formerly in the hands of government, but is now carried on by a company. There are also manufactures of bricks and glass and a trade in @@ -9749,12 +9710,12 @@ wood and coal. Nearly one-half of the population of the town consists of Poles.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Mohr, <i>Geschichte der Stadt Knigshtte</i> (Knigshtte, 1890).</p> +<p>See Mohr, <i>Geschichte der Stadt Königshütte</i> (Königshütte, 1890).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNIGSLUTTER,<a name="ar125" id="ar125"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, +<p><span class="bold">KÖNIGSLUTTER,<a name="ar125" id="ar125"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, on the Lutter 36 m. E. of Brunswick by the railway to Eisleben and Magdeburg. Pop. (1905), 3260. It possesses an Evangelical church, a castle and some interesting old houses. @@ -9766,13 +9727,13 @@ of his son-in-law, Duke Henry the Proud of Saxony and Bavaria.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNIGSMARK, MARIA AURORA,<a name="ar126" id="ar126"></a></span> <span class="sc">Countess of</span> (1662-1728), +<p><span class="bold">KÖNIGSMARK, MARIA AURORA,<a name="ar126" id="ar126"></a></span> <span class="sc">Countess of</span> (1662-1728), mistress of Augustus the Strong, elector of Saxony and king of Poland, belonged to a noble Swedish family, and was born on the 8th of May 1662. Having passed some years at Hamburg, where she attracted attention both by her beauty and her talents, Aurora went in 1694 to Dresden to make inquiries about her -brother Philipp Christoph, count of Knigsmark, who had +brother Philipp Christoph, count of Königsmark, who had suddenly and mysteriously disappeared from Hanover. Here she was noticed by Augustus, who made her his mistress; and in October 1696 she gave birth to a son Maurice, afterwards the @@ -9781,7 +9742,7 @@ of Aurora, who then spent her time in efforts to secure the position of abbess of Quedlinburg, an office which carried with it the dignity of a princess of the Empire, and to recover the lost inheritance of her family in Sweden. She was made -coadjutor abbess and lady-provost (<i>Prpstin</i>) of Quedlinburg, +coadjutor abbess and lady-provost (<i>Pröpstin</i>) of Quedlinburg, but lived mainly in Berlin, Dresden and Hamburg. In 1702 she went on a diplomatic errand to Charles XII. of Sweden on behalf of Augustus, but her adventurous journey ended in @@ -9790,22 +9751,22 @@ most famous woman of two centuries,” died at Quedlinburg on the 16th of February 1728.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See F. Cramer, <i>Denkwrdigkeiten der Grfin M. A. Knigsmark</i> -(Leipzig, 1836); and <i>Biographische Nachrichten von der Grfin M. A. -Knigsmark</i> (Quedlinburg, 1833); W. F. Palmblad, <i>Aurora Knigsmark -und ihre Verwandte</i> (Leipzig, 1848-1853); C. L. de Pllnitz, +<p>See F. Cramer, <i>Denkwürdigkeiten der Gräfin M. A. Königsmark</i> +(Leipzig, 1836); and <i>Biographische Nachrichten von der Gräfin M. A. +Königsmark</i> (Quedlinburg, 1833); W. F. Palmblad, <i>Aurora Königsmark +und ihre Verwandte</i> (Leipzig, 1848-1853); C. L. de Pöllnitz, <i>La Saxe galante</i> (Amsterdam, 1734); and O. J. B. von Corvin-Wiersbitzki, -<i>Maria Aurora, Grfin von Knigsmark</i> (Rudolstadt, +<i>Maria Aurora, Gräfin von Königsmark</i> (Rudolstadt, 1902).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNIGSMARK, PHILIPP CHRISTOPH,<a name="ar127" id="ar127"></a></span> <span class="sc">Count of</span> (1665-1694), +<p><span class="bold">KÖNIGSMARK, PHILIPP CHRISTOPH,<a name="ar127" id="ar127"></a></span> <span class="sc">Count of</span> (1665-1694), was a member of a noble Swedish family, and is chiefly known as the lover of Sophia Dorothea, wife of the English king George I. then electoral prince of Hanover. Born on the 14th of -March 1665, Knigsmark was a brother of the countess noticed +March 1665, Königsmark was a brother of the countess noticed above. After wandering and fighting in various parts of Europe he entered the service of Ernest Augustus, elector of Hanover. Here he made the acquaintance of Sophia Dorothea, and assisted @@ -9817,28 +9778,28 @@ George I. was accustomed to boast about this deed; but this statement is doubted, and the Hanoverian court resolutely opposed all efforts to clear up the mystery. It is not absolutely certain that Sophia Dorothea was guilty of a criminal intrigue -with Knigsmark, as it is probable that the letters which +with Königsmark, as it is probable that the letters which purport to have passed between the pair are forgeries. The question of her guilt or innocence, however, has been and still remains a fruitful and popular subject for romance and speculation.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See <i>Briefwechsel des Grafen Knigsmark und der Prinzessin Sophie +<p>See <i>Briefwechsel des Grafen Königsmark und der Prinzessin Sophie Dorothea von Celle</i>, edited by W. F. Palmblad (Leipzig, 1847); -A. Kcher, “Die Prinzessin von Ahlden,” in the <i>Historische Zeitschrift</i> +A. Köcher, “Die Prinzessin von Ahlden,” in the <i>Historische Zeitschrift</i> (Munich, 1882); and W. H. Wilkins, <i>The Love of an Uncrowned Queen</i> (London, 1900).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNIGSSEE,<a name="ar128" id="ar128"></a></span> or Lake of St Bartholomew, a lake of Germany, +<p><span class="bold">KÖNIGSSEE,<a name="ar128" id="ar128"></a></span> or Lake of St Bartholomew, a lake of Germany, in the kingdom of Bavaria, province of Upper Bavaria, about -2 m. S. from Berchtesgaden, 1850 ft. above sea-level. It has a +2½ m. S. from Berchtesgaden, 1850 ft. above sea-level. It has a length of 5 m., and a breadth varying from 500 yards to a little over a mile, and attains a maximum depth of 600 ft. The -Knigssee is the most beautiful of all the lakes in the German +Königssee is the most beautiful of all the lakes in the German Alps, pent in by limestone mountains rising to an altitude of 6500 ft., the flanks of which descend precipitously to the green waters below. The lake abounds in trout, and the surrounding @@ -9846,11 +9807,11 @@ waters below. The lake abounds in trout, and the surrounding country is rich in game. On a promontory by the side of the lake is a chapel to which pilgrimages are made on St Bartholomew’s Day. Separated by a narrow strip of land from -the Knigssee is the Obersee, a smaller lake.</p> +the Königssee is the Obersee, a smaller lake.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNIGSTEIN,<a name="ar129" id="ar129"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony, +<p><span class="bold">KÖNIGSTEIN,<a name="ar129" id="ar129"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony, situated in a deep valley on the left bank of the Elbe, at the influx of the Biela, in the centre of Saxon Switzerland, 25 m. S.E. of Dresden by the railway to Bodenbach and Testchen. @@ -9861,14 +9822,14 @@ It is chiefly remarkable for the huge fortress, lying immediately to the north-west of the town, which crowns a sandstone rock rising abruptly from the Elbe to a height of 750 ft. Across the Elbe lies the Lilienstein, a similar formation, but unfortified. -The fortress of Knigstein was probably a Slav stronghold as +The fortress of Königstein was probably a Slav stronghold as early as the 12th century, but it is not mentioned in chronicles before the year 1241, when it was a fief of Bohemia. In 1401 it passed to the margraves of Meissen and by the treaty of Eger in 1459 it was formally ceded by Bohemia to Saxony. About 1540 the works were strengthened, and the place was used as a <i>point d’appui</i> against inroads from Bohemia. Hence the -phrase frequently employed by historians that Knigstein is +phrase frequently employed by historians that Königstein is “the key to Bohemia.” As a fact, the main road from Dresden into that country lies across the hills several miles to the south-west, and the fortress has exercised little, if any, influence in @@ -9889,14 +9850,14 @@ feature of the place is a well, hewn out of the solid rock to a depth of 470 ft.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Klemm, <i>Der Knigstein in alter und neuer Zeit</i> (Leipzig, 1905); -and Gautsch, <i>Aelteste Geschichte der schsischen Schweiz</i> (Dresden, +<p>See Klemm, <i>Der Königstein in alter und neuer Zeit</i> (Leipzig, 1905); +and Gautsch, <i>Aelteste Geschichte der sächsischen Schweiz</i> (Dresden, 1880).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KNIGSWINTER,<a name="ar130" id="ar130"></a></span> a town and summer resort of Germany, in +<p><span class="bold">KÖNIGSWINTER,<a name="ar130" id="ar130"></a></span> a town and summer resort of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine province, on the right bank of the Rhine, 24 m. S.S.E. of Cologne by the railway to Frankfort-on-Main, at the foot of the Siebengebirge. Pop. (1905), 3944. The romantic @@ -9909,9 +9870,9 @@ have sheltered the dragon which was slain by the hero Siegfried. The mountain is quarried, and from 1267 onward supplied stone (trachyte) for the building of Cologne cathedral. The castle of Drachenburg, built in 1883, is on the north side of the hill. -Knigswinter has a Roman Catholic and an Evangelical church, +Königswinter has a Roman Catholic and an Evangelical church, some small manufactures and a little shipping. It has a monument -to the poet, Wolfgang Mller. Near the town are the +to the poet, Wolfgang Müller. Near the town are the ruins of the abbey of Heisterbach.</p> @@ -9922,22 +9883,22 @@ May 1809. He studied medicine in the university of his native town, and in 1831 he became assistant in the chemical schools. He pursued the study of chemistry in Paris, Berlin and Giessen, and was subsequently engaged in teaching the science at Ghent -and Lige. In 1856 he was appointed professor of chemistry in -the Lige University, and he retained this post until the close +and Liége. In 1856 he was appointed professor of chemistry in +the Liége University, and he retained this post until the close of his life. About the year 1835 he began to devote his leisure -to the investigation of the Carboniferous fossils around Lige, +to the investigation of the Carboniferous fossils around Liége, and ultimately he became distinguished for his researches on the palaeontology of the Palaeozoic rocks, and especially for his descriptions of the mollusca, brachiopods, crustacea and crinoids of the Carboniferous limestone of Belgium. In recognition of this work the Wollaston medal was awarded to him in 1875 by the Geological Society of London, and in 1876 he was appointed -professor of palaeontology at Lige. He died at Lige on the +professor of palaeontology at Liége. He died at Liége on the 16th of July 1887.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p><span class="sc">Publications.</span>—<i>lments de chimie inorganique</i> (1839); <i>Description -des animaux fossiles qui se trouvent dans le terrain Carbonifre +<p><span class="sc">Publications.</span>—<i>Éléments de chimie inorganique</i> (1839); <i>Description +des animaux fossiles qui se trouvent dans le terrain Carbonifère de Belgique</i> (1842-1844, supp. 1851); <i>Recherches sur les animaux fossiles</i> (1847, 1873). See <i>Notice sur L. G. de Koninck</i>, by E. Dupont; <i>Annuaire de l’Acad. roy. de Belgique</i> (1891), with portrait and @@ -9955,8 +9916,8 @@ space, light and atmosphere. Portraits by him, somewhat in the manner of Rembrandt, also exist; there are examples of these in the galleries at Copenhagen and Christiania. Of his landscapes the principal are “Vue de l’embouchure d’une -rivire,” at the Hague; a slightly larger replica is in the National -Gallery, London; “Lisire d’un bois,” and “Paysage” (with +rivière,” at the Hague; a slightly larger replica is in the National +Gallery, London; “Lisière d’un bois,” and “Paysage” (with figures by A. Vandevelde) at Amsterdam; and landscapes in Brussels, Florence (Uffizi), Berlin and Cologne.</p> @@ -9976,7 +9937,7 @@ with animals, and still-life.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KONITZ,<a name="ar133" id="ar133"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the province of West Prussia, -at the junction of railways to Schneidemhl and Gnesen, 68 m. +at the junction of railways to Schneidemühl and Gnesen, 68 m. S.W. of Danzig. Pop. (1905), 11,014. It is still surrounded by its old fortifications, has two Evangelical and two Roman Catholic churches, a new town-hall, handsome public offices, @@ -10077,9 +10038,9 @@ vicinity.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KPENICK<a name="ar137" id="ar137"></a></span> (<span class="sc">Cpenick</span>), a town of Germany, in the Prussian +<p><span class="bold">KÖPENICK<a name="ar137" id="ar137"></a></span> (<span class="sc">Cöpenick</span>), a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, on an island in the Spree, 9 m. S.E. -from Berlin by the railway to Frstenwalde. Pop. (1905), 27,721. +from Berlin by the railway to Fürstenwalde. Pop. (1905), 27,721. It contains a royal residence, which was built on the site of a palace which belonged to the great elector, Frederick William. This is surrounded by gardens and contains a fine banqueting @@ -10088,7 +10049,7 @@ Protestant church and a teachers’ seminary. The varied industries embrace the manufacture of glass, linoleum, sealing-wax and ink. In the vicinity is Spindlersfeld, with important dye-works.</p> -<p>Kpenick, which dates from the 12th century, received +<p>Köpenick, which dates from the 12th century, received municipal rights in 1225. Shortly afterwards, it became the bone of contention between Brandenburg and Meissen, but, at the issue of the feud, remained with the former, becoming a @@ -10101,11 +10062,11 @@ attired as a captain in the army, accompanied by soldiers, whom his apparent rank deceived, took the mayor prisoner, on a fictitious charge of having falsified accounts and absconded with a considerable sum of municipal money. The “captain of -Kpenick” was arrested, tried, and sentenced to a term of +Köpenick” was arrested, tried, and sentenced to a term of imprisonment.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Graf zu Dohna, <i>Kurfrstliche Schlsser in der Mark Brandenburg</i> +<p>See Graf zu Dohna, <i>Kurfürstliche Schlösser in der Mark Brandenburg</i> (Berlin, 1890).</p> </div> @@ -10126,8 +10087,8 @@ upon him the title of professor. He died at Berlin on the 3rd of February 1853. Kopisch produced some very original poetry, light in language and in form. He especially treated legends and popular subjects, and among his <i>Gedichte</i> (Berlin, -1836) are some nave and humorous little pieces such as <i>Die -Historie von Noah</i>, <i>Die Heinzelmnnchen</i>, <i>Das grne Tier</i> and +1836) are some naïve and humorous little pieces such as <i>Die +Historie von Noah</i>, <i>Die Heinzelmännchen</i>, <i>Das grüne Tier</i> and <i>Der Scheiderjunge von Krippstedt</i>, which became widely popular. He also published a translation of Dante’s <i>Divine Comedy</i> (Berlin, 1840), and under the title <i>Agrumi</i> (Berlin, 1838) @@ -10175,21 +10136,21 @@ Chemie</i> and the <i>Jahresbericht</i>.</p> <p>He must not be confused with <span class="sc">Emil Kopp</span> (1817-1875), who, born at Warselnheim, Alsace, became in 1847 professor of -toxicology and chemistry at the cole suprieure de Pharmacie +toxicology and chemistry at the École supérieure de Pharmacie at Strasburg, in 1849 professor of physics and chemistry at Lausanne, in 1852 chemist to a Turkey-red factory near Manchester, in 1868 professor of technology at Turin, and finally, in 1871, professor of technical chemistry at the Polytechnic of -Zrich, where he died in 1875.</p> +Zürich, where he died in 1875.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KOPRL,<a name="ar140" id="ar140"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Kuprili</span> (Bulgarian <i>Valsa</i>, Greek <i>Vlissa</i>), a +<p><span class="bold">KOPRÜLÜ,<a name="ar140" id="ar140"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Kuprili</span> (Bulgarian <i>Valésa</i>, Greek <i>Vélissa</i>), a town of Macedonia, European Turkey, in the vilayet of Salonica, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page898" id="page898"></a>898</span> situated 600 ft. above sea-level, on the river Vardar, and on the Salonica-Mitrovitza railway, 25 m. S.E. of Uskub. Pop. (1905), -about 22,000. Koprl has a flourishing trade in silk; maize +about 22,000. Koprülü has a flourishing trade in silk; maize and mulberries are cultivated in the neighbourhood. The Greek and Bulgarian names of the town may be corrupt forms of the ancient Bylazora, described by Polybius as the chief city of @@ -10205,7 +10166,7 @@ titular Mogul emperor, Shah Alam, in 1765.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KORAN.<a name="ar142" id="ar142"></a></span> The Koran (Kor’n) is the sacred Book of Islam, +<p><span class="bold">KORAN.<a name="ar142" id="ar142"></a></span> The Koran (Kor’án) is the sacred Book of Islam, on which the religion of more than two hundred millions of Mahommedans is founded, being regarded by them as the immediate word of God. And since the use of the Koran in @@ -10253,7 +10214,7 @@ mission.</p> <p>The rationale of revelation is explained in the Koran itself as follows: In heaven is the original text (“the mother of the book,” xliii. 3; “a concealed book,” lv. 77; “a well-guarded -tablet,” lxxxv. 22). By the process of “sending down” (<i>tanzl</i>), +tablet,” lxxxv. 22). By the process of “sending down” (<i>tanzíl</i>), one piece after another was communicated to the Prophet. The mediator was an angel, who is called sometimes the “Spirit” (xxvi. 193), sometimes the “holy Spirit” (xvi. 104), and at a later @@ -10300,7 +10261,7 @@ the present sūras often seems to be interrupted. And in reality many pieces of the long sūras have to be severed out as originally independent; even in the short ones parts are often found which cannot have been there at first. At the same time we must -beware of carrying this sifting operation too far,—as Nldeke +beware of carrying this sifting operation too far,—as Nöldeke now believes himself to have done in his earlier works, and as Sprenger also sometimes seems to do. That some sūras were of considerable length from the first is seen, for example, from xii., @@ -10450,7 +10411,7 @@ seldom extended to the future of his religious community. Current events were invariably kept in view in the revelations. In Medina it called forth the admiration of the Faithful to observe how often God gave them the answer to a question whose settlement -was urgently required at the moment. The same nivet +was urgently required at the moment. The same näiveté appears in a remark of the Caliph Othman about a doubtful case: “If the Apostle of God were still alive, methinks there had been a Koran passage revealed on this point.” Not unfrequently @@ -10534,7 +10495,7 @@ of Christ. So long, however, as we have no closer acquaintance with Arab Judaism and Christianity, we must always reckon with the possibility that many of these mistakes were due to adherents of these religions who were his authorities, or were a -nave reproduction of versions already widely accepted by his +naïve reproduction of versions already widely accepted by his contemporaries. In addition to his misconceptions there are sundry capricious alterations, some of them very grotesque, due to Mahomet himself. For instance, in his ignorance of everything @@ -10547,7 +10508,7 @@ from Jews or Christians, since the romance of Alexander belonged to the stereotyped literature of that age. The description of Alexander as “the Horned” in the Koran is, however, in accordance with the result of recent researches, to be traced to a -Syrian legend dating from <span class="scs">A.D.</span> 514-515 (Th. Nldeke, “Beitrge +Syrian legend dating from <span class="scs">A.D.</span> 514-515 (Th. Nöldeke, “Beiträge zur Gesch. des Alexanderromanes” in <i>Denkschriften Akad. Wien</i>, vol. xxxviii. No. 5, p. 27, &c.). According to this, God caused horns to grow on Alexander’s head to enable him to overthrow @@ -11152,7 +11113,7 @@ well.</p> <p>At the head of twenty-nine of the sūras stand certain initial letters, from which no clear sense can be obtained. Thus, before ii. iii. xxxi. xxxii. we find <img style="width:30px; height:20px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img904a.jpg" alt="" /> (<i>Alif Lām Mīm</i>), before -xl.-xlvi. <img style="width:34px; height:14px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img904b.jpg" alt="" /> (<i>Ḥā Mīm</i>). Nldeke at one time suggested +xl.-xlvi. <img style="width:34px; height:14px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img904b.jpg" alt="" /> (<i>Ḥā Mīm</i>). Nöldeke at one time suggested <span class="sidenote">Mysterious Letters.</span> that these initials did not belong to Mahomet’s text, but might be the monograms of possessors of codices, which, through @@ -11540,10 +11501,10 @@ translations into the German language, neither of that of Ullmann, which has appeared in several editions, nor of that of Henning (Leipzig) and Grigull (Halle), all of them shallow amateurs who have no notion of the difficulties to be met with in the task, and -are almost entirely dependent on Sale. Friedrich Rckert’s excellent -version (published by August Mller, Frankfort-on-Maine, +are almost entirely dependent on Sale. Friedrich Rückert’s excellent +version (published by August Müller, Frankfort-on-Maine, 1888) gives only selections. M. Klamroth’s translation of the fifty -oldest sūras, <i>Die fnfzig ltesten Suren</i> (Hamburg, 1890) attempts +oldest sūras, <i>Die fünfzig ältesten Suren</i> (Hamburg, 1890) attempts successfully to reproduce the rhymed form of the originals. The publication of the translation of the Koran by the great Leipzig Arabic scholar, H. L. Fleischer (d. 1888) has so far unfortunately @@ -11579,8 +11540,8 @@ could not remove such contradictions, and convict their opponents of heresy?</p> <p><span class="sc">Bibliography.</span>—The following works may be especially consulted: -Weil, <i>Einleitung in den Korān</i> (2nd ed., 1878); Th. Nldeke, -<i>Geschichte des Qorān’s</i> (Gttingen, 1860; 2nd ed. by Friedrich +Weil, <i>Einleitung in den Korān</i> (2nd ed., 1878); Th. Nöldeke, +<i>Geschichte des Qorān’s</i> (Göttingen, 1860; 2nd ed. by Friedrich Schwally, 1908); the Lives of Mahomet by William Muir and Aloys Sprenger (vols. i.-iii., Berlin, 1861-1865; 2nd ed., 1869); C. Snouck Hurgronje, <i>Het mekkaansche Feest</i> (Leiden, 1880), <i>De Islam</i> (de Gids, @@ -11596,10 +11557,10 @@ Mohammed,” <i>Revue de l’histoire des religions</i>, tome 29, p. 48 <p><a name="ft1g" id="ft1g" href="#fa1g"><span class="fn">1</span></a> Reproductions of such Ptolemaic and Lysimachan coins are to be found in J. J. Bernouilli, <i>Die erhaltenen Darstellungen Alexanders d. Gr.</i> (Munich, 1905), Tab. VIII.; also in Theodor Schreiber, -“Studien ber das Bildniss Alexanders des Gr.” in the <i>Abh. Sachs. +“Studien über das Bildniss Alexanders des Gr.” in the <i>Abh. Sachs. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften</i>, Bd. xxi. (1903), Tab. XIII.</p> -<p><a name="ft2g" id="ft2g" href="#fa2g"><span class="fn">2</span></a> For the schemes of Nldeke and Grimm see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Mahommedan +<p><a name="ft2g" id="ft2g" href="#fa2g"><span class="fn">2</span></a> For the schemes of Nöldeke and Grimm see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Mahommedan Religion</a></span>.</p> <p><a name="ft3g" id="ft3g" href="#fa3g"><span class="fn">3</span></a> See Bibliography at end.</p> @@ -11613,14 +11574,14 @@ it is true, makes it probable that Mahomet only added the adjective <i>Raḥīm</i> to the substantive <i>Raḥmān</i> in order to strengthen the conception. But the genuine Arab meaning of <i>Raḥīm</i> is “gracious,” and thus, the old Mahommedan Arab papyri render this -word by <span class="grk" title="philanthrpos">φιλάνθρωπος</span>.</p> +word by <span class="grk" title="philanthrôpos">φιλάνθρωπος</span>.</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KORAT,<a name="ar143" id="ar143"></a></span> the capital of the provincial division (<i>Monton</i>) of Nakawn Racha Sema, or “the frontier country,” in Siam; in -102 5 E., 14 59 N. Pop. about 7000, mixed Cambodian and +102° 5´ E., 14° 59´ N. Pop. about 7000, mixed Cambodian and Siamese. It is the headquarters of a high commissioner and of an army division. It is the terminus of a railway from Bangkok, 170 m. distant, and the distributing centre for the whole of the @@ -11645,7 +11606,7 @@ rural administration.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KORDOFAN,<a name="ar144" id="ar144"></a></span> a country of north-east Africa, forming a <i>mudiria</i> (province) of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. It lies -mainly between 12 and 16 W. and 29 and 32 E., and has +mainly between 12° and 16° W. and 29° and 32½° E., and has an area of about 130,000 sq. m., being bounded W. by Darfur, N. by the Bayuda steppes, E. by the White Nile mudiria and S. by the country of the Shilluks and other negro tribes, forming @@ -11705,7 +11666,7 @@ is healthy except in the rainy season, when large tracts are converted into swamps and fever is very prevalent. In the <i>shita</i> or cold weather (October to February inclusive) there is a cold wind from the north. The seif or hot weather lasts from -March to mid-June; the temperature rarely exceeds 105 F.</p> +March to mid-June; the temperature rarely exceeds 105° F.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The chief constituent of the low scrub which covers the northern @@ -11839,7 +11800,7 @@ Arabs of Talodi in May 1906 treacherously massacred the mamur of that place and 40 men of the Sudanese regiment. The promptness with which this disturbance was suppressed averted what otherwise might have been a serious rising. (See -<span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Sudan</a></span>: <i>Anglo-Egyptian</i>, “History.”)</p> +<span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Sudan</a></span>: <i>Anglo-Egyptian</i>, § “History.”)</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See <i>The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</i>, edited by Count Gleichen (London, @@ -11860,7 +11821,7 @@ under <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Sudan</a></span>: <i>Anglo-Egyptian</ portion consists of a peninsula stretching southwards from Manchuria, with an estimated length of about 600 m., an extreme breadth of 135 m., and a coast-line of 1740 m. It extends -from 34 18 to 43 N., and from 124 36 to 130 47 E. Its +from 34° 18´ to 43° N., and from 124° 36´ to 130° 47´ E. Its northern boundary is marked by the Tumen and Yalu rivers; the eastern boundary by the Sea of Japan; the southern boundary by Korea Strait; and the western boundary by the @@ -11885,7 +11846,7 @@ and fall of 1 to 2 ft. The west coast is often low and shelving, and abounds in mud-banks, and the tidal rise and fall is from 20 to 36 ft. Korean harbours, except two or three which are closed by drift ice for some weeks in winter, are ice-free. Among -them are Port Shestakov, Port Lazarev, and Wn-san (Gensan), +them are Port Shestakov, Port Lazarev, and Wön-san (Gensan), in Broughton Bay;<a name="fa1h" id="fa1h" href="#ft1h"><span class="sp">1</span></a> Fusan, Ma-san-po, at the mouth of the Nak-tong, on the south coast; Mok-po, Chin-nampo, near the mouth of the Tai-dong; and Chemulpo, near the mouth of the @@ -11910,7 +11871,7 @@ timbered, but the hills are covered mainly with coarse, sour grass and oak and chestnut scrub. The rivers are shallow and rocky, and are usually only navigable for a few miles from the sea. Among the exceptions are the Yalu (Amnok), Tumen, Tai-dong, -Naktong, Mok-po, and Han. The last, rising in Kang-wn-do, +Naktong, Mok-po, and Han. The last, rising in Kang-wön-do, 30 m. from the east coast, cuts Korea nearly in half, reaching the sea on the west coast near Chemulpo; and, in spite of many serious rapids, is a valuable highway for commerce for over 150 miles.</p> @@ -11939,8 +11900,8 @@ historic times.</p> the three months of rain, heat and damp are not injurious to health. Koreans suffer from malaria, but Europeans and their children are fairly free from climatic maladies, and enjoy robust health. The -summer mean temperature of Seoul is about 75 F., that of winter -about 33; the average rainfall, 36.3 in. in the year, and of the rainy +summer mean temperature of Seoul is about 75° F., that of winter +about 33°; the average rainfall, 36.3 in. in the year, and of the rainy season 21.86 in. The rains come in July and August on the west and north-east coasts, and from April to July on the south coast, the approximate mean annual rainfall of these localities being 30, @@ -12000,14 +11961,14 @@ and Chinese territory, but some Koreans have emigrated to Hawaii and Mexico.</p> <p>The capital is the inland city of Seoul, with a population of -nearly 200,000. Among other towns, Songdo (Kaisng), the +nearly 200,000. Among other towns, Songdo (Kaisöng), the capital from about 910 to 1392, is a walled city of the first rank, 25 m. N.W. of Seoul, with a population of 60,000. It possesses the stately remains of the palace of the Korean kings of the Wang dynasty, is a great centre of the grain trade and the sole centre of the <i>ginseng</i> manufacture, makes wooden shoes, coarse pottery and fine matting, and manufactures with sesamum oil -the stout oiled paper for which Korea is famous. Phyng-yang, +the stout oiled paper for which Korea is famous. Phyöng-yang, a city on the Tai-dong, had a population of 60,000 before the war of 1894, in which it was nearly destroyed; but it fast regained its population. It lies on rocky heights above a region of stoneless @@ -12020,8 +11981,8 @@ is worked by a foreign company in its neighbourhood. Near the city is the illustrated standard of land measurement cut by Ki-tze in 1124 <span class="scs">B.C.</span></p> -<p>With the exceptions of Kang-hwa, Chng-ju, Tung-nai, -Fusan, and Wn-san, it is very doubtful if any other Korean +<p>With the exceptions of Kang-hwa, Chöng-ju, Tung-nai, +Fusan, and Wön-san, it is very doubtful if any other Korean towns reach a population of 15,000. The provincial capitals and many other cities are walled. Most of the larger towns are in the warm and fertile southern provinces. One is very much @@ -12044,7 +12005,7 @@ thin-lipped and refined among patricians, and wide and full-lipped among plebeians; the ears are small, and the brow fairly well developed. The expression indicates quick intelligence rather than force and mental calibre. The male height averages -5 ft. 4 in. The hands and feet are small and well-formed. +5 ft. 4½ in. The hands and feet are small and well-formed. The physique is good, and porters carry on journeys from 100 to 200 ℔. Men marry at from 18 to 20 years, girls at 16, and have large families, in which a strumous taint is nearly @@ -12055,18 +12016,18 @@ has a recognized status.</p> <p><i>Production and Industries.</i> i. <i>Minerals.</i>—Extensive coal-fields, producing coal of fair quality, as yet undeveloped, occur in Hwang-hai Do and elsewhere. Iron is abundant, especially -in Phyng-an Do, and rich copper ore, silver and galena are +in Phyöng-an Do, and rich copper ore, silver and galena are found. Crystal is a noted product of Korea, and talc of good quality is also present. In 1885 the rudest process of “placer” -washing produced an export of gold dust amounting to 120,000; +washing produced an export of gold dust amounting to £120,000; quartz-mining methods were subsequently introduced, and the -annual declared value of gold produced rose to about 450,000; +annual declared value of gold produced rose to about £450,000; but much is believed to have been sent out of the country clandestinely. The reefs were left untouched till 1897, when an American company, which had obtained a concession in -Phyng-an Do in 1895, introduced the latest mining appliances, -and raised the declared export of 1898 to 240,047, believed to -represent a yield for that year of 600,000. Russian, German, +Phyöng-an Do in 1895, introduced the latest mining appliances, +and raised the declared export of 1898 to £240,047, believed to +represent a yield for that year of £600,000. Russian, German, English, French and Japanese applicants subsequently obtained concessions. The <i>concessionnaires</i> regard Korean labour as docile and intelligent. The privilege of owning mines in Korea was @@ -12118,7 +12079,7 @@ and rarely collective. They consist chiefly in the manufacture of sea-salt, of varied and admirable paper, thin and poor silk, horse-hair crinoline for hats, fine split bamboo blinds, hats and mats, coarse pottery, hemp cloth for mourners, brass bowls -and grass-cloth. Wn-san and Fusan are large fishing centres, +and grass-cloth. Wön-san and Fusan are large fishing centres, and salt fish and fish manure are important exports; but the prolific fishing-grounds are worked chiefly by Japanese labour and capital. Paper and <i>ginseng</i> are the only manufactured @@ -12132,17 +12093,17 @@ treaties with Russia. After the opening of certain Korean ports to foreign trade, the customs were placed under the management of European commissioners nominated by Sir Robert Hart from Peking. The ports and other towns open are Seoul, Chemulpo, -Fusan, Wn-san, Chin-nampo, Mok-po, Kun-san, Ma-san-po, -Song-chin, Wiju, Yong-ampo, and Phyng-yang. The value +Fusan, Wön-san, Chin-nampo, Mok-po, Kun-san, Ma-san-po, +Song-chin, Wiju, Yong-ampo, and Phyöng-yang. The value of foreign trade of the open ports has fluctuated considerably, but has shown a tendency to increase on the whole. For -example, in 1884 imports were valued at 170,113 and exports -at 95,377. By 1890 imports had risen to 790,261, and thereafter -fluctuated greatly, standing at only 473,598 in 1893, but -at 1,017,238 in 1897, and 1,382,352 in 1901, but under abnormal +example, in 1884 imports were valued at £170,113 and exports +at £95,377. By 1890 imports had risen to £790,261, and thereafter +fluctuated greatly, standing at only £473,598 in 1893, but +at £1,017,238 in 1897, and £1,382,352 in 1901, but under abnormal conditions in 1904 this last amount was nearly doubled. -Exports in 1890 were valued at 591,746; they also fluctuated -greatly, falling to 316,072 in 1893, but standing at 863,828 in +Exports in 1890 were valued at £591,746; they also fluctuated +greatly, falling to £316,072 in 1893, but standing at £863,828 in 1901, and having a further increase in some subsequent years. These figures exclude the value of gold dust. The principal imports are cotton goods, railway materials, mining supplies @@ -12169,7 +12130,7 @@ Some improvements, however, have been effected under Japanese direction. The inland transit of goods is almost entirely on the backs of bulls carrying from 450 to 600 ℔, on ponies carrying 200 ℔, and on men carrying from 100 to 150 ℔, bringing the average cost -up to a fraction over 8d. per mile per ton. The corve exists, with +up to a fraction over 8d. per mile per ton. The corvée exists, with its usual hardships. Bridges are made of posts, carrying a framework either covered with timber or with pine branches and earth. They are removed at the beginning of the rainy season, and are not @@ -12245,7 +12206,7 @@ Koreans into powerful trading gilds, trades-unions, mutual benefit associations, money-lending gilds, &c. Nearly all traders, porters and artisans were members of gilds, powerfully bound together and strong by combined action and mutual helpfulness in time of need. -Under the Japanese rgime the judiciary and the executive were +Under the Japanese régime the judiciary and the executive were rigidly separated. The law courts, including the court of cassation, three courts of appeal, eight local courts, and 115 district courts, were put under Japanese judges, and the codification of the laws @@ -12323,7 +12284,7 @@ of the Shamanism of northern Asia. The belief in demons, mostly malignant, keeps the Koreans in constant terror, and much of their substance is spent on propitiations. Sorceresses and blind sorcerers are the intermediaries. At the close of the 19th century the fees -annually paid to these persons were estimated at 150,000; there +annually paid to these persons were estimated at £150,000; there were in Seoul 1000 sorceresses, and very large sums are paid to the male sorcerers and geomancers.</p> @@ -12332,8 +12293,8 @@ to the Japanese Christian General Konishe, in 1594 during the Japanese invasion, as well as that on a larger scale by students who received the evangel in the Roman form from Peking in 1792, and had made 4000 converts by the end of 1793, the first serious attempt -at the conversion of Korea was made by the French <i>Socit des -Missions trangres</i> in 1835. In spite of frequent persecutions, +at the conversion of Korea was made by the French <i>Société des +Missions Étrangères</i> in 1835. In spite of frequent persecutions, there were 16,500 converts in 1857 and 20,000 in 1866, in which year the French bishops and priests were martyred by order of the emperor’s father, and several thousand native Christians were @@ -12367,7 +12328,7 @@ made liberal grants to the linguistic schools. In the primary schools boys learn arithmetic, and geography and Korean history are taught, with the outlines of the governmental systems of other civilized countries. The education department has been entirely reorganized -under the Japanese rgime, Japanese models being followed.</p> +under the Japanese régime, Japanese models being followed.</p> </div> <p><i>History.</i>—By both Korean and Chinese tradition Ki-tze—a @@ -12447,7 +12408,7 @@ and persecuted Christians into Russian territory followed. The emigrants were very kindly received, and many of them became thrifty and prosperous farmers. In 1876 Japan, with the consent of China, wrung a treaty from Korea by which Fusan was fully -opened to Japanese settlement and trade, and Wn-san (Gensan) +opened to Japanese settlement and trade, and Wön-san (Gensan) and Inchiun (Chemulpo) were opened to her in 1880. In 1882 China promulgated her “Trade and Frontier Regulations,” and America negotiated a commercial treaty, followed by @@ -12561,7 +12522,7 @@ measures to suppress the intrigues of the Korean court.</p> <p>At the instigation of the Korean ministry the emperor abdicated on the 19th of July 1907, handing over the crown to his -son. Somewhat serious <i>meutes</i> followed in Seoul and elsewhere, +son. Somewhat serious <i>émeutes</i> followed in Seoul and elsewhere, and the Japanese proposals for a new convention, increasing the powers of the resident general, had to be presented to the cabinet under a strong guard. The convention @@ -12590,31 +12551,31 @@ writers have contributed largely to the sum of general knowledge of the peninsula. The list which follows includes some of the more recent works which illustrate the history, manners and customs, and awakening of Korea: <i>British Foreign Office Reports on Korean Trade, -Annual Series</i> (London); <i>Bibliographie koranne</i> (3 vols., Paris, +Annual Series</i> (London); <i>Bibliographie koréanne</i> (3 vols., Paris, 1897); Mrs. I. L. Bishop, <i>Korea and her Neighbours</i> (2 vols., London, 1897); M. von Brandt, <i>Ostasiatische Fragen</i> (Leipzig, 1897); A. E. J. Cavendish and H. E. Goold Adams, <i>Korea, and the Sacred White Mountain</i> (London, 1894); Stewart Culin, <i>Korean Games</i> (Philadelphia, 1895); Curzon, <i>Problems of the Far East</i> (London, 1896); -Dallet, <i>Histoire de l’glise de Kore</i> (2 vols., Paris, 1874); J. S. Gale, +Dallet, <i>Histoire de l’église de Korée</i> (2 vols., Paris, 1874); J. S. Gale, <i>Korean Sketches</i> (Edinburgh, 1898); W. E. Griffis, <i>The Hermit Nation</i> (8th and revised edition, New York, 1907); H. Hamel, <i>Relation du naufrage d’un vaisseau Halindois, &c., traduite du Flamond par M. Minutoli</i> (Paris, 1670); Okoji Hidemoto, <i>Der Feldzug der Japanir gegen Korea im Jahre 1597; translated from Japanese by Professor von Pfizmaier</i> (2 vols., Vienna, 1875); M. -Jametel, “La Kore: ses ressources, son avenir commercial,” <i>L’conomiste -franaise</i> (Paris, July 1881); Percival Lowell, <i>Chosn: The +Jametel, “La Korée: ses ressources, son avenir commercial,” <i>L’Économiste +française</i> (Paris, July 1881); Percival Lowell, <i>Chosön: The Land of the Morning Calm</i> (London, Boston, 1886); L. J. Miln, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page913" id="page913"></a>913</span> -<i>Quaint Korea</i> (Harper, New York, 1895); V. de Laguerie, <i>La Kore -indpendante, russe ou japonaise?</i> (Paris, 1898); J. Ross, <i>Korea: +<i>Quaint Korea</i> (Harper, New York, 1895); V. de Laguerie, <i>La Korée +indépendante, russe ou japonaise?</i> (Paris, 1898); J. Ross, <i>Korea: Its History, Manners and Customs</i> (Paisley, 1880); W. H. Wilkinson, <i>The Korean Government: Constitutional Changes in Korea during the period 23rd July 1894—30th June 1896</i> (Shanghai, 1896); A. Hamilton, <i>Korea</i> (London, 1903); C. J. D. Taylor, <i>Koreans at Home</i> (London, -1904); E. Boudaret, <i>En Core</i> (Paris, 1904); Laurent-Crmazy, -<i>Le Code pnal de la Core</i> (Paris, 1904); G. T. Ladd, <i>In Korea with +1904); E. Boudaret, <i>En Corée</i> (Paris, 1904); Laurent-Crémazy, +<i>Le Code pénal de la Corée</i> (Paris, 1904); G. T. Ladd, <i>In Korea with Marquis Itō</i> (London, 1908); Dictionaries and vocabularies by W. F. Myers (English secretary of Legation at Peking), the French missionaries, and others, were superseded in 1898 by a large and learned @@ -12622,7 +12583,7 @@ volume by the Rev J. S. Gale, a Presbyterian missionary, who devoted some years to the work. On geology, see C. Gottsche, “Geologische Skizze von Korea,” <i>Sitz. preuss. Akad. Wiss.</i> (Berlin, Jahrg. 1886, pp. 857-873, Pl. viii.). A summary of this paper, with a -reproduction of the map, is given by L. Pervinquire in <i>Rev. sci.</i> +reproduction of the map, is given by L. Pervinquière in <i>Rev. sci.</i> Paris, 5th series, vol. i. (1904), pp. 545-552.</p> </div> <div class="author">(I. L. B.; O. J. R. H.)</div> @@ -12637,7 +12598,7 @@ navigator who explored these seas in 1795-1798.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KOREA,<a name="ar146" id="ar146"></a></span> a tributary state of India, transferred from Bengal to the Central Provinces in 1905; area, 1631 sq. m.; pop. (1901), -35,113, or only 22 persons per sq. m.; estimated revenue, 1200. +35,113, or only 22 persons per sq. m.; estimated revenue, £1200. It consists of an elevated table-land, with hills rising to above 3000 ft. Such traffic as there is is carried by means of pack-bullocks.</p> @@ -12695,7 +12656,7 @@ race, but only 88,000 speakers of the Korku language.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KRMCZBNYA<a name="ar150" id="ar150"></a></span> (German, <i>Kremnitz</i>), an old mining town, +<p><span class="bold">KÖRMÖCZBÁNYA<a name="ar150" id="ar150"></a></span> (German, <i>Kremnitz</i>), an old mining town, in the county of Bars, in Hungary, 158 m. N. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900), 4299. It is situated in a deep valley in the Hungarian Ore Mountains region. Among its principal buildings @@ -12706,17 +12667,17 @@ Kremnitz gold ducats were formerly struck. The bulk of the inhabitants find employment in connexion with the gold and silver mines. By means of a tunnel 9 m. in length, constructed in 1851-1852, the water is drained off from the mines -into the river Gran. According to tradition, Krmczbnya was +into the river Gran. According to tradition, Körmöczbánya was founded in the 8th century by Saxons. The place is mentioned in documents in 1317, and became a royal free town in 1328, being therefore one of the oldest free towns in Hungary.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KRNER, KARL THEODOR<a name="ar151" id="ar151"></a></span> (1791-1813), German poet and +<p><span class="bold">KÖRNER, KARL THEODOR<a name="ar151" id="ar151"></a></span> (1791-1813), German poet and patriot, often called the German “Tyrtaeus,” was born at Dresden on the 23rd of September 1791. His father, Christian -Gottfried Krner (1756-1831), a distinguished Saxon jurist, was +Gottfried Körner (1756-1831), a distinguished Saxon jurist, was Schiller’s most intimate friend. He was educated at the Kreuzschule in Dresden and entered at the age of seventeen the mining academy at Freiburg in Saxony, where he remained two years. @@ -12725,12 +12686,12 @@ collection of which appeared under the title <i>Knospen</i> in 1810. In this year he went to the university of Leipzig, in order to study law; but he became involved in a serious conflict with the police and was obliged to continue his studies in Berlin. In -August 1811 Krner went to Vienna, where he devoted himself +August 1811 Körner went to Vienna, where he devoted himself entirely to literary pursuits; he became engaged to the actress Antonie Adamberger, and, after the success of several plays produced in 1812, he was appointed poet to the Hofburgtheater. When the German nation rose against the French yoke, in 1813, -Krner gave up all his prospects at Vienna and joined Ltzow’s +Körner gave up all his prospects at Vienna and joined Lützow’s famous corps of volunteers at Breslau. On his march to Leipzig he passed through Dresden, where he issued his spirited <i>Aufruf an die Sachsen</i>, in which he called upon his countrymen to rise @@ -12740,33 +12701,33 @@ on the 7th of June, when he was severely wounded. After being nursed by friends at Leipzig and Carlsbad, he rejoined his corps and fell in an engagement outside a wood near Gadebusch in Mecklenburg on the 26th of August 1813. He was buried by his -comrades under an oak close to the village of Wbbelin, where +comrades under an oak close to the village of Wöbbelin, where there is a monument to him.</p> -<p>The abiding interest in Krner is patriotic and political rather +<p>The abiding interest in Körner is patriotic and political rather than literary. His fame as a poet rests upon his patriotic lyrics, which were published by his father under the title <i>Leier und Schwert</i> in 1814. These songs, which fired the poet’s comrades to deeds of heroism in 1813, bear eloquent testimony to the intensity of the national feeling against Napoleon, but judged as literature they contain more bombast than poetry. Among -the best known are “Ltzow’s wilde verwegene Jagd,” “Gebet -whrend der Schlacht” (set to music by Weber) and “Das +the best known are “Lützow’s wilde verwegene Jagd,” “Gebet +während der Schlacht” (set to music by Weber) and “Das Schwertlied.” This last was written immediately before his death, and the last stanza added on the fatal morning. As a -dramatist Krner was remarkably prolific, but his comedies +dramatist Körner was remarkably prolific, but his comedies hardly touch the level of Kotzebue’s and his tragedies, of which the best is <i>Zriny</i> (1814), are rhetorical imitations of Schiller’s.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>His works have passed through many editions. Among the more -recent are: <i>Smtliche Werke</i> (Stuttgart, 1890), edited by Adolf +recent are: <i>Sämtliche Werke</i> (Stuttgart, 1890), edited by Adolf Stern; by H. Zimmer (2 vols., Leipzig, 1893) and by E. Goetze (Berlin, 1900). The most valuable contributions to our knowledge of the poet have been furnished by E. Peschel, the founder and director -of the Krner Museum in Dresden, in <i>Theodor Krners Tagebuch +of the Körner Museum in Dresden, in <i>Theodor Körners Tagebuch und Kriegslieder, aus dem Jahre 1813</i> (Freiburg, 1893) and, in -conjunction with E. Wildenow, <i>Theodor Krner und die Seinen</i> +conjunction with E. Wildenow, <i>Theodor Körner und die Seinen</i> (Leipzig, 1898).</p> </div> @@ -12799,16 +12760,16 @@ invasions.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page914" id="page914"></a>914</span></p> -<p><span class="bold">KORSR,<a name="ar154" id="ar154"></a></span> a seaport of Denmark, in the <i>amt</i> (county) of the +<p><span class="bold">KORSÖR,<a name="ar154" id="ar154"></a></span> a seaport of Denmark, in the <i>amt</i> (county) of the island of Zealand, 69 m. by rail W.S.W. of Copenhagen, on the east shore of the Great Belt. Pop. (1901), 6054. The harbour, which is formed by a bay of the Baltic, has a depth throughout of 20 ft. It is the point of departure and arrival of the steam -ferry to Nyborg on Fnen, lying on the Hamburg, Schleswig, +ferry to Nyborg on Fünen, lying on the Hamburg, Schleswig, Fredericia and Copenhagen route. There is also regular communication by water with Kiel. The chief exports are fish, cereals, bacon; imports, petroleum and coal. A market town -since the 14th century, Korsr has ruins of an old fortified castle, +since the 14th century, Korsör has ruins of an old fortified castle, on the south side of the channel, dating from the 14th and 17th centuries.</p> @@ -12863,8 +12824,8 @@ sacrifices are made to evil spirits, the heads of the victims being placed on stones facing east.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See G. Kennan, <i>Tent Life in Siberia</i> (1871); “ber die Koriaken -u. ihnen nhe verwandten Tchouktchen,” in <i>Bul. Acad. Sc. St. +<p>See G. Kennan, <i>Tent Life in Siberia</i> (1871); “Über die Koriaken +u. ihnen nähe verwandten Tchouktchen,” in <i>Bul. Acad. Sc. St. Petersburg</i>, xii. 99.</p> </div> @@ -13092,8 +13053,8 @@ of the Poles and Poland</i> (Posen, 1843).</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See Jozef Zajaczek, <i>History of the Revolution of</i> 1794 (Pol.) (Lemberg, -1881); Leonard Jakob Borejko Chodzko, <i>Biographie du gnral -Kosciuszko</i> (Fontainebleau, 1837); Karol Falkenstein, <i>Thaddus +1881); Leonard Jakob Borejko Chodzko, <i>Biographie du général +Kosciuszko</i> (Fontainebleau, 1837); Karol Falkenstein, <i>Thaddäus Kosciuszko</i> (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1834; French ed., Paris, 1839); Antoni Choloniewski, <i>Tadeusz Kosciuszko</i> (Pol.) (Lemberg, 1902); Franciszek Rychlicki, <i>T. Kosciuszko and the Partition of Poland</i> (Pol.) (Cracow, @@ -13103,11 +13064,11 @@ Rychlicki, <i>T. Kosciuszko and the Partition of Poland</i> (Pol.) (Cracow, <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KSEN,<a name="ar159" id="ar159"></a></span> a village and summer resort of Germany, in the +<p><span class="bold">KÖSEN,<a name="ar159" id="ar159"></a></span> a village and summer resort of Germany, in the Prussian province of Saxony, 33 m. by rail S. by W. of Halle, on the Saale. Pop. (1905), 2990. The town has a mineral spring, which is used for bathing, being efficacious for rheumatism and other -complaints. Ksen, which became a town in 1869, has large +complaints. Kösen, which became a town in 1869, has large mill-works; it has a trade in wood and wine. On the adjacent Rudelsburg, where there is a ruined castle, the German students have erected a monument to their comrades who fell in the @@ -13117,8 +13078,8 @@ as the central meeting-place of the German students’ corps, which hold an annual congress here every Whitsuntide.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Techow, <i>Fhrer durch Ksen und Umgegend</i> (Ksen, 1889); -and Rosenberg, <i>Ksen</i> (Naumburg, 1877).</p> +<p>See Techow, <i>Führer durch Kösen und Umgegend</i> (Kösen, 1889); +and Rosenberg, <i>Kösen</i> (Naumburg, 1877).</p> </div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page916" id="page916"></a>916</span></p> @@ -13154,7 +13115,7 @@ killing.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KSLIN,<a name="ar161" id="ar161"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Cslin</span>, a town of Germany, in the Prussian +<p><span class="bold">KÖSLIN,<a name="ar161" id="ar161"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Cöslin</span>, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Pomerania, at the foot of the Gollenberg (450 ft.), 5 m. from the Baltic, and 105 m. N.E. of Stettin by rail. Pop. (1905), 21,474. The town has two Evangelical and a Roman @@ -13163,7 +13124,7 @@ dumb asylum. In the large market place is the statue of the Prussian king Frederick William I., erected in 1824, and there is a war memorial on the Friedrich Wilhelm Platz. The industries include the manufacture of soap, tobacco, machinery, paper, -bricks and tiles, beer and other goods. Kslin was built about +bricks and tiles, beer and other goods. Köslin was built about 1188 by the Saxons, and raised to the rank of a town in 1266. In 1532 it accepted the doctrines of the Reformation. It was severely tried in the Thirty Years’ War and in the Seven Years’ @@ -13180,25 +13141,25 @@ about 1,100,000; area, 12,700 sq. m. For an account of the physical features of Kossovo, see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Albania</a></span> and <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Macedonia</a></span>. The inhabitants are chiefly Albanians and Slavs, with smaller communities of Greeks, Turks, Vlachs and gipsies. A few good -roads traverse the vilayet (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Uskb</a></span>), and the railway from -Salonica northward bifurcates at Uskb, the capital, one branch +roads traverse the vilayet (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Usküb</a></span>), and the railway from +Salonica northward bifurcates at Usküb, the capital, one branch going to Mitrovitza in Albania, the other to Nish in Servia. Despite the undoubted mineral wealth of the vilayet, the only mines working in 1907 were two chrome mines, at Orasha and Verbeshtitza. In the volume of its agricultural trade, however, Kossovo is unsurpassed by any Turkish province. The exports, -worth about 950,000, include livestock, large quantities of +worth about £950,000, include livestock, large quantities of grain and fruit, tobacco, vegetables, opium, hemp and skins. Rice is cultivated for local consumption, and sericulture is a growing industry, encouraged by the Administration of the Ottoman Debt. The yearly value of the imports is approximately -1,200,000; these include machinery and other manufactured +£1,200,000; these include machinery and other manufactured goods, metals, groceries, chemical products and petroleum, which is used in the flour-mills and factories on account of the prohibitive price of coal. There is practically no trade with Adriatic ports; two-thirds of both exports and imports pass through Salonica, the remainder going by rail into Servia. The -chief towns, Uskb (32,000), Prizren (30,000), Koprl (22,000), +chief towns, Usküb (32,000), Prizren (30,000), Koprülü (22,000), Ishtib [Slav. <i>Stip</i>] (21,000), Novibazar (12,000) and Prishtina (11,000) are described in separate articles.</p> @@ -13231,13 +13192,13 @@ to settle in his native land and took the oath of allegiance. As early as 1867 he had been twice elected a member of the Hungarian diet, but on both occasions refused to accept the mandate. On the 10th of April 1895 he was returned for Tapolca and in 1896 -for Cegld, and from that time took an active part in Hungarian +for Cegléd, and from that time took an active part in Hungarian politics. In the autumn of 1898 he became the leader of the obstructionists or “Independence Party,” against the successive -Szell, Khuen-Hadervry, Szpry and Stephen Tisza administrations +Szell, Khuen-Haderváry, Szápáry and Stephen Tisza administrations (1898-1904), exercising great influence not only in parliament but upon the public at large through his articles in -the <i>Egyetrts</i>. The elections of 1905 having sent his party back +the <i>Egyetértés</i>. The elections of 1905 having sent his party back with a large majority, he was received in audience by the king and helped to construct the Wekerle ministry, of which he was one of the most distinguished members.</p> @@ -13255,12 +13216,12 @@ the 19th of September 1802. His father, who was descended from an old untitled noble family and possessed a small estate, was by profession an advocate. Louis, who was the eldest of four children, received from his mother a strict religious training. -His education was completed at the Calvinist college of Srospatak +His education was completed at the Calvinist college of Sárospatak and at the university of Budapest. At the age of nineteen he returned home and began practice with his father. His talents and amiability soon won him great popularity, especially among the peasants. He was also appointed steward to the countess -Szpry, a widow with large estates, and as her representative +Szápáry, a widow with large estates, and as her representative had a seat in the county assembly. This position he lost owing to a quarrel with his patroness, and he was accused of appropriating money to pay a gambling debt. His fault cannot have @@ -13401,13 +13362,13 @@ the direction of the whole government. Not a soldier himself, he had to control and direct the movements of armies; can we be surprised if he failed, or if he was unable to keep control over the generals or to establish that military co-operation so essential -to success? Especially it was Grgei (<i>q.v.</i>) whose great abilities +to success? Especially it was Görgei (<i>q.v.</i>) whose great abilities he was the first to recognize, who refused obedience; the two men were in truth the very opposite to one another: the one all feeling, enthusiasm, sensibility; the other cold, stoical, reckless of life. Twice Kossuth deposed him from the command; twice he had to restore him. It would have been well if Kossuth had had something -more of Grgei’s calculated ruthlessness, for, as has been +more of Görgei’s calculated ruthlessness, for, as has been truly said, the revolutionary power he had seized could only be held by revolutionary means; but he was by nature soft-hearted and always merciful; though often audacious, he lacked decision @@ -13422,7 +13383,7 @@ march to the relief of Vienna; after the defeat of Schwechat, at which he was present, he sent Bem to carry on the war in Transylvania. At the end of the year, when the Austrians were approaching Pesth, he asked for the mediation of Mr Stiles, the -American envoy. Windischgrtz, however, refused all terms, +American envoy. Windischgrätz, however, refused all terms, and the Diet and government fled to Debrecszin, Kossuth taking with him the regalia of St Stephen, the sacred Palladium of the Hungarian nation. Immediately after the accession of the @@ -13442,8 +13403,8 @@ government was left undecided, but Kossuth was appointed responsible governor. The hopes of ultimate success were frustrated by the intervention of Russia; all appeals to the western powers were vain, and on the 11th of August Kossuth abdicated -in favour of Grgei, on the ground that in the last extremity the -general alone could save the nation. How Grgei used his +in favour of Görgei, on the ground that in the last extremity the +general alone could save the nation. How Görgei used his authority to surrender is well known; the capitulation was indeed inevitable, but a greater man than Kossuth would not have avoided the last duty of conducting the negotiations so as to get @@ -13571,9 +13532,9 @@ excellent timber for ship-building, and in many cases still untouched, occupy 61% of the area of the government. The export of timber is greatly facilitated by the navigable tributaries of the Volga, <i>e.g.</i> the Kostroma, Unzha, Neya, Vioksa and -Vetluga. The climate is severe; frosts of −22 F. are common -in January, and the mean temperature of the year is only 3.1 -(summer, 64.5; winter, −13.3). The population, which numbered +Vetluga. The climate is severe; frosts of −22° F. are common +in January, and the mean temperature of the year is only 3°.1 +(summer, 64°.5; winter, −13°.3). The population, which numbered 1,176,000 in 1870 and 1,424,171 in 1897, is almost entirely Russian. The estimated population in 1906 was 1,596,700. Out of 20,000,000 acres, 7,861,500 acres belong to private owners, @@ -13633,9 +13594,9 @@ wooden wares.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KSZEG<a name="ar168" id="ar168"></a></span> (Ger. <i>Gns</i>), a town in the county of Vas, in Hungary, +<p><span class="bold">KÖSZEG<a name="ar168" id="ar168"></a></span> (Ger. <i>Güns</i>), a town in the county of Vas, in Hungary, 173 m. W. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900), 7422. It is -pleasantly situated in the valley of the Gns, and is dominated +pleasantly situated in the valley of the Güns, and is dominated towards the west by the peaks of Altenhaus (2000 ft.) and of the Geschriebene Stein (2900 ft.). It possesses a castle of Count Esterhazy, a modern Roman Catholic Church in Gothic style and @@ -13646,8 +13607,8 @@ Jurisics against a large army of Sultan Soliman, in July-August 1532, which frustrated the advance of the Turks to Vienna for that year.</p> -<p>To the south-east of Kszeg, at the confluence of the Gns with -the Raab, is situated the town of Srvr (pop. 3158), formerly +<p>To the south-east of Köszeg, at the confluence of the Güns with +the Raab, is situated the town of Sárvár (pop. 3158), formerly fortified, where in 1526 the first printing press in Hungary was established.</p> @@ -13678,7 +13639,7 @@ against his father Jahangir. In 1897 a considerable portion of the area taken to form Jhalawar (<i>q.v.</i>) in 1838 was restored to Kotah. In 1901 the population was 544,879, showing a decrease of 24% due to the results of famine. The estimated revenue -is 206,000; tribute, 28,000. The maharao Umad Singh, was +is £206,000; tribute, £28,000. The maharao Umad Singh, was born in 1873, and succeeded in 1889. He was educated at the Mayo College, Ajmere, and became a major in the British army. A continuation of the branch line of the Indian Midland railway @@ -13740,7 +13701,7 @@ river.</p> town, he went in his sixteenth year to the university of Jena, and afterwards studied about a year in Duisburg. In 1780 he completed his legal course and was admitted an advocate. -Through the influence of Graf Grtz, Prussian ambassador at +Through the influence of Graf Görtz, Prussian ambassador at the Russian court, he became secretary of the governor-general of St Petersburg. In 1783 he received the appointment of assessor to the high court of appeal in Reval, where he married @@ -13759,7 +13720,7 @@ the Russian service, and lived for a time in Paris and Mainz; he then settled in 1795 on an estate which he had acquired near Reval and gave himself up to literary work. Within a few years he published six volumes of miscellaneous sketches and stories -(<i>Die jngsten Kinder meiner Laune</i>, 1793-1796) and more than +(<i>Die jüngsten Kinder meiner Laune</i>, 1793-1796) and more than twenty plays, the majority of which were translated into several European languages. In 1798 he accepted the office of dramatist to the court theatre in Vienna, but owing to differences with @@ -13779,7 +13740,7 @@ Paul died, and again settled in Weimar; he found it, however, as impossible as ever to gain a footing in literary society, and turned his steps to Berlin, where in association with Garlieb Merkel (1769-1850) he edited <i>Der -Freimtige</i> (1803-1807) and began his <i>Almanach dramatischer +Freimütige</i> (1803-1807) and began his <i>Almanach dramatischer Spiele</i> (1803-1820). Towards the end of 1806 he was once more in Russia, and in the security of his estate in Esthonia wrote many satirical articles against Napoleon in his journals @@ -13800,8 +13761,8 @@ strict supervision.</p> <p>Besides his plays, Kotzebue wrote several historical works, which, however, are too one-sided and prejudiced to have much value. Of more interest are his autobiographical writings, -<i>Meine Flucht nach Paris im Winter</i> 1790 (1791), <i>ber meinen -Aufenthalt in Wien</i> (1799), <i>Das merkwrdigste Jahr meines +<i>Meine Flucht nach Paris im Winter</i> 1790 (1791), <i>Über meinen +Aufenthalt in Wien</i> (1799), <i>Das merkwürdigste Jahr meines Lebens</i> (1801), <i>Erinnerungen aus Paris</i> (1804), and <i>Erinnerungen von meiner Reise aus Liefland nach Rom und Neapel</i> (1805). As a dramatist he was extraordinarily prolific, his plays numbering @@ -13814,7 +13775,7 @@ the unerring instinct for the theatre; and his influence on the <i>technique</i> of the modern drama from Scribe to Sardou and from Bauernfeld to Sudermann is unmistakable. Kotzebue is to be seen to best advantage in his comedies, such as <i>Der Wildfang</i>, -<i>Die beiden Klingsberg</i> and <i>Die deutschen Kleinstdter</i>, which +<i>Die beiden Klingsberg</i> and <i>Die deutschen Kleinstädter</i>, which contain admirable genre pictures of German life. These plays held the stage in Germany long after the once famous <i>Menschenhass und Reue</i> (known in England as <i>The Stranger</i>), <i>Graf Benjowsky</i>, @@ -13825,10 +13786,10 @@ were forgotten.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Two collections of Kotzebue’s dramas were published during his lifetime: <i>Schauspiele</i> (5 vols., 1797); <i>Neue Schauspiele</i> (23 vols., -1798-1820). His <i>Smtliche dramatische Werke</i> appeared in 44 vols., in +1798-1820). His <i>Sämtliche dramatische Werke</i> appeared in 44 vols., in 1827-1829, and again, under the title <i>Theater</i>, in 40 vols., in 1840-1841. A selection of his plays in 10 vols, appeared at Leipzig in 1867-1868. -Cp. H. Dring, <i>A. von Kotzebues Leben</i> (1830); W. von Kotzebue, +Cp. H. Döring, <i>A. von Kotzebues Leben</i> (1830); W. von Kotzebue, <i>A. von Kotzebue</i> (1881); Ch. Rabany, <i>Kotzebue, sa vie et son temps</i> (1893); W. Sellier, <i>Kotzebue in England</i> (1901).</p> </div> @@ -13951,7 +13912,7 @@ and comprises the entire inflorescence or panicle kept in form by a band wound transversely round it. The active principle is koussin or kosin, C<span class="su">31</span>H<span class="su">38</span>O<span class="su">10</span>, which is soluble in alcohol and alkalis, and may be given in doses of thirty grains. Kousso -is also used in the form of an unstrained infusion of to oz. +is also used in the form of an unstrained infusion of ¼ to ½ oz. of the coarsely powdered flowers, which are swallowed with the liquid. It is considered to be an effectual vermifuge for <i>Taenia solium</i>. In its anthelmintic action it is nearly allied to male @@ -13970,11 +13931,11 @@ This led her, in 1868, to contract one of those conventional marriages in vogue at the time, with a young student, Waldemar Kovalevsky, and the two went together to Germany to continue their studies. In 1869 she went to Heidelberg, where -she studied under H. von Helmholtz, G. R. Kirchhoff, L. Knigsberger +she studied under H. von Helmholtz, G. R. Kirchhoff, L. Königsberger and P. du Bois-Reymond, and from 1871-1874 read privately with Karl Weierstrass at Berlin, as the public lectures were not then open to women. In 1874 the university of -Gttingen granted her a degree <i>in absentia</i>, excusing her from +Göttingen granted her a degree <i>in absentia</i>, excusing her from the oral examination on account of the remarkable excellence of the three dissertations sent in, one of which, on the theory of partial differential equations, is one of her most remarkable @@ -14005,7 +13966,7 @@ election to membership of the St Petersburg Academy of Science.</p> <p>See E. de Kerbedz, “Sophie de Kowalevski,” <i>Benidiconti del circolo mathematico di Palermo</i> (1891); the obituary notice by G. Mittag Leffler in the <i>Acta mathematica</i>, vol. xvi.; and J. C. Poggendorff, -<i>Biographisch-literarisches Handwrterbuch</i>.</p> +<i>Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch</i>.</p> </div> @@ -14024,12 +13985,12 @@ is either a sandy clay or a more fertile kind of black earth. The government is drained by the Niemen, Windau, Courland Aa and Dvina, which have navigable tributaries. In the flat depressions covered with boulder-clays there are many lakes and marshes, -while forests occupy about 25% of the surface. The climate is +while forests occupy about 25½% of the surface. The climate is comparatively mild, the mean temperature at the city of Kovno -being 44F. The population was 1,156,040 in 1870, and 1,553,244 +being 44°F. The population was 1,156,040 in 1870, and 1,553,244 in 1897. The estimated population in 1906 was 1,683,600. It is varied, consisting of Lithuanians proper and Zhmuds -(together 74%), Jews (14%), Germans (2%), Poles (9%), with +(together 74%), Jews (14%), Germans (2½%), Poles (9%), with Letts and Russians; 76.6% are Roman Catholics, 13.7% Jews, 4.5% Protestants, and 5% belong to the Greek Church. Of the total 788,102 were women in 1897 and 147,878 were classed as @@ -14073,14 +14034,14 @@ with the Viliya, 550 m. S.W. of St Petersburg by rail, and 55 m. from the Prussian frontier. Pop. (1863), 23,937; (1903), 73,743, nearly one-half being Jews. It consists of a cramped Old Town and a New Town stretching up the side of the Niemen. It is a -first-class fortress, being surrounded at a mean distance of 2 m. +first-class fortress, being surrounded at a mean distance of 2½ m. by a girdle of forts, eleven in number. The town lies for the most part in the fork and is guarded by three forts in the direction of Vilna, one covers the Vilna bridge, while the southern approaches are protected by seven. Kovno commands and bars the railway Vilna-Eydtkuhnen. Its factories produce nails, wire-work and other metal goods, mead and bone-meal. It is -an important entrept for timber, cereals, flax, flour, spirits, +an important entrepôt for timber, cereals, flax, flour, spirits, bone-meal, fish, coal and building-stone passing from and to Prussia. The city possesses some 15th-century churches. It was founded in the 11th century; and from 1384 to 1398 belonged @@ -14165,8 +14126,8 @@ the road to the Nuremberg cemetery.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See <i>Adam Krafft und seine Schule</i>, by Friedrich Wanderer (1869); -<i>Adam Krafft und die Knstler seiner Zeit</i>, by Berthold Daun (1897); -Albert Gmbel in <i>Repertorium fr Kunstwissenschaft</i>, Bd. xxv. Heft 5, +<i>Adam Krafft und die Künstler seiner Zeit</i>, by Berthold Daun (1897); +Albert Gümbel in <i>Repertorium für Kunstwissenschaft</i>, Bd. xxv. Heft 5, 1902.</p> </div> @@ -14273,7 +14234,7 @@ brilliant sunset glows to which they gave rise. Within the tropics they were at first borne along by air-currents at an estimated rate of about 73 m. an hour from east to west, until within a period of six weeks they were diffused over -nearly the whole space between the latitudes 30 N. and 45 S. +nearly the whole space between the latitudes 30° N. and 45° S. Eventually they spread northwards and southwards and were carried over North and South America, Europe, Asia, South Africa and Australasia. In the Old World they spread from the @@ -14283,7 +14244,7 @@ north of Scandinavia to the Cape of Good Hope.</p> disturbance of the atmosphere. The culminating paroxysm on the morning of the 27th of August gave rise to an atmospheric wave or oscillation, which, travelling outwards from the volcano -as a centre, became a great circle at 180 from its point +as a centre, became a great circle at 180° from its point of origin, whence it continued travelling onwards and contracting till it reached a node at the antipodes to Krakatoa. It was then reflected or reproduced, travelling backwards again to the @@ -14511,13 +14472,13 @@ lack of pupils compelled him to move to Rudolstadt and later to Dresden, where he gave lessons in music. In 1805 his ideal of a universal world-society led him to join the Freemasons, whose principles seemed to tend in the direction he desired. He -published two books on Freemasonry, <i>Die drei ltesten Kunsturkunden -der Freimaurerbrderschaft</i> and <i>Hhere Vergeistigung -der echt berlieferten Grundsymbole der Freimaurerei</i>, but his +published two books on Freemasonry, <i>Die drei ältesten Kunsturkunden +der Freimaurerbrüderschaft</i> and <i>Höhere Vergeistigung +der echt überlieferten Grundsymbole der Freimaurerei</i>, but his opinions drew upon him the opposition of the Masons. He lived for a time in Berlin and became a <i>privatdozent</i>, but was unable to obtain a professorship. He therefore proceeded to -Gttingen and afterwards to Munich, where he died of apoplexy +Göttingen and afterwards to Munich, where he died of apoplexy at the very moment when the influence of Franz von Baader had at last obtained a position for him.</p> @@ -14558,7 +14519,7 @@ He makes use of germanized foreign terms which are unintelligible to the ordinary man. His principal works are (beside those quoted above): <i>Entwurf des Systems der Philosophie</i> (1804); <i>System der Sittenlehre</i> (1810); <i>Das Urbild der Menschheit</i> (1811); -and <i>Vorlesungen ber das System der Philosophie</i> (1828). He left +and <i>Vorlesungen über das System der Philosophie</i> (1828). He left behind him at his death a mass of unpublished notes, part of which has been collected and published by his disciples, H. Ahrens (1808-1874), Leonhardi, Tiberghien and others.</p> @@ -14569,7 +14530,7 @@ Krauses</i> (1839); P. Hohlfeld, <i>Die Krausesche Philosophie</i> (1879); A. Procksch, <i>Krause, ein Lebensbild nach seinen Briefen</i> (1880); R. Eucken, <i>Zur Erinnerung an Krause</i> (1881); B. Martin, <i>Krauses Leben und Bedeutung</i> (1881), and Histories of Philosophy by Zeller, -Windelband and Hffding.</p> +Windelband and Höffding.</p> </div> @@ -14620,8 +14581,8 @@ in France. He distinguished himself at Famars, Charleroi, Fleurus, Weissenberg, and indeed at almost every encounter with the troops of the French Republic. In the celebrated campaign of 1796 on the Rhine and Danube he did conspicuous service as -a corps commander. At Wetzlar he defeated Klber, and at -Amberg and Wrzburg he was largely responsible for the victory +a corps commander. At Wetzlar he defeated Kléber, and at +Amberg and Würzburg he was largely responsible for the victory of the archduke Charles. In the following year he was less successful, being twice defeated on the Lahn and the Main. Kray commanded in Italy in 1799, and reconquered from the @@ -14710,11 +14671,11 @@ adjoining town of Stein (pop., 4299).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KREMSIER,<a name="ar200" id="ar200"></a></span> (Czech, <i>Kroměřž</i>), a town of Austria, in Moravia, -37 m. E. by N. of Brnn by rail. Pop. (1900), 13,991, mostly +<p><span class="bold">KREMSIER,<a name="ar200" id="ar200"></a></span> (Czech, <i>Kroměříž</i>), a town of Austria, in Moravia, +37 m. E. by N. of Brünn by rail. Pop. (1900), 13,991, mostly Czech. It is situated on the March, in the fertile region of the Hanna, and not far from the confluence of these two rivers. It -is the summer residence of the bishop of Olmtz, whose palace, +is the summer residence of the bishop of Olmütz, whose palace, surrounded by a fine park and gardens, and containing a picture gallery, library and various collections, forms the chief object of interest. Its industries include the manufacture of machinery @@ -14744,7 +14705,7 @@ Day”) may be named as the most excellent. Kreutzer was a prolific composer, and wrote a number of operas for the theatre at Vienna, which have disappeared from the stage and are not likely to be revived. He was from 1812 to 1816 Kapellmeister -to the king of Wrttemberg, and in 1840 became conductor of +to the king of Württemberg, and in 1840 became conductor of the opera at Cologne. His daughter, Cecilia Kreutzer, was a singer of some renown.</p> @@ -14777,7 +14738,7 @@ the birthplace of the novelist Gustav Freytag.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KREUZNACH<a name="ar204" id="ar204"></a></span> (<i>Creuznach</i>), a town and watering-place of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine province, situated on the Nahe, -a tributary of the Rhine, 9 m. by rail S. of Bingerbrck. Pop. +a tributary of the Rhine, 9 m. by rail S. of Bingerbrück. Pop. (1900), 21,321. It consists of the old town on the right bank of the river, the new town on the left, and the Bade Insel (bath island), connected by a fine stone bridge. The town has two @@ -14812,7 +14773,7 @@ hill above Kreuznach.</p> <p>See Schneegans, <i>Historisch-topographische Beschreibung Kreuznachs und seiner Umgebung</i> (7th ed., 1904); Engelmann, <i>Kreuznach und seine Heilquellen</i> (8th ed., 1890); and Stabel, <i>Das Solbad -Kreuznach fr rzte dargestellt</i> (Kreuznach, 1887).</p> +Kreuznach für Ärzte dargestellt</i> (Kreuznach, 1887).</p> </div> @@ -14822,8 +14783,8 @@ still used to some extent in England, for the War Game (<i>q.v.</i>).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KRIEMHILD<a name="ar206" id="ar206"></a></span> (<i>Grmhild</i>), the heroine of the Nibelungenlied -and wife of the hero Siegfried. The name (from O. H. Ger. <i>grma</i>, +<p><span class="bold">KRIEMHILD<a name="ar206" id="ar206"></a></span> (<i>Grîmhild</i>), the heroine of the Nibelungenlied +and wife of the hero Siegfried. The name (from O. H. Ger. <i>grîma</i>, a mask or helm, and <i>hiltja</i> or <i>hilta</i>, war) means “the masked warrior woman,” and has been taken to prove her to have been originally a mythical, daemonic figure, an impersonation of the @@ -14832,37 +14793,37 @@ powers of darkness and of death. In the north, indeed, the name to be applied only to daemonic beings; but in Germany, the original home of the Nibelungen myth, it certainly lost all trace of this significance, and in the <i>Nibelungenlied</i> Kriemhild is no -more than a beautiful princess, the daughter of King Dancrt +more than a beautiful princess, the daughter of King Dancrât and Queen Uote, and sister of the Burgundian kings Gunther, -Giselhr and Grnt, the masters of the Nibelungen hoard. As +Giselhêr and Gêrnôt, the masters of the Nibelungen hoard. As she appears in the Nibelungen legend, however, Kriemhild would seem to have an historical origin, as the wife of Attila, king of the Huns, as well as sister of the Nibelung kings. According to Jordanes (c. 49), who takes his information from the contemporary and trustworthy account of Priscus, Attila died of a violent hemorrhage at night, as he lay beside a girl named -Ildico (<i>i.e.</i> O. H. Ger. Hildik). The story got abroad that he +Ildico (<i>i.e.</i> O. H. Ger. Hildikô). The story got abroad that he had perished by the hand of a woman in revenge for her relations slain by him; according to some (<i>e.g.</i> Saxo Poeta and the Quedlinburg chronicle) it was her father whom she revenged; but when the treacherous overthrow of the Burgundians by Attila had become a theme for epic poets, she figured as a Burgundian princess, and her act as done in revenge for her brothers. Now -the name Hildik is the diminutive of Hilda or Hild, which again—in accordance with a custom common enough—may have -been used as an abbreviation of Grmhild (cf. <i>Hildr</i> for <i>Brynhildr</i>). +the name Hildikô is the diminutive of Hilda or Hild, which again—in accordance with a custom common enough—may have +been used as an abbreviation of Grîmhild (cf. <i>Hildr</i> for <i>Brynhildr</i>). It has been suggested (Symons, <i>Heldensage</i>, p. 55) that when the legend of the overthrow of the Burgundians, which took place in 437, became attached to that of the death of Attila (453), Hild, the supposed sister of the Burgundian kings, was -identified with the daemonic Grmhild, the sister of the mythical +identified with the daemonic Grîmhild, the sister of the mythical Nibelung brothers, and thus helped the process by which the Nibelung myth became fused with the historical story of the fall of the Burgundian kingdom. The older story, according to -which Grmhild slays her husband Attila in revenge for her -brothers, is preserved in the Norse tradition, though Grmhild’s +which Grîmhild slays her husband Attila in revenge for her +brothers, is preserved in the Norse tradition, though Grîmhild’s part is played by Gudrun, a change probably due to the fact, -mentioned above, that the name Grmhild still retained in the -north its sinister significance. The name of Grmhild is transferred +mentioned above, that the name Grîmhild still retained in the +north its sinister significance. The name of Grîmhild is transferred to Gudrun’s mother, the “wise wife,” a semi-daemonic figure, who brews the potion that makes Sigurd forget his love for Brunhild and his plighted troth. In the <i>Nibelungenlied</i>, @@ -14896,7 +14857,7 @@ St Petersburg, in the hope of securing a government pension; and there Kriloff obtained a post in the civil service, but he gave it up immediately after his mother’s death in 1788. Already in 1783 he had sold to a bookseller a comedy of his own composition, -and by this means had procured for himself the works of Molire, +and by this means had procured for himself the works of Molière, Racine, Boileau; and now, probably under the influence of these writers, he produced <i>Philomela</i> and <i>Cleopatra</i>, which gave him access to the dramatic circle of Knyazhin. Several attempts @@ -14997,10 +14958,10 @@ college. Coloured clay figures are manufactured.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KRISTIANSTAD<a name="ar210" id="ar210"></a></span> (<span class="sc">Christianstad</span>), a port of Sweden, chief -town of the district (<i>ln</i>) of Kristianstad, on a peninsula in Lake -Sjvik, an expansion of the river Helge, 10 m. from the Baltic. +town of the district (<i>län</i>) of Kristianstad, on a peninsula in Lake +Sjövik, an expansion of the river Helge, 10 m. from the Baltic. Pop. (1900), 10,318. Its harbour, custom-house, &c., are at -hus at the mouth of the river. It is among the first twelve +Åhus at the mouth of the river. It is among the first twelve manufacturing towns of Sweden as regards value of output, having engineering works, flour-mills, distilleries, weaving mills and sugar factories. Granite and wood-pulp are exported, and @@ -15069,8 +15030,8 @@ town of Russia, the chief naval station of the Russian fleet in the northern seas, and the seat of the Russian admiralty. Pop. (1867), 45,115; (1897), 59,539. It is situated on the island of Kotlin, near the head of the Gulf of Finland, 20 m. W. of -St Petersburg, of which it is the chief port, in 59 59 30 N. and -29 46 30 E. Kronstadt, always strong, has been thoroughly +St Petersburg, of which it is the chief port, in 59° 59´ 30´´ N. and +29° 46´ 30´´ E. Kronstadt, always strong, has been thoroughly refortified on modern principles. The old “three-decker” forts, five in number, which formerly constituted the principal defences of the place, and defied the Anglo-French fleets during @@ -15082,7 +15043,7 @@ All these modern fortifications are low and thickly armoured earthworks, powerfully armed with heavy Krupp guns in turrets. The town itself is surrounded with an <i>enceinte</i>. The island of Kotlin, or Kettle (Finn., <i>Retusari</i>, or Rat Island) in -general outline forms an elongated triangle, 7 m. in length by +general outline forms an elongated triangle, 7½ m. in length by about 1 in breadth, with its base towards St Petersburg. The eastern or broad end is occupied by the town of Kronstadt, and shoals extend for a mile and a half from the western point of @@ -15180,7 +15141,7 @@ University, he elected to join a Siberian Cossack regiment in the recently annexed Amur district, where there were prospects of administrative work. For some time he was aide de camp to the governor of Transbaikalia at Chita, subsequently being -appointed attach for Cossack affairs to the governor-general of +appointed attaché for Cossack affairs to the governor-general of East Siberia at Irkutsk. Opportunities for administrative work, however, were scanty, and in 1864 Kropotkin accepted charge of a geographical survey expedition, crossing North Manchuria @@ -15211,7 +15172,7 @@ he visited Switzerland, and became a member of the International Workingmen’s Association at Geneva. The socialism of this body was not, however, advanced enough for his views, and after studying the programme of the more violent Jura -Federation at Neuchtel and spending some time in the company +Federation at Neuchâtel and spending some time in the company of the leading members, he definitely adopted the creed of anarchism (<i>q.v.</i>) and, on returning to Russia, took an active part in spreading the nihilist propaganda. In 1874 he was arrested @@ -15220,7 +15181,7 @@ removing after a short stay to Switzerland, where he joined the Jura Federation. In 1877 he went to Paris, where he helped to start the socialist movement, returning to Switzerland in 1878, where he edited for the Jura Federation a revolutionary newspaper, -<i>Le Rvolt</i>, subsequently also publishing various revolutionary +<i>Le Révolté</i>, subsequently also publishing various revolutionary pamphlets. Shortly after the assassination of the tsar Alexander II. (1881) Kropotkin was expelled from Switzerland by the Swiss government, and after a short stay at Thonon (Savoy) @@ -15237,8 +15198,8 @@ and settled near London.</p> <p>Prince Kropotkin’s authority as a writer on Russia is universally acknowledged, and he has contributed largely to the <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. Among his other works may be -named <i>Paroles d’un rvolt</i> (1884); <i>La Conqute du pain</i> (1888); -<i>L’Anarchie: sa philosophie, son idal</i> (1896); <i>The State, its Part +named <i>Paroles d’un révolté</i> (1884); <i>La Conquête du pain</i> (1888); +<i>L’Anarchie: sa philosophie, son idéal</i> (1896); <i>The State, its Part in History</i> (1898); <i>Fields, Factories and Workshops</i> (1899); <i>Memoirs of a Revolutionist</i> (1900); <i>Mutual Aid, a Factor of Evolution</i> (1902); <i>Modern Science and Anarchism</i> (Philadelphia, @@ -15260,18 +15221,18 @@ of the Prussian postal system, formerly held by his family.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KRDENER, BARBARA JULIANA,<a name="ar218" id="ar218"></a></span> <span class="sc">Baroness von</span> (1764-1824), +<p><span class="bold">KRÜDENER, BARBARA JULIANA,<a name="ar218" id="ar218"></a></span> <span class="sc">Baroness von</span> (1764-1824), Russian religious mystic and author, was born at Riga in Livonia on the 11th of November 1764. Her father, Otto Hermann von Vietinghoff, who had fought as a colonel in Catherine II.’s wars, was one of the two councillors for Livonia -and a man of immense wealth; her mother, <i>ne</i> Countess Anna -Ulrica von Mnnich, was a grand-daughter of the celebrated +and a man of immense wealth; her mother, <i>née</i> Countess Anna +Ulrica von Münnich, was a grand-daughter of the celebrated field marshal. Juliana, as she was usually called, was one of a numerous family. Her education, according to her own account, consisted of lessons in French spelling, deportment and sewing; and at the age of eighteen (Sept. 29, 1782) she was married to -Baron Burckhard Alexis Constantin von Krdener, a widower sixteen +Baron Burckhard Alexis Constantin von Krüdener, a widower sixteen years her senior. The baron, a diplomatist of distinction, was cold and reserved; the baroness was frivolous, pleasure-loving, and possessed of an insatiable thirst for attention and flattery; @@ -15281,7 +15242,7 @@ involved herself and her husband in financial difficulties. At first indeed all went well. On the 31st of January 1784 a son was born to them, named Paul after the grand-duke Paul (afterwards emperor), who acted as god-father. The same year Baron -Krdener became ambassador at Venice,<a name="fa1i" id="fa1i" href="#ft1i"><span class="sp">1</span></a> where he remained until +Krüdener became ambassador at Venice,<a name="fa1i" id="fa1i" href="#ft1i"><span class="sp">1</span></a> where he remained until transferred to Copenhagen in 1786.</p> <p>In 1787 the birth of a daughter (Juliette) aggravated the @@ -15290,12 +15251,12 @@ been suffering, and it was decided that she must go to the south for her health; she accordingly left, with her infant daughter and her step-daughter Sophie. In 1789 she was at Paris when the states general met; a year later, at Montpellier, she met a young -cavalry captain, Charles Louis de Frgeville, and a passionate +cavalry captain, Charles Louis de Frégeville, and a passionate attachment sprang up between them. They returned together to Copenhagen, where the baroness told her husband that her heart could no longer be his. The baron was coldly kind; he refused to hear of a divorce and attempted to arrange a <i>modus -vivendi</i>, which was facilitated by the departure of De Frgeville +vivendi</i>, which was facilitated by the departure of De Frégeville for the war. All was useless; Juliana refused to remain at Copenhagen, and, setting out on her travels, visited Riga, St Petersburg—where her father had become a senator<a name="fa2i" id="fa2i" href="#ft2i"><span class="sp">2</span></a>—Berlin, Leipzig @@ -15303,7 +15264,7 @@ and Switzerland. In 1798 her husband became ambassador at Berlin, and she joined him there. But the stiff court society of Prussia was irksome to her; money difficulties continued; and by way of climax, the murder of the tsar Paul, in whose favour -Baron Krdener had stood high, made the position of the ambassador +Baron Krüdener had stood high, made the position of the ambassador extremely precarious. The baroness seized the occasion to leave for the baths of Teplitz, whence she wrote to her husband that the doctors had ordered her to winter in the south. He died @@ -15314,8 +15275,8 @@ society of Coppet and of Paris. She was now thirty-six; her charms were fading, but her passion for admiration survived. She had tried the effect of the shawl dance, in imitation of Emma, Lady Hamilton; she now sought fame in literature, and in -1803, after consulting Chteaubriand and other writers of distinction, -published her <i>Valrie</i>, a sentimental romance, of which +1803, after consulting Châteaubriand and other writers of distinction, +published her <i>Valérie</i>, a sentimental romance, of which under a thin veil of anonymity she herself was the heroine. In January 1804 she returned to Livonia.</p> @@ -15326,8 +15287,8 @@ consolation, and found it in the ministrations of her shoemaker, an ardent disciple of the Moravian Brethren. Though she had “found peace,” however, the disorder of her nerves continued, and she was ordered by her doctor to the baths of Wiesbaden. At -Knigsberg she had an interview with Queen Louise, and, more -important still, with one Adam Mller, a rough peasant, to whom +Königsberg she had an interview with Queen Louise, and, more +important still, with one Adam Müller, a rough peasant, to whom the Lord had revealed a prophetic mission to King Frederick William III. “Chiliasm” was in the air. Napoleon was evidently Antichrist; and the “latter days” were about to be @@ -15344,7 +15305,7 @@ the high priest of occultist pietism, whose influence was supreme at the court of Baden and infected those of Stockholm and St Petersburg.<a name="fa3i" id="fa3i" href="#ft3i"><span class="sp">3</span></a> By him she was instructed in the chiliastic faith and in the mysteries of the supernatural world. Then, hearing -that a certain pastor in the Vosges, Jean Frdric Fontaines, was +that a certain pastor in the Vosges, Jean Frédéric Fontaines, was prophesying and working miracles, she determined to go to him. On the 5th of June 1801, accordingly, she arrived at the Protestant parsonage of Sainte Marie-aux-Mines, accompanied @@ -15362,9 +15323,9 @@ charities, and her exuberant eloquence produced a great effect on the simple country folk; and when, in 1809, it was decided to found a colony of the “elect” in order to wait for “the coming of the Lord,” many wretched peasants sold or distributed all they -possessed and followed the baroness and Fontaines into Wrttemberg, +possessed and followed the baroness and Fontaines into Württemberg, where the settlement was established at Catharinenplaisir -and the chteau of Bnnigheim, only to be dispersed +and the château of Bönnigheim, only to be dispersed (May 1) by an unsympathetic government.<a name="fa5i" id="fa5i" href="#ft5i"><span class="sp">5</span></a> Further wanderings followed: to Lichtenthal near Baden; to Karlsruhe and the congenial society of pietistic princesses; to Riga, where she @@ -15397,15 +15358,15 @@ daughters and Empeytaz to Baden, a fateful migration.</p> <p>The empress Elizabeth of Russia was now at Karlsruhe; and she and the pietist ladies of her entourage hoped that the emperor -Alexander might find at the hands of Madame de Krdener the +Alexander might find at the hands of Madame de Krüdener the peace which an interview with Jung-Stilling had failed to bring him. The baroness herself wrote urgent letters to Roxane de Stourdza, sister of the tsar’s Rumanian secretary, begging her to procure an interview. There seemed to be no result; but the correspondence paved the way for the opportunity which a strange chance was to give her of realizing her ambition. In -the spring of 1815 the baroness was settled at Schlchtern, a piece -of Baden territory <i>enclav</i> in Wrttemberg, busy persuading the +the spring of 1815 the baroness was settled at Schlüchtern, a piece +of Baden territory <i>enclavé</i> in Württemberg, busy persuading the peasants to sell all and fly from the wrath to come. Near this, at Heilbronn, the emperor Alexander established his headquarters on the 4th of June. That very night the baroness @@ -15416,16 +15377,16 @@ her strange gospel, while the most powerful man in Europe sat, his face buried in his hands, sobbing like a child; until at last he declared that he had “found peace.” At the tsar’s request she followed him to Heidelberg and later to Paris, where she was -lodged at the Htel Montchenu, next door to the imperial headquarters -in the Elyse Palace. A private door connected the +lodged at the Hôtel Montchenu, next door to the imperial headquarters +in the Elysée Palace. A private door connected the establishments, and every evening the emperor went to take part in the prayer-meetings conducted by the baroness and Empeytaz. Chiliasm seemed to have found an entrance into -the high councils of Europe, and the baroness von Krdener had +the high councils of Europe, and the baroness von Krüdener had become a political force to be reckoned with. Admission to her religious gatherings was sought by a crowd of people celebrated -in the intellectual and social world; Chteaubriand came, and -Benjamin Constant, Madame Rcamier, the duchesse de Bourbon, +in the intellectual and social world; Châteaubriand came, and +Benjamin Constant, Madame Récamier, the duchesse de Bourbon, and Madame de Duras. The fame of the wonderful conversion, moreover, attracted other members of the chiliastic fraternity, among them Fontaines, who brought with him the @@ -15437,13 +15398,13 @@ the portentous proclamation, which was to herald the opening of a new age of peace and goodwill on earth, was signed by the sovereigns of Russia, Austria and Prussia (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Holy Alliance</a></span>; and <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Europe</a></span>: <i>History</i>). Its authorship has ever been a matter -of dispute. Madame de Krdener herself claimed that she had +of dispute. Madame de Krüdener herself claimed that she had suggested the idea, and that Alexander had submitted the draft for her approval. This is probably correct, though the tsar later, when he had recovered his mental equilibrium, reproved her for her indiscretion in talking of the matter. His eyes, indeed, had begun to be opened before he left Paris, and Marie Kummer -was the unintentional cause. At the very first sance the +was the unintentional cause. At the very first séance the prophetess, whose revelations had been praised by the baroness in extravagant terms, had the evil inspiration to announce in her trance to the emperor that it was God’s will that he should @@ -15471,7 +15432,7 @@ to sell all and follow her. Crowds of beggars and rapscallions of every description gathered wherever she went, supported by the charities squandered from the common fund. She became a nuisance to the authorities and a menace to the peace; -Wrttemberg had expelled her, and the example was followed +Württemberg had expelled her, and the example was followed by every Swiss canton she entered in turn. At last, in August 1817, she set out for her estate in Livonia, accompanied by Kellner and a remnant of the elect.</p> @@ -15496,8 +15457,8 @@ persuaded by Princess Galitzin to accompany her to the Crimea, where she had established a Swiss colony. Here, at Karasu Bazar, she died on the 25th of December 1824.</p> -<p>Sainte-Beuve said of Madame de Krdener: “Elle avait un -immense besoin que le monde s’occupt d’elle...; l’amour +<p>Sainte-Beuve said of Madame de Krüdener: “Elle avait un +immense besoin que le monde s’occupât d’elle...; l’amour propre, toujours l’amour propre...!” A kindlier epitaph might, perhaps, be written in her own words, uttered after the revelation of the misery of the Crimean colonists had at @@ -15507,15 +15468,15 @@ the voice of God that which was no more than the result of my imagination and my pride) the mercy of God will blot out.”</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>Much information about Madame de Krdener, coloured by the +<p>Much information about Madame de Krüdener, coloured by the author’s views, is to be found in H. L. Empeytaz’s <i>Notice sur Alexandre, empereur de Russie</i> (2nd ed., Paris, 1840). The <i>Vie de Madame de Krudener</i> (2 vols., Paris, 1849), by the Swiss banker and Philhellene J. G. Eynard, was long the standard life and contains much material, but is far from authoritative. In English -appeared the <i>Life and Letters of Madame de Krdener</i>, by Clarence +appeared the <i>Life and Letters of Madame de Krüdener</i>, by Clarence Ford (London, 1893). The most authoritative study, based on a -wealth of original research, is E. Muhlenbeck’s <i>tude sur les origines +wealth of original research, is E. Muhlenbeck’s <i>Étude sur les origines de la Sainte-Alliance</i> (Paris, 1909), in which numerous references are given.</p> </div> @@ -15523,7 +15484,7 @@ are given.</p> <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> -<p><a name="ft1i" id="ft1i" href="#fa1i"><span class="fn">1</span></a> A portrait of Madame de Krdener and her son as “Venus +<p><a name="ft1i" id="ft1i" href="#fa1i"><span class="fn">1</span></a> A portrait of Madame de Krüdener and her son as “Venus disarming Cupid,” by Angelica Kauffmann, of this period, is in the Louvre.</p> @@ -15532,9 +15493,9 @@ Louvre.</p> <p><a name="ft3i" id="ft3i" href="#fa3i"><span class="fn">3</span></a> The consorts of Alexander I. of Russia and of Gustavus Adolphus IV. of Sweden were princesses of Baden.</p> -<p><a name="ft4i" id="ft4i" href="#fa4i"><span class="fn">4</span></a> She had been condemned some years previously in Wrttemberg +<p><a name="ft4i" id="ft4i" href="#fa4i"><span class="fn">4</span></a> She had been condemned some years previously in Württemberg to the pillory and three years’ imprisonment as a “swindler” -(<i>Betrgerin</i>), on her own confession. Her curious history is given +(<i>Betrügerin</i>), on her own confession. Her curious history is given in detail by M. Muhlenbeck.</p> <p><a name="ft5i" id="ft5i" href="#fa5i"><span class="fn">5</span></a> In 1809 it was obviously inconvenient to have people proclaiming @@ -15550,10 +15511,10 @@ had abandoned his post in 1813.</p> and author, was born at Radis in Prussia on the 22nd of June 1770, and died at Leipzig on the 12th of January 1842. He studied at Wittenberg under Reinhard and Jehnichen, at -Jena under Reinhold, and at Gttingen. From 1801 to 1804 he +Jena under Reinhold, and at Göttingen. From 1801 to 1804 he was professor of philosophy at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, after which he succeeded Kant in the chair of logic and metaphysics -at the university of Knigsberg. From 1809 till his death he +at the university of Königsberg. From 1809 till his death he was professor of philosophy at Leipzig. He was a prolific writer on a great variety of subjects, in all of which he excelled as a popularizer rather than as an original thinker. In philosophy @@ -15569,17 +15530,17 @@ transcendental, or pure, thought and “things in themselves.” Apart from the intrinsic value of his work, it is admitted that it had the effect of promoting the study of philosophy and of stimulating freedom of thought in religion and politics. His -principal works are: <i>Briefe ber den neuesten Idealismus</i> +principal works are: <i>Briefe über den neuesten Idealismus</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page931" id="page931"></a>931</span> -(1801); <i>Versuch ber die Principien der philosophischen Erkenntniss</i> +(1801); <i>Versuch über die Principien der philosophischen Erkenntniss</i> (1801); <i>Fundamentalphilosophie</i> (1803); <i>System der theoretischen Philosophie</i> (1806-1810), <i>System der praktischen Philosophie</i> (1817-1819); <i>Handbuch der Philosophie</i> (1820; 3rd ed., 1828); <i>Logik oder Denklehre</i> (1827); <i>Geschichte der Philos. alter Zeit</i> (1815; 2nd ed., 1825); <i>Allgemeines -Handwrterbuch der philosophischen Wissenschaften</i> (1827-1834; -2nd ed., 1832-1838); <i>Universal-philosophische Vorlesungen fr -Gebildete beiderlei Geschlechts</i>. His work <i>Beitrge zur Geschichte +Handwörterbuch der philosophischen Wissenschaften</i> (1827-1834; +2nd ed., 1832-1838); <i>Universal-philosophische Vorlesungen für +Gebildete beiderlei Geschlechts</i>. His work <i>Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philos. des XIX. Jahrh.</i> (1835-1837) contains interesting criticisms of Hegel and Schelling.</p> @@ -15676,7 +15637,7 @@ the Transvaal. In 1870 a boundary dispute arose with the British government, which was settled by the Keate award (1871). The decision caused so much discontent in the Transvaal that it brought about the downfall of President Pretorius -and his party; and Thomas Franois Burgers, an educated +and his party; and Thomas François Burgers, an educated Dutch minister, resident in Cape Colony, was elected to succeed him. During the term of Burgers’ presidency Kruger appeared to great disadvantage. Instead of loyally supporting the @@ -15932,7 +15893,7 @@ Vok of Rosenberg), 1880.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KRUMBACHER, CARL<a name="ar223" id="ar223"></a></span> (1856-1909), German Byzantine -scholar, was born at Krnach in Bavaria on the 23rd of September +scholar, was born at Kürnach in Bavaria on the 23rd of September 1856. He was educated at the universities of Munich and Leipzig, and held the professorship of the middle age and modern Greek language and literature in the former from 1897 @@ -15953,7 +15914,7 @@ griechische Litteratur des Mittelalters” in P. Hinneberg’s <i>Die Kultur der Gegenwart</i>, i. 8 (1905); <i>Das Problem der neugriechischen Schriftsprache</i> (1902), in which he strongly opposed the efforts of the purists to introduce the classical style into -modern Greek literature, and <i>Populre Aufstze</i> (1909).</p> +modern Greek literature, and <i>Populäre Aufsätze</i> (1909).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -16003,14 +15964,14 @@ singularly intelligent, and exhibit their enterprise in numerous settlements along the coast. Sierra Leone, Grand Bassa and Monrovia all have their Kru towns. Dr Bleek classifies the Kru language with the Mandingo family, and in this he is followed -by Dr R. G. Latham; Dr Klle, who published a Kru grammar +by Dr R. G. Latham; Dr Kölle, who published a Kru grammar (1854), considers it as distinct.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See A. de Quatrefages and E. T. Hamy, <i>Crania ethnica</i>, ix. 363 (1878-1879); Schlagintweit-Sakunlunski, in the <i>Sitzungsberichte</i> of the academy at Munich (1875); Nicholas, in <i>Bull. de la Soc. d’Anthrop.</i> -(Paris, 1872); J. Bttikofer, <i>Reisebilder aus Liberia</i> (Leiden, +(Paris, 1872); J. Büttikofer, <i>Reisebilder aus Liberia</i> (Leiden, 1890); Sir H. H. Johnston, <i>Liberia</i> (London, 1906).</p> </div> @@ -16019,7 +15980,7 @@ the academy at Munich (1875); Nicholas, in <i>Bull. de la Soc. d’Anthrop.< <p><span class="bold">KRUMMACHER, FRIEDRICH ADOLF<a name="ar225" id="ar225"></a></span> (1767-1845), German theologian, was born on the 13th of July 1767 at Tecklenburg, Westphalia. Having studied theology at Lingen and Halle, -he became successively rector of the grammar school at Mrs +he became successively rector of the grammar school at Mörs (1793), professor of theology at Duisburg (1800), preacher at Crefeld, and afterwards at Kettwig, <i>Consistorialrath</i> and superintendent in Bernburg, and, after declining an invitation to the @@ -16029,15 +15990,15 @@ was the author of many religious works, but is best known by his <i>Parabeln</i> (1805; 9th ed. 1876; Eng. trans. 1844).</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>A. W. Mller published his life and letters in 1849.</p> +<p>A. W. Möller published his life and letters in 1849.</p> </div> <p>His brother <span class="sc">Gottfried Daniel Krummacher</span> (1774-1837), who studied theology at Duisburg and became pastor successively -in Brl (1798), Wlfrath (1801) and Elberfeld (1816), was the +in Bärl (1798), Wülfrath (1801) and Elberfeld (1816), was the leader of the “pietists” of Wupperthal, and published several volumes of sermons, including one entitled <i>Die Wanderungen -Israels durch d. Wste nach Kanaan</i> (1834).</p> +Israels durch d. Wüste nach Kanaan</i> (1834).</p> <p><span class="sc">Friedrich Wilhelm Krummacher</span> (1796-1868), son of Friedrich Adolf, studied theology at Halle and Jena, and became @@ -16052,7 +16013,7 @@ leidende Christus</i> (1854, in <i>English The Suffering Saviour</i>, 1870). His <i>Autobiography</i> was published in 1869 (Eng. trans. 1871).</p> <p><span class="sc">Emil Wilhelm Krummacher</span> (1798-1886), another son, was -born at Mrs in 1798. In 1841 he became pastor in Duisburg. +born at Mörs in 1798. In 1841 he became pastor in Duisburg. He wrote, amongst other works, <i>Herzensmanna aus Luthers</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page934" id="page934"></a>934</span> <i>Werken</i> (1852). His son Hermann (1828-1890), who was appointed @@ -16109,7 +16070,7 @@ Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach. The enormous increase in the German navy involved further expansion in the operations of the Krupp firm as manufacturers of the armour plates and guns required for the new ships, and in 1908 its capital, then standing -at 9,000,000, was augmented by 2,500,000.</p> +at £9,000,000, was augmented by £2,500,000.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -16146,8 +16107,8 @@ plates and maps (Eng. ed., 2 vols. 1813; French ed., 2 vols., and atlas of 30 plates, 1820). His narrative contains a good many important discoveries and rectifications, especially in the region of Japan, and the contributions made by the various savants were of -much scientific importance. A valuable work is his <i>Atlas de l’Ocan -Pacifique</i>, with its accompanying <i>Recueil des mmoires hydrographiques</i> +much scientific importance. A valuable work is his <i>Atlas de l’Océan +Pacifique</i>, with its accompanying <i>Recueil des mémoires hydrographiques</i> (St Petersburg, 1824-1827). See <i>Memoir</i> by his daughter, Madame Charlotte Bernhardi, translated by Sir John Ross (1856).</p> </div> @@ -16207,7 +16168,7 @@ Circassians.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KUBA,<a name="ar231" id="ar231"></a></span> a province of Russian Caucasia, having the Sea of +<p><span class="bold">KUBAÑ,<a name="ar231" id="ar231"></a></span> a province of Russian Caucasia, having the Sea of Azov on the W., the territory of Don Cossacks on the N., the government of Stavropol and the province of Terek on the E., and the government of Kutais and the Black Sea district on the @@ -16226,26 +16187,26 @@ undergrowth of rhododendrons, “Caucasian palms” (<i>Buxus sempervirens</i>), ivy, clematis, &c., develops, so as to render the forests almost impassable. These cover altogether nearly 20% of the aggregate area. Wide, treeless plains, from 1000 to -2000 ft. high, stretch north of the Kuba, and are profusely +2000 ft. high, stretch north of the Kubañ, and are profusely watered by that river and its many tributaries—the Little and Great Zelenchuk, Urup, Laba, Byelaya, Pshish—mountain torrents that rush through narrow gorges from the Caucasus -range. In its lower course the Kuba forms a wide, low delta, +range. In its lower course the Kubañ forms a wide, low delta, covered with rushes, haunted by wild boar, and very unhealthy. The same characteristics mark the low plains on the east of the Sea of Azov, dotted over with numerous semi-stagnant lakes. Malaria is the enemy of these regions, and is especially deadly -on the Tama Peninsula, as also along the left bank of the lower -and middle Kuba.</p> +on the Tamañ Peninsula, as also along the left bank of the lower +and middle Kubañ.</p> <p>There is considerable mineral wealth. Coal is found on the -Kuba and its tributaries, but its extraction is still insignificant +Kubañ and its tributaries, but its extraction is still insignificant (less than 10,000 tons per annum). Petroleum wells exist in the -district of Maikop, but the best are in the Tama Peninsula, +district of Maikop, but the best are in the Tamañ Peninsula, where they range over 570 sq. m. Iron ores, silver and zinc are found; alabaster is extracted, as also some salt, soda and Epsom salts. The best mineral waters are at Psekup and -Tama, where there are also numbers of mud volcanoes, ranging +Tamañ, where there are also numbers of mud volcanoes, ranging from small hillocks to hills 365 ft. high and more. The soil is very fertile in the plains, parts of which consist of black earth and are being rapidly populated.</p> @@ -16263,8 +16224,8 @@ refused to move voluntarily were driven across the mountains to the Black Sea coast. Most of them (nearly 200,000) emigrated to Turkey, where they formed the Bashi-bazouks. Peasants from the interior provinces of Russia occupied the plains of -the Kuba, and they now number over 1,000,000, while the -Kuba Cossacks in 1897 numbered 804,372 (405,428 women). +the Kubañ, and they now number over 1,000,000, while the +Kubañ Cossacks in 1897 numbered 804,372 (405,428 women). In point of religion 90% of the population were in 1897 members of the Orthodox Greek Church, 4% Raskolniks and other Christians and 5.4% Mahommedans, the rest being Jews.</p> @@ -16276,7 +16237,7 @@ grown. Agricultural machinery is largely employed, and the province is a reserve granary for Russia. Livestock, especially sheep, is kept in large numbers on the steppes. Bee-keeping is general, and gardening and vine-growing are spreading rapidly. -Fishing in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov, as also in the Kuba, is +Fishing in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov, as also in the Kubañ, is important.</p> <p>Two main lines of railway intersect the province, one running @@ -16291,13 +16252,13 @@ Temryuk (14,476) and Yeisk (35,446).</p> <p>The history of the original settlements of the various native tribes, and their language and worship before the introduction of Mahommedanism, remain a blank page in the legends of the -Caucasus. The peninsula of Tama, a land teeming with relics +Caucasus. The peninsula of Tamañ, a land teeming with relics of ancient Greek colonists, has been occupied successively by the Cimmerians, Sarmatians, Khazars, Mongols and other nations. The Genoese, who established an extensive trade in the 13th century, were expelled by the Turks in 1484, and in 1784 Russia obtained by treaty the entire peninsula and the territory on -the right bank of the Kuba, the latter being granted by Catherine +the right bank of the Kubañ, the latter being granted by Catherine II. in 1792 to the Cossacks of the Dnieper. Then commenced the bloody struggle with the Circassians, which continued for more than half a century. Not only domestic, but even field @@ -16539,7 +16500,7 @@ curl, and, though not dwarfs, are below the average height.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KUCHĀN,<a name="ar236" id="ar236"></a></span> a fertile and populous district of the province Khorasan in Persia, bounded N. by the Russian Transcaspian -territory, W. by Bujnurd, S. by Isfaran, and extending in the +territory, W. by Bujnurd, S. by Isfaraïn, and extending in the E. to near Radkan. Its area is about 3000 sq. m. and its <span class="pagenum"><a name="page937" id="page937"></a>937</span> population, principally composed of Zafaranlu Kurds, descendants @@ -16553,11 +16514,11 @@ and Shirvan (pop. 6000), and many villages.</p> the effects of earthquakes, notably in 1875, 1894 and 1895. The last earthquake laid the whole town in ruins and caused considerable loss of life. About 8000 of the survivors removed -to a site 7 m. E. and there built a new town named Nasseriyeh +to a site 7½ m. E. and there built a new town named Nasseriyeh after Nasr-ud-din Shah, but known better as Kuchan i jadid, <i>i.e.</i> New Kuchan, and about 1000 remained in the ruined city in order to be near their vineyards and gardens. The geographical -position of the old town is 37 8 N., 58 25 E., +position of the old town is 37° 8´ N., 58° 25´ E., elevation 4100 ft. The new town has been regularly laid out with broad streets and spacious bazaars, and, situated as it is half-way between Meshed and Askabad on the cart-road connecting @@ -16569,7 +16530,7 @@ estimated at 10,000. There are telegraph and post offices.</p> <p><span class="bold">KUCH BEHAR,<a name="ar237" id="ar237"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Cooch Behar</span>, a native state of India, in Bengal, consisting of a submontane tract, not far from Darjeeling, entirely surrounded by British territory. Area, -1307 sq. m. Pop. (1901), 566,974; estimated revenue, 140,000. +1307 sq. m. Pop. (1901), 566,974; estimated revenue, £140,000. The state forms a level plain of triangular shape, intersected by numerous rivers. The greater portion is fertile and well cultivated, but tracts of jungle are to be seen in the north-east @@ -16594,7 +16555,7 @@ Marwari immigrants from Rajputana. Among other improvements a railway has been constructed, with the assistance of a loan from the British government. The earthquake of the 12th of June 1897 caused damage to public buildings, roads, &c., -in the state to the estimated amount of 100,000.</p> +in the state to the estimated amount of £100,000.</p> <p>The Koch or Rajbansi, from which the name of the state is derived, are a widely spread tribe, evidently of aboriginal @@ -16604,7 +16565,7 @@ races of the north-east frontier; but they have now become largely hinduized, especially in their own home, where the appellation “Koch” has come to be used as a term of reproach. Their total number in all India was returned in 1901 as nearly -2 millions.</p> +2½ millions.</p> <p>As in the case of many other small native states, the royal family of Kuch Behar lays claim to a divine origin in order to @@ -16670,7 +16631,7 @@ doctor’s degree by an edition of thirty-four chapters of Genesis from the Arabic version of the Samaritan Pentateuch. In 1853 he became professor extraordinarius of theology at Leiden, and in 1855 full professor. He married a daughter of W. -Muurling, one of the founders of the Grningen school, which +Muurling, one of the founders of the Gröningen school, which made the first pronounced breach with Calvinistic theology in the Reformed Church of Holland. Kuenen himself soon became one of the main supports of the modern theology, of @@ -16680,14 +16641,14 @@ the headquarters. His first great work, an historico-critical introduction to the Old Testament, <i>Historisch-kritisch onderzoek naar het onstaan en de verzameling van de boeken des Ouden Verbonds</i> (3 vols., 1861-1865; 2nd ed., 1885-1893; German by -T. Weber and C. T. Mller, 1885-1894), followed the lines of the +T. Weber and C. T. Müller, 1885-1894), followed the lines of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page938" id="page938"></a>938</span> dominant school of Heinrich Ewald. But before long he came under the influence of J. W. Colenso, and learned to regard the prophetic narrative of Genesis, Exodus, and Numbers as older than what was by the Germans denominated <i>Grundschrift</i> (“Book of Origins”). In 1869-1870 he published his book on -the religion of Israel, <i>De godsdienst van Isral tot den ondergang +the religion of Israel, <i>De godsdienst van Israël tot den ondergang van der Joodschen Staat</i> (Eng. trans., 1874-1875). This was followed in 1875 by a study of Hebrew prophecy, <i>De profeten en de profetie onder Israel</i> (Eng. trans., 1877), largely polemical in its @@ -16706,7 +16667,7 @@ Tijdschrift</i>, of which in 1866 he became joint editor, is one of the finest products of modern criticism. His collected works were translated into German and published by K. Budde in 1894. Several of his works have been translated into English by Philip Wicksteed. -See the article in Herzog-Hauck, <i>Realencyklopdie</i>.</p> +See the article in Herzog-Hauck, <i>Realencyklopädie</i>.</p> </div> @@ -16715,16 +16676,16 @@ See the article in Herzog-Hauck, <i>Realencyklopdie</i>.</p> the mountain ranges which run along the northern edge of the great Tibetan plateau in Central Asia. In a wider application it means the succession of ranges which extend from the Pamirs -on the W. to 113 E., until it strikes against or merges in the +on the W. to 113° E., until it strikes against or merges in the steep escarpments of the S.E. flank of the Mongolian plateau. In the narrower acceptation it applies only to those ranges which part the desert of Takla-makan on the N. from the Tibetan plateau on the S. between the Pamirs and the transverse glen of the Kara-muren, that is, nearly to the longitude of the -town of Cherchen (about 85 E.). Although the use of the +town of Cherchen (about 85½° E.). Although the use of the name is thus restricted in geographical usage, the mountain system so designated does, as a fact, extend eastwards as far as -the great depression of Tsaidam (say 95 E.), though it is uncertain +the great depression of Tsaidam (say 95° E.), though it is uncertain whether its direct orographical continuation eastwards is to be identified with the Astin-tagh, or, as F. Grenard and K. Bogdanovich believe—and with them Sven Hedin is inclined @@ -16733,7 +16694,7 @@ which lie S. of the Astin-tagh. At any rate the Astin-tagh, whether it is the principal continuation of the Kuen-lun or only a subsidiary flanking system, is itself the westward continuation of the Nan-shan or Southern Mountains, which -reach down far into China (to 113 E.).</p> +reach down far into China (to 113° E.).</p> <p>Taken in its widest meaning, the Kuen-lun Mountains thus stretch in a wavy line for nearly 2500 m. from E. to W., and @@ -16772,8 +16733,8 @@ modern geographers to recognize the true character of the Kuen-lun as a border range of the Tibetan plateau; and Baron von Richthofen (<i>China</i>, i. 1876) still further defined and accentuated the conception of the system by representing it as a complex arrangement of several -parallel ranges, running in wavy lines from the Pamirs (76 E.) -eastwards to 118 E. But though von Richthofen’s general conception +parallel ranges, running in wavy lines from the Pamirs (76° E.) +eastwards to 118° E. But though von Richthofen’s general conception of the Kuen-lun system was broadly sound and in accordance with facts, the details both of his description and of that of his pupil Wegener<a name="fa1k" id="fa1k" href="#ft1k"><span class="sp">1</span></a> require now very considerable revision, and need @@ -16784,8 +16745,8 @@ Roboroysky, P. K. Kozlov, K. Bogdanovich, V. A. Obruchev, and (?) Skassi; by the Englishmen A. D. Carey, A. Dalgleish, St G. R. Littledale, H. Bower, H. H. P. Deasy and M. S. Wellby; by the American W. W. Rockhill; the Frenchmen J. L. Dutreuil de Rhins, -F. Grenard, P. G. Bonvalot and Prince Henri d’Orlans; by the -Hungarians L. von Loczy and Count Szechnyi; and above all by +F. Grenard, P. G. Bonvalot and Prince Henri d’Orléans; by the +Hungarians L. von Loczy and Count Szechényi; and above all by the Swede Sven Hedin.</p> <p><i>Western Kuen-lun.</i>—On the east the Pamir highlands are fenced @@ -16796,7 +16757,7 @@ and its western up on the Pamirs at 10,500 to 13,000 ft. above sea-level, while its own summits, <i>e.g.</i> the Muztagh-ata (25,780 ft.), shoot up far above the limits of perpetual snow. This double border-ridge is continued east of the meridian of Yarkand or Yarkent -(77 E.) by a succession of twin ranges, all running, though under +(77° E.) by a succession of twin ranges, all running, though under different names, from the W.N.W. to the E.S.E. According to the investigations of F. Stoliczka and K. Bogdanovich, the same fossils occur in both sets of border ranges, in the Sarik-kol and in @@ -16838,9 +16799,9 @@ of fact erroneous, name for Astin-tagh, it is clear that Grenard considers the main Kuen-lun ranges to be continued directly by the Astin-tagh.</p> -<p>From the transverse breach of the Keriya-darya (about 81 E.) +<p>From the transverse breach of the Keriya-darya (about 81½° E.) to that of the Kara-muren in the longitude of Cherchen (about -85 E.) the parallel border-ranges of the Tibetan plateau trend to +85½° E.) the parallel border-ranges of the Tibetan plateau trend to the E.N.E., and here occur in the lower or outer range the passes of Dalai-kurghan-art (14,290 ft.), Choka-davan, <i>i.e.</i> Littledale’s Chokur Pass (9530 ft.) and others at altitudes ranging from 8600 to @@ -16852,7 +16813,7 @@ not named at 16,590 and 17,300 ft.</p> <p><i>Middle Kuen-lun.</i>—Between the upper transverse glens of the Kara-muren (or Mitt River) and the Cherchen-darya stretches the short range of Tokuz-davan. From it, on the east side of the Cherchen-daryt, -in about 86 E., the component ranges of the middle Kuen-lun +in about 86° E., the component ranges of the middle Kuen-lun begin to diverge and radiate outwards (<i>i.e.</i> to north and to south) like the fingers of the outspread human hand. And here at least four principal ranges or groups of ranges admit of being discriminated, @@ -16871,7 +16832,7 @@ As a rule the crests of the ranges are worn down by aerial denudation and have the general appearance of rounded domes. Hard rock (mostly granite and crystalline schists, with red sandstone in places) appears only in the transverse glens, which are often choked with -their dbris in the form either of gravel-and-shingle or loose blocks +their débris in the form either of gravel-and-shingle or loose blocks of stone or both. The flanks of the mountains are so deeply buried in disintegrated material that the difference in vertical altitude between the floors of the valleys and the summits of the ranges is @@ -16915,7 +16876,7 @@ yaks, wild asses (<i>kulans</i>), antelopes (<i>orongo</i> and others), marmots, hares and partridges exist locally in large numbers. The wild camel approaches the north outliers of the Astin-tagh, but rarely, if ever, ventures to enter their fastnesses. Bears, wolves, foxes, goats -(<i>kkmet</i>), wild sheep (<i>arkharis</i>), lizards, earth-rats, and a small +(<i>kökmet</i>), wild sheep (<i>arkharis</i>), lizards, earth-rats, and a small rodent (<i>teshikan</i>), with ravens, eagles, wild ducks and wild geese are the other varieties principally encountered. The vegetation consists almost entirely of scrubby bushes of several varieties, including @@ -17027,7 +16988,7 @@ up to the mountains on both north and south. Its surface slopes from altitudes of 10,100 to 10,600 ft. in the west, where is the lake of Uzunshor (9650 ft.) to 9400 ft. in the east, in which direction it continues as far as the Anambaruin-ula (see below) and the plain or flat basin -of Srtng, a north extension of Tsaidam. This range of Akato-tagh, +of Särtäng, a north extension of Tsaidam. This range of Akato-tagh, the Altun Range of Carey, is the same as that which on the map of the Russian general staff bears the name Chimen-tagh. Like the Astin-tagh it stretches towards the E.N.E., and, like it, appears to @@ -17124,7 +17085,7 @@ and in depth nowhere exceeds 13 ft.; but the lower lake (Ayak-kum-kol) (12,685 ft.), which is salt, is much bigger (283 sq. m.) and goes down to depths of 64 and 79 ft. Farther west, lying between the Muzluk-tagh and the Arka-tagh, is the lake of Achik-kol (13,940 ft.), -16 m. broad and 50 m. in circuit.</p> +16½ m. broad and 50 m. in circuit.</p> <p>The next great parallel range is the lofty and imposing <i>Arka-tagh</i>, the Przhevalsky Range of the Russian geographers, which has its @@ -17181,7 +17142,7 @@ and imposing detached mountain masses, all capped with snow and some of them carrying small glaciers. Amongst them are Shapka Monomakha or the Monk’s Cap; the Chulak-akkan, which may however be only Shapka Monomakha seen from a different -point of view; Tmrlik-tagh<a name="fa8k" id="fa8k" href="#ft8k"><span class="sp">8</span></a> (<i>i.e.</i> the Iron Mountain); and farther +point of view; Tömürlik-tagh<a name="fa8k" id="fa8k" href="#ft8k"><span class="sp">8</span></a> (<i>i.e.</i> the Iron Mountain); and farther west, Ullugh-muz-tagh, which, according to Grenard, reaches an altitude of 24,140 ft. But the relations in which these detached mountain-masses stand to one another and to the Arka-tagh behind @@ -17263,7 +17224,7 @@ mountain range on this higher terrace is Ritter’s range, covered in part with extensive snow-fields. The passes at both ends of this snow-clad <i>massif</i> lie at altitudes of 15,990 ft. and 14,680 ft. The next range is Humboldt or Ama-surgu range, which runs N.W. to -S.E. from the Astin-tagh to about 38 N., and is perhaps continued +S.E. from the Astin-tagh to about 38° N., and is perhaps continued by the southern Kuku (Koko)-nor range, which strikes the Hwang-ho with an elevation of 7440 ft. It includes, in fact, several other parallel ranges—<i>e.g.</i> the Mushketov, Semenov, Suess, Alexander III., @@ -17329,7 +17290,7 @@ with a good map; F. Grenard’s vol. (iii.) of J. L. Dutreuil de Rhins&rsquo with a very useful map; W. W. Rockhill’s <i>Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892</i> (Washington, 1894); M. S. Wellby’s <i>Through Unknown Tibet</i> (London, 1898); P. G. Bonvalot’s -<i>De Paris au Tonkin travers le Tibet inconnu</i> (Paris, 1892); St G. R. +<i>De Paris au Tonkin à travers le Tibet inconnu</i> (Paris, 1892); St G. R. Littledale’s “A Journey across Tibet,” in <i>Geog. Journal</i> (May 1896); H. Bower’s <i>Diary of a Journey across Tibet</i> (London, 1894); the <i>Izvestia</i> of the Russian Geog. Soc. and <i>Geog. Journal</i>, both <i>passim</i>.</p> @@ -17337,7 +17298,7 @@ H. Bower’s <i>Diary of a Journey across Tibet</i> (London, 1894); the <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> -<p><a name="ft1k" id="ft1k" href="#fa1k"><span class="fn">1</span></a> In “Orographie des Kwen-lun,” in <i>Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fr +<p><a name="ft1k" id="ft1k" href="#fa1k"><span class="fn">1</span></a> In “Orographie des Kwen-lun,” in <i>Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin</i> (1891).</p> <p><a name="ft2k" id="ft2k" href="#fa2k"><span class="fn">2</span></a> It is used, for instance, on the map of “Inner-Asien” (No. 62) of @@ -17368,7 +17329,7 @@ Remoter Mountains. The form Akka-tagh is incorrect.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KUFA,<a name="ar241" id="ar241"></a></span> a Moslem city, situated on the shore of the Hindieh -canal, about 4 m. E. by N. of Nejef (32 4 N., 44 20 E.), +canal, about 4 m. E. by N. of Nejef (32° 4´ N., 44° 20´ E.), was founded by the Arabs after the battle of Kadesiya in <span class="scs">A.D.</span> 638 as one of the two capitals of the new territory of Irak, the whole country being divided into the <i>sawads</i>, or @@ -17388,30 +17349,30 @@ worshipped. (For history see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a>< <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KUHN, FRANZ FELIX ADALBERT<a name="ar242" id="ar242"></a></span> (1812-1881), German -philologist and folklorist, was born at Knigsberg in Neumark +philologist and folklorist, was born at Königsberg in Neumark on the 19th of November 1812. From 1841 he was connected -with the Kllnisches Gymnasium at Berlin, of which he was +with the Köllnisches Gymnasium at Berlin, of which he was appointed director in 1870. He died at Berlin on the 5th of May 1881. Kuhn was the founder of a new school of comparative mythology, based upon comparative philology. Inspired by Grimm’s <i>Deutsche Mythologie</i>, he first devoted himself to German -stories and legends, and published <i>Mrkische Sagen und Mrchen</i> -(1842), <i>Norddeutsche Sagen, Mrchen und Gebruche</i> (1848), and -<i>Sagen, Gebruche und Mrchen aus Westfalen</i> (1859). But it +stories and legends, and published <i>Märkische Sagen und Märchen</i> +(1842), <i>Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche</i> (1848), and +<i>Sagen, Gebräuche und Märchen aus Westfalen</i> (1859). But it is on his researches into the language and history of the Indo-Germanic peoples as a whole that his reputation is founded. -His chief works in this connexion are: <i>Zur ltesten Geschichte der -Indogermanischen Vlker</i> (1845), in which he endeavoured to +His chief works in this connexion are: <i>Zur ältesten Geschichte der +Indogermanischen Völker</i> (1845), in which he endeavoured to give an account of the earliest civilization of the Indo-Germanic peoples before their separation into different families, by comparing and analysing the original meaning of the words and stems common to the different languages; <i>Die Herabkunft -des Feuers und des Gttertranks</i> (1859; new ed. by E. Kuhn, under -title of <i>Mythologische Studien</i>, 1886); and <i>ber Entwicklungsstufen +des Feuers und des Göttertranks</i> (1859; new ed. by E. Kuhn, under +title of <i>Mythologische Studien</i>, 1886); and <i>Über Entwicklungsstufen der Mythenbildung</i> (1873), in which he maintained that the origin of myths was to be looked for in the domain of language, and that their most essential factors were polyonymy -and homonymy. The <i>Zeitschrift fr vergleichende Sprachforschung +and homonymy. The <i>Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen</i>, with which he was intimately connected, is the standard periodical on the subject.</p> @@ -17424,13 +17385,13 @@ Jahrbuch</i> (1881) and J. Schmidt in the above <i>Zeitschrift</i>, xxvi. n.s. 6 <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page942" id="page942"></a>942</span></p> -<p><span class="bold">KHNE, WILLY<a name="ar243" id="ar243"></a></span> (1837-1900), German physiologist, was born +<p><span class="bold">KÜHNE, WILLY<a name="ar243" id="ar243"></a></span> (1837-1900), German physiologist, was born at Hamburg on the 28th of March 1837. After attending the -gymnasium at Lneburg, he went to Gttingen, where his master -in chemistry was F. Whler and in physiology R. Wagner. +gymnasium at Lüneburg, he went to Göttingen, where his master +in chemistry was F. Wöhler and in physiology R. Wagner. Having graduated in 1856, he studied under various famous physiologists, including E. Du Bois-Reymond at Berlin, Claude -Bernard in Paris, and K. F. W. Ludwig and E. W. Brcke in +Bernard in Paris, and K. F. W. Ludwig and E. W. Brücke in Vienna. At the end of 1863 he was put in charge of the chemical department of the pathological laboratory at Berlin, under R. von Virchow; in 1868 he was appointed professor of physiology @@ -17453,8 +17414,8 @@ precluded its general acceptance.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KUKA,<a name="ar244" id="ar244"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Kukawa</span>, a town of Bornu, a Mahommedan state of the central Sudan, incorporated in the British protectorate of -Nigeria (see Bornu). Kuka is situated in 12 55 N. and 13 -34 E., 4 m. from the western shores of Lake Chad, in the midst +Nigeria (see Bornu). Kuka is situated in 12° 55´ N. and 13° +34´ E., 4½ m. from the western shores of Lake Chad, in the midst of an extensive plain. It is the headquarters of the British administration in Bornu, and was formerly the residence of the native sovereign, who in Bornu bears the title of shehu.</p> @@ -17521,7 +17482,7 @@ was a more or less successful revolution against the Reconstruction and an overthrow of the governments based on negro suffrage. It may be compared in some degree to such European societies as the Carbonara, Young Italy, the Tugendbund, -the Confrries of France, the Freemasons in Catholic countries, +the Confréries of France, the Freemasons in Catholic countries, and the Vehmgericht.</p> <p>The most important orders were the Ku Klux Klan and the @@ -17646,7 +17607,7 @@ History</i> (New York, 1901); J. M. Beard, <i>Ku Klux Sketches</i> (Philadelphia <p><a name="ft1l" id="ft1l" href="#fa1l"><span class="fn">1</span></a> The judgment of the historian William Garrott Brown, himself a Southerner, is worth quoting: “That violence was often used cannot be denied. Negroes were often whipped, and so were carpet-baggers. -The incidents related in such stories as Tourge’s <i>A +The incidents related in such stories as Tourgée’s <i>A Fool’s Errand</i> all have their counterparts in the testimony before congressional committees and courts of law. In some cases, after repeated warnings, men were dragged from their beds and slain by @@ -17666,7 +17627,7 @@ horrify and enrage the North.”</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KUKU KHOTO<a name="ar246" id="ar246"></a></span> (Chinese <i>Kwei-hwa</i>), a city of the Chinese province of Shan-si, situated to the north of the Great Wall, in -40 50 N. and 111 45 E., about 160 m. W. of Kalgan. It lies +40° 50´ N. and 111° 45´ E., about 160 m. W. of Kalgan. It lies in the valley of a small river which joins the Hwang-ho 50 m. to the south. There are two distinct walled towns in Kuku Khoto, at an interval of a mile and a half; the one is the seat of the civil @@ -17728,13 +17689,13 @@ Horgos-koljat. This valley is famed for its fertility, and is admirably irrigated by canals, part of which, however, fell into decay after 55,000 of the inhabitants migrated to Russian territory in 1881. The climate of this part of the valley is, -of course, continental—frosts of −22 F. and heats of 170 F. +of course, continental—frosts of −22° F. and heats of 170° F. being experienced—but snow lasts only for one and a half months, and the summer heat is tempered by the proximity of the high mountains. Apricots, peaches, pears and some vines are grown, as also some cotton-trees near the town of -Kulja, where the average yearly temperature is 48.5 F. -(January 15, July 77). Barley is grown up to an altitude of +Kulja, where the average yearly temperature is 48°.5 F. +(January 15°, July 77°). Barley is grown up to an altitude of 6500 ft.</p> <p>The population may number about 125,000, of whom @@ -17811,7 +17772,7 @@ above the plain, and 1 m. E. of the Vistula. Pop. (1905), century, and contains some interesting buildings, notably its churches, of which two are Roman Catholic and two Protestant, and its medieval town-hall. The cadet school, founded here -in 1776 by Frederick the Great, was removed to Kslin +in 1776 by Frederick the Great, was removed to Köslin in 1890. There are large oil mills, also iron foundries and machine shops, as well as an important trade in agricultural produce, including fruit and vegetables. Kulm gives name @@ -17897,7 +17858,7 @@ mean elevation of 18,000 ft., while southward the Jalori and Dhaoladhar ridges attain a height of 11,000 ft. The higher villages stand 9000 ft. above the sea; and even the cultivated tracts have probably an average elevation of 5000 ft. The houses -consist of four-storeyed chlets in little groups, huddled closely +consist of four-storeyed châlets in little groups, huddled closely together on the ledges or slopes of the valleys, picturesquely built with projecting eaves and carved wooden verandas. The Beas, which, with its tributaries, drains the entire basin, rises at the @@ -17926,11 +17887,11 @@ as <i>jagirdar</i> of Rupi.</p> and Kashan on the S. It is divided into seven <i>bulūk</i> (districts): (1) Humeh, with town; (2) Kumrud; (3) Vazkerud; (4) Kinar Rud Khaneh; (5) Kuhistan; (6) Jasb; (7) Ardahal; has a population of -45,000 to 50,000, and pays a yearly revenue of about 8000. +45,000 to 50,000, and pays a yearly revenue of about £8000. The province produces much grain and a fine quality of cotton with a very long staple.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kum</span>, the capital, in 34 39 N. and 50 55 E., on the Anarbar +<p><span class="sc">Kum</span>, the capital, in 34° 39´ N. and 50° 55´ E., on the Anarbar river, which rises near Khunsar, has an elevation of 3100 ft. It owes much of its importance to the fact that it contains the tomb of Imam Reza’s sister Fatmeh, who died there <span class="scs">A.D.</span> 816, @@ -18014,12 +17975,12 @@ Ramsay.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KUMASI,<a name="ar256" id="ar256"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Coomassie</span>, the capital of Ashanti, British West -Africa, in 6 34 50 N., 2 12 W., 168 m. by rail N. of Sekondi +Africa, in 6° 34´ 50´´ N., 2° 12´ W., 168 m. by rail N. of Sekondi and 120 m. by road N.N.W. of Cape Coast. Pop. (1906), 6280; including suburbs, over 12,000. Kumasi is situated on a low rocky eminence, from which it extends across a valley to the hill opposite. It lies in a clearing of the dense forest which covers -the greater part of Ashanti, and occupies an area about 1 m. +the greater part of Ashanti, and occupies an area about 1½ m. in length and over 3 m. in circumference. The land immediately around the town, once marshy, has been drained. On the north-west is the small river Dah, one of the headstreams of the Prah. @@ -18123,7 +18084,7 @@ Southern Mahratta railway system.</p> the Kumyk plateau in north Daghestan and south Terek, and the lands bordering the Caspian. It is supposed that Ptolemy knew them under the name of Kami and Kamaks. Various -explorers see in them descendants of the Khazars. A. Vambry +explorers see in them descendants of the Khazars. A. Vambéry supposes that they settled in their present quarters during the flourishing period of the Khazar kingdom in the 8th century. It is certain that some Kabardians also settled later. The @@ -18196,7 +18157,7 @@ class who claim higher rank as representing the descendants of Sivaji’s soldiers. In some districts of the Deccan they form an actual majority of the population, which is not the case with any other Indian caste. In 1901 the total number of both -Kunbis and Mahrattas in all India was returned at nearly 8 +Kunbis and Mahrattas in all India was returned at nearly 8¾ millions.</p> @@ -18209,14 +18170,14 @@ himself to astronomy, but coming under the influence of H. G. Magnus, he turned his attention to physics, and graduated in 1864 with a thesis on the depolarization of light. In 1867 he became <i>privatdozent</i> in Berlin University, and in the following -year was chosen professor of physics at the Zrich Polytechnic; -then, after a year or two at Wrzburg, he was called in 1872 to +year was chosen professor of physics at the Zürich Polytechnic; +then, after a year or two at Würzburg, he was called in 1872 to Strassburg, where he took a great part in the organization of the new university, and was largely concerned in the erection of the Physical Institute. Finally in 1888 he went to Berlin as successor to H. von Helmholtz in the chair of experimental physics and directorship of the Berlin Physical Institute. He died after a -protracted illness at Israelsdorf, near Lbeck, on the 21st of +protracted illness at Israelsdorf, near Lübeck, on the 21st of May 1894. As an original worker Kundt was especially successful in the domains of sound and light. In the former he developed a valuable method for the investigation of aerial waves within @@ -18255,12 +18216,12 @@ basin of the river lies on the inner versant of the high plateau region which runs southwards from Bihe parallel to the coast, forming in places ranges of mountains which give rise to many streams running south to swell the Kunene. The main stream -rises in 12 30 S. and about 160 m. in a direct line from the sea +rises in 12° 30´ S. and about 160 m. in a direct line from the sea <span class="pagenum"><a name="page947" id="page947"></a>947</span> at Benguella, runs generally from north to south through four degrees of latitude, but finally flows west to the sea through a -break in the outer highlands. A little south of 16 S. it receives -the Kulonga from the east, and in about 16 50 the Kakulovar +break in the outer highlands. A little south of 16° S. it receives +the Kulonga from the east, and in about 16° 50´ the Kakulovar from the west. The Kakulovar has its sources in the Serra da Chella and other ranges of the Humpata district behind Mossamedes, but, though the longest tributary of the Kunene, is but @@ -18271,7 +18232,7 @@ a swampy plain, inundated during high water, and containing several small lakes at other parts of the year. From this swampy region divergent branches run S.E. They are mainly intermittent, but the Kwamatuo, which leaves the main stream in -about 15 8 E., 17 15 S., flows into a large marsh or lake called +about 15° 8´ E., 17° 15´ S., flows into a large marsh or lake called Etosha, which occupies a depression in the inner table-land about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From the S.E. end of the Etosha lake streams issue in the direction of the Okavango, to which in times @@ -18282,13 +18243,13 @@ basin. (See <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Ngami</a></span>.)</p> <p>On leaving the swampy region the Kunene turns decidedly to the west, and descends to the coast plain by a number of -cataracts, of which the chief (in 17 25 S., 14 20 E.) has a fall +cataracts, of which the chief (in 17° 25´ S., 14° 20´ E.) has a fall of 330 ft. The river becomes smaller in volume as it passes through an almost desert region with little or no vegetation. The stream is sometimes shallow and fordable, at others confined to a narrow rocky channel. Near the sea the Kunene traverses a region of sand-hills, its mouth being completely blocked at low -water. The river enters the Atlantic in 17 18 S., 11 40 E. +water. The river enters the Atlantic in 17° 18´ S., 11° 40´ E. There are indications that a former branch of the river once entered a bay to the south.</p> @@ -18390,19 +18351,19 @@ a spodumene. Kunzite occurs in large crystals, some weighing as much as 1000 grams each, and presents delicate hues from rosy lilac to deep pink. It is strongly dichroic. Near the surface it may lose colour by exposure. Kunzite becomes -strongly phosphorescent under the Rntgen rays, or by the +strongly phosphorescent under the Röntgen rays, or by the action of radium or on exposure to ultra-violet rays. (See <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Spodumene</a></span>.)</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KUOPIO,<a name="ar272" id="ar272"></a></span> a province of Finland, which includes northern -Karelia, bounded on the N.W. and N. by Uleborg, on the E. by +Karelia, bounded on the N.W. and N. by Uleåborg, on the E. by Olonets, on the S.E. by Viborg, on the S. by St Michel and on the W. by Vasa. Its area covers 16,500 sq. m., and the population (1900) was 313,951, of whom 312,875 were Finnish-speaking. The surface is hilly, reaching from 600 to 800 ft. of altitude in -the north (Suomenselk hills), and from 300 to 400 ft. in the south. +the north (Suomenselkä hills), and from 300 to 400 ft. in the south. It is built up of gneisso-granites, which are covered, especially in the middle and east, with younger granites, and partly of gneisses, quartzite, and talc schists and augitic rocks. The @@ -18411,8 +18372,8 @@ The soil is of moderate fertility, but often full of boulders. Large lakes cover 16% of surface, marshes and peat bogs over 29% of the area, and forests occupy 2,672,240 hectares. Steamers ply along the lakes as far as Joensuu. The climate -is severe, the average temperature being for the year 36 F., -for January 13 and for July 63. Only 2.3% of the whole +is severe, the average temperature being for the year 36° F., +for January 13° and for July 63°. Only 2.3% of the whole surface is under cultivation. Rye, barley, oats and potatoes are the chief crops, and in good years these meet the needs of the population. Dairy farming and cattle breeding are of @@ -18436,14 +18397,14 @@ the St Petersburg-Helsingfors main line. Pop. (1904), 13,519. It is picturesquely situated, is the seat of a bishop, and has a cathedral, two lyceums and two gymnasia (both for boys and girls), a commercial and several professional schools. There is -an agricultural school at Levis, close by. Kuopio, in consequence +an agricultural school at Leväis, close by. Kuopio, in consequence of its steamer communication with middle Finland and the sea (via Saima Canal), is a trading centre of considerable importance.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KUPRILI,<a name="ar274" id="ar274"></a></span> spelt also <span class="sc">Kprili</span>, <span class="sc">Koeprulu</span>, <span class="sc">Keuprulu</span>, &c., +<p><span class="bold">KUPRILI,<a name="ar274" id="ar274"></a></span> spelt also <span class="sc">Köprili</span>, <span class="sc">Koeprulu</span>, <span class="sc">Keuprulu</span>, &c., the name of a family of Turkish statesmen.</p> <p>1.<span class="sc"> Mahommed Kuprili</span> (<i>c.</i> 1586-1661) was the grandson of @@ -18456,7 +18417,7 @@ governor of Tripoli; but before he had set out to his new post he was nominated to the grand vizierate at the instance of powerful friends. He accepted office only on condition of being allowed a free hand. He signalized his accession to power by -suppressing an <i>meute</i> of orthodox Mussulman fanatics in +suppressing an <i>émeute</i> of orthodox Mussulman fanatics in Constantinople (Sept. 22), and by putting to death certain favourites of the powerful Valide Sultana, by whose corruption and intrigues the administration had been confused. A little @@ -18519,7 +18480,7 @@ vizierate almost without interruption for half a century.</p> <p>2. <span class="sc">Fazil Ahmed Kuprili</span> (1635-1676), son of the preceding, succeeded his father as grand vizier in 1661 (this being the first instance of a son succeeding his father in that office since the -time of the Chenderlis). He began life in the clerical career, +time of the Chenderélis). He began life in the clerical career, which he left, at the age of twenty-three, when he had attained the rank of <i>muderris</i>. Usually humane and generous, he sought to relieve the people of the excessive taxation and to secure them @@ -18627,7 +18588,7 @@ People Nearest to Him</i> (1682-1694) (Rus.).</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See <i>Archives of Prince A. Th. Kurakin</i> (Rus.) (St Petersburg, 1890); -A. Brckner, <i>A Russian Tourist in Western Europe in the beginning +A. Brückner, <i>A Russian Tourist in Western Europe in the beginning of the XVIIIth Century</i> (Rus.) (St Petersburg, 1892).</p> </div> <div class="author">(R. N. B.)</div> @@ -18706,7 +18667,7 @@ from any great antiquity. In the list indeed of eighteen principal tribes of the nation which was drawn up by the Arabian historian Masudi, in the 10th century, only two or three names are to be recognized at the present day. A 14th-century list, however, -translated by Quatremre,<a name="fa1m" id="fa1m" href="#ft1m"><span class="sp">1</span></a> presents a great number of identical +translated by Quatremère,<a name="fa1m" id="fa1m" href="#ft1m"><span class="sp">1</span></a> presents a great number of identical names, and there seems no reason to doubt that certain Kūrdish families can trace their descent from the Omayyad caliphs, while only in recent years the Babān chief of Suleimania, representing @@ -18770,7 +18731,7 @@ and probably in some other localities, such as the Bālik country between Lahijān and Koi-Sanjāk; but the most interesting site in all Kūrdistān, perhaps in all western Asia, is the ruined fire temple of Pāī Kūlī on the southern frontier of Suleimanīa. -Among the dbris of this temple, which is scattered over a +Among the débris of this temple, which is scattered over a bare hillside, are to be found above one hundred slabs, inscribed with Parthian and Pahlavi characters, the fragments of a wall which formerly supported the eastern face of the edifice, and @@ -18946,12 +18907,12 @@ other places, 1894-96, in which the Kūrds took an active part.</p> (1836); Wagner, <i>Reise nach Persien und dem Lande der Kurden</i> (Leipzig, 1852); Consul Taylor in <i>R. G. S. Journal</i> (1865); Millingen, <i>Wild Life among the Koords</i> (1870); Von Luschan, “Die Wandervolker -Kleinasiens,” in <i>V<span class="sp">n</span>. d. G. fr Anthropologie</i> (Berlin, 1886); +Kleinasiens,” in <i>V<span class="sp">n</span>. d. G. für Anthropologie</i> (Berlin, 1886); Clayton, “The Mountains of Kūrdistān,” in <i>Alpine Journal</i> (1887); Binder, <i>Au Kūrdistan</i> (Paris, 1887); Naumann, <i>Vom Goldnen Horn zu den Quellen des Euphrat</i> (Munich, 1893); Murray, <i>Handbook -to Asia Minor, &c.</i> (1895); Lerch, <i>Forschungen ber die Kurden</i> -(St Petersburg, 1857-58); Jaba, <i>Dict. Kurde-Franais</i> (St Petersburg, +to Asia Minor, &c.</i> (1895); Lerch, <i>Forschungen über die Kurden</i> +(St Petersburg, 1857-58); Jaba, <i>Dict. Kurde-Français</i> (St Petersburg, 1879); Justi, <i>Kurdische Grammatik</i> (1880); Prym and Socin, <i>Kurdische Sammlungen</i> (1890); Makas, <i>Kurdische Studien</i> (1901); Earl Percy, <i>Highlands of Asiatic Turkey</i> (1901); Lynch, @@ -19010,7 +18971,7 @@ individual usually called Bokht-i-nasser (Nebuchadrezzar) and he ultimately succeeded to the throne. The neighbouring country has ever since remained in the hands of his descendants, who are called Gurāns” (<i>Sheref-Nama</i>, Persian MS.). The same popular tradition -still exists in the country, and <span class="grk" title="GTARZO GEOPOTHROS">ΓΩΤΑΡΖΗΟ ΓΕΟΠΟΘΡΟΣ</span> is found +still exists in the country, and <span class="grk" title="GÔTARZÊO GEOPOTHROS">ΓΩΤΑΡΖΗΟ ΓΕΟΠΟΘΡΟΣ</span> is found on the rock at Behistun, showing that Gudarz-ibn-Gīo was really an historic personage. See <i>Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc.</i> ix. 114.</p> </div> @@ -19022,7 +18983,7 @@ situated in the hilly districts between Azerbaijan and Kermanshah, and extending to the Turkish frontier on the W., and bounded on the E. by Gerrus and Hamadan. In proportion to its size and population it pays a very small yearly revenue—only -about 14,000—due to the fact that a great part of the +about £14,000—due to the fact that a great part of the population consists of wild and disorderly nomad Kūrds. Some of these nomads pass their winters in Turkish territory, and have their summer pasture-grounds in the highlands of Kūrdistān. @@ -19031,11 +18992,11 @@ The province is divided into sixteen districts, and its eastern part, in which the capital is situated, is known as Ardelan. The capital is Senendij, usually known as Sinna (not Sihna, or Sahna, as some writers have it), situated 60 m. N.W. of -Hamadan, in 35 15 N., 47 18 E., at an elevation of 5300 ft. +Hamadan, in 35° 15´ N., 47° 18´ E., at an elevation of 5300 ft. The city has a population of about 35,000 and manufactures great quantities of carpets and felts for the supply of the province and for export. Some of the carpets are very fine and expensive, -rugs 2 yards by 1 costing 15 to 20. Post and telegraph +rugs 2 yards by 1½ costing £15 to £20. Post and telegraph offices have been established since 1879.</p> @@ -19072,7 +19033,7 @@ small islands belonging to Japan, stretching in a north-easterly direction from Nemuro Bay, on the extreme east of the island of Yezo, to Chishima-kaikyo (Kuriles Strait), which separates them from the southernmost point of Kamchatka. They extend -from 44 45 to 50 56 N. and from 145 25 to 156 32 E. Their +from 44° 45´ to 50° 56´ N. and from 145° 25´ to 156° 32´ E. Their coasts measure 1496 m.; their area is 6159 sq. m.; their total number is 32, and the names of the eight principal islands, counting from the south, are Kunashiri, Shikotan, Etorofu @@ -19178,10 +19139,10 @@ and threaten, unless checked, to be pressed farther inland and silt up the whole Haff.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Berendt, <i>Geologie des Kurischen Haffs</i> (Knigsberg, 1869); +<p>See Berendt, <i>Geologie des Kurischen Haffs</i> (Königsberg, 1869); Sommer, <i>Das Kurische Haff</i> (Danzig, 1889); A. Bezzenberger, <i>Die Kurische Nehrung und ihre Bewohner</i> (Stuttgart, 1889); and -Lindner, <i>Die Preussische Wste einst und jetzt, Bilder von der +Lindner, <i>Die Preussische Wüste einst und jetzt, Bilder von der Kurischen Nehrung</i> (Osterwieck, 1898).</p> </div> @@ -19287,7 +19248,7 @@ current in the Pacific Ocean, easily distinguishable by the warm temperature and blue colour of its waters, flowing north-eastwards along the east coast of Japan, and separated from it by a strip of cold water. The current persists as a stream to about -40 N., between the meridians of 150 E. and 160 E., when it +40 N., between the meridians of 150° E. and 160° E., when it merges in the general easterly drift of the North Pacific. The Kuro Siwo is the analogue of the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic.</p> @@ -19373,8 +19334,8 @@ south-western Russia which belong to it, a characteristic which is accentuated in the southern portion of the government. The climate is milder than that of middle Russia generally, and winds from the south-east and the south-west prevail in winter. The -average temperatures are—for the year 42 F., for January 14 F. -and for July 67 F. The very interesting magnetic phenomenon, +average temperatures are—for the year 42° F., for January 14° F. +and for July 67° F. The very interesting magnetic phenomenon, known as the Byelgorod anomaly, covering an oval area 20 m. long and 12 m. wide, has been studied near the town of this name. The population, 1,893,597 in 1862, was 2,391,091 in 1897, of @@ -19399,7 +19360,7 @@ being introduced, the chief products being boots, ikons (sacred images) and shrines, toys, caps, vehicles, baskets, and pottery. About 17 m. from the chief town is held the Korennaya fair, formerly the greatest in South Russia, and still with an annual -trade valued at 900,000. The Kursk district contains more than +trade valued at £900,000. The Kursk district contains more than sixty old town sites; and barrows or burial mounds (<i>kurgans</i>) are extremely abundant. Notwithstanding the active efforts of the local councils (<i>zemstvos</i>), less than 10% of the population read @@ -19410,7 +19371,7 @@ wax, honey and leather goods is very brisk. There are fifteen districts, the chief towns of which, with their populations in 1897, are Kursk (<i>q.v.</i>) Byelgorod (21,850), Dmitriev (7315), Fatezh (4959), Graivoron (7669), Korocha (14,405), Lgov (5376), Novyi -Oskol (2762), Oboya (11872), Putivl (8965), Rylsk (11,415), +Oskol (2762), Oboyañ (11872), Putivl (8965), Rylsk (11,415), Staryi Oskol (16,662), Shchigry (3329), Suja (12,856) and Tim (7380). There are more than twenty villages which have from 5000 to 12,000 inhabitants each.</p> @@ -19461,9 +19422,9 @@ the 26th of April 1890. Kurtz was a prolific writer, and many of his books, especially the <i>Lehrbuch der heiligen Geschichte</i> (1843), became very popular. In the field of biblical criticism he wrote a <i>Geschichte des Alten Bundes</i> (1848-1855), <i>Zur Theologie der -Psalmen</i> (1865) and <i>Erklrung des Briefs an die Hebrer</i> (1869). +Psalmen</i> (1865) and <i>Erklärung des Briefs an die Hebräer</i> (1869). His chief work was done in church history, among his productions -being <i>Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte fr Studierende</i> +being <i>Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte für Studierende</i> (1849), <i>Abriss der Kirchengeschichte</i> (1852) and <i>Handbuch der allgemeinen Kirchengeschichte</i> (1853-1856). Several of his books have been translated into English.</p> @@ -19534,9 +19495,9 @@ called Shedbal, lapsed to the British government in 1857. In 1855 Kuruntwad was further divided between a senior and a junior branch. The territory of both is widely scattered among other native states and British districts. Area of the senior -branch, 185 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 42,474; revenue, 13,000. Area -of junior branch, 114 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 34,003; revenue, 9000. -The joint tribute is 640. The chiefs are Brahmans by caste, of +branch, 185 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 42,474; revenue, £13,000. Area +of junior branch, 114 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 34,003; revenue, £9000. +The joint tribute is £640. The chiefs are Brahmans by caste, of the Patwardhan family. The town of Kuruntwad, in which both branches have their residence, is on the right bank of the Panchganga river near its junction with the Kistna. Pop. (1901), @@ -19547,9 +19508,9 @@ Panchganga river near its junction with the Kistna. Pop. (1901), <p><span class="bold">KURZ, HERMANN<a name="ar296" id="ar296"></a></span> (1813-1873), German poet and novelist, was born at Reutlingen on the 30th of November 1813. Having studied at the theological seminary at Maulbronn and at the -university of Tbingen, he was for a time assistant pastor at +university of Tübingen, he was for a time assistant pastor at Ehningen. He then entered upon a literary career, and in 1863 -was appointed university librarian at Tbingen, where he died +was appointed university librarian at Tübingen, where he died on the 10th of October 1873. Kurz is less known to fame by his poems, <i>Gedichte</i> (1836) and <i>Dichtungen</i> (1839), than by his historical novels, <i>Schillers Heimatjahre</i> (1843, 3rd ed., 1899) @@ -19564,8 +19525,8 @@ volumes (Leipzig, 1904).</p> 1853 at Stuttgart, takes a high place among contemporary lyric poets in Germany with her <i>Gedichte</i> (Stuttgart, 1888, 3rd ed. 1898) and <i>Neue Gedichte</i> (1903). Her short stories, <i>Florentiner -Novellen</i> (1890, 2nd ed. 1893), <i>Phantasien und Mrchen</i> (1890), -<i>Italienische Erzhlungen</i> (1895) and <i>Von Dazumal</i> (1900) are +Novellen</i> (1890, 2nd ed. 1893), <i>Phantasien und Märchen</i> (1890), +<i>Italienische Erzählungen</i> (1895) and <i>Von Dazumal</i> (1900) are distinguished by a fine sense of form and clear-cut style.</p> @@ -19622,8 +19583,8 @@ and Troitsk.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KSTENLAND<a name="ar301" id="ar301"></a></span> (coast-land or littoral), a common name for -the three crown-lands of Austria, Grz and Gradisca, Istria and +<p><span class="bold">KÜSTENLAND<a name="ar301" id="ar301"></a></span> (coast-land or littoral), a common name for +the three crown-lands of Austria, Görz and Gradisca, Istria and Trieste. Their combined area is 3084 sq. m., and their population in 1900 was 755,183. They are united for certain administrative purposes under the governor of Trieste, the legal and @@ -19676,7 +19637,7 @@ Rion.</p> <p>The climate is very moist and warm. The winters are often without frost at all in the lowlands, while the lowest temperatures -observed are 18 F. at Batum and 9 at Poti. The mountains +observed are 18° F. at Batum and 9° at Poti. The mountains condense the moisture brought by the west winds, and the yearly amount of rain varies from 50 to 120 in. The chief rivers are the Rion, which enters the Black Sea at Poti; the @@ -19743,8 +19704,8 @@ is a government model garden, with a model farm.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KUT-EL-AMARA,<a name="ar305" id="ar305"></a></span> a small town in Turkish Asia, on the east -bank of the Tigris (32 29 19 N., 44 45 37 E.) at the point -where the Shatt-el-Ha leaves that stream. It is a coaling +bank of the Tigris (32° 29´ 19´´ N., 44° 45´ 37´´ E.) at the point +where the Shatt-el-Haï leaves that stream. It is a coaling station of the steamers plying between Basra and Bagdad, and an important Turkish post for the control of the lower Tigris.</p> @@ -19771,13 +19732,13 @@ is most picturesque, including a famous waterfall.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KUTTENBERG<a name="ar308" id="ar308"></a></span> (Czech, <i>Kutn Hora</i>), a town of Bohemia, +<p><span class="bold">KUTTENBERG<a name="ar308" id="ar308"></a></span> (Czech, <i>Kutná Hora</i>), a town of Bohemia, Austria, 45 m. E. by S. of Prague. Pop. (1900), 14,799, mostly <span class="pagenum"><a name="page956" id="page956"></a>956</span> Czech. Amongst its buildings are the Gothic five-naved church of St Barbara, begun in 1368, the Gothic church of St Jacob (14th century) and the Late Gothic Trinity church (end of 15th century). -The Wlscher Hof, formerly a royal residence and mint, was +The Wälscher Hof, formerly a royal residence and mint, was built at the end of the 13th century, and the Gothic Steinerne Haus, which since 1849 serves as town-hall, contains one of the richest archives in Bohemia. The industry includes sugar-refining, @@ -19839,7 +19800,7 @@ of cadets at St Petersburg, ambassador at Berlin, and governor-general of St Petersburg. In 1805 he commanded the Russian corps which opposed Napoleon’s advance on Vienna (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Napoleonic Campaigns</a></span>), and won the hard-fought action -of Drrenstein on the 18th-19th of November.</p> +of Dürrenstein on the 18th-19th of November.</p> <p>On the eve of Austerlitz (<i>q.v.</i>) he tried to prevent the Allied generals from fighting a battle, and when he was overruled took so @@ -19873,7 +19834,7 @@ was translated into French by A. Fizelier (Paris, 1850).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KUWĒT<a name="ar310" id="ar310"></a></span> (<span class="sc">Kuweit, Koweit</span>), a port in Arabia at the north-western -angle of the Persian Gulf in 29 20’ N. and 48 E., about +angle of the Persian Gulf in 29° 20’ N. and 48° E., about 80 m. due S. of Basra and 60 m. S.W. of the mouth of the Shat el Arab. The name Kuwēt is the diminutive form of Kut, a common term in Irāk for a walled village; it is also shown in @@ -19903,7 +19864,7 @@ of the <i>status quo</i>, and in 1899 Sheikh Mubārak of Kuwēt placed his interests under British protection.</p> <p>The total trade passing through Kuwēt in 1904-1905 was -valued at 160,000. The imports include arms and ammunition, +valued at £160,000. The imports include arms and ammunition, piece goods, rice, coffee, sugar, &c.; and the exports, horses, pearls, dates, wool, &c. The steamers of the British India Steamship Company call fortnightly.</p> @@ -20092,20 +20053,20 @@ or leased to foreign powers—Macao to Portugal, Hong-Kong <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">KWANZA<a name="ar317" id="ar317"></a></span> (<span class="sc">Coanza</span> or <span class="sc">Quanza</span>), a river of West Africa, with a course of about 700 m. entirely within the Portuguese -territory of Angola. The source lies in about 13 40 S., 17 -30 E. on the Bihe plateau, at an altitude of over 5000 ft. It +territory of Angola. The source lies in about 13° 40´ S., 17° +30´ E. on the Bihe plateau, at an altitude of over 5000 ft. It runs first N.E. and soon attains fairly large dimensions. Just -north of 12 it is about 60 yds. wide and 13 to 16 ft. deep. -From this point to 10 it flows N.W., receiving many tributaries, +north of 12° it is about 60 yds. wide and 13 to 16 ft. deep. +From this point to 10° it flows N.W., receiving many tributaries, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page958" id="page958"></a>958</span> -especially the Luando from the east. In about 10, and at +especially the Luando from the east. In about 10°, and at intervals during its westerly passage through the outer plateau escarpments, its course is broken by rapids, the river flowing in a well-defined valley flanked by higher ground. The lowest fall is that of Kambamba, or Livingstone, with a drop of 70 ft. Thence to the sea, a distance of some 160 m., it is navigable by small steamers, though very shallow in the dry season. -The river enters the sea in 9 15 S., 13 20 E., 40 m. S. of +The river enters the sea in 9° 15´ S., 13° 20´ E., 40 m. S. of Loanda. There is a shifting bar at its mouth, difficult to cross, but the river as a waterway has become of less importance since the fertile district in its middle basin has been served by @@ -20195,8 +20156,8 @@ with an area of 1274 sq. m., and a population in 1901 of original nine canals of the district. It consists of a generally level strip running north and south at the foot of the Shan Hills, and of a hilly region rising up these hills to the east, and including -the Yeyaman tract, which lies between 21 30’ and 21 40’ N. -and 96 15’ and 96 45’ E., with peaks rising to between 4500 +the Yeyaman tract, which lies between 21° 30’ and 21° 40’ N. +and 96° 15’ and 96° 45’ E., with peaks rising to between 4500 and 5000 ft. This tract is rugged and scored by ravines, and is very sparsely inhabited. The Panlaung and Zawgyi rivers from the Shan States flow through the district and are utilized for the @@ -20258,7 +20219,7 @@ on his manner than any of his contemporaries. It is believed that he produced his famous play, <i>The Spanish Tragedy</i>, between 1584 <span class="pagenum"><a name="page959" id="page959"></a>959</span> and 1589; the quarto in the British Museum (which is probably -earlier than the Gttingen and Ellesmere quartos, dated 1594 +earlier than the Göttingen and Ellesmere quartos, dated 1594 and 1599) is undated, and the play was licensed for the press in 1592. The full title runs, <i>The Spanish Tragedie containing the Lamentable End of Don Horatio and Bel-imperia; with the Pitiful @@ -20389,18 +20350,18 @@ F. S. Boas in 1901. Of modern editions of <i>The Spanish Tragedy</i> may be mentioned that by Professor J. M. Manly in <i>Specimens of the Pre-Shakespearean Drama</i>, vol. ii. (Boston, 1897), and by J. Schick in the <i>Temple Dramatists</i> (1898). See also <i>Cornelia</i> (ed. H. Gassner, -1894); C. Markscheffel, <i>T. Kyd’s Tragdien</i> (1885); Gregor Sarrazin, +1894); C. Markscheffel, <i>T. Kyd’s Tragödien</i> (1885); Gregor Sarrazin, Thomas Kyd und sein Kreis (1892); G. O. Fleischer, “Bemerkungen -ber Thomas Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy” (<i>Jahresbericht der Drei-Knigschule +über Thomas Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy” (<i>Jahresbericht der Drei-Königschule zu Dresden-Neustadt</i> (1896); J. Schick, “T. Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy” (<i>Literarhistorische Forschungen</i>, vol. 19, 1901); and -R. Koppel, in Prlss, <i>Altengl. Theater</i> (vol. i., 1904).</p> +R. Koppel, in Prölss, <i>Altengl. Theater</i> (vol. i., 1904).</p> </div> <div class="author">(E. G.)</div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KYFFHUSER,<a name="ar322" id="ar322"></a></span> a double line of hills in Thuringia, Germany. +<p><span class="bold">KYFFHÄUSER,<a name="ar322" id="ar322"></a></span> a double line of hills in Thuringia, Germany. The northern part looks steeply down upon the valley of the Goldene Aue, and is crowned by two ruined castles, Rothenburg (1440 ft.) on the west, and Kyffhausen (1542 ft.) on the east. @@ -20430,11 +20391,11 @@ Saxon hero Widukind, in a hill in Westphalia; to Siegfried, in the hill of Geroldseck; and to Henry I., in a hill near Goslar.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Richter, <i>Das deutsche Kyffhusergebirge</i> (Eisleben, 1876); -Lemcke, <i>Der deutsche Kaisertraum und der Kyffhuser</i> (Magdeburg, -1887); and <i>Fhrer durch das Kyffhusergebirge</i> (Sangerhausen, 1891); -Baltzer, <i>Das Kyffhusergebirge</i> (Rudolstadt, 1882); A. Fulda, <i>Die -Kyffhusersage</i> (Sangerhausen, 1889); and Anemller, <i>Kyffhuser und +<p>See Richter, <i>Das deutsche Kyffhäusergebirge</i> (Eisleben, 1876); +Lemcke, <i>Der deutsche Kaisertraum und der Kyffhäuser</i> (Magdeburg, +1887); and <i>Führer durch das Kyffhäusergebirge</i> (Sangerhausen, 1891); +Baltzer, <i>Das Kyffhäusergebirge</i> (Rudolstadt, 1882); A. Fulda, <i>Die +Kyffhäusersage</i> (Sangerhausen, 1889); and Anemüller, <i>Kyffhäuser und Rothenburg</i> (Detmold, 1892).</p> </div> @@ -20450,7 +20411,7 @@ him. His last female part was Evadne in <i>The Maid’s Tragedy</i> in 1661 with Killigrew’s company. In 1665 he was playing important male parts at Covent Garden. He joined Betterton at Lincoln’s Inn Fields in 1695, after which he received less -important rles, retiring in 1699. He died in 1706, and was +important rôles, retiring in 1699. He died in 1706, and was buried on the 18th of January.</p> @@ -20494,7 +20455,7 @@ of pictures and sketches, often choosing subjects from the folk-lore of his country. A fine collection of these works is preserved in the British Museum; and there are also good examples in the National Art Library at South Kensington, -and the Muse Guimet at Paris. Among his illustrated books +and the Musée Guimet at Paris. Among his illustrated books may be mentioned <i>Yehon Taka-kagami</i>, Illustrations of Hawks (5 vols., 1870, &c.); <i>Kyōsai Gwafu</i> (1880); <i>Kyōsai Dongwa</i>; <i>Kyōsai Raku-gwa</i>; <i>Kyōsai Riaku-gwa</i>; <i>Kyōsai Mangwa</i> (1881); @@ -20504,7 +20465,7 @@ and two of its four volumes are devoted to an account of his own art and life. He died in 1889.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Guimet (.) and Regamey (F.), <i>Promenades japonaises</i> (Paris, +<p>See Guimet (É.) and Regamey (F.), <i>Promenades japonaises</i> (Paris, 1880); Anderson (W.), <i>Catalogue of Japanese Painting in the British Museum</i> (London, 1886); Mortimer Menpes, “A Personal View of Japanese Art: A Lesson from Kyōsai,” <i>Magazine of Art</i> (1888).</p> @@ -20513,7 +20474,7 @@ Japanese Art: A Lesson from Kyōsai,” <i>Magazine of Art</i> (1888).</ <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">KYRIE<a name="ar326" id="ar326"></a></span> (in full <i>kyrie eleison</i>, or <i>eleeson</i>, Gr. <span class="grk" title="kyrie eleson">κύριε ἐλέησον</span>; cf. +<p><span class="bold">KYRIE<a name="ar326" id="ar326"></a></span> (in full <i>kyrie eleison</i>, or <i>eleeson</i>, Gr. <span class="grk" title="kyrie eleêson">κύριε ἐλέησον</span>; cf. Ps. cxxii. 3, Matt. <span class="sc">XV.</span> 22, &c., meaning “Lord, have mercy”), the words of petition used at the beginning of the Mass and in other offices of the Eastern and Roman Churches. In the @@ -20562,383 +20523,7 @@ Works, situated two miles lower down the same river.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th -Edition, Volume 15, Slice 8, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYC. 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