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diff --git a/41070-8.txt b/41070-0.txt index ce20313..8d7689c 100644 --- a/41070-8.txt +++ b/41070-0.txt @@ -1,38 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 1, by -Hubert Howe Bancroft - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 1 - The Native Races, Volume 1, Wild Tribes - -Author: Hubert Howe Bancroft - -Release Date: October 15, 2012 [EBook #41070] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WORKS OF BANCROFT *** - - - - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by -1st-hand-history.org) - - - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41070 *** Transcriber's Note: @@ -49,7 +15,7 @@ Transcriber's Note: Page xlix: "Megico" is a possible typo for "Mejico" Page 18: the opening quote mark is missing in the quote ending "in company," - Page 37: "Aläsku" should possibly be "Aläksu" + Page 37: "Aläsku" should possibly be "Aläksu" Page 104: "von 10 bis 12 Pud" should possibly be "von 10 bis 12 Pfund" Page 105: "mit grellen Farben" should possibly be "die mit grellen @@ -139,8 +105,8 @@ England and the chief cities of the Continent. Having exhausted every available source, I was obliged to content myself with lying in wait for opportunities. Not long afterward, and at a time when the prospect of materially adding to my collection seemed anything but hopeful, the -_Biblioteca Imperial de Méjico_, of the unfortunate Maximilian, -collected during a period of forty years by Don José María Andrade, +_Biblioteca Imperial de Méjico_, of the unfortunate Maximilian, +collected during a period of forty years by Don José MarÃa Andrade, litterateur and publisher of the city of Mexico, was thrown upon the European market and furnished me about three thousand additional volumes. @@ -188,7 +154,7 @@ parallel, and along the border of the ocean north of that line. Before the advent of Europeans, this domain counted its aborigines by millions; ranked among its people every phase of primitive humanity, from the reptile-eating cave-dweller of the Great Basin, to the Aztec and -Maya-Quiché civilization of the southern table-land,--a civilization, if +Maya-Quiché civilization of the southern table-land,--a civilization, if we may credit Dr Draper, "that might have instructed Europe," a culture wantonly crushed by Spain, who therein "destroyed races more civilized than herself." @@ -344,7 +310,7 @@ CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME. Gualalas, Sonomas, Petalumas, Napas, Suscols, Suisunes, Tamales, Karquines, Tulomos, Thamiens, Olchones, Runsiens, Escelens, and others of Central California--The Cahuillos, - Diegueños, Islanders, and Mission Rancherías of Southern + Diegueños, Islanders, and Mission RancherÃas of Southern California--The Snakes or Shoshones proper, Utahs, Bannocks, Washoes and other Shoshone Nations 322 @@ -359,7 +325,7 @@ CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME. Comanches, Apaches proper, Hualapais, Yumas, Cosninos, Yampais, Yalchedunes, Yamajabs, Cruzados, Nijoras, Navajos, Mojaves, and their customs--The Pueblo Family: Pueblos, - Moquis, Pimas, Maricopas, Pápagos, and their Neighbors--The + Moquis, Pimas, Maricopas, Pápagos, and their Neighbors--The Cochimis, Waicuris, Pericuis, and other Lower Californians-- The Seris, Sinaloas, Tarahumares, Conchos, Tepehuanes, Tobosos, Acaxees, and others in Northern Mexico 471 @@ -372,7 +338,7 @@ CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME. Territorial Aspects--Two Main Divisions; Wild Tribes of Central Mexico, and Wild Tribes of Southern Mexico--The Coras and others in Jalisco--Descendants of the Aztecs--The - Otomís and Mazahuas Adjacent to the Valley of Mexico--The + OtomÃs and Mazahuas Adjacent to the Valley of Mexico--The Pames--The Tarascos and Matlaltzincas of Michoacan--The Huaztecs and Totonacos of Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas--The Chontales, Chinantecs, Mazatecs, Cuicatecs, Chatinos, @@ -389,8 +355,8 @@ CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME. First, the nations of Yucatan, Guatemala, Salvador, Western Honduras, and Nicaragua; Second, The Mosquitos of Honduras; Third, the nations of Costa Rica and the Isthmus of - Panamá--The Popolucas, Pipiles and Chontales--The - Descendants of the Maya-Quiché Races--The Natives of + Panamá--The Popolucas, Pipiles and Chontales--The + Descendants of the Maya-Quiché Races--The Natives of Nicaragua--The Mosquitos, Poyas, Ramas, Lencas, Towkas, Woolwas, and Xicaques of Honduras--The Guatusos of the Rio Frio--The Caimanes, Bayamos, Dorachos, Goajiros, Mandingos, @@ -416,7 +382,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. que hizo. Indios Chichimecas de Xuchipila. In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. ii. - Acosta (Joaquin), Compendio Histórico del Descubrimiento, + Acosta (Joaquin), Compendio Histórico del Descubrimiento, etc. de la Nueva Granada. Paris, 1848. Acosta (Josef de), Historia Natural y Moral de las Yndias. @@ -433,38 +399,38 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte. Berlin. - Alaman (Lúcas), Disertaciones sobre la Historia de la - República Mejicana. Méjico, 1844-9. 3 vols. + Alaman (Lúcas), Disertaciones sobre la Historia de la + República Mejicana. Méjico, 1844-9. 3 vols. - Alaman (Lúcas), Historia de Méjico. Méjico, 1849-52. 5 + Alaman (Lúcas), Historia de Méjico. Méjico, 1849-52. 5 vols. Alarcon (Fernando), The Relation of the Nauigation and Discouery which Captaine Fernando Alarchon made. [1540.] In Hakluyt's Voy., vol. iii.; Ramusio, Navigationi, tom. iii.; - Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. ix. + Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. ix. Album Mexicano. Mexico, 1849. - Alcedo (Antonio de), Diccionario Geográfico Histórico. + Alcedo (Antonio de), Diccionario Geográfico Histórico. Madrid, 1786-9. 5 vols. - Alegre (Francisco Javier), Historia de la Compañia de Jesus - en Nueva España. Mexico, 1841. 3 vols. + Alegre (Francisco Javier), Historia de la Compañia de Jesus + en Nueva España. Mexico, 1841. 3 vols. Almaraz (Ramon), Memoria de los trabajos ejecutados por la - Comision Científica de Pachuca. Mexico, 1865. + Comision CientÃfica de Pachuca. Mexico, 1865. Almaraz (Ramon), Memoria acerca de los Terrenos de Metlaltoyuca. Mexico, 1866. - Alric (Henri J. A.), Dix Ans de Résidence d'un missionnaire + Alric (Henri J. A.), Dix Ans de Résidence d'un missionnaire dans les deux Californies. Mexico, 1866. - Alzate y Ramirez (José Antonio), Gacetas de Literatura de + Alzate y Ramirez (José Antonio), Gacetas de Literatura de Mexico. Mexico, 1790-4. 3 vols.; and Puebla, 1831. 4 vols. - Alzate y Ramirez (José Antonio), Memoria sobre la + Alzate y Ramirez (José Antonio), Memoria sobre la Naturaleza, etc., de la Grana. MS. Mexico, 1777. America, An Account of the Spanish Settlements in. @@ -490,10 +456,10 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. American Review. New York, 1845 et seq. - Amérique Centrale. Colonisation du District de + Amérique Centrale. Colonisation du District de Santo-Thomas, Guatemala. Paris, 1844. - Ampère (J. J.), Promenade en Amérique. Paris, 1855. 2 vols. + Ampère (J. J.), Promenade en Amérique. Paris, 1855. 2 vols. Anales Mexicanos de Ciencia, Literatura, etc. Mexico, 1860. @@ -512,10 +478,10 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Anson (George), A Voyage round the World, 1740-4. London, 1767. 4to. - Antiquités Mexicaines. Paris, 1834. folio. 3 vols. Text, 2 + Antiquités Mexicaines. Paris, 1834. folio. 3 vols. Text, 2 vols., each in 2 divisions; plates, 1 vol. - Antuñez y Acevedo (Rafael), Memorias Históricas. Madrid, + Antuñez y Acevedo (Rafael), Memorias Históricas. Madrid, 1797. Anunciacion (Juan de la), Doctrina Christiana muy cumplida. @@ -524,7 +490,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Anunciacion (Juan de la), Sermonario en Lengua Mexicana. Mexico, 1577. - Apostólicos Afanes de la Compañia de Jesus. Barcelona, + Apostólicos Afanes de la Compañia de Jesus. Barcelona, 1754. 4to. Aravjo (Ivan Martinez de), Manual de los Santos Sacramentos @@ -533,11 +499,11 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Archenholtz (J. M. von), The History of the Pirates, etc., of America. London, 1807. - Archæologia, or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity. + Archæologia, or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity. London, 1770-1857. 57 vols. Arenas (Pedro de), Guide de la Conversation en trois - Langues, Français, Espagnol et Mexicain. Paris, 1862. + Langues, Français, Espagnol et Mexicain. Paris, 1862. Arenas (Pedro de), Vocabulario Manual de las Lenguas Castellana y Mexicana. Mexico, [1583]. @@ -546,9 +512,9 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Castellana y Mexicana. Puebla, 1831. Arizcorreta (Mariano), Respuesta de Algunos Propietarios de - Fincas Rústicas, á ----. Mexico, 1849. + Fincas Rústicas, á ----. Mexico, 1849. - Arlegui (Joseph de), Chrónica de la Provincia de N. S. P. S. + Arlegui (Joseph de), Chrónica de la Provincia de N. S. P. S. Francisco de Zacatecas. Mexico, 1737. Armin (Th.), Das Alte Mexiko. Leipzig, 1865. @@ -558,11 +524,11 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Armstrong (Alex.), A Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the N. W. Passage. London, 1857. - Arricivita (Juan Domingo), Crónica Seráfica y Apostólica + Arricivita (Juan Domingo), Crónica Seráfica y Apostólica del Colegio de Propaganda Fide de la Santa Cruz de - Querétaro. Mexico, 1792. 4to. + Querétaro. Mexico, 1792. 4to. - Arte de la Lengua Névome, que se dice Pima. (Shea's + Arte de la Lengua Névome, que se dice Pima. (Shea's Linguistics, No. 5.) San Augustine, 1862. Athanasius, see West-Indische Spieghel. @@ -572,9 +538,9 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Atwater (Caleb), Description of the Antiquities of Ohio. In Amer. Antiq. Soc. Transact., vol. i. - Aubin, Mémoire sur l'écriture figurative. Paris, 1849. + Aubin, Mémoire sur l'écriture figurative. Paris, 1849. - Auger (Édouard), Voyage en Californie. Paris, 1854. + Auger (Édouard), Voyage en Californie. Paris, 1854. Avila (Francisco de), Arte de la Lengua Mexicana. Mexico, 1717. @@ -585,10 +551,10 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 1863-4. Baer (K. E. von), Statistische und Ethnographische - Nachrichten über die Russischen Besitzungen an der - Nordwestküste von Amerika. St Petersburg, 1839. + Nachrichten über die Russischen Besitzungen an der + Nordwestküste von Amerika. St Petersburg, 1839. - Baeza (Bartolomé del Granado), Los Indios de Yucatan. In + Baeza (Bartolomé del Granado), Los Indios de Yucatan. In Registro Yucateco, tom. i. Baily (John), Central America; describing Guatemala, @@ -603,12 +569,12 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Barber (John W.), and Henry Howe, All the Western States and Territories. Cincinnati, 1867. - Bárcena, (J. M. Roa), Ensayo de una Historia Anecdótica de + Bárcena, (J. M. Roa), Ensayo de una Historia Anecdótica de Mexico. Mexico, 1862. - Bárcena, (J. M. Roa), Leyendas Mexicanas. Mexico, 1862. + Bárcena, (J. M. Roa), Leyendas Mexicanas. Mexico, 1862. - Barcia (Andrés Gonzalez de), Historiadores Primitivos de + Barcia (Andrés Gonzalez de), Historiadores Primitivos de las Indias Occidentales. Madrid, 1749. folio. 3 vols. Bard (Samuel A.), Waikna; or, Adventures on the Mosquito @@ -635,7 +601,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Bates (Mrs D. B.), Incidents on Land and Water. Boston, 1860. - Bausa (José M.), Bosquejo Geográfico y Estadístico de + Bausa (José M.), Bosquejo Geográfico y EstadÃstico de Papantla. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. v. Baxley (Willis), What I saw on the West Coast of South and @@ -645,7 +611,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Beaufoy (Mark), Mexican Illustrations. London, 1828. - Beaumont, Pablo de la Purísima Concepcion, Crónica de la + Beaumont, Pablo de la PurÃsima Concepcion, Crónica de la Provincia de S. Pedro y S. Pablo de Mechoacan. MS. Becher (C. C.), Mexico. Hamburg, 1834. @@ -663,11 +629,11 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Bell (James), A system of Geography. Glasgow, 1836. 6 vols. - Belly (Félix), Le Nicaragua. Paris, 1870. 2 vols. + Belly (Félix), Le Nicaragua. Paris, 1870. 2 vols. Beltrami (J. C), Le Mexique. Paris, 1830. 2 vols. - Beltran de Santa Rosa María (Pedro), Arte del Idioma Maya. + Beltran de Santa Rosa MarÃa (Pedro), Arte del Idioma Maya. Merida, 1859. Benzoni (Girolamo), La Historia del Mondo Nvovo. Venetia, @@ -683,7 +649,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Monde. Paris, 1788-9. 9 vols. Berlandier (Luis), and Rafael Thovel, Diario de Viage de la - Comision de Límites. Mexico, 1850. + Comision de LÃmites. Mexico, 1850. Bernardez (Josef de Rivera), Descripcion Breve de la Ciudad de Zacatecas. Mexico, 1732. @@ -694,9 +660,9 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Biart (Lucien), La Terre Chaude. Paris, [1862]. - Biart (Lucien), La Terre Tempérée. Paris, 1866. + Biart (Lucien), La Terre Tempérée. Paris, 1866. - Bidwell (Chas. Toll), The Isthmus of Panamá. London, + Bidwell (Chas. Toll), The Isthmus of Panamá. London, 1865. Bigelow (John), Memoir of the Life and Public Services of @@ -725,7 +691,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Altura de 58 grados. 1775. MS. Bodega y Quadra (Juan Francisco), Navegacion y - descubrimientos hechos de órden de S. M. en la costa + descubrimientos hechos de órden de S. M. en la costa septentrional de California [1779]. MS. Boggs, Life of Gov. L. W. Boggs, by his Son. MS., 1873. @@ -751,11 +717,11 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Borthwick (J. D.), Three Years in California. Edinburgh, 1857. - Boscana (Gerónimo), Chinigchinich; A Historical Account of + Boscana (Gerónimo), Chinigchinich; A Historical Account of the Origin, etc., of the Indians of San Juan Capistrano. New York, 1846. - Boturini Benaduci (Lorenzo), Computo Cronológico de los + Boturini Benaduci (Lorenzo), Computo Cronológico de los Indios Mexicanos. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., pt. iv. Boturini Benaduci (Lorenzo), Idea de Una Nueva Historia @@ -782,34 +748,34 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. into the Origin and History of the Red Race. New York, 1841. - Brasseur de Bourbourg, Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatémalienne. + Brasseur de Bourbourg, Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatémalienne. Paris, 1871. - Brasseur de Bourbourg, Esquisses d'Histoire, d'Archéologie, + Brasseur de Bourbourg, Esquisses d'Histoire, d'Archéologie, d'Ethnographie, etc. [Paris, 1864.] - Brasseur de Bourbourg, Grammaire de la Langue Quichée. + Brasseur de Bourbourg, Grammaire de la Langue Quichée. Paris, 1862. - Brasseur de Bourbourg, Histoire des Nations civilisées du - Mexique et de l'Amérique Centrale. Paris, 1857-9. 4 vols. + Brasseur de Bourbourg, Histoire des Nations civilisées du + Mexique et de l'Amérique Centrale. Paris, 1857-9. 4 vols. - Brasseur de Bourbourg, Lettres pour servir d'Introduction à - l'Histoire primitive des Nations Civilisées de l'Amérique + Brasseur de Bourbourg, Lettres pour servir d'Introduction à + l'Histoire primitive des Nations Civilisées de l'Amérique Septentrional. Mexico, 1851. 4to. - Brasseur de Bourbourg, Manuscrit Troano. Études sur le - système graphique et la langue des Mayas. Paris, 1869-70. + Brasseur de Bourbourg, Manuscrit Troano. Études sur le + système graphique et la langue des Mayas. Paris, 1869-70. 4to. 2 vols. (Mission Scientifique, Linguistique.) - Brasseur de Bourbourg, Popol Vuh. Le Livre Sacré et les - Mythes de l'Antiquité Américaine. Paris, 1861. + Brasseur de Bourbourg, Popol Vuh. Le Livre Sacré et les + Mythes de l'Antiquité Américaine. Paris, 1861. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Quatre Lettres sur le Mexique. Paris, 1868. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Recherches sur les Ruines de - Palenqué. Avec les Dessins de M. de Waldeck. Paris, 1866. + Palenqué. Avec les Dessins de M. de Waldeck. Paris, 1866. folio. 1 vol. text; and 1 vol. plates. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Voyage sur l'Isthme de Tehuantepec. @@ -861,14 +827,14 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Bullock (W. H.), Six Months' Residence and Travels in Mexico. London, 1825, 2 vols. - Bülow (A. von), Der Freistaat Nicaragua. Berlin, 1849. + Bülow (A. von), Der Freistaat Nicaragua. Berlin, 1849. - Burgoa (Francisco de), Geográfica Descripcion de la Parte + Burgoa (Francisco de), Geográfica Descripcion de la Parte Septentrional del Polo Artico de la America (Oajaca). Mexico, 1674. 4to. 2 vols. Burgoa (Francisco de), Palestra Historial de Virtudes, y - Exemplares Apostólicos. Mexico, 1670. 4to. + Exemplares Apostólicos. Mexico, 1670. 4to. Burkart (Joseph), Aufenthalt und Reisen in Mexico. Stuttgart, 1833. 2 vols. @@ -896,8 +862,8 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Grammatik der Sonorischen Sprachen. Berlin, 1864. 4to. - Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die Lautveränderung - Aztekischer Wörter in den Sonorischen Sprachen. Berlin, + Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die Lautveränderung + Aztekischer Wörter in den Sonorischen Sprachen. Berlin, [1855]. 4to Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die Pima-Sprache und die @@ -907,29 +873,29 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. von Neu-Californien. Berlin, [1855]. 4to. Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die Spuren der Aztekischen - Sprachen im Nördlichen Mexico und Höheren Amerikanischen + Sprachen im Nördlichen Mexico und Höheren Amerikanischen Norden. Berlin, 1859. 4to. Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die - Verwandtschafts-Verhältnisse der Athapaskischen Sprachen. + Verwandtschafts-Verhältnisse der Athapaskischen Sprachen. Berlin, 1863. 4to. - Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die Völker und Sprachen + Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die Völker und Sprachen Neu-Mexico's und der Westseite des Britischen Nordamerikas. Berlin, [1857]. 4to. Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Systematische Worttafel des Athapaskischen Sprachstamms. Berlin, [1859]. 4to. - Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Über die Aztekischen + Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Ãœber die Aztekischen Ortsnamen. Berlin, [1853] 4to. - Bussièrre (Th. de), L'Empire Mexicain. Paris, 1863. + Bussièrre (Th. de), L'Empire Mexicain. Paris, 1863. - Bustamante (Benigno), Memoria Geográfica y Estadística del + Bustamante (Benigno), Memoria Geográfica y EstadÃstica del Estado de Guanajuato. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. i. - Bustamante (Carlos María), Mañanas de la Alameda de Mexico. + Bustamante (Carlos MarÃa), Mañanas de la Alameda de Mexico. Mexico, 1835-6. 2 vols. Byam (George), Wanderings in some of The Western Republics @@ -939,26 +905,26 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. America. London, 1849. - Cabeza de Vaca (Alvar Nuñez), Relation. Translated from the + Cabeza de Vaca (Alvar Nuñez), Relation. Translated from the Spanish by Buckingham Smith. New York, 1871. 4to. - Cabeza de Vaca (Alvar Nuñez), Relatione. In Ramusio, + Cabeza de Vaca (Alvar Nuñez), Relatione. In Ramusio, Navig., tom. iii.; Barcia, Historiadores Prim., tom. i.; - Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. vii. + Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. vii. - Cabrera (José María), Estadística de la Municipalidad de - Natívitas. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. ii. + Cabrera (José MarÃa), EstadÃstica de la Municipalidad de + NatÃvitas. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. ii. - Cabrera (José Maria), Sobre el Orígen de la Palabra Mexico. + Cabrera (José Maria), Sobre el OrÃgen de la Palabra Mexico. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii. - Cabrera (Paul Felix), Teatro Crítico Americano. In Rio. + Cabrera (Paul Felix), Teatro CrÃtico Americano. In Rio. (Ant. del.), Description of an Ancient City. Cabrera Bueno (Joseph Gonzalez), Navegacion Especvlativa y - Práctica. Manila, 1734. folio. + Práctica. Manila, 1734. folio. - Cabrillo (Juan Rodriguez), Relacion, ó Diario, de la + Cabrillo (Juan Rodriguez), Relacion, ó Diario, de la Navegacion que hizo, 1542. In Smith (B.), Col. de Varios Documentos. @@ -967,7 +933,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. California, Establecimiento y Progresos de las Misiones de la Antigua California, dispuesto por un Religioso. (Chiefly - the letters of P. Juan María de Salvatierra.) In Doc. Hist. + the letters of P. Juan MarÃa de Salvatierra.) In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. v. California Academy of Natural Sciences, Proceedings. San @@ -989,14 +955,14 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. California State Medical Journal. Sacramento, 1856-7. Californias, Noticias de la Provincia de Californias en - Tres Cartas de un Sacérdote. Valencia, 1794. + Tres Cartas de un Sacérdote. Valencia, 1794. - Californie, Histoire Chrétienne. Paris, 1851. + Californie, Histoire Chrétienne. Paris, 1851. - Calvo (Charles), Recueil Complet des Traités. Paris, + Calvo (Charles), Recueil Complet des Traités. Paris, 1862-7. 16 vols. - Camargo (Domingo Muñoz), Histoire de la République de + Camargo (Domingo Muñoz), Histoire de la République de Tlaxcallan. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1843, tom. xcviii-ix. @@ -1006,7 +972,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Campbell (Archibald), A Voyage round the World. Edinburgh, 1816. - Cancio (Lorenzo), Cartas, año de 1766. In Doc. Hist. Mex., + Cancio (Lorenzo), Cartas, año de 1766. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. ii. Capron (E. S.), History of California. Boston, 1854. @@ -1019,7 +985,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. los Antiguos Mexicanos. Mexico, 1864. Carleton (James Henry), Diary of an Excursion to the Ruins - of Abó, etc., New Mexico. In Smithsonian Report, 1854. + of Abó, etc., New Mexico. In Smithsonian Report, 1854. Carli (Gian-Rinaldo), Las Cartas Americanas. Mexico, 1821-2. @@ -1050,13 +1016,13 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Carvalho (S. N.), Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West. New York, 1858. - Castañeda de Nágera (Pedro de), Relation du Voyage de + Castañeda de Nágera (Pedro de), Relation du Voyage de Cibola. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., serie i., tom. ix. Paris, 1838. - Castaño de Sosa (Gaspar), Memoria del Descubrimiento ... + Castaño de Sosa (Gaspar), Memoria del Descubrimiento ... del Nuevo Reino de Leon. 1590. In Pacheco, Col. de Doc. - Inéd., tom. iv. + Inéd., tom. iv. Catecismo en Idioma Mixteco. Puebla, 1837. @@ -1087,22 +1053,22 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Charlevoix (Fr. Xav. de), Histoire de la Nouvelle France. Paris, 1744. 4to. 3 vols. - Charnay (Désiré), Cités et Ruines Américaines ... Avec un + Charnay (Désiré), Cités et Ruines Américaines ... Avec un Texte par M. Viollet-le-Duc. Paris, 1863. With folio atlas of photographs. Charpenne (Pierre), Mon Voyage au Mexique. Paris, 1836. 2 vols. - Chateaubriand (de), Voyages en Amérique. Paris, n.d. + Chateaubriand (de), Voyages en Amérique. Paris, n.d. Chaves (G.), Rapport sur la Province de Meztitlan. 1579. In - Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série ii., tom. v. + Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série ii., tom. v. - Chevalier (Michel), L'Isthme de Panamá. Paris, 1844. + Chevalier (Michel), L'Isthme de Panamá. Paris, 1844. Chevalier (Michel), Du Mexique avant et pendant le - Conquête. Paris, 1845. + Conquête. Paris, 1845. Chevalier (Michel), Le Mexique, Ancien et Moderne. Paris, 1864. @@ -1155,7 +1121,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Colombo (Fernando), Historie, della vita, e de' fatti dell' Ammiraglio D. Christoforo Colombo suo Padre. Venetia, 1709. - Colon (Fernando), La Historia del Almirante D. Christóval + Colon (Fernando), La Historia del Almirante D. Christóval Colon su Padre. In Barcia, Historiadores Prim., tom. i. Colton (Walter), Deck and Port. New York, 1860. @@ -1169,9 +1135,9 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Commettant (Oscar), Les Civilisations Inconnues. Paris, 1863. - Comité d'Archéologie Américaine, Annuaire. Paris, 1866-7. + Comité d'Archéologie Américaine, Annuaire. Paris, 1866-7. - Concilios Provinciales Mexicanos. 1º, 2º, 3º, y 4º; 1555, + Concilios Provinciales Mexicanos. 1º, 2º, 3º, y 4º; 1555, 1565, 1585, 1771. The original MS. Records, folio. 5 vols. Conder (Josiah), Mexico and Guatemala. London, 1831. 2 @@ -1185,7 +1151,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Cooper, The History of North America. London, 1789. - Coréal (François), Voyages aux Indes Occidentales. Paris, + Coréal (François), Voyages aux Indes Occidentales. Paris, 1722. 2 vols. Cornwallis (Kinahan), The New El Dorado, or British @@ -1193,32 +1159,32 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Coronado (Francisco Vazquez de), The Relation of. Country of Cibola. [1540.] In Hakluyt's Voyages, vol. iii.; - Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. ix.; Ramusio, Navig., + Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. ix.; Ramusio, Navig., tom. iii. - Cortés (Hernan), Aventuras y Conquistas de Hernan Cortés en - Méjico. Barcelona, 1846. + Cortés (Hernan), Aventuras y Conquistas de Hernan Cortés en + Méjico. Barcelona, 1846. - Cortés (Hernan), Carta Inédita. [Oct. 15, 1524.] In + Cortés (Hernan), Carta Inédita. [Oct. 15, 1524.] In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. i. - Cortés (Hernan), Cartas y Relaciones de Hernan Cortés al + Cortés (Hernan), Cartas y Relaciones de Hernan Cortés al Emperador Carlos V. Paris, 1866. - Cortés (Hernan), The Despatches of. Translated by Geo. + Cortés (Hernan), The Despatches of. Translated by Geo. Folsom. New York, 1843. - Cortés (Hernan), Historia de Nueva-España. Aumentada por + Cortés (Hernan), Historia de Nueva-España. Aumentada por Don Francisco Antonio Lorenzana. Mexico, 1770. folio. - Cortés (Hernan), Vida de Hernan Cortés. [De Rebus Gestis, + Cortés (Hernan), Vida de Hernan Cortés. [De Rebus Gestis, etc.] In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. i. - Cortés, Martyr, et al., De Insvlis nvper inventis + Cortés, Martyr, et al., De Insvlis nvper inventis Ferdinandi Cortesii ad Carolum V. Narrationes cum alio quodam Petri Martyris. n.pl., 1532. - Cortez (José), History of the Apache Nations. [1799.] In + Cortez (José), History of the Apache Nations. [1799.] In Pac. R. R. Repts., vol. iii. Cotheal (Alex. J.), A Grammatical Sketch of the Language @@ -1252,7 +1218,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi. Crespi (Juan), Viage de la Espedicion de Tierra de San - Diego á Monterey. Copia del Diario, etc. [1769.] In Doc. + Diego á Monterey. Copia del Diario, etc. [1769.] In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi. Cronise (Titus Fey), The Natural Wealth of California. San @@ -1261,10 +1227,10 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Crowe (Frederick), The Gospel in Central America. London, 1850. - Cuaderno Histórico de las Agresiones y Hazañas de tres - célebres Apaches. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. iii. + Cuaderno Histórico de las Agresiones y Hazañas de tres + célebres Apaches. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. iii. - Cuesta (Felipe Arroyo de la), Extracto de la Gramática + Cuesta (Felipe Arroyo de la), Extracto de la Gramática Mutsun. (Shea's Linguistics, No. 4.) New York, 1861. Cuesta (Felipe Arroyo de la), A Vocabulary or Phrase Book @@ -1282,7 +1248,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Dall (Wm. H.), Alaska and its resources. Boston, 1870. - Dally (E.), Sur les Races Indigènes et sur l'Archéologie du + Dally (E.), Sur les Races Indigènes et sur l'Archéologie du Mexique. Paris, 1862. Dampier (Wm.), A New Voyage round the World. London, @@ -1299,15 +1265,15 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Davidson (George), Directory for the Pacific Coast of the United States. Washington, n.d. - Dávila (Gil Gonzalez), Teatro Eclesiástico de la Primitiva + Dávila (Gil Gonzalez), Teatro Eclesiástico de la Primitiva Iglesia de las Indias Occidentales. Madrid, 1649-55. 2 vols. folio. - Dávila (Julian Gutierrez), Memorias Históricas de la + Dávila (Julian Gutierrez), Memorias Históricas de la Congregacion de el Oratorio de la Ciudad de Mexico. Mexico, 1736. folio. - Dávila Padilla (Avgvstin), Historia de la Fvndacion y + Dávila Padilla (Avgvstin), Historia de la Fvndacion y Discvrso de la Provincia de Santiago de Mexico. Brusselas, 1625. folio. @@ -1320,7 +1286,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Dease and Simpson, An Account of the Recent Arctic Discoveries. In Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. viii. - De Bercy (Drouin), L'Europe et l'Amérique. Paris, 1818. + De Bercy (Drouin), L'Europe et l'Amérique. Paris, 1818. De Costa (B. F.), The Pre-Columbian Discovery of America. Albany, 1868. @@ -1339,13 +1305,13 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Denkschriften der russischen geographischen Gesellschaft zu St Petersburg. Weimar, 1849 et seq. - Derbec, Lettres écrites de la Californie. In Nouvelles + Derbec, Lettres écrites de la Californie. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851., tom. cxxviii-xxx. De Smet (P. J. de), Letters and Sketches. Philadelphia, 1843. - De Smet (P. J. de), Missions de l'Orégon. London, 1848. + De Smet (P. J. de), Missions de l'Orégon. London, 1848. De Smet (P. J. de), Oregon Missions and Travels over the Rocky Mountains. New York, 1847. @@ -1359,18 +1325,18 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Dewees (W. B.), Letters from an Early Settler of Texas. Louisville, 1852. - Diaz (Juan), Itinerario de la Armada del Rey Católico á la - Isla de Yucatan, 1518, en la que fué Juan de Grijalva. In + Diaz (Juan), Itinerario de la Armada del Rey Católico á la + Isla de Yucatan, 1518, en la que fué Juan de Grijalva. In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. i.; Ternaux-Compans, Voy., - série i., tom. x. + série i., tom. x. Diaz del Castillo (Bernal), Historia Verdadera de la - Conquista de la Nueva-España. Madrid, 1632. 4to. + Conquista de la Nueva-España. Madrid, 1632. 4to. - Diccionario Universal de Historia y de Geografía. Mexico, + Diccionario Universal de Historia y de GeografÃa. Mexico, 1853. 4to. 10 vols. - Dillon (A.), Beautés de l'Histoire du Mexique. Paris, 1822. + Dillon (A.), Beautés de l'Histoire du Mexique. Paris, 1822. Diorama. [Mexico.] n.d. @@ -1380,24 +1346,24 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Dobbs (Arthur), An Account of the Countries adjoining to Hudson's Bay. London, 1744. 4to. - Doctrina Christiana y Confesionario en Lengua Névome. + Doctrina Christiana y Confesionario en Lengua Névome. (Shea's Linguistics, No. 5.) San Augustine, 1862. Documentos para la Historia de Mexico. Mexico, 1853-7. 20 vols. 4 series. Series iii. in folio and in 4 parts referred to as volumes. - Documentos para la Historia eclesiástica y civil de Nueva + Documentos para la Historia eclesiástica y civil de Nueva Vizcaya. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. iv.; and MS. - Dollfus (A.), and E. de Mont-Serrat, Voyage Géologique dans - les Républiques de Guatemala et de Salvador. Paris, 1868. - 4to. (Mission Scientifique, Géologie.) + Dollfus (A.), and E. de Mont-Serrat, Voyage Géologique dans + les Républiques de Guatemala et de Salvador. Paris, 1868. + 4to. (Mission Scientifique, Géologie.) Domenech (Emmanuel), Journal d'un Missionaire au Texas et au Mexique. Paris, 1857. - Domenech (Emmanuel), Manuscrit Pictographique Américain. + Domenech (Emmanuel), Manuscrit Pictographique Américain. Paris, 1860. Domenech (Emmanuel), Le Mexique tel qu'il est. Paris, 1867. @@ -1406,10 +1372,10 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Deserts of North America. London, 1860. Dominguez (F. A.), and S. V. de Escalante, Diario y - Derrotero, Santa Fé á Monterey, 1776. In Doc. Hist. Mex., + Derrotero, Santa Fé á Monterey, 1776. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i. - D'Orbigny (Alcide), Voyage dans les deux Amériques. Paris, + D'Orbigny (Alcide), Voyage dans les deux Amériques. Paris, 1859. Douglass (Wm.), A Summary, Historical and Political, of @@ -1449,15 +1415,15 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Dunn (John), History of the Oregon Territory. London, 1844. - Dupaix (Guillermo), Relation de la première (seconde et - troisième) Expédition pour la Recherche des Antiquités du + Dupaix (Guillermo), Relation de la première (seconde et + troisième) Expédition pour la Recherche des Antiquités du Pays. Spanish text and French translation, in Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. i. Plates in id., tom. iii. Spanish text, in Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. v. English translation, in id., vol. vi. Plates in id., vol. iv. - Duponceau (P. Ét.), Mémoire sur le système Grammaticale des - Langues de l'Amérique du Nord. Paris, 1838. + Duponceau (P. Ét.), Mémoire sur le système Grammaticale des + Langues de l'Amérique du Nord. Paris, 1838. Edinburgh Review. Edinburgh, 1802 et seq. @@ -1481,25 +1447,25 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. etc., in New Mexico and California. (30th Cong., 1st Sess., Ex. Doc. 41.) Washington, 1848. - Erman (A.), Archiv für Wissenschaftliche Kunde von + Erman (A.), Archiv für Wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland. Berlin. Escalante (Silvestre Velez de), Carta escrita en 2 de Abril - de 1778 años. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., pt. iv. + de 1778 años. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., pt. iv. - Escalera (Evaristo), and M. G. Llana, Méjico - Histórico-descriptivo. Madrid, 1862. + Escalera (Evaristo), and M. G. Llana, Méjico + Histórico-descriptivo. Madrid, 1862. Escobar (Alonso de), Account of the Province of Vera Paz. In Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi. - Escudero (José Agustin de), Noticias Estadísticas del + Escudero (José Agustin de), Noticias EstadÃsticas del Estado de Chihuahua. Mexico, 1834. - Escudero (José Agustin de), Noticias Estadísticas del + Escudero (José Agustin de), Noticias EstadÃsticas del Estado de Durango. Mexico, 1849. - Escudero (José Agustin de), Noticias Estadísticas de Sonora + Escudero (José Agustin de), Noticias EstadÃsticas de Sonora y Sinaloa. Mexico, 1849. Esparza (Marcos de), Informe presentado al Gobierno. @@ -1509,15 +1475,15 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. el anno de ochenta y tres (to New Mexico). In Hakluyt's Voyages, vol. iii. - Espinosa (Isidro Felis de), Chrónica Apostólica y Seráphica + Espinosa (Isidro Felis de), Chrónica Apostólica y Seráphica de todos los Colegios de Propaganda Fide de esta - Nueva-España, Primera Parte. Mexico, 1746. folio. [For + Nueva-España, Primera Parte. Mexico, 1746. folio. [For Segunda Parte see Arricivita.] Esquemelin (A. O.), De Americaensche Zee-Roovers. Amsterdam, 1678. - Esteva (José María), Apuntes Arqueológicos. In Museo Mex., + Esteva (José MarÃa), Apuntes Arqueológicos. In Museo Mex., tom. ii. Evans (Albert S.), Our Sister Republic. Hartford, 1870. @@ -1526,7 +1492,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Fabens (Joseph W.), A Story of Life on the Isthmus. New York, 1853. - Fages (Eduardo), Noticias Estadísticas sobre el + Fages (Eduardo), Noticias EstadÃsticas sobre el Departamento de Tuxpan. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iv. @@ -1547,12 +1513,12 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Farnham (Thomas J.), Travels in the Great Western Prairies. New York, 1843. - Fédix, L'Orégon et les Côtes de l'Océan Pacifique du Nord. + Fédix, L'Orégon et les Côtes de l'Océan Pacifique du Nord. Paris, 1846. - Ferry (Gabriel), Scènes de la Vie Mexicaine. Paris, 1858. + Ferry (Gabriel), Scènes de la Vie Mexicaine. Paris, 1858. - Ferry (Gabriel), Scènes de la Vie Sauvage au Mexique. + Ferry (Gabriel), Scènes de la Vie Sauvage au Mexique. Paris, 1868. Ferry (Gabriel), Vagabond Life in Mexico. New York, 1856. @@ -1568,14 +1534,14 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Fitzgerald (James Edward), An Examination of the Charter and Proceedings of the Hudson's Bay Company. London, 1849. - Fleuri, and Joaquin Ruz, Catecismo Histórico. [En Idioma + Fleuri, and Joaquin Ruz, Catecismo Histórico. [En Idioma Yucateco.] Merida, 1822. Florencia (Francisco de), Historia de la Provincia de la - Compañia de Jesvs de Neva-España. Mexico, 1694. folio. + Compañia de Jesvs de Neva-España. Mexico, 1694. folio. Font (Pedro), Notice sur la Grande Maison dite de - Moctezuma. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. ix. + Moctezuma. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. ix. Paris, 1837. Fontaine (Edward), How the World was peopled. New York, @@ -1608,14 +1574,14 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Foster (J. W.), Pre-Historic Races of the United States. Chicago, 1873. - Franchère (Gabriel), Narrative of a Voyage to the N. W. + Franchère (Gabriel), Narrative of a Voyage to the N. W. Coast of America. Readfield, 1854. Franciscus (Erasmus), Guineischer und Americanischer - Blumen-Busch. Nürnberg, 1669. + Blumen-Busch. Nürnberg, 1669. Franck (Sebastian), Weltbuch-Spiegel und bildtnis des - gantzen erdtbodens. Tübingen, 1533. + gantzen erdtbodens. Tübingen, 1533. Franklin (John), Narrative of a Journey to the shores of the Polar Sea. London, 1824. 2 vols. @@ -1671,7 +1637,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Jour., vol. iii. Galindo (Juan), Notions transmises, sur Palenque, etc. In - Antiquités Mexicaines, tom. i., div. ii. + Antiquités Mexicaines, tom. i., div. ii. Galindo (Juan), The Ruins of Copan in Central America. In Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii. @@ -1689,25 +1655,25 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Gallatin (Albert), A Synopsis of the Indian Tribes. In Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii. - Gand (Pierre de), Lettre du Frère Pierre de Gand, autrement - dit de Mura, 1529. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. + Gand (Pierre de), Lettre du Frère Pierre de Gand, autrement + dit de Mura, 1529. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. x. - Garay (José de), Reconocimiento del Istmo de Tehuantepec. + Garay (José de), Reconocimiento del Istmo de Tehuantepec. London, 1844. - Garces (Francisco), Diario y Derrotero que siguió el M. R. + Garces (Francisco), Diario y Derrotero que siguió el M. R. P. Fr. en su viage desde Oct. de 1775 hasta Sept. de 1776, al Rio Colorado. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i. - García (Gregorio), Orígen de los Indios de el Nuevo Mundo. + GarcÃa (Gregorio), OrÃgen de los Indios de el Nuevo Mundo. Madrid, 1729. folio. - García Conde (Francisco), Frontera de la República. In + GarcÃa Conde (Francisco), Frontera de la República. In Album Mexicano, tom. i. - García y Cubas (Antonio), Atlas Geográfico, Estadístico, é - Histórico de la República Mexicana, Mexico, 1858. folio. + GarcÃa y Cubas (Antonio), Atlas Geográfico, EstadÃstico, é + Histórico de la República Mexicana, Mexico, 1858. folio. Gass (Patrick), A Journal of the Voyages and Travels of Lewis and Clarke. Pittsburgh, 1808. @@ -1724,10 +1690,10 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. World. In Voyages, Col. (Churchill), vol. iv., and in other Collections. Plates in Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. iv. - Gerstäcker (Friederich), Californische Skizzen. Leipzig, + Gerstäcker (Friederich), Californische Skizzen. Leipzig, 1856. - Gerstäcker (Friederich), Narrative of a Journey round the + Gerstäcker (Friederich), Narrative of a Journey round the World. New York, 1853. Gibbs (George), Alphabetical Vocabulary of the Chinook @@ -1741,7 +1707,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. New York, 1863. Gil (Hilarion Romero), Memoria sobre los Descubrimientos - que los Españoles hicieron en el Siglo XVI. en Nueva + que los Españoles hicieron en el Siglo XVI. en Nueva Galicia. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii. Gilliam (Albert M.), Travels over the Table Lands and @@ -1754,7 +1720,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 1853. Glasunow (Andreas), Auszug aus dem Tagebuche des - Schiffer-gehülfen--. In Baer (K. E. von), Stat. und Ethnog. + Schiffer-gehülfen--. In Baer (K. E. von), Stat. und Ethnog. Nachrichten; and in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841. tom. lxxxix. @@ -1767,12 +1733,12 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Gomara (Francisco Lopez de), La Historia General de las Indias. Anvers, 1554. - Gondra (Isidro R.), Antigüedades Mexicanas. In Soc. Mex. + Gondra (Isidro R.), Antigüedades Mexicanas. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. ii. Gondra (Isidro R.), Campeche. In Album Mexicano, tom. i. - Gondra (Isidro R.), Esplicacion de las Láminas. Historia + Gondra (Isidro R.), Esplicacion de las Láminas. Historia Antigua de Mejico. In Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., Mexico, 1846, tom. iii. @@ -1807,12 +1773,12 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Gregg (Josiah), Commerce of the Prairies. Philadelphia, 1850. 2 vols. - Grijalua (Joan de), Crónica de la Orden de N. P. S. + Grijalua (Joan de), Crónica de la Orden de N. P. S. Augustin. Mexico, 1624. folio. - Griswold (C. D.), The Isthmus of Panamá. New York, 1852. + Griswold (C. D.), The Isthmus of Panamá. New York, 1852. - Guerra (José), Historia de la Revolucion de Nueva España. + Guerra (José), Historia de la Revolucion de Nueva España. London, 1813. 2 vols. Guizot (F.), History of Civilization. New York, 1860. 4 @@ -1820,7 +1786,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Guyot (Arnold), The Earth and Man. Boston, 1867. - Guzman (Nuño de), Relacion anónima de la Jornada que hizo á + Guzman (Nuño de), Relacion anónima de la Jornada que hizo á la Nueva Galicia. In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. ii. @@ -1843,7 +1809,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Hall (Basil), Voyage au Chili, etc. Paris, 1834. 2 vols. - Hall (Frederic), The History of San José. San Francisco, + Hall (Frederic), The History of San José. San Francisco, 1871. Hardisty (Wm. L.), The Loucheux Indians. In Smithsonian @@ -1869,7 +1835,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Hartmann (Wm.), and Millard, Le Texas; ou Notice Historique sur le Champ-d'Asile. Paris, 1819. - Hassel (G.), and J. G. F. R. Cannabich, Vollständige und + Hassel (G.), and J. G. F. R. Cannabich, Vollständige und neueste Erdbeschreibung vom Reiche Mexico, Guatemala und Westindien. Weimar, 1824. @@ -1899,7 +1865,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Heine (Wilhelm), Wanderbilder aus Central-Amerika. Leipzig, n.d. - Heller (Carl Bartholomæus), Reisen in Mexiko. Leipzig, + Heller (Carl Bartholomæus), Reisen in Mexiko. Leipzig, 1853. Hellwald (Frederick von), The American Migration. In @@ -1928,17 +1894,17 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxxii. Hernandez (Francisco), Nova Plantarum Animalium et - Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia. Romæ, 1651. folio. + Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia. Romæ, 1651. folio. - Heredia y Sarmiento (Josef Ignacio), Sermon Panegírico da + Heredia y Sarmiento (Josef Ignacio), Sermon PanegÃrico da la Gloriosa Aparicion de Nra. Sra. de Guadalupe. Mexico, 1803. Herrera (Antonio de), Historia General de los Hechos de los - Castellanos en las Islas i Tierra Firme del Mar Océano. + Castellanos en las Islas i Tierra Firme del Mar Océano. Madrid, 1601. 4to. 4 vols. - Hervas (Lorenzo), Catálogo de las Lenguas de las Naciones + Hervas (Lorenzo), Catálogo de las Lenguas de las Naciones Conocidas. Madrid, 1800-5. 6 vols. Hervas (Lorenzo), Saggio Pratico delle Lengue. Cesena, @@ -1967,11 +1933,11 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Francisco, 1867. Holinski (Alex.), La Californie et les Routes - Interocéaniques. Bruxelles, 1853. + Interocéaniques. Bruxelles, 1853. Holley (Mrs May Austin), Texas. Lexington, 1836. - Holmberg (H. J.), Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker + Holmberg (H. J.), Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des Russischen America. Helsingfors, 1855. 4to. Holton (Isaac F.), New Granada. New York, 1857. @@ -1994,12 +1960,12 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Humboldt (Alex. de), Essai Politique sur le Royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne. Paris, 1811. folio. 2 vols. and atlas. - Humboldt (Alex. de), État Présent de la République de + Humboldt (Alex. de), État Présent de la République de Centro-America ou Guatemala. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1827. tom. xxxv. Humboldt (Alex. de), Examen Critique de l'histoire de la - Géographie du Nouveau Continent. Paris, 1836-9. 5 vols. + Géographie du Nouveau Continent. Paris, 1836-9. 5 vols. Humboldt (Alex. de), Kosmos. Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung. Stuttgart, 1845-1862. 5 vols. @@ -2008,8 +1974,8 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent. London, 1822-9. 7 vols. - Humboldt (Alex. de), Vues des Cordillères, et Monumens des - Peuples Indigènes de l'Amérique. Paris, 1816. 2 vols. + Humboldt (Alex. de), Vues des Cordillères, et Monumens des + Peuples Indigènes de l'Amérique. Paris, 1816. 2 vols. Hunter (John D.), Memoirs of a Captivity among the Indians. London, 1823. @@ -2027,8 +1993,8 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Iberri, Ruinas de Monte-Real, Vera Cruz. In Museo Mex., tom. iii. - Icazbalceta (Joaquin García), Coleccion de Documentos para - la Historia de México. Mexico, 1858-66. folio. 2 vols. + Icazbalceta (Joaquin GarcÃa), Coleccion de Documentos para + la Historia de México. Mexico, 1858-66. folio. 2 vols. Ilustracion Mexicana. Mexico, 1851. @@ -2039,7 +2005,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Indian Life, Traits of American. London, 1853. - Instituto Nacional de Geografía y Estadística, Boletin. See + Instituto Nacional de GeografÃa y EstadÃstica, Boletin. See Sociedad Mexicana, etc., its later name. Irving (Washington), The Adventures of Captain Bonneville. @@ -2054,12 +2020,12 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. West. (36th Cong., 1st Sess., House Ex. Doc. 90.) Washington, 1861. 4to. - Ixtlilxochitl (Fernando de Alva), Cruautés Horribles des - Conquérants du Mexique. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., + Ixtlilxochitl (Fernando de Alva), Cruautés Horribles des + Conquérants du Mexique. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. viii. Ixtlilxochitl (Fernando de Alva), Histoire des - Chichimèques. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série ii., tom. ii. + Chichimèques. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série ii., tom. ii. Paris, 1840. 2 vols. Ixtlilxochitl (Fernando de Alva), Historia Chichimeca. In @@ -2078,8 +2044,8 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Japanese Equivalent of the most common English Words. Tokei, n.d. - Jaramillo (Juan), Relation du Voyage fait à la - Nouvelle-Terre. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. + Jaramillo (Juan), Relation du Voyage fait à la + Nouvelle-Terre. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. ix. Jefferys (Thomas), Voyages from Asia to America. London, @@ -2112,7 +2078,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Jourdanet (D.), Du Mexique. Paris, 1861. Juan (George), and Antonio de Ulloa, Voyage Historique de - l'Amérique Méridionale. Amsterdam, 1752. 4to. 2 vols. + l'Amérique Méridionale. Amsterdam, 1752. 4to. 2 vols. Juarros (Domingo), A Statistical and Commercial History of the Kingdom of Guatemala. London, 1824. @@ -2126,7 +2092,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Kelly (Wm.), An Excursion to California. London, 1851. 2 vols. - Kendall (George Wilkins), Narrative of the Texan Santa Fé + Kendall (George Wilkins), Narrative of the Texan Santa Fé Expedition. New York, 1856. 2 vols. Kennedy (Wm.), Texas; the Rise, Progress, and Prospects. @@ -2154,12 +2120,12 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Kirby (W. W.), A Journey to the Youcan, Russian America. In Smithsonian Report, 1864. - Kittlitz (F. H. von), Denkwürdigkeiten einer Reise nach dem + Kittlitz (F. H. von), Denkwürdigkeiten einer Reise nach dem russischen Amerika, nach Mikronesien und durch Kamtschatka. Gotha, 1858. 2 vols. Klaproth (J.), Recherches sur le Pays de Fou Sang, pris mal - à propos pour une partie de l'Amérique. In Nouvelles + à propos pour une partie de l'Amérique. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1831. tom. li. Klemm (Gustav), Allgemeine Cultur-Geschichte der @@ -2185,24 +2151,24 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Krusenstern (A. J. von), Voyage round the World. London, 1813. 4to. - Krusenstern (A. J. von), Wörter-Sammlungen. St Petersburg, + Krusenstern (A. J. von), Wörter-Sammlungen. St Petersburg, 1813. 4to. - Kvostoff, and Davidoff, Voyage dans l'Amérique. In + Kvostoff, and Davidoff, Voyage dans l'Amérique. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1852. tom. cxxxv. Lachapelle (A. de), Le Comte de Raousset-Boulbon. Paris, 1859. - Lacunza (José María), Historia Antigua de Mexico. Discurso - Histórico. In Museo Mex., tom. iv. + Lacunza (José MarÃa), Historia Antigua de Mexico. Discurso + Histórico. In Museo Mex., tom. iv. Laet (Joannis de), Novvs Orbis. Lvgd. Batav., 1633. folio. Lafond (G.), Voyages autour du Monde. Paris, 1844. 8 vols. - La Harpe (Jean François), Abrégé de l'Histoire Générale des + La Harpe (Jean François), Abrégé de l'Histoire Générale des Voyages. Paris, 1816. 24 vols. and atlas. Lamberg (E.), Inspeccion de las Colonias Militares de @@ -2220,8 +2186,8 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Langsdorff (G. H. von), Voyages and Travels. London, 1813-14. 4to. 2 vols. - La Pérouse (Jean François Galaup de), Voyage autour du - monde. Rédigé par M. L. A. Milet-Mureau. Paris, an. vi. + La Pérouse (Jean François Galaup de), Voyage autour du + monde. Rédigé par M. L. A. Milet-Mureau. Paris, an. vi. [1798.] 4 vols. and atlas. Lapham (J. A.), The Antiquities of Wisconsin. (Smithsonian @@ -2230,18 +2196,18 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Laplace (C.), Campagne de Circumnavigation. Paris, 1841-54. 6 vols. - Larenaudière, Mexique et Guatemala. Paris, 1847. + Larenaudière, Mexique et Guatemala. Paris, 1847. Larrainzar (Manuel), Dictamen sobre la Obra de Brasseur de Bourbourg. Mexico, 1865. - Larrainzar (Manuel), Noticia Histórica de Soconusco. In + Larrainzar (Manuel), Noticia Histórica de Soconusco. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii. - Las Casas (Bartolomé de), Historia de Indias. MS. folio. 4 + Las Casas (Bartolomé de), Historia de Indias. MS. folio. 4 vols. - Las Casas (Bartolomé de), Historia Apologética de las + Las Casas (Bartolomé de), Historia Apologética de las Yndias Occidentales. MS. folio. 4 vols. Lassepas (Ulises Urbano), De la Colonizacion de la Baja @@ -2268,13 +2234,13 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Lecky (W. E. H.), History of European Morals. New York, 1873. 2 vols. - Lejarza (Juan José Martinez de), Análisis Estadístico de la + Lejarza (Juan José Martinez de), Análisis EstadÃstico de la Provincia de Michuacan en 1822. Mexico, 1824. - Lemprière (Charles), Notes in Mexico in 1861-2. London, + Lemprière (Charles), Notes in Mexico in 1861-2. London, 1862. - Lenoir (Alexandre), Parallèle des Anciens Monuments + Lenoir (Alexandre), Parallèle des Anciens Monuments Mexicains, avec ceux de l'Egypte, de l'Inde, et du reste de l'ancien monde. In Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i. @@ -2284,17 +2250,17 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Leon (Martin de), Manual Breve, y Forma de Administrar los Santos Sacramentos. Mexico, 1640. - Leon y Gama (Antonio), Descripcion Histórica y Cronológica + Leon y Gama (Antonio), Descripcion Histórica y Cronológica de las dos Piedras. Mexico, 1832. - Leon y Gama (Antonio), Saggio dell' Astronomía, Cronología, + Leon y Gama (Antonio), Saggio dell' AstronomÃa, CronologÃa, etc. Roma, 1804. Letherman (Jona.), Sketch of the Navajo Tribe of Indians. In Smithsonian Report, 1855. - Lettres Édifiantes et Curieuses écrites des Missions - Étrangères. Lyon, 1819. 14 vols. + Lettres Édifiantes et Curieuses écrites des Missions + Étrangères. Lyon, 1819. 14 vols. Letts (J. M.), A Pictorial View of California. New York, 1853. @@ -2302,10 +2268,10 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Lewis and Clarke, Travels to the Source of the Missouri River. London, 1814. 4to. - Linati (C.), Costumes Civils, Militaires et Réligieux du + Linati (C.), Costumes Civils, Militaires et Réligieux du Mexique. Bruxelles, n.d. - Liot (W. B.), Panamá, Nicaragua and Tehuantepec. London, + Liot (W. B.), Panamá, Nicaragua and Tehuantepec. London, 1849. Lippincott's Magazine. Philadelphia, 1868 et seq. @@ -2313,16 +2279,16 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Lisiansky (Urey), A Voyage round the World in the years 1803-6. London, 1814. 4to. - Lizana, Devocionario de Nuestra Señora de Itzamal. Extracts + Lizana, Devocionario de Nuestra Señora de Itzamal. Extracts in Landa (Diego de), Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan. - Llorente (J. A.), Oeuvres de Don Barthélemé de Las Casas. + Llorente (J. A.), Oeuvres de Don Barthélemé de Las Casas. Paris, 1822. 2 vols. - Lloyd (J. A), Notes respecting the Isthmus of Panamá. + Lloyd (J. A), Notes respecting the Isthmus of Panamá. [1831.] In Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. i. - Loa en Obsequio de la Aparicion de Nuestra Señora de + Loa en Obsequio de la Aparicion de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe. (En Lengua Azteca.) [Mexico,] 1866. Lockman, Travels of the Jesuits. London, 1743. 2 vols. @@ -2339,9 +2305,9 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Lorenzana y Buitron (Francisco Antonio), Cartas Pastorales. Mexico, 1770. 4to. - Löwenstern (Isador), Le Mexique. Paris, 1843. + Löwenstern (Isador), Le Mexique. Paris, 1843. - Löwenstern (M. J.), Journey from the City of Mexico to + Löwenstern (M. J.), Journey from the City of Mexico to Mazatlan. [1838.] In Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi. Lowry (A. A.), Klamath Vocabulary. MS., 1873. @@ -2350,13 +2316,13 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Lubbock (John), Pre-Historic Times. New York, 1872. - Ludecus (Édouard), Reise durch die Mexikanischen Provinzen. + Ludecus (Édouard), Reise durch die Mexikanischen Provinzen. Leipzig, 1837. Ludewig (Herman E.), The Literature of American Aboriginal Languages. London, 1858. - Lussan (Ravenau de), Journal du Voyage fait à la Mer du Sud + Lussan (Ravenau de), Journal du Voyage fait à la Mer du Sud avec les Flibustiers, 1684. Paris, 1693. Lyon (G. F.), Journal of a Residence and Tour in the @@ -2410,21 +2376,21 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Malte-Brun (V. A.), Un Coup d'Oeil sur le Yucatan. Paris, n.d. - Malte-Brun (V. A.), Précis de la Geógraphie Universelle. + Malte-Brun (V. A.), Précis de la Geógraphie Universelle. Bruxelles, 1839. 6 vols. and atlas. Malte-Brun (V. A.), La Sonora et ses Mines. Paris, 1864. Manzi (Pietro), Il Conquisto di Messico. Roma, 1817. - Marbois (Barbé), The History of Louisiana. Philadelphia, + Marbois (Barbé), The History of Louisiana. Philadelphia, 1830. - March y Labores (José), Historia de la Marina Real - Española. Madrid, 1854. 4to. 2 vols. and atlas. + March y Labores (José), Historia de la Marina Real + Española. Madrid, 1854. 4to. 2 vols. and atlas. - Marchand (Étienne), Voyage Autour du Monde pendant les - Années 1790-92. Paris, ans vi-viii. [1798-1800.] 5 vols. + Marchand (Étienne), Voyage Autour du Monde pendant les + Années 1790-92. Paris, ans vi-viii. [1798-1800.] 5 vols. and atlas. Marcy (Randolph B.), Exploration of the Red River of @@ -2434,14 +2400,14 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Marcy (Randolph B.), The Prairie Traveler. New York, 1859. Marcy (Randolph B.), Report of Route from Fort Smith to - Santa Fé. (31st Cong., 1st Sess., Senate Ex. Doc. 64.) + Santa Fé. (31st Cong., 1st Sess., Senate Ex. Doc. 64.) Washington, 1850. Marcy (Randolph B.), Thirty Years of Army Life on the Border. New York, 1866. Marineo (Lucio), Sumario de la clarissima Vida y Heroicos - Hechos de los Cathólicos Reyes. Toledo, 1542. 4to. + Hechos de los Cathólicos Reyes. Toledo, 1542. 4to. Marmier (X.), Notice sur les Indiens de la Californie. In Bryant (Ed.), Voy. en Cal. @@ -2453,7 +2419,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Marsh (G. P.), Man and Nature. New York, 1867. - Martin (Ch.), Précis des Événements de la Campagne du + Martin (Ch.), Précis des Événements de la Campagne du Mexique. Paris, 1863. Martin (John), An Account of the Natives of the Tonga @@ -2496,22 +2462,22 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Meares (John), Voyages made in the years 1788-9. London, 1790. 4to. - Medina (Balthassar de), Chrónica de la Santa Provincia de + Medina (Balthassar de), Chrónica de la Santa Provincia de San Diego de Mexico. Mexico, 1682. folio. - Mélanges Russes Tirés du Bulletin Historico-Philologique de - l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St Pétersbourg. St - Pétersbourg, 1858. + Mélanges Russes Tirés du Bulletin Historico-Philologique de + l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St Pétersbourg. St + Pétersbourg, 1858. Meletta, Pah-Utah Vocabulary. MS. Meline (James F.), Two Thousand Miles on Horseback. New York, 1867. - Mendez (Modesto), Bericht über eine Untersuchungs-Expedition + Mendez (Modesto), Bericht über eine Untersuchungs-Expedition nach den Ruinen der alten Stadt Tikal. In Sivers, Mittelamerika. - Mendieta (Gerónimo de), Historia Eclesiástica Indiana. + Mendieta (Gerónimo de), Historia Eclesiástica Indiana. Mexico, 1870. Mendoza (Joan Gonzalez de), Historia de las Cosas mas @@ -2538,7 +2504,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Codex Borgian, Fac-simile, Borgian Museum, Rome. vol. iii. Codex Boturini, Fac-simile, Collection of Boturini. vol. i. Codex Dresden, Fac-simile, Royal Library. vol. iii. - Codex Fejérvary, Fac-simile, in possession of M. F----. vol. + Codex Fejérvary, Fac-simile, in possession of M. F----. vol. iii. Codex Mendoza, Copy of the Collection of Mendoza. vol. i. Explicacion de la Coleccion, vol. v. Interpretion of the @@ -2553,7 +2519,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Mexican Sculpture, Specimens preserved in the British Museum. In Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. iv. - Mexicanische Zustände aus den Jahren 1830-2. Stuttgart, + Mexicanische Zustände aus den Jahren 1830-2. Stuttgart, 1837. Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento. Mexico, 1854. @@ -2562,7 +2528,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Mexico in 1842. New York, 1842. - Mexico, Memoria presentada á S. M. El Emperador por el + Mexico, Memoria presentada á S. M. El Emperador por el Ministro de Fomento. Mexico, 1866. 4to. Mexico, Noticias de la Ciudad. Mexico, 1855. 4to. @@ -2571,7 +2537,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Mexique Conquis. Paris, 1752. 2 vols. - Mexique, Études Historiques. Paris, 1859. + Mexique, Études Historiques. Paris, 1859. Meyer (Carl), Nach dem Sacramento. Aarau, 1855. @@ -2599,33 +2565,33 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Miscellanea Curiosa. London, 1827. - Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique - Centrale. Géologie, Linguistique. Paris, 1868-70. 3 vols. + Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique + Centrale. Géologie, Linguistique. Paris, 1868-70. 3 vols. 4to. - Mofras (Duflot de), Exploration du Territoire de l'Orégon, + Mofras (Duflot de), Exploration du Territoire de l'Orégon, des Californies, etc. Paris, 1844. 2 vols. and atlas. Molina (Alonso de), Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Mexicana. Mexico, 1571. 2 vols. 4to. - Molina (Felipe), Coup d'Oeil rapide sur la République de + Molina (Felipe), Coup d'Oeil rapide sur la République de Costa Rica. Paris, 1850. Molina (Felipe), Memoir on the Boundary Question, Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Washington, 1851. - Möllhausen (Balduin), Der Flüchtling. Leipzig, 1862. 4 vols. + Möllhausen (Balduin), Der Flüchtling. Leipzig, 1862. 4 vols. - Möllhausen (Balduin), Das Mormonenmädchen. Jena, 1864. 4 vols. + Möllhausen (Balduin), Das Mormonenmädchen. Jena, 1864. 4 vols. - Möllhausen (Balduin), Reisen in die Felsengebirge + Möllhausen (Balduin), Reisen in die Felsengebirge Nord-Amerikas. Leipzig, 1861. 2 vols. - Möllhausen (Balduin), Tagebuch einer Reise vom Mississippi - nach den Küsten der Südsee. Leipzig, 1858. 4to. + Möllhausen (Balduin), Tagebuch einer Reise vom Mississippi + nach den Küsten der Südsee. Leipzig, 1858. 4to. - Monglave (Eugéne de), Résumé de l'Histoire du Mexique. + Monglave (Eugéne de), Résumé de l'Histoire du Mexique. Paris, 1826. Montanus (Arnoldus), De Nieuwe en Onbekende Weereld. @@ -2636,11 +2602,11 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Moore (Francis, Jr.), Description of Texas. New York, 1854. - Morelet (Arthur), Voyage dans l'Amérique Centrale, l'Isle + Morelet (Arthur), Voyage dans l'Amérique Centrale, l'Isle de Cuba et le Yucatan. Paris, 1857. 2 vols. Morfi (Juan Agustin de), Viage de Indios y Diario del - Nuevo-México. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., pt. iv. + Nuevo-México. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., pt. iv. Morineau (P. de), Notice sur la Nouvelle Californie. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1834. tom. lxi. @@ -2657,48 +2623,48 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Mosaico Mexicano. Mexico, 1840-2. 7 vols. - Mosquitoland, Bericht über. Berlin, 1845. + Mosquitoland, Bericht über. Berlin, 1845. Motolinia (Toribio de Benavente), Historia de los Indios de - la Nueva España. In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. i. + la Nueva España. In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. i. Mowry (Sylvester), Arizona and Sonora. New York, 1864. Mowry (Sylvester), The Geography and Resources of Arizona and Sonora. San Francisco, 1863. - Moxó (Benito María de), Cartas Mejicanas. Genova, n.d. + Moxó (Benito MarÃa de), Cartas Mejicanas. Genova, n.d. - Mühlenpfordt (Eduard), Versuch einer getreuen Schilderung + Mühlenpfordt (Eduard), Versuch einer getreuen Schilderung der Republik Mejico. Hannover, 1844. 2 vols. Mullan (John), Report on the construction of a Military Road from Walla-Walla to Fort Benton. Washington, 1863. - Müller (J. G.), Geschichte der Amerikanischen Urreligionen. + Müller (J. G.), Geschichte der Amerikanischen Urreligionen. Basel, 1867. - Müller (J. W. von), Beiträge zur Geschichte, etc., von + Müller (J. W. von), Beiträge zur Geschichte, etc., von Mexico. Leipzig, 1865. - Müller (J. W. von), Reisen in den Vereinigten Staaten, + Müller (J. W. von), Reisen in den Vereinigten Staaten, Canada, und Mexico. Leipzig, 1864. 3 vols. - Müller (Max), Chips from a German Workshop. New York, 1869. + Müller (Max), Chips from a German Workshop. New York, 1869. 2 vols. - Müller (Max), Lectures on the Science of Language. New + Müller (Max), Lectures on the Science of Language. New York, 1871-2, 2 vols. Munster (Sebastian), Cosmographia. Basel, 1545. 4to. - Murguia, Estadística antigua y moderna de la Provincia de + Murguia, EstadÃstica antigua y moderna de la Provincia de Guajaca. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii. Murphy and Harned, The Puget Sound Directory. Murr (Christoph Gottlieb von), Nachricht von verschiedenen - Ländern des Spanischen Amerika. Halle, 1809. + Ländern des Spanischen Amerika. Halle, 1809. Murray (Hugh), Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in North America. London, 1829. 2 vols. @@ -2710,24 +2676,24 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Indies. London, 1655. Navarrete (Martin Fernandez), Coleccion de los Viages y - Descubrimientos que hicieron los Españoles desde fines del + Descubrimientos que hicieron los Españoles desde fines del Siglo XV. Madrid, 1825-37. 5 vols. - Náxera (Manuel Crisóstomo), Disertacion sobre la lengua - Othomí. Mexico, 1845. + Náxera (Manuel Crisóstomo), Disertacion sobre la lengua + OthomÃ. Mexico, 1845. - Nebel (Carlos), Viaje Pintoresco y Arqueolójico sobre la - República Mejicana, 1829-34. Paris, 1839. folio. + Nebel (Carlos), Viaje Pintoresco y Arqueolójico sobre la + República Mejicana, 1829-34. Paris, 1839. folio. Neue Nachrichten von denen neuentdekten Insuln. Hamburg, 1776. - Neve y Molina (Luis de), Grammática della Lingua Otomí. + Neve y Molina (Luis de), Grammática della Lingua OtomÃ. Esposta en Italiano dal Conte Enea Silvio Vincenzo Piccolomini. Roma, 1841. Nicolai (Eliud), Newe und Warhafte Relation von - West-und-Ost Indien. München, 1619. + West-und-Ost Indien. München, 1619. Nicolay (C. G.), The Oregon Territory. London, 1846. @@ -2735,9 +2701,9 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 1622. folio. Niza (Marco de), A Relation of the reuerend father Frier - Marco de Niça, touching his discouery of Ceuola or Cibola. + Marco de Niça, touching his discouery of Ceuola or Cibola. In Hakluyt's Voyages, vol. iii.; Ternaux-Compans, Voy., - série i., tom. ix.; Ramusio, Navigationi, tom. iii. + série i., tom. ix.; Ramusio, Navigationi, tom. iii. Norman (B. M.), Rambles by Land and Water. New York, 1845. @@ -2751,7 +2717,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Nouvelles Annales des Voyages. Paris, 1819-60. 168 vols. - Oersted, L'Amérique Centrale. Copenhague, 1863. + Oersted, L'Amérique Centrale. Copenhague, 1863. Ogilby (John), America: Being the latest and most accurate Description of the New World. London, 1671. folio. @@ -2759,8 +2725,8 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Oregon, Sketches of Mission Life among the Indians of. New York, 1854. - Orozco y Berra (Manuel), Geografía de las Lenguas y Carta - Etnográfica de México. Mexico, 1864. + Orozco y Berra (Manuel), GeografÃa de las Lenguas y Carta + Etnográfica de México. Mexico, 1864. Orrio (Francisco Xavier Alexo de), Solucion del Gran Problema acerca de la Poblacion de las Americas. Mexico, @@ -2769,8 +2735,8 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Ortega (Francisco de), Apendice to Veytia, Historia Antigua de Mejico, tom. iii. - Ortega (Francisco de), Relacion de la Entrada que hizo á - las Californias el Capitan Francisco de Ortega el año de + Ortega (Francisco de), Relacion de la Entrada que hizo á + las Californias el Capitan Francisco de Ortega el año de 1631. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. iii. Ortega (Joseph de), Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y @@ -2779,27 +2745,27 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Ortelivs (Abrahamvs), Theatrvm Orbis Terrarvm. Antverpiae, 1570. folio. - Oswald (Fr.), Californien und seine Verhältnisse. Leipzig, + Oswald (Fr.), Californien und seine Verhältnisse. Leipzig, 1849. - Otis (F. N.), Isthmus of Panamá. New York, 1867. + Otis (F. N.), Isthmus of Panamá. New York, 1867. Ottavio, Promenade dans le Golfe du Mexique. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1833. tom. lix. Overland Monthly. San Francisco, 1868 et seq. - Oviedo y Valdés (Gonzalo Fernandez de), Historia General y + Oviedo y Valdés (Gonzalo Fernandez de), Historia General y Natural de las Indias. Madrid, 1851-5. 4 vols. 4to. - Oviedo y Valdés (Gonzalo Fernandez de), Relacion Sumaria de + Oviedo y Valdés (Gonzalo Fernandez de), Relacion Sumaria de la Historia Natural de las Indias. In Barcia, Historiadores Prim., tom. i. Pacheco (Joaquin F.), et al., Coleccion de Documentos - Inéditos relativos al Descubrimiento, Conquista y - Colonizacion de las Posesiones Españolas en America. + Inéditos relativos al Descubrimiento, Conquista y + Colonizacion de las Posesiones Españolas en America. Madrid, 1864-7. 7 vols. Pacific R. R., Reports of Explorations and Surveys. @@ -2811,16 +2777,16 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Page (Legh), Notes on a Journey from Belize to Guatemala. In Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. viii. - Pagés (F. de), Nouveau Voyage autour du Monde. Paris, 1797. + Pagés (F. de), Nouveau Voyage autour du Monde. Paris, 1797. - Pagés (F. de), Travels round the World. London, 1793. 2 + Pagés (F. de), Travels round the World. London, 1793. 2 vols. - Palacio (Diego García de), Carta dirigida al Rey de España, - año 1576. [With English translation.] Albany, 1860. (No. 1 + Palacio (Diego GarcÃa de), Carta dirigida al Rey de España, + año 1576. [With English translation.] Albany, 1860. (No. 1 of Squier's Collection.) - Palacio (Diego García de), Relacion hecha por el Licenciado + Palacio (Diego GarcÃa de), Relacion hecha por el Licenciado Palacio al Rey D. Felipe II. [Same as preceding.] In Pacheco, Col. de Doc., tom. vi. @@ -2839,15 +2805,15 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Palou (Francisco), Noticias de las Californias. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi. vii. Mexico, 1857. - Palou (Francisco), Relacion Histórica de la Vida y - Apostólicas Tareas del Venerable Padre Fray Junípero Serra. + Palou (Francisco), Relacion Histórica de la Vida y + Apostólicas Tareas del Venerable Padre Fray JunÃpero Serra. Mexico, 1787. Pandosy (Mie. Cles.), Grammar and Dictionary of the Yakama Language. (Shea's Linguistics, No VI.) New York, 1862. Paredes (Alonso de), Utiles y Curiosas Noticias del - Nuevo-Mexico, Cíbola, etc. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., + Nuevo-Mexico, CÃbola, etc. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., pt. iv. Paredes (Ignacio de), Promptuario Manual Mexicano. Mexico, @@ -2872,19 +2838,19 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Pattie (James O.), The Personal Narrative of, edited by Timothy Flint. Cincinnati, 1833. - Pauw (De), Recherches Philosophiques sur les Américains. + Pauw (De), Recherches Philosophiques sur les Américains. London, 1770. 3 vols. Pemberton (J. Despard), Facts and Figures relating to Vancouver's Island and British Columbia. London, 1860. Perez (Francisco), Catecismo de la Doctrina Cristiana en - Lengua Otomí. Mexico, 1834. + Lengua OtomÃ. Mexico, 1834. Perez (Juan), Relacion del viage en 1774 con la fragata Santiago. MS. - Perez (Juan Pio), Cronología Antigua de Yucatan. In Landa + Perez (Juan Pio), CronologÃa Antigua de Yucatan. In Landa (Diego de), Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan; in Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii.; and in Diccionario Univ. de Geog., tom. iii. @@ -2914,27 +2880,27 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Pike (Zebulon Montgomery), Exploratory Travels through the Western Territories of North America. London, 1811. 4to. - Pilar (García del), Relacion de la Entrada de Nuño de + Pilar (GarcÃa del), Relacion de la Entrada de Nuño de Guzman. In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. ii. Pim (Bedford), The Gate of the Pacific. London, 1863. Pim (Bedford), and Berthold Seemann, Dottings on the - Roadside in Panamá, Nicaragua, and Mosquito. London, 1869. + Roadside in Panamá, Nicaragua, and Mosquito. London, 1869. Pimentel (Francisco), Cuadro Descriptivo y Comparativo de - las Lenguas indígenas de Mexico. Mexico, 1862-5. 2 vols. + las Lenguas indÃgenas de Mexico. Mexico, 1862-5. 2 vols. - Pimentel (Francisco), La Economía Política. Mexico, 1866. + Pimentel (Francisco), La EconomÃa PolÃtica. Mexico, 1866. Pimentel (Francisco), Memoria sobre las Causas que han - originado la Situacion Actual de la Raza Indígena le - México. Mexico, 1864. + originado la Situacion Actual de la Raza IndÃgena le + México. Mexico, 1864. - Pimería, Noticias de la. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., + PimerÃa, Noticias de la. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., pt. iv. - Pineda (Emilio), Descripcion Geográfica del Departamento de + Pineda (Emilio), Descripcion Geográfica del Departamento de Chiapas y Soconusco. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii. Pinkerton (John), A General Collection of Voyages and @@ -2965,7 +2931,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Portlock (Nathaniel), A Voyage round the World. London, 1789. - Poussin (G. T.), Question de l'Orégon. Paris, 1846. + Poussin (G. T.), Question de l'Orégon. Paris, 1846. Powers (Stephen), The Northern California Indians. In Overland Monthly, vols. viii. et seq. @@ -2977,7 +2943,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Powers (Stephen), Vocabularies of the California Indians. MSS. - Poyet (C. F.), Notices Géographiques. Paris, 1863. + Poyet (C. F.), Notices Géographiques. Paris, 1863. Pradt, Cartas al Sr Abate de Pradt. Madrid, 1829. @@ -2986,10 +2952,10 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Prescott (William H.), History of the Conquest of Mexico. New York, 1844. 3 vols. - Prescott (William H.), Historia de la Conquista de México. + Prescott (William H.), Historia de la Conquista de México. Mexico, 1844-6. 3 vols. - Prescott (William H.), Historia de la Conquista de México. + Prescott (William H.), Historia de la Conquista de México. Madrid, 1847-50. 4 vols. Prichard (James Cowles), The Natural History of Man. @@ -3012,40 +2978,40 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Quarterly Review, London, 1809 et seq. - Querétaro, Noticias Estadísticas. Mexico, 1848. + Querétaro, Noticias EstadÃsticas. Mexico, 1848. - Quintana (Manuel Josef), Vidas de Españoles Célebres. + Quintana (Manuel Josef), Vidas de Españoles Célebres. Paris, 1845. - Radloff (L.), Einige Nachrichten über die Sprache der - Kaiganen; in Mélanges Russes, tom. iii., livraison v. St - Pétersbourg, 1858. + Radloff (L.), Einige Nachrichten über die Sprache der + Kaiganen; in Mélanges Russes, tom. iii., livraison v. St + Pétersbourg, 1858. Rae (W. F.), Westward by Rail. London, 1870. Ramirez (Antonio de Guadalupe), Breve Compendio de todo lo - que debe saber y entender el Christiano, en Lengua Othomí. + que debe saber y entender el Christiano, en Lengua OthomÃ. Mexico, 1785. - Ramirez (José Fernando), Cuadro Histórico-Geroglífico de la - Peregrinacion de las Tribus Aztecas. In García y Cubas, + Ramirez (José Fernando), Cuadro Histórico-GeroglÃfico de la + Peregrinacion de las Tribus Aztecas. In GarcÃa y Cubas, Atlas. - Ramirez (José Fernando), Discursos sobre la Historia - Antigua de Méjico. In Revista Científica, tom. i. + Ramirez (José Fernando), Discursos sobre la Historia + Antigua de Méjico. In Revista CientÃfica, tom. i. - Ramirez (José Fernando), Notas y Esclarecimientos á la + Ramirez (José Fernando), Notas y Esclarecimientos á la Historia de la Conquista. In Prescott (W. H.), Hist. Conq. Mex., Mexico, 1845, tom. ii. - Ramirez (José Fernando), Noticias Históricas de Durango. In + Ramirez (José Fernando), Noticias Históricas de Durango. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. v. - Ramirez (José Fernando), Noticias Históricas y Estadísticas + Ramirez (José Fernando), Noticias Históricas y EstadÃsticas de Durango. Mexico, 1851. - Ramirez (José Fernando), Proceso de Residencia contra Pedro + Ramirez (José Fernando), Proceso de Residencia contra Pedro de Alvarado. Mexico, 1847. Ramusio (Giovanni Battista), Navigationi et Viaggi. @@ -3055,8 +3021,8 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Ranking (John), Historical Researches on the Conquest of Peru, Mexico, etc., by the Mongols. London, 1827. - Raso (Antonio del), Notas Estadísticas del Departamento de - Querétaro. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii. + Raso (Antonio del), Notas EstadÃsticas del Departamento de + Querétaro. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii. Rattray (Alex.), Vancouver Island and British Columbia. London, 1862. @@ -3071,7 +3037,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Registro Trimestre. Mexico, 1832. - Registro Yucateco. Mérida, 1845. 2 vols. + Registro Yucateco. Mérida, 1845. 2 vols. Reichardt (C. F.), Centro-Amerika. Braunschweig, 1851. @@ -3081,7 +3047,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Angeles Star, 1852; California Farmer, 1861; and in Hayes Collection. - Relacion de algunas cosas de la Nueva España. [Anonymous + Relacion de algunas cosas de la Nueva España. [Anonymous Conqueror.] In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. i. Relatione d'alcvne cose della Nuoua Spagna, etc., per vn @@ -3101,23 +3067,23 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. York, 1849. Revilla-Gigedo, Extractos de la Carta de 27 de Diciembre de - 1793, sobre las Misiones de la Nueva España. MS. + 1793, sobre las Misiones de la Nueva España. MS. - Revista Científica y Literaria. Mexico, 1845. 2 vols. + Revista CientÃfica y Literaria. Mexico, 1845. 2 vols. Revista Mexicana. Mexico, 1835. - Revue Américaine. Paris, 1826 et seq. + Revue Américaine. Paris, 1826 et seq. Revue des Deux Mondes. Paris, 1839 et seq. - Revue Française. Paris, 1864. + Revue Française. Paris, 1864. Ribas (Andres Perez de), Historia de los Trivmphos de Nvestra Santa Fee, en las Misiones de la Provincia de - Nueva-España. Madrid, 1645. folio. + Nueva-España. Madrid, 1645. folio. - Ribero (L. Miguel), Proyecto de Monarquía en Mexico. + Ribero (L. Miguel), Proyecto de MonarquÃa en Mexico. Madrid, 1846. Richardson (John), Arctic Searching Expedition: A Journal @@ -3126,7 +3092,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Richardson (John), The Polar Regions. Edinburgh, 1861. Richthofen (Emil Karl Heinrich von), Die Aeusseren und - Inneren Politischen Zustände der Republik Mexico. Berlin, + Inneren Politischen Zustände der Republik Mexico. Berlin, 1854. Rio (Antonio del), Description of the Ruins of an Ancient @@ -3141,13 +3107,13 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Ripaldo, Catecismo (en idioma Mixteco). Puebla, 1719. - Ritos Antiguos, Sacrificios é Idolatrías de los Indios de - la Nueva-España. In Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix. + Ritos Antiguos, Sacrificios é IdolatrÃas de los Indios de + la Nueva-España. In Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix. - Rittner (Heinrich), Guatimozin über die Welt und die Erde. + Rittner (Heinrich), Guatimozin über die Welt und die Erde. Berlin, 1801. - Rivera, and García, Ruinas de la Quemada. In Museo + Rivera, and GarcÃa, Ruinas de la Quemada. In Museo Mexicano, tom. i. Rivero (Mariano Edward), See Tschudi, Peruvian Antiq. @@ -3163,22 +3129,22 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Robinson (Fayette), California and its Gold Regions. New York, 1849. - Rochelle (Roux de), États Unis d'Amérique. Paris, 1853. + Rochelle (Roux de), États Unis d'Amérique. Paris, 1853. Rogers (Woodes), A Cruising Voyage round the World. London, 1718. - Rollin, Mémoire Physiologique et Pathologique sur les - Américains. In Pérouse, Voy., tom. iv. + Rollin, Mémoire Physiologique et Pathologique sur les + Américains. In Pérouse, Voy., tom. iv. - Romero (José Guadalupe), Noticias para formar la Historia y - la Estadística del Obispado de Michoacan. Mexico, 1862; and + Romero (José Guadalupe), Noticias para formar la Historia y + la EstadÃstica del Obispado de Michoacan. Mexico, 1862; and in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii. Roquefeuil (Camille de), Voyage round the World. London, 1823. - Roquette (De la), De la Géographie de la Nouvelle-Grenade. + Roquette (De la), De la Géographie de la Nouvelle-Grenade. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1855. tom. cxlvii. Roseborough (J. B.), Letter on Northern California Indians. @@ -3190,9 +3156,9 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Ross (Alex.), The Fur Hunters of the Far West. London, 1855. 2 vols. - Rossi, Souvenirs d'un Voyage en Orégon. Paris, 1864. + Rossi, Souvenirs d'un Voyage en Orégon. Paris, 1864. - Rouhaud (Hip.), Les Régions Nouvelles. Paris, 1868. + Rouhaud (Hip.), Les Régions Nouvelles. Paris, 1868. Royal Geographical Society of London. See Lond. Geog. Soc. @@ -3205,10 +3171,10 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Ruxton (George Frederic), Sur la Migration des Anciens Mexicains. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850. tom. cxxvi. - Ruz (Joaquin), Cartilla ó Silabario de Lengua Maya. Mérida, + Ruz (Joaquin), Cartilla ó Silabario de Lengua Maya. Mérida, 1845. - Ruz (Joaquin), Gramática Yucateca. Mérida, 1844. + Ruz (Joaquin), Gramática Yucateca. Mérida, 1844. Ryan (William Redmond), Personal Adventures in Upper and Lower California. London, 1850. 2 vols. @@ -3218,31 +3184,31 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Sacramento Daily Union. Sacramento, 1854 et seq. - Sahagun (Bernardino de), La Aparicion de Nuestra Señora de + Sahagun (Bernardino de), La Aparicion de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Mexico. Mexico, 1840. Sahagun (Bernardino de), Historia General de las Cosas de - Nueva España. Mexico, 1829. 3 vols.; and in Kingsborough's + Nueva España. Mexico, 1829. 3 vols.; and in Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vols. v.-vii. Saigey (Emile), The Unity of Natural Phenomena. Boston, 1873. - Saint-Amant (De), Voyages en Californie et dans l'Orégon. + Saint-Amant (De), Voyages en Californie et dans l'Orégon. Paris, 1854. Salazar y Olarte (Ignacio de), Historia de la Conquista de - Mexico. Segunda Parte. [Continuation of Solis.] Córdoba, + Mexico. Segunda Parte. [Continuation of Solis.] Córdoba, 1743. folio. - Salmeron (Gerónimo de Zárate), Relaciones de todas las + Salmeron (Gerónimo de Zárate), Relaciones de todas las cosas que en el Nuevo-Mexico se han visto y sabido, 1538-1626. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., pt. iv. - Salvatierra (Juan María de), Cartas. In Doc. Hist. Mex., + Salvatierra (Juan MarÃa de), Cartas. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. v., and serie ii., tom. i. - Sámano (Juan de), Relacion de la Conquista de los Teules + Sámano (Juan de), Relacion de la Conquista de los Teules Chichimecas. In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. ii. Sammlung aller Reisebeschreibungen. Leipzig, 1747-74. 21 @@ -3264,15 +3230,15 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Scenes in the Rocky Mountains. New York, 1846. - Schérer (Jean Benoît), Recherches Historiques. Paris, 1777. + Schérer (Jean Benoît), Recherches Historiques. Paris, 1777. Scherr (Johannes), Das Trauerspiel in Mexiko. Leipzig, 1868. - Scherzer (Karl), Ein Besuch bei den Ruinen von Quiriguá. + Scherzer (Karl), Ein Besuch bei den Ruinen von Quiriguá. (Akademie der Wissenschaften.) - Scherzer (Karl), Die Indianer von Istlávacan. Wien, 1856. + Scherzer (Karl), Die Indianer von Istlávacan. Wien, 1856. Scherzer (Karl), Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara. London, 1861. 3 vols. @@ -3305,12 +3271,12 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Herald, 1845-51. London, 1853. 2 vols. Seleny (S. J.), Auszug aus dem Tagebuche des Lieutenants - Sagoskin über seine Expedition auf dem festen Lande des + Sagoskin über seine Expedition auf dem festen Lande des nordwestlichen Amerikas. In Denkschriften der russ. geog. Gesellsch. zu St Petersburg, band i. Weimar, 1849. - Seleny (S. J.), [or Zelenöi], Résumé des Journaux de - l'Expedition Amérique Russe, 1852-4. In Nouvelles Annales + Seleny (S. J.), [or Zelenöi], Résumé des Journaux de + l'Expedition Amérique Russe, 1852-4. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850. tom. cxxv-vi. Selfridge (Thomas Olliver), Reports of Explorations. @@ -3346,11 +3312,11 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. by way of Tehuantepec. (42d Cong., 2d Sess., Ex. Doc. 6.) Washington, 1872. 4to. - Sigüenza y Góngora (Carlos de), Parayso Occidental. Mexico, + Sigüenza y Góngora (Carlos de), Parayso Occidental. Mexico, 1684. - Sigüenza y Góngora (Carlos de), Teatro de Virtudes - Políticas. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., pt. iii. + Sigüenza y Góngora (Carlos de), Teatro de Virtudes + PolÃticas. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., pt. iii. Silliman (Benjamin), The American Journal of Science. New Haven, 1819 et seq. 107 vols. @@ -3363,10 +3329,10 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. London, 1847. 2 vols. Simpson (James H.), Coronado's March in search of the - "Seven Cities of Cíbola." In Smithsonian Report, 1869. + "Seven Cities of CÃbola." In Smithsonian Report, 1869. Simpson (James H.), Journal of a Military Reconnoissance - from Santa Fé to the Navajo Country. Philadelphia, 1852. + from Santa Fé to the Navajo Country. Philadelphia, 1852. Simpson (James H.), The Shortest Route to California. Philadelphia, 1869. @@ -3374,7 +3340,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Simpson (Thomas), Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America. London, 1843. - Sitgreaves (L.), Report of an Expedition down the Zuñi and + Sitgreaves (L.), Report of an Expedition down the Zuñi and Colorado Rivers. (32d Cong., 2d Sess., Senate Ex. Doc. 59.) Washington, 1853. @@ -3382,14 +3348,14 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Naturales de la Mision de San Antonio, Alta California. (Shea's Linguistics, No. 7.) New York, 1861. - Sivers (Jegór von), Ueber Madeira und die Antillen nach + Sivers (Jegór von), Ueber Madeira und die Antillen nach Mittelamerika. Leipzig, 1861. Smart (Charles), Notes on the Tonto Apaches. In Smithsonian Report, 1867. Smith (Buckingham), Coleccion de Varios Documentos para la - Historia de la Flórida y Tierras Adyacentes. Madrid, 1857. + Historia de la Flórida y Tierras Adyacentes. Madrid, 1857. 4to. Smith (Buckingham), A Grammatical Sketch of the Heve @@ -3398,7 +3364,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Smith (Charles Hamilton), The Natural History of the Human Species. London, 1859. - Smith (Jedediah), Excursion à l'Ouest des Monts Rocky. In + Smith (Jedediah), Excursion à l'Ouest des Monts Rocky. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1828. tom. xxxvii. Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report of the Board of @@ -3407,10 +3373,10 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Smucker (Samuel M.), The Life of Col. John Charles Fremont. New York, 1856. - Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, Boletin. + Sociedad Mexicana de GeografÃa y EstadÃstica, Boletin. Mexico, 1861 et seq. [Includes Instituto Nacional.] - Société de Géographie, Bulletin. Paris. + Société de Géographie, Bulletin. Paris. Soden (Julius), Die Spanier in Peru und Mexiko. Berlin, 1794. 2 vols. @@ -3418,29 +3384,29 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Solis (Antonio de), Historia de la Conquista de Mexico. Madrid, 1783-4. 2 vols. 4to. - Solórzano Pereyra (Juan de), De Indiarum Jure. Sive de + Solórzano Pereyra (Juan de), De Indiarum Jure. Sive de iusta Indiarum Occidentalium Inquisitione, Acquisitione & Retentione. Lugduni, 1672. 2 vols. folio. - Solórzano Pereyra (Juan de), Política Indiana. [Translation + Solórzano Pereyra (Juan de), PolÃtica Indiana. [Translation of preceding work.] Madrid, 1776. 2 vols. folio. - Sonora, Descripcion Geográfica, Natural y Curiosa de la + Sonora, Descripcion Geográfica, Natural y Curiosa de la Provincia de Sonora. [1764.] In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., pt. iv. Sonora, Rudo Ensayo, Tentativa de una Prevencional - Descripcion Geográfica de la Provincia de Sonora. [Same as + Descripcion Geográfica de la Provincia de Sonora. [Same as preceding.] San Augustin, 1863. 4to. - Soulé (Frank), et al., The Annals of San Francisco. New + Soulé (Frank), et al., The Annals of San Francisco. New York, 1855. Southern Quarterly Review. New Orleans, 1842 et seq. Sparks (Jared), Life of John Ledyard. Cambridge, 1828. - Spectateur Américain. Amsterdam, 1785. + Spectateur Américain. Amsterdam, 1785. Spencer (Herbert), Illustrations of Universal Progress. New York, 1872. @@ -3537,17 +3503,17 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Stuart (Granville), Montana as it is. New York, 1865. Sue (Joseph), Henri le Chancelier, Souvenirs d'un Voyage - dans l'Amérique Centrale. Paris, 1857. + dans l'Amérique Centrale. Paris, 1857. Sutil y Mexicana, Relacion del Viage hecho por las Goletas - Sutil y Mexicana en el año de 1792, para reconocer el + Sutil y Mexicana en el año de 1792, para reconocer el Estrecho de Fuca. Madrid, 1802. 1 vol. and atlas. Swan (James G.), The Northwest Coast; or, Three Years' Residence in Washington Territory. New York, 1857. - Tápia (Andrés de), Relacion sobre la Conquista de Mexico. + Tápia (Andrés de), Relacion sobre la Conquista de Mexico. In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. ii. Taylor (Alex. S.), The Indianology of California. In @@ -3557,7 +3523,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Empire. New York, 1850. 2 vols. Tello (Antonio), Fragmentos de una historia de la Nueva - Galicia escrita hácia, 1650. In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., + Galicia escrita hácia, 1650. In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. ii. Tempsky (G. F. von), Mitla; A Narrative of Incidents and @@ -3566,19 +3532,19 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Ternaux-Compans (Henri), Au Port de Mazatlan. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1842. tom. xcv. - Ternaux-Compans (Henri), Recueil de Documents et Mémoires + Ternaux-Compans (Henri), Recueil de Documents et Mémoires originaux sur l'Histoire des Possessions Espagnoles dans - l'Amérique. Paris, 1840. + l'Amérique. Paris, 1840. Ternaux-Compans (Henri), Vocabulaire des Principales Langues du Mexique. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1840. tom. lxxxviii. - Ternaux-Compans (Henri), Voyages, Relations et Mémoires - originaux pour servir à l'histoire de la Découverte de - l'Amérique. Paris, 1837-41. 2 series, 10 and 8 vols. + Ternaux-Compans (Henri), Voyages, Relations et Mémoires + originaux pour servir à l'histoire de la Découverte de + l'Amérique. Paris, 1837-41. 2 series, 10 and 8 vols. - Tezozomoc (Fernando de Alvarado), Crónica Mexicana. In + Tezozomoc (Fernando de Alvarado), Crónica Mexicana. In Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix. Tezozomoc (Alvaro), Histoire du Mexique. [Translation of @@ -3592,16 +3558,16 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Thornton (J. Quinn), Oregon and California in 1848. New York, 1849. 2 vols. - Thümmel (A. R.), Mexiko und die Mexikaner. Erlangen, 1848. + Thümmel (A. R.), Mexiko und die Mexikaner. Erlangen, 1848. Todd (John), The Sunset Land. Boston, 1870. - Tomes (Robert), Panamá in 1855. New York, 1855. + Tomes (Robert), Panamá in 1855. New York, 1855. - Torquemada (Juan de), Monarquía Indiana. Madrid, 1723. 3 + Torquemada (Juan de), MonarquÃa Indiana. Madrid, 1723. 3 vols. folio. - Touron (R. R.), Histoire Générale de l'Amérique. Paris, + Touron (R. R.), Histoire Générale de l'Amérique. Paris, 1768. 8 vols. Townsend (John K.), Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky @@ -3616,7 +3582,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Treasury of Travel and Adventure. New York, 1865. - Trioen (L. F. B.), Indagaciones sobre las Antigüedades + Trioen (L. F. B.), Indagaciones sobre las Antigüedades Mexicanas. Mexico, 1841. Tschudi (John James von), Peruvian Antiquities. New York, @@ -3671,7 +3637,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Pacific Ocean, and round the World. London, 1798. 4to. 3 vols. and atlas. - Variedades de la Civilizacion. Méjico, 1852. 2 vols. + Variedades de la Civilizacion. Méjico, 1852. 2 vols. Varnhagen (F. A. de), Le Premier Voyage de Amerigo Vespucci. Vienne, 1869. @@ -3685,29 +3651,29 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Vega (Manuel de la), Historia del Descubrimiento de la America. Mexico, 1826. - Velasco (José Francisco), Noticias Estadísticas del Estado + Velasco (José Francisco), Noticias EstadÃsticas del Estado de Sonora. Mexico, 1850. Velasquez de Cardenas y Leon (Carlos Celedonio), Breve - Práctica, y Régimen del Confesionario de Indios, en + Práctica, y Régimen del Confesionario de Indios, en Mexicano y Castellano. [Mexico, 1661.] Venegas (Miguel), Noticia de la California y de su Conquista. Madrid, 1757. 3 vols. - Veniaminoff (Ivan), Langues de l'Amérique Russe. In + Veniaminoff (Ivan), Langues de l'Amérique Russe. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850. tom. cxxv. - Veniaminoff (Ivan), Situation présente de l'Église - Orthodoxe (Greco-Russe) dans l'Amérique du Nord. In + Veniaminoff (Ivan), Situation présente de l'Église + Orthodoxe (Greco-Russe) dans l'Amérique du Nord. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1841. tom. xc. Veniaminoff (Ivan), Ueber die Sprachen des russischen - Amerikas nach Wenjaminow; in Erman (A.), Archiv für + Amerikas nach Wenjaminow; in Erman (A.), Archiv für Wissenschaftl. Kunde von Russland, tom. vii., Heft. i. Berlin, 1848. - Vera Cruz, Estadística del Estado libre y soberano. Jalapa, + Vera Cruz, EstadÃstica del Estado libre y soberano. Jalapa, 1831. Vetancvrt (Avgvstin de), Teatro Mexicano. Mexico, 1698. @@ -3717,7 +3683,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Inhabitants of New Spain. In Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. vii. - Veytia (Mariano), Historia Antigua de Méjico. Mexico, 1836. + Veytia (Mariano), Historia Antigua de Méjico. Mexico, 1836. 3 vols. Victor (Mrs Francis Fuller), All over Washington and @@ -3729,17 +3695,17 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Vigneaux (Ernest), Souvenirs d'un Prisonnier de Guerre au Mexique. Paris, 1863. - Villa Señor y Sanchez (Josef Antonio de), Theatro + Villa Señor y Sanchez (Josef Antonio de), Theatro Americano. Mexico, 1746. 2 vols. 4to. - Villagra (Gaspar de), Historia de la Nueva Mexico. Alcalá, + Villagra (Gaspar de), Historia de la Nueva Mexico. Alcalá, 1610. Villagutierre Soto-Mayor (Juan de), Historia de la Conquista de la Provincia de el Itza. [Madrid, 1701.] folio. - Viollet-le-Duc. See Charnay (D.), Cités, etc. + Viollet-le-Duc. See Charnay (D.), Cités, etc. Voyages, A Collection of Voyages and Travels (Harleian Collection). London, 1745. 2 vols. folio. @@ -3761,7 +3727,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Voyages, New Voyages and Travels. London, [1818-23]. 9 vols. - Voyages, Nouvelle Bibliothèque des Voyages. Paris, n.d. 12 + Voyages, Nouvelle Bibliothèque des Voyages. Paris, n.d. 12 vols. Voyages, Recueil des Voyages au Nord. Amsterdam, 1715-27. 8 @@ -3782,10 +3748,10 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Wagner (Moritz), and Karl Scherzer, Die Republik Costa Rica in Central-Amerika. Leipzig, 1857. - Waldeck (Frédéric de), Palenqué et Autres Ruines. Texte - redigé par M. Brasseur de Bourbourg. Paris, 1866. folio. + Waldeck (Frédéric de), Palenqué et Autres Ruines. Texte + redigé par M. Brasseur de Bourbourg. Paris, 1866. folio. - Waldeck (Frédéric de), Voyage Pittoresque et Archéologique + Waldeck (Frédéric de), Voyage Pittoresque et Archéologique dans la Province d'Yucatan. Paris, 1838. folio. Walker (John D.), The Pimas. MS. San Francisco, 1873. @@ -3796,7 +3762,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Walton (William Jr.), Present State of the Spanish Colonies. London, 1810. 2 vols. - Wappäus (J. E.), Geographie und Statistik von Mexiko und + Wappäus (J. E.), Geographie und Statistik von Mexiko und Central-Amerika. Leipzig, 1863. Warburton (Eliot), Darien, or the Merchant Prince. London, @@ -3804,8 +3770,8 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Ward (H. G.), Mexico in 1827. London, 1828. 2 vols. - Warden (D. B.), Recherches sur les Antiquités de l'Amérique - du Nord. In Antiquités Mexicaines, tom. ii., div. ii. + Warden (D. B.), Recherches sur les Antiquités de l'Amérique + du Nord. In Antiquités Mexicaines, tom. ii., div. ii. Weatherhead (W. D.), An Account of the late Expedition against the Isthmus of Darien. London, 1821. @@ -3823,9 +3789,9 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Wells (William V.), Explorations and Adventures in Honduras. New York, 1857. - Welshöfer (Max Moritz), Die Republik Mexico. Leipzig, 1862. + Welshöfer (Max Moritz), Die Republik Mexico. Leipzig, 1862. - West und Ost Indischer Lustgart. Cöllen, 1618. + West und Ost Indischer Lustgart. Cöllen, 1618. Western Monthly. Chicago, 1869. @@ -3835,7 +3801,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 1624.] Wheelwright (William), Observations on the Isthmus of - Panamá. London, 1844. + Panamá. London, 1844. Whipple (A. W.), Report of Explorations near 35th Parallel, 1853-4. In Pac. R. R. Reports, vols. iii., iv. @@ -3910,20 +3876,20 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. States. New York, 1851. Wrangell, Observations recueillies par l'Amiral ---- sur - les Habitants des Côtes Nord-ouest de l'Amérique. In + les Habitants des Côtes Nord-ouest de l'Amérique. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1853. tom. cxxxvii. Wyeth (John B.), Oregon. Cambridge, 1833. - Ximenez (Francisco), Las Historias del Orígen de los Indios + Ximenez (Francisco), Las Historias del OrÃgen de los Indios de esta Provincia de Guatemala. Viena, 1857. Yates (John), Sketch of the Sacramento Valley in 1842. MS. Yepes (Joaquin Lopez), Catecismo y Declaracion de la - Doctrina Cristiana en Lengua Otomí. Megico, 1826. + Doctrina Cristiana en Lengua OtomÃ. Megico, 1826. Yonge (C. D.), Three Centuries of Modern History. New York, 1872. @@ -3931,7 +3897,7 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Young (Thomas), Narrative of a Residence on the Mosquito Shore. London, 1842. - Yucatan, Estadística de. Mexico, 1853. + Yucatan, EstadÃstica de. Mexico, 1853. Zenteno (Carlos de Tapia), Arte Novissima de Lengua @@ -3941,19 +3907,19 @@ AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Mexico, 1767. Zapata (Juan Ortiz), Relacion de las Missiones que la - Compañia de Jesus tiene en el Reino y Provincia de la Nueva + Compañia de Jesus tiene en el Reino y Provincia de la Nueva Viscaya. [1678.] In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. iii. Zuazo (Alonso), Carte del Licenciado ---- al Padre Fray Luis de Figueroa. In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. i. - Zuñiga (Ignacio), Rápida Ojeada al Estado de Sonora. [Coup + Zuñiga (Ignacio), Rápida Ojeada al Estado de Sonora. [Coup d'Oeil, etc.] In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1842. tom. xciii. - Zurita (Alonzo de), Rapport sur les Différentes Classes de + Zurita (Alonzo de), Rapport sur les Différentes Classes de Chefs de la Nouvelle Espagne. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., - série ii., tom. i. Paris, 1840. + série ii., tom. i. Paris, 1840. @@ -4148,7 +4114,7 @@ importance than was the act of creation. The third hypothesis, derived mainly from the writings of Lamarck, Darwin, and Huxley, is based upon the principle of evolution. All -existing species are developments of some preëxisting form, which in +existing species are developments of some preëxisting form, which in like manner descended by true generation from a form still lower. Man, say they, bears no impress of a divine original that is not common to brutes; he is but an animal, more perfectly developed through natural @@ -4184,7 +4150,7 @@ widely separates the human from the brute creation, the 'reasonable soul' of man is but an evolution from brute instincts. The difference in the mental faculties of man and animals is immense; but the high culture which belongs to man has been slowly developed, and there is plainly a -wider separation between the mental power of the lowest zoöphyte and +wider separation between the mental power of the lowest zoöphyte and the highest ape, than between the most intellectual ape and the least intellectual man. Physically and mentally, the man-like ape and the ape-like man sustain to each other a near relationship; while between @@ -4232,7 +4198,7 @@ produce a similarity of species; or, what is equivalent, that there were many primary centres, each originating species, which spread out from these centres and covered the earth. This doctrine was held by early naturalists to be irreconcilable with the Scripture account of the -creation, and was therefore denounced as heretical. Linnæus and his +creation, and was therefore denounced as heretical. Linnæus and his contemporaries drew up a pleasing picture, assigning the birth-place of all forms of life to one particular fertile spot, situated in a genial climate, and so diversified with lofty mountains and declivities, as to @@ -4280,7 +4246,7 @@ original centre,--all show conclusively the impossibility that such a multitude of animal and vegetable tribes, with characters so diverse, could have derived their origin from the same locality, and disappearing entirely from their original birth-place, sprung forth in some remote -part of the globe. Linnæus, and many others of his time, held that all +part of the globe. Linnæus, and many others of his time, held that all telluric tribes, in common with mankind, sprang from a single pair, and descended from the stock which was preserved by Noah. Subsequently this opinion was modified, giving to each species an origin in some certain @@ -4294,7 +4260,7 @@ localities in which they are found. Birds and marine animals, although unrestricted in their movements, seldom wander far from specific centres. With regard to wild beasts, and the larger animals, insurmountable difficulties present themselves; so that we may infer -that the systems of animal life are indigenous to the great zoölogical +that the systems of animal life are indigenous to the great zoölogical provinces where they are found. On the other hand, the harmony which exists between the organism of man @@ -4340,8 +4306,8 @@ some ethnologists, the primary criterion in the classification of species. The facial angle is determined by a line drawn from the forehead to the front of the upper jaw, intersected by a horizontal line passing over the middle of the ear. The facial angle of a European is -estimated at 85°, of a Negro at 75°, and of the ape at 60°. -Representations of an adult Troglodyte measure 35°, and of a Satyr 30°. +estimated at 85°, of a Negro at 75°, and of the ape at 60°. +Representations of an adult Troglodyte measure 35°, and of a Satyr 30°. Some writers classify according to one or several of these tests, others consider them all in arriving at their conclusions. @@ -4353,7 +4319,7 @@ Mongolian, and American; and those with a facial angle of from seventy-five to eighty-two degrees,--including the Malay, Negro, and Hottentot. Cuvier and Jaquinot make three classes, placing the Malay and American among the subdivisions of the Mongolian. Kant makes four -divisions under four colors: white, black, copper, and olive. Linnæus +divisions under four colors: white, black, copper, and olive. Linnæus also makes four: European, whitish; American, coppery; Asiatic, tawny; and African, black. Buffon makes five divisions and Blumenbach five. Blumenbach's classification is based upon cranial admeasurements, @@ -4369,11 +4335,11 @@ skulls. Hunter classifies the human family under seven species; Agassiz makes eight; Pickering, eleven; Desmoulins, sixteen; and Crawford, sixty-three. Dr Latham, considered by many the chief exponent of the science of ethnology in England, classifies the different races under -three primary divisions, namely: Mongolidæ, Atlantidæ, and Japetidæ. +three primary divisions, namely: Mongolidæ, Atlantidæ, and Japetidæ. Prichard makes three principal types of cranial conformation, which he denominates respectively, the civilized races, the nomadic or wandering races, and the savage or hunting races. Agassiz designates the races of -men according to the zoölogical provinces which they respectively +men according to the zoölogical provinces which they respectively occupy. Thus the Arctic realm is inhabited by Hyperboreans, the Asiatic by Mongols, the European by white men, the American by American Indians, the African by black races, and the East Indian, Australian and @@ -4446,7 +4412,7 @@ the hidden recesses of the earth; has aroused the slumbering energies of both mental and material force, changed the currents of thought, emancipated the intellect from religious transcendentalism, and spread out to the broad light of open day a vast sea of truth. Old-time -beliefs have had to give place. The débris of one exploded dogma is +beliefs have had to give place. The débris of one exploded dogma is scarcely cleared away before we are startled with a request for the yielding up of another long and dearly cherished opinion. And in the attempt to read the book of humanity as it comes fresh from the impress @@ -4514,7 +4480,7 @@ ridiculous. Acosta, who studied the subject for nine years in Peru, concludes that America was the Ophir of Solomon. Aristotle relates that the Carthaginians in a voyage were carried to an unknown island; whereupon Florian, Gomara, Oviedo, and others, are satisfied that the -island was Española. "Who are these that fly as a cloud," exclaims +island was Española. "Who are these that fly as a cloud," exclaims Esaias, "or as the doves to their windows?" Scholastic sages answer, Columbus is the _columba_ or dove here prophesied. Alexo Vanegas shows that America was peopled by Carthaginians; Anahuac being but another @@ -4590,20 +4556,20 @@ languages presented a coincidence which was generally observed by early travelers. Hence physical and psychological comparisons are advanced to prove ethnological resemblances among all the peoples of America, and that they meanwhile possess common peculiarities totally distinct from -the nations of the old world. Morton and his confrères, the originators +the nations of the old world. Morton and his confrères, the originators of the American homogeneity theory, even go so far as to claim for the American man an origin as indigenous as that of the fauna and flora. They classify all the tribes of America, excepting only the Eskimos who wandered over from Asia, as the American race, and divide it into the American family and the Toltecan family. Blumenbach classifies the -Americans as a distinct species. The American Mongolidæ of Dr Latham are +Americans as a distinct species. The American Mongolidæ of Dr Latham are divided into Eskimos and American Indians. Dr Morton perceives the same characteristic lineaments in the face of the Fuegian and the Mexican, and in tribes inhabiting the Rocky Mountains, the Mississippi Valley, and Florida. The same osteological structure, swarthy color, straight hair, meagre beard, obliquely cornered eyes, prominent cheek bones, and thick lips are common to them all. Dr Latham describes his American -Mongolidæ as exercising upon the world a material rather than a moral +Mongolidæ as exercising upon the world a material rather than a moral influence; giving them meanwhile a color, neither a true white nor a jet black; hair straight and black, rarely light, sometimes curly; eyes sometimes oblique; a broad, flat face and a retreating forehead. Dr @@ -4837,24 +4803,24 @@ an archangel. de la Cosa, on the Isthmus of Darien, between the years 1507 and 1511, brought into more intimate contact the steel weapons of the chivalrous hidalgos with the naked bodies of - the savages. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, after a toilsome + the savages. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, after a toilsome journey across the Isthmus in 1513, was rewarded by the first view of the Pacific Ocean, of which he took possession for the king of Spain on the twenty-fifth of - September. The white sails of Córdova Grijalva, and Garay, + September. The white sails of Córdova Grijalva, and Garay, descried by the natives of Yucatan and Mexico in 1517-19, - were quickly followed by Cortés and his keen-scented band + were quickly followed by Cortés and his keen-scented band of adventurers, who, received by the unsuspecting natives as gods, would have been dismissed by them as fiends had not the invasion culminated in the conquest of Mexico. - During the years 1522-24, Cortés made expeditions to + During the years 1522-24, Cortés made expeditions to Tehuantepec, Panuco, and Central America; Gil Gonzales and - Cristobal de Olid invaded Nicaragua and Honduras. Nuño de + Cristobal de Olid invaded Nicaragua and Honduras. Nuño de Guzman in 1530, with a large force, took possession of the entire northern country from the city of Mexico to the northern boundary of Sinaloa; and Cabeza de Vaca crossed the continent from Texas to Sinaloa in the years 1528-36. - Journeys to the north were made by Cortés, Ulloa, Coronado, + Journeys to the north were made by Cortés, Ulloa, Coronado, Mendoza, and Cabrillo between the years 1536 and 1542. Hundreds of Roman Catholic missionaries, ready to lay down their lives in their earnest anxiety for the souls of the @@ -4868,12 +4834,12 @@ an archangel. of Antonio de Espejo to New Mexico in 1583; Francisco de Gali's return from Macao to Mexico, by way of the Northwest Coast, in 1584; the voyage of Maldonado to the imaginary - Straits of Anian in 1588; the expedition of Castaño de Sosa + Straits of Anian in 1588; the expedition of Castaño de Sosa to New Mexico in 1590; the voyage of Juan de Fuca to the Straits of Anian in 1592; the wreck of the 'San Agustin' upon the Northwest Coast in 1595; the voyage of Sebastian Vizcaino towards California in 1596; the discoveries of - Juan de Oñate in New Mexico in 1599, and many others. + Juan de Oñate in New Mexico in 1599, and many others. Intercourse with the natives was extended during the seventeenth century by the voyage of Sebastian Vizcaino from Mexico to California in 1602; by the expedition of @@ -4948,19 +4914,19 @@ an archangel. other by land. In January, 1769, the ship 'San Carlos,' commanded by Vicente Vila, was dispatched for San Diego, followed by the 'San Antonio,' under Juan Perez, and the - 'San José,' which was unfortunately lost. The land + 'San José,' which was unfortunately lost. The land expedition was separated into two divisions; the first under Rivera y Moncada departed from Mexico in March, and arrived at San Diego in May; the second under Gaspar de - Portolá and Father Junípero Serra reached San Diego in - July, 1769. Portolá with his companions immediately set out + Portolá and Father JunÃpero Serra reached San Diego in + July, 1769. Portolá with his companions immediately set out by land for the Bay of Monterey; but, unwittingly passing it by, they continued northward until barred in their progress by the magnificent Bay of San Francisco. Unable to find the harbor of Monterey, they returned to San Diego in - January, 1770. In April, Portolá made a second and more + January, 1770. In April, Portolá made a second and more successful attempt, and arrived at Monterey in May. - Meanwhile Perez and Junípero Serra accomplished the voyage + Meanwhile Perez and JunÃpero Serra accomplished the voyage by sea, sailing in the 'San Carlos.' In 1772, Pedro Fages and Juan Crespi proceeded from Monterey to explore the Bay of San Francisco. They were followed by Rivera y Moncada in @@ -4968,14 +4934,14 @@ an archangel. founded the Mission of Dolores. In 1775, Bodega y Quadra voyaged up the Californian coast to the fifty-eighth parallel. In 1776, Dominguez and Escalante made an - expedition from Santa Fé to Monterey. Menonville journeyed + expedition from Santa Fé to Monterey. Menonville journeyed to Oajaca in New Spain in 1777. In 1778, Captain Cook, in his third voyage round the world, touched along the Coast from Cape Flattery to Norton Sound; and in 1779, Bodega y Quadra, Maurelle, and Arteaga voyaged up the western coast to Mount St Elias. During the years 1785-8, voyages of circumnavigation were made by Dixon and Portlock, and by La - Pérouse, all touching upon the Northwest Coast. + Pérouse, all touching upon the Northwest Coast. French Canadian traders were the first to penetrate the northern interior west of Hudson Bay. Their most distant @@ -5021,7 +4987,7 @@ an archangel. Parliament. In 1762, some merchants of New Orleans organized a company which was commissioned by D'Abadie, director-general of Louisiana, under the name of Pierre - Ligueste Laclède, Antoine Maxan, and Company. Their first + Ligueste Laclède, Antoine Maxan, and Company. Their first post occupied the spot upon which the city of St Louis is now situated; and, under the auspices of the brothers Chouteau, they penetrated northwestward beyond the Rocky @@ -5032,7 +4998,7 @@ an archangel. River. Between the years 1825 and 1830, the Rocky Mountain Fur Company of St Louis extended their operations over California and Oregon, but at a loss of the lives of nearly - one half of their employés. John Jacob Astor embarked in + one half of their employés. John Jacob Astor embarked in the fur trade at New York in 1784, purchasing at that time in Montreal. In 1808, he obtained a charter for the American Fur Company, which was, in 1811, merged into the @@ -5128,7 +5094,7 @@ an archangel. in 1816; and the Russian expedition under Kramchenko, Wasilieff, and Etolin, in 1822. Captain Morrel explored the Californian coast from San Diego to San Francisco in 1825; - Captains Beechey and Lütke, the Northwest Coast in 1826; + Captains Beechey and Lütke, the Northwest Coast in 1826; and Sir Edward Belcher in 1837. J. K. Townsend made an excursion west of the Rocky Mountains in 1834. In 1837, Dease and Simpson made an open boat voyage from the @@ -5144,7 +5110,7 @@ an archangel. The necessities of the natives were examined, and remnants of disappearing nations were collected upon reservations under government agents. The interior of Alaska was first - penetrated by the employés of the Russian-American Fur + penetrated by the employés of the Russian-American Fur Company. Malakoff ascended the Yukon in 1838; and, in 1842, Derabin established a fort upon that river. In 1849, W. H. Hooper made a boat expedition from Kotzebue Sound to the @@ -5209,7 +5175,7 @@ an archangel. beasts, has been changed by their inter-social relations with the servants of the trading companies; and their more barbarous practices discontinued. It was the almost - universal custom of the employés of the Hudson's Bay + universal custom of the employés of the Hudson's Bay Company to unite to themselves native women; thus, by means of this relationship, the condition of the women has been raised, while the men manifest a kinder feeling towards the @@ -6103,7 +6069,7 @@ dialects are quite distinct. The country of the Koniagas is a rugged wilderness, into many parts of which no white man has ever penetrated. Mountainous forests, glacial -cañons, down which flow innumerable torrents, hills interspersed with +cañons, down which flow innumerable torrents, hills interspersed with lakes and marshy plains; ice-clad in winter, covered with luxuriant vegetation in summer. Some sheltered inlets absorb an undue proportion of oceanic warmth. Thus the name Aglegmutes signifies the inhabitants of @@ -6248,7 +6214,7 @@ before break of day, during the hunting-season, a boy lights the oil-lamps in all the huts of the village, when the women rise and prepare the food. The men, excepting old men and boys, all sleep in the kashim, whither they retire at sunset. In the morning they are aroused -by the appearance of the shamán, arrayed in his sacerdotal robes, and +by the appearance of the shamán, arrayed in his sacerdotal robes, and beating his sacred drum. After morning worship, the women carry breakfast to their husbands in the kashim. At day-break the men depart for their hunting or fishing, and when they return, immediately repair @@ -6388,7 +6354,7 @@ straighten her back while upon her knees. During the six months following, she is allowed a room a little larger, but is still permitted no intercourse with any one. Daughters of principal men obtain the right of access to the kashim by undergoing a ceremonial yielding up of their -virginity to the shamán.[106] Marriage ceremonies are few, and marriage +virginity to the shamán.[106] Marriage ceremonies are few, and marriage engagements peculiar. The consent of the father of the intended bride being obtained, the aspirant for nuptial honors brings wood and builds a fire in the bath-room; after which, he and the father take a bath @@ -6460,25 +6426,25 @@ ancestors had done so before them. [Sidenote: SUPERSTITIONS OF THE KONIAGAS.] -The shamán, or medicine-man of the Koniagas, is the spiritual and +The shamán, or medicine-man of the Koniagas, is the spiritual and temporal doctor of the tribe; wizard, sorcerer, priest, or physician, as -necessity demands. In the execution of his offices, the shamán has +necessity demands. In the execution of his offices, the shamán has several assistants, male and female, sages and disciples; the first in rank being called _kaseks_, whose duty it is to superintend festivals and teach the children to dance. When a person falls sick, some evil spirit is supposed to have taken possession of him, and it is the -business of the shamán to exorcise that spirit, to combat and drive it +business of the shamán to exorcise that spirit, to combat and drive it out of the man. To this end, armed with a magic tambourine, he places himself near the patient and mutters his incantations. A female assistant accompanies him with groans and growls. Should this prove -ineffectual, the shamán approaches the bed and throws himself upon the +ineffectual, the shamán approaches the bed and throws himself upon the person of the sufferer; then, seizing the demon, he struggles with it, overpowers and casts it out, while the assistants cry, "He is gone! he is gone!" If the patient recovers, the physician is paid, otherwise he receives nothing.[108] Colds, consumption, rheumatism, itch, boils, ulcers, syphilis, are among their most common diseases. Blood-letting is commonly resorted to as a curative, and except in extreme cases the -shamán is not called. The Koniagas bleed one another by piercing the arm +shamán is not called. The Koniagas bleed one another by piercing the arm with a needle, and then cutting away the flesh above the needle with a flint or copper instrument. Beaver's oil is said to relieve their rheumatism. @@ -6802,7 +6768,7 @@ social status, if not to her facial charms. When the block is withdrawn, the lip drops down upon the chin like a piece of leather, displaying the teeth, and presenting altogether a ghastly spectacle.[151] This custom is evidently associated in their minds with womanly modesty, for when La -Pérouse asked them to remove their block, some refused; those who +Pérouse asked them to remove their block, some refused; those who complied manifesting the same embarrassment shown by a European woman who uncovers her bosom. The Yakutats alone of all the Thlinkeet nation have never adopted this fashion. @@ -6834,7 +6800,7 @@ to possess." The men make a wooden mask, which rests on a neckpiece, very ingeniously carved, and painted in colors, so as to represent the head of some bird or beast or mythological being. This was formerly worn in battle, -probably, as La Pérouse suggests, in order to strike terror into the +probably, as La Pérouse suggests, in order to strike terror into the hearts of enemies, but is now used only on festive occasions.[152] A small hat of roots and bark, woven in the shape of a truncated cone, @@ -6956,7 +6922,7 @@ native wool. They exhibit considerable skill in carving and painting, ornamenting the fronts of their houses with heraldic symbols, and allegorical and historical figures; while in front of the principal dwellings, and on their canoes, are carved parts representing the human -face, the heads of crows, eagles, sea-lions, and bears.[164] La Pérouse +face, the heads of crows, eagles, sea-lions, and bears.[164] La Pérouse asserts that, except in agriculture, which was not entirely unknown to them, the Thlinkeets were farther advanced in industry than the South Sea Islanders. @@ -7106,7 +7072,7 @@ whale, and the crab, and the duck. During the progress of the game, they present a perfect picture of melancholic stoicism.[172] The Thlinkeets burn their dead. An exception is made when the deceased -is a shamán or a slave; the body of the former is preserved, after +is a shamán or a slave; the body of the former is preserved, after having been wrapped in furs, in a large wooden sarcophagus; and the latter is thrown out into the ocean or anywhere, like a beast. The ashes of the burned Thlinkeet are carefully collected in a box covered with @@ -7119,7 +7085,7 @@ grandest feasts are for the dead. Besides the funeral ceremony, which is the occasion of a festival, they hold an annual 'elevation of the dead,' at which times they erect monuments to the memory of their departed. -The shamáns possess some knowledge of the medicinal properties of herbs, +The shamáns possess some knowledge of the medicinal properties of herbs, but the healing of the body does not constitute so important a part of their vocation as do their dealings with supernatural powers. @@ -7269,7 +7235,7 @@ entertain the most inveterate hatred. The Copper Indians, bordering on the southern boundary of the Eskimos at the Coppermine River, were originally the occupants of the territory south of Great Slave Lake. -The Dog-ribs, or Slavés as they are called by neighboring nations, are +The Dog-ribs, or Slavés as they are called by neighboring nations, are indolent, fond of amusement, but mild and hospitable. They are so debased, as savages, that the men do the laborious work, while the women employ themselves in household affairs and ornamental needlework. Young @@ -7784,9 +7750,9 @@ Esquimaux.' _Alaska_, p. 159. Sir John Richardson, in his _Journal_, vol. i., p. 341, places them on the 'western coast, by Cook's Sound and Tchugatz Bay, nearly to Mount St. Elias;' but in his _Polar Regions_, p. 299, he terminates them at Kotzebue Sound. Early writers give them the -widest scope. 'Die südlichsten sind in Amerika, auf der Küste Labrador, -wo nach Charlevoix dieser Völkerstamm den Namen Esquimaux bey den in -der Nähe wohnenden Abenaki führte, und auch an der benachbarten Ostseite +widest scope. 'Die südlichsten sind in Amerika, auf der Küste Labrador, +wo nach Charlevoix dieser Völkerstamm den Namen Esquimaux bey den in +der Nähe wohnenden Abenaki führte, und auch an der benachbarten Ostseite von Neu-Fundland, ferner westlich noch unter der Halbinsel Alaska.' _Vater_, _Mithridates_, vol. iii., pt. iii., p. 425. Dr Latham, in his _Varieties of Man_, treats the inhabitants of the Aleutian Islands as @@ -7800,17 +7766,17 @@ conterminous with the Eskimos. The boundary lines between the Eskimos and the interior Indian tribes 'are generally formed by the summit of the watershed between the small rivers which empty into the sea and those which fall into the Yukon.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 144. Malte-Brun, -_Précis de la Géographie_, vol. v., p. 317, goes to the other extreme. +_Précis de la Géographie_, vol. v., p. 317, goes to the other extreme. 'Les Esquimaux,' he declares, 'habitent depuis le golfe Welcome jusqu'au -fleuve Mackenzie, et probablement jusqu'au détroit de Bering; ils -s'étendent au sud jusqu'au lac de l'Esclave.' Ludewig, _Aboriginal +fleuve Mackenzie, et probablement jusqu'au détroit de Bering; ils +s'étendent au sud jusqu'au lac de l'Esclave.' Ludewig, _Aboriginal Languages_, p. 69, divides them into 'Eskimo proper, on the shores of Labrador, and the Western Eskimos.' Gallatin sweepingly asserts that 'they are the sole native inhabitants of the shores of all the seas, bays, inlets, and islands of America, north of the sixtieth degree of north latitude.' _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 9. The Western Eskimos, says Beechey, 'inhabit the north-west coast of America, -from 60° 34´ N. to 71° 24´ N.' _Voy._, vol. ii., p. 299. 'Along the +from 60° 34´ N. to 71° 24´ N.' _Voy._, vol. ii., p. 299. 'Along the entire coast of America.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 191. [Sidenote: ESKIMOS AND KONIAGAS.] @@ -7820,13 +7786,13 @@ River they are known by the name of _Naggeuktoomutes_, 'deer-horns.' At the eastern outlet of the Mackenzie they are called _Kittear_. Between the Mackenzie River and Barter Reef they call themselves _Kangmali-Innuin_. The tribal name at Point Barrow is _Nuwangmeun_. 'The -_Nuna-tangmë-un_ inhabit the country traversed by the Nunatok, a river +_Nuna-tangmë-un_ inhabit the country traversed by the Nunatok, a river which falls into Kotzebue Sound.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 300. From Cape Lisburn to Icy Cape the tribal appellation is _Kitegues_. 'Deutsche Karten zeigen uns noch im Nord-west-Ende des russischen Nordamerika's, -in dieser so anders gewandten Küstenlinie, nördlich vom Kotzebue-Sund: -im westlichen Theile des Küstenlandes, das sie West-Georgien nennen, -vom Cap Lisburn bis über das Eiscap; hinlaufend das Volk der Kiteguen.' +in dieser so anders gewandten Küstenlinie, nördlich vom Kotzebue-Sund: +im westlichen Theile des Küstenlandes, das sie West-Georgien nennen, +vom Cap Lisburn bis über das Eiscap; hinlaufend das Volk der Kiteguen.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 713. 'The tribes appear to be separated from each other by a neutral ground, across which small parties venture in the summer for barter.' The _Tuski_, _Tschuktschi_, @@ -7840,31 +7806,31 @@ THE KONIAGAN nation occupies the shores of Bering Sea, from Kotzebue Sound to the Island of Kadiak, including a part of the Alaskan Peninsula, and the Koniagan and Chugatschen Islands. The _Koniagas_ proper inhabit Kadiak, and the contiguous islands. _Buschmann_, _Spuren -der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 676. 'The Konægi are inhabitants of the Isle of +der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 676. 'The Konægi are inhabitants of the Isle of Kodiak.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 371. 'Die eigentlichen Konjagen oder Bewohner der Insel Kadjak.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 4. 'Zu den letztern rechnet man die Aleuten von Kadjack, deren Sprache -von allen Küstenbewohnern von der Tschugatschen-Bay, bis an die +von allen Küstenbewohnern von der Tschugatschen-Bay, bis an die Berings-Strasse und selbst weiter noch die herrschende ist.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 58. 'From Iliamna Lake to the 159th degree of west -longitude.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 401. 'La côte qui s'étend depuis le -golfe Kamischezkaja jusqu'au Nouveau-Cornouaille, est habitée par cinq +longitude.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 401. 'La côte qui s'étend depuis le +golfe Kamischezkaja jusqu'au Nouveau-Cornouaille, est habitée par cinq peuplades qui forment autant de grandes divisions territoriales dans les -colonies de la Russie Américaine. Leurs noms sont: Koniagi, Kenayzi, +colonies de la Russie Américaine. Leurs noms sont: Koniagi, Kenayzi, Tschugatschi, Ugalachmiuti et Koliugi.' _Humboldt_, _Pol._, tom. i., p. 347. The _Chugatsches_ inhabit the islands and shores of Prince William -Sound. 'Die Tchugatschen bewohnen die grössten Inseln der Bai -Tschugatsk, wie Zukli, Chtagaluk u. a. und ziehen sich an der Südküste +Sound. 'Die Tchugatschen bewohnen die grössten Inseln der Bai +Tschugatsk, wie Zukli, Chtagaluk u. a. und ziehen sich an der Südküste der Halbinsel Kenai nach Westen bis zur Einfahrt in den Kenaischen Meerbusen.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 4. 'Die Tschugatschen sind -Ankömmlinge von der Insel Kadjack, die während innerer Zwistigkeiten von +Ankömmlinge von der Insel Kadjack, die während innerer Zwistigkeiten von dort vertrieben, sich zu ihren jetzigen Wohnsitzen an den Ufern von Prince William's Sound und gegen Westen bis zum Eingange von Cook's Inlet hingewendet haben.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 116. 'Les -Tschugatschi occupent le pays qui s'étend depuis l'extrémité -septentrionale de l'entrée de Cook jusqu'à l'est de la baie du prince +Tschugatschi occupent le pays qui s'étend depuis l'extrémité +septentrionale de l'entrée de Cook jusqu'à l'est de la baie du prince Guillaume (golfe Tschugatskaja.)' _Humboldt_, _Pol._, tom. i., p. 348. According to Latham, _Native Races_, p. 290, they are the most southern members of the family. The Tschugazzi 'live between the Ugalyachmutzi @@ -7878,14 +7844,14 @@ i., p. 364. The _Aglegmutes_ occupy the shores of Bristol Bay from the river Nushagak along the western coast of the Alaskan Peninsula, to latitude -56°. 'Die Aglegmjuten, von der Mündung des Flusses Nuschagakh bis zum -57° oder 56° an der Westküste der Halbinsel Aljaska; haben also die Ufer +56°. 'Die Aglegmjuten, von der Mündung des Flusses Nuschagakh bis zum +57° oder 56° an der Westküste der Halbinsel Aljaska; haben also die Ufer der Bristol-Bai inne.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 4. Dall calls them Oglemutes, and says that they inhabit 'the north coast of Aliaska from the 159th degree of west longitude to the head of Bristol Bay, and along the north shore of that Bay to Point Etolin.' _Alaska_, p. 405. Die -Agolegmüten, an den Ausmündungen der Flüsse Nuschagack und Nackneck, -ungefähr 500 an der Zahl.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 121. +Agolegmüten, an den Ausmündungen der Flüsse Nuschagack und Nackneck, +ungefähr 500 an der Zahl.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 121. The _Kijataigmutes_ dwell upon the banks of the river Nushagak and along the coast westward to Cape Newenham. 'Die Kijataigmjuten wohnen an den @@ -7893,31 +7859,31 @@ Ufern des Flusses Nuschagakh, sowie seines Nebenflusses Iligajakh.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. Dall says that they call themselves Nushergagmut, and 'inhabit the coast near the mouth of the Nushergak River, and westward to Cape Newenham.' _Alaska_, p. 405. 'Die Kijaten -oder Kijataigmüten an den Flüssen Nuschagack und Ilgajack.' _Baer_, +oder Kijataigmüten an den Flüssen Nuschagack und Ilgajack.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 121. 'Am Fl. Nuschagak.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 760. The _Agulmutes_ inhabit the coast between the rivers Kuskoquim and -Kishunak. 'Die Aguljmjuten haben sowohl den Küstenstrich als das Innere -des Landes zwischen den Mündungen des Kuskokwim und des Kishunakh inne.' +Kishunak. 'Die Aguljmjuten haben sowohl den Küstenstrich als das Innere +des Landes zwischen den Mündungen des Kuskokwim und des Kishunakh inne.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. 'This tribe extends from near Cape Avinoff nearly to Cape Romanzoff.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 406. 'Den -Agulmüten, am Flusse Kwichlüwack.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. 'An -der Kwickpak-Münd.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 719. +Agulmüten, am Flusse Kwichlüwack.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. 'An +der Kwickpak-Münd.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 719. The _Kuskoquigmutes_ occupy the banks of Kuskoquim River and Bay. 'Die Kuskokwigmjuten bewohnen die Ufer des Flusses Kuskokwim von seiner -Mündung bis zur Ansiedelung Kwygyschpainagmjut in der Nähe der +Mündung bis zur Ansiedelung Kwygyschpainagmjut in der Nähe der Odinotschka Kalmakow.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. The Kuskwogmuts 'inhabit both shores of Kuskoquim Bay, and some little distance up that river.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 405. 'Die Kuskokwimer an dem Flusse -Kuskokwim und andern kleinen Zuflüssen desselben und an den Ufern der -südlich von diesem Flusse gelegenen Seen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. +Kuskokwim und andern kleinen Zuflüssen desselben und an den Ufern der +südlich von diesem Flusse gelegenen Seen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. 'Between the rivers Nushagak, Ilgajak, Chulitna, and Kuskokwina, on the sea-shore.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 98. The _Magemutes_ live between the rivers Kishunak and Kipunaiak. 'Die -Magmjuten oder Magagmjuten, zwischen den Flüssen Kiskunakh und +Magmjuten oder Magagmjuten, zwischen den Flüssen Kiskunakh und Kipunajakh.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. 'These inhabit the vicinity of Cape Romanzoff and reach nearly to the Yukon-mouth.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 407. 'Magimuten, am Flusse Kyschunack.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. @@ -7926,8 +7892,8 @@ p. 766. The _Kwichpagmutes_, or inhabitants of the large river, dwell upon the Kwichpak River, from the coast range to the Uallik. 'Die Kwichpagmjuten, -haben ihre Ansiedelungen am Kwickpakh vom Küstengebirge an bis zum -Nebenflusse Uallik.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. 'Kuwichpackmüten, +haben ihre Ansiedelungen am Kwickpakh vom Küstengebirge an bis zum +Nebenflusse Uallik.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. 'Kuwichpackmüten, am Flusse Kuwichpack.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. 'Tlagga Silla, or little dogs, nearer to the mouth of the Yukon, and probably conterminous with the Eskimo Kwichpak-meut.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. @@ -7935,26 +7901,26 @@ conterminous with the Eskimo Kwichpak-meut.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. The _Kwichluagmutes_ dwell upon the banks of the Kwichluak or Crooked River, an arm of the Kwichpak. 'Die Kwichljuagmjuten an den Ufern eines -Mündungsarmes des Kwichpakh, der Kwichljuakh.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. +Mündungsarmes des Kwichpakh, der Kwichljuakh.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 5. 'Inhabit the Kwikhpak Slough.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 407. The _Pashtoliks_ dwell upon the river Pashtolik. 'Die Paschtoligmjuten, an den Ufern des Pastolflusses.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. -'Paschtoligmüten, am Flusse Paschtol.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. +'Paschtoligmüten, am Flusse Paschtol.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. Whymper places them immediately north of the delta of the Yukon. The _Chnagmutes_ occupy the coast and islands south of the Unalaklik River to Pashtolik Bay. 'Die Tschnagmjuten, an den Ufern der Meerbusen -Pastol und Schachtolik zwischen den Flüssen Pastol an Unalaklik.' -_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. 'Den Tschnagmüten, gegen Norden von den -Paschtuligmüten und gegen Westen bis zum Kap Rodney.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. +Pastol und Schachtolik zwischen den Flüssen Pastol an Unalaklik.' +_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. 'Den Tschnagmüten, gegen Norden von den +Paschtuligmüten und gegen Westen bis zum Kap Rodney.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. 'Am. sdl. Norton-Busen.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 805. The _Anlygmutes_ inhabit the shores of Golovnin Bay and the southern coast of the Kaviak peninsula. 'Die Anlygmjuten, an den Ufern der Bai -Golownin nördlich vom Nortonsunde.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. -'Anlygmüten, an der Golowninschen Bai.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. +Golownin nördlich vom Nortonsunde.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. +'Anlygmüten, an der Golowninschen Bai.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. 'Ndl. vom Norton-Sund.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 722. @@ -7964,12 +7930,12 @@ The _Kaviaks_ inhabit the western portion of the Kaviak peninsula. The _Malemutes_ inhabit the coast at the mouth of the Unalaklik River, and northward along the shores of Norton Sound across the neck of the -Kaviak Peninsula at Kotzebue Sound. 'Die Maleigmjuten bewohnen die Küste +Kaviak Peninsula at Kotzebue Sound. 'Die Maleigmjuten bewohnen die Küste des Nortonsundes vom Flusse Unalaklik an und gehen durch das Innere des Landes hinauf bis zum Kotzebuesunde.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. 'From Norton Sound and Bay north of Shaktolik, and the neck of the Kaviak Peninsula to Selawik Lake.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 407. 'Den -Malimüten, nahe an den Ufern des Golfes Schaktulack oder Schaktol.' +Malimüten, nahe an den Ufern des Golfes Schaktulack oder Schaktol.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 122. The Malemutes 'extend from the island of St. Michael to Golovin Sound.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 167. 'Ndl. am Norton-Busen bis zum Kotzebue Sund.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. @@ -7987,7 +7953,7 @@ the Russians have given names--_Morshewskoje_, _Bjeljkowskoje_, and _Pawlowskoje_; on the island of Unga, the _Ugnasiks_; on the island of Unimak, the _Sesaguks_; the _Tigaldas_ on Tigalda Island; the _Avatanaks_ on Avatanak Island; on the Island of Akun, three tribes, -which the Russians call _Arteljnowskoje_, _Rjätscheschnoje_, and +which the Russians call _Arteljnowskoje_, _Rjätscheschnoje_, and _Seredkinskoje_; the _Akutans_ on the Akutan Island; the _Unalgas_ on the Unalga Island; the _Sidanaks_ on Spirkin Island; on the island of Unalashka, the _Ililluluk_, the _Nguyuk_, and seven tribes called by the @@ -7996,7 +7962,7 @@ _Makuschinskoja_, _Koschhiginskoje_, _Tuscon-skoje_, and _Kalechinskoje_; and on the island of Umnak the _Tuliks_. Latham, _Nat. Races_, p. 291, assigns them to the Aleutian Isles. 'Die Unalaschkaer oder Fuchs-Aleuten bewohnen die Gruppe der Fuchsinseln, -den südwestlichen Theil der Halbinsel Aljaska, und die Inselgruppe +den südwestlichen Theil der Halbinsel Aljaska, und die Inselgruppe Schumaginsk. Die Atchaer oder Andrejanowschen Aleuten bewohnen die Andrejanowschen, die Ratten, und die Nahen-Inseln der Aleuten-Kette.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, pp. 7, 8. Inhabit 'the islands between Alyaska @@ -8010,16 +7976,16 @@ Copper River and the river Nass. 'Die eigentlichen Thlinkithen (Bewohner des Archipels von den Parallelen des Flusses Nass bis zum St. Elias-berge).' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 4. 'The Kalosh Indians seen at Sitka inhabit the coast between the Stekine and Chilcat Rivers.' -_Whymper's Alaska_, p. 100. 'Kaloches et Kiganis. Côtes et îles de -l'Amérique Russe.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. The -'Koloshians live upon the islands and coast from the latitude 50° 40´ to +_Whymper's Alaska_, p. 100. 'Kaloches et Kiganis. Côtes et îles de +l'Amérique Russe.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. The +'Koloshians live upon the islands and coast from the latitude 50° 40´ to the mouth of the Atna or Copper River.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 562. -'From about 60° to 45° N. Lat., reaching therefore across the Russian -frontier as far as the Columbia River.' _Müller's Chips_, vol. i., p. +'From about 60° to 45° N. Lat., reaching therefore across the Russian +frontier as far as the Columbia River.' _Müller's Chips_, vol. i., p. 334. 'At Sitka Bay and Norfolk Sound.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 96. 'Between Jacootat or Behring's Bay, to the 57th degree of north -latitude.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 242. 'Die Völker eines grossen Theils -der Nordwest-Küste von America.' _Vater_, _Mithridates_, vol. iii., pt. +latitude.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 242. 'Die Völker eines grossen Theils +der Nordwest-Küste von America.' _Vater_, _Mithridates_, vol. iii., pt. iii., p. 218. 'Les Koliugi habitent le pays montueux du Nouveau-Norfolk, et la partie septentrionale du Nouveau-Cornouaille.' _Humboldt_, _Pol._, tom. i., p. 349. @@ -8029,14 +7995,14 @@ inhabit the coast from both banks of the mouth of Copper River, nearly to Mount St Elias. 'About Mount Elias.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 292. Adjacent to Behring Bay. _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 370. 'Die Ugalenzen, die im Winter eine Bucht des Festlandes, der kleinen Insel -Kajak gegenüber, bewohnen, zum Sommer aber ihre Wohnungsplätze an dem -rechten Ufer des Kupferflusses bei dessen Mündung aufschlagen.' +Kajak gegenüber, bewohnen, zum Sommer aber ihre Wohnungsplätze an dem +rechten Ufer des Kupferflusses bei dessen Mündung aufschlagen.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 4. 'Das Vorgebirge St. Elias, kann als die -Gränzscheide der Wohnsitze der See-Koloschen gegen Nordwest angesehen -werden.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 96. 'Les Ugalachmiuti s'étendent -depuis le golfe du Prince Guillaume, jusqu'à la baie de Jakutat.' +Gränzscheide der Wohnsitze der See-Koloschen gegen Nordwest angesehen +werden.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 96. 'Les Ugalachmiuti s'étendent +depuis le golfe du Prince Guillaume, jusqu'à la baie de Jakutat.' _Humboldt_, _Pol._, tom. i., p. 348. 'Ugalenzen oder Ugaljachmjuten. An -der russ. Küste ndwstl. vom St. Elias Berg.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der +der russ. Küste ndwstl. vom St. Elias Berg.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 807. 'West of Cape St. Elias and near the island of Kadjak.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 194. @@ -8108,10 +8074,10 @@ Channel.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 562. Southern entrance Clarence Strait. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 489. The Tongarses or Tun Ghaase 'are a small tribe, inhabiting the S.E. corner of Prince of Wales's Archipelago.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., -p. 218. 'Tungass, an der sdlst. russ. Küste.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der +p. 218. 'Tungass, an der sdlst. russ. Küste.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 806. 'Tunghase Indians of the south-eastern part of Prince of Wales's Archipelago.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 192. Tongas -Indians, lat. 54° 46´ N. and long. 130° 35´ W. _Dall's Alaska_, p. 251. +Indians, lat. 54° 46´ N. and long. 130° 35´ W. _Dall's Alaska_, p. 251. [Sidenote: THE TINNEH.] @@ -8122,10 +8088,10 @@ within from fifty to one hundred and fifty miles: at Prince William Sound, they even touch the seashore. Mackenzie, _Voy._, p. cxvii., gives boundaries upon the basis of which Gallatin, _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 9, draws a line from the Mississippi to within -one hundred miles of the Pacific at 52° 30´, and allots them the +one hundred miles of the Pacific at 52° 30´, and allots them the northern interior to Eskimos lands. 'Extend across the continent.' -_Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 2. 'Von der nördlichen Hudsonsbai aus -fast die ganze Breite des Continents durchläuft--im Norden und +_Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 2. 'Von der nördlichen Hudsonsbai aus +fast die ganze Breite des Continents durchläuft--im Norden und Nordwesten den 65ten Grad u. beinahe die Gestade des Polarmeers erreicht.' _Buschmann_, _Athapask. Sprachst._, p. 313. The Athabascan area touches Hudson's Bay on the one side, the Pacific on the other.' @@ -8134,7 +8100,7 @@ limits of North America, together with the Eskimos.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 14. The _Chipewyans_, or Athabascas proper, Mackenzie, _Voy._, p. cxvi., -places between N. latitude 60° and 65°, and W. longitude 100° and 110°. +places between N. latitude 60° and 65°, and W. longitude 100° and 110°. 'Between the Athabasca and Great Slave Lakes and Churchill River.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p. 241. 'Frequent the Elk and Slave Rivers, and the country westward to Hay River.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., @@ -8158,7 +8124,7 @@ The _Beaver Indians_ 'inhabit the lower part of Peace River.' _Harmon's Jour._, p. 309. On Mackenzie's map they are situated between Slave and Martin Lakes. 'Between the Peace River and the West branch of the Mackenzie.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 6. Edchawtawhoot-dinneh, -Strong-bow, Beaver or Thick-wood Indians, who frequent the Rivière aux +Strong-bow, Beaver or Thick-wood Indians, who frequent the Rivière aux Liards, or south branch of the Mackenzie River, _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 85. @@ -8179,7 +8145,7 @@ River, below Great Slave Lake, extending towards the Great Bear Lake. _Gallatin_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 19. 'To the eastward of the Dog-ribs are the Red-knives, named by their -southern neighbors, the _Tantsaut-'dtinnè_ (Birch-rind people). They +southern neighbors, the _Tantsaut-'dtinnè_ (Birch-rind people). They inhabit a stripe of country running northwards from Great Slave Lake, and in breadth from the Great Fish River to the Coppermine.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 4. @@ -8187,28 +8153,28 @@ _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 4. The _Ambawtawhoot Tinneh_, or Sheep Indians, 'inhabit the Rocky Mountains near the sources of the Dawhoot-dinneh River which flows into Mackenzie's.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 84. Further down the -Mackenzie, near the 65° parallel. _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 7. +Mackenzie, near the 65° parallel. _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 7. -The _Sarsis_, _Circees_, _Ciriés_, _Sarsi_, _Sorsi_, _Sussees_, +The _Sarsis_, _Circees_, _Ciriés_, _Sarsi_, _Sorsi_, _Sussees_, _Sursees_, or _Surcis_, 'live near the Rocky Mountains between the sources of the Athabasca and Saskatchewan Rivers; are said to be -likewise of the Tinné stock.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 6. +likewise of the Tinné stock.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 6. 'Near the sources of one of the branches of the Saskachawan.' _Gallatin_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 19. The _Tsillawdawhoot Tinneh_, or Brush-wood Indians, inhabit the upper -branches of the Rivière aux Liards. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 87. +branches of the Rivière aux Liards. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 87. On the River aux Liards (Poplar River), _Gallatin_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 19. -The _Nagailer_, or Chin Indians, on Mackenzie's map, latitude 52° 30´ -longitude 122° to 125°, 'inhabit the country about 52° 30´ N. L. to the +The _Nagailer_, or Chin Indians, on Mackenzie's map, latitude 52° 30´ +longitude 122° to 125°, 'inhabit the country about 52° 30´ N. L. to the southward of the Takalli, and thence extend south along Fraser's River towards the Straits of Fuca.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 427. The _Slouacuss Tinneh_ on Mackenzie's are next north-west from the -Nagailer. Vater places them at 52° 4´. 'Noch näher der Küste um den 52° -4´ wohnten die Slua-cuss-dinais d. i. Rothfisch-Männer.' _Vater_, +Nagailer. Vater places them at 52° 4´. 'Noch näher der Küste um den 52° +4´ wohnten die Slua-cuss-dinais d. i. Rothfisch-Männer.' _Vater_, _Mithridates_, vol. iii., pt. iii., p. 421. On the upper part of Frazers River. _Cox's Adven._, p. 323. @@ -8218,21 +8184,21 @@ the Unjigah or Peace River.' _Gallatin_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 19. On the upper tributaries of Peace River. _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 163. -The _Tacullies_, or Carriers, inhabit New Caledonia from latitude 52° -30´ to latitude 56°. 'A general name given to the native tribes of +The _Tacullies_, or Carriers, inhabit New Caledonia from latitude 52° +30´ to latitude 56°. 'A general name given to the native tribes of New-Caledonia.' _Morse's Report_, p. 371. 'All the natives of the Upper Fraser are called by the Hudson Bay Company, and indeed generally, "Porteurs," or Carriers.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 298. 'Tokalis, Le Nord de -la Nouvelle Calédonie.' _Mofras, Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Northern +la Nouvelle Calédonie.' _Mofras, Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Northern part of New Caledonia.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 33. 'On the sources of Fraser's River.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, -p. 178. 'Unter den Völkern des Tinné-Stammes, welche das Land westlich +p. 178. 'Unter den Völkern des Tinné-Stammes, welche das Land westlich von den Rocky Mountains bewohnen, nehmen die Takuli (Wasservolk) oder -Carriers den grössten Theil von Neu-Caledonien ein.' _Buschmann_, +Carriers den grössten Theil von Neu-Caledonien ein.' _Buschmann_, _Athapask. Sprachst._, p. 152. 'Greater part of New Caledonia.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 31. 'Latitude of Queen Charlotte's -Island.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 427. 'From latitude 52° -30´, where it borders on the country of the Shoushaps, to latitude 56°, +Island.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 427. 'From latitude 52° +30´, where it borders on the country of the Shoushaps, to latitude 56°, including Simpson's River.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 202. 'South of the Sicannis and Straits Lake.' _Harmon's Jour._, p. 196. They 'are divided into eleven clans, or minor tribes, whose @@ -8261,20 +8227,20 @@ The _Kutchins_ are a large nation, extending from the Mackenzie River westward along the Yukon Valley to near the mouth of the river, with the Eskimos on one side and the Koltshanes on the other. Buschmann, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 713, places them on the sixty-fifth parallel of -latitude, and from 130° to 150° of longitude west from Greenwich. 'Das -Volk wohnt am Flusse Yukon oder Kwichpak und über ihm; es dehnt sich -nach Richardson's Karte auf dem 65ten Parallelkreise aus vom 130-150° W. -L. v. Gr., und gehört daher zur Hälfte dem britischen und zur Hälfte dem +latitude, and from 130° to 150° of longitude west from Greenwich. 'Das +Volk wohnt am Flusse Yukon oder Kwichpak und über ihm; es dehnt sich +nach Richardson's Karte auf dem 65ten Parallelkreise aus vom 130-150° W. +L. v. Gr., und gehört daher zur Hälfte dem britischen und zur Hälfte dem russischen Nordamerika an.' They are located 'immediately to the northward of the Hare Indians on both banks of Mackenzie's River.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 83. Gallatin, _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 83, places their northern boundary in latitude -67° 27´. To the west of the Mackenzie the Loucheux interpose between the -Esquimaux 'and the Tinné, and spread westward until they come into the +67° 27´. To the west of the Mackenzie the Loucheux interpose between the +Esquimaux 'and the Tinné, and spread westward until they come into the neighborhood of the coast tribes of Beering's Sea.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 377. 'The Kutchin may be said to inhabit the territory extending from the Mackenzie, at the mouth of Peel's River, -lat. 68°, long. 134°, to Norton's sound, living principally upon the +lat. 68°, long. 134°, to Norton's sound, living principally upon the banks of the Youcon and Porcupine Rivers, though several of the tribes are situated far inland, many days' journey from either river.' _Jones_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 320. 'They commence somewhere about the @@ -8318,8 +8284,8 @@ sides of the Yukon about Fort Selkirk, above the Han Kutchin. _Id._, pp. French Canadians, are spread from the upper parts of the Peel and Porcupine Rivers, within the British territory, to the river of the Mountain-men, in the Russian. The upper Yukon is therefore their -occupancy. They fall into four bands: _a_, the Tratsè-kutshi, or people -of the fork of the river; _b_, the Kutsha-kutshi; _c_, the Zèkà-thaka +occupancy. They fall into four bands: _a_, the Tratsè-kutshi, or people +of the fork of the river; _b_, the Kutsha-kutshi; _c_, the Zèkà -thaka (Ziunka-kutshi), people on this side, (or middle people); and, _d_, the Tanna-kutshi, or people of the bluffs.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 293. @@ -8334,19 +8300,19 @@ cuts through their country; so that they lie between the head-waters of the Yukon and the Pacific.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 293. See also _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 397. -The Kutcha-Kutchins, or Kot-à-Kutchin, 'are found in the country near +The Kutcha-Kutchins, or Kot-à -Kutchin, 'are found in the country near the junction of the Porcupine and the Yukon.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 431. The Tenan-Kutchin, or Tananahs, Gens de Buttes, or people of the mountains, occupy an unexplored domain south-west of Fort Yukon. Their country is drained by the Tananah River. _Dall's Alaska_, p. 108. They are placed on Whymper's map about twenty miles south of the Yukon, in -longitude 151° west from Greenwich. On Whymper's map are placed: the +longitude 151° west from Greenwich. On Whymper's map are placed: the Birch Indians, or Gens de Bouleau on the south bank of the Yukon at its junction with Porcupine River; the Gens de Milieu, on the north bank of -the Yukon, in longitude 150°; the Nuclukayettes on both banks in -longitude 152°; and the Newicarguts, on the south bank between longitude -153° and 155°. +the Yukon, in longitude 150°; the Nuclukayettes on both banks in +longitude 152°; and the Newicarguts, on the south bank between longitude +153° and 155°. The _Kenais_ occupy the peninsula of Kenai and the surrounding country. _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 562. 'An den Ufern und den Umgebungen von @@ -8359,15 +8325,15 @@ Nuklukahyet.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 53. 'Junakachotana, ein Stamm, welcher auf dem Flusse Jun-a-ka wohnt.' _Sagoskin_, in _Denkschr. der russ. geo. Gesell._, p. 324. 'Die Junnakachotana, am Flusse Jukchana oder Junna (so wird der obere Lauf -des Kwichpakh genannt) zwischen den Nebenflüssen Nulato und Junnaka, so +des Kwichpakh genannt) zwischen den Nebenflüssen Nulato und Junnaka, so wie am untern Laufe des letztgenannten Flusses.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. 'Die Junnachotana bewohnen den obern Lauf des Jukchana oder Junna von -der Mündung des Junnaka.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. +der Mündung des Junnaka.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. 'Die Jugelnuten haben ihre Ansiedelungen am Kwichpakh, am Tschageljuk -und an der Mündung des Innoka. Die Inkalichljuaten, am obern Laufe des +und an der Mündung des Innoka. Die Inkalichljuaten, am obern Laufe des Innoka. Die Thljegonchotana am Flusse Thljegon, der nach der Vereinigung mit dem Tatschegno den Innoka bildet.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, pp. 6, 7. 'They extend virtually from the confluence of the @@ -8380,27 +8346,27 @@ River. See _Whymper's Map_. 'The tribe extends from the edge of the wooded district near the sea to and across the Yukon below Nulato, on the Yukon and its affluents to the head of the delta, and across the portage to the Kuskoquim River and its branches.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. -28. 'Die Inkiliken, am untern Laufe des Junna südlich von Nulato.' +28. 'Die Inkiliken, am untern Laufe des Junna südlich von Nulato.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 6. 'An dem ganzen Ittege wohnt der Stamm der -Inkiliken, welcher zu dem Volk der Ttynai gehört.' _Sagoskin_, in -_Denkschr. der russ. geo. Gesell._, p. 341. 'An den Flüssen Kwichpack, -Kuskokwim und anderen ihnen zuströmenden Flüssen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. +Inkiliken, welcher zu dem Volk der Ttynai gehört.' _Sagoskin_, in +_Denkschr. der russ. geo. Gesell._, p. 341. 'An den Flüssen Kwichpack, +Kuskokwim und anderen ihnen zuströmenden Flüssen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 120. 'The Ingaliks living on the north side of the Yukon between it and the Kaiyuh Mountains (known as Takaitsky to the Russians), bear the name of Kaiyuhkatana or "lowland people," and the other branches of Ingaliks have similar names, while preserving their general tribal name.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 53. On Whymper's map they are -called T'kitskes and are situated east of the Yukon in latitude 64° +called T'kitskes and are situated east of the Yukon in latitude 64° north. The _Koltschanes_ occupy the territory inland between the sources of the Kuskoquim and Copper Rivers. 'They extend as far inland as the watershed between the Copper-river and the Yukon.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 292. 'Die Galzanen oder Koltschanen (d. h. Fremdlinge, in der Sprache der -Athnaer) bewohnen das Innere des Landes zwischen den Quellflüssen des -Kuskokwim bis zu den nördlichen Zuflüssen des Athna oder Kupferstromes.' -_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 7. 'Diejenigen Stämme, welche die nördlichen -und östlichen, dem Atna zuströmenden Flüsse und Flüsschen bewohnen, eben +Athnaer) bewohnen das Innere des Landes zwischen den Quellflüssen des +Kuskokwim bis zu den nördlichen Zuflüssen des Athna oder Kupferstromes.' +_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 7. 'Diejenigen Stämme, welche die nördlichen +und östlichen, dem Atna zuströmenden Flüsse und Flüsschen bewohnen, eben so die noch weiter, jenseits der Gebirge lebenden, werden von den Atnaern Koltschanen, d. h. Fremdlinge, genannt.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 101. 'North of the river Atna.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. @@ -8410,7 +8376,7 @@ The Nehannes occupy the territory midway between Mount St. Elias and the Mackenzie River, from Fort Selkirk and the Stakine River. 'According to Mr. Isbister, range the country between the Russian settlements on the Stikine River and the Rocky Mountains.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 295. -The Nohhannies live 'upon the upper branches of the Rivière aux Liards.' +The Nohhannies live 'upon the upper branches of the Rivière aux Liards.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 87. They 'inhabit the angle between that branch and the great bend of the trunk of the river, and are neighbours of the Beaver Indians.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 6. The region @@ -8419,7 +8385,7 @@ the Chilkaht River, is occupied by tribes known to the Hudson Bay voyageurs as Nehannees. Those on the Pelly and Macmillan rivers call themselves Affats-tena. Some of them near Liard's River call themselves Daho-tena or Acheto-tena, and others are called Sicannees by the -voyageurs. Those near Francis Lake are known as Mauvais Monde, or Slavé +voyageurs. Those near Francis Lake are known as Mauvais Monde, or Slavé Indians. About Fort Selkirk they have been called Gens des Foux. The _Kenai_ proper, or Kenai-tena, or Thnaina, inhabit the peninsula of @@ -8427,13 +8393,13 @@ Kenai, the shores of Cook Inlet, and thence westerly across the Chigmit Mountains, nearly to the Kuskoquim River. They 'inhabit the country near Cook's Inlet, and both shores of the Inlet as far south as Chugachik Bay.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 430. 'Die eigentlichen Thnaina bewohnen die -Halbinsel Kenai und ziehen sich von da westlich über das -Tschigmit-Gebirge zum Mantaschtano oder Tchalchukh, einem südlichen +Halbinsel Kenai und ziehen sich von da westlich über das +Tschigmit-Gebirge zum Mantaschtano oder Tchalchukh, einem südlichen Nebenflusse des Kuskokwim.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 7. 'Dieses--an den Ufern und den Umgebungen von Cook's Inlet und um die Seen Iliamna -und Kisshick lebende Volk gehört zu dem selben Stamme wie die Galzanen +und Kisshick lebende Volk gehört zu dem selben Stamme wie die Galzanen oder Koltschanen, Atnaer, und Koloschen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. -103. 'Les _Kenayzi_ habitent la côte occidentale de l'entrée de Cook ou +103. 'Les _Kenayzi_ habitent la côte occidentale de l'entrée de Cook ou du golfe Kenayskaja.' _Humboldt_, _Pol._, tom. i., p. 348. 'The Indians of Cook's Inlet and adjacent waters are called "Kanisky." They are settled along the shore of the inlet and on the east shore of the @@ -8448,7 +8414,7 @@ _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 7. 'On the upper part of the Atna or Copper River are a little-known tribe of the above name [viz., Ah-tena]. They have been called Atnaer and Kolshina by the Russians, and Yellow Knife or Nehaunee by the English.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 429. 'Diese kleine, -jetzt ungefähr aus 60 Familien bestehende, Völkerschaft wohnt an den +jetzt ungefähr aus 60 Familien bestehende, Völkerschaft wohnt an den Ufern des Flusses Atna und nennt sich Atnaer.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 97. @@ -8462,22 +8428,22 @@ Alaska is a corruption, is first encountered in the narrative of Betsevin, who, in 1761, wintered on the peninsula, supposing it to be an island. The author of _Neue Nachrichten von denen neuentdekten Insuln_, writes, page 53, 'womit man nach der abgelegensten Insul -_Aläksu_ oder _Alachschak_ über gieng.' Again, at page 57, in giving a +_Aläksu_ oder _Alachschak_ über gieng.' Again, at page 57, in giving a description of the animals on the supposed island he calls it 'auf der -Insul _Aläsku_.' 'This,' says Coxe, _Russian Discoveries_, p. 72, 'is +Insul _Aläsku_.' 'This,' says Coxe, _Russian Discoveries_, p. 72, 'is probably the same island which is laid down in Krenitzin's chart under the name of _Alaxa_.' _Unalaschka_ is given by the author of _Neue Nachrichten_, p. 74, in his narrative of the voyage of Drusinin, who hunted on that island in 1763. At page 115 he again mentions the -'grosse Insul _Aläksu_.' On page 125, in Glottoff's log-book, 1764, is -the entry: 'Den 28sten May der Wind Ostsüdost; man kam an die Insul -_Alaska_ oder _Aläksu_.' Still following the author of _Neue +'grosse Insul _Aläksu_.' On page 125, in Glottoff's log-book, 1764, is +the entry: 'Den 28sten May der Wind Ostsüdost; man kam an die Insul +_Alaska_ oder _Aläksu_.' Still following the author of _Neue Nachrichten_, we have on page 166, in an account of the voyages of Otseredin and Popoff, who hunted upon the Aleutian Islands in 1769, mention of a report by the natives 'that beyond Unimak is said to be a -large land _Aläschka_, the extent of which the islanders do not know.' +large land _Aläschka_, the extent of which the islanders do not know.' On Cook's Atlas, voyage 1778, the peninsula is called _Alaska_, and -the island _Oonalaska_, La Pérouse, in his atlas, map No. 15, 1786, +the island _Oonalaska_, La Pérouse, in his atlas, map No. 15, 1786, calls the peninsula _Alaska_, and the island _Ounalaska_. The Spaniards, in the _Atlas para el Viage de las goletas Sutil y Mexicana_, 1792, write _Alasca_ for the peninsula, and for the island @@ -8504,7 +8470,7 @@ peninsula and Unalaska for the island. the Abenaqui, a tribe of Algonquins in Canada, who border upon them and call them "Esquimantsic."' 'L'origine de leur nom n'est pas certain. Toutefois il y a bien de l'apparence qu'il vient du mot Abenaqui, -_esquimantsic_ qui veut dire "mangeur de viande cruë."' See _Prichard's +_esquimantsic_ qui veut dire "mangeur de viande cruë."' See _Prichard's Physical History of Mankind_, vol. v., pp. 367, 373. 'French writers call them Eskimaux.' 'English authors, in adopting this term, have most generally written it "Esquimaux," but Dr. Latham, and other recent @@ -8515,7 +8481,7 @@ originally _Ceux qui miaux_ (_miaulent_).' _Richardson's Journal_, vol. i., p. 340. 'Said to be a corruption of _Eskimantik_, _i. e._ raw-fish-eaters, a nickname given them by their former neighbors, the Mohicans.' _Seemann's Voyage of the Herald_, vol. ii., p. 49. Eskimo is -derived from a word indicating sorcerer or Shamán. 'The northern Tinneh +derived from a word indicating sorcerer or Shamán. 'The northern Tinneh use the word _Uskeemi_.' _Dall's Alaska_, pp. 144, 531. 'Their own national designation is "Keralit."' _Morton's Crania Americana_, p. 52. They 'call themselves "Innuit," which signifies "man."' _Armstrong's @@ -8531,21 +8497,21 @@ long, nor how commonly they may have been erroneously used, should be immediately corrected. Every man who can spell is supposed to be able to give the correct orthography of his own name, and his spelling should in every instance be followed, when it can be ascertained. Veit Bering, -anglicè Vitus Behring, was of a Danish family, several members of which +anglicè Vitus Behring, was of a Danish family, several members of which were well known in literature before his own time. In Danish writings, as well as among the biographies of Russian admirals, where may be found a fac-simile of his autograph, the name is spelled _Bering_. It is so given by Humboldt, and by the _Dictionnaire de la Conversation_. The author of the _Neue Nachrichten von denen neuentdekten Insuln_, one of the oldest printed works on Russian discoveries in America; as well as -Müller, who was the companion of Bering for many years; and +Müller, who was the companion of Bering for many years; and Buschmann,--all write _Bering_. Baer remarks: 'Ich schreibe ferner Bering, obgleich es jetzt fast allgemein geworden ist, Behring zu -schreiben, und auch die Engländer und Franzosen sich der letztern -Schreibart bequemt haben. Bering war ein Däne und seine Familie war +schreiben, und auch die Engländer und Franzosen sich der letztern +Schreibart bequemt haben. Bering war ein Däne und seine Familie war lange vor ihm in der Literatur-Geschichte bekannt. Sie hat ihren Namen auf die von mir angenommene Weise drucken lassen. Derselben Schreibart -bediente sich auch der Historiograph Müller, der längere Zeit unter +bediente sich auch der Historiograph Müller, der längere Zeit unter seinen Befehlen gedient hatte, und Pallas.' _Statistische und ethnographische Nachrichten_, p. 328. There is no doubt that the famous navigator wrote his name _Bering_, and that the letter 'h' was @@ -8553,14 +8519,14 @@ subsequently inserted to give the Danish sound to the letter 'e.' To accomplish the same purpose, perhaps, Coxe, Langsdorff, Beechey, and others write _Beering_. -[4] 'Die Kadjacker im Gegentheil nähern sich mehr den Amerikanischen -Stämmen und gleichen in ihrem Aeussern gar nicht den Eskimos oder den -Asiatischen Völkern, wahrscheinlich haben sie durch die Vermischung mit -den Stämmen Amerika's ihre ursprüngliche Asiatische äussere Gestalt und +[4] 'Die Kadjacker im Gegentheil nähern sich mehr den Amerikanischen +Stämmen und gleichen in ihrem Aeussern gar nicht den Eskimos oder den +Asiatischen Völkern, wahrscheinlich haben sie durch die Vermischung mit +den Stämmen Amerika's ihre ursprüngliche Asiatische äussere Gestalt und Gesichtsbildung verloren und nur die Sprache beibehalten.' _Baer_, -_Stat. u. Ethn. Nachr._, p. 124. 'Ils ressemblent beaucoup aux indigènes -des îles Curiles, dépendantes du Japon.' _Laplace_, _Circumnavigation de -l'Artémise_, vol. vi., p. 45. +_Stat. u. Ethn. Nachr._, p. 124. 'Ils ressemblent beaucoup aux indigènes +des îles Curiles, dépendantes du Japon.' _Laplace_, _Circumnavigation de +l'Artémise_, vol. vi., p. 45. [5] 'The tribes crowded together on the shores of Beering's Sea within a comparatively small extent of coast-line, exhibit a greater variety, @@ -8576,8 +8542,8 @@ _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 363. [8] 'Im nordwestlichsten Theile von Amerika fand Franklin den Boden, Mitte August, schon in einer Tiefe von 16 Zoll gefroren. Richardson sah -an einem östlicheren Punkte der Küste, in 71° 12´ Breite, die Eisschicht -im Julius aufgethaut bis 3 Fuss unter der krautbedeckten Oberfläche.' +an einem östlicheren Punkte der Küste, in 71° 12´ Breite, die Eisschicht +im Julius aufgethaut bis 3 Fuss unter der krautbedeckten Oberfläche.' _Humboldt_, _Kosmos_, tom. iv., p. 47. [9] _Silliman's Journal_, vol. xvi., p. 130. _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, @@ -8586,15 +8552,15 @@ vol. ii., p. 13. _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 289. [10] 'Characteristic of the Arctic regions.' _Silliman's Jour._, vol. xvi., p. 143. -[11] At Kotzebue Sound, in July, Choris writes: 'Le sol était émaillé de -fleurs de couleurs variées, dans tous les endroits où la neige venait de +[11] At Kotzebue Sound, in July, Choris writes: 'Le sol était émaillé de +fleurs de couleurs variées, dans tous les endroits où la neige venait de fondre.' _Voyage Pittoresque_, pt. ii., p. 8. -[12] 'In der Einöde der Inseln von Neu-Sibirien finden grosse Heerden -von Rennthieren und zahllose Lemminge noch hinlängliche Nahrung.' +[12] 'In der Einöde der Inseln von Neu-Sibirien finden grosse Heerden +von Rennthieren und zahllose Lemminge noch hinlängliche Nahrung.' _Humboldt_, _Kosmos_, vol. iv., p. 42. -[13] 'Thermometer rises as high as 61° Fahr. With a sun shining +[13] 'Thermometer rises as high as 61° Fahr. With a sun shining throughout the twenty-four hours the growth of plants is rapid in the extreme.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 15. @@ -8640,9 +8606,9 @@ height from about five feet to five feet ten inches.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 304. 'Women were generally short.' 'Their figure inclines to squat.' _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 224. -[17] 'Tous les individus qui appartiennent à la famille des Eskimaux, se +[17] 'Tous les individus qui appartiennent à la famille des Eskimaux, se distinguent par la petitesse de leurs pieds et de leurs mains, et la -grosseur énorme de leurs têtes.' _De Pauw_, _Recherches Phil._, tom. i., +grosseur énorme de leurs têtes.' _De Pauw_, _Recherches Phil._, tom. i., p. 262. 'The hands and feet are delicately small and well formed.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 304. 'Small and beautifully made.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 50. At Point Barrow, 'their hands, @@ -8664,10 +8630,10 @@ chin is a blunt cone.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 302. Dr Gall, whose observations on the same skulls presented him for phrenological observation are published by M. Louis Choris, thus comments upon the head of a female Eskimo from Kotzebue Sound: 'L'organe de l'instinct de -la propagation se trouve extrêmement développé pour une tête de femme.' +la propagation se trouve extrêmement développé pour une tête de femme.' He finds the musical and intellectual organs poorly developed; while -vanity and love of children are well displayed. 'En général,' sagely -concluded the doctor, 'cette tête femme présentait une organization +vanity and love of children are well displayed. 'En général,' sagely +concluded the doctor, 'cette tête femme présentait une organization aussi heureuse que celle de la plupart des femmes d'Europe.' _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 16. @@ -8681,7 +8647,7 @@ Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 51. At Hudson Strait, broad, flat, pleasing face; small and generally sore eyes; given to bleeding at the nose. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p. 29. 'Small eyes and very high cheek bones.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 209. 'La face platte, la bouche -ronde, le nez petit sans être écrasé, le blanc de l'oeil jaunâtre, +ronde, le nez petit sans être écrasé, le blanc de l'oeil jaunâtre, l'iris noir et peu brillant.' _De Pauw_, _Recherches Phil._, tom. i., p. 262. They have 'small, wild-looking eyes, large and very foul teeth, the hair generally black, but sometimes fair, and always in extreme @@ -8744,7 +8710,7 @@ narrower one on either side of it, a little apart. Some had two vertical lines protruding from either angle of the mouth; which is a mark of their high position in the tribe.' _Armstrong's Nar._, pp. 101, 149. On Bering Isle, men as well as women tattoo. 'Plusieurs hommes avaient le -visage tatoué.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 5. +visage tatoué.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 5. [24] 'Give a particularly disgusting look when the bones are taken out, as the saliva continually runs over the chin.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. @@ -8811,7 +8777,7 @@ for their hands.' _Silliman's Journal_, vol. xvi., p. 146. The frock at Coppermine River has a tail something like a dress-coat. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 350. -[30] 'Some of them are even half-naked, as a summer heat, even of 10° is +[30] 'Some of them are even half-naked, as a summer heat, even of 10° is insupportable to them.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 205. [31] 'Down to the frozen subsoil.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 310. @@ -8840,8 +8806,8 @@ vol. ii., p. 58. 'They have no fire-places; but a stone placed in the centre serves for a support to the lamp, by which the little cooking that is required is performed.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 348. -[36] 'On trouva plusieurs huttes construites en bois, moitié dans la -terre, moitié en dehors.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 6. At +[36] 'On trouva plusieurs huttes construites en bois, moitié dans la +terre, moitié en dehors.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 6. At Beaufort Bay are wooden huts. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 177. At Toker Point, 'built of drift-wood and sods of turf or mud.' _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 343. At Cape Krusenstern the houses 'appeared like little round hills, with @@ -8919,12 +8885,12 @@ men, narrowing towards a lake, into which reindeer were driven and killed. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 135. [48] 'Ce qu'il y a encore de frappant dans la complexion de ces -barbares, c'est l'extrême chaleur de leur estomac et de leur sang; ils -échauffent tellement, par leur haleine ardente, les huttes où ils -assemblent en hiver, que les Européans, s'y sentent étouffés, comme dans -une étuve dont la chaleur est trop graduée: aussi ne font-ils jamais de +barbares, c'est l'extrême chaleur de leur estomac et de leur sang; ils +échauffent tellement, par leur haleine ardente, les huttes où ils +assemblent en hiver, que les Européans, s'y sentent étouffés, comme dans +une étuve dont la chaleur est trop graduée: aussi ne font-ils jamais de feu dans leur habitation en aucune saison, et ils ignorent l'usage des -cheminées, sous le climat le plus froid du globe.' _De Pauw_, +cheminées, sous le climat le plus froid du globe.' _De Pauw_, _Recherches Phil._, tom. i., p. 261. [49] 'The voluptuousness and Polygamy of the North American Indians, @@ -8965,7 +8931,7 @@ Can 'propel their kaiyaks at the rate of seven miles an hour.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., pp. 238, 358. At Hudson Strait they have canoes of seal-skin, like those of Greenland. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p. 29. Not a drop of water can penetrate the opening into the canoe. -_Müller's Voy._, p. 46. The kyak is like an English wager-boat. They are +_Müller's Voy._, p. 46. The kyak is like an English wager-boat. They are 'much stronger than their lightness would lead one to suppose.' _Hooper's Tuski_, pp. 226, 228. _Oomiaks_ or family canoes of skin; float in six inches of water. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 148. 'With these boats they make @@ -8973,8 +8939,8 @@ long voyages, frequently visiting St. Lawrence Island.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 380. 'Frame work of wood--when this cannot be procured whalebone is substituted.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 98. Mackenzie saw boats put together with whalebone; 'sewed in some parts, and tied in others.' -_Voyages_, p. 67. They also use a sail. 'On découvrit au loin, dans la -baie, un bateau qui allait à la voile; elle était en cuir.' _Choris_, +_Voyages_, p. 67. They also use a sail. 'On découvrit au loin, dans la +baie, un bateau qui allait à la voile; elle était en cuir.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 6. They 'are the best means yet discovered by mankind to go from place to place.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 43. 'It is wonderful what long voyages they make in these slight boats.' @@ -8995,8 +8961,8 @@ made, it is stopped with a piece of the flesh of the sea-dog, or fat of the whale, which they always carry with them. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 43. They strike 'the water with a quick, regular motion, first on one side, and then on the other.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. -516. 'Wiegen nie über 30 Pfund, und haben ein dünnes mit Leder -überzognes Gerippe.' _Neue Nachrichten_, p. 152. 'The Aleutians put to +516. 'Wiegen nie über 30 Pfund, und haben ein dünnes mit Leder +überzognes Gerippe.' _Neue Nachrichten_, p. 152. 'The Aleutians put to sea with them in all weathers.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 40. At the Shumagin Islands they 'are generally about twelve feet in length, sharp at each end, and about twenty inches broad.' _Meares' Voy._, p. @@ -9109,7 +9075,7 @@ ring, and was beginning some indecent gesticulations, when his appearance not meeting with our approbation he withdrew.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 396. -[69] 'C'était la plus grande marque d'amitié qu'ils pouvaient nous +[69] 'C'était la plus grande marque d'amitié qu'ils pouvaient nous donner.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 5. 'They came up to me one after the other--each of them embraced me, rubbed his nose hard against mine, and ended his caresses by spitting in his hands and wiping them @@ -9151,12 +9117,12 @@ of Kaniag, the ancient Innuit name.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 532. Holmberg thinks that the word Kadiak arose from _Kikchtak_, which in the language of the Koniagas means a large island. 'Der Name Kadjak ist offenbar eine Verdrehung von Kikchtak, welches Wort in der Sprache der Konjagen -"grosse Insel" bedeutet und daher auch als Benennung der grössten Insel -dieser Gruppe diente.' _Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des +"grosse Insel" bedeutet und daher auch als Benennung der grössten Insel +dieser Gruppe diente.' _Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des Russischen Amerika_, p. 75. 'A la division _Koniagi_ appartient la -partie la plus septentrionale de l'Alaska, et l'île de Kodiak, que les +partie la plus septentrionale de l'Alaska, et l'île de Kodiak, que les Russes appellent vulgairement _Kichtak_, quoique, dans la langue des -naturels, le mot Kightak ne désigne en général qu'une île.' _Humboldt_, +naturels, le mot Kightak ne désigne en général qu'une île.' _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 347. Coxe affirms that the natives 'call themselves Kanagist.' _Russian Dis._, p. 135. And Sauer says, 'the natives call themselves _Soo-oo-it_.' _Billings' Ex._, p. 175. 'Man @@ -9168,13 +9134,13 @@ Races_, p. 290, says the name is Athabascan, and signifies 'men of the sea.' [75] _Kuskoquigmutes_, _Kuskokwimen_, _Kuskokwigmjuten_, -_Kusckockwagemuten_, _Kuschkukchwakmüten_, or _Kaskutchewak_. +_Kusckockwagemuten_, _Kuschkukchwakmüten_, or _Kaskutchewak_. [76] The termination _mute_, _mut_, _meut_, _muten_, or _mjuten_, signifies people or village. It is added to the tribal name sometimes as a substantive as well as in an adjective sense. -[77] 'Herr Wassiljew schätzt ihre Zahl auf mindestens 7000 Seelen +[77] 'Herr Wassiljew schätzt ihre Zahl auf mindestens 7000 Seelen beiderlei Geschlechts und jeglichen Alters.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 127. @@ -9183,10 +9149,10 @@ Skiz._, p. 76. [79] The Malemutes are 'a race of tall and stout people.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 159. 'Die Kuskokwimer sind, mittlerer Statur, schlank, -rüstig und oft mit grosser Stärke begabt.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. +rüstig und oft mit grosser Stärke begabt.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 135. _Dixon's Voy._, p. 186. 'Bisweilen fallen sogar riesige Gestalten -auf, wie ich z. B. einen Häuptling in der igatschen Bucht zu sehen -Gelegenheit hatte, dessen Länge 6¾ Fuss betrug.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. +auf, wie ich z. B. einen Häuptling in der igatschen Bucht zu sehen +Gelegenheit hatte, dessen Länge 6¾ Fuss betrug.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 80. The chief at Prince William Sound was a man of low stature, 'with a long beard, and seemed about sixty years of age.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 237. A strong, raw-boned race. _Meares' Voy._, p. @@ -9197,7 +9163,7 @@ size and well proportioned.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 68. 'They emigrated in recent times from the Island of Kadyak, and they claim, as their hereditary possessions, the coast lying between Bristol Bay and Beering's Straits.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 364. 'Die -Tschugatschen sind Ankömmlinge von der Insel Kadjack, die während +Tschugatschen sind Ankömmlinge von der Insel Kadjack, die während innerer Zwistigkeiten von dort vertrieben.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 116. @@ -9205,23 +9171,23 @@ innerer Zwistigkeiten von dort vertrieben.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. Skiz._, p. 5. 'Copper complexion.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 194. [81] 'They bore their under lip, where they hang fine bones of beasts -and birds.' _Staehlin's North. Arch._, p. 33. 'Setzen sich auch--Zähne -von Vögeln oder Thierknochen in künstliche Oeffnungen der Unterlippe und +and birds.' _Staehlin's North. Arch._, p. 33. 'Setzen sich auch--Zähne +von Vögeln oder Thierknochen in künstliche Oeffnungen der Unterlippe und unter der Nase ein.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 113. [82] The people of Kadiak, according to Langsdorff, are similar to those of Unalaska, the men being a little taller. They differ from the Fox Islanders. _Voy._, pt. ii., p. 62. 'Die Insulaner waren hier von den -Einwohnern, der vorhin entdeckten übrigen Fuchsinsuln, in Kleidung und +Einwohnern, der vorhin entdeckten übrigen Fuchsinsuln, in Kleidung und Sprache ziemlich verschieden.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 113. 'Ils ressemblent -beaucoup aux indigènes des îles Curiles, dépendantes du Japon.' +beaucoup aux indigènes des îles Curiles, dépendantes du Japon.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, vol. vi., p. 45. [83] 'They wore strings of beads suspended from apertures in the lower lip.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 195. 'Their ears are full of holes, from which hang pendants of bone or shell.' _Meares' Voy._, p. xxxii. 'Elles portent des perles ordinairement en verre bleu, suspendues au-dessous du -nez à un fil passé dans la cloison nasale.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 573. +nez à un fil passé dans la cloison nasale.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 573. 'Upon the whole, I have nowhere seen savages who take more pains than these people do to ornament, or rather to disfigure their persons.' At Prince William Sound they are so fond of ornament 'that they stick any @@ -9235,17 +9201,17 @@ Nasenknorpel ist ebenfalls durchstochen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 135. [84] The Kadiaks dress like the Aleuts, but their principal garment they -call _Konägen_; _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 63. Like the Unalaskas, +call _Konägen_; _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 63. Like the Unalaskas, the neck being more exposed, fewer ornamentations. _Sauer_, _Billings' Voy._, p. 177. 'Consists wholly of the skins of animals and birds.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 249. A coat peculiar to Norton Sound appeared 'to be made of reeds sewed very closely together.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 191. -'Nähen ihre _Parken_ (Winter-Kleider) aus Vögelhäuten und ihre -_Kamleien_ (Sommer-Kleider) aus den Gedärmen von Wallfischen und +'Nähen ihre _Parken_ (Winter-Kleider) aus Vögelhäuten und ihre +_Kamleien_ (Sommer-Kleider) aus den Gedärmen von Wallfischen und Robben.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 117. At Norton Sound 'principally of deer-skins.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 484. 'Ihre Kleider sind -aus schwarzen und andern Fuchsbälgen, Biber, Vogelhäuten, auch jungen -Rennthier and Jewraschkenfellen, alles mit Sehnen genäht.' _Neue +aus schwarzen und andern Fuchsbälgen, Biber, Vogelhäuten, auch jungen +Rennthier and Jewraschkenfellen, alles mit Sehnen genäht.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 113. 'The dress of both sexes consists of parkas and camleykas, both of which nearly resemble in form a carter's frock.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 194. @@ -9258,23 +9224,23 @@ seem that they sometimes go naked.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. [86] 'Plastered over with mud, which gives it an appearance not very unlike a dung hill.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 214. Sea-dog skin closes the opening. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 62. The Kuskoquims have -'huttes qu'ils appellent barabores pour l'été.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. +'huttes qu'ils appellent barabores pour l'été.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 574. 'Mit Erde und Gras bedeckt, so dass man mit Recht die Wohnungen der -Konjagen Erdhütten nennen kann.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 97. 'A +Konjagen Erdhütten nennen kann.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 97. 'A door fronting the east.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Voy._, p. 175. At Norton Sound 'they consist simply of a sloping roof, without any side-walls.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 484. Build temporary huts of sticks and bark. _Portlock's Voy._, p. 253. -[87] 'In dem Kashim versammelt sich die männliche Bevölkerung des ganzen -Dorfes zur Berathschlagung über wichtige Angelegenheiten, über Krieg und +[87] 'In dem Kashim versammelt sich die männliche Bevölkerung des ganzen +Dorfes zur Berathschlagung über wichtige Angelegenheiten, über Krieg und Frieden, etc.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 129. [88] 'Le poisson est la principale nourriture.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 574. 'Berries mixed with rancid whale oil.' 'The fat of the whale is the -prime delicacy.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, pp. 178, 195. 'Meistentheils nähren +prime delicacy.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, pp. 178, 195. 'Meistentheils nähren sie sich mit rohen und trocknen Fischen, die sie theils in der See mit -knöchernen Angelhaken, theils in den Bächen mit Sacknetzen, die sie +knöchernen Angelhaken, theils in den Bächen mit Sacknetzen, die sie aus Sehnen flechten, einfangen.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 114. They generally eat their food raw, but sometimes they boil it in water heated with hot stones. _Meares' Voy._, p. xxxv. The method of catching wild geese, is @@ -9300,11 +9266,11 @@ of which is excellent.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 188. They eat the larger sort of fern-root baked, and a substance which seemed the inner bark of the pine. _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 374. 'Die Eingebornen essen diese Wurzeln (Lagat) roh und gekocht; aus der Wurzel, nachdem sie in -Mehl verwandelt ist, bäckt man, mit einer geringen Beimischung von -Weizenmehl, süssliche, dünne Kuchen.' _Sagoskin_, _Tagebuch_, in +Mehl verwandelt ist, bäckt man, mit einer geringen Beimischung von +Weizenmehl, süssliche, dünne Kuchen.' _Sagoskin_, _Tagebuch_, in _Denkschr. d. russ. Geog. Gesell._, p. 343. -[92] 'Ihre hölzernen Schilde nennen sie Kujaki.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 114. +[92] 'Ihre hölzernen Schilde nennen sie Kujaki.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 114. [93] 'Selecting the roots of such plants as grow alone, these roots are dried and pounded, or grated.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 178. @@ -9312,18 +9278,18 @@ dried and pounded, or grated.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 178. [94] 'Die Pfeilspitzen sind aus Eisen oder Kupfer, ersteres erhalten sie von den Kenayern, letzteres von den Tutnen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 118. 'De pedernal en forma de arpon, cortado con tanta delicadeza -como pudiera hacerlo el mas hábil lapidario.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, +como pudiera hacerlo el mas hábil lapidario.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 66. [95] At Prince William Sound Cook found the canoes not of wood, as at Nootka. At Bristol Bay they were of skin, but broader. _Third Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 371, 437. 'Die kadjakschen Baidarken unterscheiden sich in der Form ein wenig von denen der andern Bewohner der amerikanischen -Küste, von denen der Aleuten aber namentlich darin, dass sie kürzer und +Küste, von denen der Aleuten aber namentlich darin, dass sie kürzer und breiter sind.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 99. At Prince William Sound, 'formada la canoa en esqueleto la forran por fuera con pieles de animales.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 65. 'Qu'on se figure une -nacelle de quatre mètres de long et de soixante centimètres de large +nacelle de quatre mètres de long et de soixante centimètres de large tout au plus.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, vol. vi., p. 48. 'These canoes were covered with skins, the same as we had seen last season in Cook's River. _Dixon's Voy._, p. 147. 'Safer at sea in bad weather than @@ -9342,7 +9308,7 @@ in any part of the known world.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 373, have lost much of their skill in carving, their old productions of this kind being greatly superior.' _Lisiansky_, p. 178. The Ingalik's household furniture is made 'von gebogenem Holz sehr zierlich gearbeitet -und mittelst Erdfarben roth, grün und blau angestrichen. Zum Kochen der +und mittelst Erdfarben roth, grün und blau angestrichen. Zum Kochen der Speisen bedienen sie sich irdener, ausgebrannter Geschirre.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 121. @@ -9355,8 +9321,8 @@ the direction of toyons or chiefs.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 151. Billings' Voy._, p. 175. [101] 'Zugleich verschwand auch ihre Benennung; man nannte sie ferner -Kajuren, ein Wort aus Kamtschatka hieher übergesiedelt, welches -Tagelöhner oder Arbeiter bedeutet.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 79. +Kajuren, ein Wort aus Kamtschatka hieher übergesiedelt, welches +Tagelöhner oder Arbeiter bedeutet.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 79. [102] 'They will not go a step out of the way for the most necessary purposes of nature; and vessels are placed at their very doors for the @@ -9371,26 +9337,26 @@ even parents and children.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 64. children.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Voy._, p. 176. [105] 'Der Vater oder die Mutter bestimmen den Sohn schon in seiner -frühsten Kindheit zum Achnutschik, wenn er ihnen mädchenhaft erscheint.' +frühsten Kindheit zum Achnutschik, wenn er ihnen mädchenhaft erscheint.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 121. 'Male concubines are much more frequent here than at Oonalashka.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 64. They 'are happy to see them taken by the chiefs, to gratify their unnatural desires. Such youths are dressed like women, and taught all their -domestic duties.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 176. 'Ces peuples sont très -adonnés aux plaisirs des sens et même à un vice infame.' _Choris_, _Voy. +domestic duties.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 176. 'Ces peuples sont très +adonnés aux plaisirs des sens et même à un vice infame.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. vii., p. 8. 'Of all the customs of these islanders, the most disgusting is that of men, called _schoopans_, living with men, and supplying the place of women.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 199. This shameful custom applies to the Thlinkeets as well. 'Quelques personnes de -l'Equipage du Solide ont rapporté qu'il ne leur est pas possible de -douter que les Tchinkîtânéens ne soient souillés de ce vice honteux que -la Théogonie immorale des Grecs avoit divinisé.' _Marchand_, _Voy. aut. +l'Equipage du Solide ont rapporté qu'il ne leur est pas possible de +douter que les Tchinkîtânéens ne soient souillés de ce vice honteux que +la Théogonie immorale des Grecs avoit divinisé.' _Marchand_, _Voy. aut. du Monde_, tom. ii., p. 97. -[106] 'Der Schamane hat seiner Obliegenheit gemäss oder aus besonderem -Wohlwollen sie der Jungferschaft beraubt und sie wäre unwürdig vor der +[106] 'Der Schamane hat seiner Obliegenheit gemäss oder aus besonderem +Wohlwollen sie der Jungferschaft beraubt und sie wäre unwürdig vor der Versammlung zu erscheinen, wenn sie ihre erste Liebe irgend einem -Anderen und nicht dem Schamanen gezollt hätte.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. +Anderen und nicht dem Schamanen gezollt hätte.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 133. [107] 'Their dances are proper tournaments.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, @@ -9399,12 +9365,12 @@ winter. _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 165. 'Masks of the most hideous figures are worn.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 210. 'Use a sort of rattle composed of a number of the beaks of the sea-parrot, strung upon a wooden cross,'--sounds like castanets. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 64. -'Die Tänzer erscheinen, eben so, mit Wurfspiessen oder Messern in den -Händen, welche sie über dem Kopfe schwingen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, +'Die Tänzer erscheinen, eben so, mit Wurfspiessen oder Messern in den +Händen, welche sie über dem Kopfe schwingen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 118. [108] 'Les sorciers et chamans jouissent d'une grande faveur dans cette -région glacée de l'Amérique.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 574. 'Schamanen und +région glacée de l'Amérique.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 574. 'Schamanen und alte Weiber kennen verschiedene Heilmittel.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 135. 'Next in rank to the shamans are the kaseks, or sages, whose office is to teach children the different dances, and superintend the @@ -9432,9 +9398,9 @@ Russians, and borrowed from some of the Kurile Islands.' _Coxe's Russ. Dis._, p. 219. [112] Yet, says D'Orbigny, _Voyage_, p. 577: 'Si on interroge les -Aléoutiens sur leur origine, ils disent que leurs ancêtres ont habité un -grand pays vers l'ouest, et que de là ils sont avancés de proche en -proche sur les îles désertes jusqu'au continent américain.' +Aléoutiens sur leur origine, ils disent que leurs ancêtres ont habité un +grand pays vers l'ouest, et que de là ils sont avancés de proche en +proche sur les îles désertes jusqu'au continent américain.' [113] Trapesnikoff took from an unknown island in 1753, 1920 sea-otter skins. Durneff returned to Kamchatka in 1754, with 3,000 skins. In 1752 @@ -9451,20 +9417,20 @@ sea-bears. _Coxe's Russ. Dis._, pp. 43, 44, 49, 51, 53. short necks; swarthy chubby faces; black eyes; small beards, and long, straight, black hair; which the men wear loose behind, and cut before, but the women tie up in a bunch.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 510. -'Von Gesicht sind sie platt und weiss, von guter Statur, durchgängig mit +'Von Gesicht sind sie platt und weiss, von guter Statur, durchgängig mit schwarzen Haaren.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 150. 'Low in stature, broad in the visage.' _Campbell's Voy._, p. 112. Hair 'strong and wiry;' scanty beard, but thick on the upper lip. _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 154. -[117] 'Les femmes aléoutes portaient aux mains et aux pieds des -chapelets de pierres de couleur et préférablement d'ambre.' _D'Orbigny_, +[117] 'Les femmes aléoutes portaient aux mains et aux pieds des +chapelets de pierres de couleur et préférablement d'ambre.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 579. 'None are so highly esteemed as a sort of long muscle, -commonly called sea-teeth, the _dentalium entalis_ of Linnæus.' +commonly called sea-teeth, the _dentalium entalis_ of Linnæus.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 40. 'Women have the chin punctured in fine lines rayed from the centre of the lip and covering the whole chin.' They wear bracelets of black seal-skin around the wrists and ankles, and go barefoot. _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 155. 'Im -Nasen-Knorpel und der Unterlippe machen beide Geschlechter Löcher und +Nasen-Knorpel und der Unterlippe machen beide Geschlechter Löcher und setzen Knochen ein, welches ihr liebster Schmuck ist. Sie stechen sich auch bunte Figuren im Gesicht aus.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 169. 'They bore the upper lip of the young children of both sexes, under the nostrils, @@ -9474,23 +9440,23 @@ bones of other animals.' _Staehlin's North Arch._, p. 37. [118] 'Leur conformation est robuste et leur permet de supporter des travaux et des fatigues de toute sorte.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 577. -[119] At Shumagin Island, their caps were of sea-lion skins. _Müller's +[119] At Shumagin Island, their caps were of sea-lion skins. _Müller's Voy._, p. 46. On the front are one or two small images of bone. _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 510. A wooden hat, 'which in front comes out before the eyes like a sort of umbrella, and is rounded off behind.' -_Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 38. 'Einige haben gemeine Mützen von -einem bunten Vogelfell, woran sie etwas von den Flügeln und dem Schwanz +_Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 38. 'Einige haben gemeine Mützen von +einem bunten Vogelfell, woran sie etwas von den Flügeln und dem Schwanz sitzen lassen;--sind vorn mit einem Brettchen wie ein Schirm versehn und -mit Bärten von Seebären--geschmücket.' _Neue Nachr._, pp. 151, 152. +mit Bärten von Seebären--geschmücket.' _Neue Nachr._, pp. 151, 152. [120] On a feather garment, 'a person is sometimes employed a whole year.' 'The women for the most part go bare-footed.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., pp. 36, 39. 'Seams covered with thin slips of skin, very elegantly embroidered with white deer's hair, goat's hair, and the sinews of sea animals, dyed of different colours.' _Sauer_, _Billings' -Ex._, p. 156. 'Ihr Pelzkleid wird über den Kopf angezogen, und ist -hinten und vorn ganz zu. Die Männer tragen es aus Vogelhäuten; die -Weiber hingegen von Bibern und jungen Seebären.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 152. +Ex._, p. 156. 'Ihr Pelzkleid wird über den Kopf angezogen, und ist +hinten und vorn ganz zu. Die Männer tragen es aus Vogelhäuten; die +Weiber hingegen von Bibern und jungen Seebären.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 152. 'Boots and breeches in one piece.' _Campbell's Voy._, p. 113. [121] 'Round the sides and ends of the huts, the families (for several @@ -9519,8 +9485,8 @@ vol. ii., p. 520. The sea-dog is caught with nets, killed when asleep, or enticed on shore by a false cap made to resemble a seal's head. _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 205. -[124] 'L'Aléoute peut tuer les phoques et les oiseaux, sans être obligé -d'en rendre compte à la compagnie.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. vii., p. +[124] 'L'Aléoute peut tuer les phoques et les oiseaux, sans être obligé +d'en rendre compte à la compagnie.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. vii., p. 4. [125] 'Die Spitze selbst wird theils aus Obsidian oder Lavaglas, theils @@ -9529,8 +9495,8 @@ Spear-handles are feathered, the points of sharpened flint. _Neue Nachr._, p. 102, 'Arrows are thrown from a narrow and pointed board, twenty inches long, which is held by the thumb and three fingers. They are thrown straight from the shoulder with astonishing velocity.' -_Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 205. 'Les armes défensives consistaient en une -cotte de joncs tressés qui leur couvrait tout le corps.' _D'Orbigny_, +_Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 205. 'Les armes défensives consistaient en une +cotte de joncs tressés qui leur couvrait tout le corps.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 579. 'No such thing as an offensive, or even defensive weapon was seen amongst the natives of Oonalashka.' Probably they had been disarmed by the Russians. _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 515. @@ -9555,8 +9521,8 @@ Blute.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 173. [128] _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 159; _Campbell's Voy._, p. 59. -[129] 'Comme les femmes coûtaient cher en présents de fiançailles, la -plupart des Aléoutes n'en avaient qu'une ou deux.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, +[129] 'Comme les femmes coûtaient cher en présents de fiançailles, la +plupart des Aléoutes n'en avaient qu'une ou deux.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 579. Purchase as many girls for wives as they can support. _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 160. 'Objects of unnatural affection.' _Id._, p. 160. 'Their beards are carefully plucked out as soon as they begin to @@ -9570,8 +9536,8 @@ here.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 521. [130] 'It often happens that a mother plunges her noisy child into water, even in winter, and keeps it there till it leaves off crying.' -_Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 202. 'Schreyt das Kind, so trägt es die Mutter, -es sey Winter oder Sommer nakkend nach der See, und hält es so lange im +_Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 202. 'Schreyt das Kind, so trägt es die Mutter, +es sey Winter oder Sommer nakkend nach der See, und hält es so lange im Wasser bis es still wird.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 168. [131] 'Have their own chiefs in each island.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. @@ -9583,7 +9549,7 @@ or a slave. _Neue Nachr._, p. 171. 'In the spring holidays, they wear masks, neatly carved and fancifully ornamented.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 160. -[133] 'On avait soin de le disposer de manière à ce qu'il ne touchât pas +[133] 'On avait soin de le disposer de manière à ce qu'il ne touchât pas la terre.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 579. 'Embalm the bodies of the men with dried moss and grass.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 161. Slaves sometimes slaughtered. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 48. 'Bury their @@ -9593,11 +9559,11 @@ dark hole, where she remains forty days. The husband pays the same compliment to his favorite wife upon her death.' _Coxe's Russ. Dis._, p. 218. 'Die Todten werden begraben, und man giebt dem Mann seinen Kahn, Pfeile und Kleider mit ins Grab.' 'Die Todten umwinden sie mit Riemen -und hängen sie in einer Art hölzerner Wiege an einen auf zwey Gabelen +und hängen sie in einer Art hölzerner Wiege an einen auf zwey Gabelen ruhenden Querstock in der Luft auf.' _Neue Nachr._, pp. 101, 154. [134] 'Naturellement silencieux.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 578. 'Sie -verrichten auch die Nothdurft und das Ehegeschäft ohne alle Scheu.' +verrichten auch die Nothdurft und das Ehegeschäft ohne alle Scheu.' _Neue. Nachr._, p. 150. 'A stupid silence reigns among them.' 'I am persuaded that the simplicity of their character exceeds that of any other people.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, pp. 182, 183. 'Kind-hearted and @@ -9616,11 +9582,11 @@ place the men close together, and try through how many the ball of their rifle-barrelled musket would pass.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex. App._, p. 56. 'Of a thousand men, who formerly lived in this spot, scarcely more than forty remained.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 235. 'La variole, -la syphilis, voire même le choléra depuis quelques années, en emportent -une effrayante quantité.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, vol. ii., p. 51. +la syphilis, voire même le choléra depuis quelques années, en emportent +une effrayante quantité.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, vol. ii., p. 51. [136] _Kaluga_, _Kaljush_, _Koljush_, _Kalusch_, _Kolush_, _Kolosch_, -_Kolosh_, _Kolosches_. Marchand calls them Tchinkîtâné. _Voyage aut. du +_Kolosh_, _Kolosches_. Marchand calls them Tchinkîtâné. _Voyage aut. du Monde_, tom. ii., p. 3. [137] See _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, pp. 15, 16. @@ -9643,14 +9609,14 @@ of these tribes is given definitely. without once exhibiting the slightest appearance of suffering.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 242. -[143] 'Leur corps est ramassé, mais assez bien proportionné.' +[143] 'Leur corps est ramassé, mais assez bien proportionné.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 46. 'Very fierce.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 291. 'Limbs straight and well shaped.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 171. 'Stolze gerade Haltung.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 16. 'Active and -clever.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 237. 'Bigote á manera de los Chinos.' +clever.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 237. 'Bigote á manera de los Chinos.' _Perez_, _Nav._, MS. p. 14. 'Limbs ill-proportioned.' _Kotzebue's New -Voy._, vol. ii., p. 49. 'Très supérieurs en courage et en intelligence.' -_La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 54. +Voy._, vol. ii., p. 49. 'Très supérieurs en courage et en intelligence.' +_La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 54. [144] The women 'are pleasing and their carriage modest.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 291. When washed, white and fresh. _Dixon's Voy._, p. 171. @@ -9659,19 +9625,19 @@ blanco y habia muchos con ojos azules.' _Perez_, _Nav._, MS. p. 14. As fair as many Europeans. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 112. 'Muchos de ellos de un blanco regular.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 43. -[145] 'Leur chevelure, dure, épaisse, mêlée, couverte d'ocre, de duvet -d'oiseaux et de toutes les ordures que la négligence et le temps y ont -accumulées, contribue encore à rendre leur aspect hideux.' _Marchand_, +[145] 'Leur chevelure, dure, épaisse, mêlée, couverte d'ocre, de duvet +d'oiseaux et de toutes les ordures que la négligence et le temps y ont +accumulées, contribue encore à rendre leur aspect hideux.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 46. 'A more hideous set of beings, in the form of men and women, I had never before seen.' _Cleveland's Voy._, p. 91. The men painted 'a black circle extending from the forehead to the mouth, and a red chin, which gave the face altogether the appearance of a -mask.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 146. Pourraient même passer pour jolies, -sans l'horrible habitude qu'elles ont adoptée.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, +mask.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 146. Pourraient même passer pour jolies, +sans l'horrible habitude qu'elles ont adoptée.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 87. 'That person seems to be reckoned the greatest beau amongst them, whose face is one entire piece of smut and grease.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 68. 'Ils se font des cicatrices sur les bras et sur -la poitrine.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 223. 'Um aus dem +la poitrine.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 223. 'Um aus dem Gesichte diese fette Farbenmasse abzuwaschen, gebrauchen sie ihren eignen Urin, und dieser verursacht bei ihnen den widerlichen Geruch, der den sich ihm nahenden Fremdling fast zum Erbrechen bringt.' _Holmberg_, @@ -9686,7 +9652,7 @@ women. _Dixon's Voy._, p. 172. [147] 'About three tenths of an inch below the upper part of the under lip.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 280. 'In the centre of the under-lip.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 115. 'Fendue au ras des -gencives.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 224. 'In the thick part +gencives.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 224. 'In the thick part near the mouth.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 187. 'When the first person having this incision was seen by one of the seamen, who called out, that the man had two mouths.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 369. 'In their @@ -9695,49 +9661,49 @@ and a piece of brass or copper wire is placed in, and left in the wound. This corrodes the lacerated parts, and by consuming the flesh gradually increases the orifice, until it is sufficiently large to admit the wooden appendage.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 408. 'Les femmes de -Tchinkîtâné ont cru devoir ajouter à leur beauté naturelle, par l'emploi +Tchinkîtâné ont cru devoir ajouter à leur beauté naturelle, par l'emploi d'un ornement labial, aussi bizarre qu'incommode.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 48. [148] 'Simply perforated, and a piece of copper wire introduced.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 187. 'Les jeunes filles n'ont qu'une aiguille dans la -lèvre inférieure.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 226. 'On y prépare -les petites filles aussitôt qu'elles sont nées.' _Id._, tom. iv., p. 54. +lèvre inférieure.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 226. 'On y prépare +les petites filles aussitôt qu'elles sont nées.' _Id._, tom. iv., p. 54. 'At first a thick wire.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 115. When almost marriageable. _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 51. 'The children have them bored at about two years of age, when a piece of copper-wire is put through the hole; this they wear till the age of about thirteen or fourteen years, when it is taken out, and the wooden ornament introduced.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 289. 'Said to denote -maturity.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 100. 'Se percer la lèvre inférieure -des l'enfance.' 'D'agrandir peu à peu cette ouverture au point de -pouvoir jeune fille y introduire une coquille, et femme mariée une -énorme tasse de bois.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 87. 'Never +maturity.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 100. 'Se percer la lèvre inférieure +des l'enfance.' 'D'agrandir peu à peu cette ouverture au point de +pouvoir jeune fille y introduire une coquille, et femme mariée une +énorme tasse de bois.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 87. 'Never takes place during their infancy.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 187. 'When the event takes place that implies womanhood.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 243. -'Wenn zum ersten Mal beim Mädchen sich Spuren der Mannbarkeit zeigen, +'Wenn zum ersten Mal beim Mädchen sich Spuren der Mannbarkeit zeigen, wird ihre Unterlippe durchstochen und in diese Oeffnung eine -Knochenspitze, gegenwärtig doch häufiger ein Silberstift gelegt.' -_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 21. 'Pues les pareció que solo lo tenian +Knochenspitze, gegenwärtig doch häufiger ein Silberstift gelegt.' +_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 21. 'Pues les pareció que solo lo tenian los casados.' _Perez_, _Nav._, MS. p. 15. [149] 'Concave on both sides.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 280. 'So -lange sie unverheirathet ist, trägt sie diesen; erhält sie aber einen -Mann, so presst man einen grösseren Schmuck von Holz oder Knochen in die -Oeffnung, welcher nach innen, d. h. zur Zahnseite etwas trogförmig -ausgehöhlt ist.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 21. 'Une espèce d'écuelle -de bois sans anses qui appuie contre les gencives.' _La Pérouse_, +lange sie unverheirathet ist, trägt sie diesen; erhält sie aber einen +Mann, so presst man einen grösseren Schmuck von Holz oder Knochen in die +Oeffnung, welcher nach innen, d. h. zur Zahnseite etwas trogförmig +ausgehöhlt ist.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 21. 'Une espèce d'écuelle +de bois sans anses qui appuie contre les gencives.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 224. Pieces of shell resembling teeth. _Meares' Voy._, p. xxxi. [150] 'As large as a large saucer.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 289. 'From one corner of the mouth to the other.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 280. 'Frequently increased to three, or even four inches in length, and -nearly as wide.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 187. 'A communément un demi-pouce -d'épaisseur, deux de diamètre, et trois pouces de long.' _La Pérouse_, +nearly as wide.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 187. 'A communément un demi-pouce +d'épaisseur, deux de diamètre, et trois pouces de long.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 54. 'At least seven inches in circumference.' _Meares' Voy._, p. xxxviii. 'Mit den Jahren wird der Schmuck -vergrössert, so dass er bei einem alten Weibe über 2 Zoll breit +vergrössert, so dass er bei einem alten Weibe über 2 Zoll breit angetroffen wird.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 21. From two to five inches long, and from one and a half to three inches broad. Ladies of distinction increase the size. 'I have even seen ladies of very high @@ -9747,22 +9713,22 @@ ornament was so large, that by a peculiar motion of her under-lip she could almost conceal her whole face with it.' 'Horrible in its appearance to us Europeans.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 115. 'Es una abertura como de media pulgada debaxo del labio inferior, que -representa segunda boca, donde colocan una especie de roldana elíptica -de pino, cuyo diámetro mayor es de dos pulgadas, quatro lineas, y el +representa segunda boca, donde colocan una especie de roldana elÃptica +de pino, cuyo diámetro mayor es de dos pulgadas, quatro lineas, y el menor de una pulgada.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 126. -[151] 'Une énorme tasse de bois, destinée à recevoir la salive qui s'en -échappe constamment.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 87. 'L'effet +[151] 'Une énorme tasse de bois, destinée à recevoir la salive qui s'en +échappe constamment.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 87. 'L'effet de cet ornement est de rabattre, par le poids de sa partie saillante la -lèvre inférieure sur le menton, de développer les charmes d'une grande -bouche béante, qui prend la forme de celle d'un four, et de mettre à -découvert une rangée de dents jaunes et sales.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. +lèvre inférieure sur le menton, de développer les charmes d'une grande +bouche béante, qui prend la forme de celle d'un four, et de mettre à +découvert une rangée de dents jaunes et sales.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 49. 'She is obliged to be constantly on the watch, lest it should fall out, which would cover her with confusion.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 244. 'The weight of this trencher or ornament weighs the lip down so as to cover the whole of the chin, leaving all the lower teeth and gum quite naked.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 289. 'L'usage le plus -révoltant qui existe peut-être sur la terre.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. +révoltant qui existe peut-être sur la terre.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 226. 'Always in proportion to a person's wealth.' 'Distorts every feature in the lower part of the face.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 68, 172. 'In running the lip flaps up and down so as to knock sometimes @@ -9773,8 +9739,8 @@ women held out like a trough, and always filled with saliva stained with tobacco-juice, of which they are immoderately fond, is the most abominably revolting part of the spectacle.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 52. 'Dadurch entsteht eine im selbigen Maasse ausgedehnte Lippe, -die höchst widerlich aussieht, um so mehr, da sich nun mehr der Mund -nicht schliessen kann, sondern unaufhörlich einen braunen Tabaksspeichel +die höchst widerlich aussieht, um so mehr, da sich nun mehr der Mund +nicht schliessen kann, sondern unaufhörlich einen braunen Tabaksspeichel von sich gibt.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 21. 'So distorts the face as to take from it almost the resemblance to the human; yet the privilege of wearing this ornament is not extended to the female slaves, @@ -9782,17 +9748,17 @@ who are prisoners taken in war.' _Cleveland's Voy._, p. 91. 'Look as if they had large flat wooden spoons growing in the flesh.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 115. 'The sight is hideous. Our men used jocosely to say, this lower lip would make a good slab to lay their trousers on to -be scrubbed.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 277. 'On ne connaît point +be scrubbed.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 277. 'On ne connaît point d'explication plausible de cette mutilation, qui, chez les Indiens, passe pour un signe de noblesse.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 336. -[152] 'Die Männertracht unterscheidet sich in Nichts von der Weiber; -sie besteht nämlich aus einem bis zu den Knieen gehenden Hemde.' +[152] 'Die Männertracht unterscheidet sich in Nichts von der Weiber; +sie besteht nämlich aus einem bis zu den Knieen gehenden Hemde.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 18. Some of their blankets 'are so curiously worked on one side with the fur of the sea-otter, that they appear as if lined with it.' 'Some dress themselves in short pantaloons.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 238. 'Las mugeres visten -honestamente una especie de túnica interior de piel sobada.' _Sutil y +honestamente una especie de túnica interior de piel sobada.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxvii. 'Se vestian las mugeres tunicas de pieles ajustadas al cuerpo con brazaletes de cobre o hierro.' _Perez_, _Nav._, MS. p. 15. 'Usual clothing consists of a little apron.' @@ -9805,8 +9771,8 @@ truncado.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxvii. Their wooden masks hardly penetrate them.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 150. [154] Pluck out their beard. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 112. 'Ils -ont de la barbe, moins à la vérité que les Européens, mais assez -cependant pour qu'il soit impossible d'en douter.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, +ont de la barbe, moins à la vérité que les Européens, mais assez +cependant pour qu'il soit impossible d'en douter.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 229. 'The women in general are hair-dressers for their husbands.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 290. @@ -9816,36 +9782,36 @@ construisent des maisons de bois ou de terre pour l'hiver.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, vol. vi., p. 87. 'The barabaras of the Sitcan people are of a square form, and spacious. The sides are of planks; and the roof resembles that of a Russian house.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 239. 'Habitan -estos Indios en chozas ó rancherías de tablas muy desabrigadas.' _Sutil +estos Indios en chozas ó rancherÃas de tablas muy desabrigadas.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxvi. At Sitka the roof 'rests upon ten or twelve thick posts driven into the ground, and the sides of the house are composed of broad thick planks fastened to the same posts.' -_Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 129. 'Dans l'intérieur des terres, des +_Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 129. 'Dans l'intérieur des terres, des habitations bien construites, spacieuses et commodes.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 74. 'Shanties on a large scale.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 100. 'Their huts are made of a few boards, which they take away with them when they go to their winter quarters. It is very surprising to see how well they will shape their boards with the -shocking tools they employ; some of them being full 10 feet long, 2½ +shocking tools they employ; some of them being full 10 feet long, 2½ feet broad, and not more than an inch thick.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 292. 'High, large, and roomy, built of wood, with the hearth in the middle, and the sides divided into as many compartments as there are families living under the roof.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 410. 'Lebt in -Schoppen aus Balken gebaut, wo an den Seiten für jede Familie besondere -Plätze abgetheilt sind, in der Mitte aber Feuer für alle zusammen +Schoppen aus Balken gebaut, wo an den Seiten für jede Familie besondere +Plätze abgetheilt sind, in der Mitte aber Feuer für alle zusammen angemacht wird. So pflegen gemeiniglich 2 bis 6 Familien eine einzige Scheune einzunehmen.' _Baer's Ethn. u. Stat._, p. 97. -[156] 'Vingt-cinq pieds de long sur quinze à vingt pieds de large.' _La -Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 220. 'Roof in the whole with the bark of +[156] 'Vingt-cinq pieds de long sur quinze à vingt pieds de large.' _La +Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 220. 'Roof in the whole with the bark of trees.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 53. 'Las casas en que estos habitan en las playas son de poca consideracion y ninguna subsistencia.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 49. 'A few poles stuck in the ground, -without order or regularity.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 172. 'Gebäude besteht -aus langen, sorgfältig behauenen Brettern, die kartenhausartig über +without order or regularity.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 172. 'Gebäude besteht +aus langen, sorgfältig behauenen Brettern, die kartenhausartig über einander gestellt, an zahlreichen in die Erde gesteckten Stangen -befestigt, recht eigentlich ein hölzernes Zelt bilden. Es hat die Form -einer länglichen Barake mit zwei Giebeln.' _Kittlitz_, _Reise_, vol. i., +befestigt, recht eigentlich ein hölzernes Zelt bilden. Es hat die Form +einer länglichen Barake mit zwei Giebeln.' _Kittlitz_, _Reise_, vol. i., pp. 220, 221. [157] All kinds of fish; 'such as salmon, mussels, and various other @@ -9853,23 +9819,23 @@ shell-fish, sea-otters, seals and porpoises; the blubber of the porpoise, they are remarkably fond of, and indeed the flesh of any animal that comes in their way.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 290. 'Vom Meere, an dessen Ufern sie sich stets ansiedeln, erhalten sie ihre -hauptsächlichste Nahrung; einige Wurzeln, Gräser u. Beeren gehören nur +hauptsächlichste Nahrung; einige Wurzeln, Gräser u. Beeren gehören nur zu den Leckerbissen des Sommers.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 22. Cakes made of bark of spruce-fir, mixed with roots, berries, and train-oil. For salt they use sea-water. Never eat whale-fat. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 131. At Sitka, summer food consists of berries, fresh fish, and flesh of amphibious animals. Winter food, of dried salmon, train-oil, and the spawn of fish, especially herrings. -_Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 239. 'Sus alimentos se reducen á pescado cocido ó -asado ya fresco ó ya seco, varias hierbas y raizes.' _Bodega y Quadra_, +_Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 239. 'Sus alimentos se reducen á pescado cocido ó +asado ya fresco ó ya seco, varias hierbas y raizes.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 50. They chew 'a plant which appears to be a species of tobacco.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 175. 'Sont couverts de vermine; ils font -une chasse assidue à ces animaux dévorans, mais pour les dévorer -eux-mêmes.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 52. 'Tägliche Nahrung der -Einwohner--sind hauptsächtlich Fische, doch häufig auch Mollusken und +une chasse assidue à ces animaux dévorans, mais pour les dévorer +eux-mêmes.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 52. 'Tägliche Nahrung der +Einwohner--sind hauptsächtlich Fische, doch häufig auch Mollusken und Echinodermen.' _Kittlitz_, _Reise_, vol. i., p. 222. -[158] 'Le poisson frais ou fumé, les oeufs séchés de poisson.' +[158] 'Le poisson frais ou fumé, les oeufs séchés de poisson.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 62. 'Is sometimes cooked upon red-hot stones, but more commonly eaten raw.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 53. 'Not so expert in hunting as the Aleutians. Their principal mode @@ -9877,33 +9843,33 @@ is that of shooting the sea animals as they lie asleep.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 242. They boil their victuals in wooden vessels, by constantly putting red-hot stones into the water. _Portlock's Voy._, p. 291. 'Das Kochen geschieht jetzt in eisernen Kesseln, vor der Bekanntschaft mit -den Russen aber wurden dazu aus Wurzeln geflochtene Körbe angewandt.' +den Russen aber wurden dazu aus Wurzeln geflochtene Körbe angewandt.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 23. [159] To their fishing lines, bladders are fastened, 'which float upon the surface of the water, so that one person can attend to fourteen or -fifteen lines.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 134. 'Ils pêchent, -comme nous, en barrant les rivières, ou à la ligne.' _La Pérouse_, +fifteen lines.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 134. 'Ils pêchent, +comme nous, en barrant les rivières, ou à la ligne.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 232. 'For taking the spawn, they use the branches of the pine-tree, to which it easily adheres, and on which it is afterwards dried. It is then put into baskets, or holes purposely dug in the ground, till wanted.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 239. 'Su comun alimento -es el salmon, y es ingenioso el método que tienen de pescarle.' _Sutil y +es el salmon, y es ingenioso el método que tienen de pescarle.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxvii. 'Their lines are very strong, being made of the sinews or intestines of animals.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 174. 'Die Riesenbutte, die in Sitcha bisweilen ein Gewicht von 10 bis 12 Pud -erreicht, wird aus der Tiefe mit grossen hölzernen Angeln, die mit +erreicht, wird aus der Tiefe mit grossen hölzernen Angeln, die mit Widerhaken aus Eisen oder Knochen versehen sind, herausgezogen. Die -Angelschnur besteht aus an einander geknüpften Fucusstängeln.' +Angelschnur besteht aus an einander geknüpften Fucusstängeln.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 32. [160] 'Bows and arrows were formerly their only weapons; now, besides their muskets, they have daggers, and knives half a yard long.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 55. Their weapons were bows, arrows, and spears. _Dixon's Voy._, p. 67. 'Leur lances dont l'ancienne forme -n'est pas connue, est à présent composée de deux pièces: de la hampe, -longue de quinze ou dix-huit pieds, et du fer qui ne le cède en rien à -celui de la hallebarde de parade dont étoit armé un Suisse de paroisse.' +n'est pas connue, est à présent composée de deux pièces: de la hampe, +longue de quinze ou dix-huit pieds, et du fer qui ne le cède en rien à +celui de la hallebarde de parade dont étoit armé un Suisse de paroisse.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 68. Knives, some two feet long, shaped almost like a dagger, with a ridge in the middle. Worn in skin sheaths hung by a thong to the neck under their robe, probably used only as @@ -9915,33 +9881,33 @@ four or five inches above the hand tapered to a sharp point; but the upper part of those used in the Sound and River is excurvated.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 261. 'Principally bows and arrows.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 131. 'Sus armas se reducen al arco, la flecha y el -puñal que traen siempre consigo.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxvii. -'Comme nous examinions très attentivement tous ces poignards, ils nous +puñal que traen siempre consigo.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxvii. +'Comme nous examinions très attentivement tous ces poignards, ils nous firent signe qu'ils n'en faisaient usage que contre les ours et les -autres bêtes des forêts.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 172. 'Der -Dolch ist sehr breit und hat zwei geschliffene Blätter auf jeder Seite -des Griffes, das obere jedoch nur ein Viertel von der Länge des -unteren.' 'Beide Blätter oder Klingen sind mit ledernen Scheiden +autres bêtes des forêts.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 172. 'Der +Dolch ist sehr breit und hat zwei geschliffene Blätter auf jeder Seite +des Griffes, das obere jedoch nur ein Viertel von der Länge des +unteren.' 'Beide Blätter oder Klingen sind mit ledernen Scheiden versehen.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 28. [161] 'A kind of jacket, or coat of mail, made of thin laths, bound together with sinews, which makes it quite flexible, though so close as not to admit an arrow or dart.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 372. -'Für den Krieg besitzen die Kaloschen auch von Holz gearbeitete +'Für den Krieg besitzen die Kaloschen auch von Holz gearbeitete Schutzwaffen: Brustharnische, Sturmhauben und seltsam geschnitzte Visire, mit grellen Farben bemalte Fratzengesichter darstellen.' _Kittlitz_, _Reise_, vol. i., p. 216. [162] 'They never attack their enemies openly.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, -vol. ii., p. 55. 'Les guerriers tués ou faits prisonniers à la guerre, -passent également sous la dent de leurs vainqueurs qui, en dévorant une -proie aussi distinguée, croient y puiser de nouvelles forces, une -nouvelle énergie.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 155. +vol. ii., p. 55. 'Les guerriers tués ou faits prisonniers à la guerre, +passent également sous la dent de leurs vainqueurs qui, en dévorant une +proie aussi distinguée, croient y puiser de nouvelles forces, une +nouvelle énergie.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 155. [163] 'Bien hechas de una pieza con su falca sobre las bordas.' _Perez_, -_Nav._, MS. p. 17. 'On n'est pas moins étonné de leur stabilité: malgré -la légèreté et le peu de largeur de la coque, elles n'ont pas besoin -d'être soutenues par des balanciers, et jamais on ne les accouple.' +_Nav._, MS. p. 17. 'On n'est pas moins étonné de leur stabilité: malgré +la légèreté et le peu de largeur de la coque, elles n'ont pas besoin +d'être soutenues par des balanciers, et jamais on ne les accouple.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 72. 'Las regulares canoas de que se sirven son de pino, y no tienen mas capacidad que la que basta para contener una familia, sin embargo que las hay sumamente grandes.' @@ -9960,8 +9926,8 @@ point, and the fore-part somewhat higher than the after-part; indeed, the whole was finished in a neat and very exact manner.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 259. -[164] 'Ont fait beaucoup plus de progrès dans les arts que dans la -morale.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 233. Thlinkeet women make +[164] 'Ont fait beaucoup plus de progrès dans les arts que dans la +morale.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 233. Thlinkeet women make baskets of bark of trees, and grass, that will hold water. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 132. They have tolerable ideas of carving, most utensils having sculptures, representing some animal. _Portlock's Voy._, @@ -9984,15 +9950,15 @@ place they discovered a considerable hoard of woolen cloth, and as much dried fish as would have loaded 150 bidarkas.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 160. -[166] 'Le Gouvernement des Tchinkitânéens paroîtroit donc se rapprocher +[166] 'Le Gouvernement des Tchinkitânéens paroîtroit donc se rapprocher du Gouvernement patriarchal.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 83. 'De -su gobierno pensamos cuando mas, oiendo el modo de someterse á algunos -viejos, seria oligárhico.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 50. 'Though +su gobierno pensamos cuando mas, oiendo el modo de someterse á algunos +viejos, seria oligárhico.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 50. 'Though the toyons have power over their subjects, it is a very limited power, unless when an individual of extraordinary abilities starts up, who is sure to rule despotically.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 243. 'Chaque famille -semble vivre d'une manière isolée et avoir un régime particulier.' _La -Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 61. 'Ces Conseils composés des +semble vivre d'une manière isolée et avoir un régime particulier.' _La +Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 61. 'Ces Conseils composés des vieillards.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 155. [167] Tribes are distinguished by the color and character of their @@ -10005,7 +9971,7 @@ _Lisiansky's Voy._, pp. 238, 242. [168] 'The women possess a predominant influence, and acknowledged superiority over the other sex.' _Meares' Voy._, p. 323. 'Parmi eux les -femmes jouissent d'une certaine considération.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, +femmes jouissent d'une certaine considération.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 87. They treat their wives and children with much affection and tenderness, and the women keep the treasures. _Portlock's Voy._, p. 290. The Kalush 'finds his filthy countrywomen, with their lip-troughs, @@ -10013,22 +9979,22 @@ so charming, that they often awaken in him the most vehement passion.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 56. 'It is certain that industry, reserve, modesty, and conjugal fidelity, are the general characteristics of the female sex among these people.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. -133. 'Quoiqu'elles vivent sous la domination d'hommes très-féroces, je -n'ai pas vu qu'elles en fussent traitées d'une manière aussi barbare que -le prétendent la plupart des voyageurs.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., +133. 'Quoiqu'elles vivent sous la domination d'hommes très-féroces, je +n'ai pas vu qu'elles en fussent traitées d'une manière aussi barbare que +le prétendent la plupart des voyageurs.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 61. [169] 'Weddings are celebrated merely by a feast, given to the relatives of the bride.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 57. -[170] 'Ils ne s'écartent jamais de deux pas pour aucun besoin; ils ne -cherchent dans ces occasions ni l'ombre ni le mystère; ils continuent la -conversation qu'ils ont commencée, comme s'ils n'avaient pas un instant -à perdre; et lorsque c'est pendant le repas, ils reprennent leur place, -dont ils n'ont jamais été éloignés d'une toise.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, +[170] 'Ils ne s'écartent jamais de deux pas pour aucun besoin; ils ne +cherchent dans ces occasions ni l'ombre ni le mystère; ils continuent la +conversation qu'ils ont commencée, comme s'ils n'avaient pas un instant +à perdre; et lorsque c'est pendant le repas, ils reprennent leur place, +dont ils n'ont jamais été éloignés d'une toise.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 221. -[171] 'Ont un goût décidé pour le chant.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., +[171] 'Ont un goût décidé pour le chant.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 75. 'The women sit upon the ground at a distance of some paces from the dancers, and sing a not inharmonious melody, which supplies the place of music.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 114. 'They dance and @@ -10040,17 +10006,17 @@ closely strung with the beaks of the Alca arctica.' _Voy._, vol. i., p. [172] They lose at this game all their possessions, and even their wives and children, who then become the property of the winner.' _Kotzebue's -New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 62. 'Ce jeu les rend tristes et sérieux.' _La -Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 235. +New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 62. 'Ce jeu les rend tristes et sérieux.' _La +Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 235. [173] Upon one tomb, 'formaba una figura grande y horrorosa que tenia entre sus garras una caxa.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxviii. 'The box is frequently decorated with two or three rows of small shells.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 176. 'The dead are burned, and their ashes preserved in small wooden boxes, in buildings appropriated to that purpose.' -_Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 57. 'Nos voyageurs rencontrèrent -aussi un morai qui leur prouva que ces Indiens étaient dans l'usage de -brûler les morts et d'en conserver la tête.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. +_Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 57. 'Nos voyageurs rencontrèrent +aussi un morai qui leur prouva que ces Indiens étaient dans l'usage de +brûler les morts et d'en conserver la tête.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 205. 'On the death of a toyon, or other distinguished person, one of his slaves is deprived of life, and burned with him.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 241. @@ -10058,16 +10024,16 @@ _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 241. [174] Called by Gallatin, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 17, _Athapasca_, the name 'first given to the central part of the country they inhabit.' Sir John Richardson, _Jour._, vol. ii., p. 1, -calls them 'Tinnè, or 'Dtinnè, Athabascans or Chepewyans.' 'They style +calls them 'Tinnè, or 'Dtinnè, Athabascans or Chepewyans.' 'They style themselves generally Dinneh men, or Indians.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p. 241. [175] _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., pp. 1-33. -[176] 'Les Indiens de la côte ou de la Nouvelle Calédonie, les Tokalis, +[176] 'Les Indiens de la côte ou de la Nouvelle Calédonie, les Tokalis, les Chargeurs (Carriers) les Schouchouaps, les Atnas, appartiennent tous -à la nation des Chipeouaïans dont la langue est en usage dans le nord du -Continent jusqu'à la baie d'Hudson et à la Mer Polaire.' _Mofras_, +à la nation des Chipeouaïans dont la langue est en usage dans le nord du +Continent jusqu'à la baie d'Hudson et à la Mer Polaire.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 337. [177] Are 'known under the names of _Loucheux_, _Digothi_, and @@ -10083,11 +10049,11 @@ understand one another.' _Hardisty_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. [178] Gallatin, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 17, erroneously ruled the Loucheux out of his Athabasca nation. 'Im -äussersten Nordosten hat uns Gallatin aufmerksam gemacht auf das Volk -der Loucheux, Zänker-Indianer oder Digothi: an der Mündung des +äussersten Nordosten hat uns Gallatin aufmerksam gemacht auf das Volk +der Loucheux, Zänker-Indianer oder Digothi: an der Mündung des Mackenzie-Flusses, nach Einigen zu dessen beiden Seiten (westliche und -östliche): dessen Sprache er nach den Reisenden für fremd den -athapaskischen hielt: worüber sich die neuen Nachrichten noch +östliche): dessen Sprache er nach den Reisenden für fremd den +athapaskischen hielt: worüber sich die neuen Nachrichten noch widersprechen.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 713. Franklin, _Nar._, vol. ii., p. 83, allies the Loucheux to the Eskimos. @@ -10242,7 +10208,7 @@ Voy._, p. cxxiv. cannibals, casting lots for victims in time of scarcity. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 188. 'Instances of suicide, by hanging, frequently occur among the women.' _Harmon's Jour._, p. 198. During times of starvation, which -occur quite frequently, the Slavé Indians eat their families. _Hooper's +occur quite frequently, the Slavé Indians eat their families. _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 303. 'These people take their names, in the first instance, from their dogs. A young man is the father of a certain dog, but when he is married, and has a son, he styles himself the father of the boy. The @@ -10251,7 +10217,7 @@ them fighting. "Are you not ashamed," say they, "to quarrel with your little brother?"' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 85, 86. 'Whether circumcision be practiced among them, I cannot pretend to say, but the appearance of it was general among those whom I saw.' _Mackenzie's -Voy._, p. 36. Dog-rib Indians, sometimes also called Slavés, 'a name +Voy._, p. 36. Dog-rib Indians, sometimes also called Slavés, 'a name properly meaning 'strangers.' _Gallatin_, in _Am. Arch. Soc. Trans._, vol. ii., p. 19. @@ -10296,7 +10262,7 @@ those who claim the land. Mountains and rivers serve them as boundaries.' _Harmon's Jour._, p. 298. [208] Mackenzie, _Voy._, p. 238, found on Fraser River, about latitude -55°, a deserted house, 30 by 20, with three doors, 3 by 3½ feet; three +55°, a deserted house, 30 by 20, with three doors, 3 by 3½ feet; three fire-places, and beds on either side; behind the beds was a narrow space, like a manger, somewhat elevated, for keeping fish. 'Their houses are well formed of logs of small trees, buttressed up internally, @@ -10402,7 +10368,7 @@ the spruce fir.' _Harmon's Jour._, p. 291. Rafts are employed on the Mackenzie. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 185. 'In shape the Northern Indian canoe bears some resemblance to a weaver's shuttle; covered over with birch bark.' _Hearne's Jour._, pp. 97, 98. 'Kanots aus Birkenrinde, auf denen -sie die Flüsse u. Seen befahren.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 112. The +sie die Flüsse u. Seen befahren.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 112. The Kutchin canoe 'is flat-bottomed, is about nine feet long and one broad, and the sides nearly straight up and down like a wall.' _Jones_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 323. @@ -10491,10 +10457,10 @@ In describing the Columbian nations it is necessary, as in the other divisions, to subdivide the group; arbitrarily this may have been done in some instances, but as naturally as possible in all. Thus the people of Queen Charlotte Islands, and the adjacent coast for about a hundred -miles inland, extending from 55° to 52° of north latitude, are called +miles inland, extending from 55° to 52° of north latitude, are called _Haidahs_ from the predominant tribe of the islands. The occupants of Vancouver Island and the opposite main, with its labyrinth of inlets -from 52° to 49°, I term _Nootkas_. The _Sound Indians_ inhabit the +from 52° to 49°, I term _Nootkas_. The _Sound Indians_ inhabit the region drained by streams flowing into Puget Sound, and the adjacent shores of the strait and ocean; the _Chinooks_ occupy the banks of the Columbia from the Dalles to the sea, extending along the coast northward @@ -10502,11 +10468,11 @@ to Gray Harbor, and southward nearly to the Californian line. The interior of British Columbia, between the Cascade and Rocky Mountains, and south of the territory occupied by the Hyperborean Carriers, is peopled by the _Shushwaps_, the _Kootenais_, and the _Okanagans_. -Between 49° and 47°, extending west from the Cascade to the Rocky +Between 49° and 47°, extending west from the Cascade to the Rocky Mountains, chiefly on the Columbia and Clarke Fork, is the _Salish_ or -Flathead family. The nations dwelling south of 47° and east of the +Flathead family. The nations dwelling south of 47° and east of the Cascade range, on the Columbia, the lower Snake, and their tributary -streams, may be called _Sahaptins_, from the name of the Nez Percé +streams, may be called _Sahaptins_, from the name of the Nez Percé tribes.[231] The great _Shoshone_ family, extending south-east from the upper waters of the Columbia, and spreading out over nearly the whole of the Great Basin, although partially included in the Columbian limits, @@ -10618,7 +10584,7 @@ diseases and death. In the HAIDAH family I include the nations occupying the coast and islands from the southern extremity of Prince of Wales Archipelago to -the Bentinck Arms in about 52°. Their territory is bounded on the north +the Bentinck Arms in about 52°. Their territory is bounded on the north and east by the Thlinkeet and Carrier nations of the Hyperboreans, and on the south by the Nootka family of the Columbians. Its chief nations, whose boundaries however can rarely be fixed with precision, are the @@ -11582,7 +11548,7 @@ and female heralds are employed ceremoniously to invite the guests, the house having been first cleared of its partitions, and its floor spread with mats.[307] As in countries more civilized, the common people go early to secure the best seats, their allotted place being near the -door. The élite come later, after being repeatedly sent for; on arrival +door. The élite come later, after being repeatedly sent for; on arrival they are announced by name, and assigned a place according to rank. In one corner of the hall the fish and whale-blubber are boiled by the wives of the chiefs, who serve it to the guests in pieces larger or @@ -12732,7 +12698,7 @@ contact with civilization.[366] THE INLAND FAMILIES, constituting the fifth and last division of the Columbians, inhabit the region between the Cascade Range and the eastern -limit of what I term the Pacific States, from 52° 30´ to 45° of north +limit of what I term the Pacific States, from 52° 30´ to 45° of north latitude. These bounds are tolerably distinct; though that on the south, separating the eastern portions of the Columbian and Californian groups, is irregular and marked by no great river, mountain chain, or other @@ -12755,7 +12721,7 @@ sufficiently explained, is as follows, beginning again at the north: [Sidenote: THE SHUSHWAPS.] -THE SHUSHWAPS, our first family division, live between 52° 30´ and 49° +THE SHUSHWAPS, our first family division, live between 52° 30´ and 49° in the interior of British Columbia, occupying the valleys of the Fraser, Thompson, and Upper Columbia rivers with their tributary streams and lakes. They are bounded on the west by the Nootkas and on the north @@ -12771,14 +12737,14 @@ farther south, as indeed has usually been done with the Okanagans; while the Kootenais are by some considered distinct from any of their adjoining nations. -THE SALISH FAMILY dwells south of the Shushwaps, between 49° and 47°, +THE SALISH FAMILY dwells south of the Shushwaps, between 49° and 47°, altogether on the Columbia and its tributaries. Its nations, more clearly defined than in most other families, are the _Flatheads_,[371] or Salish proper, between the Bitter Root and Rocky Mountains on Flathead and Clarke rivers; the _Pend d'Oreilles_,[372] who dwell about the lake of the same name and on Clarke River, for fifty to seventy-five -miles above and below the lake; the _Coeurs d'Alêne_,[373] south of the -Pend d'Oreilles, on Coeur d'Alêne Lake and the streams falling into it; +miles above and below the lake; the _Coeurs d'Alêne_,[373] south of the +Pend d'Oreilles, on Coeur d'Alêne Lake and the streams falling into it; the _Colvilles_,[374] a term which may be used to designate the variously named bands about Kettle Falls, and northward along the Columbia to the Arrow Lakes; the _Spokanes_,[375] on the Spokane River @@ -12792,7 +12758,7 @@ THE SAHAPTIN FAMILY, the last of the Columbian group, is immediately south of the Salish, between the Cascade and Bitter Root mountains, reaching southward, in general terms, to the forty-fifth parallel, but very irregularly bounded by the Shoshone tribes of the Californian -group. Of its nations, the _Nez Percés_,[377] or Sahaptins proper, dwell +group. Of its nations, the _Nez Percés_,[377] or Sahaptins proper, dwell on the Clearwater and its branches, and on the Snake about the forks; the _Palouse_[378] occupy the region north of the Snake about the mouth of the Palouse; the south banks of the Columbia and Snake near their @@ -12817,12 +12783,12 @@ sitting in the canoe; feet and hands are in many tribes small and well made. In bodily strength they are inferior to whites, but superior, as might be expected from their habits, to the more indolent fish-eaters on the Pacific. The women, though never corpulent, are more inclined to -rotundity than the men. The Nez Percés and Cayuses are considered the +rotundity than the men. The Nez Percés and Cayuses are considered the best specimens, while in the north the Kootenais seem to be superior to the other Shushwap nations. The Salish are assigned by Wilkes and Hale an intermediate place in physical attributes between the coast and mountain tribes, being in stature and proportion superior to the -Chinooks, but inferior to the Nez Percés.[382] Inland, a higher order of +Chinooks, but inferior to the Nez Percés.[382] Inland, a higher order of face is observed than on the coast. The cheek-bones are still high, the forehead is rather low, the face long, the eyes black, rarely oblique, the nose prominent and frequently aquiline, the lips thin, the teeth @@ -12848,7 +12814,7 @@ the more western tribes of the Shushwaps. The Salish family do not flatten the skull.[384] Other methods of deforming the person, such as tattooing and perforating the features are as a rule not employed; the Yakimas and Kliketats, however, with some other lower Columbia tribes, -pierce or cut away the septum of the nose,[385] and the Nez Percés +pierce or cut away the septum of the nose,[385] and the Nez Percés probably derived their name from a similar custom formerly practiced by them. Paint, however, is used by all inland as well as coast tribes on occasions when decoration is desired, but applied in less profusion by @@ -12938,7 +12904,7 @@ the river instead of at regular stations, as on the Columbia. Nets, weirs, hooks, spears, and all the implements and methods by which fish are taken and cured have been sufficiently described in treating of the coast region; in the interior I find no important variations except in -the basket method in use at the Chaudières or Kettle Falls by the +the basket method in use at the Chaudières or Kettle Falls by the Quiarlpi tribe. Here an immense willow basket, often ten feet in diameter and twelve feet deep, is suspended at the falls from strong timbers fixed in crevices of the rocks, and above this is a frame so @@ -12964,7 +12930,7 @@ The larger varieties of game are hunted by the natives on horseback wherever the nature of the country will permit. Buffalo are now never found west of the Rocky Mountains, and there are but few localities where large game has ever been abundant, at least since the country -became known to white men. Consequently the Flatheads, Nez Percés, and +became known to white men. Consequently the Flatheads, Nez Percés, and Kootenais, the distinctively hunting nations, as well as bands from nearly every other tribe, cross the mountains once or twice each year, penetrating to the buffalo-plains between the Yellowstone and the @@ -13003,7 +12969,7 @@ unpalatable or injurious, though many are both to the European.[392] Towards obtaining food the men hunt and fish; all the other work of digging roots, picking berries, as well as dressing, preserving, and cooking all kinds of food is done by the women, with some exceptions -among the Nez Percés and Pend d'Oreilles. Buffalo-meat is jerked by +among the Nez Percés and Pend d'Oreilles. Buffalo-meat is jerked by cutting in thin pieces and drying in the sun and over smouldering fires on scaffolds of poles. Fish is sun-dried on scaffolds, and by some tribes on the lower Columbia is also pulverized between two stones and @@ -13030,7 +12996,7 @@ cultivated by the natives to considerable extent.[394] [Sidenote: PERSONAL HABITS IN THE INTERIOR.] In their personal habits, as well as the care of their lodges, the -Cayuses, Nez Percés, and Kootenais, are mentioned as neat and cleanly; +Cayuses, Nez Percés, and Kootenais, are mentioned as neat and cleanly; the rest, though filthy, are still somewhat superior to the dwellers on the coast. The Flatheads wash themselves daily, but their dishes and utensils never. De Smet represents the Pend d'Oreille women as untidy @@ -13053,7 +13019,7 @@ The inland families cannot be called a warlike race. Resort to arms for the settlement of their intertribal disputes seems to have been very rare. Yet all are brave warriors when fighting becomes necessary for defense or vengeance against a foreign foe; notably so the Cayuses, Nez -Percés, Flatheads and Kootenais. The two former waged both aggressive +Percés, Flatheads and Kootenais. The two former waged both aggressive and defensive warfare against the Snakes of the south; while the latter joined their arms against their common foes, the eastern Blackfeet, who, though their inferiors in bravery, nearly exterminated the Flathead @@ -13086,7 +13052,7 @@ generally killed by their sufferings; among the Sahaptins some survive and are made slaves. In the Flathead torture of the Blackfeet are practiced all the fiendish acts of cruelty that native cunning can devise, all of which are borne with the traditional stoicism and taunts -of the North American Indian. The Nez Percé system is a little less +of the North American Indian. The Nez Percé system is a little less cruel in order to save life for future slavery. Day after day, at a stated hour, the captives are brought out and made to hold the scalps of their dead friends aloft on poles while the scalp-dance is performed @@ -13126,7 +13092,7 @@ skill or labor is expended on their construction or ornamentation; the only requisite being supporting capacity, as is natural in a country where canoes play but a small part in the work of procuring food. Farther in the interior the mountain tribes of the Sahaptin family, as -the Cayuses and Nez Percés, make no boats, but use rude rafts or +the Cayuses and Nez Percés, make no boats, but use rude rafts or purchase an occasional canoe from their neighbors, for the rare cases when it becomes necessary to transport property across an unfordable stream. The Flatheads sew up their lodge-skins into a temporary boat for @@ -13146,7 +13112,7 @@ unless when very skillfully managed.[399] Horses constitute the native wealth, and poor indeed is the family which has not for each member, young and old, an animal to ride, as well as others sufficient to transport all the household goods, and to trade for -the few foreign articles needed. The Nez Percés, Cayuses and Walla +the few foreign articles needed. The Nez Percés, Cayuses and Walla Wallas have more and better stock than other nations, individuals often possessing bands of from one thousand to three thousand. The Kootenais are the most northern equestrian tribes mentioned. How the natives @@ -13236,7 +13202,7 @@ his friends, courtship in some nations includes certain visits to the bride before marriage; and the Spokane suitor must consult both the chief and the young lady, as well as her parents; indeed the latter may herself propose if she wishes. Runaway matches are not unknown, but by -the Nez Percés the woman is in such cases considered a prostitute, and +the Nez Percés the woman is in such cases considered a prostitute, and the bride's parents may seize upon the man's property. Many tribes seem to require no marriage ceremony, but in others an assemblage of friends for smoking and feasting is called for on such occasions; and among the @@ -13259,14 +13225,14 @@ his turning off one in another's favor. Either party may dissolve the marriage at will, but property must be equitably divided, the children going with the mother. Discarded wives are often reinstated. If a Kliketat wife die soon after marriage, the husband may reclaim her -price; the Nez Percé may not marry for a year after her death, but he is +price; the Nez Percé may not marry for a year after her death, but he is careful to avoid the inconvenience of this regulation by marrying just before that event. The Salish widow must remain a widow for about two years, and then must marry agreeably to her mother-in-law's taste or forfeit her husband's property.[405] The women make faithful, obedient wives and affectionate mothers. Incontinence in either girls or married women is extremely rare, and prostitution almost unknown, being severely -punished, especially among the Nez Percés. In this respect the inland +punished, especially among the Nez Percés. In this respect the inland tribes present a marked contrast to their coast neighbors.[406] At the first appearance of the menses the woman must retire from the sight of all, especially men, for a period varying from ten days to a month, and @@ -13383,7 +13349,7 @@ tribe from evil-minded wolves. A ram's horns left in the trunk of a tree where they were fixed by the misdirected zeal of their owner in attacking a native, were much venerated by the Flatheads, and gave them power over all animals so long as they made frequent offerings at the -foot of the tree. The Nez Percés had a peculiar custom of overcoming the +foot of the tree. The Nez Percés had a peculiar custom of overcoming the _mawish_ or spirit of fatigue, and thereby acquiring remarkable powers of endurance. The ceremony is performed annually from the age of eighteen to forty, lasts each time from three to seven days, and @@ -13508,7 +13474,7 @@ their estimate of national character from a view, perhaps unfair and prejudiced, of the actions of a few individuals encountered; consequently qualities the best and the worst have been given by some to each of the nations now under consideration. For the best reputation the -Nez Percés, Flatheads and Kootenais have always been rivals; their good +Nez Percés, Flatheads and Kootenais have always been rivals; their good qualities have been praised by all, priest, trader and tourist. Honest, just, and often charitable; ordinarily cold and reserved, but on occasions social and almost gay; quick-tempered and revengeful under @@ -13540,11 +13506,11 @@ fifty-fifth to the forty-third parallel of north latitude. [Sidenote: THE HAIDAH FAMILY.] In the HAIDAH FAMILY, I include all the coast and island nations of -British Columbia, from 55° to 52°, and extending inland about one +British Columbia, from 55° to 52°, and extending inland about one hundred miles to the borders of the Chilcoten Plain, the _Haidah nation_ proper having their home on the Queen Charlotte Islands. 'The Haidah tribes of the Northern Family inhabit Queen Charlotte's Island.' 'The -Massettes, Skittegás, Cumshawás, and other (Haidah) tribes inhabiting +Massettes, Skittegás, Cumshawás, and other (Haidah) tribes inhabiting the eastern shores of Queen Charlotte's Island.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 219. 'The principal tribes upon it (Q. Char. Isl.) are the Sketigets, Massets, and Comshewars.' _Dunn's @@ -13564,11 +13530,11 @@ numerous tribes inhabiting the island and the mainland opposite.' _Reed's Nar._ 'Queen Charlotte's Island and Prince of Wales Archipelago are the country of the Haidahs; ... including the Kygany, Massett, Skittegetts, Hanega, Cumshewas, and other septs.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. -Mag._, vol. vii., p. 74. 'Les Indiens Koumchaouas, Haïdas, Massettes, et -Skidegats, de l'île de la Reine Charlotte.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. +Mag._, vol. vii., p. 74. 'Les Indiens Koumchaouas, Haïdas, Massettes, et +Skidegats, de l'île de la Reine Charlotte.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 337. My Haidah Family is called by Warre and Vavasour _Quacott_, -who with the Newette and twenty-seven other tribes live, 'from Lat. 54° -to Lat. 50°, including Queen Charlotte's Island; North end of +who with the Newette and twenty-seven other tribes live, 'from Lat. 54° +to Lat. 50°, including Queen Charlotte's Island; North end of Vancouver's Island, Millbank Sound and Island, and the Main shore.' _Martin's Hudson's Bay_, p. 80. @@ -13587,15 +13553,15 @@ Archipelago, and the northern part of Queen Charlotte Island. The Kygargeys or Kygarneys are divided by Schoolcraft and Kane into the Youahnoe, Clictass (or Clictars), Quiahanles, Houaguan, (or Wonagan), Shouagan, (or Showgan), Chatcheenie, (or Chalchuni). _Archives_, vol. -v., p. 489; _Wanderings_, end of vol. The Kygáni 'have their +v., p. 489; _Wanderings_, end of vol. The Kygáni 'have their head-quarters on Queen Charlotte's Archipelago, but there are a few villages on the extreme southern part of Prince of Wales Archipelago.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 411. A colony of the Hydahs 'have settled at the southern extremity of Prince of Wales's Archipelago, and in the Northern Island.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 219. 'Die -Kaigàni (Kigarnies, Kigarnee, Kygànies der Engländer) bewohnen den -südlichen Theil der Inseln (Archipels) des Prinzen von Wales.' -_Radloff_, _Sprache der Kaiganen_, in _Mélanges Russes_, tom. iii., +Kaigà ni (Kigarnies, Kigarnee, Kygà nies der Engländer) bewohnen den +südlichen Theil der Inseln (Archipels) des Prinzen von Wales.' +_Radloff_, _Sprache der Kaiganen_, in _Mélanges Russes_, tom. iii., livrais. v., p. 569. 'The Kegarnie tribe, also in the Russian territory, live on an immense island, called North Island.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 287. The Hydahs of the south-eastern Alexander Archipelago include 'the @@ -13620,7 +13586,7 @@ river mouth known by the name of Chyniseyans.' _Ind. Life_, p. 93. The Tsimsheeans live 'in the Fort Simpson section on the main land.' _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, p. 257. Chimpsains, 'living on Chimpsain Peninsula.' _Scott_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 553. The Chimmesyans -inhabit 'the coast of the main land from 55° 30´ N., down to 53° 30´ N.' +inhabit 'the coast of the main land from 55° 30´ N., down to 53° 30´ N.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 202; _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 40. The Chimseeans 'occupy the country from Douglas' Canal to Nass River.' _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p. 206. @@ -13645,7 +13611,7 @@ Family. The nation consists of the Kithateen, Kitahon, Ketoonokshelk, Kinawalax (or Kinaroalax), located in that order from the mouth upward. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 487; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol. Four tribes, 'Nass River on the Main land.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in -_Martin's Hudson's Bay_, p. 80. 'On Observatory Inlet, lat. 55°.' +_Martin's Hudson's Bay_, p. 80. 'On Observatory Inlet, lat. 55°.' _Bryant_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 302. Adjoin the Sebassa tribe. _Cornwallis' N. El Dorado_, p. 107. About Fort Simpson. _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 279. The Hailtsa, Haeeltzuk, Billechoola, and @@ -13694,7 +13660,7 @@ Sound.' _Bryant_, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 302. The _Bellacoolas_ live about the mouth of Salmon River. '"Bentick's Arms"--inhabited by a tribe of Indians--the Bellaghchoolas. Their village is near Salmon River.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 267. The Billechoolas -live on Salmon River in latitude 53° 30´. _Buschmann_, _Brit. +live on Salmon River in latitude 53° 30´. _Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p. 384. The Bellahoolas 'on the banks of the Salmon river.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 258. 'The Indians at Milbank Sound called Belbellahs.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 271. 'Spread along the margins of the @@ -13706,9 +13672,9 @@ five hundred Ballabollas.' _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p. 202. The _Hailtzas_, Hailtzuks, or Haeelzuks 'dwell to the south of the Billechoola, and inhabit both the mainland and the northern entrance of -Vancouver's Island from latitude 53° 30´ N. to 50° 30´ N.' _Scouler_, in +Vancouver's Island from latitude 53° 30´ N. to 50° 30´ N.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 224. 'The Hailtsa commencing in -about latitude 51° N., and extending through the ramifications of +about latitude 51° N., and extending through the ramifications of Fitzhugh and Milbank Sounds.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 74. 'An diesem Sunde (Milbank) wohnen die Hailtsa-Indianer.' _Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p. 383; _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. @@ -13750,7 +13716,7 @@ so-called Nootkahs), Ayhuttisaht and Noochahlaht; north of Nootkah Sound, the Kyohquaht, Chaykisaht, and Klahosaht tribes. _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 308. Alphabetical list of languages on Vancouver Island: Ahowzarts, Aitizzarts, Aytcharts, Cayuquets, Eshquates (or Esquiates), -Klahars, Klaizzarts, Klaooquates (or Tlaoquatch), Michlaïts, Mowatchits, +Klahars, Klaizzarts, Klaooquates (or Tlaoquatch), Michlaïts, Mowatchits, Neuchadlits, Neuwitties, Newchemass, (Nuchimas), Savinnars, Schoomadits, Suthsetts, Tlaoquatch, Wicananish. _Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p. 349. 'Among those from the north were the Aitizzarts, Schoomadits, @@ -13769,13 +13735,13 @@ Sanetch, Kawitchin, Uchulta, Nimkis, Quaquiolts, Neweetg, Quacktoe, Nootka, Nitinat, Klayquoit, Soke.' _Findlay's Directory_, pp. 391-2. The proper name of the Vancouver Island Tribes is Yucuatl. _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 135. The Nootka Territory 'extends to the Northward as far as -Cape Saint James, in the latitude of 52° 20´ N. ... and to the Southward +Cape Saint James, in the latitude of 52° 20´ N. ... and to the Southward to the Islands ... of the Wicananish.' _Meares' Voy._, p. 228. 'The Cawitchans, Ucaltas, and Coquilths, who are I believe of the same family, occupy the shores of the Gulf of Georgia and Johnston's Straits.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 74. 'Twenty-four -tribes speaking the Challam and Cowaitzchim languages, from latitude 50° -along the Coast South to Whitby Island in latitude 48°; part of +tribes speaking the Challam and Cowaitzchim languages, from latitude 50° +along the Coast South to Whitby Island in latitude 48°; part of Vancouver's Island, and the mouth of Franc's River.' Also on the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Vancouver Islands, the Sanetch, three tribes; Hallams, eleven tribes; Sinahomish; Skatcat; Cowitchici, seven tribes; @@ -13789,7 +13755,7 @@ Ucletahs come the Nimkish, Mamalilacula, Matelpy and two or three other smaller tribes. The Mamalilaculas live on the mainland.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 249. The population of Vancouver Island 'is divided into twelve tribes; of these the Kawitchen, Quaquidts and Nootka are the largest.' -_Cornwallis' N. El Dorado_, p. 30. 'Ouakichs, Grande île de Quadra et +_Cornwallis' N. El Dorado_, p. 30. 'Ouakichs, Grande île de Quadra et Van Couver.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. [Sidenote: NATIONS INHABITING VANCOUVER ISLAND.] @@ -13838,7 +13804,7 @@ The _Pacheenas_, or 'Pacheenetts, which I have included in Barclay Sound, also inhabit Port San Juan.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251. The _Tlaoquatch_ occupy the south-western part of Vancouver. 'Den -Südwesten der Quadra- und Vancouver-Insel nehmen die Tlaoquatch ein, +Südwesten der Quadra- und Vancouver-Insel nehmen die Tlaoquatch ein, deren Sprache mit der vom Nutka-Sunde verwandt ist.' _Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p. 372. Tlaoquatch, or Tloquatch, on 'the south-western coast of Vancouver's Island.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 188. @@ -13911,8 +13877,8 @@ The _Ucletas_ are found 'at and beyond Cape Mudge.' 'They hold possession of the country on both sides of Johnstone Straits until met 20 or 30 miles south of Fort Rupert by the Nimpkish and Mamalilacullas.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 244. Yougletats--'Une partie campe sur l'ile -Vancouver elle-même, le reste habite sur le continent, au nord de la -Rivière Fraser.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 340. Yongletats, +Vancouver elle-même, le reste habite sur le continent, au nord de la +Rivière Fraser.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 340. Yongletats, both on Vancouver Island, and on the mainland above the Fraser River. _Bolduc_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1845, tom. cviii., pp. 366-7. @@ -13959,7 +13925,7 @@ Sehehwamish, Squalliamish, Puyallupamish, S'homamish, Suquamish, Sinahomish, Snoqualmook, Sinaahmish, Nooklummi.' _Tolmie_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 251; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 434. A canadian trapper found the following tribes between Fort Nisqually and -Fraser River; 'Sukwámes, Sunahúmes, Tshikátstat, Puiále, and Kawítshin.' +Fraser River; 'Sukwámes, Sunahúmes, Tshikátstat, Puiále, and KawÃtshin.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 220-1. Cheenales, west; Cowlitz, south; and Nisqually, east of Puget Sound. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200, map. @@ -13978,8 +13944,8 @@ emptying into the northern part of Bellingham bay and on the peninsula.' _Id._, p. 247, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 433. The _Nooksaks_ are 'on the south fork of the Lummi River.' _Stevens_, in -_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1851, p. 250. Nooksâhk, 'on the main fork of the -river.' _Id._, p. 247. Nooksáhk, 'above the Lummi, on the main fork of +_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1851, p. 250. Nooksâhk, 'on the main fork of the +river.' _Id._, p. 247. Nooksáhk, 'above the Lummi, on the main fork of the river.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 433. 'South fork Lummi river.' _Id._, p. 435. Nootsaks 'occupy the territory from the base of Mount Baker down to within five miles of the mouth of the @@ -14010,8 +13976,8 @@ S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 510. Sachets, 'about Possession Sound.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143. Skadjets, 'on both sides of the Skadjet river, and on the north end of Whidby's Island.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 701; _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388. The Skagit, -'on Skagit river, and Penn's cove,' the N'quachamish, Smalèhhu, -Miskaiwhu, Sakuméhu, on the branches of the same river. _Stevens_, in +'on Skagit river, and Penn's cove,' the N'quachamish, Smalèhhu, +Miskaiwhu, Sakuméhu, on the branches of the same river. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250; _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. Sockamuke, 'headwaters of Skagit River,' Neutubvig, 'north end of Whidby's Island, and county between Skagit's river and Bellingham's @@ -14030,7 +13996,7 @@ country on and near the mouth of the Sinahomish river.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 432, 435. The Sinahemish 'live on the Sinahemish river (falling into Possession Sound).' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 701; _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388. -'Sinahoumez (en 12 tribus) de la rivière Fraser à la baie de Puget.' +'Sinahoumez (en 12 tribus) de la rivière Fraser à la baie de Puget.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'N'quutlmamish, Skywhamish, Sktahlejum, upper branches, north side, Sinahomish river.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 245, 250. Neewamish, 'Neewamish river, bay @@ -14040,10 +14006,10 @@ and vicinity;' Skeawamish, 'north fork of the Snohomish river, called Skeawamish river;' Skuckstanajumps, 'Skuckstanajumps river, a branch of Skeawamish river;' Stillaquamish, 'Stillaquamish river and vicinity;' Kickuallis, 'mouth of Kickuallis river and vicinity.' _Schoolcraft's -Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598. Stoluchwámish, on Stoluchwámish river, also +Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598. Stoluchwámish, on Stoluchwámish river, also called Steilaquamish. _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. -432, 435, also in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 246, 250. Squinámish, -Swodámish, Sinaahmish, 'north end of Whitby's island, canoe passage, and +432, 435, also in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 246, 250. Squinámish, +Swodámish, Sinaahmish, 'north end of Whitby's island, canoe passage, and Sinamish river.' _Id._, pp. 247, 250. 'Southern end of Whidby's island and Sinahomish river.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 432-3. @@ -14061,8 +14027,8 @@ Lake, White and Green Rivers. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 491. On D'wamish lake etc. ... reside the Samamish and S'Ketehlmish tribes. 'The D'wamish tribe have their home on Lake Fork, D'Wamish river.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 432, 436. Dwamish, 'Lake Fork, -Dwamish River;' Samamish, S'Ketéhlmish, 'Dwamish Lake;' Smelkámiah, -'Head of White River;' Skopeáhmish, 'Head of Green River;' Stkámish, +Dwamish River;' Samamish, S'Ketéhlmish, 'Dwamish Lake;' Smelkámiah, +'Head of White River;' Skopeáhmish, 'Head of Green River;' Stkámish, 'main White River.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250. The _Skopeahmish_ have their home at the 'head of Green river.' @@ -14101,7 +14067,7 @@ Puyyallapamish, 'Puyallop River.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. The _Nisquallies_, or Skwall, 'inhabit the shores of Puget's Sound.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 211. 'Nesquallis, de -la baie de Puget à la pointe Martinez.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., +la baie de Puget à la pointe Martinez.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. Nasqually tribes, 'Nasqually River and Puget's Sound.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hudson Bay_, p. 81. Squallyamish, 'at Puget Sound.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 177. The Squalliahmish are composed @@ -14121,14 +14087,14 @@ Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. The _Sawamish_ have their residence on 'Totten's inlet.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. Sayhaymamish, 'Totten inlet.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598. 'Srootlemamish, Quackenamish at -Case's inlet.' _Ib._ Quáks'namish, 'Case's inlet;' S'Hotlemamish, -'Carr's inlet;' Sahéhwamish, 'Hammersly's inlet;' Sawámish, 'Totten's -inlet;' Squaiaitl, 'Eld's inlet;' Stéhchasámish, 'Budd's inlet;' +Case's inlet.' _Ib._ Quáks'namish, 'Case's inlet;' S'Hotlemamish, +'Carr's inlet;' Sahéhwamish, 'Hammersly's inlet;' Sawámish, 'Totten's +inlet;' Squaiaitl, 'Eld's inlet;' Stéhchasámish, 'Budd's inlet;' Noosehchatl, 'South bay.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250. The _Skokomish_ live at the upper end of Hood Canal. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598; _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. -244, 250. Töanhooch and Shokomish on Hood's Canal. _Schoolcraft's +244, 250. Töanhooch and Shokomish on Hood's Canal. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 491. Tuanoh and Skokomish 'reside along the shores of Hood's Canal.' _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388. Toankooch, 'western shore of Hood's canal. They are a branch of the Nisqually @@ -14200,12 +14166,12 @@ village on the strait. _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 153. List of tribes between Columbia River and Cape Flattery on the Coast; Calasthocle, Chillates, Chiltz, Clamoctomichs, Killaxthocles, Pailsh, -Potoashs, Quieetsos, Quinnechart, Quiniülts. _Morse's Rept._, p. 371. +Potoashs, Quieetsos, Quinnechart, Quiniülts. _Morse's Rept._, p. 371. The _Quillehute_ and _Queniult_, or Quenaielt, 'occupy the sea-coast between Ozelt or old Cape Flattery, on the north, and Quinaielt river on the south.' _Simmons_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1860, p. 195. Quinaielt, -Quillehuté, Queets, and Hoh, live on the Quinaielt river and ocean. +Quillehuté, Queets, and Hoh, live on the Quinaielt river and ocean. _Smith_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 21. The Queniult live 'at Point Grenville.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p. 210. 'On the banks of a river of the same name.' _Id._, p. 78. The Wilapahs 'on the Wilapah River.' @@ -14228,12 +14194,12 @@ also Shoalwater Bay. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 240, and Kwenaiwitl ... who live near the coast, thirty or forty miles south of Cape Flattery.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 211-12. 'In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia.' _Catlin's N. Am. -Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113. 'Chekilis, et Quinayat. Près du havre de Gray -et la rivière Chekilis.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335; _Swan's +Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113. 'Chekilis, et Quinayat. Près du havre de Gray +et la rivière Chekilis.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335; _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p. 210; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435; _Starling_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 599. 'A quarante -milles au nord, (from the Columbia) le long de la côte, habitent les -Tchéilichs.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. x., +milles au nord, (from the Columbia) le long de la côte, habitent les +Tchéilichs.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. x., p. 90. The Whiskkah and Wynooche tribes on the northern branches of the Chihailis. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 240. Sachals 'reside about the lake of the same name, and along the river @@ -14273,7 +14239,7 @@ Vocab._, pp. iii., iv. The name Watlalas or Upper Chinooks 'properly belongs to the Indians at the Cascades,' but is applied to all 'from the Multnoma Island to the Falls of the Columbia.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 214-5. 'The principal tribes or bands were -the Wakaíkam (known as the Wahkyekum), the Katlámat (Cathlamet), the +the WakaÃkam (known as the Wahkyekum), the Katlámat (Cathlamet), the Tshinuk (Chinook), and the Tlatsap (Clatsop).' _Ib._ 'The natives, who dwell about the lower parts of the Columbia, may be divided into four tribes--the Clotsops, who reside around Point Adams, on the south side; @@ -14291,8 +14257,8 @@ _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 25. 'The Chenook nation resides along upon the Columbia river, from the Cascades to its confluence with the ocean.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 261. 'Inhabiting the lower parts of the Columbia.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. -110. 'Hauts-Tchinouks, près des cascades du Rio Colombia. Tchinouks d'en -bas, des Cascades jusqu'à la mer, Bas-Tchinouks.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, +110. 'Hauts-Tchinouks, près des cascades du Rio Colombia. Tchinouks d'en +bas, des Cascades jusqu'à la mer, Bas-Tchinouks.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 335, 350-1. 'On the right bank of the Columbia.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 40. The Cheenooks and Kelussuyas, 4 tribes, live at 'Pillar Rock, Oak Point, the Dallas, the Cascades, Cheate River, @@ -14367,7 +14333,7 @@ mouth of the Columbia opposite the mouth of the Willamette. _Id._, p. 'below the rapids.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370. Clannarminnamuns, 'S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl.' _Id._, p. 371. Clanimatas, 'S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl.' _Ib._ Clockstar, 'S.E. side of Wappattoo Isl.' _Ib._ Cooniacs, 'of -Oak Point (Kahnyak or Kukhnyak, the Kreluits of Franchère and Skilloots +Oak Point (Kahnyak or Kukhnyak, the Kreluits of Franchère and Skilloots of Lewis and Clarke).' _Gibbs' Chinook Vocab._, p. iv. Hellwits, 'S. side 39 miles from mouth.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 368. Katlagakya, 'from the Cascades to Vancouver.' _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, @@ -14393,7 +14359,7 @@ Hud. B._, p. 81. Wahclellah, 'below all the rapids.' _Morse's Rept._, p. _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255. Wyampams, at the narrows. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 117-19. Tchilouits on the Columbia, south bank, below the Cowlitz. _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des -Voy._, 1821, tom. x., p. 112. Cathlâkaheckits and Cathlathlalas in +Voy._, 1821, tom. x., p. 112. Cathlâkaheckits and Cathlathlalas in vicinity of the Cascades. _Id._, tom. xii., 1821, p. 23. The _Clatsops_ live on Point Adams. _Hines' Voy._, p. 88. 'South side of @@ -14412,7 +14378,7 @@ vol. v., p. 492. The _Wakiakum_, or 'Wakaikum, live on the right bank of the Columbia; on a small stream, called Cadet River.' _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., -Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255. Wakiakums (Wakáiakum) 'towards Oak Point.' +Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255. Wakiakums (Wakáiakum) 'towards Oak Point.' _Gibbs' Chinook Vocab._, p. iv. Wahkiacums, adjoining the Cathlamahs on the south-east and the Skilloots on the north-west. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ Waakicums, thirty miles from the mouth of the Columbia, north @@ -14430,9 +14396,9 @@ Youitts, Shiastuckle, Killawats, Cookoose, Shalalahs, Luckasos, Hannakalals.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 427-8. 'Along the coast S. of Columbia river, and speak the Killamucks language,' Youicone, Neekeetoos, Ulseahs, Youitts, Sheastukles, Killawats, Cookkoooose, -Shallalah, Luckkarso, Hannakallal. _Morse's Rept._, p. 371. Náélim, 'on +Shallalah, Luckkarso, Hannakallal. _Morse's Rept._, p. 371. Náélim, 'on a river on the sea-coast, 30 miles S. of Clatsop Point,' and the -following tribes proceeding southward. Nikaas, Kowai, Neselitch, Tacóón, +following tribes proceeding southward. Nikaas, Kowai, Neselitch, Tacóón, Aleya, Sayonstla, Kiliwatsal, Kaons, Godamyou (!), Stotonia, at the mouth of Coquin river. _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., pp. 255-6. @@ -14449,10 +14415,10 @@ vol. iii., p. 201. Nsietshawus, or Killamuks, 'on the sea-coast south of the Columbia.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 211, and map, p. 197. 'Between the river Columbia and the Umpqua.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 81. 'Country about Cape Lookout.' -_Palmer's Jour._, p. 105. 'On comprend sous le nom général de Killimous, +_Palmer's Jour._, p. 105. 'On comprend sous le nom général de Killimous, les Indiens du sud du Rio Colombia, tels que les Nahelems, les Nikas, -les Kaouais, les Alsiias, les Umquas, les Toutounis et les Sastés. Ces -deux dernières peuplades se sont jusqu'à présent montrées hostiles aux +les Kaouais, les Alsiias, les Umquas, les Toutounis et les Sastés. Ces +deux dernières peuplades se sont jusqu'à présent montrées hostiles aux caravanes des blancs.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 335, 357. Killamucks, next to the Clatsops. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 426. 'Callemeux nation.' _Gass' Jour._, p. 260. Callemax on the coast forty @@ -14470,9 +14436,9 @@ The Tlatskanai are farther inland than the Killamooks. _Id._, p. 204. The _Umpquas_ live 'on a river of that name.' _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc. Jour._, vol. ii., p. 256. 'In a valley of the same name. They are divided into six tribes; the Sconta, Chalula, Palakahu, -Quattamya, and Chastà.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 262. Umbaquâs. -_Id._, p. 262. 'Umpquas (3 tribus) sur la rivière de ce nom, et de la -rivière aux Vaches.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Umkwa +Quattamya, and Chastà .' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 262. Umbaquâs. +_Id._, p. 262. 'Umpquas (3 tribus) sur la rivière de ce nom, et de la +rivière aux Vaches.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Umkwa inhabit the upper part of the river of that name, having the Kalapuya on the north, the Lutuami (Clamets), on the east, and the Sainstkla between them and the sea.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. @@ -14488,7 +14454,7 @@ south of the Umqua River.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 221, map, p. 197. Sinselaw, 'on the banks of the Sinselaw river.' _Harvey_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 80. Sayousla, 'near the mouth of Sayousla bay.' _Brooks_, in _Id._, 1862, p. 299. Saliutla, 'at -the mouth of the Umbaquâ river.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 262. +the mouth of the Umbaquâ river.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 262. The Katlawotsetts include the Siuslaw and Alsea bands on Siuslaw River; the Scottsburg, Lower Umpqua, and Kowes Bay bands on Umpqua River. @@ -14582,7 +14548,7 @@ Ex._, vol. vi., p. 217. Callawpohyeaas, Willamette tribes sixteen in number. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 108. Calapooah, seventeen tribes on the Willamette and its branches. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 261. Callappohyeaass nation consists of Wacomeapp, Nawmooit, -Chillychandize, Shookany, Coupé, Shehees, Longtonguebuff, Lamalle, and +Chillychandize, Shookany, Coupé, Shehees, Longtonguebuff, Lamalle, and Pecyou tribes. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 236-6. Kalapooyahs, 'on the shores of the Oregon.' _Morton's Crania_, p. 213. 'Willamat Plains.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225. Kalapuyas, 'above the @@ -14592,7 +14558,7 @@ Puyas, Valley of the Willamette. _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 81. The _Clackamas_ are on the 'Clackama River.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. -v., p. 492. 'Clakemas et Kaoulis, sur le Ouallamet et la rivière +v., p. 492. 'Clakemas et Kaoulis, sur le Ouallamet et la rivière Kaoulis.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Valley of the Clakamus and the Willamuta Falls.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 81. Klackamas, 'three miles below the falls.' _Hines' Voy._, p. 144. @@ -14608,7 +14574,7 @@ opposite Oregon City.' _Palmer's Jour._, p. 84. [Sidenote: THE SHUSHWAP FAMILY.] THE SHUSHWAP FAMILY comprises all the inland tribes of British Columbia, -south of lat. 52° 30´. +south of lat. 52° 30´. The _Atnahs_, Strangers, Niccoutamuch, or Shushwaps proper, inhabit the Fraser and Thompson valleys. 'At Spuzzum ... a race very different both @@ -14619,7 +14585,7 @@ Spuzzum to the frontier of that part of the country called by the Hudson Bay Company New Caledonia, which is within a few miles of Fort Alexandria.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 296. 'Shushwaps of the Rocky Mountains inhabit the country in the neighbourhood of Jasper House, and as far as -Tête Jaune Cache on the western slope. They are a branch of the great +Tête Jaune Cache on the western slope. They are a branch of the great Shushwap nation who dwell near the Shushwap Lake and grand fork of the Thompson River in British Columbia.' Thompson River and Lake Kamloops. _Milton and Cheadle's Northw. Pass._, pp. 241, 335. 'On the Pacific @@ -14636,7 +14602,7 @@ vol. v., p. 427; _Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p. 320. Shooshaps, south of the Sinpavelist. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 50-1. 'The Atnah, or Chin Indian country extends about one hundred miles,' from Fort Alexander. _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 361. Shooshewaps inhabit the -region of the north bend of the Columbia, in 52°. Atnahs, in the region +region of the north bend of the Columbia, in 52°. Atnahs, in the region of the Fraser and Thompson rivers. _Macdonald's Lecture on B. C._, p. 10; _Hector_, in _Palliser's Explor._, p. 27. 'The Shewhapmuch (Atnahs of Mackenzie) ... occupy the banks of Thompson's River; and along @@ -14656,9 +14622,9 @@ Inlet in the summer.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 299. The Kamloops dwell about one hundred and fifty miles north-west of Okanagan. _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 156. -The Clunsus are east of Fraser River, between Yale and latitude 50°; +The Clunsus are east of Fraser River, between Yale and latitude 50°; Skowtous, on the fiftieth parallel south of Lake Kamloops and west of -Lake Okanagan; Sockatcheenum, east of Fraser and north of 51°. +Lake Okanagan; Sockatcheenum, east of Fraser and north of 51°. _Bancroft's Map of Pac. States._ The _Kootenais_ live in the space bounded by the Columbia River, Rocky @@ -14679,12 +14645,12 @@ stream called the Kootanais River is an angular piece of country peopled by a small, isolated tribe bearing the same name as the last-mentioned river, on the banks of which they principally live.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 297. The lands of the Cottonois 'lie immediately north of those of the -Flatheads.' _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 70. Kutanàe, Kútani, +Flatheads.' _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 70. Kutanà e, Kútani, Kitunaha, Kutneha, Coutanies, Flatbows, 'near the sources of the Mary River, west of the Rocky Mountains.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 98. 'Inhabit a section of country to the north of the Ponderas, along M'Gillivray's river.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 312. 'Koutanies ou -Arcs-Plats, Près du fort et du lac de ce nom.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. +Arcs-Plats, Près du fort et du lac de ce nom.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'In the Kootanie Valley.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 178. Kootonays, south of the Shushwaps. _Palliser's Explor._, p. 44. 'Great longitudinal valley' of the Kootanie river. _Hector_, in _Id._, p. 27. @@ -14720,12 +14686,12 @@ Rept._, 1854, p. 237, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 412. Oakinackens, Priests' Rapids, northward over 500 miles, and 100 miles in width, to the Shewhaps, branching out into 12 tribes, as follows, beginning with the south: 'Skamoynumachs, Kewaughtchenunaughs, Pisscows, -Incomecanétook, Tsillane, Intiétook, Battlelemuleemauch, or Meatwho, +Incomecanétook, Tsillane, Intiétook, Battlelemuleemauch, or Meatwho, Inspellum, Sinpohellechach, Sinwhoyelppetook, Samilkanuigh and Oakinacken, which is nearly in the centre.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 289-90. 'On both sides the Okanagan River from its mouth up to British Columbia, including the Sennelkameen River.' _Ross_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, -p. 22. 'Près du fort de ce nom.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. +p. 22. 'Près du fort de ce nom.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'On the Okanagan and Piscour Rivers.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 82. 'Composed of several small bands living along the Okinakane river, from its confluence with the Columbia to Lake @@ -14746,7 +14712,7 @@ _Morse's Rept._, p. 372. [Sidenote: THE SALISH FAMILY.] -THE SALISH FAMILY includes all the inland tribes between 49° and 47°. +THE SALISH FAMILY includes all the inland tribes between 49° and 47°. The Salish, Saalis, Selish, or Flatheads, 'inhabit the country about the upper part of the Columbia and its tributary streams, the Flathead, Spokan, and Okanagan Rivers. The name includes several independent @@ -14755,9 +14721,9 @@ Kullespelm, the Soayalpi, the Tsakaitsitlin, and the Okinakan.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 205. 'The Saeliss or Shewhapmuch race, whose limits may be defined by the Rocky Mountains eastward; on the west the line of Frazer's river from below Alexandria -to Kequeloose, near the Falls, in about latitude 49° 50´; northward by +to Kequeloose, near the Falls, in about latitude 49° 50´; northward by the Carrier offset of the Chippewyans; and south by the Sahaptins or Nez -Percés of Oregon.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 73. 'From +Percés of Oregon.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 73. 'From Thompson's River other septs of this race--the Shuswaps, Skowtous, Okanagans, Spokans, Skoielpoi (of Colville), Pend'oreilles, and Coeurs d'Aleines--occupy the country as far as the Flathead Passes of the Rocky @@ -14774,7 +14740,7 @@ Rocky Mountains are only five petty tribes: the Kootanais and Selish, or Flatheads, at the foot of the mountains, and the Pointed Hearts, Pend d'Oreilles, and Spokanes lower down.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p. 190. 'Divided into several tribes, the most important of which are the -Selishes, the Kullespelms, the Soayalpis, the Tsakaïtsitlins, and the +Selishes, the Kullespelms, the Soayalpis, the Tsakaïtsitlins, and the Okinakans.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 55-6. The _Flatheads_, or Salish proper, reside on the river, valley, and lake @@ -14785,16 +14751,16 @@ Rept._, vol. i., p. 415, and in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 207. _Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 282. 'South of the Flathead Valley on the Bitter Root.' _Sully_, in _Id._, 1870, p. 192. St. Mary's River. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 490. 'East and south-east (of -the Coeurs d'Alène) and extends to the Rocky Mountains.' _Parker's -Explor. Tour_, p. 311, and map. _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 31. -Saalis ou faux Têtes-Plates. Sur la rivière de ce nom au pied des +the Coeurs d'Alène) and extends to the Rocky Mountains.' _Parker's +Explor. Tour_, p. 311, and map. _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 31. +Saalis ou faux Têtes-Plates. Sur la rivière de ce nom au pied des Montagnes Rocheuses. _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Along the foot of the mountains.' _Ross' Adven._, p. 213. 'In New Caledonia, W. of the Rocky Mountains.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 371. Bitter Root valley. _Hutchins_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 455, 1865, p. 246; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 153. Hopilpo, of Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. 'Ils occupent le pays compris entre le Lewis -River et la branche nord-ouest ou la Columbia, et borné en arrière par +River et la branche nord-ouest ou la Columbia, et borné en arrière par les Monts-Rocailleux.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 43. @@ -14830,7 +14796,7 @@ Tribes mentioned by Morse as living in the vicinity of Clarke River: Coopspellar, Lahama, Lartielo, Hihighenimmo, Wheelpo, Skeetsomish. _Rept._, p. 372. -The _Coeurs d'Aléne_ 'live about the lake which takes its name from +The _Coeurs d'Aléne_ 'live about the lake which takes its name from them.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 209. East of the Spokanes, at headwaters of the Spokane River. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 310, and map. 'The Skitswish or Coeur d'Alenes, live upon the @@ -14842,7 +14808,7 @@ Stietshoi, or Coeur d'Alenes on the river, and about the lake. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200, map, vol. v., p. 490. Pointed Hearts, 'shores of a lake about fifty miles to the eastward of Spokan House.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 150; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143; -_De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 31. 'St. Joseph's river.' _Mullan's +_De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 31. 'St. Joseph's river.' _Mullan's Rept._, p. 49. The _Colvilles_ include the tribes about Kettle Falls, and the banks of @@ -14859,18 +14825,18 @@ The Lakes, 'whose tribal name is Senijextee, are located on both sides of the Columbia River, from Kettle Falls north to British Columbia.' _Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 22. 'So named from their place of residence, which is about the Arrow Lakes.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, -p. 312. 'Les sauvages des Lacs ... résident sur le Lac-aux-flèches.' _De +p. 312. 'Les sauvages des Lacs ... résident sur le Lac-aux-flèches.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 50. -The Chaudières, or Kettle Falls, reside 'about Colville.' _Parker's -Explor. Tour_, p. 313. The village of Les Chaudières 'is situated on the +The Chaudières, or Kettle Falls, reside 'about Colville.' _Parker's +Explor. Tour_, p. 313. The village of Les Chaudières 'is situated on the north side just below the fall.' _Cox's Advent._, vol. i., p. 358. -Chaudières 'live south of the Lake Indians.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 50. +Chaudières 'live south of the Lake Indians.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 50. 'Fort Colville is the principal ground of the Schwoyelpi or Kettle Falls tribe.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 413. 'The tribe in -the vicinity (of Fort Colville) is known as the Chaudière, whose +the vicinity (of Fort Colville) is known as the Chaudière, whose territory reaches as far up as the Columbia Lakes.' _Simpson's Overland -Journ._, vol. i., p. 151. 'Gens des Chaudières. Près du lac Schouchouap +Journ._, vol. i., p. 151. 'Gens des Chaudières. Près du lac Schouchouap au-dessous des Dalles.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Called in their own language, Chualpays.' _Kane's Wand._, pp. 308-9. 'Called Quiarlpi (Basket People).' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., @@ -14907,7 +14873,7 @@ its mouth to the boundary of Idaho.' _Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, _Mullan's Rept._, pp. 18, 49. 'Principally on the plains.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 157. 'North-east of the Palooses are the Spokein nation.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 310, and map. 'Au-dessous du fort -Okanagam à l'Est.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Au nord-ouest +Okanagam à l'Est.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Au nord-ouest des Palooses se trouve la nation des Spokanes.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 31. 'Have a small village at the entrance of their river, but their chief and permanent place of residence is about forty miles higher up @@ -14921,15 +14887,15 @@ _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. The _Sans Poils_ (Hairless), or 'Sanpoils, which includes the Nespeelum Indians, are located on the Columbia, from the mouth of the Spokane down -to Grand Coulée (on the south of the Columbia), and from a point +to Grand Coulée (on the south of the Columbia), and from a point opposite the mouth of the Spokane down to the mouth of the Okanagan on the north side of the Columbia, including the country drained by the Sanpoil, and Nespeelum Creeks.' _Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 22. Sinpoilish, west of the Columbia between Priest Rapids and Okanagan. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200, map. Sinpauelish, west of the Kettle Falls Indians. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 313. -'Sinipouals. Près des grands rapides du Rio Colombia.' _Mofras_, -_Explor_., tom. ii., p. 335. Sinpavelist, west of the Chaudières. _De +'Sinipouals. Près des grands rapides du Rio Colombia.' _Mofras_, +_Explor_., tom. ii., p. 335. Sinpavelist, west of the Chaudières. _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 50. Sinapoils, 'occupy a district on the northern banks of the Columbia, between the Spokan and Oakinagan rivers.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 145. Hehighenimmo of Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in @@ -14945,7 +14911,7 @@ Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 210, and map, p. 197. Pisquouse, 'immediately north of that of the Yakamas.' 'On the Columbia between the Priest's and Ross Rapids.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 236; and _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 412. 'Piscaous. Sur la -petite rivière de ce nom à l'Ouest de la Colombie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, +petite rivière de ce nom à l'Ouest de la Colombie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. The Skamoynumacks live on the banks of the Columbia, at Priest Rapids, @@ -14958,7 +14924,7 @@ country drained by the Mithouie, Lake Chelan, and Enteeatook Rivers.' _Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 23. 'The Isle de Pierres, whose tribal name is Linkinse, are located on the -east and south side of the Col. Riv. from Grand Coulée down to Priests' +east and south side of the Col. Riv. from Grand Coulée down to Priests' Rapids, which includes the peninsula made by the great bend of the Col.' _Ib._ @@ -14974,20 +14940,20 @@ Snake River, between that of the Selish family on the north, and of the Snakes on the south.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. 'The first and more northern Indians of the interior may be denominated the Shahaptan Family, and comprehends three tribes; the Shahaptan, or Nez -Percés of the Canadians; the Kliketat, a scion from the Shahaptans who +Percés of the Canadians; the Kliketat, a scion from the Shahaptans who now dwell near Mount Rainier, and have advanced toward the falls of the Columbia; and the Okanagan, who inhabit the upper part of Fraser's River and its tributaries.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225. Hale's map, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 197, divides the -territory among the Nez Percés, Walla-Wallas, Waiilaptu, and Molele. +territory among the Nez Percés, Walla-Wallas, Waiilaptu, and Molele. 'The Indians in this district (of the Dalles) are Dog River, Wascos, -Tyicks, Des Chutes, John Day, Utilla, Cayuses, Walla-Walla, Nez Percés, +Tyicks, Des Chutes, John Day, Utilla, Cayuses, Walla-Walla, Nez Percés, Mountain Snakes and Bannacks.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, -p. 435. 'The different tribes attached to Fort Nez Percés, and who +p. 435. 'The different tribes attached to Fort Nez Percés, and who formerly went by that cognomen, are the Shamooinaugh, Skamnaminaugh, E'yackimah, Ispipewhumaugh, and Inaspetsum. These tribes inhabit the main north branch above the Forks. On the south branch are the Palletto -Pallas, Shawhaapten or Nez Percés proper, Pawluch, and Cosispa tribes. +Pallas, Shawhaapten or Nez Percés proper, Pawluch, and Cosispa tribes. On the main Columbia, beginning at the Dallas, are the Necootimeigh, Wisscopam, Wisswhams, Wayyampas, Lowhim, Sawpaw, and Youmatalla bands.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 185-6. Cathlakahikits, at the rapids of @@ -14997,16 +14963,16 @@ of Columbia river;' Ithkyemamits, 'on Columbia river, N. side near Chippanchickchicks'; Yehah, 'above the rapids.' _Morse's Rept._, pp. 368-70. -The _Nez Percés_ 'possess the country on each side of the Lewis or Snake +The _Nez Percés_ 'possess the country on each side of the Lewis or Snake River, from the Peloose to the Wapticacoes, about a hundred miles--together with the tributary streams, extending, on the east, to the foot of the Rocky Mountains.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 212; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 551. 'On both sides of the Kooskooskia and north fork of Snake river.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 416; and _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. -Rept._, 1854, p. 217. 'A few bands of the Nez Percés Indians occupy the +Rept._, 1854, p. 217. 'A few bands of the Nez Percés Indians occupy the Salmon river and the Clearwater.' _Thompson_, in _Id._, p. 282. 'The Nez -Percés country is bounded west by the Palouse river and the Tucannon; on +Percés country is bounded west by the Palouse river and the Tucannon; on the north by the range of mountains between Clear Water and the Coeur d'Alene; east by the Bitter Root mountains; on the south they are bounded near the line dividing the two Territories.' _Craig_, in _Id._, @@ -15015,21 +14981,21 @@ Bitter Root Valley. _Owen_, in _Id._, 1859, p. 424. 'Upper waters and mountainous parts of the Columbia.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 108. 'Country lying along Lewis river and its tributaries from the eastern base of the Blue Mountains to the Columbia.' _Palmer's Jour._, -p. 55. Nez Percés or Sahaptins, 'on the banks of the Lewis Fork or +p. 55. Nez Percés or Sahaptins, 'on the banks of the Lewis Fork or Serpent River.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 54. 'Chohoptins, or -Nez-Percés, ... on the banks of Lewis River.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., +Nez-Percés, ... on the banks of Lewis River.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 143. 'Rove through the regions of the Lewis branch.' _Greenhow's -Hist. Ogn._, p. 30. 'The Lower Nez Percés range upon the Wayleeway, +Hist. Ogn._, p. 30. 'The Lower Nez Percés range upon the Wayleeway, Immahah, Yenghies, and other of the streams west of the mountains.' _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 301. Some Flatheads live along the Clearwater River down to below its junction with the Snake. _Gass' Jour._, p. 212. Country 'drained by the Kooskooskie, westward from the Blackfoot country, and across the Rocky Mountains.' _Brownell's Ind. -Races_, p. 533. 'Près du fort de ce nom, à la junction des deux branches +Races_, p. 533. 'Près du fort de ce nom, à la junction des deux branches du fleuve.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. Junction of Snake and Clearwater. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, _Map_. Chopunnish. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 331, and map. Copunnish. _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p. -144. 'The Nez-Percés are divided into two classes, the Nez-Percés +144. 'The Nez-Percés are divided into two classes, the Nez-Percés proper, who inhabit the mountains, and the Polonches, who inhabit the plain country about the mouth of the Snake River.' _Gairdner_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 256. Chopunnish, 'on Lewis river below @@ -15044,15 +15010,15 @@ Peloose tribe has a stream called after it which empties into Lewis River.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 213. Upon the Peloose River. 'Entrance of Great Snake River and surrounding country.' _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 105, 245. 'Properly a part of -the Nez Percés. Their residence is along the Nez Percé river and up the +the Nez Percés. Their residence is along the Nez Percé river and up the Pavilion.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 310. In three bands; at the mouth of the Pelouse River; on the north bank of Snake River, thirty miles below the Pelouse; and at the mouth of the Snake River. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 222-3, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 150-1. Palouse, or Pelouse, 'reside on the banks of the Palouse and Snake rivers.' _Mullan's Rept._, pp. 18, 49. 'La tribu Paloose -appartient à la nation des Nez-Percés ... elle habite les bords des deux -rivières des Nez-percés et du Pavilion.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 31. +appartient à la nation des Nez-Percés ... elle habite les bords des deux +rivières des Nez-percés et du Pavilion.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 31. Selloatpallah, north of the Snake, near its confluence with the Columbia. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ Same as the Sewatpalla. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. @@ -15062,12 +15028,12 @@ the river of that name.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. 'A number of bands living usually on the south side of the Columbia, and on the Snake river to a little east of the Peluse.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 402. 'Are on a small stream which falls into the -Columbia near Fort Nez-percés.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, +Columbia near Fort Nez-percés.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 213. 'Inhabit the country about the river of the same name, and range some distance below along the Columbia.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 310. 'Upon the banks of the Columbia, below the mouth of the Lewis Fork are found the Walla-wallas.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 535. -'Oualla-Oualla, au-dessus du fort des Nez Percés.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, +'Oualla-Oualla, au-dessus du fort des Nez Percés.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Under this term are embraced a number of bands living usually on the south side of the Columbia, and on the Snake river, to a little east of the Pelouse; as also the Klikatats and Yakamas, north of @@ -15075,8 +15041,8 @@ the former.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 223. 'On both sides of the Columbia river between Snake river and Hudson Bay fort, Walla-Walla.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 374. Walla Wallapum. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 244-7. 'Les -Walla-walla habitent, sur la rivière du même nom, l'un des tributaires -de la Colombie, et leur pays s'étend aussi le long de ce fleuve.' _De +Walla-walla habitent, sur la rivière du même nom, l'un des tributaires +de la Colombie, et leur pays s'étend aussi le long de ce fleuve.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 30. Wollaw Wollah. South side of the Snake, at junction with the Columbia. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ Wollaolla and Wollawalla, 'on both sides of Col., as low as the Muscleshell rapid, and @@ -15095,10 +15061,10 @@ Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 64; _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 35. The Sciatogas and Toustchipas live on Canoe River (Tukanon?), and the -Euotalla (Touchet?), the Akaïtchis 'sur le Big-river,' (Columbia). +Euotalla (Touchet?), the Akaïtchis 'sur le Big-river,' (Columbia). _Hunt_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. x., pp. 74-8. The -Sciatogas 'possède le pays borné au sud-est par la Grande-Plaine; au -nord, par le Lewis-River; à l'ouest par la Columbia; au sud par +Sciatogas 'possède le pays borné au sud-est par la Grande-Plaine; au +nord, par le Lewis-River; à l'ouest par la Columbia; au sud par l'Oualamat.' _Id._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 42. [Sidenote: THE CAYUSES AND WASCOS.] @@ -15114,15 +15080,15 @@ _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 218; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 416. 'On the west side of the Blue mountains and south of the Columbia river.' _Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 282. 'Occupy a portion of the Walla-Walla valley.' _Dennison_, in _Id._, 1857, p. -374; _Cain_, in _Id._, 1859, pp. 413-14. 'À l'ouest des Nez-perces sont +374; _Cain_, in _Id._, 1859, pp. 413-14. 'À l'ouest des Nez-perces sont les Kayuses.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 30. The Kayouse dwell upon the Utalla or Emnutilly River. _Townsend's Nar._, p. 122. 'West of the Nez -Percés.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 309, and map. 'Rove through the +Percés.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 309, and map. 'Rove through the regions of the Lewis branch.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 30. 'Kayouses. -Près du grand détour de la Colombie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. +Près du grand détour de la Colombie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. Waiilatpu, Molele, called also Willetpoos, Cayuse, 'western Oregon, south of the Columbia river.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 199; _Gibbs_, -in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. Caäguas 'inhabit the country +in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. Caäguas 'inhabit the country bordering on Wallawalla river and its tributaries, the Blue mountains and Grand round.' _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 54-6. Wyeilat or Kyoose, country to the south of Walla Walla. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. @@ -15157,7 +15123,7 @@ of the Columbia about the Dalles are the Wascopams. _Map_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200. Eneshur, Echeloots, Chillukkitequaw and Sinacshop occupy the territory, on _Lewis and Clarke's Map_; _Morse's Rept._, p. 370. The Tchipantchicktchick, -Cathlassis, Ilttekaïmamits, and Tchelouits about the Dalles. _Stuart_, +Cathlassis, Ilttekaïmamits, and Tchelouits about the Dalles. _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 26; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. @@ -15233,7 +15199,7 @@ west of the Yakamas.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. 'Wander in the wooded country about Mount St. Helens.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 213. 'In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113. Klikatats. -'Au-dessus du fort des Nez-Percés.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. +'Au-dessus du fort des Nez-Percés.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Kliketat, a scion from the Sahaptans, who now dwell near Mount Rainier and have advanced towards the falls of the Columbia.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225. On _Lewis and Clarke's @@ -15273,10 +15239,10 @@ against others, which necessity would require a writer to invent. [230] _Kane's Wand._, p. 173; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, p. 441; _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 108; the name being given to the people -between the region of the Columbia and 53° 30´. +between the region of the Columbia and 53° 30´. -[231] The name _Nez Percés_, 'pierced noses,' is usually pronounced as -if English, _Nez Pér-ces_. +[231] The name _Nez Percés_, 'pierced noses,' is usually pronounced as +if English, _Nez Pér-ces_. [232] For particulars and authorities see TRIBAL BOUNDARIES at end of this chapter. @@ -15313,7 +15279,7 @@ perfect order of European contour.' _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 279, 251, 283, 285. Mayne says, 'their countenances are decidedly plainer' than the southern Indians. _B. C._, p. 250. 'A tall, well-formed people.' _Bendel's Alex. Arch._, p. 29. 'No finer men ... can be found on the -American Continent.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 23. In 55°, 'Son bien +American Continent.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 23. In 55°, 'Son bien corpulentos.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, s. iv., vol. vi., p. 646. 'The best looking Indians we had ever met.' 'Much taller, and in every way superior to the Puget Sound tribes. The women are stouter than the @@ -15420,7 +15386,7 @@ Mex._, s. iv., vol. vi., p. 646. [250] _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 253, 276-7; _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113. -[251] At Salmon River, 52° 58´, 'their dress consists of a single robe +[251] At Salmon River, 52° 58´, 'their dress consists of a single robe tied over the shoulders, falling down behind, to the heels, and before, a little below the knees, with a deep fringe round the bottom. It is generally made of the bark of the cedar tree, which they prepare as fine @@ -15445,7 +15411,7 @@ _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 274. See also pp. 137, 267-8, 272, 284. 'Their summer and winter residences are built of split plank, similar to those of the Chenooks.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 263. 'Ils habitent dans des loges de soixante pieds de long, construites avec des troncs de -sapin et recouvertes d'écorces d'arbres.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., +sapin et recouvertes d'écorces d'arbres.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 337. 'Their houses are neatly constructed, standing in a row; having large images, cut out of wood, resembling idols. The dwellings have all painted fronts, showing imitations of men and animals. Attached to their @@ -15500,7 +15466,7 @@ heads, models of houses, stone flutes, adorned with well-carved figures of animals. Their imitative skill is as noticeable as their dexterity in carving.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 317. The supporting posts of their probable temples were carved into human figures, and all painted red and -black, 'but the sculpture of these people (52° 40´) is superior to their +black, 'but the sculpture of these people (52° 40´) is superior to their painting.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, pp. 330-1; see pp. 333-4. 'One man (near Fort Simpson) known as the Arrowsmith of the north-east coast, had gone far beyond his compeers, having prepared very accurate charts of most @@ -15535,7 +15501,7 @@ superstitions will not allow any spectator of the operator's work.' _Reed's Nar._; _Ind. Life_, p. 96. 'Of a very fine and hard slate they make cups, plates, pipes, little images, and various ornaments, wrought with surprising elegance and taste.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. -Ex._, vol. vi., p. 197. 'Ils peignent aussi avec le même goût.' _Rossi_, +Ex._, vol. vi., p. 197. 'Ils peignent aussi avec le même goût.' _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, p. 298; _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., pp. 74-5. [256] _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 338; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 63; vol. @@ -15593,7 +15559,7 @@ the night with a chief, was given the place of honor, under the same blanket with the chief's daughter--and her father. _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 312-15, 115-16, 155. 'The Indians are in general very jealous of their women.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 225-6. 'Tous les individus d'une -famille couchent pêle-mêle sur le sol plancheyé de l'habitation.' +famille couchent pêle-mêle sur le sol plancheyé de l'habitation.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 144. 'Soon after I had retired ... the chief paid me a visit to insist on my going to his bed-companion, and taking my place himself.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 331. See pp. 300, @@ -15636,7 +15602,7 @@ Isl._, pp. 320-1. [267] _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 109-10, 116; _Anderson_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 242. -[268] At about 52° 40´, between the Fraser River and the Pacific, +[268] At about 52° 40´, between the Fraser River and the Pacific, Mackenzie observed the treatment of a man with a bad ulcer on his back. They blew on him and whistled, pressed their fingers on his stomach, put their fists into his mouth, and spouted water into his face. Then he was @@ -15652,21 +15618,21 @@ skeleton, which appeared from the confused situation of the bones, either to have been cut to pieces, or thrust with great violence into this small space.' ... 'I was inclined to suppose that this mode of depositing their dead is practised only in respect to certain persons of -their society.' _Voy._, vol. ii., p. 351. At Cape Northumberland, in 54° -45´, 'was a kind of vault formed partly by the natural cavity of the +their society.' _Voy._, vol. ii., p. 351. At Cape Northumberland, in 54° +45´, 'was a kind of vault formed partly by the natural cavity of the rocks, and partly by the rude artists of the country. It was lined with boards, and contained some fragments of warlike implements, lying near a square box covered with mats and very curiously corded down.' _Id._, p. 370; _Cornwallis' New El Dorado_, pp. 106-7. On Queen Charlotte Islands, -'Ces monumens sont de deux espèces: les premiers et les plus simples ne -sont composés que d'un seul pilier d'environ dix pieds d'élévation et -d'un pied de diamètre, sur le sommet duquel sont fixées des planches -formant un plateau; et dans quelques-uns ce plateau est supporté par -deux piliers. Le corps, déposé sur cette plate-forme, est recouvert de -mousse et de grosses pierres' ... 'Les mausolées de la seconde espèce -sont plus composés: quatre poteaux plantés en terre, et élevés de deux -pieds seulement au-dessus du sol portent un sarcophage travaillé avec -art, et hermétiquement clos.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., pp. 135-6. +'Ces monumens sont de deux espèces: les premiers et les plus simples ne +sont composés que d'un seul pilier d'environ dix pieds d'élévation et +d'un pied de diamètre, sur le sommet duquel sont fixées des planches +formant un plateau; et dans quelques-uns ce plateau est supporté par +deux piliers. Le corps, déposé sur cette plate-forme, est recouvert de +mousse et de grosses pierres' ... 'Les mausolées de la seconde espèce +sont plus composés: quatre poteaux plantés en terre, et élevés de deux +pieds seulement au-dessus du sol portent un sarcophage travaillé avec +art, et hermétiquement clos.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., pp. 135-6. 'According to another account it appeared that they actually bury their dead; and when another of the family dies, the remains of the person who was last interred, are taken from the grave and burned.' _Mackenzie's @@ -15675,8 +15641,8 @@ vol. i., pp. 203-4; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 272, 276, 280; _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 272, 293; _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 235; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, pp. 440-41; _Dall's Alaska_, p. 417. -[270] On the coast, at 52° 12´, Vancouver found them 'civil, -good-humoured and friendly.' At Cascade Canal, about 52° 24´, 'in +[270] On the coast, at 52° 12´, Vancouver found them 'civil, +good-humoured and friendly.' At Cascade Canal, about 52° 24´, 'in traffic they proved themselves to be keen traders, but acted with the strictest honesty;' at Point Hopkins 'they all behaved very civilly and honestly;' while further north, at Observatory Inlet, 'in their @@ -15724,7 +15690,7 @@ _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 23. Intellectually superior to the Puget Sound tribes. _Reed's Nar._ 'Mansos y de buena indole.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, s. iv., vol. vi., p. 646. On Skeena River, 'the worst I have seen in all my travels.' _Downie_, in _B. C. Papers_, vol. iii., p. -73. 'As rogues, where all are rogues,' preëminence is awarded them. +73. 'As rogues, where all are rogues,' preëminence is awarded them. _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., pp. 74-5. [271] 'On my arrival at this inlet, I had honoured it with the name of @@ -15832,15 +15798,15 @@ _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, pp. 44; _Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem._, pp. projecting ankles from sitting so much on their hams and knees. _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., pp. 301-3. 'Their limbs, though stout and athletic, are crooked and ill-shaped.' _Meares' Voy._, p. 250. 'Ils ont -les membres inférieures légèrement arqués, les chevilles -très-saillantes, et la pointe des pieds tournée en dedans, difformité -qui provient de la manière dont ils sont assis dans leurs canots.' +les membres inférieures légèrement arqués, les chevilles +très-saillantes, et la pointe des pieds tournée en dedans, difformité +qui provient de la manière dont ils sont assis dans leurs canots.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 343-4. 'Stunted, and move with a lazy waddling gait.' _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, p. 428. 'Skeleton shanks ... not much physical strength ... bow-legged--defects common to the seaboard tribes.' _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 73-4. All the females of the Northwest Coast are very short-limbed. 'Raro es el que no tiene muy -salientes los tobillos y las puntas de los pies inclinadas hácia dentro +salientes los tobillos y las puntas de los pies inclinadas hácia dentro ... y una especie de entumecimiento que se advierte, particularmente en las mugeres.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 124, 30, 62-3. They have great strength in the fingers. _Sproat's Scenes_ p. 33. Women, @@ -15866,8 +15832,8 @@ and prominent, with small black eyes; their noses are broad and flat; their lips thick, and they have generally very fine teeth, and of the most brilliant whiteness.' _Meares' Voy._, pp. 249-50; _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 44. 'La fisonomia de estos (Nitinats) era differente de la de -los habitantes de Nutka: tenian el cráneo de figura natural, los ojos -chicos muy próximos, cargados los párpados.' Many have a languid look, +los habitantes de Nutka: tenian el cráneo de figura natural, los ojos +chicos muy próximos, cargados los párpados.' Many have a languid look, but few a stupid appearance. _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 28, 30, 62-3, 124. 'Dull and inexpressive eye.' 'Unprepossessing and stupid countenances.' _Poole's Q. Char. Isl._, pp. 74, 80. The Wickinninish @@ -15918,8 +15884,8 @@ nations.... Their children ... also equalled ours in whiteness.' _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., p. 303. 'Their complexion is a dull brown,' darker than the Haidahs. 'Cook and Meares probably mentioned exceptional cases.' _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 23-4. 'Tan blancos como el mejor -Español.' _Perez_, _Rel. del Viage, MS._, p. 20. 'Por lo que se puede -inferir del (color) de los niños, parece menos obscuro que el de los +Español.' _Perez_, _Rel. del Viage, MS._, p. 20. 'Por lo que se puede +inferir del (color) de los niños, parece menos obscuro que el de los Mexicanos,' but judging by the chiefs' daughters they are wholly white. _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 125. 'A dark, swarthy copper-coloured figure.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 143. They 'have lighter complexions @@ -15937,11 +15903,11 @@ deficient, probably from the old alleged custom, now seldom practiced, of extirpating the hairs with small shells. Several of the Nootkah Sound natives (Moouchahts) have large moustaches and whiskers.' _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 25-7. 'El cabello es largo lacio y grueso, variando su -color entre rubio, obscuro, castaño y negro. La barba sale á los mozos -con la misma regularidad que á los de otros paises, y llega á ser en los -ancianos tan poblada y larga como la de los Turcos; pero los jóvenes -parecen imberbes porque se la arrancan con los dedos, ó mas comunmente -con pinzas formadas de pequeñas conchas.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, +color entre rubio, obscuro, castaño y negro. La barba sale á los mozos +con la misma regularidad que á los de otros paises, y llega á ser en los +ancianos tan poblada y larga como la de los Turcos; pero los jóvenes +parecen imberbes porque se la arrancan con los dedos, ó mas comunmente +con pinzas formadas de pequeñas conchas.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 124-5, 57. 'Hair of the head is in great abundance, very coarse, and strong; and without a single exception, black, straight and lank.' No beards at all, or a small thin one on the chin, not from a natural @@ -15973,10 +15939,10 @@ p. 45; _Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem._, p. 115. [286] At Valdes Island, 'the faces of some were made intirely white, some red, black, or lead colour.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 307, -341. At Nuñez Gaona Bay, 'se pintan de encarnado y negro.' _Sutil y +341. At Nuñez Gaona Bay, 'se pintan de encarnado y negro.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 30. At Nootka Sound, 'Con esta grasa (de ballena) se untan todo el cuerpo, y despues se pintan con una especie de barniz -compuesto de la misma grasa ó aceyte, y de almagre en términos que +compuesto de la misma grasa ó aceyte, y de almagre en términos que parece este su color natural.' Chiefs only may paint in varied colors, plebeians being restricted to one.' _Id._, pp. 125-7. 'Many of the females painting their faces on all occasions, but the men only at set @@ -16209,10 +16175,10 @@ and begin with the one that pretty well answers to our November. At the same time, as their names are applied to each actual new moon as it appears, they are not, by half a month and more (sometimes), identical with our calendar months.' _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 121-4. 'Las personas -mas cultas dividen el año en catorce meses, y cada uno de estos en +mas cultas dividen el año en catorce meses, y cada uno de estos en veinte dias, agregando luego algunos dias intercalares al fin de cada mes. El de Julio, que ellos llaman _Satz-tzi-mitl_, y es el primero de -su año, á mas de sus veinte dias ordinarios tiene tantos intercalares +su año, á mas de sus veinte dias ordinarios tiene tantos intercalares quantos dura la abundancia de lenguados, atunes, etc.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 153-4, 148; _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxvii., pp. 295, 304; _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 242-4. @@ -16235,14 +16201,14 @@ common man.' _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 113-17, 18-20, 226. Cheslakees, a chief on Johnson's Strait, was inferior but not subordinate in authority to Maquinna, the famous king at Nootka Sound, but the chief at Loughborough's Channel claimed to be under Maquinna. _Vancouver's Voy._, -vol. i., pp. 346, 331. 'La dignidad de Tays es hereditaria de padres á -hijos, y pasa regularmente á estos luego que estan en edad de gobernar, -si los padres por ancianidad ú otras causas no pueden seguir mandando.' +vol. i., pp. 346, 331. 'La dignidad de Tays es hereditaria de padres á +hijos, y pasa regularmente á estos luego que estan en edad de gobernar, +si los padres por ancianidad ú otras causas no pueden seguir mandando.' 'El gobierno de estos naturales puede llamarse Patriarcal; pues el Xefe -de la nacion hace á un mismo tiempo los oficios de padre de familia, de +de la nacion hace á un mismo tiempo los oficios de padre de familia, de Rey y de Sumo Sacerdote.' 'Los nobles gozan de tanta consideracion en -Nutka, que ni aun de palabra se atreven los Tayses á reprehenderlos.' -'Todos consideraban á este (Maquinna) como Soberano de las costas, desde +Nutka, que ni aun de palabra se atreven los Tayses á reprehenderlos.' +'Todos consideraban á este (Maquinna) como Soberano de las costas, desde la de Buena Esperanza hasta la punta de Arrecifes, con todos los Canales interiores.' To steal, or to know carnally a girl nine years old, is punished with death. _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 140, 136, 147, 19, @@ -16251,7 +16217,7 @@ title of _Acweek_, and to whom the others are, in some measure, subordinate. But, I should guess, the authority of each of these great men extends no farther than the family to which he belongs.' _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., pp. 333-4. 'La forme de leur gouvernement est -toute patriarcale, et la dignité de chef, héréditaire.' _Mofras_, +toute patriarcale, et la dignité de chef, héréditaire.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 346. Several very populous villages to the northward, included in the territory of Maquilla, the head chief, were entrusted to the government of the principal of his female relations. @@ -16298,7 +16264,7 @@ with the mother, p. 96. 'No traces of the existence of polyandry among the Ahts,' p. 99. The personal modesty of the Aht women when young is much greater than that of the men, p. 315. _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 28-30, 50-2, 93-102, 160, 264, 315. One of the chiefs said that three was the -number of wives permitted: 'como número necesario para no comunicar con +number of wives permitted: 'como número necesario para no comunicar con la que estuviese en cinta.' 'Muchos de ellos mueren sin casarse.' 'El Tays no puede hacer uso de sus mugeres sin ver enteramente iluminado el disco de la luna.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 141-6. Women treated @@ -16324,7 +16290,7 @@ part of the world is virtue more prized,' p. 74. _Jewitt's Nar._, pp. [303] 'When relieved from the presence of strangers, they have much easy and social conversation among themselves.' 'The conversation is frequently coarse and indecent.' _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 50-1. 'Cantando -y baylando al rededor de las hogueras, abandonándose á todos los excesos +y baylando al rededor de las hogueras, abandonándose á todos los excesos de la liviandad.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 133. [304] _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 55-6; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 144. @@ -16353,10 +16319,10 @@ women sing and beat time,' but there is a dance performed by both sexes. _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 66-7. 'On other occasions a male chief will invite a party of female guests to share his hospitality.' _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, p. 431. 'Las mugeres baylan desayradisimamente; rara vez se -prestan á esta diversion.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 152. +prestan á esta diversion.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 152. -[310] 'La decencia obliga á pasar en silencio los bayles obscenos de los -Mischîmis (common people), especialmente el del impotente á causa de la +[310] 'La decencia obliga á pasar en silencio los bayles obscenos de los +Mischîmis (common people), especialmente el del impotente á causa de la edad, y el del pobre que no ha podido casarse.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 151-2, 18; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, pp. 432-7; _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 65-71; _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 266-7; _Jewitt's Nar._, p. 389; @@ -16413,8 +16379,8 @@ they had eaten; and, indeed, some of them had evident marks that they had been upon the fire.' _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., p. 271. Slaves are occasionally sacrificed and feasted upon. _Meares' Voy._, p. 255. 'No todos habian comido la carne humana, ni en todo tiempo, sino -solamente los guerreros mas animosos quando se preparaban para salir á -campaña.' 'Parece indudable que estos salvages han sido antropófagos.' +solamente los guerreros mas animosos quando se preparaban para salir á +campaña.' 'Parece indudable que estos salvages han sido antropófagos.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 130. 'At Nootka Sound, and at the Sandwich Islands, Ledyard witnessed instances of cannibalism. In both places he saw human flesh prepared for food.' _Spark's Life of Ledyard_, @@ -16426,9 +16392,9 @@ probably were intended for the Haidahs farther north. _Vanc. Isl._, p. 434. A slave as late as 1850 was drawn up and down a pole by a hook through the skin and tendons of the back, and afterwards devoured. _Medicus_, in _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. v., p. 223. 'L'anthropophagie -á été longtemps en usage ... et peut-être y existe-t-elle encore.... Le -chef Maquina ... tuait un prisonnier à chaque lune nouvelle. Tous les -chefs étaient invités à cette horrible fête.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. +á été longtemps en usage ... et peut-être y existe-t-elle encore.... Le +chef Maquina ... tuait un prisonnier à chaque lune nouvelle. Tous les +chefs étaient invités à cette horrible fête.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 345. 'It is not improbable that the suspicion that the Nootkans are cannibals may be traced to the practice of some custom analagous to the _Tzeet-tzaiak_ of the Haeel tzuk.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., @@ -16542,7 +16508,7 @@ than the Chinooks by fever and ague. _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 231-5. The Clallams speak a kindred language to that of the Ahts. _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 270. 'El gobierno de estos naturales de la entrada y canales de Fuca, la disposicion interior de las habitaciones las manufacturas y -vestidos que usan son muy parecidos á los de los habitantes de Nutka.' +vestidos que usan son muy parecidos á los de los habitantes de Nutka.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 111. The Sound Indians live in great dread of the Northern tribes. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 513. The Makahs deem themselves much superior to the tribes of @@ -16659,8 +16625,8 @@ a silky grass,' 'or of the fibres of the roots of trees, or of the inner bark of the white cedar.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 147. 'The line is made either of kelp or the fibre of the cypress, and to it is attached an inflated bladder.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., p. 109. At Port -Townsend, 'leurs provisions, consistaient en poisson séché au soleil ou -boucané; ... tout rempli de sable.' _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, pp. 182-3, +Townsend, 'leurs provisions, consistaient en poisson séché au soleil ou +boucané; ... tout rempli de sable.' _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, pp. 182-3, 299. The Clallams 'live by fishing and hunting around their homes, and never pursue the whale and seal as do the sea-coast tribes.' _Scammon_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. vii., p. 278. The Uthlecan or candle-fish is @@ -16763,7 +16729,7 @@ _Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle_, p. 20; _Clark's Lights and Shadows_, pp. _Starling_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 601; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 26. -[330] 'Ils obéissent à un chef, qui n'exerce son pouvoir qu'en temps de +[330] 'Ils obéissent à un chef, qui n'exerce son pouvoir qu'en temps de guerre.' _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, p. 299. At Gray Harbor 'they appeared to be divided into three different tribes, or parties, each having one or two chiefs.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 84. Wilkes met a squaw @@ -16812,7 +16778,7 @@ Saddle_, pp. 21-2. [335] Among the Skagits 'Dr. Holmes saw an old man in the last stage of consumption, shivering from the effects of a cold bath at the -temperature of 40° Fahrenheit. A favourite remedy in pulmonary +temperature of 40° Fahrenheit. A favourite remedy in pulmonary consumption is to tie a rope tightly around the thorax, so as to force the diaphram to perform respiration without the aid of the thoracic muscles.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 512. Among @@ -16851,9 +16817,9 @@ figures, and gifts are not deposited till several months after the funeral. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 323, 347-8, 509-10. Among the Nisquallies bodies of relatives are sometimes disinterred at different places, washed, re-wrapped and buried again in -one grave. _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 238-9. 'Ornés de rubans de +one grave. _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 238-9. 'Ornés de rubans de diverses couleurs, de dents de poissons, de chapelets et d'autres -brimborions du goût des sauvages.' _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, pp. 74-5. On +brimborions du goût des sauvages.' _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, pp. 74-5. On Penn Cove, in a deserted village, were found 'several sepulchres formed exactly like a centry box. Some of them were open, and contained the skeletons of many young children tied up in baskets.' _Vancouver's @@ -16872,7 +16838,7 @@ ix., p. 32. to any public notice or ridicule.' Probably the laziest people in the world. The mails are intrusted with safety to Indian carriers, who are perfectly safe from interference on the part of any Indian they may -meet. _Kane's Wand._, p. 209-16, 227-8, 234, 247-8. 'La mémoire locale +meet. _Kane's Wand._, p. 209-16, 227-8, 234, 247-8. 'La mémoire locale et personelle du sauvage est admirable; il n'oublie jamais un endroit ni une personne.' Nature seems to have given him memory to supply the want of intelligence. 'Much inclined to vengeance. Those having means may @@ -16881,7 +16847,7 @@ avert vengeance by payments.' _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, pp. 113, 295-9. language.' Although always begging, they refuse to accept any article not in good condition, calling it _Peeshaaak_, a term of contempt. _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., pp. 108-9. Murder of a Spanish boat's -crew in latitude 47° 20´. _Maurelle's Jour._, pp. 29, 31. 'Cheerful and +crew in latitude 47° 20´. _Maurelle's Jour._, pp. 29, 31. 'Cheerful and well disposed' at Port Orchard. At Strait of Fuca 'little more elevated in their moral qualities than the Fuegians.' At Nisqually, 'addicted to stealing.' 'Vicious and exceedingly lazy, sleeping all day.' The Skagits @@ -16951,7 +16917,7 @@ Coast_, pp. 108-10. The Willopahs 'may be considered as extinct, a few women only remaining.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 428; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 351; _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 239-40; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 354; vol. ii., p. 217; _De Smet_, -_Missions de l'Orégon_, pp. 163-4; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 173-6, 196-7; +_Missions de l'Orégon_, pp. 163-4; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 173-6, 196-7; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 335-6; _Fitzgerald's Hud. B. Co._, pp. 170-2; _Hines' Oregon_, pp. 103-19, 236; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., pp. 52-3; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 36; _Palmer's Jour._, pp. @@ -16987,7 +16953,7 @@ pp. 425, 436-7, 504, 508. _Hunter's Cap._, pp. 70-73; _Hines' Voy._, pp. stature is low, with light sinewy limbs, and remarkably small, delicate hands. The women are usually more rotund, and, in some instances, even approach obesity.' _Townsend's Nar._, p. 178. 'Many not even five feet.' -_Franchère's Nar._, pp. 240-1. Can endure cold, but not fatigue; sharp +_Franchère's Nar._, pp. 240-1. Can endure cold, but not fatigue; sharp sight and hearing, but obtuse smell and taste. 'The women are uncouth, and from a combination of causes appear old at an early age. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 244-5. 'The Indians north of the Columbia are, for @@ -17034,7 +17000,7 @@ carefully eradicate every vestige of a beard. _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 124. _Townsend's Nar._, p. 178. 'Pluck out the beard at its first appearance.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 181. Portrait of chief, p. 174. 'A few of the old men only suffer a tuft to grow upon their chins.' -_Franchère's Nar._, p. 240. One of the Clatsops 'had the reddest hair I +_Franchère's Nar._, p. 240. One of the Clatsops 'had the reddest hair I ever saw, and a fair skin, much freckled.' _Gass' Jour._, p. 244; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 75. For descriptions and plates of Chinook skulls see _Morton's Crania_, pp. 202-13; pl. 42-7, 49, 50, and @@ -17098,8 +17064,8 @@ seemed to prefer the comforts of cleanliness to the painting of their bodies.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 204. On the Columbia 'in the decoration of their persons they surpassed all the other tribes with paints of different colours, feathers and other ornaments.' _Id._, vol. -ii., p. 77. 'Ils mettent toute leur vanité dans leurs colliers et leurs -pendants d'oreilles.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 45. 'Some of +ii., p. 77. 'Ils mettent toute leur vanité dans leurs colliers et leurs +pendants d'oreilles.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 45. 'Some of these girls I have seen with the whole rim of their ears bored full of holes, into each of which would be inserted a string of these shells that reached to the floor, and the whole weighing so heavy that to save @@ -17109,7 +17075,7 @@ grease of any kind on their bodies.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 112, 158-9. See _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 115, 123-4; _Cox's Adven._, pp. 111-12; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 25; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 336-8; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 354; -_Franchère's Nar._, p. 244. +_Franchère's Nar._, p. 244. [347] 'These robes are in general, composed of the skins of a small animal, which we have supposed to be the brown mungo.' 'Sometimes they @@ -17118,7 +17084,7 @@ sheep.' Every part of the body but the back and shoulders is exposed to view. The Nechecolies had 'larger and longer robes, which are generally of deer skin dressed in the hair.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 392, 425-6, 438, 504-9, 522. 'I have often seen them going about, half naked, -when the thermometer ranged between 30° and 40°, and their children +when the thermometer ranged between 30° and 40°, and their children barefooted and barelegged in the snow.' 'The lower Indians do not dress as well, nor with as good taste, as the upper.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 244-5. The fringed skirt 'is still used by old women, and by @@ -17126,7 +17092,7 @@ all the females when they are at work in the water, and is called by them their _siwash coat_.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 154-5. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 89-93; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 123-4; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 15-16, 281-2, 288; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 178; _Kane's -Wand._, pp. 184-5; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 242-4. The conical cap +Wand._, pp. 184-5; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 242-4. The conical cap reminded Pickering of the Siberian tribes. _Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp. 25, 39; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 111-12, 126-7; _Hines' Voy._, p. 107. Collars of bears' claws, for the men, and elks' @@ -17158,7 +17124,7 @@ and all--in the largest house.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 98-9; _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 86, 108; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 322; _Nicolay's Ogn._, pp. 144, 148-9; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., p. 327, from _Lewis and Clarke_; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 135-7, from _Lewis and Clarke_; _Parker's Explor. -Tour_, pp. 144-5, 178-9, 245; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 247-8; _Lord's +Tour_, pp. 144-5, 178-9, 245; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 247-8; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 65; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 181; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 187-8; _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 204, 216-17; _Strickland's Hist. Missions_, pp. 136-9. @@ -17200,8 +17166,8 @@ with cuts; _Nicolay's Ogn._, pp. 144, 147-8; _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 84, _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., p. 329-32; vol. ii., pp. 128-31; _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113; _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 89; _Ind. Life_, p. 165; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, -vol. ix., p. 26; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 185-9; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. -235-7; _Gass' Jour._, pp. 224, 230-1, 282-3; _Fédix_, _L'Orégon_, pp. +vol. ix., p. 26; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 185-9; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. +235-7; _Gass' Jour._, pp. 224, 230-1, 282-3; _Fédix_, _L'Orégon_, pp. 44-5; _Stanley's Portraits_, pp. 59-62. [350] For description of the various roots and berries used by the @@ -17217,15 +17183,15 @@ Wand._, pp. 183-4. [352] _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 323-4; vol. ii., p. 13; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 324, 338; _Ross' Adven._, p. 90; _Kane's Wand._, p. 189; -_Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113, pl. 210½; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. +_Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113, pl. 210½; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 124-5; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 429-31, 509; _Hines' Ogn._, p. -110; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 253; _Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, +110; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 253; _Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 206-7, 215-16, 468. [353] 'When the conflict is postponed till the next day, ... they keep up frightful cries all night long, and, when they are sufficiently near to understand each other, defy one another by menaces, railleries, and -sarcasms, like the heroes of Homer and Virgil.' _Franchère's Nar._, pp. +sarcasms, like the heroes of Homer and Virgil.' _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 251-4; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 322-3; _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 124; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 340-1; _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 88, 105-8; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 354; _Stanley's Portraits_, @@ -17236,9 +17202,9 @@ the square wooden bucket of the straits' the chief difference between this and the Sound Family. _Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 25; _Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 206; _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 77; _Ross' Adven._, p. 92; _Domenech's Deserts_, -vol. ii., pp. 241, 260; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 248-9; _Lewis and +vol. ii., pp. 241, 260; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 248-9; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 432-5; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 329-32; _Dunn's -Oregon_, pp. 138-9; _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113, pl. 210½, +Oregon_, pp. 138-9; _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113, pl. 210½, showing cradle, ladles, Wapato diggers, _Pautomaugons_, or war clubs and pipes. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 248-9; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 184-5, 188-9. @@ -17251,7 +17217,7 @@ Cape Orford 'their shape much resembled that of a butcher's tray.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 204. 'A human face or a white-headed eagle, as large as life, carved on the prow, and raised high in front.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 97-8. 'In landing they put the canoe round, so as to -strike the beach stern on.' _Franchère's Nar._, p. 246. 'The larger +strike the beach stern on.' _Franchère's Nar._, p. 246. 'The larger canoes on the Columbia are sometimes propelled by short oars.' _Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 218. 'Finest canoes in the world.' _Wilkes' Hist. Ogn._, p. 107; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 252; @@ -17266,12 +17232,12 @@ except at the falls, formed a prominent article of commerce, both with coast and interior nations. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 444-7, 413. A fathom of the largest hiaqua shells is worth about ten beaver-skins. A dying man gave his property to his intimate friends 'with a promise on -their part to restore them if he recovered.' _Franchère's Nar._, pp. +their part to restore them if he recovered.' _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 244-5, 137; _Ross' Adven._, pp. 87-8, 95-6; _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p. 166; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 322; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 133-4; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., p. 333; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., p. 392; _Kane's Wand._, p. 185; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 250; _Gass' -Jour._, p. 227; _Morton's Crania Am._, pp. 202-14; _Fédix_, _l'Orégon_, +Jour._, p. 227; _Morton's Crania Am._, pp. 202-14; _Fédix_, _l'Orégon_, pp. 44-5. [358] Have no idea of drawing maps on the sand. 'Their powers of @@ -17282,14 +17248,14 @@ Adven._, pp. 88-9, 98; _Kane's Wand._, p. 185. [359] The Willamette tribes, nine in number, were under four principal chiefs. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 235-6, 88, 216. Casanov, a famous chief at Fort Vancouver employed a hired assassin to remove obnoxious persons. -_Kane's Wand._, pp. 173-6; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 250; _Irving's +_Kane's Wand._, pp. 173-6; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 250; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 88, 340; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 322-3; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 253; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 443. [360] 'Live in the same dwelling with their masters, and often intermarry with those who are free.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 197, 247. 'Treat them with humanity while their services are useful.' -_Franchère's Nar._, p. 241. Treated with great severity. _Kane's Wand._, +_Franchère's Nar._, p. 241. Treated with great severity. _Kane's Wand._, pp. 181-2; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 447; _Ross' Adven._, pp. 92-3; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 88; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 305-6; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 129-30; _Fitzgerald's Hud. B. Co._, pp. 196-7; _Stanley's @@ -17302,7 +17268,7 @@ point it entirely ceases.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., pp. 134, 159; vol. i., pp. 366-7, 318; _Wells_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xiii., p. 602; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 439-43. Ceremonies of a widow in her endeavors to obtain a new husband. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, -vol. v., p. 124; _Ross' Adven._, pp. 88, 92-3; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. +vol. v., p. 124; _Ross' Adven._, pp. 88, 92-3; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 245, 254-5; _Hunter's Cap._, p. 70; _Hines' Voy._, p. 113; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 16, 294-5; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 340; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 132-3; _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 231-2; _Kane's Wand._, @@ -17314,7 +17280,7 @@ tribes.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 43. 'All extravagantly fond of ardent spirits, and are not particular what kind they have, provided it is strong, and gets them drunk quickly.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 155-8, 197-202. 'Not addicted to intemperance.' -_Franchère's Nar._, p. 242. At gambling 'they will cheat if they can, +_Franchère's Nar._, p. 242. At gambling 'they will cheat if they can, and pride themselves on their success.' _Kane's Wand._, pp. 190, 196. Seldom cheat, and submit to their losses with resignation. _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., p. 332; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 410, 443-4; @@ -17343,7 +17309,7 @@ unsuccessful doctor killed, unless able to buy his life. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 394. Flatheads more subject to apoplexy than others. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 87; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., p. 126-7, 307, 312-15, 335, vol. ii., pp. 94-5; _Townsend's Nar._, -pp. 158, 178-9; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 250; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 115-9, +pp. 158, 178-9; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 250; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 115-9, 127; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., p. 53; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 176, 191-2; _Fitzgerald's Hud. B. Co._, pp. 171-2; _Strickland's Hist. Missions_, pp. 139-40. @@ -17382,7 +17348,7 @@ p. 355, and pl. 18 of _Atlas_; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 423, 429, _Belcher's Voy._, vol. i., p. 292; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 255; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 119-20, 131-2; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, pp. 149-50; _Fremont's Ogn. and Cal._, p. 186; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 99; -_Franchère's Nar._, p. 106; _Palmer's Jour._, p. 87; _Ind. Life_, p. +_Franchère's Nar._, p. 106; _Palmer's Jour._, p. 87; _Ind. Life_, p. 210; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 180. [366] 'The clumsy thief, who is detected, is scoffed at and despised.' @@ -17402,7 +17368,7 @@ degree, the qualities opposed to indolence, improvidence, and stupidity: the chiefs above all, are distinguished for their good sense and intelligence. Generally speaking, they have a ready intellect and a tenacious memory.' 'Rarely resist the temptation of stealing' white -men's goods. _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 241-2, 261. Loquacious, never gay, +men's goods. _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 241-2, 261. Loquacious, never gay, knavish, impertinent. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 416, 441-2, 504, 523-4. 'Thorough-bred hypocrites and liars.' 'The Killymucks the most roguish.' Industry, patience, sobriety and ingenuity are their chief @@ -17438,8 +17404,8 @@ p. 77. Inland tribes differ widely from the piscatorial tribes. _Ross' Adven._, p. 127. 'Those residing near the Rocky Mountains ... are and always have been superior races to those living on the lower Columbia.' _Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 654. 'I was particularly -struck with their vast superiority (on the Similkameen River, Lat. 49° -30´, Long. 120° 30´) in point of intelligence and energy to the Fish +struck with their vast superiority (on the Similkameen River, Lat. 49° +30´, Long. 120° 30´) in point of intelligence and energy to the Fish Indians on the Fraser River, and in its neighbourhood.' _Palmer_, in _B. C. Papers_, vol. iii., p. 84. Striking contrast noted in passing up the Columbia. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. @@ -17469,8 +17435,8 @@ southern tribe, from which they became shut off by the intervention of larger tribes.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 297. 'In appearance, character, and customs, they resemble more the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains than those of Lower Oregon.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., -p. 205. 'Les Arcs-à-Plats, et les Koetenais sont connus dans le pays -sous le nom de Skalzi.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 80. +p. 205. 'Les Arcs-à -Plats, et les Koetenais sont connus dans le pays +sous le nom de Skalzi.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 80. [371] The origin of the name Flathead, as applied to this nation, is not known, as they have never been known to flatten the head. 'The mass of @@ -17486,10 +17452,10 @@ consist of a number of wandering families of Spokanes, Kalispelms proper, and Flatheads. _Suckley_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 294; _Stevens_, in _Id._, p. 149; _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 210. 'Very similar in manners, etc., to the Flatheads, and form one -people with them.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 32. +people with them.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 32. [373] The native name, according to Hale, is _Skitsuish_, and Coeur -d'Alêne, 'Awl heart,' is a nickname applied from the circumstance that a +d'Alêne, 'Awl heart,' is a nickname applied from the circumstance that a chief used these words to express his idea of the Canadian traders' meanness. _Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 210. @@ -17498,7 +17464,7 @@ Falls_, _Chualpays_, _Skoielpoi_, and _Lakes_, are some of the names applied to these bands. [375] 'Ils s'appellent entre eux les Enfants du Soleil, dans leur langue -Spokane.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 31. 'Differing very little +Spokane.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 31. 'Differing very little from the Indians at Colville, either in their appearance, habits, or language.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 307. @@ -17524,7 +17490,7 @@ of the Missouri than their neighbors, the Salish.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 212; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 54. -[378] 'La tribu Paloose appartient à la nation des Nez-percés et leur +[378] 'La tribu Paloose appartient à la nation des Nez-percés et leur ressemble sous tous les rapports.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 31. [379] The name comes from that of the river. It should be pronounced @@ -17577,7 +17543,7 @@ stature, and both are well formed.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 229. 'Of middle height, slender.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 199. The inland tribes of British Columbia, compared with those on the coast, 'are of a better cast, being generally of the middle height.' -_Id._, p. 198. See also p. 206. The Nez Percés and Cayuses 'are almost +_Id._, p. 198. See also p. 206. The Nez Percés and Cayuses 'are almost universally fine-looking, robust men.' In criticising the person of one of that tribe 'one was forcibly reminded of the Apollo Belvidere.' _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 148, 98. The Klikatat 'stature is low, with @@ -17613,9 +17579,9 @@ behind.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 229. Complexion 'a little fairer than other Indians.' _Id._ The Okanagans are 'better featured and handsomer in their persons, though darker, than the Chinooks or other Indians along the sea-coast.' 'Teeth white as ivory, well set and -regular.' The voices of Walla Wallas, Nez Percés, and Cayuses, are +regular.' The voices of Walla Wallas, Nez Percés, and Cayuses, are strong and masculine. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 294, 127. The Flatheads (Nez -Percés) are 'the whitest Indians I ever saw.' _Gass' Jour._, p. 189. The +Percés) are 'the whitest Indians I ever saw.' _Gass' Jour._, p. 189. The Shushwap 'complexion is darker, and of a more muddy, coppery hue than that of the true Red Indian.' _Milton and Cheadle's N. W. Pass._, p. 335. The Nez Perces darker than the Tushepaws. Dignified and pleasant @@ -17646,17 +17612,17 @@ forehead more retreating, which, with the aquiline nose common to these natives, gives to them occasionally, a physiognomy similar to that represented in the hieroglyphical paintings of Central America.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 214, 205. All the Shushwaps -flatten the head more or less. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 303. 'Il est à -remarquer que les tribus établies au-dessus de la jonction de la branche -sud de la Colombie, et désignées sous le nom de Têtes Plates, ont -renoncé depuis longtemps à cet usage.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., +flatten the head more or less. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 303. 'Il est à +remarquer que les tribus établies au-dessus de la jonction de la branche +sud de la Colombie, et désignées sous le nom de Têtes Plates, ont +renoncé depuis longtemps à cet usage.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 349. 'A roundhead Klickatat woman would be a pariah.' _Winthrop's -Canoe and Saddle_, p. 204. Nez Percés 'seldom known to flatten the +Canoe and Saddle_, p. 204. Nez Percés 'seldom known to flatten the head.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 108. See _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 55-6, 64-5; _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 231-2, 249-51; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 175; _Kane's Wand._, p. 263; _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 207-8; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. -Ex._, vol. iv., p. 415, with cut. Walla Wallas, Skyuse, and Nez Percés +Ex._, vol. iv., p. 415, with cut. Walla Wallas, Skyuse, and Nez Percés flatten the head and perforate the nose. _Farnham's Trav._, p. 85; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 374, 359; _Gass' Jour._, p. 224. @@ -17665,8 +17631,8 @@ _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 362, 382-3. [386] The Salish 'profuse in the use of paint.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 207-8, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 309. Nez -Percés painted in colored stripes. _Hines' Voy._, p. 173. 'Four Indians -(Nez Percés) streaked all over with white mud.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 291. +Percés painted in colored stripes. _Hines' Voy._, p. 173. 'Four Indians +(Nez Percés) streaked all over with white mud.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 291. Walla Walla 'faces painted red.' The Okanagan 'young of both sexes always paint their faces with red and black bars.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 127, 294-8. The inland tribes 'appear to have less of the propensity to @@ -17692,7 +17658,7 @@ Trav._, pp. 341, 321, 351, 377, 528, 532-3; _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p. 304; _Kane's Wand._, p. 274. [388] The Ootlashoot women wear 'a long shirt of skin, reaching down to -the ancles, and tied round the waist.' Few ornaments. The Nez Percés +the ancles, and tied round the waist.' Few ornaments. The Nez Percés wear 'the buffalo or elk-skin robe decorated with beads, sea-shells, chiefly mother-of-pearl, attached to an otter-skin collar and hung in the hair.' Leggins and moccasins are painted; a plait of twisted grass @@ -17707,7 +17673,7 @@ then drawn tight between the legs.' Three fourths of the Pisquitpaws wolves, deer, elk, and wild cats. 'Round their neck is put a strip of some skin with the tail of the animal hanging down over the breast.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 321, 340-1, 351, 359, 361, 377, 526, -528, 532-3. Many of the Walla Walla, Nez Percé, and Cayuse females wore +528, 532-3. Many of the Walla Walla, Nez Percé, and Cayuse females wore robes 'richly garnished with beads, higuas,' etc. The war chief wears as a head-dress the whole skin of a wolf's head, with the ears standing erect. The Okanagans wear in winter long detachable sleeves or mittens @@ -17718,7 +17684,7 @@ The Flatheads often change their clothing and clean it with pipe-clay. They have no regular head-dress. From the Yakima to the Okanagan the men go naked, and the women wear only a belt with a slip passing between the legs. _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 133, 148, 240-1, vol. ii., p. 144. -Nez Percés better clad than any others, Cayuses well clothed, Walla +Nez Percés better clad than any others, Cayuses well clothed, Walla Wallas naked and half starved. _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 54, 124, 127-8. At the Dalles, women 'go nearly naked, for they wear little else than what may be termed a breech-cloth, of buckskin, which is black and filthy @@ -17737,7 +17703,7 @@ Moccasins are more common than on the coast, but they often ride barefoot. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 301. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 229-30; _Kane's Wand._, p. 264, and cut; _Fremont's Ogn. and Cal._, pp. 186-7; _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 222; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. -153; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 268; _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 311; _Coke's Rocky +153; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 268; _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 311; _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p. 304; _Hunt_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, tom. x., 1821, pp. 74-5, 78. @@ -17745,15 +17711,15 @@ pp. 74-5, 78. in length from fifteen to sixty feet, and supported in the inside by poles or forks about six feet high.' The roof is nearly flat. The Echeloot and Chilluckittequaw houses were of the Chinook style, -partially sunk in the ground. The Nez Percés live in houses built 'of +partially sunk in the ground. The Nez Percés live in houses built 'of straw and mats, in the form of the roof of a house.' One of these 'was one hundred and fifty-six feet long, and about fifteen wide, closed at the ends, and having a number of doors on each side.' _Lewis and -Clarke's Trav._, pp. 340, 351, 369-70, 381-2, 540. Nez Percé dwellings +Clarke's Trav._, pp. 340, 351, 369-70, 381-2, 540. Nez Percé dwellings twenty to seventy feet long and from ten to fifteen feet wide; free from vermin. Flathead houses conical but spacious, made of buffalo and moose skins over long poles. Spokane lodges oblong or conical, covered with -skins or mats. _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 148, 192, 200. Nez Percé and +skins or mats. _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 148, 192, 200. Nez Percé and Cayuse lodges 'composed of ten long poles, the lower ends of which are pointed and driven into the ground; the upper blunt and drawn together at the top by thongs' covered with skins. 'Universally used by the @@ -17848,7 +17814,7 @@ Trav._, p. 532. Make fishing-nets of flax. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 90. 'The Inland, as well as the Coast, tribes, live to a great extent upon salmon.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 242; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, pp. 152-3. Palouse 'live solely by fishing.' _Mullan's Rept._, p. 49. Salmon cannot -ascend to Coeur d'Alêne Lake. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. +ascend to Coeur d'Alêne Lake. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 209-10. Okanagan food 'consists principally of salmon and a small fish which they call carp.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 462. The Walla Wallas 'may well be termed the fishermen of @@ -17857,15 +17823,15 @@ the Skyuse camp.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 82. [391] The Shushwaps formerly crossed the mountains to the Assinniboine territory. The Okanagans when hunting wear wolf or bear skin caps; there is no bird or beast whose voice they cannot imitate. War and hunting -were the Nez Percé occupation; cross the mountains for buffalo. _Ross' +were the Nez Percé occupation; cross the mountains for buffalo. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 148, 219, 297-8, 305. The chief game of the -Nez Percés is the deer, 'and whenever the ground will permit, the +Nez Percés is the deer, 'and whenever the ground will permit, the favourite hunt is on horseback.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 555. The Salish live by the chase, on elk, moose, deer, big-horn and bears; make two trips annually, spring to fall, and fall to mid-winter, across the mountains, accompanied by other nations. The Pend d'Oreilles hunt deer in the snow with clubs; have distinct localities for hunting each kind -of game. Nez Percés, Flatheads, Coeurs d'Alêne, Spokanes, Pend +of game. Nez Percés, Flatheads, Coeurs d'Alêne, Spokanes, Pend d'Oreilles, etc., hunt together. Yakimas formerly joined the Flatheads in eastern hunt. _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 207-8, 212-15, 218, 225-6. 'Two hunts annually across the mountains--one in April, for the bulls, @@ -17879,16 +17845,16 @@ i., pp. 197, vol. ii., pp. 46-7. The Kootenais 'seldom hunt;' there is not much to shoot except wild fowl in fall. Trap beaver and carriboeuf on a tributary of the Kootanie River. _Palliser's Explor._, pp. 10, 15, 73. Flatheads 'follow the buffalo upon the headwaters of Clarke and -Salmon rivers.' Nez Percé women accompany the men to the buffalo-hunt. +Salmon rivers.' Nez Percé women accompany the men to the buffalo-hunt. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 107, 311. Kootenais cross the mountains -for buffalo. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 297. Coeurs d'Alêne ditto. _Mullan's -Rept._, p. 49. Half of the Nez Percés 'usually make a trip to the +for buffalo. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 297. Coeurs d'Alêne ditto. _Mullan's +Rept._, p. 49. Half of the Nez Percés 'usually make a trip to the buffalo country for three months.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 494. Shushwaps 'live by hunting the bighorns, mountain goats, and marmots.' _Milton and Cheadle's N. W. Pass._, p. 242. Buffalo never pass to west of the Rocky Mountains. _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 179; _Kane's Wand._, p. 328; _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 31, 45, 144-5; _Ind. -Life_, pp. 23-4, 34-41; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 268-9; _Hunt_, in +Life_, pp. 23-4, 34-41; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 268-9; _Hunt_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, tom. x., 1821, pp. 77-82; _Stuart_, in _Id._, tom. xii., pp. 25, 35-6; _Joset_, in _Id._, tom. cxxiii., 1849, pp. 334-40. @@ -17898,17 +17864,17 @@ jelly; _n'poolthla_, ground into flour; _mamum_ and _seekywa_, made into bitter white cakes; _kamass_; _calz_, a kind of wild sunflower. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 247. The Flatheads go every spring to Camass Prairie. _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 183. The Kootenais eat -kamash and an edible moss. _Id._, _Missions de l'Orégon_, pp. 75-6. 'The -Cayooses, Nez Percés, and other warlike tribes assemble (in Yakima +kamash and an edible moss. _Id._, _Missions de l'Orégon_, pp. 75-6. 'The +Cayooses, Nez Percés, and other warlike tribes assemble (in Yakima Valley) every spring to lay in a stock of the favourite kamass and pelua, or sweet potatoes.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 19. Quamash, -round, onion-shaped, and sweet, eaten by the Nez Percés. _Lewis and +round, onion-shaped, and sweet, eaten by the Nez Percés. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 330. Couse root dug in April or May; camas in June and July. _Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 656. The -Skyuses 'main subsistence is however upon roots.' The Nez Percés eat +Skyuses 'main subsistence is however upon roots.' The Nez Percés eat _kamash_, _cowish_ or biscuit root, _jackap_, _aisish_, _quako_, etc. _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 301, 388. Okanagans live extensively -on moss made into bread. The Nez Percés also eat moss. _Wilkes' Nar._, +on moss made into bread. The Nez Percés also eat moss. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 462, 494. Pend d'Oreilles at the last extremity live on pine-tree moss; also collect camash, bitter-roots, and sugar pears. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 211, 214-15. 'I @@ -17935,19 +17901,19 @@ entirely on the heads, hearts and offal of the salmon, which they string on sticks, and roast over a small fire.' Besides pine-moss, the Okanagans use the seed of the balsam oriza pounded into meal, called _mielito_. 'To this is added the _siffleurs_.' Berries made into cakes -by the Nez Percés. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. +by the Nez Percés. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 410, 462, 494. Quamash, 'eaten either in its natural state, or boiled into a kind of soup, or made into a cake, which is then called pasheco.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 330, 353, 365, 369. Women's head-dress serves the Flatheads for cooking, etc. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 47, 193-9; -_Id._, _Missions de l'Orégon_, pp. 75-6. 'The dog's tongue is the only +_Id._, _Missions de l'Orégon_, pp. 75-6. 'The dog's tongue is the only dish-cloth known' to the Okanagans. Pine-moss cooked, or _squill-ape_, will keep for years. 'At their meals they generally eat separately and in succession--man, woman and child.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 132-3, 295, 317-18. 'Most of their food is roasted, and they excel in roasting fish.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 231, 107. 'Pine moss, which they boil till it is reduced to a sort of glue or black paste, of a -sufficient consistence to take the form of biscuit.' _Franchère's Nar._, +sufficient consistence to take the form of biscuit.' _Franchère's Nar._, p. 279. Couse tastes like parsnips, is dried and pulverized, and sometimes boiled with meat. _Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 656. Root bread on the Clearwater tastes like that made of pumpkins. @@ -17973,7 +17939,7 @@ _Ross' Adven._, pp. 314-16. Further south on the Columbia plains the natives collect and dry roots until May; fish on the north bank of the river till September, burying the fish; dig camas on the plains till snow falls; and retire to the foot of the mountains to hunt deer and elk -through the winter. The Nez Percés catch salmon and dig roots in summer; +through the winter. The Nez Percés catch salmon and dig roots in summer; hunt deer on snow-shoes in winter; and cross the mountains for buffalo in spring. Sokulks live on fish, roots, and antelope. Eneeshur, Echeloots, and Chilluckittequaw, on fish, berries, roots and nuts. @@ -17984,8 +17950,8 @@ food. The Sinapoils live on salmon, camas, and an occasional small deer. The Chaudiere country well stocked with game, fish and fruit. _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., p. 201, vol. ii., p. 145. The Kayuse live on fish, game, and camass bread. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 30-1. 'Ils cultivent avec -succès le blé, les patates, les pois et plusieurs autres légumes et -fruits.' _Id._, _Miss. de l'Orégon._, p. 67. Pend d'Oreilles; fish, +succès le blé, les patates, les pois et plusieurs autres légumes et +fruits.' _Id._, _Miss. de l'Orégon._, p. 67. Pend d'Oreilles; fish, Kamash, and pine-tree moss. _Id._, _West. Missions_, p. 284. 'Whole time was occupied in providing for their bellies, which were rarely full.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 211. Yakimas and Kliketats; Unis or @@ -17996,7 +17962,7 @@ berries and pounded meat, have cows and oxen. _Palliser's Explor._, pp. 10, 72. Palouse; fish, birds, and small animals. Umatillas; fish, sage-cocks, prairie-hares. _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 97, 105-6. Tushepaws would not permit horses or dogs to be eaten. _Irving's -Astoria_, p. 316. Nez Percés; beaver, elk, deer, white bear, and +Astoria_, p. 316. Nez Percés; beaver, elk, deer, white bear, and mountain sheep, also steamed roots. _Id._, _Bonneville's Adven._, p. 301. Sahaptin; gather cherries and berries on Clarke River. _Gass' Jour._, p. 193; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 151; _Hines' Voy._, p. 167; @@ -18012,7 +17978,7 @@ pp. 230, 312; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 148; _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 46-7, [396] The Okanagan weapon is called a _Spampt_. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 318-19; _Id._, _Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 306-8. 'Ils ... faire leurs -arcs d'un bois très-élastique, ou de la corne du cerf.' _De Smet_, +arcs d'un bois très-élastique, ou de la corne du cerf.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 48; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 488; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 405; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 98; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 317; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 351; @@ -18028,7 +17994,7 @@ annually elected war chief. The war chief carries a long whip and secures discipline by flagellation. Except a few feathers and pieces of red cloth, both the Flathead and Kootenai enter battle perfectly naked. _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 232-45, vol. ii., p. 160. The Cayuse and -Sahaptin are the most warlike of all the southern tribes. The Nez Percés +Sahaptin are the most warlike of all the southern tribes. The Nez Percés good warriors, but do not follow war as a profession. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 185-6, 305, 308-12, vol. ii., pp. 93-6, 139. Among the Okanagans 'the hot bath, council, and ceremony of smoking the @@ -18074,7 +18040,7 @@ bords.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 199. 'Nearly all (the Shushwaps) use the Spanish wooden saddle, which they make with much skill.' _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 301-2. 'The saddles for women differ in form, being furnished with the antlers of a deer, so as to resemble the high pommelled saddle -of the Mexican ladies.' _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 269-70; _Palmer's +of the Mexican ladies.' _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 269-70; _Palmer's Jour._, p. 129; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 317, 365; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 148-9. @@ -18115,15 +18081,15 @@ than four thousand in sight of the camp.' _Ross' Adven._, p. 127. The Kootanies about Arrow Lake, or Sinatcheggs have no horses, as the country is not suitable for them. _Id._, _Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., pp. 171-2. Of the Spokanes the 'chief riches are their horses, which they -generally obtain in barter from the Nez Percés.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. +generally obtain in barter from the Nez Percés.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., p. 200. A Skyuse is poor who has but fifteen or twenty horses. The horses are a fine race, 'as large and of better form and more activity than most of the horses of the States.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 82. The Flatheads 'are the most northern of the equestrian tribes.' _Nicolay's -Ogn. Ter._, p. 153. Many Nez Percés 'have from five to fifteen hundred +Ogn. Ter._, p. 153. Many Nez Percés 'have from five to fifteen hundred head of horses.' _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 128-9. Indians of the Spokane and Flathead tribes 'own from one thousand to four thousand head of horses -and cattle.' _Stevens' Address_, p. 12. The Nez Percé horses 'are +and cattle.' _Stevens' Address_, p. 12. The Nez Percé horses 'are principally of the pony breed; but remarkably stout and long-winded.' _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 301; _Hastings' Em. Guide_, p. 59; _Hines' Voy._, p. 344; _Gass' Jour._, p. 295; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, @@ -18152,7 +18118,7 @@ trade wild hemp for hiaqua shells and trinkets. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 291, _Voy._, p. 56. Kliketats and Yakimas 'have become to the neighboring tribes what the Yankees were to the once Western States, the traveling retailers of notions.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 403, -406. Cayuses, Walla Wallas, and Nez Percés meet in Grande Ronde Valley +406. Cayuses, Walla Wallas, and Nez Percés meet in Grande Ronde Valley to trade with the Snakes. _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., p. 270; _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 208; _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., pp. 88-9, 156; _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 46, 54; _Dunniway's Capt. @@ -18162,9 +18128,9 @@ Gray's Comp._, p. 160; _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p. 294; _Mayne's B. C._, p. [402] In calculating time the Okanagans use their fingers, each finger standing for ten; some will reckon to a thousand with tolerable accuracy, but most can scarcely count to twenty. _Ross' Adven._, p. 324. -The Flatheads 'font néanmoins avec précision, sur des écorces d'arbres +The Flatheads 'font néanmoins avec précision, sur des écorces d'arbres ou sur des peaux le plan, des pays qu'ils ont parcourus, marquant les -distances par journées, demi-journées ou quarts de journées.' _De Smet_, +distances par journées, demi-journées ou quarts de journées.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 205. Count years by snows, months by moons, and days by sleeps. Have names for each number up to ten; then add ten to each; and then add a word to multiply by ten. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 242. @@ -18173,8 +18139,8 @@ January;--'cold, a certain herb, snow-gone, bitter-root, going to root-ground, camass-root, hot, gathering berries, exhausted salmon, dry, house-building, snow.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 211. 'Menses computant lunis, ex spkani, _sol_ vel _luna_ et dies per -ferias. Hebdomadam unicam per splcháskat, _septem dies_, plures vero -hebdomadas per s'chaxèus, id est, _vexillum_ quod a duce maximo qualibet +ferias. Hebdomadam unicam per splcháskat, _septem dies_, plures vero +hebdomadas per s'chaxèus, id est, _vexillum_ quod a duce maximo qualibet die dominica suspendebatur. Dies antem in novem dividitur partes.' _Mengarini_, _Grammatica Linguae Selicae_, p. 120; _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 270; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 374. @@ -18186,7 +18152,7 @@ authority, the chief is rarely disobeyed. Property pays for all crimes. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 289-94, 322-3, 327. The Chualpays are governed by the 'chief of the earth' and 'chief of the waters,' the latter having exclusive authority in the fishing-season. _Kane's Wand._, pp. 309-13. -The Nez Percés offered a Flathead the position of head chief, through +The Nez Percés offered a Flathead the position of head chief, through admiration of his qualities. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 50, 171. Among the Kalispels the chief appoints his successor, or if he fails to do so, one is elected. _De Smet_, _Western Miss._, p. 297. The Flathead war chief @@ -18194,7 +18160,7 @@ carries a long whip, decorated with scalps and feathers to enforce strict discipline. The principal chief is hereditary. _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 241-2, vol. ii., p. 88. The 'camp chief' of the Flatheads as well as the war chief was chosen for his merits. _Ind. Life_, pp. -28-9. Among the Nez Percés and Wascos 'the form of government is +28-9. Among the Nez Percés and Wascos 'the form of government is patriarchal. They acknowledge the hereditary principle--blood generally decides who shall be the chief.' _Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., pp. 652-4. No regularly recognized chief among the Spokanes, @@ -18235,18 +18201,18 @@ permits the girl to come and sit with him for a short time. These visits are several times repeated, and he finally goes in the day-time with friends and his purchase money. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 295-302. The Spokane husband joins his wife's tribe; women are held in great respect; and -much affection is shown for children. Among the Nez Percés both men and +much affection is shown for children. Among the Nez Percés both men and women have the power of dissolving the marriage tie at pleasure. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 410, 475-6, 486, 495. -The Coeurs d'Alêne 'have abandoned polygamy.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. +The Coeurs d'Alêne 'have abandoned polygamy.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 149, 309; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 406. Pend d'Oreille women less enslaved than in the mountains, but yet have much heavy work, paddle canoes, etc. Generally no marriage -among savages. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 198-9, 210. The Nez Percés +among savages. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 198-9, 210. The Nez Percés generally confine themselves to two wives, and rarely marry cousins. No wedding ceremony. _Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 655. Polygamy not general on the Fraser; and unknown to Kootenais. _Cox's -Adven._, vol. ii., pp. 155, 379, vol. i., pp. 256-9. Nez Percés have +Adven._, vol. ii., pp. 155, 379, vol. i., pp. 256-9. Nez Percés have abandoned polygamy. _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 129, 56. Flathead women do everything but hunt and fight. _Ind. Life_, p. 41. Flathead women 'by no means treated as slaves, but, on the contrary, have much consideration @@ -18270,11 +18236,11 @@ circumstances rather than to fixed principles. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 300. Spokanes 'free from the vice of incontinence'. Among the Walla Wallas prostitution is unknown, 'and I believe no inducement would tempt them to commit a breach of chastity.' Prostitution common on the Fraser. -_Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 145, 199-200. Nez Percé women remarkable +_Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 145, 199-200. Nez Percé women remarkable for their chastity. _Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 655. [407] In the Salish family on the birth of a child wealthy relatives -make presents of food and clothing. The Nez Percé mother gives presents +make presents of food and clothing. The Nez Percé mother gives presents but receives none on such an occasion. The Flatheads and Pend d'Oreilles bandage the waist and legs of infants with a view to producing broad-shouldered, small-waisted and straight-limbed adults. _Tolmie and @@ -18321,10 +18287,10 @@ they are not so quarrelsome as the Spokans and other tribes,' disputes being settled by arbitration. _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 88. A young man at Kettle Falls committed suicide, having lost everything at gambling. _Kane's Wand._, pp. 309-10. 'Les Indiens de la Colombie ont -porté les jeux de hasard au dernier excès. Après avoir perdu tout ce -qu'ils ont, ils se mettent eux-mêmes sur le tapis, d'abord une main, +porté les jeux de hasard au dernier excès. Après avoir perdu tout ce +qu'ils ont, ils se mettent eux-mêmes sur le tapis, d'abord une main, ensuite l'autre; s'ils les perdent, les bras, et ainsi de suite tous les -membres du corps; la tête suit, et s'ils la perdent, ils deviennent +membres du corps; la tête suit, et s'ils la perdent, ils deviennent esclaves pour la vie avec leurs femmes et leurs enfants.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 49-50. Many Kooteneais have abandoned gambling. _De Smet_, _West. Miss._, p. 300. 'Whatever the poor Indian can call his own, is @@ -18345,7 +18311,7 @@ divided among the backers of the winner.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 404, 412. 'Running horses and foot-races by men, women and children, and they have games of chance played with sticks or bones;' do not drink to excess. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 237, 406. -_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 557; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 269. +_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 557; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 269. [412] _Kane's Wand._, pp. 310-11. @@ -18363,7 +18329,7 @@ time, the spectators join, and the whole concludes by a promiscuous dance and song.' The Walla Wallas 'were formed into a solid column, round a kind of hollow square, stood on the same place, and merely jumped up at intervals, to keep time to the music.' _Lewis and Clarke's -Trav._, pp. 526, 531. Nez Percés dance round a pole on Sundays, and the +Trav._, pp. 526, 531. Nez Percés dance round a pole on Sundays, and the chiefs exhort during the pauses. _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, pp. 101-2, 245. In singing 'they use _hi_, _ah_, in constant repetition, ... and instead of several parts harmonizing, they only take eighths one @@ -18392,9 +18358,9 @@ with their tiny hands.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. xii., pt. ii., p. 130, with plate; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 404-5; _Palliser's Rept._, p. 73; _Farnham's Trav._, pp. 81-; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 64; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 365; -_Franchère's Nar._, pp. 269-71; _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., pp. 110-11. +_Franchère's Nar._, pp. 269-71; _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., pp. 110-11. -[417] 'L'aigle ... est le grand oiseau de médecine.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, +[417] 'L'aigle ... est le grand oiseau de médecine.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 46, 205; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 494-5; _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 212, and in _De Smet's West. Miss._, pp. 285-6; _Suckley_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 297; @@ -18419,10 +18385,10 @@ horseback, thirty-five miles on foot. _Ross' Adven._, p. 329. Natives can tell by examining arrows to what tribe they belong. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p. 167. Kliketats and Yakimas often unwilling to tell their name. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 405. -'D'après toutes les observations que j'ai faites, leur journée équivaut -à peu près à cinquante ou soixante milles anglais lorsqu'ils voyagent -seuls, et à quinze ou vingt milles seulement lorsqu'ils lèvent leur -camps.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 205. Among the Nez Percés everything was +'D'après toutes les observations que j'ai faites, leur journée équivaut +à peu près à cinquante ou soixante milles anglais lorsqu'ils voyagent +seuls, et à quinze ou vingt milles seulement lorsqu'ils lèvent leur +camps.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 205. Among the Nez Percés everything was promulgated by criers. 'The office of crier is generally filled by some old man, who is good for little else. A village has generally several.' _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 286. Habits of worship of the @@ -18430,7 +18396,7 @@ Flatheads in the missions. _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 315-6. 'A pack of prick-eared curs, simply tamed prairie wolves, always in attendance.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., pp. 71-3. -[420] The Nez Percés 'are generally healthy, the only disorders which we +[420] The Nez Percés 'are generally healthy, the only disorders which we have had occasion to remark being of scrophulous kind.' With the Sokulks 'a bad soreness of the eyes is a very common disorder.' 'Bad teeth are very general.' The Chilluckittequaws' diseases are sore eyes, decayed @@ -18471,11 +18437,11 @@ throat cut by the father of a patient she had failed to cure. _Hines' Voy._, p. 190. The office of medicine-men among the Sahaptins is generally hereditary. Men often die from fear of a medicine-man's evil glance. Rival doctors work on the fears of patients to get each other -killed. Murders of doctors somewhat rare among the Nez Percés. _Alvord_, +killed. Murders of doctors somewhat rare among the Nez Percés. _Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., pp. 652-3, 655. Small-pox seems to have come among the Yakimas and Kliketats before direct intercourse with whites. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 405, 408. A Nez -Percé doctor killed by a brother of a man who had shot himself in +Percé doctor killed by a brother of a man who had shot himself in mourning for his dead relative; the brother in turn killed, and several other lives lost. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 239. @@ -18498,7 +18464,7 @@ and the lodge torn down. Then alternate mourning and silence, and the deceased is buried in a sitting posture in a round hole. Widows must mourn two years, incessantly for some months, then only morning and evening. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 321-2. Frantic mourning, cutting the flesh, -etc., by Nez Percés. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 234-5, 238-9, +etc., by Nez Percés. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 234-5, 238-9, vol. ii., p. 139. Destruction of horses and other property by Spokanes. _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 200-1. A Shushwap widow instigates the murder of a victim as a sacrifice to her husband. The horses of a Walla @@ -18515,7 +18481,7 @@ old and young alive when unable to take care of them. _Ind. Aff. Rept._, graves. _Townsend's Nar._, p. 157. Shushwaps often deposit dead in trees. If in the ground, always cover grave with stones. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 304. Killing a slave by Wascos. _White's Ogn._, pp. 260-3. -Dances and prayers for three days at Nez Percé chief's burial. _Irving's +Dances and prayers for three days at Nez Percé chief's burial. _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 283. Burying infant with parents by Flatheads. _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 173. Light wooden pilings about Shushwap graves. _Milton and Cheadle's Northw. Pass._, p. 242; _Alvord_, in @@ -18530,27 +18496,27 @@ Chopunnish 'the most amiable we have seen. Their character is placid and gentle, rarely moved into passion.' 'They are indeed selfish and avaricious.' Will pilfer small articles. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 338, 341, 351, 376, 556-8, 564. The Flatheads 'se distinguent par la -civilité, l'honnétété, et la bonté.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 31-2, 38-40, +civilité, l'honnétété, et la bonté.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 31-2, 38-40, 47-50, 166-74, 202-4. Flatheads 'the best Indians of the mountains and the plains,--honest, brave, and docile.' Kootenais 'men of great docility and artlessness of character.' _Stevens and Hoecken_, in _De -Smet's West. Miss._, pp. 281, 284, 290, 300. Coeurs d'Alène selfish and -poor-spirited. _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 329. In the Walla +Smet's West. Miss._, pp. 281, 284, 290, 300. Coeurs d'Alène selfish and +poor-spirited. _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 329. In the Walla Wallas 'an air of open unsuspecting confidence,' 'natural politeness,' no obtrusive familiarity. Flatheads 'frank and hospitable.' Except cruelty to captives have 'fewer failings than any of the tribes I ever met.' Brave, quiet, and amenable to their chiefs. Spokanes 'quiet, honest, inoffensive,' but rather indolent. 'Thoughtless and improvident.' Okanagans 'Indolent rascals;' 'an honest and quiet tribe.' -Sanspoils dirty, slothful, dishonest, quarrelsome, etc. Coeurs d'Alène +Sanspoils dirty, slothful, dishonest, quarrelsome, etc. Coeurs d'Alène 'uniformly honest;' 'more savage than their neighbours.' Kootenais honest, brave, jealous, truthful. Kamloops 'thieving and quarrelling.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 145, 148, 192, 199, 239-40, 262-3, 344, vol. ii., pp. 44, 87-8, 109, 145-60. Okanagans active and industrious, revengeful, generous and brave. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 142, 290-5, 327-9. Skeen 'a hardy, brave people.' Cayuses far more vicious and ungovernable -than the Walla Wallas. Nez Percés treacherous and villainous. _Kane's -Wand._, pp. 263, 280, 290, 307-8, 315. Nez Percés 'a quiet, civil, +than the Walla Wallas. Nez Percés treacherous and villainous. _Kane's +Wand._, pp. 263, 280, 290, 307-8, 315. Nez Percés 'a quiet, civil, people, but proud and haughty.' _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 128, 48, 53, 59, 61, 124-7. 'Kind to each other.' 'Cheerful and often gay, sociable, kind and affectionate, and anxious to receive instruction.' 'Lying scarcely @@ -18565,7 +18531,7 @@ _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., pp. 77-80. Inland tribes of British Columbia less industrious and less provident than the more sedentary coast Indians. _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 301, 297. Sahaptins 'cold, taciturn, high-tempered, warlike, fond of hunting.' Palouse, Yakimas, Kliketats, -etc., of a 'less hardy and active temperament' than the Nez Percés. +etc., of a 'less hardy and active temperament' than the Nez Percés. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 199, 210-13. Cayuses 'dreaded by their neighbors on account of their courage and warlike spirit.' Walla Wallas 'notorious as thieves since their first @@ -18575,7 +18541,7 @@ Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 207-9, 211, 218, 223, 282, 1861, pp. 164-5. Yakimas and Kliketats 'much superior to the river Indians.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 405, 298, 403, 416, vol. xii., pt. i., p. 139. Wascos 'exceedingly vicious.' _Hines' Voy._, pp. 159, 169. -The Nez Percés 'are, certainly, more like a nation of saints than a +The Nez Percés 'are, certainly, more like a nation of saints than a horde of savages.' Skyuses, Walla Wallas. _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, pp. 101, 287, 289-90, 300. Tushepaws; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 316. Thompson River Indians rather a superior and clever race. _Victoria @@ -18583,15 +18549,15 @@ Colonist_, Oct., 1860. 'Indians from the Rocky mountains to the falls of Columbia, are an honest, ingenuous, and well disposed people,' but rascals below the falls. _Gass' Jour._, p. 304. Flathead 'fierceness and barbarity in war could not be exceeded.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 153. -Flatheads, Walla Wallas and Nez Percés; _Gray's Hist. Ogn._, pp. 171, +Flatheads, Walla Wallas and Nez Percés; _Gray's Hist. Ogn._, pp. 171, 219. Kootenais; _Palliser's Explor._, pp. 44, 73. Salish, Walla Wallas; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 88, vol. ii., p. 64. Walla Wallas, -Cayuses, and Nez Percés; _White's Oregon_, p. 174. Walla Wallas, -Kootenais; _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 85, 178. Flatheads, Nez Percés; -_Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 311, 315, 326-8. Nez Percés; _Catlin's N. Am. -Ind._, vol. ii., p. 109; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 268. Kayuses, Walla +Cayuses, and Nez Percés; _White's Oregon_, p. 174. Walla Wallas, +Kootenais; _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 85, 178. Flatheads, Nez Percés; +_Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 311, 315, 326-8. Nez Percés; _Catlin's N. Am. +Ind._, vol. ii., p. 109; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 268. Kayuses, Walla Wallas; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 156. Sahaptins; _Wilkes' Hist. Ogn._, p. -106. Nez Percés; _Hastings' Emigrants' Guide_, p. 59. Flatheads; _Ind. +106. Nez Percés; _Hastings' Emigrants' Guide_, p. 59. Flatheads; _Ind. Life_, pp. ix., x., 25. At Dalles; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 412. Shushwaps; _Grant's Ocean to Ocean_, pp. 288-304, 313. At Dalles; _Hunt_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. x., p. @@ -18617,14 +18583,14 @@ CALIFORNIANS. SONOMAS, PETALUMAS, NAPAS, SUSCOLS, SUISUNES, TAMALES, KARQUINES, OHLONES, TULOMOS, THAMIENS, OLCHONES, RUMSENS, ESCELENS, AND OTHERS OF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA--THE CAHUILLAS, - DIEGUEÑOS, ISLANDERS, AND MISSION RANCHERIAS OF SOUTHERN + DIEGUEÑOS, ISLANDERS, AND MISSION RANCHERIAS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA--THE SNAKES OR SHOSHONES PROPER, UTAHS, BANNOCKS, WASHOES AND OTHER SHOSHONE NATIONS. Of the seven groups into which this work separates the nations of western North America, the CALIFORNIANS constitute the third, and cover -the territory between latitude 43° and 32° 30´, extending back +the territory between latitude 43° and 32° 30´, extending back irregularly into the Rocky Mountains. There being few distinctly marked families in this group, I cannot do better in subdividing it for the purpose of description than make of the Californians proper three @@ -18662,7 +18628,7 @@ Basin, are cursed with a yet greater dryness. The region known as the Great Basin, lying between the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada and the Wahsatch Mountains, and stretching north and -south from latitude 33° to 42°, presents a very different picture from +south from latitude 33° to 42°, presents a very different picture from the land of the Californians. This district is triangular in shape, the apex pointing toward the south, or southwest; from this apex, which, round the head of the Gulf of California, is at tide level, the ground @@ -18839,7 +18805,7 @@ worn loose, and flowing, and some of the women cut it short on the forehead. It is not uncommon to see wreaths of oak or laurel leaves, feathers, or the tails of gray squirrels twisted in the hair; indeed, from the trouble which they frequently take to adorn their coiffure, one -would imagine that these people were of a somewhat æsthetic turn of +would imagine that these people were of a somewhat æsthetic turn of mind, but a closer acquaintance quickly dispels the illusion. On Eel River some cut all the hair short, a custom practiced to some extent by the Central Californians.[441] @@ -19424,7 +19390,7 @@ insensible.[493] The Rogue River medicine-men are supposed to be able to wield their mysterious power for harm, as well as for good, so that should a patient die, his relatives kill the doctor who attended him; or in case deceased could not afford medical attendance, they kill the -first unfortunate disciple of Æsculapius they can lay hands on, +first unfortunate disciple of Æsculapius they can lay hands on, frequently murdering one belonging to another tribe; his death, however, must be paid for.[494] @@ -19590,7 +19556,7 @@ has a full share of both.[502] THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIANS occupy a yet larger extent of territory, comprising the whole of that portion of California extending, north and -south, from about 40° 30´ to 35°, and, east and west, from the Pacific +south, from about 40° 30´ to 35°, and, east and west, from the Pacific Ocean to the Californian boundary. [Sidenote: NATIONS OF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA.] @@ -19607,13 +19573,13 @@ interlace, and extending west to the ocean and south to Clear Lake. Each tribe of the nation takes a distinguishing prefix to the name of Pomo, as, the _Castel Pomos_ and _Ki Pomos_ on the head-waters of Eel River; the _Pome Pomos_, Earth People, in Potter Valley; the _Cahto Pomos_, in -the valley of that name; the _Choam Chadéla Pomos_, Pitch-pine People, +the valley of that name; the _Choam Chadéla Pomos_, Pitch-pine People, in Redwood Valley; the _Matomey Ki Pomos_, Wooded Valley People, about -Little Lake; the _Usals_, or _Camalél Pomos_, Coast People, on Usal +Little Lake; the _Usals_, or _Camalél Pomos_, Coast People, on Usal Creek; the _Shebalne Pomos_, Neighbor People, in Sherwood Valley, and many others. On Russian River, the _Gallinomeros_ occupy the valley -below Healdsburg; the _Sanéls_, _Socoas_, _Lamas_, and _Seacos_, live in -the vicinity of the village of Sanél; the _Comachos_ dwell in Ranchería +below Healdsburg; the _Sanéls_, _Socoas_, _Lamas_, and _Seacos_, live in +the vicinity of the village of Sanél; the _Comachos_ dwell in RancherÃa and Anderson valleys; the _Ukiahs_, or Yokias, near the town of Ukiah, which is a corruption of their name;[503] the _Gualalas_[504] on the creek which takes its name from them, about twenty miles above the mouth @@ -19633,14 +19599,14 @@ _Suisunes_, the _Pulpones_, the _Tolenos_, and the _Ullulatas_; the tribe of the celebrated chief Marin lived near the mission of San Rafael, and on the ocean-coast of Marin County were the _Bolanos_ and _Tamales_; the _Karquines_ lived on the straits of that name. Humboldt -and Mülhlenpfordt mention the _Matalanes_, _Salses_, and _Quirotes_, as +and Mülhlenpfordt mention the _Matalanes_, _Salses_, and _Quirotes_, as living round the bay of San Francisco. According to Adam Johnson, who was Indian agent for California in 1850, the principal tribes originally living at the Mission Dolores, and Yerba Buena, were the _Ahwashtes_, _Altahmos_, _Romanans_, and _Tulomos_; Choris gives the names of more than fifteen tribes seen at the Mission, Chamisso of nineteen, and transcribed from the mission books to the TRIBAL BOUNDARIES of this -group, are the names of nearly two hundred rancherías. The _Socoisukas_, +group, are the names of nearly two hundred rancherÃas. The _Socoisukas_, _Thamiens_, and _Gergecensens_ roamed through Santa Clara County. The _Olchones_ inhabited the coast between San Francisco and Monterey; in the vicinity of the latter place were the _Rumsens_ or Runsiens, the @@ -19771,7 +19737,7 @@ each other, and heavily thatched. Along the centre the different families or generations had their fires, while they slept next the walls. Three narrow holes served as doors, one at either end and one at the elbow.[510] A collection of native huts is in California called a -_ranchería_, from rancho, a word first applied by the Spaniards to the +_rancherÃa_, from rancho, a word first applied by the Spaniards to the spot where, in the island of Cuba, food was distributed to repartimiento Indians. @@ -19992,7 +19958,7 @@ establish themselves upon the islands of the bay and pursue their avocation unmolested. For three years, namely from 1809 to 1811, these northern fishermen held possession of the bay of San Francisco, during which time they captured over eight thousand otters. Finally, it -occurred to the governor, Don Luis Argüello, that it would be well for +occurred to the governor, Don Luis Argüello, that it would be well for the Spaniards to have boats of their own. Accordingly four were built, but they were so clumsily constructed, ill equipped, and poorly manned, that had the Russians and Koniagas felt disposed, they could easily have @@ -20017,7 +19983,7 @@ resorted to. Captain Phelps, in a letter to the author, mentions having seen skin boats, or baidarkas, on the Sacramento River, but supposes that they -were left there by those same Russian employés.[533] Vancouver, speaking +were left there by those same Russian employés.[533] Vancouver, speaking of a canoe which he saw below Monterey, says: "Instead of being composed of straw, like those we had seen on our first visit to San Francisco, it was neatly formed of wood, much after the Nootka fashion, and was @@ -20074,7 +20040,7 @@ subsequent travelers have seen; however, allowance must be made for the exaggerations invariably found in the reports of early voyagers. In proof of this, we have only to take up almost any book of travel in foreign lands printed at that time; wherein dragons and other impossible -animals are not only zoölogically described, but carefully drawn and +animals are not only zoölogically described, but carefully drawn and engraved, as well as other marvels in abundance. Captain Drake had several temptations to exaggerate. The richer and more important the country he discovered, the more would it redound to his credit to have @@ -20357,12 +20323,12 @@ risen in the fertile valley of the Nile. Why Greece is civilized, while California breeds a race inferior to the lowest of their neighbors, save only perhaps the Shoshones on their east, no one yet can tell. -When Father Junípero Serra established the Mission of Dolores in 1776, +When Father JunÃpero Serra established the Mission of Dolores in 1776, the shores of San Francisco Bay were thickly populated by the Ahwashtees, Ohlones, Altahmos, Romanons, Tuolomos, and other tribes. The good Father found the field unoccupied, for, in the vocabulary of these people, there is found no word for god, angel, or devil; they held no -theory of origin or destiny. A ranchería was situated on the spot where +theory of origin or destiny. A rancherÃa was situated on the spot where now Beach street intersects Hyde street. Were it there now, as contrasted with the dwellings of San Francisco, it would resemble a pig-sty more than a human habitation. @@ -20415,10 +20381,10 @@ people whom we have yet encountered, whose domain is of equal extent. Those who live in the south-eastern corner of the State are thrown by the Sierra Nevada range of mountains into the Shoshone family, to which, indeed, by affinity they belong. The chief tribes of this division are -the _Cahuillas_ and the _Diegueños_, the former living around the San +the _Cahuillas_ and the _Diegueños_, the former living around the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains, and the latter in the southern extremity of California. Around each mission were scores of small bands, -whose rancherías were recorded in the mission books, the natives as a +whose rancherÃas were recorded in the mission books, the natives as a whole being known only by the name of the mission. When first discovered by Cabrillo in 1542, the islands off the coast were inhabited by a superior people, but these they were induced by the padres to abandon, @@ -20522,7 +20488,7 @@ and dive for the berries. The meshes of the net readily admit the head, but hold the prisoner tight upon attempting to withdraw it. And what is more, their position prevents them from making a noise, and they serve also as a decoy for others. Fish are taken in seines made from the tough -bark of the tioñe-tree. They are also killed with spears having a +bark of the tioñe-tree. They are also killed with spears having a movable bone head, attached to a long line, so that when a fish is struck the barb becomes loosened; line is then paid out until the fish is exhausted with running, when it is drawn in. Many of the inland @@ -20540,7 +20506,7 @@ impurities, and vermin abound on their persons. Bows and arrows, and clubs, are as usual the weapons most in use. Sabres of hard wood, with edges that cut like steel, are mentioned by Father -Junípero Serra.[579] War is a mere pretext for plunder; the slightest +JunÃpero Serra.[579] War is a mere pretext for plunder; the slightest wrong, real or imaginary, being sufficient cause for a strong tribe to attack a weaker one. The smaller bands form temporary alliances; the women and children accompanying the men on a raid, carrying provisions @@ -20645,7 +20611,7 @@ her to the house of her husband, who waited expectantly. She was then placed by his side, and the guests, after scattering more seeds, left the couple alone. A great feast followed, of which the most prominent feature was a character-dance. The young men took part in this dance in -the rôles of hunters and warriors, and were assisted by the old women, +the rôles of hunters and warriors, and were assisted by the old women, who feigned to carry off game, or dispatch wounded enemies, as the case might be. The spectators sat in a circle and chanted an accompaniment. @@ -21471,8 +21437,8 @@ river; Sisticoosta Band, location, above Big Bend, of Rogue river; Maquelnoteer Band, location, fourteen miles above the mouth of Rogue river.' _Cal. Farmer_, _June 18, 1860_. The Tutotens were a large tribe, numbering thirteen clans, inhabiting the southern coast of Oregon. -_Golden Era_, _March, 1856_. 'Toutounis ou Coquins, sur la rivière de ce -nom et dans l'intérieur des terres.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. +_Golden Era_, _March, 1856_. 'Toutounis ou Coquins, sur la rivière de ce +nom et dans l'intérieur des terres.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'On the lower part of the Clamet River are the Totutune, known by the unfavorable soubriquet of the Rogue, or Rascal Indians.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 221. The bands of the @@ -21485,7 +21451,7 @@ the Tutunahs in the northwest corner of Del Norte County. _MS. Map._ The _Hunas_ live in California a little south of Rogue River, on the way north from Crescent City. _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 314. -_Modoc_, by some _Moädoc_, is a word which originated with the +_Modoc_, by some _Moädoc_, is a word which originated with the Shasteecas, who applied it indefinitely to all wild Indians or enemies. 'Their proper habitat is on the southern shore of Lower Klamath Lake, on Hot Creek, around Clear Lake, and along Lost River in Oregon.' _Powers_, @@ -21528,8 +21494,8 @@ _Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 283. The Clamets inhabit 'Roquas River, near the south boundary' (of Oregon). _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hudson's Bay_, p. 81. 'Lutuami, Clamets; also Tlamatl--Indians of southwestern Oregon, near the Clamet Lake.' -_Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 100. 'Klamacs, sur la rivière de ce nom et -dans l'intérieur des terres.' _De Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. +_Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 100. 'Klamacs, sur la rivière de ce nom et +dans l'intérieur des terres.' _De Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. Clamet: on the upper part of the river, and sixty miles below the lake so named. _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255. 'Next east of the Shastas are the Klamath Lake Indians, known in their @@ -21542,11 +21508,11 @@ those farther down.... Thus, at the forks, the Weitspeks call the river below Pohlik, signifying down; and that above Pehtsik, or up; giving, moreover, the same name to the population in speaking of them collectively. Three distinct tribes, speaking different languages, -occupy its banks between the sea and the mouth of the Shasté, of which +occupy its banks between the sea and the mouth of the Shasté, of which the lowest extends up to Bluff Creek, a few miles above the forks. Of these there are, according to our information, in all, thirty-two villages.... The names of the principal villages ... are the Weitspek -(at the forks), Wahsherr, Kaipetl, Moraiuh, Nohtscho, Méhteh, Schregon, +(at the forks), Wahsherr, Kaipetl, Moraiuh, Nohtscho, Méhteh, Schregon, Yauterrh, Pecquan, Kauweh, Wauhtecq, Scheperrh, Oiyotl, Naiagutl, Schaitl, Hopaiuh, Rekqua, and Weht'lqua, the two last at the mouth of the river.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 138. @@ -21604,8 +21570,8 @@ northern part of Klamath County. _MS. Map._ 'Upon the Trinity, or Hoopah, below the entrance of the south fork or Otahweiaket, there are said to be eleven ranches, the Okenoke, Agaraits, Uplegoh, Olleppauh'lkahtehtl and Pephtsoh; ... and the Haslintah, -Aheltah, Sokéakeit, Tashhuanta, and Witspuk above it; A twelfth, the -Méyemma, now burnt, was situated just above "New" or "Arkansas" River.' +Aheltah, Sokéakeit, Tashhuanta, and Witspuk above it; A twelfth, the +Méyemma, now burnt, was situated just above "New" or "Arkansas" River.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 139. The _Copahs_, in the extreme north of Klamath county, north of the @@ -21676,8 +21642,8 @@ The _Veeards_ 'live around lower Humboldt Bay, and up Eel River to Eagle Prairie.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ The _Shastas_ live to the south-west of the Lutuamis or Klamaths. -_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218. 'Sastés, dans -l'intérieur au Nord de la Californie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. +_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218. 'Sastés, dans +l'intérieur au Nord de la Californie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Shasta Indians, known in their language as Weohow--it meaning stone house, from the large cave in their country--occupy the land east of Shasta river, and south of the Siskiyou mountains, and west of the @@ -21687,7 +21653,7 @@ Shastas occupy the centre of the county of that name. _MS. Map._ California.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 168. Watsahewah is the name 'of one of the Scott River bands of the Shasta family.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 422. The name is spelled variously -as Shasty, Shaste, Sasté, &c. +as Shasty, Shaste, Sasté, &c. The _Palaiks_ live to the southeast of the Lutuamis or Klamaths. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218. 'Indians of @@ -21695,7 +21661,7 @@ south-western Oregon, on the northern frontiers of Upper California.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 145. On the Klamath are the Odeeilahs; in Shasta Valley the Ikarucks, -Kosetahs, and Idakariúkes; and in Scott's Valley the Watsahewas and +Kosetahs, and Idakariúkes; and in Scott's Valley the Watsahewas and Eehs. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 171. 'The _Hamburg Indians_, known in their language as the Tka, inhabit @@ -21703,7 +21669,7 @@ immediately at the mouth of Scott's river, known in their language as the Ottetiewa river.' _Steele_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 120. 'The _Scott's Valley Indians_, known in their language as the Iddoa, -inhabit Scott's Valley above the cañon.' _Ib._ +inhabit Scott's Valley above the cañon.' _Ib._ 'The _Yreka_ (a misnomer for Yeka--Shasta Butte) Indians, known in their language as the Hoteday, inhabit that part of the country lying south of @@ -21724,7 +21690,7 @@ The _Ylakas_ are to the southeast of the Ukas. _MS. Map._ The CENTRAL CALIFORNIANS occupy the whole of that portion of California -extending north and south, from about 40° 30´ to 35°, and east and west, +extending north and south, from about 40° 30´ to 35°, and east and west, from the Pacific Ocean to the Californian boundary. They are tribally divided as follows: @@ -21775,13 +21741,13 @@ Pomos.' _Ib._, _MS. Map_. formerly existed in the valley now called by their name.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., p. 500. -The Choam Chadéla Pomos (Pitch Pine People) live in Redwood Valley. +The Choam Chadéla Pomos (Pitch Pine People) live in Redwood Valley. _Id._, p. 504. The Matomey Ki Pomos (Wooded Valley People) live about Little Lake. _Ib._ -The Camalèl Pomos (Coast People) or Usals live on Usal Creek. _Ib._ +The Camalèl Pomos (Coast People) or Usals live on Usal Creek. _Ib._ The Shebalne Pomos (Neighbor People) live in Sherwood Valley. _Ib._ @@ -21850,7 +21816,7 @@ _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 170. The _Olamentkes_ live at Bodega. _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. und Ethnog._, p. 80; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 20. -The _Kainamares_ or Kainaméahs are at Fitch's Ranch, extending as far +The _Kainamares_ or Kainaméahs are at Fitch's Ranch, extending as far back as Santa Rosa, down Russian River, about three leagues to Cooper's Ranch, and thence across the coast at Fort Ross, and for twenty-five miles above. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 102. 'The @@ -21860,14 +21826,14 @@ Russian river in Sonoma valley is Canimairo after the celebrated Indians of those parts.' _Id._, _June 8, 1860_. The Indians of the plains in vicinity of Fort Ross, call themselves Kainama. _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. und Ethno._, p. 80. The Kyanamaras 'inhabit the section -of country between the cañon of Russian river and its mouth.' _Ford_, in +of country between the cañon of Russian river and its mouth.' _Ford_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 257. The _Tumalehnias_ live on Bodega Bay. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 102. The _Socoas_, _Lamas_, and _Seacos_, live in Russian River Valley in -the vicinity of the village of Sanél. _Powers' Pomo, MS._ +the vicinity of the village of Sanél. _Powers' Pomo, MS._ The _Sonomas_, Sonomis, or Sonomellos, lived at the embarcadero of Sonoma. _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_. The Sonomas lived in the @@ -21886,12 +21852,12 @@ Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_. The _Guillicas_ lived 'northwest of Sonoma,' on the old Wilson ranch of 1846. _Ib._; _MS. Map_. -The _Kinklas_ live in 39° 14´ north lat. and 122° 12´ long. _Wilkes' +The _Kinklas_ live in 39° 14´ north lat. and 122° 12´ long. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 201. The Klinkas are a 'tribu -fixée au nord du Rio del Sacramento.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. +fixée au nord du Rio del Sacramento.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 358. South of the Rogue River Indians 'the population is very scanty until we arrive at the valley of the Sacramento, all the tribes of which -are included by the traders under the general name of Kinklá, which is +are included by the traders under the general name of Kinklá, which is probably, like Tlamatl, a term of Chinook origin.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 221. @@ -21977,13 +21943,13 @@ Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 438. _Napobatin_, meaning 'many houses,' was the collective name of six tribes living at Clear Lake: their names were Hulanapo, Habenapo or -stone house, Dahnohabe, or stone mountain, Möalkai, Shekom, and Howkuma. +stone house, Dahnohabe, or stone mountain, Möalkai, Shekom, and Howkuma. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 109. The _Shanelkayas_ and _Bedahmareks_, or lower people, live on the east fork of Eel River. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 109. -'The _Sanéls_ live at Clear lake.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, +'The _Sanéls_ live at Clear lake.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. 'The Sanels occupy Russian River Valley in the vicinity of the American village of Sanel.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ @@ -22076,25 +22042,25 @@ Yosemite_, p. 42. [Sidenote: TRIBES NEAR THE MISSION DOLORES.] -The following names of rancherías which formerly existed in the vicinity +The following names of rancherÃas which formerly existed in the vicinity of the Mission Dolores, are taken from the Mission Books: Abmoctac, Amutaja, Altanui, Aleytac, Anchin, Aleta, Aramay, Altajumo, Aluenchi, -Acnagis, Assunta, Atarpe, Anamás, Acyum, Anamon, Cachanegtac, Caprup, +Acnagis, Assunta, Atarpe, Anamás, Acyum, Anamon, Cachanegtac, Caprup, Cazopo, Carascan, Conop, Chutchin, Chagunte, Chapugtac, Chipisclin, -Chynau, Chipletac, Chuchictac, Chiputca, Chanigtac, Churmutcé, Chayen, -Chupcan, Elarroyde, Flunmuda, Génau, Guloismistac, Gamchines, Guanlen, -Hunctu, Halchis, Horocroc, Huimen, Itáes, Juniamuc, Josquigard, Juchium, -Juris, Joquizará, Luidneg, Luianeglua, Lamsim, Livangelva, Livangebra, -Libantone, Macsinum, Mitliné, Malvaitac, Muingpe, Naig, Naique, Napa, +Chynau, Chipletac, Chuchictac, Chiputca, Chanigtac, Churmutcé, Chayen, +Chupcan, Elarroyde, Flunmuda, Génau, Guloismistac, Gamchines, Guanlen, +Hunctu, Halchis, Horocroc, Huimen, Itáes, Juniamuc, Josquigard, Juchium, +Juris, Joquizará, Luidneg, Luianeglua, Lamsim, Livangelva, Livangebra, +Libantone, Macsinum, Mitliné, Malvaitac, Muingpe, Naig, Naique, Napa, Ompivromo, Ousint, Oturbe, Olestura, Otoacte, Petlenum, or Petaluma, Pruristac, Puichon, Puycone, Patnetac, Pructaca, Purutea, Proqueu, Quet, Sitlintaj, Suchni, Subchiam, Siplichiquin, Siscastac, Ssiti, Sitintajea, Ssupichum, Sicca, Soisehme, Saturaumo, Satumuo, Sittintac, Ssichitca, Sagunte, Ssalayme, Sunchaque, Ssipudca, Saraise, Sipanum, Sarontac, -Ssogereate, Sadanes, Tuzsint, Tatquinte, Titmictac, Tupuic, Titiyú, +Ssogereate, Sadanes, Tuzsint, Tatquinte, Titmictac, Tupuic, Titiyú, Timita, Timsim, Tubisuste, Timigtac, Torose, Tupuinte, Tuca, Tamalo, or -Tomales, Talcan, Totola, Urebure, Uturpe, Ussete, Uchium, Véctaca, -Vagerpe, Yelamú, Yacmui, Yacomui, Yajumui, Zomiomi, Zucigin ... +Tomales, Talcan, Totola, Urebure, Uturpe, Ussete, Uchium, Véctaca, +Vagerpe, Yelamú, Yacmui, Yacomui, Yajumui, Zomiomi, Zucigin ... Aguasajuchium, Apuasto, Aguasto, Carquin, (Karquines), Cuchian, Chaclan, Chiguau, Cotejen, Chuscan, Guylpunes, Huchun, Habasto, Junatca, Jarquin, Sanchines, Oljon, Olpen, Olemos, Olmolococ, Quemelentus, Quirogles, @@ -22116,33 +22082,33 @@ of San Francisco; Guymen, Utschim, Olumpali, Soclan, Sonomi, Chulpun, Umpin, Kosmitas, Bulbones, Tchalabones, Pitem, Lamam, Apalamu, Tcholoones, Suysum, Numpali, Tamal, and Ululato.' _Chamisso_, in _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 51. 'On compte dans cette seul mission -(San Francisco) plus de quinze différentes tribus d'Indiens: les -Khoulpouni; les Oumpini; les Kosmiti; les Lamanès; les Bolbonès; les -Pitemèns; les Khalalons; les Apatamnès, ils parlent la même langue et +(San Francisco) plus de quinze différentes tribus d'Indiens: les +Khoulpouni; les Oumpini; les Kosmiti; les Lamanès; les Bolbonès; les +Pitemèns; les Khalalons; les Apatamnès, ils parlent la même langue et habitent le long des bords du Rio Sacramento; les Guimen; les -Outchioung; les Olompalis; les Tamals; les Sonons ils parlent la même +Outchioung; les Olompalis; les Tamals; les Sonons ils parlent la même langue; ces tribus sont les plus nombreuses dans la mission de San Francisco; les Saklans; les Ouloulatines; les Noumpolis; les Souissouns; -ils parlent des langues différentes.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. iii., +ils parlent des langues différentes.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. iii., pp. 5, 6. 'California Indians on the Bay of San Francisco, and formerly under the supervisions of the Mission Dolores. There were five tribes: Ashwashtes, Olhones (called by the Spaniards Costanos, or Indians of the coast), Altahmos, Romonans, and Tulomos. A few other small tribes round the bay speak the same language.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 53. 'Um die -Bai von San Francisco die Matalánes, Salses und Quiróles, deren -Sprachen, eine gemeinsame Quelle haben.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. +Bai von San Francisco die Matalánes, Salses und Quiróles, deren +Sprachen, eine gemeinsame Quelle haben.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 454. The Olchones 'inhabit the seacoast between San Francisco and Monterey.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 78. The Salsonas, 'viven unas seis leguas distantes rumbo al Sueste (of San Francisco Bay) por las cercanias del brazo de mar.' _Palou_, _Vida de -Junípero Serra_, p. 214. +JunÃpero Serra_, p. 214. The _Korekins_ formerly lived at the mouth of the San Joaquin. _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 141. 'The rancherias of Indians near this Mission, all within eight or ten miles of Santa Cruz, ... were: Aulintac, the rancheria proper to the -Mission; Chalumü, one mile north-west of the Mission; Hottrochtac, two +Mission; Chalumü, one mile north-west of the Mission; Hottrochtac, two miles north-west; ... Wallanmai; Sio Cotchmin; Shoremee; Onbi; Choromi; Turami; Payanmin; Shiuguermi; Hauzaurni. The Mission also had neophytes of the rancherias of Tomoy, Osacalis (Souquel), Yeunaba, Achilla, @@ -22171,14 +22137,14 @@ The _Runsienes_ live near Monterey. _Cal. Farmer_, _April 20, 1860_. The Rumsen or Runsienes are 'Indians in the neighbourhood of Monterey, California. The Achastliers speak a dialect of the same language.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 163. 'Um den Hafen von Monterey leben die -Rumsen oder Runsien, die Escelen oder Eslen, die Ecclemáches, und -Achastliés.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 454. 'La -partie septentrionale de la Nouvelle-Californie est habitée par les deux +Rumsen oder Runsien, die Escelen oder Eslen, die Ecclemáches, und +Achastliés.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 454. 'La +partie septentrionale de la Nouvelle-Californie est habitée par les deux nations des Rumsen et Escelen.... Elles forment la population du preside et du village de Monterey. Dans la baie de S. Francisco, on distingue les tribus des Matalans, Salsen et Quirotes.' _Humboldt_, _Pol._, p. 321. 'Eslen y Runsien que ocupan toda la California septentrional.' -_Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 167. 'Um Monterey wohnen zwey Völker ... +_Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 167. 'Um Monterey wohnen zwey Völker ... die Rumsen, und im Osten von diesen die Escelen.' _Vater_, _Mithridates_, p. 202. 'The Eslenes clan roamed over the present ranchos San Francisquito, Tallarcittos, and up and down the Carmelo Valley.' @@ -22251,20 +22217,20 @@ The _Meewoc_ nation 'extended from the snow-line of the Sierra to the San Joaquin River, and from the Cosumnes to the Fresno.... North of the Stanislaus they call themselves Meewoc (Indians); south of it, to the Merced, Meewa; south of that to the Fresno, Meewie. On the upper Merced -river is Wakâlla; on the upper Tuolumne, Wakalumy; on the Stanislaus +river is Wakâlla; on the upper Tuolumne, Wakalumy; on the Stanislaus and Mokelumne, Wakalumytoh.... As to tribal distribution, the Meewocs north of the Stanislaus, like the Neeshenams, designate principally by -the points of the compass. These are toomun, choomuch, háyzooit, and -ólowit (north, south, east, and west), from which are formed various -tribal names--as Toomuns, Toomedocs, and Tamolécas, Choomuch, Choomwits, -Choomedocs, or Chimedocs, and Choomtéyas; Olowits, Olówedocs, Oloweéyas, -etc. Olówedocs is the name applied to all Indians living on the plains, +the points of the compass. These are toomun, choomuch, háyzooit, and +ólowit (north, south, east, and west), from which are formed various +tribal names--as Toomuns, Toomedocs, and Tamolécas, Choomuch, Choomwits, +Choomedocs, or Chimedocs, and Choomtéyas; Olowits, Olówedocs, Oloweéyas, +etc. Olówedocs is the name applied to all Indians living on the plains, as far west as Stockton. But there are several names which are employed absolutely, and without any reference to direction. On the south bank of -the Cosumnes are the Cawnees; on Sutter Creek, the Yulónees; on the +the Cosumnes are the Cawnees; on Sutter Creek, the Yulónees; on the Stanislaus and Tuolumne the extensive tribe of Wallies; in Yosemite, the -Awánees, on the south fork of Merced, the Nootchoos; on the middle -Merced, the Choomtéyas, on the upper Chowchilla, the Héthtoyas; on the +Awánees, on the south fork of Merced, the Nootchoos; on the middle +Merced, the Choomtéyas, on the upper Chowchilla, the Héthtoyas; on the middle Chowchilla the tribe that named the stream; and on the north bank of the Fresno the Pohoneechees.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., pp. 322-5; _MS. Map_. @@ -22310,12 +22276,12 @@ to Kings river and the Tejon, on the east of the San Joaquin, the Tulare lakes and in the Sierra Nevada, as stated by Lieut. Beale, in 1856.' _Cal. Farmer_, _June 8, 1860_. -The _Tulareños_ live in the mountain wilderness of the Four Creeks, +The _Tulareños_ live in the mountain wilderness of the Four Creeks, Porsiuncula (or Kerns or Current) river and the Tejon; and wander thence towards the headwaters of the Mohave and the neighborhood of the Cahuillas. Their present common name belongs to the Spanish and Mexican -times and is derived from the word Tularé (a swamp with flags). _Hayes' -MS._ 'Tulareños, Habitant la grande vallée de los Tulares de la +times and is derived from the word Tularé (a swamp with flags). _Hayes' +MS._ 'Tulareños, Habitant la grande vallée de los Tulares de la Californie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The _Yocut_ dominion includes the Kern and Tulare basins and the middle @@ -22349,7 +22315,7 @@ the Colorado river, following the eastern base of the mountains. _San Francisco Herald_, _June, 1853_. The Cahuillos or Cawios reside 'near the Pacific, between the sources of the San Gabriel and Santa Anna.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 26. 'The Cahuillas are a little to the north -of the San Luiseños, occupying the mountain ridges and intervening +of the San Luiseños, occupying the mountain ridges and intervening valleys to the east and southeast of Mount San Bernadino, down towards the Mohava river and the desert that borders the river Colorado, the nation of Mohavas lying between them and these rivers. I am unable just @@ -22364,7 +22330,7 @@ _Id._, p. 400. 'The limits of the Kahweyah and Kahsowah tribes appear to have been from the Feather river in the northern part of the State, to the Tulare lakes of the south.' _Cal. Farmer_, _May 25, 1860_. -The _Diegeños_ 'are said to occupy the coast for some fifty miles above, +The _Diegeños_ 'are said to occupy the coast for some fifty miles above, and about the same distance below San Diego, and to extend about a hundred miles into the interior.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. The Dieguinos are in the southern part @@ -22376,19 +22342,19 @@ the desert. _San Francisco Herald_, _June, 1853_. The Comeyas or Diegenos 'occupy the coast for some fifty miles above, and about the same distance below San Diego, and extend about a hundred miles into the interior.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 7. 'The Indians -round San Diego, Deguinos, Diegeños, were in a savage state, and their +round San Diego, Deguinos, Diegeños, were in a savage state, and their language almost unknown. Bartlett says that they are also called Comeya; but Whipple asserts that the Comeya, a tribe of the Yumas, speak a different language.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 62. On page 220 Ludewig -says that as the name Diegeños means the Indians round San Diego, there +says that as the name Diegeños means the Indians round San Diego, there is no such name as Deguinos. 'The villages of the Dieguinos, wherever they live separately, are a little to the south of the Cahuillas. Indeed, under this appellation they extend a hundred miles into Lower California, in about an equal state of civilization, and thence are -scattered through the Tecaté valley over the entire desert on the west +scattered through the Tecaté valley over the entire desert on the west side of New River.... Their villages known to me are San Dieguito (about twenty souls), San Diego Mission, San Pasqual, Camajal (two villages), -Santa Ysabel, San José, Matahuay, Lorenzo, San Felipe, Cajon, Cuyamaca, +Santa Ysabel, San José, Matahuay, Lorenzo, San Felipe, Cajon, Cuyamaca, Valle de las Viejas.' _Hayes' MS._ The _Missouris_ 'are scattered over San Bernardino, San Diego and other @@ -22430,7 +22396,7 @@ Concepcion, Cancac or Caacac, or Cacat.' _Cal. Farmer_, _Aug. 21, 1863_. [Sidenote: SOUTHERN MISSION INDIANS.] -The following names of rancherías were taken from the archives of the +The following names of rancherÃas were taken from the archives of the various missions; in the vicinity of La Purissima: Lajuchu, Silimastus, Sisolop, Jlaacs, or Slacus, Huasna, Estait, Esmischue, Ausion, Esnispele, Silisne, Sacspili, Estait, Huenejel, Husistaic, Silimi, @@ -22504,16 +22470,16 @@ Pear Orchard; Sonagna, Mr White's farm; Acuragua, The Presa; Asucsagna, Azuza; Cucomogna, Cucamonga Farm; Pasinogna, Rancho del Chino; Awigna, La Puente; Chokishgna, The Saboneria; Nacaugna, Carpenter's Farm; Pineugna, Santa Catalina Island; Pimocagna, Rancho de los Ybarras; -Toybipet, San José; Hutucgna, Santa Ana (Yorbes); Aleupkigna, Santa +Toybipet, San José; Hutucgna, Santa Ana (Yorbes); Aleupkigna, Santa Anita; Maugna, Rancho de los Felis; Hahamogna, Rancho de los Verdugas; Cabuegna, Caliuenga; Pasecgna, San Fernando; Houtgna, Ranchito de Lugo, Suangna, Suanga; Pubugna, Alamitos; Tibahagna, Serritos; Chowig-na, Palos Verdes; Kinkipar, San Clemente Island, Harasgna. _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star, Letter I._, in _Hayes Collection_. -The _San Luisieños_ inhabit the northern part of San Diego, from the +The _San Luisieños_ inhabit the northern part of San Diego, from the coast east, including the mountains. _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, -1856, p. 240. 'The villages of the San Luiseños are in a section of +1856, p. 240. 'The villages of the San Luiseños are in a section of country adjacent to the Cahuillas, between 40 and 70 miles in the mountainous interior from San Diego; they are known as Las Flores, Santa Margarita, San Luis Rey Mission, Wahoma, Pala, Temecula, Ahuanga (two @@ -22527,7 +22493,7 @@ Garces mentions the western Noches in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., vol. i., p. 299. The _Tejon_ Indians were those who inhabited the southern part of Tulare -valley. _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., p. 83. +valley. _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., p. 83. The _Playanos_ were Indians who came to settle in the valley of San Juan Capistrano. _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 249. @@ -22575,9 +22541,9 @@ Shirrydikas are the real Shoshones, and live in the plains hunting the buffalo.' The country claimed by the Snake tribes 'is bounded on the east by the Rocky Mountains, on the south by the Spanish waters; on the Pacific, or west side, by an imaginary line, beginning at the west end, -or spur, of the Blue Mountains, behind Fort Nez Percés, and running +or spur, of the Blue Mountains, behind Fort Nez Percés, and running parallel with the ocean to the height of land beyond the Umpqua River, -in about north lat. 41° (this line never approaches within 150 miles of +in about north lat. 41° (this line never approaches within 150 miles of the Pacific); and on the north by another line, running due east from the said spur of the Blue Mountains, and crossing the great south branch, or Lewis River, at the Dalles, till it strikes the Rocky @@ -22605,8 +22571,8 @@ north of Salt Lake 'and on the line of the Humboldt or Mary River, some 400 miles west and 100 to 125 south of the Oregon line. The Yuta claim the rest of the territory between Kansas, the Sierra Nevada, New Mexico and the Oregon frontier.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 575. 'Les -Soshonies, c'est-à-dire les déterreurs de racines, surnommés les -Serpents, ... habitent la partie méridionale du territoire de l'Orégon, +Soshonies, c'est-à -dire les déterreurs de racines, surnommés les +Serpents, ... habitent la partie méridionale du territoire de l'Orégon, dans le voisinage de la haute Californie.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 24. 'Their country lies south-west of the south-east branch of the Columbia, and is said to be the most barren of any part of the country in these @@ -22614,7 +22580,7 @@ western regions.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 83. 'On the south part of the Oregon Territory, adjoining upper California, are located the Shoshones or Snake Indians.' _Ib._, p. 308. 'Serpents ou Saaptins, Monquis, Bonacks et Youtas toutes les branches du Rio Colombia ou -Sud-Est et les environs du lac Salé an Timpanogos.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, +Sud-Est et les environs du lac Salé an Timpanogos.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The country of the Shoshonees proper is south of Lewis or Snake River, and east of the Salt Lake. There is, however one detached band, known as the Wihinasht, or Western Snakes, near Fort @@ -22632,7 +22598,7 @@ Rept._, 1869, p. 18. 'They inhabit the southern part of the Rocky Mountains and the plains on each side.' _Bulfinch's Ogn._, p. 124. 'They occupy all the country between the southern branches of Lewis's river, extending from the Umatullum to the E. side of the Stony Mountains, on -the southern parts of Wallaumut river from about 40° to 47° N. Lat. A +the southern parts of Wallaumut river from about 40° to 47° N. Lat. A branch of this tribe reside ... in spring and summer on the W. fork of Lewis river, a branch of the Columbia, and in winter and fall on the Missouri.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 369. 'The Shoshones dwell between the @@ -22660,7 +22626,7 @@ boundary north, southward to the thirty-eighth parallel; their western limit is the line passing through the Sunatoya Mountains; their eastern limit Steptoe and Great Salt Lake Valleys.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 95. The Snakes inhabit 'the plains of the Columbia between the 43d and -44th degrees of latitude.' _Franchère's Nar._, p. 150. The Washakeeks or +44th degrees of latitude.' _Franchère's Nar._, p. 150. The Washakeeks or Green River Snakes inhabit the country drained by Green River and its tributaries. The Tookarikkahs, or mountain sheep-eaters, 'occupy the Salmon river country and the upper part of Snake River Valley, and @@ -22710,7 +22676,7 @@ divides the Utah nation into seven tribes; viz., the 'Taos, Yampapas, Ewinte, Tenpenny Utahs, Parant Utahs, Sampiches, Pahmetes.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 697. 'Besides the Parawat Yutas, the Yampas, 200-300 miles south, on the White River; the Tebechya, or -sun-hunters, about Tête de Biche, near Spanish lands; and the Tash Yuta, +sun-hunters, about Tête de Biche, near Spanish lands; and the Tash Yuta, near the Navajos; there are scatters of the nation along the Californian road from Beaver Valley, along the Santa Clara, Virgen, Las Vegas, and Muddy Rivers, to New Mexico.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 578. @@ -22743,7 +22709,7 @@ bands, each with a head chief, as follows: The Menaches ... the Capotes ... the Tabe-naches ... the Cibariches ... the Tempanahgoes ... the Piuchas.' _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 178. 'The Yutahs are subdivided into four great bands: the Noaches, the Payuches (whom we -believe to be identical with the Paï Utahs), the Tabiachis, and the +believe to be identical with the Paï Utahs), the Tabiachis, and the Sogups, who live in perfect harmony on the north eastern confines of New Mexico, and at a distance of 500 miles to the south of the great tribe of the Zuguaganas.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 8. The Utes are @@ -22773,20 +22739,20 @@ California.' _Wilson_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 698. The country of the Utaws 'is situated to the east and southeast of the Shoshones, about the Salt Lake, and on the head waters of the Colorado river, which empties into the gulf of California.... Their country being -in latitude about 41°.' 'The Utaws are decent in appearance and their +in latitude about 41°.' 'The Utaws are decent in appearance and their country, which is towards Santa Fe, is said to be tolerably good.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 79, 309. The Yutas, Utaws, or Youtas, -'range between lat. 35° and 42° North and the Meridians 29° and 37° W. +'range between lat. 35° and 42° North and the Meridians 29° and 37° W. Long. of Washington. The great Yutas tribe is divided into two families which are contradistinguished by the names of their respective head-quarters; the Tao Yutas, so called because their principal camp is -pitched in Tao mountains, seventy miles north of Santa Fé; and the +pitched in Tao mountains, seventy miles north of Santa Fé; and the Timpanigos Yutas, who hold their great camp near the Timpanigos lake.' -_Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 371. 'Um den Fluss Dolóres haben die Yutas, -Tabeguáchis, Payúches und Tularénos ihre Wohnsitze.' _Mühlenpfordt_, +_Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 371. 'Um den Fluss Dolóres haben die Yutas, +Tabeguáchis, Payúches und Tularénos ihre Wohnsitze.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538. The Utahs live 'on the border of -New Mexico.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 196. 'Le pays des Utaws est situé -à l'est et au sud-est de celui des Soshonies, aux sources du +New Mexico.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 196. 'Le pays des Utaws est situé +à l'est et au sud-est de celui des Soshonies, aux sources du Rio-Colorado.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 30. 'The Yutas or Eutaws are one of the most extensive nations of the West, being scattered from the north of New Mexico to the borders of Snake river and Rio Colorado.' _Gregg's @@ -22826,12 +22792,12 @@ Carson; there are one or two small bands of them still further east, near Austin, Nevada. They are much scattered within these limits.' _Douglas_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, pp. 94-5. 'The Pah-utes roam along the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, from the mouth of the -Virgin with the Colorado (in about lat. 36° long. 115°) to the +Virgin with the Colorado (in about lat. 36° long. 115°) to the territories of the Washoes north, and as far east as the Sevier Lake country of Fremont's explorations.' _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_. 'The Pa-utahs, and Lake Utahs occupy the territory lying south of the Snakes, and upon the waters of the Colorado of the west and south of the Great -Salt Lake.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 179. The Pá Yuta (Pey Utes) +Salt Lake.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 179. The Pá Yuta (Pey Utes) 'extend from forty miles west of Stony Point to the Californian line, and N.W. to the Oregon line, and inhabit the valley of the Fenelon River, which rising from Lake Bigler empties itself into Pyramid Lake.' @@ -22878,10 +22844,10 @@ territory.' _Farley_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. iii., p. the region of Severe river, and those portions of the Timpanigos desert where man can find a snail to eat.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 371. The Piutes live 'along the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, from the -mouth of the Virgen with the Colorado (in about Lat. 36° Long. 115°) to +mouth of the Virgen with the Colorado (in about Lat. 36° Long. 115°) to the territories of the Washoes north, and as far east as the Sevier -Lake.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_. 'Von 34° nordwärts -die Pai Utes.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., p. +Lake.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_. 'Von 34° nordwärts +die Pai Utes.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., p. 430. The territory occupied by the Piutes 'is about one hundred miles broad, and is bounded on the north by the country of the Bannocks, on the east by that of the Shoshones, on the south by the State line @@ -22919,7 +22885,7 @@ _Head_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 123. The Goship Shoshones 'live in the western part of Utah, between Great Salt Lake and the western boundary of the Territory,' (Utah). _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 230. The Goshutes are located 'in the country in the -vicinity of Egan Cañon.... In the Shoshone range.' _Douglas_, in _Ind. +vicinity of Egan Cañon.... In the Shoshone range.' _Douglas_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 96. 'The Goship Shoshones inhabit that part of Utah which lies between Great Salt Lake and the western boundary of the Territory (Utah).' _Tourtellotte_, in _Id._, p. 141. The Goshoots 'Dr. @@ -23067,7 +23033,7 @@ Sheberetches.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 142. The _Tash Utes_ live near the Navajos. _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 578. -The _Tabechya_, or Sun-hunters, 'live about Tête de Biche, near Spanish +The _Tabechya_, or Sun-hunters, 'live about Tête de Biche, near Spanish lands.' 'Timpenaguchya, or Timpana Yuta, corrupted into Tenpenny Utes, ... dwell about the kanyon of that name, and on the east of the Sweetwater Lake.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, pp. 577-8. 'The @@ -23117,7 +23083,7 @@ language. The second is that by which they are known to the Chinooks, and through them, to the whites.' _Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218. -[427] 'There true name is _Moüdoc_--a word which originated with the +[427] 'There true name is _Moüdoc_--a word which originated with the Shasteecas, who applied it indefinitely to all wild Indians or enemies.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, 1873, vol. x., p. 535. 'Also called Moahtockna.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_. 'The word @@ -23219,14 +23185,14 @@ Meyer names the Indians he saw at Trinidad Bay, _Allequas_, or Wood-Indians (Holzindianer). I do not find the name anywhere else, and judging by his description, they appear to differ considerably from the natives seen in the same vicinity by Vancouver or Mr Powers; he, Meyer, -says; 'Sie sind von unserm Wuchse, starke und beleibte, kräftige +says; 'Sie sind von unserm Wuchse, starke und beleibte, kräftige Gestalten. Ihre Haut ist wenig zimmet oder lohfarbig, eher weisslich, wie die der antisischen Inkas gewesen sein soll; bei der Jugend und besonders beim weiblichen Geschlechte schimmert oft ein sanftes Roth auf -den Wangen hervor. Ihr Kopf ist wenig gedrückt, die Stirn hoch, der -Gesichtswinkel gegen 80 Grad, die Nase römisch gekrümmt, das Auge gross -in wenig quadratisch erweiterten Augenhöhlen und intelligent, die Lippen -nicht aufgetrieben, das Kinn oval, und Hände und Füsse klein.' _Nach dem +den Wangen hervor. Ihr Kopf ist wenig gedrückt, die Stirn hoch, der +Gesichtswinkel gegen 80 Grad, die Nase römisch gekrümmt, das Auge gross +in wenig quadratisch erweiterten Augenhöhlen und intelligent, die Lippen +nicht aufgetrieben, das Kinn oval, und Hände und Füsse klein.' _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 215. [436] At Pitt River they 'have no dress except a buckskin thrown around @@ -23258,11 +23224,11 @@ p. 253. The Klamath Lake Indians 'wear little more than the breech-cloth.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 277. 'They were all well dressed in blankets and buckskin.' _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 70. Carl Meyer, speaking of a tribe he names Allequas, at -Trinidad Bay, says: 'der Mann geht im Sommer ganz nackt, im Winter trägt -er eine selbst gegerbte Hirsch- oder Rehdecke über die Schultern.' 'Die -Allequas-Weiber tragen im Sommer von Bast-Schnüren oder von -Rehfellstreifen, im Winter von Pelzwerk oder Gänseflaum verfertigte -Schürzen, die bis auf die Knie reichen.' _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 217, +Trinidad Bay, says: 'der Mann geht im Sommer ganz nackt, im Winter trägt +er eine selbst gegerbte Hirsch- oder Rehdecke über die Schultern.' 'Die +Allequas-Weiber tragen im Sommer von Bast-Schnüren oder von +Rehfellstreifen, im Winter von Pelzwerk oder Gänseflaum verfertigte +Schürzen, die bis auf die Knie reichen.' _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 217, 219. 'The Klamaths, during the summer go naked, in winter they use the skins of rabbits and wild fowl for a covering.' _Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 283. @@ -23282,12 +23248,12 @@ p. 204. [441] _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 17; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 127, 142; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 329; _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317. 'Die Allequas (Trinidad Bay) haben -starkes, ziemlich geschmeidiges Haar, das der Männer und der Kinder wird -bis auf einen Zoll Länge regelmässig abgebrannt, so dass sie das -Aussehen von Titusköpfen erhalten. Zuweilen sieht man die Männer auch -mit einem ziemlich langen, durch eine harzige Flüssigkeit gesteiften, +starkes, ziemlich geschmeidiges Haar, das der Männer und der Kinder wird +bis auf einen Zoll Länge regelmässig abgebrannt, so dass sie das +Aussehen von Titusköpfen erhalten. Zuweilen sieht man die Männer auch +mit einem ziemlich langen, durch eine harzige Flüssigkeit gesteiften, aufgerichteten Zopf, der als Schmuck betrachtet, bei festlichen -Anlässen, oder im Kriege mit rothen oder weissen Federn geziert wird, +Anlässen, oder im Kriege mit rothen oder weissen Federn geziert wird, und alsdann dem Schopf eines Wiedehopfs gleicht.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 215. 'Both men and women part their hair in the middle, the men cut it square on the neck and wear it rather long, the women @@ -23328,14 +23294,14 @@ soot, gathered from a stove, mingled with the juice of a certain plant.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 329. Among the Shastys the women 'are tattooed in lines from the mouth to the chin.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218. Among the Allequas at -Trinidad bay: 'Die Mädchen werden im fünften Jahre mit einem schwarzen -Streifen von beiden Mundwinkeln bis unter das Kinn tättowirt, welchem -Striche dann alle fünf Jahre ein parallellaufender beigefügt wird, so dass -man an diesen Zeichnungen leicht das Alter jeder Indianerin übersehen -kann.... Die Männer bemalen sich bei besondern Anlässen mit einem +Trinidad bay: 'Die Mädchen werden im fünften Jahre mit einem schwarzen +Streifen von beiden Mundwinkeln bis unter das Kinn tättowirt, welchem +Striche dann alle fünf Jahre ein parallellaufender beigefügt wird, so dass +man an diesen Zeichnungen leicht das Alter jeder Indianerin übersehen +kann.... Die Männer bemalen sich bei besondern Anlässen mit einem Tannenfirniss, den sie selbst bereiten, das Gesicht, und zeichnen allerlei geheimnissvolle Figuren und Verzierungen auf Wange, Nase und -Stirn, indem sie mit einem hölzernen Stäbchen den noch weichen Firniss +Stirn, indem sie mit einem hölzernen Stäbchen den noch weichen Firniss auf den einzelnen Stellen von der Haut wegheben.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 216. @@ -23357,9 +23323,9 @@ _Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs_, p. 361. [445] 'No taste in bead work.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors_, _MS_. 'In den Ohren tragen die Allequas (at Trinidad bay) Schmucksachen, welche sie theils von den Weissen erhalten, theils aus Holz nachahmen; -auch sind diese Gegenstände zuweilen durch Steinchen ersetzt, die -talismanische Kräfte besitzen sollen. Nur die in den fernen Bergen -wohnenden tragen hölzerne oder auch eiserne Ringe in den +auch sind diese Gegenstände zuweilen durch Steinchen ersetzt, die +talismanische Kräfte besitzen sollen. Nur die in den fernen Bergen +wohnenden tragen hölzerne oder auch eiserne Ringe in den Nasenwandungen.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 216; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 142; _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 537; _Schoolcraft's @@ -23396,7 +23362,7 @@ ridge in the middle.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 241-2. Well built, of boards; often twenty feet square; roof pitched over a ridge-pole; ground usually excavated 3 or 4 feet; some cellars floored and walled with stone. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. -140. 'The dwellings of the Hoopas were built of large planks, about 1½ +140. 'The dwellings of the Hoopas were built of large planks, about 1½ inches thick, from two to four feet wide, and from six to twelve feet in length.' _Trinity Journal_, _April, 1857_. 'The floors of these huts are perfectly smooth and clean, with a square hole two feet deep in the @@ -23434,10 +23400,10 @@ Second Journ._, p. 317. 'The mountain Indians subsisted largely on game, which of every variety was very abundant, and was killed with their bows and arrows, in the use of which they were very expert.' _Wiley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1867, p. 497. 'Die Indianer am Pittflusse machen -Graben oder Löcher von circa 5 Kubikfuss, bedecken diese mit Zweigen und -Gras ganz leicht, sodass die Thiere, wenn sie darüber gejagt werden, -hinein fallen und nicht wieder herauskönnen. Wilde Gänse fangen sie mit -Netzen ... Nur selten mögen Indianer den grauen Bär jagen.' _Wimmel_, +Graben oder Löcher von circa 5 Kubikfuss, bedecken diese mit Zweigen und +Gras ganz leicht, sodass die Thiere, wenn sie darüber gejagt werden, +hinein fallen und nicht wieder herauskönnen. Wilde Gänse fangen sie mit +Netzen ... Nur selten mögen Indianer den grauen Bär jagen.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 181; _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ [454] Schumacher, _Oregon Antiquities, MS._, classifies their ancient @@ -23491,8 +23457,8 @@ the river.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, _March, 1856_. 'Their persons are unusually clean, as they use both the sweat-house and the cold-bath constantly.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 142. 'Mit Tagesanbruch begibt sich der Allequa (Trinidad Bay) in jeder Jahreszeit -zur nahen Quelle, wo er sich am ganzen Leibe wäscht und in den Strahlen -der aufsteigenden Sonne trocknen lässt.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, +zur nahen Quelle, wo er sich am ganzen Leibe wäscht und in den Strahlen +der aufsteigenden Sonne trocknen lässt.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 221; _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._ [462] Carl Meyer, after describing the bow, adds: 'Fernere Waffen der @@ -23516,19 +23482,19 @@ River 'their arrows were in general tipped with copper or iron.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 110. The Pit River 'arrows are made in three parts.' _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 61. The Allequas at Trinidad Bay, described by Carl Meyer, carried their arrows either -'schussfertig in der Hand oder in einem über die Schultern geworfenen -Köcher aus Fuchs- oder Biberpelz. Der Bogen ist aus einer starken, -elastischen Rothtannenwurzel verfertigt, etwa 3½ Fuss lang und auf der -Rückseite mit einer Bärensehne überklebt.' _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 217. +'schussfertig in der Hand oder in einem über die Schultern geworfenen +Köcher aus Fuchs- oder Biberpelz. Der Bogen ist aus einer starken, +elastischen Rothtannenwurzel verfertigt, etwa 3½ Fuss lang und auf der +Rückseite mit einer Bärensehne überklebt.' _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 217. See _Mofras_, _Explor._, _Atlas_, plate xxv. Speaking of the quiver, Mr Powers says: 'in the animal's head they stuff a quantity of grass or moss, as a cushion for the arrow-heads to rest in, which prevents them from being broken.' _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 532. 'Their arrows can only be extracted from the flesh with the knife.' _Cutts' Conquest of Cal._, p. 170. 'Am oberen Theile (California) ist der Bogen -von einer Lage von Hirsch-Sehnen verstärkt und elastisch gemacht. Die -Pfeile bestehen aus einem rohrartigen Gewächse von mässiger Länge, an -der Spitze mit Obsidian ... versehen, ihre Länge ist 2 Zoll, ihre Breite +von einer Lage von Hirsch-Sehnen verstärkt und elastisch gemacht. Die +Pfeile bestehen aus einem rohrartigen Gewächse von mässiger Länge, an +der Spitze mit Obsidian ... versehen, ihre Länge ist 2 Zoll, ihre Breite 1 Zoll und die Dicke 1/3 Zoll, scharfkantig und spitz zulaufend.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 180. @@ -23540,10 +23506,10 @@ Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ [466] _Johnson_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 536. At Trinidad Bay 'zuweilen werden die Pfeile mit dem Safte des Sumachbaumes vergiftet, und alsdann nur zum Erlegen wilder Raubthiere gebraucht.' -_Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 218. 'Einige Stämme vergiften die -Spitzen ihrer Pfeile auf folgende Weise: Sie reizen nämlich eine +_Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 218. 'Einige Stämme vergiften die +Spitzen ihrer Pfeile auf folgende Weise: Sie reizen nämlich eine Klapperschlange mit einer vorgehaltenen Hirschleber, worin sie beisst, -und nachdem nun die Leber mit dem Gifte vollständig imprägnirt ist, wird +und nachdem nun die Leber mit dem Gifte vollständig imprägnirt ist, wird sie vergraben und muss verfaulen; hierin wird nun die Spitze eingetaucht und dann getrocknet.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 180. The Pitt River Indians 'use the poison of the rattle-snake, by grinding the head of @@ -23554,7 +23520,7 @@ poisoned their arrows in a putrid deer's liver. This is a slow poison, however, and sometimes will not poison at all.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._; _Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS._ -[467] Among other things seen by Meyer were, 'noch grössere Bogen, die +[467] Among other things seen by Meyer were, 'noch grössere Bogen, die ihnen als bedeutende Ferngeschosse dienen. Ein solcher ist 6 Fuss lang, und der Indianer legt sich auf die Erde, um denselben zu spannen, indem er das rechte Knie in den Bogen einstemmt und mit beiden Armen @@ -23646,8 +23612,8 @@ he likes. Among the Tolewas in Del Norte County, money makes the chief. The Modocs and Patawats have an hereditary chieftainship. _Powers' Pomo, MS._ At Trinidad Bay they were 'governed by a ruler, who directs where they shall go both to hunt and fish.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 18. 'Der -Häuptling ist sehr geachtet; er hat über Handel und Wandel, Leben und -Tod seiner Unterthanen zu verfügen, und seine Macht vererbt sich auf +Häuptling ist sehr geachtet; er hat über Handel und Wandel, Leben und +Tod seiner Unterthanen zu verfügen, und seine Macht vererbt sich auf seinen Erstgebornen.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 223. The chief 'obtains his position from his wealth, and usually manages to transmit his effects and with them his honors, to his posterity.' _Hubbard_, in @@ -23672,8 +23638,8 @@ unless he buy himself off.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ [482] The Cahrocs, Eurocs, Hoopahs, and Patawats, all acquire their wives by purchase. _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._; _Powers' -Pomo, MS._ 'Wenn ein Allequa seine künftige Lebensgefährtin unter den -Schönen seines Stammes erwählt hat und sich verheirathen will, muss er +Pomo, MS._ 'Wenn ein Allequa seine künftige Lebensgefährtin unter den +Schönen seines Stammes erwählt hat und sich verheirathen will, muss er dem Mauhemi (chief) eine armslange Muschelschnur vorzeigen.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 223. The mountain Indians seldom, if ever, intermarry with those on the coast. _Wiley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Joint. @@ -23756,7 +23722,7 @@ Rept._, 1862, p. 261; _Ostrander_, in _Id._, 1857, p. 369; _Miller_, in _Id._, p. 361. [495] _Temescal_ is an Aztec word defined by Molina, _Vocabulario_, -'Temazcalli, casilla como estufa, adonde se bañan y sudan.' The word was +'Temazcalli, casilla como estufa, adonde se bañan y sudan.' The word was brought to this region and applied to the native sweat-houses by the Franciscan Fathers. _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 72, gives 'sweat-house' in the Chemehuevi language, as _pahcaba_. @@ -23845,17 +23811,17 @@ Tehama County. [505] In the vicinity of Fort Ross, 'Die Indianer sind von mittlerem Wuchse, doch trifft man auch hohe Gestalten unter ihnen an; sie sind -ziemlich wohl proportionirt, die Farbe der Haut ist bräunlich, doch ist +ziemlich wohl proportionirt, die Farbe der Haut ist bräunlich, doch ist diese Farbe mehr eine Wirkung der Sonne als angeboren; die Augen und Haare sind schwarz, die letzteren stehen straff.... Beide Geschlechter -sind von kräftigem Körperbau.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. -Ethn._, p. 81. 'Quoique surpris dans un très-grand négligé, ces hommes me -parurent beaux, de haute taille, robustes et parfaitement découplés ... -traits réguliers ... yeux noirs ... nez aquilin surmonté d'un front -élevé, les pommettes des joues arrondies, ... fortes lèvres ... dents -blanches et bien rangées ... peau jaune cuivré, un cou annonçant la -vigueur et soutenu par de larges épaules ... un air intelligent et fier -à la fois.... Je trouvai toutes les femmes horriblement laides.' +sind von kräftigem Körperbau.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. +Ethn._, p. 81. 'Quoique surpris dans un très-grand négligé, ces hommes me +parurent beaux, de haute taille, robustes et parfaitement découplés ... +traits réguliers ... yeux noirs ... nez aquilin surmonté d'un front +élevé, les pommettes des joues arrondies, ... fortes lèvres ... dents +blanches et bien rangées ... peau jaune cuivré, un cou annonçant la +vigueur et soutenu par de larges épaules ... un air intelligent et fier +à la fois.... Je trouvai toutes les femmes horriblement laides.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., 145-6. At the head of the Eel River 'the average height of these men was not over five feet four or five inches. They were lightly built, with no superfluous flesh, but with @@ -23899,9 +23865,9 @@ so strong of body, that that which two or three of our men could hardly beare, one of them would take vpon his backe, and without grudging carrie it easily away, vp hill and downe hill an English mile together.' _Drake's World Encomp._, p. 131. 'Los Naturales de este sitio y Puerto -son algo trigueños, por lo quemados del Sol, aunque los venidos de la +son algo trigueños, por lo quemados del Sol, aunque los venidos de la otra banda del Puerto y del Estero ... son mas blancos y corpulentos.' -_Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 215. 'Ugly, stupid, and savage; +_Palou_, _Vida de JunÃpero Serra_, p. 215. 'Ugly, stupid, and savage; otherwise they are well formed, tolerably tall, and of a dark brown complexion. The women are short, and very ugly; they have much of the negro in their countenance.... Very long, smooth, and coal-black hair.' @@ -23910,7 +23876,7 @@ look, and are of a very dark color.' _Chamisso_, in _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 47. 'Ill made; their faces ugly, presenting a dull, heavy, and stupid countenance.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 13. The Tcholovoni tribe 'differe beaucoup de toutes les autres par les traits -du visage par sa physionomie, par un extèrieur assez agréable.' +du visage par sa physionomie, par un extèrieur assez agréable.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part iii., p. 6., plate vi., vii., xii. 'The Alchones are of good height, and the Tuluraios were thought to be, generally, above the standard of Englishmen. Their complexion is much @@ -23926,23 +23892,23 @@ Yosemite Valley 'they are very dark colored,' and 'the women are perfectly hideous.' _Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite_, p. 52. The Monos on the east side of the Sierra are 'a fine looking race, straight, and of good height, and appear to be active.' _Von Schmidt_, in _Ind. Aff. -Rept._, 1856, p. 2-3. At Monterey 'ils sont en général bien faits, mais +Rept._, 1856, p. 2-3. At Monterey 'ils sont en général bien faits, mais faibles d'esprit et de corps.' In the vicinity of San Miguel, they are -'généralement d'une couleur foncée, sales et mal faits ... à l'exception -tout fois des Indiens qui habitent sur les bords de la rivière des -tremblements de terre, et sur la côte voisine. Ceux-ci sont blancs, +'généralement d'une couleur foncée, sales et mal faits ... à l'exception +tout fois des Indiens qui habitent sur les bords de la rivière des +tremblements de terre, et sur la côte voisine. Ceux-ci sont blancs, d'une joli figure, et leurs cheveux tirent sur le roux.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 332, 163; also quoted -in _Marmier_, _Notice sur les Indiens_, p. 236. 'Sont généralement -petits, faibles ... leur couleur est très-approchante de celle des -nègres dont les cheveux ne sont point laineux: ceux de ces peuples sont -longs et très-forts.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 281. 'La +in _Marmier_, _Notice sur les Indiens_, p. 236. 'Sont généralement +petits, faibles ... leur couleur est très-approchante de celle des +nègres dont les cheveux ne sont point laineux: ceux de ces peuples sont +longs et très-forts.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 281. 'La taille des hommes est plus haute (than that of the Chilians), et leurs -muscles mieux prononcés.' The figure of the women 'est plus élevée (than +muscles mieux prononcés.' The figure of the women 'est plus élevée (than that of the Chilian women), et la forme de leurs membres est plus -régulière; elles sont en général d'une stature mieux développée et d'une -physionomie moins repoussante.' _Rollin_, in _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. -iv., p. 52. At San José 'the men are almost all rather above the +régulière; elles sont en général d'une stature mieux développée et d'une +physionomie moins repoussante.' _Rollin_, in _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. +iv., p. 52. At San José 'the men are almost all rather above the middling stature, and well built; very few indeed are what may be called undersized. Their complexions are dark but not negro like ... some seemed to possess great muscular strength; they have very coarse black @@ -23954,38 +23920,38 @@ negro-like noses; ... bear a strong resemblance to the negroes.... None of the men we saw were above five feet high ... ill-proportioned ... we had never seen a less pleasing specimen of the human race.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 194-5, 164, see plate. And speaking -generally of the Californian Indians: 'Die Männer sind im Allgemeinen -gut gebaut und von starker Körperbildung,' height 'zwischen fünf Fuss -vier Zoll und fünf Fuss zehn oder eilf Zoll.' Complexion 'die um ein +generally of the Californian Indians: 'Die Männer sind im Allgemeinen +gut gebaut und von starker Körperbildung,' height 'zwischen fünf Fuss +vier Zoll und fünf Fuss zehn oder eilf Zoll.' Complexion 'die um ein klein wenig heller als bei den Mulatten, also weit dunkler ist, als bei -den übrigen Indianerstämmen.' _Osswald_, _Californien_, p. 62. The coast +den übrigen Indianerstämmen.' _Osswald_, _Californien_, p. 62. The coast Indians 'are about five feet and a half in height, and rather slender and feeble,' in the interior they 'are taller and more robust.' -_Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 364. 'Cubische Schädelform, niedrige Stirn, +_Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 364. 'Cubische Schädelform, niedrige Stirn, breites Gesicht, mit hervorragendem Jochbogen, breite Lippen und grosser Mund, mehr platte Nase und am Innenwinkel herabgezogene Augen.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, pp. v, 177. 'Les Californiens sont presque noirs; la disposition de leur yeux et l'ensemble de leur visage leur -donnent avec les européens une ressemblance assez marquée.' _Rossi_, +donnent avec les européens une ressemblance assez marquée.' _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, pp. 279-80. 'They are small in stature; thin, squalid, dirty, and degraded in appearance. In their habits little better than an ourang-outang, they are certainly the worst type of savage I have ever seen.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 249. 'More swarthy in complexion, and of less stature than those east of the Rocky Mountains ... more of the Asiatic cast of countenance than the eastern tribe.' _Delano's Life on -the Plains_, p. 304. 'Dépasse rarement la hauteur de cinq pieds deux ou -trois pouces; leur membres sont grêles et médiocrement musclés. Ils ont -de grosses lévres qui se projettent en avant, le nez large et aplati +the Plains_, p. 304. 'Dépasse rarement la hauteur de cinq pieds deux ou +trois pouces; leur membres sont grêles et médiocrement musclés. Ils ont +de grosses lévres qui se projettent en avant, le nez large et aplati comme les Ethiopiens; leurs cheveux sont noirs, rude et droits.' _Auger_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 165. 'Generally of small stature, robust appearance, and not well formed.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., -p. 91. 'Schön gewachsen und von schwärtzlich-brauner Farbe.' -_Mühlenpfordt Mejico_, tom. ii., part ii., p. 455. 'Low foreheads and +p. 91. 'Schön gewachsen und von schwärtzlich-brauner Farbe.' +_Mühlenpfordt Mejico_, tom. ii., part ii., p. 455. 'Low foreheads and skins as black as Guinea negroes.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 85. 'En naissant les enfants sont presque blancs ... mais ils noircissent en grandissant.' 'Depuis le nord du Rio Sacramento jusqu'au cap San Lucas -... leurs caractères physique, leurs moeurs et leurs usages sont les -mêmes.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 263, 367. 'Skin of such a +... leurs caractères physique, leurs moeurs et leurs usages sont les +mêmes.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 263, 367. 'Skin of such a deep reddish-brown that it seems almost black.' _Figuier's Human Race_, p. 493; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 528; _Forbes' Cal._, pp. 180-3; _Harper's Monthly_, vol. xiii., p. 583. 'A fine set of @@ -24003,13 +23969,13 @@ they almost all suffer it to grow.' The Clear Lake Indians 'have also considerable beards, and hair on the person.' At the head of South Fork of Eel River, 'they pluck their beards.' Gibbs, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 108-119. At Monterey 'plusieurs ont de la barbe; -d'autres, suivant les pères missionaires, n'en ont jamais eu, et c'est -un question qui n'est pas même décidée dans le pays.' _La Pérouse_, +d'autres, suivant les pères missionaires, n'en ont jamais eu, et c'est +un question qui n'est pas même décidée dans le pays.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, vol. ii., p. 282. 'Les Californiens ont la barbe plus fournie -que les Chiliens, et les parties génitales mieux garnies: cependant j'ai -remarqué, parmi les hommes, un grand nombre d'individus totalement -dépourvus de barbe; les femmes ont aussi peu de poil au pénil et aux -aisselles.' _Rollin_, in _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, vol. iv., p. 53. 'They +que les Chiliens, et les parties génitales mieux garnies: cependant j'ai +remarqué, parmi les hommes, un grand nombre d'individus totalement +dépourvus de barbe; les femmes ont aussi peu de poil au pénil et aux +aisselles.' _Rollin_, in _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, vol. iv., p. 53. 'They have the habit common to all American Indians of extracting the beard and the hair of other parts of their body.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 364. Beards 'short, thin, and stiff.' _Bartlett's Nar._, vol. ii., p. @@ -24023,17 +23989,17 @@ _Voy. Pitt._, plates vi., vii., xii., of part iii., draws the Indians with a very slight and scattered beard. 'Pluck out their beard.' _Auger_, _Voy. in Cal._, p. 165. 'Wear whiskers.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., p. 91. 'Les Indiens qui habitent dans la direction du -cap de Nouvel-An (del Año Nuevo) ... ont des moustaches.' _Fages_, in -_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 335. Mühlenpfordt -mentions that at the death of a relation, 'die Männer raufen Haupthaar +cap de Nouvel-An (del Año Nuevo) ... ont des moustaches.' _Fages_, in +_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 335. Mühlenpfordt +mentions that at the death of a relation, 'die Männer raufen Haupthaar und Bart sich aus.' _Mejico_, vol. ii., part ii., p. 456. -[507] At Fort Ross 'Die Männer gehen ganz nackt, die Frauen hingegen -bedecken nur den mittleren Theil des Körpers von vorne und von hinten -mit den Fellen wilder Ziegen; das Haar binden die Männer auf dem -Schopfe, die Frauen am Nacken in Büschel zusammen; bisweilen lassen sie -es frei herunter wallen; die Männer heften die Büschel mit ziemlich -künstlich, aus einer rothen Palme geschnitzten Hölzchen fest.' +[507] At Fort Ross 'Die Männer gehen ganz nackt, die Frauen hingegen +bedecken nur den mittleren Theil des Körpers von vorne und von hinten +mit den Fellen wilder Ziegen; das Haar binden die Männer auf dem +Schopfe, die Frauen am Nacken in Büschel zusammen; bisweilen lassen sie +es frei herunter wallen; die Männer heften die Büschel mit ziemlich +künstlich, aus einer rothen Palme geschnitzten Hölzchen fest.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 82. At Clear Lake 'the women generally wear a small round, bowl-shaped basket on their heads; and this is frequently interwoven with the red feathers of the @@ -24080,43 +24046,43 @@ whose haire being long, was gathered into a bunch behind, in which stucke plumes of feathers; but in the forepart onely single feathers like hornes, every one pleasing himselfe in his owne device.' _Drake's World Encomp._, pp. 121, 126. 'Asi como Adamitas se presentan sin el -menor rubor ni vergüenza (esto es, los hombres) y para librarse del frio -que todo el año hace en esta Mision (San Francisco), principalmente las -mañanas, se embarran con lodo, diciendo que les preserva de él, y en -quanto empieza á calentar el Sol se lavan: las mugeres andan algo +menor rubor ni vergüenza (esto es, los hombres) y para librarse del frio +que todo el año hace en esta Mision (San Francisco), principalmente las +mañanas, se embarran con lodo, diciendo que les preserva de él, y en +quanto empieza á calentar el Sol se lavan: las mugeres andan algo honestas, hasta las muchachas chiquitas: usan para la honestidad de un -delantar que hacen de hilos de tule, ó juncia, que no pasa de la -rodilla, y otro atrás amarrados á la cintura que ambos forman como unas +delantar que hacen de hilos de tule, ó juncia, que no pasa de la +rodilla, y otro atrás amarrados á la cintura que ambos forman como unas enaguas, con que se presentan con alguna honestidad, y en las espaldas se ponen otros semejantes para librarse en alguna manera del frio.' -_Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 217. At Monterey, and on the coast +_Palou_, _Vida de JunÃpero Serra_, p. 217. At Monterey, and on the coast between Monterey and Santa Barbara the dress 'du plus riche consiste en un manteau da peau de loutre qui couvre ses reins et descend au dessous des sines.... L'habillement des femmes est un manteau de peau de cerf -mal tannée.... Les jeunes filles au-dessous de neuf ans n'ont qu'une +mal tannée.... Les jeunes filles au-dessous de neuf ans n'ont qu'une simple ceinture et les enfans de l'autre sexe sont tout nus.' _La -Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., pp. 304-5. 'Ils se percent aussi les +Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., pp. 304-5. 'Ils se percent aussi les oreilles, et y portent des ornemens d'un genre et d'un gout -trés-variés.' _Rollin_, in _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 53. 'Those +trés-variés.' _Rollin_, in _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 53. 'Those between Monterey and the extreme northern boundary of the Mexican domain, shave their heads close.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 239. On the coast between San Diego and San Francisco 'presque -tous ... vont entierement nus; ceux qui ont quelques vêtements, n'ont +tous ... vont entierement nus; ceux qui ont quelques vêtements, n'ont autre chose qu'une casaque faite de courroies de peau de lapins, de -lièvres ou de loutres tressés ensemble, et qui ont conservé le poil. Les -femmes ont une espèce de tablier de roseaux tressés qui s'attache autour +lièvres ou de loutres tressés ensemble, et qui ont conservé le poil. Les +femmes ont une espèce de tablier de roseaux tressés qui s'attache autour de la taille par un cordon, et pend jusqu'aux genoux; une peau de cerf -mal tannée et mal préparée, jetée sur leurs épaules en guise de manteau, -compléte leur toilette.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, +mal tannée et mal préparée, jetée sur leurs épaules en guise de manteau, +compléte leur toilette.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 155; see also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en -Cal._, p. 227. 'Sont tres peu couverts, et en été, la plupart vont tout +Cal._, p. 227. 'Sont tres peu couverts, et en été, la plupart vont tout nus. Les femmes font usage de peaux de daim pour se couvrir.... Ces -femmes portent encore comme vêtement des espèces de couvertures sans -envers, faites en plumes tissues ensemble ... il a l'avantage d'être -très-chaud.... Elles portent généralement, au lieu de boucles +femmes portent encore comme vêtement des espèces de couvertures sans +envers, faites en plumes tissues ensemble ... il a l'avantage d'être +très-chaud.... Elles portent généralement, au lieu de boucles d'oreilles, des morceaux d'os ou de bois en forme de cylindre et -sculptés de différentes manières. Ces ornements sont creux et servent -également d'étuis pour renfermer leurs aiguilles.' _Petit-Thouars_, +sculptés de différentes manières. Ces ornements sont creux et servent +également d'étuis pour renfermer leurs aiguilles.' _Petit-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 135. Speaking generally of the Californian Indians, 'both sexes go nearly naked, excepting a sort of wrapper round the waist, only in the coldest part of the winter they throw over their @@ -24130,11 +24096,11 @@ together, and then join them as they do the feathers, so that both sides have the fur alike.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 163-4. See also _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 364, and _Forbes' Cal._, p. 183. 'Im Winter selbst tragen sie wenig Bekleidung, vielleicht nur eine Hirschhaut, -welche sie über die Schulter werfen; Männer, Frauen und Kinder gehen +welche sie über die Schulter werfen; Männer, Frauen und Kinder gehen selbst im Winter im Schnee barfuss.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 177; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 249; _Patrick, Gilbert, Heald, and Von Schmidt_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, pp. 240-4; _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, -part iii., p. 4, and plate xii.; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., +part iii., p. 4, and plate xii.; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., part ii., p. 455; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 239; _Shea's Catholic Missions_, p. 98; _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223; _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 457; _Augur_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. @@ -24171,18 +24137,18 @@ them to the hinge of the jawbone ... some also had their entire foreheads coated over.' _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p. 111. 'The women are a little tattooed on the chin.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 307. At Monterey and vicinity, 'se peignent le corps en -rouge, et en noir lorsqu'ils sont en deuil.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. +rouge, et en noir lorsqu'ils sont en deuil.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 305. 'Se peignent la peau pour se parer.' _Rollin_, in _La -Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 53. 'This one thing was obserued to bee +Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 53. 'This one thing was obserued to bee generall amongst them all, that euery one had his face painted, some with white, some blacke, and some with other colours.' _Drake's World Encomp._, p. 126. 'Tattooing is practised in these tribes by both sexes, both to ornament the person and to distinguish one clan from another. It is remarkable that the women mark their chins precisely in the same way -as the Esquimaux.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 77. 'Les indigènes -indepéndents de la Haute-Californie sont tatoués ... ces signes servent -d'ornement et de distinction, non seulement d'une tribu à une autre -tribu, mais encore, d'une famille à une autre famille.' _Petit-Thouars_, +as the Esquimaux.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 77. 'Les indigènes +indepéndents de la Haute-Californie sont tatoués ... ces signes servent +d'ornement et de distinction, non seulement d'une tribu à une autre +tribu, mais encore, d'une famille à une autre famille.' _Petit-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom. ii., pp. 134-5. 'Tattooing is also used, but principally among the women. Some have only a double or triple line from each corner of the mouth down to the chin; others have besides a cross stripe @@ -24190,9 +24156,9 @@ extending from one of these stripes to the other; and most have simple long and cross stripes from the chin over the neck down to the breast and upon the shoulders.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 167; see plate, p. 169. When dancing, 'ils se peignent sur le corps des lignes -régulières, noires, rouges et blanches. Quelques-uns ont la moitié du -corps, depuis la tête jusqu'en bas, barbouillée de noir, et l'autre de -rouge; le tout croisé par des raies blanches, d'autres se poudrent les +régulières, noires, rouges et blanches. Quelques-uns ont la moitié du +corps, depuis la tête jusqu'en bas, barbouillée de noir, et l'autre de +rouge; le tout croisé par des raies blanches, d'autres se poudrent les cheveux avec du duvet d'oiseaux.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part iii., p. 4; see also plate xii. 'I have never observed any particular figured designs upon their persons, but the tattooing is generally on the chin, @@ -24201,17 +24167,17 @@ females. _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223. 'Les femmes seules emploient le tatouage.' _Auger_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 165. [509] 'Il est bien rare qu'un Indien passe la nuit dans sa maison. Vers -le soir chacun prend son arc et ses flèches et va se réunir aux autres -dans de grandes cavernes, parce-qu'ils craignent d'être attaqués a -l'improviste par leurs ennemis et d'être surpris sans défense au milieu +le soir chacun prend son arc et ses flèches et va se réunir aux autres +dans de grandes cavernes, parce-qu'ils craignent d'être attaqués a +l'improviste par leurs ennemis et d'être surpris sans défense au milieu de leurs femmes et de leurs enfants.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 316-7. [510] Two authors describe their dwellings as being much smaller than I -have stated them to be: 'leur maisons ont quatre pieds de diamètre.' +have stated them to be: 'leur maisons ont quatre pieds de diamètre.' _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 238. Their wigwams -have 'une élévation au-dessus du sol de cinq à huit pieds et une -circonférence de dix à douze.' _Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 172. The +have 'une élévation au-dessus du sol de cinq à huit pieds et une +circonférence de dix à douze.' _Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 172. The authorities I have followed, and who agree in essential particulars, are: _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp. 103, 106; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 198; _Pfeiffer's Second @@ -24221,28 +24187,28 @@ ii., pp. 34, 282; _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part iii., p. 2; _Drake's World Encomp._, p. 121; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 30, with cut; _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 13, 15; _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., vol. vi., pp. 367, 390; _Sutil y Mexicana_, -_Viage_, p. 165; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 295; _Delano's Life -on the Plains_, p. 306; _Gerstäcker's Journ._, p. 218; _Gilbert_, in +_Viage_, p. 165; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 295; _Delano's Life +on the Plains_, p. 306; _Gerstäcker's Journ._, p. 218; _Gilbert_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 242; _Patrick_, in _Id._, p. 240; _Jewett_, in _Id._, p. 244; _Bailey_, in _Id._, 1858, p. 299; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 248; _Langsdorff's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 163; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, pp. 177, 179; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 365; _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 5; _Baer_, _Stat. und Ethno._, p. 72; _Kostromitonow_, in _Id._, p. 83; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 239; -_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., p. 456; _Johnston_, in +_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., p. 456; _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., p. 91; _Roquefeuil's Voy. Round the World_, p. 29; _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 316, 343. [511] Wilkes, and the majority of writers, assert that the acorns are sweet and palatable in their natural state; Kostromitonow, however, -says: 'Nachdem die Eicheln vom Baume gepflückt sind, werden sie in der -Sonne gedörrt, darauf gereinigt und in Körben mittelst besonders dazu +says: 'Nachdem die Eicheln vom Baume gepflückt sind, werden sie in der +Sonne gedörrt, darauf gereinigt und in Körben mittelst besonders dazu behauener Steine gestossen, dann wird im Sande oder sonst wo in lockerer -Erde eine Grube gegraben, die Eicheln werden hineingeschüttet und mit -Wasser übergossen, welches beständig von der Erde eingezogen wird. -Dieses Ausspülen wiederholt man so lange bis die Eicheln alle ihre -eigenthümliche Bitterkeit verloren haben.' _Baer_, _Stat. und Ethno._, +Erde eine Grube gegraben, die Eicheln werden hineingeschüttet und mit +Wasser übergossen, welches beständig von der Erde eingezogen wird. +Dieses Ausspülen wiederholt man so lange bis die Eicheln alle ihre +eigenthümliche Bitterkeit verloren haben.' _Baer_, _Stat. und Ethno._, p. 84. The acorn bread 'looks and tastes like coarse black clay, strongly resembling the soundings in Hampton roads, and being about as savory and digestible.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 121. Never having eaten @@ -24255,12 +24221,12 @@ seeds, parched and ground, before being made into dough. '_Pinolli_, la harina de mayz y chia, antes que la deslian.' _Molina_, _Vocabulario_. The Aztecs made pinole chiefly of maize or Indian corn. -[513] 'Nos trageron su regalo de tamales grandes de mas de á tercia con +[513] 'Nos trageron su regalo de tamales grandes de mas de á tercia con su correspondiente grueso, amasados de semillas silvestres muy prietas -que parecen brea; los probé y no tienen mal gusto y son muy mantecosos.' +que parecen brea; los probé y no tienen mal gusto y son muy mantecosos.' _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 68. Among the presents given to Drake by the Indians was 'a roote which they -call Petáh, whereof they make a kind of meale, and either bake it into +call Petáh, whereof they make a kind of meale, and either bake it into bread or eate it raw; broyled fishes, like a pilchard; the seede and downe aforenamed, with such like.' _Drake's World Encomp._, p. 126. Catch salmon in baskets. 'They neither sow nor reap, but burn their @@ -24269,27 +24235,27 @@ _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 48. 'Les rats, les insectes, les serpentes, tout sans exception leur sert de nourriture.... Ils sont trop maladroits et trop paresseux pour chasser.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part iii., p. 2. 'Entre ellas tienen una especie de semilla negra, y de su -harina hacen unos tamales, á modo de bolas, de tamaño de una naranja, +harina hacen unos tamales, á modo de bolas, de tamaño de una naranja, que son muy sabrosos, que parecen de almendra tostada muy mantecosa.' -_Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 216; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, +_Palou_, _Vida de JunÃpero Serra_, p. 216; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 164; _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 116. 'Their fastidiousness does not prompt them to take the entrails out' of fishes and birds. _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 305. 'Live upon various plants in their several seasons, besides grapes, and even use the Artemesia.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., pp. 202, 259. 'Ils trouvent -aussi autour d'eux une quantité d'aloès dont ils font un fréquent -usage.... Ils utilisent éncore la racine d'une espèce de roseau.... Ils -mangent aussi une fleur sucrée qui ressemble à celle de l'églantier -d'Espagne, et qui croît dans les endroits marécageux.' _Marmier_, +aussi autour d'eux une quantité d'aloès dont ils font un fréquent +usage.... Ils utilisent éncore la racine d'une espèce de roseau.... Ils +mangent aussi une fleur sucrée qui ressemble à celle de l'églantier +d'Espagne, et qui croît dans les endroits marécageux.' _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, pp. 232-3, 237. Were cannibals and their sorcerers still eat human flesh. _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 362, 366-9. The Meewocs 'eat all creatures that swim in the waters, all that fly through the air, and all that creep, crawl, or walk upon the earth, with, perhaps a dozen exceptions.' _Powers_, in _Overland -Monthly_, vol. x., p. 324. 'Ils se nourrissent également d'une espèce de -gâteaux fabriqués avec du gland, et qu'ils roulent dans le sable avant -de le livrer à la cuisson; de là vient qu'ils sont, jeunes encore, les -dents usées jusqu'à la racine, et ce n'est pas, comme le dit Malte-Brun, +Monthly_, vol. x., p. 324. 'Ils se nourrissent également d'une espèce de +gâteaux fabriqués avec du gland, et qu'ils roulent dans le sable avant +de le livrer à la cuisson; de là vient qu'ils sont, jeunes encore, les +dents usées jusqu'à la racine, et ce n'est pas, comme le dit Malte-Brun, parce qu'ils ont l'habitude de les limer.' _Auger_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 163. 'While I was standing there a couple of pretty young girls came from the woods, with flat baskets full of flower-seed, emitting a @@ -24311,12 +24277,12 @@ Ex._, pp. 242, 244; _Johnson's Cal. and Ogn._, p. 142; _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 222; _Placerville Index_, _Aug., 1859_; _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 303; _Patrick, McDermott, Gilbert, Benitz, Jannson, Von Schmidt, McAdam, Bowlby, and Jewett_, in -_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, pp. 18, 41-4; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., +_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, pp. 18, 41-4; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 282; _Helper's Land of Gold_, pp. 269-70; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., pp. 441-2; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, pp. 450-1; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, pp. 91-2, 152, 316; _Yate's Sketch of the Sacramento Valley in 1842, MS._; _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 457; _McDaniels' Early Days of -Cal. MS._; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 339, 346; _Mühlenpfordt_, +Cal. MS._; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 339, 346; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 455-6; _Knight's Pioneer Life, MS._ [514] When the Indian finds a tree stocked by the carpenter bird he @@ -24335,14 +24301,14 @@ devoured raw.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 32-3. curbed up with stone like wells. Over this they build large fires, heat them thoroughly, clean out the coals and ashes, fill them with whale flesh, cover the opening with sticks, leaves, grass and earth, and thus -bake their repast.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 366-7. 'Ils font rôtir -cette chair dans des trous creusés en terre.' _Marmier_, _Notice_, in +bake their repast.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 366-7. 'Ils font rôtir +cette chair dans des trous creusés en terre.' _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 237. [519] _Johnson's Cal. and Ogn._, p. 132; _Powers' Account of John A. Sutter, MS._; and _Id._, _Letter to the author, MS._ -[520] 'Reinlichkeit kennen sie nicht, und in ihren Hütten sind die +[520] 'Reinlichkeit kennen sie nicht, und in ihren Hütten sind die diversesten Parasiten vertreten.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 177. 'I have seen them eating the vermin which they picked from each other's heads, and from their blankets. Although they bathe frequently, they lay @@ -24355,8 +24321,8 @@ we had ever met with.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. [521] 'Ein Bogen mit Pfeilen und ein Spiess sind ihre Waffen; alles dieses wird meistens aus jungem Tannenholz verfertigt. Die Spitzen der -Pfeile und Spiesse bestehen aus scharfen, künstlich behauenen Steinen, -zur Bogensehne nehmen sie die Sehnen wilder Ziegen; ausserdem führen sie +Pfeile und Spiesse bestehen aus scharfen, künstlich behauenen Steinen, +zur Bogensehne nehmen sie die Sehnen wilder Ziegen; ausserdem führen sie in Kriegszeiten eine Art von Schleuder, mit welcher sie Steine auf eine grosse Entfernung werfen.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 89. Bow 'from three to four and a half feet long.' @@ -24376,30 +24342,30 @@ receive the tendons with which it is firmly secured to the arrow.' _Borthwick's Three Years in Cal._, p. 131. 'Arrows are pointed with flint, as are also their spears, which are very short. They do not use the tomahawk or scalping knife.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., -p. 91. 'Leurs armes sont l'arc et les flèches armées d'un silex -très-artistement travaillé.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 305. -'Ces arcs sont encore garnis, au milieu, d'une petite lanière de cuir, -qui a pour object d'empêcher la flèche de dévier de la position qu'on -lui donne en la posant sur l'arc.... Ils prétendent que cette précaution -rend leurs coups encore plus sûrs. Les flèches sont moins longues que -l'arc, elles ont ordinairement de 80 à 85 centimètres de long, elles -sont faites d'un bois très-léger et sont égales en grosseur à chaque -extrémité ... l'autre extrémité de la flèche est garnie, sur quatre -faces, de barbes en plumes qui ont 10 centimètres de longueur sur 0,015 -millimètres de hauteur.' _Petit-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 138. They +p. 91. 'Leurs armes sont l'arc et les flèches armées d'un silex +très-artistement travaillé.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 305. +'Ces arcs sont encore garnis, au milieu, d'une petite lanière de cuir, +qui a pour object d'empêcher la flèche de dévier de la position qu'on +lui donne en la posant sur l'arc.... Ils prétendent que cette précaution +rend leurs coups encore plus sûrs. Les flèches sont moins longues que +l'arc, elles ont ordinairement de 80 à 85 centimètres de long, elles +sont faites d'un bois très-léger et sont égales en grosseur à chaque +extrémité ... l'autre extrémité de la flèche est garnie, sur quatre +faces, de barbes en plumes qui ont 10 centimètres de longueur sur 0,015 +millimètres de hauteur.' _Petit-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 138. They 'maintain armories to make their bows, and arrows, and lances.' Arrows 'are tipped with barbed obsidian heads ... the shaft is ornamented with rings of the distinguishing paint of the owner's rancheria. Their knives and spear-points are made of obsidian and flint.' Arrows are of two kinds, 'one short and light for killing game, and the other a war-shaft measuring a cloth-yard in length.' _Revere's Tour_, pp. 121-2. 'Ces -flèches offrent peu de danger à une certaine distance, à cause de la -parabole qu'elles sont forcées de décrire, et qui donne à celui que les -voit venir la temps de les éviter.' _Auger_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 163. 'La +flèches offrent peu de danger à une certaine distance, à cause de la +parabole qu'elles sont forcées de décrire, et qui donne à celui que les +voit venir la temps de les éviter.' _Auger_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 163. 'La corde, faite avec du chanvre sylvestre, est garnie d'un petit morceau de -peau qui en étouffe le sifflement.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. +peau qui en étouffe le sifflement.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 378; see _Atlas_, plate 25. 'Ihre Waffen bestehen nur in Bogen und -Pfeil.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., part ii., p. 455. 'They have +Pfeil.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., part ii., p. 455. 'They have no offensive arms at all, except bows and arrows, and these are small and powerless.... Arrows are about two feet long.' _Gerstaecker's Journ._, p. 212. 'Sometimes the bow is merely of wood and rudely made.' @@ -24412,10 +24378,10 @@ Javelins pointed with flint, or sometimes simply sharpened at the end. _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 109. Arrows were about three feet long, and pointed with flint. Short spears also pointed with flint. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 198. 'Traian -unas lanzas cortas con su lengüeta de pedernal tan bien labradas como si -fuesen de hierro ó acero, con solo la diferencia de no estar lisas.' +unas lanzas cortas con su lengüeta de pedernal tan bien labradas como si +fuesen de hierro ó acero, con solo la diferencia de no estar lisas.' _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 68. -'Los mas de ellos traian varas largas en las manos á modo de lanzas.' +'Los mas de ellos traian varas largas en las manos á modo de lanzas.' _Id._, p. 61; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 249; _Langsdorff's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 165; _Life of Gov. L. W. Boggs, by his Son, MS._ @@ -24434,9 +24400,9 @@ ancient Mexicans, and it was possibly much farther south that he saw it. [525] _Butte Record_, _Aug., 1866._ -[526] 'Suelen entrar en ella entonando cánticos militares mezclados de -extraños alaridos; y acostumbran formarse los campeones en dos lineas -muy próximas para empezar disparándose flechazos. Como uno de sus +[526] 'Suelen entrar en ella entonando cánticos militares mezclados de +extraños alaridos; y acostumbran formarse los campeones en dos lineas +muy próximas para empezar disparándose flechazos. Como uno de sus principales ardides consiste en intimidar al enemigo, para conseguirlo procura cada partido que oiga el contrario los preparativos de la batalla.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 170. 'On coming in sight of @@ -24445,7 +24411,7 @@ and shouting, like bacchanals dance from side to side to prevent the foe from taking deliberate aim.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 122. [527] In the vicinity of Fort Ross: 'In ihren Kriegen wird -Unerschrockenheit geachtet; gefangene Feinde tödtet man nicht, sondern +Unerschrockenheit geachtet; gefangene Feinde tödtet man nicht, sondern wechselt sie nach beendigtem Kampfe aus; nie verurtheilt man sie zu Sklaven.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 77. Near Feather River 'they carry off their dead to prevent their being scalped, which next after @@ -24456,22 +24422,22 @@ of scalping.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 108. At Clear Lake, 'they do not scalp the slain.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 122. In the vicinity of San Francisco 'occasionally, they appear to have eaten pieces of the bodies of their more distinguished adversaries -killed in battle.' _Soulé's Annals of San Francisco_, p. 52. At Monterey, -'lorsqu'ils avaient vaincu et mis à mort sur le champ de bataille des -chefs ou des hommes très-courageux, ils en mangeaient quelques morceaux, +killed in battle.' _Soulé's Annals of San Francisco_, p. 52. At Monterey, +'lorsqu'ils avaient vaincu et mis à mort sur le champ de bataille des +chefs ou des hommes très-courageux, ils en mangeaient quelques morceaux, moins en signe de haine et de vengeance, que comme un hommage qu'ils -rendaient à leur valeur, et dans la persuasion qua cette nourriture était -propre à augmenter leur courage.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. -306. 'Muchos indios armados de arco y flechas y llamándolos vinieron +rendaient à leur valeur, et dans la persuasion qua cette nourriture était +propre à augmenter leur courage.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. +306. 'Muchos indios armados de arco y flechas y llamándolos vinieron luego y me regularon muchos de ellos flechas, que es entre ellos la mayor demostracion de paz.' _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Doc. Mex. Hist._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 53. At Santa Cruz they eat slices of the flesh of a brave fallen enemy, thinking to gain some of his valour. They 'take the scalps of their enemies ... they pluck out the eyes of their enemies.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 370. 'Gefangene werden nicht -lange gehalten, sondern gleich getödtet.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. +lange gehalten, sondern gleich getödtet.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178. In order to intimidate their enemies 'cometen con el propio fin en -las primeras víctimas las crueldades mas horrorosas.' _Sutil y +las primeras vÃctimas las crueldades mas horrorosas.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_ p. 170. [528] _Drake's World Encomp._, p. 126. @@ -24479,15 +24445,15 @@ Mexicana_, _Viage_ p. 170. [529] 'Make baskets of the bark of trees.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 368. 'Make a very ingenious straw box for keeping their worm bait alive; burying it in the earth, yet not allowing the worms to escape.' -_Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite_, p. 52. 'Die gewöhnlichste Form für den +_Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite_, p. 52. 'Die gewöhnlichste Form für den Korb ist halbconisch, 3 Fuss lang und 18 Zoll breit.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 182. 'Their baskets, made of willows, are perfectly water-tight.' _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 305. 'They sometimes ornament the smaller ones with beads, pearl-shell, feathers, &c.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 122 'Leurs mortiers de pierre et divers autres -utensiles sont artistiquement incrustés de morceaux de nacre de perle +utensiles sont artistiquement incrustés de morceaux de nacre de perle ... garnissent leur calebasses et leur cruches d'ouvrages de vannerie -brodés avec des fils-déliés qu'elles tirent de diverses racines.' +brodés avec des fils-déliés qu'elles tirent de diverses racines.' _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 233; _Langsdorff's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 165; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 243; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 107; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. @@ -24496,17 +24462,17 @@ _Borthwick's Three Years in Cal._, p. 131; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 324. [530] _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 47. At Clear Lake 'their canoes or rather -rafts are made of bundles of the tulé plant.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's +rafts are made of bundles of the tulé plant.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 107. At San Francisco Bay and vicinity 'the only canoes of the Indians are made of plaited reeds.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 90. 'They do not possess horses or canoes of any kind; they only know how to fasten together bundles of rushes, which carry them over the water by their comparative lightness.' _Chamisso_, in -_Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 48. 'Les Indiens font leur pirogues à -l'instant où ils veulent entreprendre un voyage par eau; elles sont en -roseaux. Lorsque l'on y entre elles s'emplissent à moitié d'eau; de +_Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 48. 'Les Indiens font leur pirogues à +l'instant où ils veulent entreprendre un voyage par eau; elles sont en +roseaux. Lorsque l'on y entre elles s'emplissent à moitié d'eau; de sorte qu'assis, l'on en a jusqu'au gras de la jambe; on les fait aller -avec des avirons extrêmement longs, et pointus aux deux extremités.' +avec des avirons extrêmement longs, et pointus aux deux extremités.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part iii., p. 6. Had no boats, but it was reported that they had previously used boats made of rushes. _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 103. 'The most @@ -24564,45 +24530,45 @@ distinction, and are not required to work, as other women. _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 73. In one case near Clear Lake, when 'the males of a family had become extinct and a female only remained, she appointed a chief.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. At the -Port of Sardinas 'durmió dos noches en la capitana una india anciana, -que era señora de estos pueblos, acompañada de muchos Indios.' _Sutil y +Port of Sardinas 'durmió dos noches en la capitana una india anciana, +que era señora de estos pueblos, acompañada de muchos Indios.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. xxxii. [537] The Kainameahs had three hereditary chiefs. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 103. -[538] In Russian River Valley and the vicinity: 'Die Achtung die man für -den Vater hegte, geht häufig auf den Sohn über; aber die Gewalt des +[538] In Russian River Valley and the vicinity: 'Die Achtung die man für +den Vater hegte, geht häufig auf den Sohn über; aber die Gewalt des Oberhauptes ist im Allgemeinen sehr nichtig; denn es steht einem jeden frei, seinen Geburtsort zu verlassen und einen anderen Aufenthalt zu -wählen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 77-8. 'Derjenige, der am meisten -Anverwandte besitzt, wird als Häuptling oder Tojon anerkannt; in -grösseren Wohnsitzen giebt es mehrere solcher Tojone, aber ihre -Autorität ist nichts sagend. Sie haben weder das Recht zu befehlen, noch -den Ungehorsam zu züchtigen.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. +wählen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 77-8. 'Derjenige, der am meisten +Anverwandte besitzt, wird als Häuptling oder Tojon anerkannt; in +grösseren Wohnsitzen giebt es mehrere solcher Tojone, aber ihre +Autorität ist nichts sagend. Sie haben weder das Recht zu befehlen, noch +den Ungehorsam zu züchtigen.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 86. At Clear Lake chiefdom was hereditary. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. See also pp. 103, 110. Among -the Gualalas and Gallinomeros, chieftainship was hereditary. The Sanéls +the Gualalas and Gallinomeros, chieftainship was hereditary. The Sanéls live in large huts, each containing 20 or 30 persons related to each other, each of these families has its own government. The Comachos paid voluntary tribute for support of chief. _Powers' Pomo, MS._ In the Sacramento Valley a chief has more authority than that arising merely from his personal character. _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 108. On the coast between San Diego and San Francisco, in -the vicinity of San Miguel 'chaque village est gouverné despotiquement +the vicinity of San Miguel 'chaque village est gouverné despotiquement par un chef qui est seul arbitre de la paix et de la guerre.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 163. See also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 227; _Jewett_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 244; _Gerstaecker's Journ._, p. 213; -_Histoire Chrétienne de la Cal._, p. 52; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, pp. +_Histoire Chrétienne de la Cal._, p. 52; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, pp. 177-8. [539] 'El robo era un delito casi desconocido en ambas naciones. Entre -los Runsienes se miraba quasi con indiferencia el homicidio; pero no así +los Runsienes se miraba quasi con indiferencia el homicidio; pero no asà entre los Eslenes, los quales castigaban al delinquente con pena de muerte.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 171. 'Im Fall ein Indianer ein -Verbrechen in irgend einem Stamme verübt hat, und die Häuptlinge sich -bestimmt haben ihn zu tödten, so geschieht dies durch Bogen und Pfeil.' +Verbrechen in irgend einem Stamme verübt hat, und die Häuptlinge sich +bestimmt haben ihn zu tödten, so geschieht dies durch Bogen und Pfeil.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, pp. 177-8; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. xii., p. 24. @@ -24612,11 +24578,11 @@ xii., p. 24. [542] Near San Francisco, 'teniendo muchas mugeres, sin que entre ellas se experimente la menor emulacion.' _Palou_, _Vida de Junipero Serra_, -p. 217. At Monterey 'la polygamie leur était permise.' _La Pérouse_, +p. 217. At Monterey 'la polygamie leur était permise.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 303. In Tuolumne County 'polygamy is practiced.' _Healey_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 244. At Clear Lake 'polygamy is practiced only by the chiefs.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 125. 'Bei manchen -Stämmen wird Vielweiberei gestattet.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178. +Stämmen wird Vielweiberei gestattet.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178. 'A man often marries a whole family, the mother and her daughters.... No jealousies ever appear among these families of wives.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 367. 'An Indian man may have as many wives as he can keep; @@ -24626,7 +24592,7 @@ the Sacramento Valley 'the men in general have but one wife.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 108. 'Of these Indians it is reported that no one has more than one wife.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 201. 'Entre los Runsienes y -Eslenes no era permitido á cada hombre tener mas de una muger.' _Sutil y +Eslenes no era permitido á cada hombre tener mas de una muger.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 170. At Clear Lake and down the coast to San Francisco Bay 'they have but one wife at a time.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. In the vicinity of Fort Ross @@ -24634,30 +24600,30 @@ _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. In the vicinity of Fort Ross _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 88. In the country round San Miguel 'non-seulement ce capitaine a le droit d'avoir deux femmes, tandis que les autres Indiens n'en ont qu'une, mais il peut les renvoyer quand cela -lui plaît, pour en prendre d'autres dans le village.' _Fages_, in +lui plaît, pour en prendre d'autres dans le village.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 163. See also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 227. -[543] At Monterey, 'ils étaient même dans l'usage d'épouser toutes les -soeurs d'une famille.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 303. Near +[543] At Monterey, 'ils étaient même dans l'usage d'épouser toutes les +soeurs d'une famille.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 303. Near Fort Ross, 'die Blutsverwandtschaft wird streng beachtet und es ist nicht gestattet aus dem ersten oder zweiten Grade der Verwandtschaft zu -heirathen; selbst im Falle einer Scheidung darf der nächste Anverwandte +heirathen; selbst im Falle einer Scheidung darf der nächste Anverwandte die Frau nicht ehelichen, doch giebt es auch Ausnahmen.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 88. At San Francisco 'no conocen para -sus casamientos el parentezco de afinidad; antes bien este los incita á -recibir por sus propias mugeres á sus cuñadas, y aun á las suegras, y la -costumbre que observan es, que el que logra una muger, tiene por suyas á -todas sus hermanas.' _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 217. +sus casamientos el parentezco de afinidad; antes bien este los incita á +recibir por sus propias mugeres á sus cuñadas, y aun á las suegras, y la +costumbre que observan es, que el que logra una muger, tiene por suyas á +todas sus hermanas.' _Palou_, _Vida de JunÃpero Serra_, p. 217. 'Parentage and other relations of consanguinity are no obstacles to matrimony.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 367. 'Souvent une femme presse -son mari d'épouser ses soeurs, et même sa mère, et cette proposition est -fréquemment acceptée.' _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, -p. 235. 'Este método de comprar las mugeres era comun á entrambas +son mari d'épouser ses soeurs, et même sa mère, et cette proposition est +fréquemment acceptée.' _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, +p. 235. 'Este método de comprar las mugeres era comun á entrambas naciones (Runsienes y Eslenes), bien que entre los Runsienes hacia mucho mas solemne el contrato la intervencion de los parientes de los novios, contribuyendo los del varon con su quota, la qual se dividia entre los -de la novia al tiempo de entregar á esta.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage._ +de la novia al tiempo de entregar á esta.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage._ p. 171. [544] _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223. @@ -24683,7 +24649,7 @@ in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. [549] 'The Yukas are often brutal and cruel to their women and children, especially to the women.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., p. 308. In the vicinity of Fort Ross, 'sie lieben ihre Kinder mit grosser -Zärtlichkeit.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 77. +Zärtlichkeit.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 77. [550] _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178. 'The practice of abortion, so common among the Chinooks and some other tribes in Oregon, is unknown @@ -24694,7 +24660,7 @@ states to be reliable authority. [552] For a full account of this custom of the couvade, as it existed in various parts of the world, see _Tylor's Researches_, pp. 293-302, and -_Max Müller's Chips_, vol. ii., pp. 271-9. For its observance in +_Max Müller's Chips_, vol. ii., pp. 271-9. For its observance in California, see _Venagas_, _Noticias de Cal._, tom. i., p. 94, and _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 367. @@ -24706,17 +24672,17 @@ husband, a White Man, being then sixty-odd.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., p. 500. [554] For further authorities on family and domestic affairs, see: -_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 456; _Delano's Life on +_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 456; _Delano's Life on the Plains_, pp. 306; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 190; _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 317-26. Also quoted in _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, pp. 232-35; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178; _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 223-4; _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_; -_Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 217; _Powers_, in _Overland +_Palou_, _Vida de JunÃpero Serra_, p. 217; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., pp. 308, 500-6, vol. x., p. 325; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp. 106-8; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 170-1; _Borthwick's Three Years in Cal._, p. 129; _La -Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 303; _Rollin_, in _Id._, tom. iv., pp. +Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 303; _Rollin_, in _Id._, tom. iv., pp. 57-8; _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 145; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 112-13; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., pp. 201, 259; _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 457; _Gilbert, @@ -24764,11 +24730,11 @@ burned the aulone shell for the lime to mix with their tobacco, which they swallowed to make them drunk.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 27, 1860_. 'A species of tobacco is found on the sandy beaches which the Indians prepare and smoke.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., -p. 202. 'Se pusieron á chupar y reparé en ellos la misma ceremonia de -esparcir el humo hácia arriba diciendo en cada bocanada unas palabras; -solo entendí una que fué _esmen_ que quiere decir sol; observé la misma -costumbre de chupar primero el mas principal, luego da la pipa á otro, y -da vuelta á otros.' _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie +p. 202. 'Se pusieron á chupar y reparé en ellos la misma ceremonia de +esparcir el humo hácia arriba diciendo en cada bocanada unas palabras; +solo entendà una que fué _esmen_ que quiere decir sol; observé la misma +costumbre de chupar primero el mas principal, luego da la pipa á otro, y +da vuelta á otros.' _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 69; see also p. 77. [558] On the subject of amusements, see _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. @@ -24781,9 +24747,9 @@ Francisco Bulletin_, _Oct. 21, 1858_, _Nov. 29, 1871_; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., pp. 307-8, 501-5, vol. x., pp. 325-7; _Power's Pomo, MS._; _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 150; _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 127; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. -iii., pp. 442-6; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 367; _Hist. Chrétienne_, -pp. 53-4; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pp. ii., p. 456; _Choris_, -_Voy. Pitt._, pt. iii., pp. 4-5; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, vol. ii., pp. +iii., pp. 442-6; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 367; _Hist. Chrétienne_, +pp. 53-4; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pp. ii., p. 456; _Choris_, +_Voy. Pitt._, pt. iii., pp. 4-5; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 306-7. [559] The Meewocs 'believe that their male physicians, who are more @@ -24797,10 +24763,10 @@ above described, and was in a few moments so nearly suffocated with the heat, smoke, and impure air, that I found it difficult to make my way out.' _Bryant's Cal._, p. 272. -[561] 'Zur Heilung bedienen sich die Schamane der Kräuter und Wurzeln, -grösstentheils aber saugen sie mit dem Munde das Blut aus der kranken +[561] 'Zur Heilung bedienen sich die Schamane der Kräuter und Wurzeln, +grösstentheils aber saugen sie mit dem Munde das Blut aus der kranken Stelle aus, wobei sie Steinchen oder kleine Schlangen in den Mund nehmen -und darauf versichern, sie hätten dieselben aus der Wunde +und darauf versichern, sie hätten dieselben aus der Wunde herausgezogen.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 95; see also pp. 83, 91, 94-5. 'Until now it has not been ascertained that the Indians had any remedy for curing the sick or allaying their @@ -24814,7 +24780,7 @@ in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 327. See further: _Petit-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 140; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 370; _Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 173; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 324; _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 35, 78; _San Joaquin Republican_, -_Sept., 1858_; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 63; _Gibbs_, in +_Sept., 1858_; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 63; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 103, 107; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 193; _Pickering's Races_, in _Id._, vol. ix., p. 109; _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. @@ -24839,26 +24805,26 @@ vol. ii., p. 363. In the vicinity of Clear Lake all the tribes with the exception of the Yubas bury their dead. _Geiger_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 289. -[563] 'Los Runsienes dividian últimamente entre los parientes las pocas +[563] 'Los Runsienes dividian últimamente entre los parientes las pocas cosas que componian la propiedad del difunto. Los Eslenes, al contrario, -no solo no repartian cosa alguna, sino que todos sus amigos y súbditos -debian contribuir con algunos abalorios que enterraban con el cadáver +no solo no repartian cosa alguna, sino que todos sus amigos y súbditos +debian contribuir con algunos abalorios que enterraban con el cadáver del fallecido.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 172. 'If a woman dies in becoming a mother, the child, whether living or dead, is buried with its mother.' _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 437. -[564] 'Die nächsten Anverwandten schneiden sich das Haar ab und werfen +[564] 'Die nächsten Anverwandten schneiden sich das Haar ab und werfen es ins Feuer, wobei sie sich mit Steinen an die Brust schlagen, auf den -Boden stürzen, ja bisweilen aus besonderer Anhänglichkeit zu dem -Verstorbenen sich blutrünstig oder gar zu Tode stossen; doch sind solche -Fälle selten.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 88. +Boden stürzen, ja bisweilen aus besonderer Anhänglichkeit zu dem +Verstorbenen sich blutrünstig oder gar zu Tode stossen; doch sind solche +Fälle selten.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 88. 'The body is consumed upon a scaffold built over a hole, into which the ashes are thrown and covered.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. See also: _Tehama Gazette_, _May, 1859_; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 171-2; _Powers' Pomo, MS._; also in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., p. 502, vol. x., p. 328, vol. xii., p. 28; _San Francisco Evening Bulletin_, _April 4, 1861_; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, pp. -448-50; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 306; _Placerville Index_, +448-50; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 306; _Placerville Index_, 1857; _Marmier_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, pp. 230, 236; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 437; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 369; _Folsom Dispatch_, in _Cal. Farmer_, @@ -24867,11 +24833,11 @@ _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 458; _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 242; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 195. [565] In the Russian River Valley the Indians 'sind weichherzig, und von -Natur nicht rachsüchtig ... sie erlernen mit Leichtigkeit mancherlei +Natur nicht rachsüchtig ... sie erlernen mit Leichtigkeit mancherlei Handarbeiten und Gewerbe.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 77-8. Near -Fort Ross 'sind sie sanft und friedfertig, und sehr fähig, besonders in -der Auffassung sinnlicher Gegenstände. Nur in Folge ihrer unmässigen -Trägheit und Sorglosigkeit scheinen sie sehr dumm zu seyn.' +Fort Ross 'sind sie sanft und friedfertig, und sehr fähig, besonders in +der Auffassung sinnlicher Gegenstände. Nur in Folge ihrer unmässigen +Trägheit und Sorglosigkeit scheinen sie sehr dumm zu seyn.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Id._, pp. 81-2. 'They appear ... by no means so stupid' as those at the missions. _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 26. At Bodega Bay 'their disposition is most liberal.' _Maurelle's @@ -24894,12 +24860,12 @@ _Drake's World Encomp._, p. 131. 'Bastantes rancherias de gentiles muy mansos y apacibles.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 497. 'Son muy mansos, afables, de buenas caras y los mas de ellos barbados.' _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Id._, tom. vii., p. 59. At -Monterey they 'étaient lourds et peu intelligents.' Those living farther -from the missions were not without 'une certaine finesse, commune à tous -les hommes élevés dans l'état de nature.' _Petit-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom. +Monterey they 'étaient lourds et peu intelligents.' Those living farther +from the missions were not without 'une certaine finesse, commune à tous +les hommes élevés dans l'état de nature.' _Petit-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 134. 'Ces peuples sont si peu courageux, qu'ils n'opposent -jamais aucune résistance aux trois ou quatre soldats qui violent si -évidement à leur égard le droit des gens.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. +jamais aucune résistance aux trois ou quatre soldats qui violent si +évidement à leur égard le droit des gens.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 297. 'The Yukas are a tigerish, truculent, sullen, thievish, and every way bad, but brave race.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., p. 306. The Tahtoos were very cowardly and peace-loving. _Powers' @@ -24950,29 +24916,29 @@ timid and of a gentle, submissive temper.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 199. 'In stature no less than in mind are certainly of a very inferior race of human beings.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 168. 'Pusillanimous.' _Forbes' Cal._, p. 183. 'Ils sont -également extrêmes dans l'expression de la joie et de la colère.' -_Rollin_, in _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 58. 'Seemed to be almost +également extrêmes dans l'expression de la joie et de la colère.' +_Rollin_, in _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 58. 'Seemed to be almost of the lowest grade of human beings.' _King's Rept._, in _Bayard Taylor's El Dorado, Appendix_, vol. ii., p. 210. 'Die Indianer von Californien sind physisch und moralisch den andern Indianern untergeordnet.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 177. 'Su estupidez mas parece un entorpecimiento de las potencias por falta de accion y por -pereza característica, que limitacion absoluta de sus facultades -intelectuales; y así quando se las pone en movimiento, y se les dan -ideas, no dexan de discernir y de aprender lo que se les enseña.' _Sutil +pereza caracterÃstica, que limitacion absoluta de sus facultades +intelectuales; y asà quando se las pone en movimiento, y se les dan +ideas, no dexan de discernir y de aprender lo que se les enseña.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 164. 'I noticed that all the Indians from Southern to Northern California were low, shiftless, indolent, and cowardly.' _Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs_, p. 16. Cowardly and treacherous in the extreme. _Life of Gov. L. W. Boggs, by his Son, MS._ [566] At Santa Catalina 'las mujeres son muy hermosas y honestas, los -niños son blancos y rubios y muy risueños.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, p. +niños son blancos y rubios y muy risueños.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, p. 18, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv. See also _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 140; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 712. At Santa Barbara, 'son mas altos, dispuestos, y membrados, que otros, que antes se avian visto.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 714. On the coast from San Diego to San Francisco they are 'd'une couleur -foncée, de petite taille, et assez mal faits.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles +foncée, de petite taille, et assez mal faits.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 153; see also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 226. At San Luis Rey, 'sont bien faits et d'une taille moyenne.' _Id._, p. 171; quoted in _Marmier_, p. 229. An @@ -24980,10 +24946,10 @@ Indian seen at Santa Inez Mission 'was about twenty-seven years old, with a black thick beard, iris of the eyes light chocolate-brown, nose small and round, lips not thick, face long and angular.' _Cal. Farmer_, _May 4, 1860_. The Noches 'aunque de buena disposicion son delgados y -bastante delicados para andar á pié.' _Garces_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, +bastante delicados para andar á pié.' _Garces_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 295. 'Well proportioned in figure, and of noble appearance.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 45. 'The women (of the -Diegeños) are beautifully developed, and superbly formed, their bodies +Diegeños) are beautifully developed, and superbly formed, their bodies as straight as an arrow.' _Michler_, in _Emory's U. S. and Mex., Bound. Survey_, vol. i., p. 107. The Cahuillas 'are a filthy and miserable-looking set, and great beggars, presenting an unfavorable @@ -24991,14 +24957,14 @@ contrast to the Indian upon the Colorado.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 134. [567] The ordinary cloak descends to the waist: 'le chef seul en a une -qui lui tombe jusqu'au jarret, et c'est là la seule marque de +qui lui tombe jusqu'au jarret, et c'est là la seule marque de distinction.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 172; see also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 229. [568] These capes Father Crespi describes as being 'unos capotillos hechos de pieles de liebres y conejos de que hacen tiras y tercidas como -mecate; cosen uno con otro y las defienden del frio cubriéndolas por la +mecate; cosen uno con otro y las defienden del frio cubriéndolas por la honestidad.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., pp. 291-2; see also _Id._, p. 312. @@ -25014,29 +24980,29 @@ of the Welsh. _Knight's Eng. Encyc. Nat. Hist._, vol. iv., p. 299. iv., p. 18. [572] This hair turban or coil 'sirve de bolsa para guardar en la cabeza -los abalorios y demas chucherias que se les dá.' _Palou_, _Vida de -Junípero Serra_, p. 215. The same custom seems to prevail among the +los abalorios y demas chucherias que se les dá.' _Palou_, _Vida de +JunÃpero Serra_, p. 215. The same custom seems to prevail among the Cibolos of New Mexico, as Marmier, in his additional chapter in the French edition of _Bryant's Cal._, p. 258, says: 'les hommes du peuple tressent leurs cheveux avec des cordons, et y placent le peu d'objets -qu'ils possèdent, notamment la corne qui renferme leur tabac à fumer.' +qu'ils possèdent, notamment la corne qui renferme leur tabac à fumer.' [573] On the subject of dress see also _Navarrete_, _Introd._, in _Sutil -y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. lxiv.; _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. +y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. lxiv.; _Palou_, _Vida de JunÃpero Serra_, p. 79; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 45; _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 240; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 138; _Garces_, in _Doc. Mex. Hist._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 294; _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 229. -[574] On the Los Angeles Coast: 'La ranchería se compone de veinte casas -hechas de zacate de forma esférica á modo de uno media naranja con su +[574] On the Los Angeles Coast: 'La rancherÃa se compone de veinte casas +hechas de zacate de forma esférica á modo de uno media naranja con su respiradero en lo alto por donde les entra la luz y tiene salida el humo.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 314; _Hoffmann_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. v., p. 149. -[575] 'Partiéron de allí el 9, entráron en una ensenada espaciosa, y -siguiendo la costa viéron en ella un pueblo de Indios junto á la mar con -casas grandes á manera de las de Nueva-España.' _Navarrete_, _Introd._, +[575] 'Partiéron de allà el 9, entráron en una ensenada espaciosa, y +siguiendo la costa viéron en ella un pueblo de Indios junto á la mar con +casas grandes á manera de las de Nueva-España.' _Navarrete_, _Introd._, in _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. xxix., xxxi., xxxvi. The accounts of Cabrillo's voyage are so confused that it is impossible to know the exact locality in which he saw the people he describes. On this point @@ -25047,8 +25013,8 @@ pp. 154-5; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 329; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 210-11; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 306. 'Nur um die Meerenge von Santa Barbara fand man, 1769, die Bewohner ein -wenig gesittigter. Sie bauten grosse Häuser von pyramidaler Form, in -Dörfer vereint.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 454-5. +wenig gesittigter. Sie bauten grosse Häuser von pyramidaler Form, in +Dörfer vereint.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 454-5. [576] _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 259; _Bancroft's Nat. Races_, vol. iii., pp. 163-9. @@ -25068,27 +25034,27 @@ eagerness, previous to consuming the flesh in a crude state.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 239. 'Viven muy regalados con varias semillas, y con la pesca que hacen en sus balsas de tule ... y queriendoles dar cosa de comida, solian decir, que de aquello no, que lo -que querian era ropa; y solo con cosa de este género, eran los +que querian era ropa; y solo con cosa de este género, eran los cambalaches que hacian de su pescado con los Soldados y Arrieros.' -_Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 79. See also _Torquemada_, +_Palou_, _Vida de JunÃpero Serra_, p. 79. See also _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 712; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 139; _Stanley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 102; _Id._, 1869, pp. 194-5; _Walker_, in _Id._, 1872, p. 67; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 125; _Hoffmann_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. v., p. 149; -_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., pp. 82-3. +_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., pp. 82-3. -[579] _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, pp. 83-4. +[579] _Palou_, _Vida de JunÃpero Serra_, pp. 83-4. [580] _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, pp. 306-9. [581] The baskets, though water-proof, 'were used only for dry purposes. The vessels in use for liquids were roughly made of rushes and plastered outside and in with bitumen or pitch, called by them _sanot_.' _Reid_, -in _Los Angeles Star_; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. -454-5; and _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., p. 82. +in _Los Angeles Star_; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. +454-5; and _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., p. 82. [582] 'Leurs mortiers de pierre et divers autres ustensiles sont -incrustés avec beaucoup d'art de morceaux de nacre de perle.' _Fages_, +incrustés avec beaucoup d'art de morceaux de nacre de perle.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 319. 'Mortars and pestles were made of granite, about sixteen inches wide at the top, ten at the bottom, ten inches high and two thick.' Soapstone pots were @@ -25109,7 +25075,7 @@ Farmer_, _June 1, 1860_. [585] At Santa Catalina Vizcaino saw 'vnas Canoguelas, que ellos vsan, de Tablas bien hechas, como Barquillos, con las Popas, y Proas -levantadas, y mas altas, que el Cuerpo de la Barca, ò Canoa.' +levantadas, y mas altas, que el Cuerpo de la Barca, ò Canoa.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 712; see also _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18. On the coast of Los Angeles Father Crespi saw 'canoas hechas de buenas tablas @@ -25117,7 +25083,7 @@ de pino, bien ligadas y de una forma graciosa con dos proas.... Usan remos largos de dos palas y vogan con indecible lijeriza y velocidad.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 315. At San Diego Palou describes 'balsas de tule, en forma de Canoas, con lo que -entran muy adentro del mar.' _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 79; +entran muy adentro del mar.' _Palou_, _Vida de JunÃpero Serra_, p. 79; _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 240; _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 228. Description of balsas, which differ in no respect from those used north. @@ -25135,8 +25101,8 @@ sentence. In case they could not agree, an impartial chief was called in, who heard the statements made by both, and he alone decided. There was no appeal from his decision.' _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_. -[588] 'Pour tout ce qui concerne les affaires intérieures, l'influence -des devins est bien supérieure à la leur.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. +[588] 'Pour tout ce qui concerne les affaires intérieures, l'influence +des devins est bien supérieure à la leur.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 373. At San Diego 'Chaque village est soumis aux ordres absolus d'un chef.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 153; or see _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 226. 'I @@ -25149,13 +25115,13 @@ _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 194. allow them to keep as many wives as they can support.' _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. vi., p. 150. Fages, speaking of the Indians on the coast from San Diego to San Francisco, says: 'Ces Indiens n'ont qu'une -seule femme à la fois, mais ils en changent aussi souvent que cela leur +seule femme à la fois, mais ils en changent aussi souvent que cela leur convient.' _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 153. Of those in the vicinity of San Luis Rey the same author says: 'Les chefs -de ce district ont le privilége de prendre deux on trois femmes, de les -répudier ou de les changer aussi souvent qu'ils le veulent; mais les -autres habitants n'en ont qu'une seule et ne peuvent les répudier qu'en -cas d'adultère.' _Id._, p. 173. +de ce district ont le privilége de prendre deux on trois femmes, de les +répudier ou de les changer aussi souvent qu'ils le veulent; mais les +autres habitants n'en ont qu'une seule et ne peuvent les répudier qu'en +cas d'adultère.' _Id._, p. 173. [591] 'Les veufs des deux sexes, qui veulent se remarier, ne peuvent le faire qu'avec d'autres veufs.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, @@ -25164,8 +25130,8 @@ en Cal._, p. 230. [592] 'The perverse child, invariably, was destroyed, and the parents of such remained dishonored.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. -270. 'Ils ne pensent pas à donner d'autre éducation à leurs enfants qu'à -enseigner aux fils exactement ce que faisait leur père; quant aux +270. 'Ils ne pensent pas à donner d'autre éducation à leurs enfants qu'à +enseigner aux fils exactement ce que faisait leur père; quant aux filles, elles ont le droit de choisir l'occupation qui leur convient le mieux.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1814, tom. ci., p. 153. @@ -25180,19 +25146,19 @@ Medical Press_, vol. vi., pp. 150-1; _McKinstry_, in _San Francisco Herald_, _June, 1853_. [595] 'Pero en la Mision de S. Antonio se pudo algo averiguar, pues -avisando á los Padres, que en una de las casas de los Neófitos se habian +avisando á los Padres, que en una de las casas de los Neófitos se habian metido dos Gentiles, el uno con el traje natural de ellos, y el otro con -el trage de muger, expresándolo con el nombre de Joya (que dicen -llamarlos asi en su lengua nativa) fué luego el P. Misionero con el Cabo -y un Soldado á la casa á ver lo que buscaban, y los hallaron en el acto -de pecado nefando. Castigáronlos, aunque no con la pena merecida, y -afearonles el hecho tan enorme; y respondió el Gentil, que aquella Joya -era su muger.... Solo en el tramo de la Canal de Santa Bárbara, se -hallan muchos Joyas, pues raro es el Pueblo donde no se vean dos ó -tres.' _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 222. 'Así en esta ranchería +el trage de muger, expresándolo con el nombre de Joya (que dicen +llamarlos asi en su lengua nativa) fué luego el P. Misionero con el Cabo +y un Soldado á la casa á ver lo que buscaban, y los hallaron en el acto +de pecado nefando. Castigáronlos, aunque no con la pena merecida, y +afearonles el hecho tan enorme; y respondió el Gentil, que aquella Joya +era su muger.... Solo en el tramo de la Canal de Santa Bárbara, se +hallan muchos Joyas, pues raro es el Pueblo donde no se vean dos ó +tres.' _Palou_, _Vida de JunÃpero Serra_, p. 222. 'Asà en esta rancherÃa como en otros de la canal, hemos visto algunos gentiles con traje de -muger con sus nagüitas de gamusa, y muy engruesadas y limpias; no hemos -podido entender lo que significa, ni á qué fin.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. +muger con sus nagüitas de gamusa, y muy engruesadas y limpias; no hemos +podido entender lo que significa, ni á qué fin.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 325. See also _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, pp. 283-4; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 371; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. ii., pp. 427; _Fages_, in @@ -25206,8 +25172,8 @@ While, in some tribes, all unite to celebrate them, in others, men alone are allowed to dance, while the women assist in singing.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 214-15. -[597] 'La danse est exécutée par deux couples au son d'une espèce de -flûte, les autres restent simples spectateurs et se contentent +[597] 'La danse est exécutée par deux couples au son d'une espèce de +flûte, les autres restent simples spectateurs et se contentent d'augmenter le bruit en frappant des roseaux secs.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 176; _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, pp. 289-95; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., @@ -25249,7 +25215,7 @@ pp. 314-15. [604] _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_. -[605] The latitude of which he fixes at 34° 33´. +[605] The latitude of which he fixes at 34° 33´. [606] _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 173-4. Quoted almost literally by _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, @@ -25281,10 +25247,10 @@ Clarke's Trav._, p. 312; _Figuier's Human Race_, p. 484; _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 585. Mention is made by Salmeron of a people living south of Utah Lake, who were 'blancas, y rosadas las mejillas como los franceses.' _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 101. Escalante, -speaking of Indians seen in the same region, lat. 39° 34´ 37´´, says: +speaking of Indians seen in the same region, lat. 39° 34´ 37´´, says: 'Eran estos de los barbones, y narices agujeradas, y en su idioma se nombran Tirangapui, Tian los cinco, que con su capitan venieron primero, -tan crecida la barba, que parecian padres capuchinos ó belemitas.' _Doc. +tan crecida la barba, que parecian padres capuchinos ó belemitas.' _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 476. Wilkes writes, 'Southwest of the Youta Lake live a tribe who are known by the name of the Monkey Indians; a term which is not a mark of contempt, but is supposed to be a @@ -25351,10 +25317,10 @@ Trav._, p. 313. [614] _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 312-15. -[615] 'On y rencontre aussi des terres métalliques de différentes +[615] 'On y rencontre aussi des terres métalliques de différentes couleurs, telles que vertes, bleues, jaunes, noires, blanches, et deux -sortes d'ocres, l'une pâle, l'autre d'un rouge brillant comme du -vermillion. Les Indiens en font très-grand cas; ils s'en servent pour se +sortes d'ocres, l'une pâle, l'autre d'un rouge brillant comme du +vermillion. Les Indiens en font très-grand cas; ils s'en servent pour se peindre le corps et le visage.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 83. @@ -25407,7 +25373,7 @@ insect, or worm they eat.' _Fremont's Explor. Exp._, p. 142, see also pp. 148, 160, 173-4, 212, 218-19, 267, 273. Inland savages are passionately fond of salt; those living near the sea detest it. _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 85. The -Utahs eat 'the cactus leaf, piñon-nut, and various barks; the seed of +Utahs eat 'the cactus leaf, piñon-nut, and various barks; the seed of the bunch-grass, and of the wheat, or yellow grass, somewhat resembling rye, the rabbit-bush twigs, which are chewed, and various roots and tubers; the soft sego bulb, the rootlet of the cat-tail flag, and of the @@ -25446,7 +25412,7 @@ Hole, 'I noticed the females hunting for the vermin in the heads and on the bodies of their children; finding which they ate the animals with an apparent relish.' _Bryant's Cal._, p. 154. The Snakes 'are filthy beyond description.' _Townsend's Nar._, p. 137. 'J'ai vu les Sheyennes, les -Serpents, les Youts, etc., manger la vermine les uns des autres à pleins +Serpents, les Youts, etc., manger la vermine les uns des autres à pleins peignes.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 47. 'The Snakes are rather cleanly in their persons.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 61. @@ -25466,7 +25432,7 @@ glue, and loading the whole with an unusual quantity of ornaments.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 309. At Ogden River, in Utah, they work obsidian splinters 'into the most beautiful and deadly points, with which they arm the end of their arrows.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, -vol. i., p. 343. 'Pour toute arme, un arc, des flèches et un bâton +vol. i., p. 343. 'Pour toute arme, un arc, des flèches et un bâton pointu.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 28. 'Bows and arrows are their (Banattees) only weapons of defence.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 251. The arrows of the Pa-Utes 'are barbed with a very clear translucent @@ -25531,7 +25497,7 @@ neatness of their implements of war and hunting, as well as their ear-rings and waist-bands, made of an amalgam of silver and lead.' _Prince_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_. 'Les Indiens en font des jarres, des pots, des plats de diverses formes. Ces vaisseaux -communiquent une odeur et une saveur très-agréables à tout ce qu'ils +communiquent une odeur et une saveur très-agréables à tout ce qu'ils renferment; ce qui provient sans doute de la dissolution de quelque substance bitumineuse contenue dans l'argile.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 83. 'The pipes of these Indians @@ -25604,9 +25570,9 @@ more congenial is found.' _Farley_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. iii., p. 155; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 307-8, 315; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 27. -[631] The Snakes 'ont une sorte de tabac sauvage qui croît dans les -plaines contiguës aux montagnes du Spanish-River, il a les feuilles plus -étroites que le nôtre, il est plus agréable à fumer, ses effets étant +[631] The Snakes 'ont une sorte de tabac sauvage qui croît dans les +plaines contiguës aux montagnes du Spanish-River, il a les feuilles plus +étroites que le nôtre, il est plus agréable à fumer, ses effets étant bien moins violens.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., pp. 82-3. The Kinik-kinik 'they obtain from three different plants. One is a _Cornus_, resembling our _Cornus sanguinea_; after @@ -25621,8 +25587,8 @@ Clarke's Trav._, p. 306; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 174; _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 25-6; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 228-9, 237, 242-3. [632] 'En deux occasions diverses, je comptai cinq personnes ainsi -montées, dont deux, certes, paraissaient aussi capables, chacune à elle -seule, de porter la pauvre bête, que le cheval était à même de supporter +montées, dont deux, certes, paraissaient aussi capables, chacune à elle +seule, de porter la pauvre bête, que le cheval était à même de supporter leurs poids.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 127; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 266, 309-11, 316; _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 178. @@ -25677,7 +25643,7 @@ and tractable. _Douglas_, in _Id._, 1870, p. 96. The Pi-utes are 'not warlike, rather cowardly, but pilfering and treacherous.' _Powell_, in _Id._, 1871, p. 562. The Shoshokoes 'are extremely indolent, but a mild, inoffensive race.' _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 257. The Snakes -'are a thoroughly savage and lazy tribe.' _Franchère's Nar._, p. 150. +'are a thoroughly savage and lazy tribe.' _Franchère's Nar._, p. 150. The Shoshones are 'frank and communicative.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 306. The Snakes are 'pacific, hospitable and honest.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 325. 'The Snakes are a very intelligent race.' _White's @@ -25695,17 +25661,17 @@ on an equal footing with that of other kindred nations, either east or west of the mountains, both in respect to their mental faculties and moral attributes.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p. 151. 'Les Sampectches, les Pagouts et les Ampayouts sont ... un peuple plus -misérable, plus dégradé et plus pauvre. Les Français les appellent -communément les Dignes-de-pitié, et ce nom leur convient à merveille.' +misérable, plus dégradé et plus pauvre. Les Français les appellent +communément les Dignes-de-pitié, et ce nom leur convient à merveille.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 28. The Utahs 'pariassent doux et affables, -très-polis et hospitaliers pour les étrangers, et charitables entre +très-polis et hospitaliers pour les étrangers, et charitables entre eux.' _Id._, p. 30. 'The Indians of Utah are the most miserable, if not the most degraded, beings of all the vast American wilderness.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 64. The Utahs 'possess a capacity for improvement whenever circumstances favor them.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180. The Snakes are 'la plus mauvaise des races des -Peaux-Rouges que j'ai fréquentées. Ils sont aussi paresseux que peu -prévoyants.' _Saint-Amant_, _Voy._, p. 325. The Shoshones of Idaho are +Peaux-Rouges que j'ai fréquentées. Ils sont aussi paresseux que peu +prévoyants.' _Saint-Amant_, _Voy._, p. 325. The Shoshones of Idaho are 'highly intelligent and lively ... the most virtuous and unsophisticated of all the Indians of the United States.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 27, 1860_. The Washoes have 'superior @@ -25763,7 +25729,7 @@ of its people live within the Mexican boundary, but that word is employed in the next division, which is yet more strictly of Mexico. The territory of the New Mexicans, which lies for the most part between -the parallels 36° and 23° and the meridians 96° and 117°, presents a +the parallels 36° and 23° and the meridians 96° and 117°, presents a great diversity of climate and aspect. On reaching the northern extremity of the Gulf of California, the Sierra Nevada and coast ranges of mountains join and break up into detached upheavals, or as they @@ -25805,7 +25771,7 @@ _Apaches_, under which general name I include all the savage tribes roaming through New Mexico, the north-western portion of Texas, a small part of northern Mexico, and Arizona; the _Pueblos_, or partially cultivated towns-people of New Mexico and Arizona, with whom I unite, -though not town-builders, the non-nomadic Pimas, Maricopas and Pápagos +though not town-builders, the non-nomadic Pimas, Maricopas and Pápagos of the lower Gila River; the _Lower Californians_, who occupy the peninsula; and the _Northern Mexicans_, which term includes the various nations scattered over the States of Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, @@ -25824,8 +25790,8 @@ Texas, eastern Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Durango, and portions of south-western New Mexico,[636] by language allied to the Shoshone family;[637] the _Apaches_, who call themselves Shis Inday, or 'men of the woods,'[638] and whose tribal divisions are the Chiricaguis, -Coyoteros, Faraones, Gileños, Lipanes, Llaneros, Mescaleros, Mimbreños, -Natages, Pelones, Pinaleños, Tejuas, Tontos and Vaqueros, roaming over +Coyoteros, Faraones, Gileños, Lipanes, Llaneros, Mescaleros, Mimbreños, +Natages, Pelones, Pinaleños, Tejuas, Tontos and Vaqueros, roaming over New Mexico, Arizona, north-western Texas, Chihuahua and Sonora,[639] and who are allied by language to the great Tinneh family;[640] the _Navajos_, or Tenuai, 'men,' as they designate themselves, having @@ -25840,8 +25806,8 @@ Mountains;[643] and the _Yampais_, between Bill Williams Fork and the Rio Hassayampa.[644] Of the multitude of names mentioned by the early Spanish authorities, I only give in addition to the above the _Yalchedunes_, located on the west bank of the Colorado in about -latitude 33° 20´, the _Yamajabs_, on the east bank of the same river, in -about latitude 34°-35°; the _Cochees_, in the Chiricagui Mountains of +latitude 33° 20´, the _Yamajabs_, on the east bank of the same river, in +about latitude 34°-35°; the _Cochees_, in the Chiricagui Mountains of Arizona, the _Cruzados_[645] in New Mexico, and finally the _Nijoras_,[646] somewhere about the lower Colorado.[647] @@ -25868,7 +25834,7 @@ cares not whom, the agriculturists of the river-bottoms or the towns-people of the north, he turns Ishmaelite, pounces upon those near and more remote, and if pursued retreats across the _jornadas del muerte_, or 'journeys of death' as the Mexican calls them, and finds -refuge in the gorges, cañons, and other almost impregnable natural +refuge in the gorges, cañons, and other almost impregnable natural fortresses of the mountains. [Sidenote: PHYSIQUE OF APACHES.] @@ -25999,7 +25965,7 @@ The food of all is similar;[676] most of them make more or less pretentions to agriculture, and are habituated to a vegetable diet, but seldom do any of them raise a sufficient supply for the year's consumption, and they are therefore forced to rely on the mesquit-bean, -the piñon-nut and the maguey-plant, _agave mexicana_, and other wild +the piñon-nut and the maguey-plant, _agave mexicana_, and other wild fruits, which they collect in considerable quantities.[677] They are but indifferent hunters, and secure only a precarious supply of small game, such as rabbits and squirrels, with ultimate recourse to rats, @@ -26262,7 +26228,7 @@ obtains in this family.[725] Featherwork, such as sewing various patterns on skins with feathers, and other ornamental needlework, are also practiced by the Navajos.[726] -Of the Comanches, the Abbé Domenech relates that they extracted silver +Of the Comanches, the Abbé Domenech relates that they extracted silver from some mines near San Saba, from which they manufactured ornaments for themselves and their saddles and bridles.[727] @@ -26464,7 +26430,7 @@ superiors in any part of the world. Young children, almost infants, are tied by their mothers to half-wild, bare-backed mustangs, which place thenceforth becomes their home. They supply themselves with fresh horses from wild droves wandering over the prairies, or from Mexican -rancherías. A favorite horse is loved and cherished above all things on +rancherÃas. A favorite horse is loved and cherished above all things on earth, not excepting wives or children. The women are scarcely behind the men in this accomplishment. They sit astride, guide the horses with the knee like the men, and catch and break wild colts. In fighting, the @@ -26613,38 +26579,38 @@ name given by the Spaniards to such inhabitants of this region as were found, when first discovered, permanently located in comparatively well-built towns. Strictly speaking, the term Pueblos applies only to the villagers settled along the banks of the Rio Grande del Norte and -its tributaries, between latitudes 34° 45´ and 36° 30´, and although the +its tributaries, between latitudes 34° 45´ and 36° 30´, and although the name is employed as a general appellation for this division, it will be used, for the most part, only in its narrower and popular sense. In this division, besides the before-mentioned _Pueblos_ proper, are embraced the _Moquis_, or villagers of eastern Arizona, and the non-nomadic agricultural nations of the lower Gila River,--the _Pimas_, _Maricopas_, -_Pápagos_, and cognate tribes. The country of the Towns-people, if we +_Pápagos_, and cognate tribes. The country of the Towns-people, if we may credit Lieutenant Simpson, is one of "almost universal barrenness," yet interspersed with fertile spots; that of the agricultural nations, though dry, is more generally productive. The fame of this so-called -civilization reached Mexico at an early day; first through Alvar Nuñez +civilization reached Mexico at an early day; first through Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions, who belonged to the expedition under -the unfortunate Pámphilo de Narvaez, traversing the continent from +the unfortunate Pámphilo de Narvaez, traversing the continent from Florida to the shore of the gulf of California; they brought in exaggerated rumors of great cities to the north, which prompted the expeditions of Marco de Niza in 1539, of Coronado in 1540, and of Espejo in 1586. These adventurers visited the north in quest of the fabulous kingdoms of Quivira, Tontonteac, Marata and others, in which great riches were said to exist. The name of Quivira was afterwards applied -by them to one or more of the pueblo cities. The name Cíbola, from -_cíbolo_, Mexican bull, _bos bison_, or wild ox of New Mexico, where the +by them to one or more of the pueblo cities. The name CÃbola, from +_cÃbolo_, Mexican bull, _bos bison_, or wild ox of New Mexico, where the Spaniards first encountered buffalo, was given to seven of the towns -which were afterwards known as the seven cities of Cíbola. But most of +which were afterwards known as the seven cities of CÃbola. But most of the villages known at the present day were mentioned in the reports of the early expeditions by their present names. The statements in regard -to the number of their villages differed from the first. Castañeda +to the number of their villages differed from the first. Castañeda speaks of seven cities.[790] The following list, according to Lieutenant Whipple's statement, appears to be the most complete. Commencing north, and following the southward course of the Rio Grande del Norte; Shipap, Acoti, Taos, Picuris, San Juan, Pojuaque, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Nambe, Tesuque, Cochite, Pecos, Santo Domingo, Cuyamanque, Silla, Jemez, -San Felipe, Galisteo, Santa Ana, Zandia, Laguna, Acoma, Zuñi, Isleta, +San Felipe, Galisteo, Santa Ana, Zandia, Laguna, Acoma, Zuñi, Isleta, and Chilili.[791] The Moquis who speak a distinct language, and who have many customs peculiar to themselves, inhabit seven villages, named Oraibe, Shumuthpa, Mushaiina, Ahlela, Gualpi, Siwinna, and Tegua.[792] @@ -26662,7 +26628,7 @@ as I shall show in the third volume of this work, but they are not strong enough to support any theory of common origin or relationship.[793] - [Sidenote: PIMAS AND PÁPAGOS.] + [Sidenote: PIMAS AND PÃPAGOS.] The Pimas inhabit the banks of the Gila River about two hundred miles above its confluence with the Colorado. Their territory extends from @@ -26671,7 +26637,7 @@ Coppermine; northward their boundary is the Salt River, and south the Picacho. They are generally divided, and known as the upper and lower Pimas, which branches show but slight dialectic differences. When first seen their territory extended further southward into Sonora. The -Pápagos, their neighbors, are closely allied to them by language. In +Pápagos, their neighbors, are closely allied to them by language. In nowise related to them, but very similar in their manners and customs, are the Maricopas, who reside in their immediate vicinity, and who claim to have migrated to that place some centuries ago, from a more westerly @@ -26711,7 +26677,7 @@ many of them exceeding six feet in height, broad-chested, erect, and muscular, but frequently light-limbed with small hands, though the feet of both sexes are large. They have large features, expressive of frankness and good nature, with prominent cheek-bones and aquiline nose, -those of the women being somewhat retroussés.[798] The females are +those of the women being somewhat retroussés.[798] The females are symmetrically formed, with beautifully tapered limbs, full busts, pleasing features, embellished with white and evenly set teeth.[799] Their coarse hair grows to a great length and thickness, and their dark @@ -26754,7 +26720,7 @@ from the corners of the mouth to the chin. Some tribes oblige their women to cut the hair, others permit it to grow.[805] For ornament, shell and bead necklaces are used; also ear-rings of a blue stone found in the mountains.[806] The dwellings of the agricultural Pimas, -Maricopas, and Pápagos consist of dome-shaped huts, either round or oval +Maricopas, and Pápagos consist of dome-shaped huts, either round or oval at the base. There are usually thirty or more to a village, and they are grouped with some regard to regularity. Strong forked stakes are firmly fixed in the ground at regular distances from each other, the number @@ -26892,7 +26858,7 @@ wheat, beans, with many varieties of fruits, which constituted their principal food, were raised in abundance. The Pueblos breed poultry to a considerable extent; fish are eaten whenever obtainable, as also a few wild animals, such as deer, hares, and rabbits, though they are -indifferent hunters.[810] The Pápagos, whose country does not present +indifferent hunters.[810] The Pápagos, whose country does not present such favorable conditions for agriculture are forced to rely for a subsistence more upon wild fruits and animals than the nations north of them. They collect large quantities of the fruit of the pitahaya @@ -27012,14 +26978,14 @@ essentially the same method, and using similar looms and spinning instruments, as have been described in the preceding pages. Although the women perform most of this work, as well as tanning leather, it is said that the men also are expert in knitting woolen stockings. According to -Mühlenpfordt the Pimas and Maricopas make a basket-boat which they call +Mühlenpfordt the Pimas and Maricopas make a basket-boat which they call _cora_, woven so tight as to be water-proof without the aid of pitch or other application.[831] All these nations, particularly the Pueblos, have great droves of horses, mules, donkeys, cattle, sheep, and goats grazing on the extensive plains, and about their houses poultry, turkeys, and dogs. The flocks they either leave entirely unprotected, or else the owner herds them himself, or from each village one is -appointed by the war captain to do so. The Pápagos carry on an extensive +appointed by the war captain to do so. The Pápagos carry on an extensive trade in salt, taken from the great inland salt lakes. Besides corn, they manufacture and sell a syrup extracted from the pitahaya.[832] The laws regulating inheritance of property are not well defined. Among some @@ -27045,7 +27011,7 @@ present.[835] [Sidenote: LAWS OF THE PUEBLOS.] Among the Pueblos an organized system of government existed at the time -of Coronado's expedition through their country; Castañeda, speaking of +of Coronado's expedition through their country; Castañeda, speaking of the province of Tiguex, says that the villages were governed by a council of old men; and a somewhat similar system obtains with these people at the present time. Each village selects its own governor, @@ -27120,7 +27086,7 @@ will often sit for hours, day after day, near her house, playing on his flute. Should the girl not appear it is a sign she rejects him; but if, on the other hand, she comes out to meet him, he knows that his suit is accepted, and he takes her to his house. No marriage ceremony is -performed. Among the Pápagos the parents select a husband for their +performed. Among the Pápagos the parents select a husband for their daughter to whom she is, so to say, sold. It not unfrequently happens that they offer their daughter at auction, and she is knocked down to the highest bidder. However, among all the nations of this family, @@ -27169,7 +27135,7 @@ were dressed in a kirt of blanket, the upper portion of their bodies being naked and painted red. Their legs and arms, which were also bare, were variously striped with red, white and blue colors; and around their arms, above the elbow, they wore a green band, decked with sprigs of -piñon. A necklace of the same description was worn around the neck. +piñon. A necklace of the same description was worn around the neck. Their heads were decorated with feathers. In one hand they carried a dry gourd, containing some grains of corn; in the other, a string from which were hung several tortillas. At the knee were fastened small shells of @@ -27201,7 +27167,7 @@ on this the player beats with a couple of drumsticks, similar to those used on our kettle-drums. Gourds filled with pebbles and other rattles, are also used as a musical accompaniment to their dances.[845] - [Sidenote: CUSTOMS OF PIMAS AND PÁPAGOS.] + [Sidenote: CUSTOMS OF PIMAS AND PÃPAGOS.] The Cocomaricopas and Pimas are rather fond of athletic sports, such as football, horse and foot racing, swimming, target-shooting, and of @@ -27224,7 +27190,7 @@ four days later is the man allowed to return to his family. They ascribe the origin of this custom to a mythical personage, called Szeukha, who, after killing a monster, is said to have fasted for sixteen days. -The Pápagos stand in great dread of the coyote, and the Pimas never +The Pápagos stand in great dread of the coyote, and the Pimas never touch an ant, snake, scorpion, or spider, and are much afraid of thunderstorms. Like the Mojaves and Yumas, the Maricopas in cold weather carry a firebrand to warm themselves withal. In like manner the Pueblos @@ -27276,7 +27242,7 @@ information on the subject. [Sidenote: LOWER CALIFORNIA.] -The peninsula extends from near 32° to 23° north latitude; in length it +The peninsula extends from near 32° to 23° north latitude; in length it is about seven hundred, varying in width from thirty-five to eighty miles. Its general features are rugged; irregular mountains of granite formation and volcanic upheavals traversing the whole length of the @@ -27286,7 +27252,7 @@ there, and in such places the soil produces abundantly; then there are plains of greater or less extent, with rich soil, but without water; so that, under the circumstances, they are little more than deserts. These plains rise in places into mesas, which are cut here and there by -cañons, where streams of water are found, which are again lost on +cañons, where streams of water are found, which are again lost on reaching the sandy plains. Altogether, Lower California is considered as one of the most barren and unattractive regions in the temperate zone, although its climate is delightful, and the mountain districts @@ -27298,11 +27264,11 @@ investigated the subject, do not appear to have discovered the cause of this unusual occurrence. The greater part of the peninsula, at the time of its discovery, was -occupied by the _Cochimís_, whose territory extended from the head of +occupied by the _CochimÃs_, whose territory extended from the head of the gulf to the neighborhood of Loreto, or a little south of the twenty-sixth parallel; adjoining them were the _Guaicuris_, living -between latitude 26° and 23° 30´; while the _Pericúis_ were settled in -the southern part, from about 23° 30´ or 24° to Cape San Lucas, and on +between latitude 26° and 23° 30´; while the _Pericúis_ were settled in +the southern part, from about 23° 30´ or 24° to Cape San Lucas, and on the adjacent islands.[851] The Lower Californians are well formed, robust and of good stature, with @@ -27315,21 +27281,21 @@ the body or limbs. The color of the skin varies from light to dark brown, the former color being characteristic of the dwellers in the interior, and the latter of those on the sea-coast.[852] - [Sidenote: COCHIMÍ AND PERICÚI DRESS.] + [Sidenote: COCHIMà AND PERICÚI DRESS.] -Adam without the fig-leaves was not more naked than were the Cochimís +Adam without the fig-leaves was not more naked than were the CochimÃs before the missionaries first taught them the rudiments of shame. They ignored even the usual breech-cloth, the only semblance of clothing being a head-dress of rushes or strips of skin interwoven with mother-of-pearl shells, berries, and pieces of reed. The Guaicuris and -Pericúis indulge in a still more fantastic head-dress, white feathers +Pericúis indulge in a still more fantastic head-dress, white feathers entering largely into its composition. The women display more modesty, for, although scantily clad, they at least essay to cover their -nakedness. The Pericúi women are the best dressed of all, having a +nakedness. The Pericúi women are the best dressed of all, having a petticoat reaching from the waist to the ankles, made from the fibre of certain palm-leaves, and rendered soft and flexible by beating between two stones. Over the shoulders they throw a mantle of similar material, -or of plaited rushes, or of skins. The Cochimí women make aprons of +or of plaited rushes, or of skins. The Cochimà women make aprons of short reeds, strung upon cords of aloe-plant fibres fastened to a girdle. The apron is open at the sides, one part hanging in front, the other behind. As they are not more than six or eight inches wide, but @@ -27337,16 +27303,16 @@ little of the body is in truth covered. When traveling they wear sandals of hide, which they fasten with strings passed between the toes.[853] Both sexes are fond of ornaments; to gratify this passion, they string together pearls, shells, fruit-stones and seeds in the forms of -necklaces and bracelets. In addition to the head-dress the Pericúis are +necklaces and bracelets. In addition to the head-dress the Pericúis are distinguished by a girdle highly ornamented with pearls and mother-of-pearl shells. They perforate ears, lips, and nose, inserting in the openings, shells, bones, or hard sticks. Paint in many colors and devices is freely used on war and gala occasions; tattooing obtains, but does not appear to be universal among them. Mothers, to protect them against the weather, cover the entire bodies of their children with a -varnish of coal and urine. Cochimí women cut the hair short, but the men +varnish of coal and urine. Cochimà women cut the hair short, but the men allow a long tuft to grow on the crown of the head. Both sexes among the -Guaicuris and Pericúis wear the hair long and flowing loosely over the +Guaicuris and Pericúis wear the hair long and flowing loosely over the shoulders.[854] Equally Adamitic are their habitations. They appear to hold a @@ -27381,7 +27347,7 @@ none. An abominable habit is related of them, that they pick up the undigested seeds of the pitahaya discharged from their bowels, and after parching and grinding them, eat the meal with much relish. Clavigero, Baegert, and other authors, mention another rather uncommon feature in -the domestic economy of the Cochimís; it is that of swallowing their +the domestic economy of the CochimÃs; it is that of swallowing their meat several times, thereby multiplying their gluttonous pleasures. Tying to a string a piece of well-dried meat, one of their number masticates it a little, and swallows it, leaving the end of the string @@ -27397,7 +27363,7 @@ thickness of the thumb."[856] Their weapon is the bow and arrow, but they use stratagem to procure the game. The deer-hunter deceives his prey by placing a deer's head upon -his own; hares are trapped; the Cochimís throw a kind of boomerang or +his own; hares are trapped; the CochimÃs throw a kind of boomerang or flat curved stick, which skims the ground and breaks the animal's legs. Fish are taken from pools left by the tide and from the sea, sometimes several miles out, in nets and with the aid of long lances. It is said @@ -27498,7 +27464,7 @@ cunning.[865] Furthermore, they have no marriage ceremony, nor any word in their language to express marriage. Like birds or beasts they pair off -according to fancy. The Pericúi takes as many women as he pleases, makes +according to fancy. The Pericúi takes as many women as he pleases, makes them work for him as slaves, and when tired of any one of them turns her away, in which case she may not be taken by another. Some form of courtship appears to have obtained among the Guaicuris; for example, @@ -27507,17 +27473,17 @@ small bowl or basket made of the pita-fibre; if she accepted the gift, it was an evidence that his suit was agreeable to her, and in return she gave him an ornamented head-dress, the work of her own hand; then they lived together without further ceremony. Although among the Guaicuris -and Cochimís some hold a plurality of wives, it is not so common as with -the Pericúis, for in the two first-mentioned tribes there are more men +and CochimÃs some hold a plurality of wives, it is not so common as with +the Pericúis, for in the two first-mentioned tribes there are more men than women. A breach of female chastity is sometimes followed by an attempt of the holder of the woman to kill the offender; yet morality never attained any great height, as it is a practice with them for different tribes to meet occasionally for the purpose of holding -indiscriminate sexual intercourse. Childbirth is easy; the Pericúis and +indiscriminate sexual intercourse. Childbirth is easy; the Pericúis and Guaicuris wash the body of the newly born, then cover it with ashes; as the child grows it is placed on a frame-work of sticks, and if a male, on its chest they fix a bag of sand to prevent its breasts growing like -a woman's, which they consider a deformity. For a cradle the Cochimís +a woman's, which they consider a deformity. For a cradle the CochimÃs take a forked stick or bend one end of a long pole in the form of a hoop, and fix thereto a net, in which the infant is placed and covered with a second net. It can thus be carried over the shoulder, or when the @@ -27538,7 +27504,7 @@ dances consist of a series of gesticulations and jumpings, accompanied by inarticulate murmurings and yells. One of their great holidays is the pitahaya season, when, with plenty to eat, they spend days and nights in amusements; at such times feats of strength and trials of speed take -place. The most noted festival among the Cochimís occurs upon the +place. The most noted festival among the CochimÃs occurs upon the occasion of their annual distribution of skins. To the women especially it was an important and enjoyable event. Upon an appointed day all the people collected at a designated place. In an arbor constructed with @@ -27555,7 +27521,7 @@ a repartition of the skins among the women; this finished, dancing and singing commenced and continued throughout the night. It sometimes happened that their festivals ended in fighting and bloodshed, as they were seldom conducted without debauchery, especially among the Guaicuris -and Pericúis.[867] +and Pericúis.[867] When they have eaten their fill they pass their time in silly or obscene conversation, or in wrestling, in which sports the women often take a @@ -27612,7 +27578,7 @@ the fact.[871] Weapons and other personal effects are buried or burned with the owner; and in some localities, where burying is customary, shoes are put to the feet, so that the spiritualized body may be prepared for its journey. In -Colechá and Guajamina mourning ceremonies are practiced certain days +Colechá and Guajamina mourning ceremonies are practiced certain days after death--juggleries--in which the priest pretends to hold converse with the departed spirit through the scalp of the deceased, commending the qualities of the departed, and concluding by asking on the spirit's @@ -27627,18 +27593,18 @@ and a _quama_ or priest sings his praises.[872] The early missionaries found the people of the peninsula kind-hearted and tractable, although dull of comprehension and brutal in their instincts, rude, narrow-minded, and inconstant. A marked difference of -character is observable between the Cochimís and the Pericúis. The +character is observable between the CochimÃs and the Pericúis. The former are more courteous in their manners and better behaved; although cunning and thievish, they exhibit attachment and gratitude to their superiors; naturally indolent and addicted to childish pursuits and amusements, they lived among themselves in amity, directing their savage and revengeful nature against neighboring tribes with whom they were at -variance. The Pericúis, before they became extinct, were a fierce and +variance. The Pericúis, before they became extinct, were a fierce and barbarous nation, unruly and brutal in their passions, cowardly, treacherous, false, petulant, and boastful, with an intensely cruel and heartless disposition, often shown in relentless persecutions and murders. In their character and disposition the Guaicuris did not differ -essentially from the Pericúis. In the midst of so much darkness there +essentially from the Pericúis. In the midst of so much darkness there was still one bright spot visible, inasmuch as they were of a cheerful and happy nature, lovers of kind and lovers of country. Isolated, occupying an ill-favored country, it was circumstances, rather than any @@ -27651,16 +27617,16 @@ diplomacy, selfishness, and other aids to intellectual progress.[873] [Sidenote: NORTHERN MEXICANS.] The NORTHERN MEXICANS, the fourth and last division of this group, -spread over the territory lying between parallels 31° and 23° of north +spread over the territory lying between parallels 31° and 23° of north latitude. Their lands have an average breadth of about five hundred miles, with an area of some 250,000 square miles, comprising the states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Durango, Nuevo Leon, and the northern -portions of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas. +portions of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosà and Tamaulipas. Nearly parallel with the Pacific seaboard, and dividing the states of Sonora and Sinaloa from Chihuahua and Durango, runs the great central Cordillera; further to the eastward, passing through Coahuila, Nuevo -Leon, and San Luis Potosí, and following the shore line of the Mexican +Leon, and San Luis PotosÃ, and following the shore line of the Mexican Gulf, the Sierra Madre continues in a southerly direction, until it unites with the first-named range at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. All of these mountains abound in mineral wealth. The table-land between them is @@ -27670,7 +27636,7 @@ northerly direction and following the line of the Rio Grande. The middle mountainous divide crosses from Durango to Coahuila, while the third rises in the state of Jalisco and taking an easterly and afterward northerly direction, traverses the table-land and merges into the Sierra -Madre in the state of San Luis Potosí. On these broad table-lands are +Madre in the state of San Luis PotosÃ. On these broad table-lands are numerous lakes fed by the streams which have their rise in the mountains adjacent; in but few spots is the land available for tillage, but it is admirably adapted to pastoral purposes. The climate can hardly be @@ -27685,15 +27651,15 @@ them the _Cahitas_, or _Sinaloas_, which are general names for the _Yaquis_ and _Mayos_, tribes so called from the rivers on whose banks they live. In the state of Sinaloa there are also the _Cochitas_, _Tuvares_, _Sabaibos_, _Zuaques_, and _Ahomes_, besides many other small -tribes. Scattered through the states of the interior are the _Ópatas_, +tribes. Scattered through the states of the interior are the _Ópatas_, _Eudeves_, _Jovas_, _Tarahumares_, _Tubares_, and _Tepehuanes_, who inhabit the mountainous districts of Chihuahua and Durango. East of the Tarahumares, in the northern part of the first-named state, dwell the _Conchos_. In Durango, living in the hills round Topia, are the -_Acaxées_; south of whom dwell the _Xiximes_. On the table-lands of +_Acaxées_; south of whom dwell the _Xiximes_. On the table-lands of Mapimi and on the shores of its numerous lakes, the _Irritilas_ and many other tribes are settled; while south of these again, in Zacatecas and -San Luis Potosí, are the _Guachichiles_, _Huamares_, and _Cazcanes_, and +San Luis PotosÃ, are the _Guachichiles_, _Huamares_, and _Cazcanes_, and further to the east, and bordering on the gulf shores we find the country occupied by scattered tribes, distinguished by a great variety of names, prominent among which are the _Carrizas_ or _Garzas_, @@ -27703,7 +27669,7 @@ _Xanambres_, and _Pintos_.[874] Most of these nations are composed of men of large stature; robust, and well formed, with an erect carriage; the finest specimens are to be -found on the sea-coast, exceptions being the Ópatas and Chicoratas, the +found on the sea-coast, exceptions being the Ópatas and Chicoratas, the former inclining to corpulency, the latter being short, although active and swift runners. The women are well limbed and have good figures, but soon become corpulent. The features of these people are quite regular, @@ -27719,19 +27685,19 @@ Many of them attain to a great age.[875] For raiment the Cahitas and Ceris wear only a small rag in front of their persons, secured to a cord tied round the waist; the Tarahumares, -Acaxées, and other nations of the interior use for the same purpose a +Acaxées, and other nations of the interior use for the same purpose a square piece of tanned deer-skin painted, except in cold weather, when they wrap a large blue cotton mantle round the shoulders. The women have petticoats reaching to their ankles, made of soft chamois or of cotton or agave-fibre, and a _tilma_ or mantle during the winter. Some wear a long sleeveless chemise, which reaches from the shoulders to the feet. The Ceri women have petticoats made from the skins of the albatross or -pelican, the feathers inside. The Ópata men, soon after the conquest, +pelican, the feathers inside. The Ópata men, soon after the conquest, were found well clad in blouse and drawers of cotton, with wooden shoes, while their neighbors wore sandals of raw hide, cut to the shape of the foot.[876] -The Cahitas, Acaxées and most other tribes, pierce the ears and nose, +The Cahitas, Acaxées and most other tribes, pierce the ears and nose, from which they hang small green stones, attached to a piece of blue cord; on the head, neck, and wrists, a great variety of ornaments are worn, made from mother-of-pearl and white snails' shells, also @@ -27755,12 +27721,12 @@ disarranged by trees or bushes.[877] Their houses are of light construction, usually built of sticks and reeds, and are covered with coarse reed matting. The Chinipas, Yaquis, -Ópatas and Conchos build somewhat more substantial dwellings of timber +Ópatas and Conchos build somewhat more substantial dwellings of timber and adobes, or of plaited twigs well plastered with mud; all are only one story high and have flat roofs. Although none of these people are without their houses or huts, they spend most of their time, especially during summer, under the trees. The Tarahumares find shelter in the deep -caverns of rocky mountains, the Tepehuanes and Acaxées place their +caverns of rocky mountains, the Tepehuanes and Acaxées place their habitations on the top of almost inaccessible crags, while the Humes and Batucas build their villages in squares, with few and very small entrances, the better to defend themselves against their @@ -27768,10 +27734,10 @@ enemies--detached buildings for kitchen and store-room purposes being placed contiguous.[878] The Northern Mexicans live chiefly on wild fruits such as the pitahaya, -honey, grain, roots, fish, and larvæ; they capture game both large and +honey, grain, roots, fish, and larvæ; they capture game both large and small, and some of them eat rats, mice, frogs, snakes, worms, and vermin. The Ahomamas along the shores of Lake Parras, the Yaquis, -Batucas, Ceris, Tarahumares, and the Ópatas since the conquest have +Batucas, Ceris, Tarahumares, and the Ópatas since the conquest have become agriculturists and cattle-breeders, besides availing themselves of fishing and hunting as means of subsistence. On the coast of Sonora, there being no maize, the natives live on pulverized rush and straw, @@ -27780,7 +27746,7 @@ coast of Sinaloa consume a large quantity of salt, which they gather on the land during the dry season, and in the rainy reason from the bottom of marshes and pools. It is said that the Salineros sometimes eat their own excrement. According to the reports of the older historians, the -Tobosos, Bauzarigames, Cabezas, Contotores, and Acaxées, as well as +Tobosos, Bauzarigames, Cabezas, Contotores, and Acaxées, as well as other tribes of Durango and Sinaloa, formerly fed on human flesh,--hunted human beings for food as they hunted deer or other game. The flesh of their brave foes they ate, thinking thereby to augment @@ -27814,7 +27780,7 @@ catch enormous quantities of smelt and other fish, which have come up from the sea to spawn. The Laguneros of Coahuila catch ducks by placing a calabash on their heads, with holes through which to breathe and see; thus equipped, they swim softly among the ducks, and draw them under -water without flutter or noise. Tatéma is the name of a dish cooked in +water without flutter or noise. Tatéma is the name of a dish cooked in the ground by the Tarahumares. The Laguneros make tortillas of flour obtained from an aquatic plant. The Zacatecs make the same kind of bread from the pulp of the maguey, which is first boiled with lime, then @@ -27895,10 +27861,10 @@ speakers in turn address the assembly. War councils are continued for several nights, and a day is named on which the foe is to be attacked. Sometimes the day fixed for the battle is announced to the enemy, and a spot on which the fight is to take place selected. During the campaign -fasting is strictly observed. The Acaxées, before taking the war-path, +fasting is strictly observed. The Acaxées, before taking the war-path, select a maiden of the tribe, who secludes herself during the whole period of the campaign, speaking to no one, and eating nothing but a -little parched corn without salt. The Ceris and Ópatas approach their +little parched corn without salt. The Ceris and Ópatas approach their enemy under cover of darkness, preserving a strict silence, and at break of day, by a preconcerted signal, a sudden and simultaneous attack is made. To fire an enemy's house, the Tepagues and others put lighted @@ -27933,7 +27899,7 @@ shares of wood or stone, and wooden hoes. The Ceris have a kind of double-pointed javelin, with which they catch fish, which, once between the prongs, are prevented from slipping out by the jagged sides.[884] -The Ahomoas, Eudebes, Jovas, Yaquis, and Ópatas weave fabrics out of +The Ahomoas, Eudebes, Jovas, Yaquis, and Ópatas weave fabrics out of cotton or agave-fibre, such as blankets or serapes, and cloth with colored threads in neat designs and figures; these nations also manufacture matting from reeds and palm-leaves. Their loom consists of @@ -27948,7 +27914,7 @@ common earthen ware, and the Tarahumares twist horse-hair into strong cords; they also use undressed hides cut in strips, and coarse aloe-fibres.[885] - [Sidenote: PROPERTY OF CERIS, ÓPATAS, AND YAQUIS.] + [Sidenote: PROPERTY OF CERIS, ÓPATAS, AND YAQUIS.] No boats or canoes are employed by any of the natives of this region; but the Ceris, the Tiburones, and the Tepocas make rafts of reeds or @@ -27957,7 +27923,7 @@ feet long and tapering toward both ends; some are large enough to carry four or five men; they are propelled with a double-bladed paddle, held in the middle and worked alternately on both sides.[886] -Subsequent to the conquest, the Ópatas and Yaquis accumulated large +Subsequent to the conquest, the Ópatas and Yaquis accumulated large flocks of sheep, cattle, and bands of horses; the latter are good miners, and expert divers for pearls. Their old communistic ideas follow them in their new life; thus, the landed property of the Tarahumares is @@ -27994,7 +27960,7 @@ carved shell, as a sign of her virginity, to lose which before marriage is a lasting disgrace. On the day of marriage the bridegroom removes this ornament from his bride's neck. It is customary among most of the tribes to give presents to the girl's parents. The Tahus, says -Castañeda, are obliged to purchase a maiden from her parents, and +Castañeda, are obliged to purchase a maiden from her parents, and deliver her to the _cacique_,[890] chief, or possibly high priest, to whom was accorded the _droit de seigneur_. If the bride proves to be no virgin, all the presents are returned by her parents, and it is optional @@ -28014,7 +27980,7 @@ days, during which time they eat neither fish nor meat. The Sisibotaris, Ahomes, and Tepehuanes hold chastity in high esteem, and both their maidens and matrons are remarkably chaste. The standard of morality elsewhere in this vicinity is in general low, especially with the -Acaxées and Tahus, whose incestuous connections and system of public +Acaxées and Tahus, whose incestuous connections and system of public brothels are notorious. According to Arlegui, Ribas, and other authors, among some of these nations male concubinage prevails to a great extent; these loathsome semblances of humanity, whom to call beastly were a @@ -28027,7 +27993,7 @@ agave, honey, and wheat. In common with all savages, they are immoderately fond of dancing, and have numerous feasts, where, with obscene carousals and unseemly masks, the revels continue, until the dancers, from sheer exhaustion or intoxication, are forced to rest. The -Ópatas hold a festival called _torom raqui_, to insure rain and good +Ópatas hold a festival called _torom raqui_, to insure rain and good crops. Clearing a square piece of ground, they strew it with seeds, bones, boughs, horns, and shells; the actors then issue forth from huts built on the four corners of the square, and there dance from sunrise to @@ -28060,12 +28026,12 @@ the greatest recklessness.[892] Loads are carried on the head, or in baskets at the back, hanging from a strap that passes across the forehead. Another mode of carrying burdens is to distribute equally the weight at both ends of a pole which is -slung across the shoulder, _à la Chinoise_. Their conceptions of the -supernatural are extremely crude; thus, the Ópatas, by yells and +slung across the shoulder, _à la Chinoise_. Their conceptions of the +supernatural are extremely crude; thus, the Ópatas, by yells and gesticulations, endeavor to dispel eclipses of the heavenly bodies; before the howling of the wind they cower as before the voice of the Great Spirit. The Ceris superstitiously celebrate the new moon, and bow -reverentially to the rising and setting sun. Nuño de Guzman states that +reverentially to the rising and setting sun. Nuño de Guzman states that in the province of Culiacan tamed serpents were found in the dwellings of the natives, which they feared and venerated. Others have a great veneration for the hidden virtues of poisonous plants, and believe that @@ -28082,7 +28048,7 @@ Intermittent and other fevers prevail among the people of Northern Mexico. Small-pox, introduced by Europeans, has destroyed many lives; syphilis was introduced among the Carrizos by the Spanish troops. The Tarahumares suffer from pains in the side about the end of the spring. -The Ópatas of Oposura are disfigured by goitres, but this disease seems +The Ópatas of Oposura are disfigured by goitres, but this disease seems to be confined within three leagues of the town. Wounds inflicted by arrows, many of them poisoned, and bites of rattlesnakes are common. Friends, and even parents and brothers leave to their fate such as are @@ -28099,7 +28065,7 @@ decoction which, mixed with hydromel, is an antidote for intermittent fevers. They also use the leaves of the willow in decoction, as a remedy for the same complaint. In Sinaloa, the leaf and roots of the _guaco_ are used by the natives as the most efficacious medicine for the -bites of poisonous reptiles. The Ópatas employ excellent remedies for +bites of poisonous reptiles. The Ópatas employ excellent remedies for the diseases to which they are subject. They have a singular method of curing rattlesnake bites, a sort of retaliative cure; seizing the reptile's head between two sticks, they stretch out the tail and bite it @@ -28116,7 +28082,7 @@ thoroughly suppurating, becomes healed. Out of the leaves of the maguey, lechugilla, and date-palm, as well as from the rosemary, they make excellent balsams for curing wounds. They have various vegetable substances for appeasing the thirst of wounded persons, as water is -considered injurious. The Acaxées employ the sucking processes, and +considered injurious. The Acaxées employ the sucking processes, and blowing through a hollow tube, for the cure of diseases. The Yaquis put a stick into the patient's mouth, and with it draw from the stomach the disease; the Ceris of Tiburon Island also employ charms in their medical @@ -28129,7 +28095,7 @@ deceased earned a support while living, are deposited in the grave, also a small idol, to serve as a guide and fellow traveler to the departed on the long journey. On the lips of dead infants is dropped milk from the mother's breast, that these innocents may have sustenance to reach their -place of rest. Among the Acaxées, if a woman dies in childbirth, the +place of rest. Among the Acaxées, if a woman dies in childbirth, the infant surviving is slain, as the cause of its mother's death. Cutting the hair is the only sign of mourning among them.[895] @@ -28137,10 +28103,10 @@ the hair is the only sign of mourning among them.[895] The character of the Northern Mexicans, as portrayed by Arlegui, is gross and low; but some of these tribes do not deserve such sweeping -condemnation. The Mayos, Yaquis, Acaxées, and Ópatas are generally +condemnation. The Mayos, Yaquis, Acaxées, and Ópatas are generally intelligent, honest, social, amiable, and intrepid in war; their young women modest, with a combination of sweetness and pride noticed by some -writers. The Ópatas especially are a hard-working people, good-humored, +writers. The Ópatas especially are a hard-working people, good-humored, free from intemperance and thievishness; they are also very tenacious of purpose, when their minds are made up--danger often strengthening their stubbornness the more. The Sisibotaris, Ahomamas, Onavas, and @@ -28165,8 +28131,8 @@ it has a semblance of sadness and suffering.[896] TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. To the New Mexican group belong the nations inhabiting the territory -lying between the parallels 36° and 23° of north latitude, and the -meridians 96° and 117° of west longitude; that is to say, the occupants +lying between the parallels 36° and 23° of north latitude, and the +meridians 96° and 117° of west longitude; that is to say, the occupants of the states of New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Northern Zacatecas, and Western Texas. @@ -28181,7 +28147,7 @@ Cochees, Cruzados, Nijoras, Cocopas, and others. The _Comanches_ inhabit Western Texas, Eastern New Mexico, and Eastern Mexico, and from the Arkansas River north to near the Gulf of Mexico south. Range 'over the plains of the Arkansas from the vicinity of -Bent's fort, at the parallel of 38°, to the Gulf of Mexico ... from the +Bent's fort, at the parallel of 38°, to the Gulf of Mexico ... from the eastern base of the Llano Estacado to about the meridian of longitude 98th.' _Pope_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 16. From the western border of the Choctaw country 'uninterruptedly along the Canadian to @@ -28192,25 +28158,25 @@ _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 8, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'During summer ... as far north as the Arkansas river, their winters they usually pass about the head branches of the Brazos and Colorado rivers of Texas.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 307. -'Between 102° and 104° longitude and 33° and 37° north latitude.' +'Between 102° and 104° longitude and 33° and 37° north latitude.' _Norton_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 146. 'About thirteen thousand square miles of the southern portion of Colorado, and probably a much larger extent of the neighboring States of Kansas and Texas, and Territory of New Mexico and the "Indian country," are occupied by the Kioways and Comanches.' _Dole_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p. 34; _Evans and Collins_, in _Id._, pp. 230, 242; _Martinez_, in _Ind. Aff. -Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 487. 'En Invierno se acercan á Téjas, y en -Estío á la sierra de Santa Fe.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 251. +Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 487. 'En Invierno se acercan á Téjas, y en +EstÃo á la sierra de Santa Fe.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 251. 'Comanches ou Hietans (Eubaous, Yetas), dans le nord-ouest du Texas.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. cxxxiii., p. 225. 'Originaire du Nouveau-Mexique; mais ... ils descendent souvent -dans les plaines de la Basse-Californie et de la Sonora.' _Soc. Géog._, -_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'Range east of the mountains of +dans les plaines de la Basse-Californie et de la Sonora.' _Soc. Géog._, +_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'Range east of the mountains of New Mexico.' _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244. 'In dem -uncultivirten Theile des Bolson de Mapimi' (Chihuahua). _Wappäus_, +uncultivirten Theile des Bolson de Mapimi' (Chihuahua). _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 214; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 221-2. -'Entre la rivière Rouge et le Missouri, et traversent el -Rio-Bravo-del-Norte.' _Dufey_, _Resumé de l'Hist._, tom. i., p. 4. 'Upon +'Entre la rivière Rouge et le Missouri, et traversent el +Rio-Bravo-del-Norte.' _Dufey_, _Resumé de l'Hist._, tom. i., p. 4. 'Upon the south and west side' of the Rio Brazos. _Marcy's Rept._, p. 217; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 43-6. 'Im Westen des Mississippi und des Arcansas ... und bis an das linke Ufer des Rio Grande.' _Ludecus_, @@ -28220,11 +28186,11 @@ and the mountains of Rio Grande.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 51. Concurrent statements in _Wilson's Amer. Hist._, p. 625; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 549; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., p. 557; _Moore's Texas_, p. 30; _Dewees' Texas_, p. 233; _Holley's Texas_, p. -152; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153. 'La nacion comanche, que está situada -entre el Estado de Texas y el de Nuevo México ... se compone de las -siguientes tribus ó pueblos, á saber: Yaparehca, Cuhtzuteca, Penandé, -Pacarabó, Caiguarás, Noconi ó Yiuhta, Napuat ó Quetahtore, Yapainé, -Muvinábore. Sianábone, Caigua, Sarritehca y Quitzaené.' _García Rejon_, +152; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153. 'La nacion comanche, que está situada +entre el Estado de Texas y el de Nuevo México ... se compone de las +siguientes tribus ó pueblos, á saber: Yaparehca, Cuhtzuteca, Penandé, +Pacarabó, Caiguarás, Noconi ó Yiuhta, Napuat ó Quetahtore, Yapainé, +Muvinábore. Sianábone, Caigua, Sarritehca y Quitzaené.' _GarcÃa Rejon_, in _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 347. 'Extends from the Witchita Mountains as far as New Mexico, and is divided into four bands, called respectively the Cuchanticas, the Tupes, the Yampaxicas, and the Eastern @@ -28235,9 +28201,9 @@ _Frost's Ind. Wars_, p. 293. [Sidenote: APACHE TRIBES.] The _Apaches_ may be said to 'extend from the country of the Utahs, in -latitude 38° north to about the 30th parallel.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, +latitude 38° north to about the 30th parallel.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 325. 'Along both sides of the Rio Grande, from the southern -limits of the Navajo country at the parallel of 34°, to the extreme +limits of the Navajo country at the parallel of 34°, to the extreme southern line of the Territory, and from thence over the States of Chihuahua, Sonora, and Durango, of Mexico. Their range eastward is as far as the valley of the Pecos, and they are found as far to the west as @@ -28247,22 +28213,22 @@ New Mexico, and all the northern portion of Chihuahua and Sonora, and in some parts of Durango.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 141. Range 'over some portions of California, most of Sonora, the frontiers of Durango, and ... Chihuahua.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 291. Apatschee, a -nation 'welche um ganz Neu-Biscaya, und auch an Tarahumara gränzet.' +nation 'welche um ganz Neu-Biscaya, und auch an Tarahumara gränzet.' _Steffel_, in _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 302. 'Reicht das Gebiet der -Apache-Indianer vom 103. bis zum 114. Grad westlicher Länge von +Apache-Indianer vom 103. bis zum 114. Grad westlicher Länge von Greenwich, und von den Grenzen des Utah-Gebietes, dem 38. Grad, bis -hinunter zum 30. Grad nördlicher Breite.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. +hinunter zum 30. Grad nördlicher Breite.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 229. Inhabit 'all the country north and south of the Gila, and both sides of the Del Norte, about the parallel of the Jornada and Dead Man's -lakes.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 132. 'Tota hæc regio, quam Novam +lakes.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 132. 'Tota hæc regio, quam Novam Mexicanam vocant, ab omnibus pene lateribus ambitur ab Apachibus.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 316. 'Recorren las provincias del Norte de -México, llegando algunas veces hasta cerca de Zacatecas.' _Pimentel_, +México, llegando algunas veces hasta cerca de Zacatecas.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 251. 'Derramadas desde la Intendencia de San Luis -Potosí hasta la extremidad setentrional del golfo de California.' -_Balbi_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 385. 'Se extienden en el -vasto espacio ... que comprenden los grados 30 á 38 de latitud norte, y -264 á 277 de longitude de Tenerife.' _Cordero_, in _Id._, p. 369; see +Potosà hasta la extremidad setentrional del golfo de California.' +_Balbi_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 385. 'Se extienden en el +vasto espacio ... que comprenden los grados 30 á 38 de latitud norte, y +264 á 277 de longitude de Tenerife.' _Cordero_, in _Id._, p. 369; see also _Id._, p. 40. 'From the entrance of the Rio Grande to the Gulf of California.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 337. 'The southern and south-western portions of New Mexico, and mainly the valley of the @@ -28271,11 +28237,11 @@ i., p. 243. 'Scarcely extends farther north than Albuquerque ... nor more than two hundred miles south of El Paso del Norte; east, the vicinity of the White Mountains; west, generally no further than the borders of Sonora.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 207. -'Ils ont principalement habité le triangle formé par le Rio del Norte, +'Ils ont principalement habité le triangle formé par le Rio del Norte, le Gila et le Colorado de l'ouest.' _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. cxxxv., pp. 307, 313. Concurrent authorities: _Gallatin_, in _Id._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 298, 301; _Malte-Brun_, -_Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, pp. 8, +_Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, pp. 8, 186; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 345; _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 57; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 297; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 549; _Western Scenes_, p. 233; _Mill's Hist. Mex._, p. 170; _Delaporte_, @@ -28284,9 +28250,9 @@ _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 4-6; _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 180; _Poston_, in _Id._, 1864, p. 155; _Clark_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 336. -The Apache nation is divided into the following tribes; Chiricagüis, -Coyoteros, Faraones, Gileños, Copper Mine Apaches, Lipanes, Llaneros, -Mescaleros, Mimbreños, Natages, Pelones, Pinaleños, Tontos, Vaqueros, +The Apache nation is divided into the following tribes; Chiricagüis, +Coyoteros, Faraones, Gileños, Copper Mine Apaches, Lipanes, Llaneros, +Mescaleros, Mimbreños, Natages, Pelones, Pinaleños, Tontos, Vaqueros, and Xicarillas. The Lipanes roam through western Texas, Coahuila, and the eastern @@ -28299,18 +28265,18 @@ vol. ii., p. 14. The Lee Panis 'rove from the Rio Grande to some distance into the province of Texas. Their former residence was on the Rio Grande, near the sea shore.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 363. Su 'principal asiento es en Coahuila, Nuevo Leon y Tamaulipas.' _Pimentel_, -_Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 251. 'Divídese en dos clases ... la primera ha +_Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 251. 'DivÃdese en dos clases ... la primera ha estado enlazada con los mescaleros y llaneros, y ocupa los terrenos -contiguos á aquellas tribus: la segunda vive generalmente en la frontera +contiguos á aquellas tribus: la segunda vive generalmente en la frontera de la provincia de Tejas y orillas del mar.... Por el Poniente son sus limites los llaneros; por el Norte los comanches; por el Oriente los carancaguaces y borrados, provincia de Tejas, y por el Sur nuestra -frontera (Mexico).' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 382. +frontera (Mexico).' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 382. 'From time immemorial has roved and is yet roving over the Bolson de Mapimi.' _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 70. 'Frequented the bays of Aransas and Corpus Christi, and the country lying between them and the Rio Grande.' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 349; _Foote's Texas_, p. 298. See also: -_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 289; _Hassel_, _Mex. +_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 289; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 210; _Moore's Texas_, p. 31; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 6. @@ -28320,9 +28286,9 @@ there terminate on the right bank of the Rio Grande. Its limit on the west is the tribe of the Taracones; on the north, the extensive territories of the Comanche people; on the east, the coast of the Llanero Indians; and on the south, the desert Bolson de Mapimi.' -_Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119. 'Im Bolsón de -Mapimí und in den östlichen Gränzgebirgen del Chanáte, del Diablo puerco -und de los Pílares.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. +_Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119. 'Im Bolsón de +Mapimà und in den östlichen Gränzgebirgen del Chanáte, del Diablo puerco +und de los PÃlares.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 521. 'Occupent le Bolson de Mapimi, les montagnes de Chanate, et celles de los Organos, sur la rive gauche du Rio Grande del Norte.' _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 289. Live 'east of the Rio del Norte.' @@ -28342,22 +28308,22 @@ p. 323. The Faraones, Pharaones or Taracones, 'inhabit the mountains between the river Grande del Norte and the Pecos.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, -vol. iii., p. 119. The following concur; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. -i., p. 213, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 521; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, +vol. iii., p. 119. The following concur; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. +i., p. 213, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 521; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 416; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 289. The 'Xicarillas anciently inhabited the forests of that name in the far territories to the north of New Mexico, until they were driven out by the Comanches, and now live on the limits of the province, some of them -having gone into the chasms (cañadas) and mountains between Pecuries and +having gone into the chasms (cañadas) and mountains between Pecuries and Taos, which are the last towns of the province.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119. 'Inhabiting the mountains north of Taos.' -_Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 285. 'Les Jicorillas, à -l'extrémité nord du Nouveau-Mexique.' _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales +_Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 285. 'Les Jicorillas, à +l'extrémité nord du Nouveau-Mexique.' _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 310. 'From the Rio Grande eastward beyond the Red river, between the thirty-fourth and thirty-seventh parallels.' _Merriwether_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 170. 'In the -mountains which lie between Santa Fé, Taos, and Abiquin.' _Collins_, in +mountains which lie between Santa Fé, Taos, and Abiquin.' _Collins_, in _Id._, 1860, pp. 159-60. 'At the Cimarron.' _Graves_, in _Id._, 1866, p. 133. 'Upon Rio Ose, west of the Rio Grande.' _Davis_, in _Id._, 1868, p. 160; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 8. @@ -28369,23 +28335,23 @@ Cabellera y Pitaycachi, Sierra de Mimbres, Laguna de Guzman.' _Barrangan_, in _El Orden, Mex._, _Decemb. 27, 1853_. 'Ocupan ... los llanos y arenales situados entre el rio de Pecos, nombrado por ellos Tjunchi, y el Colorado que llaman Tjulchide.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y -Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 381; Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 6. +Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 381; Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 6. -The Mimbreños have their hunting grounds upon the Mimbres Mountains and +The Mimbreños have their hunting grounds upon the Mimbres Mountains and River, and range between the sierras San Mateo and J'lorida on the north and south, and between the Burros and Mogoyen on the west and east. -_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 207. 'Südlich von den Apáches -Gileños, an den Gränzen von Chihuáhua und Neu-Mejico jagen in den -Gebirgen im Osten die Apáches Mimbreños.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. -i., p. 211. 'La provincia de Nuevo México es su confin por el Norte; por -el Poniente la parcialidad mimbreña; por el Oriente la faraona, y por el -Sur nuestra frontera.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. +_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 207. 'Südlich von den Apáches +Gileños, an den Gränzen von Chihuáhua und Neu-Mejico jagen in den +Gebirgen im Osten die Apáches Mimbreños.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. +i., p. 211. 'La provincia de Nuevo México es su confin por el Norte; por +el Poniente la parcialidad mimbreña; por el Oriente la faraona, y por el +Sur nuestra frontera.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 380. See also: _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 6. 'In the wild ravines of the Sierra de Acha.' _Mill's Hist. Mex._, p. 185. The Chiricaguis adjoin on the north 'the Tontos and Moquinos; on the -east the Gileños; and on the south and west the province of Sonora.' +east the Gileños; and on the south and west the province of Sonora.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119. 'Live in the mountains of that name, the Sierra Largua and Dos Cabaces.' _Steck_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, pp. 345-6. @@ -28395,9 +28361,9 @@ the Pimo villages.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 130. 'Between Rio Verde and the Aztec range of mountains,' and 'from Pueblo creek to the junction of Rio Verde with the Salinas.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 14-15; in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Cortez_, in _Id._, p. 118. -'Südlich von den Wohnsitzen der Cocomaricópas und dem Rio Gila.' -_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 211. On the 'rio Puerco.' -_Barrangan_, in _El Orden, Mex._, _Decemb. 27, 1853_. 'In the cañons to +'Südlich von den Wohnsitzen der Cocomaricópas und dem Rio Gila.' +_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 211. On the 'rio Puerco.' +_Barrangan_, in _El Orden, Mex._, _Decemb. 27, 1853_. 'In the cañons to the north and east of the Mazatsal peaks.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 417. See _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 185, vol. ii., p. 7. 'Inhabit the @@ -28410,11 +28376,11 @@ Mesa or Mogollon Mountains ... on the north, to Salt River on the south, and between the Sierra Ancha on the east and the Mazatsal Mountains on the west.' _Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 221. -The Pinaleños, Piñols or Piñals range 'over an extensive circuit between -the Sierra Piñal and the Sierra Blanca.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. +The Pinaleños, Piñols or Piñals range 'over an extensive circuit between +the Sierra Piñal and the Sierra Blanca.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 308. 'Between the Colorado Chiquito and Rio Gila.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 14, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. -See also: _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 147; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. +See also: _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 147; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 150. In 'the country watered by the Salinas and other tributaries of the Gila.' _Steck_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 346; also _Whittier_, in _Id._, 1868, p. 141; _Colyer_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 94; _Jones_, in _Id._, @@ -28425,13 +28391,13 @@ Carlos.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 223. 'Upon the Rio San Francisco, and head waters of the Salinas.' _Steck_, in _Id._, 1859, p. 346; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 185; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 430. -'The Gileños inhabit the mountains immediately on the river Gila ... -bounded on the west by the Chiricagüìs; on the north by the province of -New Mexico; on the east by the Mimbreño tribe.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. +'The Gileños inhabit the mountains immediately on the river Gila ... +bounded on the west by the Chiricagüìs; on the north by the province of +New Mexico; on the east by the Mimbreño tribe.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119. 'Oestlich von diesem Flusse (Gila), zwischen -ihm und dem südlichen Fusse der Sierra de los Mimbres, eines Theiles der -Sierra Madre.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 421; -_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 380; _Maxwell_, in _Ind. +ihm und dem südlichen Fusse der Sierra de los Mimbres, eines Theiles der +Sierra Madre.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 421; +_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 380; _Maxwell_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1873, p. 116. The Apache Mojaves are 'a mongrel race of Indians living between the @@ -28440,40 +28406,40 @@ Rept._, 1864, p. 156. The _Navajos_ occupy 'a district in the Territory of New Mexico, lying between the San Juan river on the north and northeast, the Pueblo of -Zuñi on the south, the Moqui villages on the west, and the ridge of land +Zuñi on the south, the Moqui villages on the west, and the ridge of land dividing the waters which flow into the Atlantic ocean from those which flow into the Pacific on the east.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 283. 'Extending from near the 107th to 111th meridian, and from the 34th to the 37th parallel of latitude.' _Clark_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. viii., p. 280. Northward from the 35th parallel 'to Rio San Juan, -valley of Tuñe Cha, and Cañon de Chelle.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's +valley of Tuñe Cha, and Cañon de Chelle.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 13, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'Between the Del Norte and Colorado of the West,' in the northwestern portion of New Mexico. _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 216. 'In the main range -of Cordilleras, 150 to 200 miles west of Santa Fé, on the waters of Rio +of Cordilleras, 150 to 200 miles west of Santa Fé, on the waters of Rio Colorado of California.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 285-6. 'Between the del Norte and the Sierra Anahuac, situated upon the Rio Chama and Puerco,--from thence extending along the Sierra de los Mimbros, into the province of Sonora.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. -180. 'La Provincia de Navajoos, que está situada à la parte de el Norte -del Moqui, y à la del Noruest de la Villa de Santa Fee.' _Villa-Señor y +180. 'La Provincia de Navajoos, que está situada à la parte de el Norte +del Moqui, y à la del Noruest de la Villa de Santa Fee.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 426. 'Esta nacion dista de las -fronteras de Nuevo-México como veinticinco leguas, entre los pueblos de -Moqui, Zuñi y la capital (Santa Fé).' _Barreiro_, _Ojeada sobre N. -Mex._, app., p. 10. 'Habita la sierra y mesas de Navajó.' _Cordero_, in -_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 382. See also: _Alcedo_, +fronteras de Nuevo-México como veinticinco leguas, entre los pueblos de +Moqui, Zuñi y la capital (Santa Fé).' _Barreiro_, _Ojeada sobre N. +Mex._, app., p. 10. 'Habita la sierra y mesas de Navajó.' _Cordero_, in +_Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 382. See also: _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iii., p. 295. 'Along the 34th parallel, north latitude.' _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 16. 'On the tributaries of the river San Juan, west of the Rio Grande, and east of the Colorado, and between the thirty-fifth and thirty-seventh parallels of north latitude.' -_Merriwether_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 172. 'From Cañon de Chelly +_Merriwether_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 172. 'From Cañon de Chelly to Rio San Juan.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460. 'From the Rio San Juan to the Gila.' _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, -1854, p. 179. 'Directly west from Santa Fé, extending from near the Rio +1854, p. 179. 'Directly west from Santa Fé, extending from near the Rio Grande on the east, to the Colorado on the west; and from the land of the Utahs on the north, to the Apaches on the south.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 209. 'Fifty miles from the Rio del -Norte.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 102. 'From the 33° to the 38° of north +Norte.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 102. 'From the 33° to the 38° of north latitude.' and 'from Soccorro to the valley of Taos.' _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 202. Concurrent authorities: _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 78; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 184; _Ludewig's Ab. @@ -28482,17 +28448,17 @@ Lang._, p. 132. [Sidenote: MOJAVES AND YUMAS.] The _Mojaves_ dwell on the Mojave and Colorado rivers, as far up as -Black Cañon. The word Mojave 'appears to be formed of two Yuma -words--hamook (three), and häbî (mountains)--and designates the tribe of +Black Cañon. The word Mojave 'appears to be formed of two Yuma +words--hamook (three), and häbî (mountains)--and designates the tribe of Indians which occupies a valley of the Colorado lying between three mountains. The ranges supposed to be referred to are: 1st, "The Needles," which terminates the valley upon the south, and is called -Asientic-häbî, or first range; 2d, the heights that bound the right bank -of the Colorado north of the Mojave villages, termed Havic-häbî, or +Asientic-häbî, or first range; 2d, the heights that bound the right bank +of the Colorado north of the Mojave villages, termed Havic-häbî, or second range; and, 3d, the Blue Ridge, extending along the left bank of -the river, to which has been given the name of Hamook-häbî, or third -range.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 30. 'Von 34° 36´ -nordwärts bis zum Black Cañon.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die +the river, to which has been given the name of Hamook-häbî, or third +range.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 30. 'Von 34° 36´ +nordwärts bis zum Black Cañon.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 430-4. 'Inhabit the Cottonwood valley.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 79. 'Occupy the country watered by a river of the same name, which empties into the Colorado.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, @@ -28522,13 +28488,13 @@ junction with the Gila.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 177-9. most southern point of that part of the Colorado forming the boundary.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 107. 'Das eigentliche Gebiet dieses Stammes ist das Thal des untern Colorado; es -beginnt dasselbe ungefähr achtzig Meilen oberhalb der Mündung des Gila, +beginnt dasselbe ungefähr achtzig Meilen oberhalb der Mündung des Gila, und erstreckt sich von da bis nahe an den Golf von Californien.' -_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., pp. 122, 430-1, 434. +_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., pp. 122, 430-1, 434. 'La junta del Gila con el Colorado, tierra poblada de la nacion yuma.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 849. 'Le nord de la Basse-Californie, sur la rive droite du -Rio-Colorado.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'For +Rio-Colorado.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'For ten or fifteen miles north and south' in the valley near the mouth of the Gila. _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 42. See _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 101, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Latham's @@ -28548,17 +28514,17 @@ _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 484; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 185. The _Yampais_ inhabit the country west and north-west of the Aztec range of mountains to the mouth of the Rio Virgen. _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 14, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'Am obern -Colorado.' 'Nördlich von den Mohaves.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die +Colorado.' 'Nördlich von den Mohaves.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 431, 277. 'On the west bank of the Colorado, about the mouth of Bill Williams's fork.' _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 302; _Poston_, in _Id._, 1863, p. 387. The _Yalchedunes_ or Talchedunes 'live on the right bank of the -Colorado, and their tribes first appear in lat. 33° 20´.' _Cortez_, in +Colorado, and their tribes first appear in lat. 33° 20´.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 124. The _Yamajabs_ or Tamajabs 'are settled on the left bank of the Colorado -from 34° of latitude to 35°.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. +from 34° of latitude to 35°.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 124; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 62. The _Cochees_ are in the 'Chiricahua mountains, southern Arizona and @@ -28577,7 +28543,7 @@ _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 31. 'On the Colorado bottoms were the Cocopahs, the southern gulf tribes of which Consag calls the Bagiopas, Hebonomas, Quigyamas, Cuculetes, and the Alchedumas.' _Browne's Explor. of Lower Cal._, p. 54. 'On the right bank of the river Colorado, from -lat. 32° 18´ upward.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. +lat. 32° 18´ upward.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 123. 'Range all the way from Port Isabel, upon the east bank of the river (Colorado), to the boundary line between the Republic of Mexico and the United States.' _Johnson's Hist. Arizona_, p. 10. 'Between the @@ -28588,25 +28554,25 @@ in _Id._, 1863, p. 386; _Bailey_, in _Id._, 1858, p. 202; _Howard_, in _Id._, 1872, p. 149. Without definitely locating them, Salmeron enumerates the following -nations, seen by Oñate during his trip through New Mexico: +nations, seen by Oñate during his trip through New Mexico: The Cruzados, somewhere between the Moquis and the Rio Gila, near a -river which he calls the Rio Sacramento. 'Dos jornadas de allí -(Cruzados) estaba un rio de poco agua, por donde ellos iban á otro muy +river which he calls the Rio Sacramento. 'Dos jornadas de allà +(Cruzados) estaba un rio de poco agua, por donde ellos iban á otro muy grande que entra en la mar, en cuyas orillas habia una nacion que se -llama Amacava.' 'Pasada esta nacion de amacabos ... llegaron á la nacion -de los Bahacechas.' 'Pasada esta nacion de Bahacecha, llegaron á la +llama Amacava.' 'Pasada esta nacion de amacabos ... llegaron á la nacion +de los Bahacechas.' 'Pasada esta nacion de Bahacecha, llegaron á la nacion de los indios ozaras.' 'La primera nacion pasado el rio del -nombre de Jesus, es Halchedoma.' 'Luego está la nacion Cohuana.' 'Luego -está la nacion Haglli.' 'Luego los Tlalliquamallas.' _Salmeron_, +nombre de Jesus, es Halchedoma.' 'Luego está la nacion Cohuana.' 'Luego +está la nacion Haglli.' 'Luego los Tlalliquamallas.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 31-6. 'La -nacion Excanjaque que habita cien leguas del Nuevo-México, rumbo +nacion Excanjaque que habita cien leguas del Nuevo-México, rumbo Nordeste.' _Id._, p. 92. 'Habitan indios excanjaques aquel tramo de tierra que en cuarenta y seis grados de altura al polo y ciento sesenta -y dos de longitud, se tiende oblícuamente al abrigo que unas serranías -hacen á un rio que corre Norueste, Sur deste á incorporarse con otro que -se va á juntar con el Misissipi, son contérmino de los pananas.' _Id._, -p. 107. 'Cerca de este llano de Matanza, está otro llano de esa otra +y dos de longitud, se tiende oblÃcuamente al abrigo que unas serranÃas +hacen á un rio que corre Norueste, Sur deste á incorporarse con otro que +se va á juntar con el Misissipi, son contérmino de los pananas.' _Id._, +p. 107. 'Cerca de este llano de Matanza, está otro llano de esa otra parte del rio en que hay siete cerros, habitados de la nacion Aixas.' _Id._, p. 92. 'La nacion de los Aijados, que hace frente por la parte del Oriente y casi confina con la nacion Quivira por la parte del norte, @@ -28618,85 +28584,85 @@ estando vecina de los Tejas por Levante.' _Paredes_, in _Id._, p. 217. In the PUEBLO FAMILY, besides the inhabitants of the villages situated in the valley of the Rio Grande del Norte, I include the seven Moqui villages lying west of the former, and also the Pimas, the Maricopas, -the Pápagos, and the Sobaipuris with their congeners of the lower Gila +the Pápagos, and the Sobaipuris with their congeners of the lower Gila river. 'The number of inhabited pueblos in the Territory [New Mexico] is -twenty-six.... Their names are Taos, Picoris, Nambé, Tezuque, Pojuaque, +twenty-six.... Their names are Taos, Picoris, Nambé, Tezuque, Pojuaque, San Juan, San Yldefonso, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Cochiti, -Isleta, Silla, Laguna, Acoma, Jemez, Zuñi, Sandia, and Santa Clara.... +Isleta, Silla, Laguna, Acoma, Jemez, Zuñi, Sandia, and Santa Clara.... In Texas, a short distance below the southern boundary of New Mexico, and in the valley of the Del Norte, is a pueblo called Isleta of the South,' and another called Los Lentes. _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 115-16. -San Gerónimo de Taos, San Lorenzo de Picuries, San Juan de los +San Gerónimo de Taos, San Lorenzo de Picuries, San Juan de los Caballeros, Santo Tomas de Abiquiu, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, San -Francisco de Nambé, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Pojuaque, San Diego +Francisco de Nambé, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Pojuaque, San Diego de Tesuque, N. S. de los Angeles de Tecos, San Buena Ventura de Cochiti, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, N. S. de los Dolores de Sandia, San Diego de Jemes, N. S. de la Asumpcion de Zia, Santa Ana, San Augustin del Isleta, N. S. de Belem, San Estevan de Acoma, San Josef de La Laguna, N. S. de -Guadalupe de Zuñi. _Alencaster_, in _Meline's Two Thousand Miles_, p. -212. Taos, eighty-three miles north north-east of Santa Fé; Picuris, on -Rio Picuris, sixty miles north by east of Santa Fé; San Juan, on the Rio -Grande, thirty-four miles north of Santa Fé, on road to Taos; Santa -Clara, twenty-six miles north north-west of Santa Fé; San Ildefonso, on -Rio Grande, eighteen miles north of Santa Fé; Nambe, on Nambe Creek, -three miles east of Pojuaque; Pojuaque, sixteen miles north of Santa Fé; -Tesuque, eight miles north of Santa Fé; Cochiti, on west bank of Rio -Grande, twenty-four miles south-west of Santa Fé; Santo Domingo, on Rio +Guadalupe de Zuñi. _Alencaster_, in _Meline's Two Thousand Miles_, p. +212. Taos, eighty-three miles north north-east of Santa Fé; Picuris, on +Rio Picuris, sixty miles north by east of Santa Fé; San Juan, on the Rio +Grande, thirty-four miles north of Santa Fé, on road to Taos; Santa +Clara, twenty-six miles north north-west of Santa Fé; San Ildefonso, on +Rio Grande, eighteen miles north of Santa Fé; Nambe, on Nambe Creek, +three miles east of Pojuaque; Pojuaque, sixteen miles north of Santa Fé; +Tesuque, eight miles north of Santa Fé; Cochiti, on west bank of Rio +Grande, twenty-four miles south-west of Santa Fé; Santo Domingo, on Rio Grande, six miles south of Cochiti; San Felipe, on Rio Grande, six miles south of Santo Domingo; Sandia, on Rio Grande, fifteen miles south of San Felipe; Isleta, on Rio Grande, thirty miles south of Sandia; Jemes, -on Jemes River, fifty miles west of Santa Fé; Zia, near Jemes, -fifty-five miles west of Santa Fé; Santa Ana, near Zia, sixty-five miles -west of Santa Fé; Laguna, west of Albuquerque forty-five miles, on San -José River; Acoma, one hundred and fifteen miles west of Santa Fé, on a -rock five hundred feet high, fifteen miles south-west of Laguna; Zuñi, -one hundred and ninety miles west south-west of Santa Fé, in the Navajo -country, on Zuñi River. _Meline's Two Thousand Miles_, p. 222. See +on Jemes River, fifty miles west of Santa Fé; Zia, near Jemes, +fifty-five miles west of Santa Fé; Santa Ana, near Zia, sixty-five miles +west of Santa Fé; Laguna, west of Albuquerque forty-five miles, on San +José River; Acoma, one hundred and fifteen miles west of Santa Fé, on a +rock five hundred feet high, fifteen miles south-west of Laguna; Zuñi, +one hundred and ninety miles west south-west of Santa Fé, in the Navajo +country, on Zuñi River. _Meline's Two Thousand Miles_, p. 222. See _Abert_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 488-94; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 10-12, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Ward_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, pp. 191, 193-4; _Barreiro_, _Ojeada sobre N. -Mex._, p. 15. 'La primera, entrando sur á norte, es la nacion Tigua.... -Están poblados junto á la sierra de Puruai, que toma el nombre del +Mex._, p. 15. 'La primera, entrando sur á norte, es la nacion Tigua.... +Están poblados junto á la sierra de Puruai, que toma el nombre del principal pueblo que se llama asi, y orillas del gran rio ... fueran de -éste, pueblan otros dos pueblos, el uno San Pedro, rio abajo de Puruai y +éste, pueblan otros dos pueblos, el uno San Pedro, rio abajo de Puruai y el otro Santiago, rio arriba.... La segunda nacion es la de Tahanos, que al rumbo oriental y mano derecha del camino, puebla un rio que de la -parte del Oriente ... viene á unirse con el rio Grande; su pueblo +parte del Oriente ... viene á unirse con el rio Grande; su pueblo principal es Zandia con otros dos pueblos.... La tercera nacion es la de -los Gemex, que á la parte Occidua puebla las orillas del Rio-Puerco cuyo +los Gemex, que á la parte Occidua puebla las orillas del Rio-Puerco cuyo principal pueblo Qicinzigua.... La cuarta nacion es de los teguas, que -están poblados al Norte de los tahanas, de esa otra parte del rio, su +están poblados al Norte de los tahanas, de esa otra parte del rio, su principal es Galisteo ... con otros dos pueblos, y hay al rumbo oriental, encaramada en una sierra alta, la quinta de Navon de los -Pecos, su principal pueblo se llama así, otro se llama el Tuerto, con -otras rancherías en aquellos picachos.... La sesta nacion es la de los +Pecos, su principal pueblo se llama asÃ, otro se llama el Tuerto, con +otras rancherÃas en aquellos picachos.... La sesta nacion es la de los queres.... El pueblo principal de esta nacion es Santo Domingo ... la -sétima nacion al rumbo boreal es la de los tahos.... La octava nacion es +sétima nacion al rumbo boreal es la de los tahos.... La octava nacion es la de los picuries, al rumbo Norueste de Santa Cruz, cuyo pueblo principal es San Felipe, orillas del rio Zama, y su visita Cochite, -orilla del mismo rio.... La última nacion es la de los tompiras, que -habita de esa otra parte de la cañada de Santa Clara y rio Zama, en un +orilla del mismo rio.... La última nacion es la de los tompiras, que +habita de esa otra parte de la cañada de Santa Clara y rio Zama, en un arroyo que junta al dicho rio, y es las fronteras de los llanos de -Cíbola ó Zuñi.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie +CÃbola ó Zuñi.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 98-100. 'Some sixty miles to the south southeast of Fort Defiance is situated -the pueblo of Zuñi, on a small tributary of the Colorado Chiquito.' -_Davis' El Gringo_, p. 422. 'On the Rio de Zuñi.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. -Recon._, p. 90. 'To the N. E. of the Little Colorado, about lat. 35°, +the pueblo of Zuñi, on a small tributary of the Colorado Chiquito.' +_Davis' El Gringo_, p. 422. 'On the Rio de Zuñi.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. +Recon._, p. 90. 'To the N. E. of the Little Colorado, about lat. 35°, are the Zunis.' _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 563. The _Moquis_, are settled 'West from the Navajos, and in the fork between the Little and the Big Colorados.' The names of their villages -are, according to Mr Leroux, 'Óráibè, Shúmuthpà, Múshàilnà, Ahlélà, -Guálpí, Shiwinnà, Téquà.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 13, +are, according to Mr Leroux, 'Óráibè, Shúmuthpà , Múshà ilnà , Ahlélà , +GuálpÃ, Shiwinnà , Téquà .' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 13, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'Westward of the capital of New Mexico ... Oraibe, Taucos, Moszasnavi, Guipaulavi, Xougopavi, Gualpi.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 121. 'Desde estos parages -(Zuñi) corriendo para el Vest Noruest, empiezan los Pueblos, y -Rancherías de las Provincias de Moqui Oraybe: los Pueblos Moquinos son: +(Zuñi) corriendo para el Vest Noruest, empiezan los Pueblos, y +RancherÃas de las Provincias de Moqui Oraybe: los Pueblos Moquinos son: Hualpi, Tanos, Moxonavi, Xongopavi, Quianna, Aguatubi, y Rio grande de -espeleta.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 425-6; +espeleta.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 425-6; _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. ii., p. 527. 'The five pueblos in the Moqui are Orayxa, Masanais, Jongoapi, Gualpa, and another, the name of which is not known.' _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 195. 'The three @@ -28722,44 +28688,44 @@ Maricopa Coppermine. The north line extends to Salt River and the southern one to the Picacho.' _Walker's Pimas, MS._ 'La partie la plus septentrionale de l'intendance de la Sonora porte le nom de la Pimeria.... On distingue la Pimeria alta de la Pimeria baxa.' -_Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 296. 'Corre, pues, esta Pimería -alta, de Sur á Norte desde los 30 grados hasta los 34 que se cuentan -desde esta mision de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores hasta el rio del Gila -... y de Oriente á Poniente desde el valle de los pimas, llamados -sobaipuris, hasta las cercanías y costas del seno del mar californio, +_Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 296. 'Corre, pues, esta PimerÃa +alta, de Sur á Norte desde los 30 grados hasta los 34 que se cuentan +desde esta mision de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores hasta el rio del Gila +... y de Oriente á Poniente desde el valle de los pimas, llamados +sobaipuris, hasta las cercanÃas y costas del seno del mar californio, habitadas de los pimas sobas.... Por el Sur tiene el resto de las -naciones ópata, endeves, pertenecientes á dicha provincia y entre ellas -y la sierra-madre, de Oriente á Poniente, la Pimería baja.' _Mange_, +naciones ópata, endeves, pertenecientes á dicha provincia y entre ellas +y la sierra-madre, de Oriente á Poniente, la PimerÃa baja.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 345-6. 'Los pueblos de pimas bajos son ... desde Taraitzi hasta Cumuripa, Onapa, -Nuri, Movas y Oanbos lo son hàcia el Sur de Cumuripa, Suaqui, San José -de Pimas, Santa Rosalía, Ures y Nacameri hácia el Poniente, son la +Nuri, Movas y Oanbos lo son hà cia el Sur de Cumuripa, Suaqui, San José +de Pimas, Santa RosalÃa, Ures y Nacameri hácia el Poniente, son la frontera contra los seris.... Los pimas altos ocupan todo el terreno que -hay desde de Cucurpe por Santa Ana Caborca hasta la mar de Oriente á +hay desde de Cucurpe por Santa Ana Caborca hasta la mar de Oriente á Poniente y Sur Norte, todo lo que desde dicha mision tirando por -Dolores, Remedios, Cocospera el presidio de Terrenate, y desde éste -siguiendo el rio de San Pedro ó de los Sobaipuris hasta su junta con el +Dolores, Remedios, Cocospera el presidio de Terrenate, y desde éste +siguiendo el rio de San Pedro ó de los Sobaipuris hasta su junta con el rio Xila, y por ambas orillas de este hasta el Colorado y entre la mar, -ó seno de Californias se encierra.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. +ó seno de Californias se encierra.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 553-4. 'From the river Yaqui in Sonora, northward to the Gila and even beyond the Tomosatzi (Colorado) eastward beyond the mountains in the province of Taraumara, and westward -to the sea of Cortez.' _Smith_, _Grammar of the Pima or Névome +to the sea of Cortez.' _Smith_, _Grammar of the Pima or Névome Language_, p. viii; _Id._, _Heve Language_, pp. 5-7; _Arricivita_, -_Crónica Seráfica_, p. 396; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., -p. 216. 'Nördlich vom Flusse Yaqui, vom Dorfe S. José de Pimas bis zu -dem über 60 Leguas nördlicher gelegenen Dorfe Cucurápe, bewohnen die -Pimas bajas die Mitte des Landes.' 'Nördlich vom Fluss Ascensión, von -der Küste weit ins Land hinein, treffen wir die Pimas altas.' -_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 419-20. 'Pimérie haute -et basse. La première s'étend depuis les Rios Colorado et Gila jusqu'à +_Crónica Seráfica_, p. 396; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., +p. 216. 'Nördlich vom Flusse Yaqui, vom Dorfe S. José de Pimas bis zu +dem über 60 Leguas nördlicher gelegenen Dorfe Cucurápe, bewohnen die +Pimas bajas die Mitte des Landes.' 'Nördlich vom Fluss Ascensión, von +der Küste weit ins Land hinein, treffen wir die Pimas altas.' +_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 419-20. 'Pimérie haute +et basse. La première s'étend depuis les Rios Colorado et Gila jusqu'à la ville de Hermosillo et au Rio de los Ures, et la seconde depuis cette -limite jusqu'au Rio del Fuerte qui la sépare de Sinaloa.' _Mofras_, +limite jusqu'au Rio del Fuerte qui la sépare de Sinaloa.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 208. 'Los pimas altos ocupan los partidos de la Magdalena y del Altar; lindan al Norte con el Gila; al Este con los -apaches y con los ópatas, sirviendo de limite el rio San Pedro ó de -Sobaipuris; al Oeste el mar de Cortés, y al Sur el terreno que ocuparon -los séris.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 347. See also: +apaches y con los ópatas, sirviendo de limite el rio San Pedro ó de +Sobaipuris; al Oeste el mar de Cortés, y al Sur el terreno que ocuparon +los séris.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 347. See also: _Malte-Brun_, _Sonora_, pp. 14-15; _Mill's Hist. Mex._, p. 191; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 81; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 437; _Cutts' Conq. Cal._, p. 195; _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 58; @@ -28768,44 +28734,44 @@ _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 296; _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. The _Maricopas_ inhabit both sides of the Gila River, for about 36 leagues in the vicinity of its junction with the Asuncion River. -_Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 354. 'On the northern bank of the Gila, a few -miles west of that of the Pimas, in about west longitude 112°.' +_Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 354. 'On the northern bank of the Gila, a few +miles west of that of the Pimas, in about west longitude 112°.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 102, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, -vol. iii. 'Desde Stue Cabitic, se estienden à lo largo del rio (Gila) +vol. iii. 'Desde Stue Cabitic, se estienden à lo largo del rio (Gila) como treinta y seis leguas.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. -Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 849; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, -tom. ii., pp. 404-5. 'Vom südlichen Ufer des Gila bis zum östlichen des -Colorádo.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 420; -_Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 131-2; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die -Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 123. 'Au sud du rio Gila, sur une étendue de -près de 150 milles, en remontant depuis l'embouchure.' _Gallatin_, in +Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 849; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, +tom. ii., pp. 404-5. 'Vom südlichen Ufer des Gila bis zum östlichen des +Colorádo.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 420; +_Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 131-2; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die +Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 123. 'Au sud du rio Gila, sur une étendue de +près de 150 milles, en remontant depuis l'embouchure.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 291; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 18; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 228. The Pimas and Maricopas live 'on the Gila, one hundred and eighty miles from its junction with the Colorado.' _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 14. 'Wo der -112te Grad westlicher Länge den Gila-Strom Kreuzt, also ungefähr auf der +112te Grad westlicher Länge den Gila-Strom Kreuzt, also ungefähr auf der Mitte der Strecke, die der Gila, fast vom Rio Grande del Norte bis an die Spitze des Golfs von Kalifornien, zu durchlaufen hat, liegen die -Dörfer der Pimos und Coco-Maricopas.' _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. -iv., p. 137. 'Non loin du confluent du rio Salinas, par 112° environ de +Dörfer der Pimos und Coco-Maricopas.' _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. +iv., p. 137. 'Non loin du confluent du rio Salinas, par 112° environ de longitude.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 289-90. 'On the Gila river, about one hundred miles above the confluence of that stream with the Colorado.' _Dole_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 20. 'Claimed as their own property the entire Gila -valley on both sides, from the Piñal mountains to the Tesotal.' _Mowry_, +valley on both sides, from the Piñal mountains to the Tesotal.' _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 358. 'From Maricopa Wells to a short distance beyond Sacaton.' _Whittier_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1868, p. 142. Limits also given in _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 232; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 45; _Bailey_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, pp. 203; _Poston_, in _Id._, 1864, p. 152. -The _Pápagos_ 'inhabit that triangular space of arid land bounded by the +The _Pápagos_ 'inhabit that triangular space of arid land bounded by the Santa Cruz, Gila, and Colorado rivers, and the Mexican boundary line.' -_Poston_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 384. 'Nördlich von diesen +_Poston_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 384. 'Nördlich von diesen (Pimas altas) hausen im Osten der Sierra de Santa Clara, welche sich -unter 31½° nördlicher Breite dicht am östlichen Ufer des Meerbusens von -Californien erhebt, die Papágos oder Papábi-Ootam.' _Mühlenpfordt_, +unter 31½° nördlicher Breite dicht am östlichen Ufer des Meerbusens von +Californien erhebt, die Papágos oder Papábi-Ootam.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 210. 'Junto al rio de San Marcos: 50 leguas mas arriba habita la nacion de los Papagos.' _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iv., p. 217. 'In the country about San Xavier del Baca, a few miles from @@ -28817,14 +28783,14 @@ Rept._, 1865, p. 133; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 81. The _Sobaipuris_, a nation related to the Pimas, live among the lower Pimas. 'Por una sierrezuela que hay al Oriente de este rio y sus -rancherías, se dividen éstas del valle de los pimas sobaipuris, que á +rancherÃas, se dividen éstas del valle de los pimas sobaipuris, que á poca distancia tienen las suyas muchas y muy numerosas, las mas al Poniente y pocas al Oriente del rio, que naciendo de las vertientes del -cerro de Terrenate, que está como treinta leguas al Norte de esta -mision, corre de Sur à Norte hasta juntarse con el tantas veces nombrado +cerro de Terrenate, que está como treinta leguas al Norte de esta +mision, corre de Sur à Norte hasta juntarse con el tantas veces nombrado de Gila y juntos corren al Poniente.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 349. Reference also in _Alcedo_, -_Diccionario_, tom. iv., p. 218; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. +_Diccionario_, tom. iv., p. 218; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 210. @@ -28834,76 +28800,76 @@ The LOWER CALIFORNIAN FAMILY includes all the nations inhabiting the Peninsula of Lower California, northward to the mouth of the Colorado River. -The _Cochimís_ inhabit the peninsula north of the twenty-sixth degree of -north latitude. 'I Cochimí ne presero la parte settentrionale da gr. 25 +The _CochimÃs_ inhabit the peninsula north of the twenty-sixth degree of +north latitude. 'I Cochimà ne presero la parte settentrionale da gr. 25 sino a 33, e alcune isole vicine del Mar Pacifico.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 109. 'Desde el territorio de Loreto, por todo -lo descubierto al Norte de la Nacion Cochimí, ó de los Cochimies.' 'La -Nacion, y Lengua de los Cochimies ázia el Norte, despues de la ultima +lo descubierto al Norte de la Nacion CochimÃ, ó de los Cochimies.' 'La +Nacion, y Lengua de los Cochimies ázia el Norte, despues de la ultima Mission de San Ignacio.' 'Los Laymones son los mismos, que los Cochimies del Norte.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 63-7. 'Los -Cochimíes ocupaban la peninsula desde Loreto hasta poco mas allá de -nuestra frontera. Los de las misiones de San Francisco Javier y San José -Comondú se llamaban edúes; los de San Ignacio didúes.' _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 366; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 21; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, pp. +CochimÃes ocupaban la peninsula desde Loreto hasta poco mas allá de +nuestra frontera. Los de las misiones de San Francisco Javier y San José +Comondú se llamaban edúes; los de San Ignacio didúes.' _Orozco y Berra_, +_GeografÃa_, p. 366; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 21; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, pp. 49, 99; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 207; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 469-70. 'Between San Fernando and Moleje were the Limonies, divided (going from north) into the Cagnaguets, Adacs and Kadakamans.' 'From Santo Tomas to San Vicente they were termed Icas.' -_Browne's Lower Cal._, p. 54; _Hist. Chrétienne de la Cal._, p. 163. -'Nördlich von Loréto schwärmt der zahlreiche Stamm der Cochimíes, auch -Cochimas oder Colimíes genannt. Zu ihnen gehören die Laimónes und die -Icas.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443. +_Browne's Lower Cal._, p. 54; _Hist. Chrétienne de la Cal._, p. 163. +'Nördlich von Loréto schwärmt der zahlreiche Stamm der CochimÃes, auch +Cochimas oder ColimÃes genannt. Zu ihnen gehören die Laimónes und die +Icas.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443. -The _Guaicuris_ roam south of the Cochimís, as far as Magdalena Bay. 'Si -stabilirono tra i gr. 23½ e 26.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. +The _Guaicuris_ roam south of the CochimÃs, as far as Magdalena Bay. 'Si +stabilirono tra i gr. 23½ e 26.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 109. 'Los guaicuras se subdividen en guaicuras, coras, conchos, uchitas, y aripas. Los guaicuras vivian principalmente en la costa del -Pacífico, desde el puerto de San Bernabe hasta el de la Magdalena. Los -coras en la costa del Golfo, desde los pericúes hasta la mision de los +PacÃfico, desde el puerto de San Bernabe hasta el de la Magdalena. Los +coras en la costa del Golfo, desde los pericúes hasta la mision de los Dolores, comprendiendo el puerto de la Paz. Entre los guaicuras, los -coras, y los pericúes estaban los uchitas ó uchities. Hasta el mismo -Loreto, ó muy cerca llegaban los conchos ó monquies, á quienes los +coras, y los pericúes estaban los uchitas ó uchities. Hasta el mismo +Loreto, ó muy cerca llegaban los conchos ó monquies, á quienes los jesuitas pusieron lauretanos, ... una rama de su nacion nombrada -monquí-laimon ó monquíes del interior, porque vivian lejos de la costa, +monquÃ-laimon ó monquÃes del interior, porque vivian lejos de la costa, y se encuentran tambien nombrados por solo laimones. Los aripas al Norte -de los guaicuras.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 365-6. 'Desde la +de los guaicuras.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 365-6. 'Desde la Paz hasta mas arriba del Presidio Real de Loreto, es de los Monquis ... -à si mismos se llaman con vocablo general Monqui, ó Monquis ... los -Vehities, que pueblan las cercanías de la Bahía y Puerto de la Paz; y la -de los Guaycúras, que desde la Paz se estienden en la Costa interior -hasta las cercanías de Loreto. Los Monquis mismos se dividen en Liyùes, -Didiùs, y otras ramas menores.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. -i., pp. 63-7. 'Los Guaicuras se establecieron entre el paralelo de 23° -30´ y el de 26°.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 207. 'Von La Paz -bis über den Presidio von Loréto dehnt der Stamm Monqui, Moqui oder -Mongui sich aus, welchem die Familien Guaycùra und Uchíti oder Vehíti -angehören, die jedoch von einigen Reisenden für ganz verschiedene Stämme -gehalten werden.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443; +à si mismos se llaman con vocablo general Monqui, ó Monquis ... los +Vehities, que pueblan las cercanÃas de la BahÃa y Puerto de la Paz; y la +de los Guaycúras, que desde la Paz se estienden en la Costa interior +hasta las cercanÃas de Loreto. Los Monquis mismos se dividen en Liyùes, +Didiùs, y otras ramas menores.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. +i., pp. 63-7. 'Los Guaicuras se establecieron entre el paralelo de 23° +30´ y el de 26°.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 207. 'Von La Paz +bis über den Presidio von Loréto dehnt der Stamm Monqui, Moqui oder +Mongui sich aus, welchem die Familien Guaycùra und UchÃti oder VehÃti +angehören, die jedoch von einigen Reisenden für ganz verschiedene Stämme +gehalten werden.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 473; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 21; _Browne's Lower Cal._, p. 54; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 198. 'La nacion ya nombrada Guaicure, que habita el ramalde la sierra giganta, que viene -costeando el puerto de la Magdalena hasta el de San Bernabé.' +costeando el puerto de la Magdalena hasta el de San Bernabé.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 64. -The _Pericúis_ live in the southern portion of the Peninsula from Cape +The _Pericúis_ live in the southern portion of the Peninsula from Cape San Lucas northward to La Paz. 'Desde el Cabo de San Lucas, hasta mas -acà del Puerto de la Paz de la Nacion Pericù.... A los Indios, que caen -al Sùr, ò Mediodia de su territorio, llaman Edù, ó Equù, ó Edùes ... se -divide en varias Nacioncillas pequeñas, de las quales la mas nombrada es -la de los Coras, nombre propio de una Ranchería, que se ha comunicado -despues à algunos Pueblos, y al Rio, que desagua en la Bahía de San -Bernabé.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 63-7. 'Los -pericúes habitan en la mision de Santiago, que tiene sujeto á San José -del Cabo y en las islas de Cerralvo, el Espíritu Santo y San José.' -_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 365. 'I Pericui ne occuparono la parte +acà del Puerto de la Paz de la Nacion Pericù.... A los Indios, que caen +al Sùr, ò Mediodia de su territorio, llaman Edù, ó Equù, ó Edùes ... se +divide en varias Nacioncillas pequeñas, de las quales la mas nombrada es +la de los Coras, nombre propio de una RancherÃa, que se ha comunicado +despues à algunos Pueblos, y al Rio, que desagua en la BahÃa de San +Bernabé.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 63-7. 'Los +pericúes habitan en la mision de Santiago, que tiene sujeto á San José +del Cabo y en las islas de Cerralvo, el EspÃritu Santo y San José.' +_Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 365. 'I Pericui ne occuparono la parte australe dal C. di S. Luca sino a gr. 24, e le isole adjacenti di Cerralvo, dello Spirito Santo, e di S. Giuseppe.' _Clavigero_, _Storia -della Cal._, tom. i., p. 109. 'Im Süden, vom Cap San Lucas bis über den -Hafen Los Pichilingues und die Mission La Paz hinaus wohnen die Perícues -zu welchen die Familien Edú oder Equu und Cora gerechnet werden.' -_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443. See also: +della Cal._, tom. i., p. 109. 'Im Süden, vom Cap San Lucas bis über den +Hafen Los Pichilingues und die Mission La Paz hinaus wohnen die PerÃcues +zu welchen die Familien Edú oder Equu und Cora gerechnet werden.' +_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443. See also: _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 207; _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., p. 86; _Browne's Lower Cal._, p. 45; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 21; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 480. @@ -28911,10 +28877,10 @@ _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 480. The NORTHERN MEXICAN FAMILY is composed of the inhabitants of the States of Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and portions of -Tamaulipas, Durango, and Zacatecas, south as far as 23° north latitude, +Tamaulipas, Durango, and Zacatecas, south as far as 23° north latitude, divided as follows: - [Sidenote: CERIS AND ÓPATAS.] + [Sidenote: CERIS AND ÓPATAS.] The _Seris_ 'live towards the coast of Sonora, on the famous Cerro Prieto, and in its immediate neighborhood.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. @@ -28924,73 +28890,73 @@ Guaymas.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 464. 'Son las Islas nombradas S. Antonio, Taburon, S. Estevan, Bocalinas, Salsipuedes, la Tortuga, la ensenada de la Concepcion, habitadas de Indios de la nacion Seris.' _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 490. 'Su principal abrigo -es el famoso cerro Prieto, al Poniente de San José de los Pimas, doce +es el famoso cerro Prieto, al Poniente de San José de los Pimas, doce leguas, y doce casi al Sur del Pitic; del mar como cerca de catorce leguas al Oriente, y de la boca del rio Hiaqui al Norte, treinta -leguas.... Otro asilo tienen, así en su isla del Tiburon, casi como +leguas.... Otro asilo tienen, asà en su isla del Tiburon, casi como cuarenta leguas al Poniente de la hacienda del Pitic y como una legua de la costa, en el seno de Californias; como en la de San Juan Bautista, -cerca de nueve leguas del Tiburon al Sud-sudueste y á mas de dos leguas +cerca de nueve leguas del Tiburon al Sud-sudueste y á mas de dos leguas de tierra.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., vol. iv., pp. 559-60. 'Los ceris ... [1779] estaban situados en la -villa de Horcasitas en un pueblo llamado el Pópulo, una legua hácia el -Este de dicha villa, camino para Nacameri. De allí se trasladaron en +villa de Horcasitas en un pueblo llamado el Pópulo, una legua hácia el +Este de dicha villa, camino para Nacameri. De allà se trasladaron en 1789 al pueblo de Ceris.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 124. 'The -Céres are confined to the island of Tiburon, the coast of Tépoca, and -the Pueblo of Los Céres, near Pitic.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 437. 'Zwischen -dem Flecken Petíc und der Küste, und diese hinauf bis zum Flusse -Ascensión.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 419. The +Céres are confined to the island of Tiburon, the coast of Tépoca, and +the Pueblo of Los Céres, near Pitic.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 437. 'Zwischen +dem Flecken PetÃc und der Küste, und diese hinauf bis zum Flusse +Ascensión.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 419. The country adjacent to the Bay of San Juan Bautista was occupied by the Ceris. _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 247. 'Sus madrigueras las han -tenido en el famoso cerro Prieto, doce leguas al Oeste de San José de -los Pimas, en la cadena que se extiende hácia Guaymas, en el rincon de -Márcos, en las sierras de Bocoatzi Grande, en la sierra de Picu cerca de +tenido en el famoso cerro Prieto, doce leguas al Oeste de San José de +los Pimas, en la cadena que se extiende hácia Guaymas, en el rincon de +Márcos, en las sierras de Bocoatzi Grande, en la sierra de Picu cerca de la costa, y sobre todo en la isla del Tiburon, situada en el Golfo de -Californias, á una legua de la playa.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. +Californias, á una legua de la playa.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 354; _Pajaken_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 13, 1862_. Concurrent authorities: _Lachappelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 79; _Dillon_, _Hist. Mex._, p. 215; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 565; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 34; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 57; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 214; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 166. -The Salineros 'hácia los confines de la Pimeria alta.' _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 354. +The Salineros 'hácia los confines de la Pimeria alta.' _Orozco y Berra_, +_GeografÃa_, p. 354. The Tepocas are south of the latter. 'Ordinarily live on the island of Tiburon.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 122. 'Los mas -próximos á la isla del Tiburon.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 354; +próximos á la isla del Tiburon.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 354; _Malte-Brun_, _Sonora_, pp. 20-1; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 214. The Guaymas and Upanguaymas live near the like-named port. 'Ocupaban el terreno en que ahora se encuentra el puerto de ese nombre, y que se -redujeron al pueblo de Belen.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 354. +redujeron al pueblo de Belen.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 354. -The _Ópatas_ occupy central and eastern Sonora. 'In the eastern part of +The _Ópatas_ occupy central and eastern Sonora. 'In the eastern part of the State, on the banks of the Sonora and Oposura, and in the vicinity of the town of Arispe and the mineral region of Nocasari.' _Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 300. 'Leurs villages couvrent les bords -des rivières de Yaqui, de Sonora et de Nacaméri, ainsi que la belle -vallée d'Oposura.' _Zuñiga_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1842, tom. -xciii., pp. 238-9. 'Im Osten des Staats, an den Ufern der Flüsse Sonóra -und Oposúra und bis gegen die Stadt Aríspe und den Minendistrict von -Nacosári hinauf.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 420. +des rivières de Yaqui, de Sonora et de Nacaméri, ainsi que la belle +vallée d'Oposura.' _Zuñiga_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1842, tom. +xciii., pp. 238-9. 'Im Osten des Staats, an den Ufern der Flüsse Sonóra +und Oposúra und bis gegen die Stadt ArÃspe und den Minendistrict von +Nacosári hinauf.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 420. 'Habita el centro del Estado de Sonora.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., -p. 403. 'Le long des rivières de San Miguel de Horcasitas, d'Arispe, de +p. 403. 'Le long des rivières de San Miguel de Horcasitas, d'Arispe, de los Ures et d'Oposura.' _Ternaux-Compans_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1842, tom. xcv., p. 319. 'Confinan al Norte con los pimas y con los apaches; al Este con la Tarahumara; al Sur con la Pimeria baja, y al -Oeste con los pimas y con los séris.' 'Ocupan en el Estado de Sonora los +Oeste con los pimas y con los séris.' 'Ocupan en el Estado de Sonora los actuales partidos de Sahuaripa, Oposura, Ures, Arizpe y parte del de -Magdalena.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 338, 343-4. The Ópatas, +Magdalena.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 338, 343-4. The Ópatas, Eudebes, and Jovas 'pueblan la mayor parte de la Sonora, desde muy -adentro de la sierra, son sus terrenos hácia al Sur desde este que +adentro de la sierra, son sus terrenos hácia al Sur desde este que pusimos por lindero al Oriente, por el desierto pueblo de Natora, Aribetzi, Bacanora, Tonitzi, Soyopa, Nacori, Alamos, parte de Ures, -Nacameri, Opodepe, Cucurpe hácia el Poniente; desde aquí Arispe, -Chinapa, Bacoatzi, Cuquiaratzi hasta Babispe hácia el Norte, y desde +Nacameri, Opodepe, Cucurpe hácia el Poniente; desde aquà Arispe, +Chinapa, Bacoatzi, Cuquiaratzi hasta Babispe hácia el Norte, y desde esta mision la poco ha citado sierra hasta Natora, los que la terminan -hácia el Oriente.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, -serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 552-3. See also: _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, +hácia el Oriente.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, +serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 552-3. See also: _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 174; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 213; _Malte-Brun_, _Sonora_, p. 14; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 444; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 437; _Pajaken_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 6, 1862_; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. @@ -28999,39 +28965,39 @@ Lang._, p. 139; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 117, 145. In early days 'they occupied the whole western slope of the Sierra, from the headquarters of the Sonora River to Nuri, near the Yaqui towns. They were then esteemed different tribes in different localities, and are -named in the old records as Jobas, Teqüimas, Teguis, and Cogüinachies.' -_Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 166. 'La nacion ópata se subdivide -en ópatas tegüis, avecindados en los pueblos de Opodepe, Terrapa, -Cucurpe, Alamos, Batuco. En opatas tegüimas en Sinoquipe, Banamichi, +named in the old records as Jobas, Teqüimas, Teguis, and Cogüinachies.' +_Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 166. 'La nacion ópata se subdivide +en ópatas tegüis, avecindados en los pueblos de Opodepe, Terrapa, +Cucurpe, Alamos, Batuco. En opatas tegüimas en Sinoquipe, Banamichi, Huepaca, Aconchi, Babiacora, Chinapa, Bacuachi, Cuquiarachi, Cumpas. -Ópatas Cogüinachis en Toniche, Matape, Oputo, Oposura, Guasavas, +Ópatas Cogüinachis en Toniche, Matape, Oputo, Oposura, Guasavas, Bacadeguachi, Nacori (otro), Mochopa. Los del pueblo de Santa Cruz se dice que son de nacion contla. Los Batucas, en el pueblo de Batuco -corresponden tambien á los ópatas, así como los sahuaripas, los himeris -y los guasabas.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 343-4, and +corresponden tambien á los ópatas, asà como los sahuaripas, los himeris +y los guasabas.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 343-4, and _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 156-6. -To the Jovas 'pertenecen los pueblos de San José Teopari, Los Dolores, -Sahuaripa, donde hay tambien ópatas, Pónida, Santo Tomas, Arivetzi, San -Mateo Malzura.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 345; _Pimentel_, -_Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 249. Ovas, 'esta nacion está poblada á orillas +To the Jovas 'pertenecen los pueblos de San José Teopari, Los Dolores, +Sahuaripa, donde hay tambien ópatas, Pónida, Santo Tomas, Arivetzi, San +Mateo Malzura.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 345; _Pimentel_, +_Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 249. Ovas, 'esta nacion está poblada á orillas del rio Papigochic, variedad de algunos pueblos y corre hasta cerca del partido de Samaripa y uno de sus pueblos llamado Teopari (que es de nacion ova su gente) y corre como se ha dicho poblada en este rio hasta cerca de la mision de Matachic.' _Zapata_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 341. 'Los ovas, tribu que vive principalmente en -Sonora ... en Chihuahua está poblada orillas del rio Papigochi (el +Sonora ... en Chihuahua está poblada orillas del rio Papigochi (el Yaqui), llegando hasta cerca de Yepomera, de la mision de tarahumares de -Matachic; sus rancherías se llamaron Oparrapa, Natora, Bacaniyahua ó -Baipoa, Orosaqui y Xiripa.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 325. +Matachic; sus rancherÃas se llamaron Oparrapa, Natora, Bacaniyahua ó +Baipoa, Orosaqui y Xiripa.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 325. -The Sobas 'ocuparon à Caborca, encontrándose tambien en los -alrededores.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 348. +The Sobas 'ocuparon à Caborca, encontrándose tambien en los +alrededores.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 348. The Potlapiguas, 'nacion gentil cerca de Babispe y de Bacerac, colocada en la frontera.' _Ib._ -The Tepahues were 'habitadores de una península que forman dos rios ó +The Tepahues were 'habitadores de una penÃnsula que forman dos rios ó brazos del Mayo al Oriente de los de esta nacion.' _Id._, p. 356. The Tecayaguis, Cues or Macoyahuis were 'en las vertientes del rio, @@ -29042,30 +29008,30 @@ The Hymeris, 'nacion situada en los varios valles que forma la Sierra Madre entre Occidente y Norte del valle de Sonora.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 243. -The _Sonoras_ inhabit the valley of Soñora, which 'cae a la banda del +The _Sonoras_ inhabit the valley of Soñora, which 'cae a la banda del Norte, apartado de la villa (Sinaloa) ciento y treinta leguas.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 392. The Eudeves, Eudebes, Hegues, Hequis, Heves, Eudevas or Dohme dwell in the villages 'Matape, Nacori, Los Alamos, Robesco, Bacanora, Batuco, Tepuspe, Cucurpe, Saracatzi, Toape, and Opodepe.' _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 344. +_GeografÃa_, p. 344. The Sibubapas 'del pueblo de Suaqui.' _Id._, p. 351. The Nures, 'habitadores del pueblo de Nuri.' _Ib._ 'Habita cerca de la de los Nebomes.' _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, vol. iii., p. 350. -The Hios, 'á ocho leguas al Este de Tepahue.' _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 351. +The Hios, 'á ocho leguas al Este de Tepahue.' _Orozco y Berra_, +_GeografÃa_, p. 351. The Huvagueres and Tehuisos are neighbors of the Hios. _Ib._ -The Basiroas and Teatas, 'más al Este.' _Ib._ +The Basiroas and Teatas, 'más al Este.' _Ib._ The Tupocuyos are four leagues Northwest of Santa Magdalena. 'De Santa -Magdalena en ... el rumbo al Noroeste ... á 4 leguas de distancia -llegamos á la ranchería del Tupocuyos.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. +Magdalena en ... el rumbo al Noroeste ... á 4 leguas de distancia +llegamos á la rancherÃa del Tupocuyos.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 232. [Sidenote: SINALOAS AND MAYOS.] @@ -29076,117 +29042,117 @@ Hueicolhues are to be found; to the north of Culiacan, the Cinaloas, Cochitas and Tuvares; and towards the town of El Fuerte, and farther north, we find the Mayos Indians, to which belong also the tribes Quasare, Ahome, and Ocoronis.' _Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, -vol. xxx., p. 12; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 402. +vol. xxx., p. 12; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 402. The _Sinaloas_ 'tiene su assiento y poblaciones en el mismo rio de -Tegueco, y Cuaque, en lo mas alto dél, y mas cercanas a las haldas de -serranias de Topia; y sus pueblos comiençan seis leguas arriba del +Tegueco, y Cuaque, en lo mas alto dél, y mas cercanas a las haldas de +serranias de Topia; y sus pueblos comiençan seis leguas arriba del fuerte de Montesclaros.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 199, 47. 'Los mas orientales de las gentes que habitaban las riberas del que ahora llamamos rio del Fuerte.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. -i., p. 460. 'Avecindados en una parte de las orillas, hácia las fuentes -del rio del Fuerte.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 329. +i., p. 460. 'Avecindados en una parte de las orillas, hácia las fuentes +del rio del Fuerte.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 329. The _Mayos_ occupy the banks of the rivers Mayo and Fuerte. The Mayo -river 'baña todos los pueblos de indígenas llamados los Mayos.' +river 'baña todos los pueblos de indÃgenas llamados los Mayos.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 82. 'Die eigentlichen Mayos wohnen -hauptsächlich westlich and nordwestlich von der Stadt Alamos.' -_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 402. 'Los mayos, sobre -el rio Mayo ... están distribuidos en los pueblos de Santa Cruz de Mayo, -Espíritu Santo Echojoa ó Echonova, Natividad Navajoa ó Navohoua, -Concepcion Cuirimpo, San Ignacio de Tesia, Santa Catalina Cayamoa ó -Camoa, San Bartolomé Batacosa, Masiaca.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, +hauptsächlich westlich and nordwestlich von der Stadt Alamos.' +_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 402. 'Los mayos, sobre +el rio Mayo ... están distribuidos en los pueblos de Santa Cruz de Mayo, +EspÃritu Santo Echojoa ó Echonova, Natividad Navajoa ó Navohoua, +Concepcion Cuirimpo, San Ignacio de Tesia, Santa Catalina Cayamoa ó +Camoa, San Bartolomé Batacosa, Masiaca.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 356, 354; _Malte-Brun_, _Sonora_, p. 13. 'The Mayos on the river -Mayo inhabit the following towns: Tepágue, Conecáre, Camóa, Tésia, -Navahóa, Curinghóa, Echehóa, and Santa Cruz de Mayo, a seaport. Towns of -the same nation on the Rio del Fuerte: Tóro, Báca, Chóis, Omi, San -Miguel, Charác, Sivilihóa, and Teguéco.' _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 438, 390; +Mayo inhabit the following towns: Tepágue, Conecáre, Camóa, Tésia, +Navahóa, Curinghóa, Echehóa, and Santa Cruz de Mayo, a seaport. Towns of +the same nation on the Rio del Fuerte: Tóro, Báca, Chóis, Omi, San +Miguel, Charác, Sivilihóa, and Teguéco.' _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 438, 390; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 583, vol. ii., p. 606; also: _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 165; _Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 299. The _Yaquis_ are settled on the Rio Yaqui and between it and the Rio Mayo. On the Yaqui River at a distance of twelve leagues from the sea, -'está poblada la famosa Nacion de Hiaquis.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los +'está poblada la famosa Nacion de Hiaquis.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 284. 'Lista de los pueblos del rio Yaqui, contados desde Cocori, primer pueblo al otro lado del rio de Buenavista, al Este del Estado, camino para la ciudad de Alamos, y rio abajo hasta Belen: Cocori, Bacum, Torin, Bicam, Potam, Rahum, Huirivis.' _Velasco_, -_Noticias de Sonora_, p. 84. 'Zwischen den Flüssen Mayo und Yaquí.... -Die Ortschaften des Stammes Yaquí (Hiaquí) sind besonders: Belén, -Huadíbis, Raún, Potan, Bican, Torin, Bacún und Cocorún.' _Mühlenpfordt_, +_Noticias de Sonora_, p. 84. 'Zwischen den Flüssen Mayo und YaquÃ.... +Die Ortschaften des Stammes Yaquà (HiaquÃ) sind besonders: Belén, +HuadÃbis, Raún, Potan, Bican, Torin, Bacún und Cocorún.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 419; _Malte-Brun_, _Sonora_, p. 13. 'Les -habitations des Yaquis commencent, à partir de la rivière de ce nom, et -s'étendent également sur le Rio de Mayo Fuerte et de Sinaloa, sur une -étendue de plus de 140 lieues.' _Zuñiga_, in _Nouvelles Annales des +habitations des Yaquis commencent, à partir de la rivière de ce nom, et +s'étendent également sur le Rio de Mayo Fuerte et de Sinaloa, sur une +étendue de plus de 140 lieues.' _Zuñiga_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1842, tom. xciii., p. 239; _Ternaux-Compans_, in _Id._, tom. xcv., p. 306. 'Taraumara es la residencia de los Indios Yaquis.' 'Are still farther north (than the Mayos), and belong entirely to the state of Sonora.' _Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxx., p. 12; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., pp. 164-5; _Pajaken_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 6, 1862_; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. v., p. 46. -'Occupent le pays situé au sud de Guaymas jusqu'au Rio del Fuerte.' -_Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 212. See further: _Ferry_, _Scènes de +'Occupent le pays situé au sud de Guaymas jusqu'au Rio del Fuerte.' +_Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 212. See further: _Ferry_, _Scènes de la Vie Sauvage_, pp. 15, 45; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 582, vol. ii., p. 606; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 437-8; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 200; _Mex. in -1842_, pp. 67-8; _Hist. Chrétienne de la Cal._, p. 244. +1842_, pp. 67-8; _Hist. Chrétienne de la Cal._, p. 244. The _Zuaques_ have their villages between the Mayo and Yaqui rivers. -'Los zuaques estaban adelante, á cinco leguas de los tehuecos, y sus +'Los zuaques estaban adelante, á cinco leguas de los tehuecos, y sus tierras corrian por espacio de diez leguas.' _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 332. 'Sus pueblos ... eran tres ... el principal dellos, +_GeografÃa_, p. 332. 'Sus pueblos ... eran tres ... el principal dellos, llamado Mochicaui.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 163; -_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 419. +_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 419. The _Tehuecos_ are west of the Sinaloas. 'Seis leguas al Oeste del -último de sus pueblos (Sinaloas) seguian los teguecos ó tehuecos.' -_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 332. 'Los pueblos desta Nacion, que en -sus principios fueron tres, començauan quatro leguas rio arriba del -vltimo de los Çuaques.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 171. +último de sus pueblos (Sinaloas) seguian los teguecos ó tehuecos.' +_Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 332. 'Los pueblos desta Nacion, que en +sus principios fueron tres, començauan quatro leguas rio arriba del +vltimo de los Çuaques.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 171. The _Ahomes_ dwell on the Rio Zuaque four leagues from the sea. 'La Nacion Ahome, y su principal pueblo.... Dista quatro leguas de la mar de Californias.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 145; _Orozco y -Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 332; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, vol. i., p. 33; +Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 332; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, vol. i., p. 33; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 522. -The _Vacoregues_ 'vivian en las playas del mar y en los médanos, ... un +The _Vacoregues_ 'vivian en las playas del mar y en los médanos, ... un pueblo, orillas del rio (Fuerte), no lejos de Ahome.' _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 332. +_GeografÃa_, p. 332. -The _Batucaris_ 'frecuentaban un lagunazo á tres leguas de Ahome.' _Ib._ +The _Batucaris_ 'frecuentaban un lagunazo á tres leguas de Ahome.' _Ib._ -The _Comoporis_ 'existian en una península, siete leguas de Ahome.' +The _Comoporis_ 'existian en una penÃnsula, siete leguas de Ahome.' _Ib._ -'En vna peninsula retirada, y en los Medanos, ó montes de arena del mar, +'En vna peninsula retirada, y en los Medanos, ó montes de arena del mar, viuian las rancherias de la gente fiera destos Comoporis.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 153. The _Guazaves_ 'distante diez, y doze leguas de la villa' (Cinaloa). _Id._, p. 46. 'Habitadores de San Pedro Guazave y de Tamazula, orillas -del rio Sinaloa.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 332. +del rio Sinaloa.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 332. The _Zoes_ 'eran Indios serranos, que tenian sus poblaciones en lo alto del mismo rio de los Cinaloas, y a las haldas de sus serranias.' -_Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 208. 'Se establecieron á las -faldas de la Sierra, en las fuentes del rio del Fuerte cercanos á los -sinaloas.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 333. 'Confinan con los +_Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 208. 'Se establecieron á las +faldas de la Sierra, en las fuentes del rio del Fuerte cercanos á los +sinaloas.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 333. 'Confinan con los tubares.' _Zapata_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 395. -The _Huites_ 'Vivian en la Sierra, à siete leguas de los sinaloas.' -_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 333. +The _Huites_ 'Vivian en la Sierra, à siete leguas de los sinaloas.' +_Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 333. The _Ohueras_ and _Cahuimetos_ dwell at 'San Lorenzo de Oguera ... -situado á seis leguas al E. de la villa de Sinaloa y sobre el rio.' +situado á seis leguas al E. de la villa de Sinaloa y sobre el rio.' _Id._, p. 334. -The _Chicoratos_ and _Basopas_, 'en la sierra, y á siete leguas al E. de +The _Chicoratos_ and _Basopas_, 'en la sierra, y á siete leguas al E. de Oguera, se encuentra la Concepcion de Chicorato.... Cinco leguas al -Norte tiene à San Ignacio de Chicuris, en que los habitantes son tambien +Norte tiene à San Ignacio de Chicuris, en que los habitantes son tambien basopas.' _Ib._ -The _Chicuràs_ 'eran vecinos de los chicoratos.' _Ib._ +The _Chicurà s_ 'eran vecinos de los chicoratos.' _Ib._ The _Tubares_ or Tovares live in the 'pueblos de Concepcion, San Ignacio y San Miguel.' 'habitan uno de los afluentes del rio del Fuerte.' _Id._, @@ -29195,52 +29161,52 @@ de Cinaloa.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 117. 'En el distrito de Mina.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 254. The _Chinipas_, _Guailopos_, and _Maguiaquis_ live 'en San Andres -Chinipas.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 324; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los +Chinipas.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 324; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 95. -The _Hizos_ are in 'Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Voragios ó Taraichi.' -_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 324. +The _Hizos_ are in 'Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Voragios ó Taraichi.' +_Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 324. -The _Varogios_, _Husorones_, _Cutecos_ and _Tecàrgonis_ are in 'Nuestra -Señora de Loreto de Voragios ó Sinoyeca y en Santa Ana.' _Ib._ +The _Varogios_, _Husorones_, _Cutecos_ and _Tecà rgonis_ are in 'Nuestra +Señora de Loreto de Voragios ó Sinoyeca y en Santa Ana.' _Ib._ The _Tarahumares_ inhabit the district of Tarahumara in the state of Chihuahua. 'Provincia ... confina por el O con la de Sonora, por el E -con el Nuevo México, sirviéndole de límites el rio Grande del Norte, por -este rumbo no están conocidos aun sus términos, por el S O con la de -Cinaloa ... toma el nombre de la Nacion de Indios así llamada, que +con el Nuevo México, sirviéndole de lÃmites el rio Grande del Norte, por +este rumbo no están conocidos aun sus términos, por el S O con la de +Cinaloa ... toma el nombre de la Nacion de Indios asà llamada, que confinaba con la de los Tepeguanes.' _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. v., p. 46; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 363. 'In den tiefen und wilden -Schluchten von Tararécua und Santa Sinforósa, jagen verschiedene -Familien der Tarahumáras.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., -p. 521; _Mexikanische Zustände_, tom. i., p. 74. 'Bewohnen einen Theil -des Berglandes im W. der Hauptstadt, wo sie namentlich in dem schönen -Hochthale des Rio Papigóchic in allen Ortschaften einen Theil der -Bevölkerung bilden.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 213. 'Inhabit the +Schluchten von Tararécua und Santa Sinforósa, jagen verschiedene +Familien der Tarahumáras.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., +p. 521; _Mexikanische Zustände_, tom. i., p. 74. 'Bewohnen einen Theil +des Berglandes im W. der Hauptstadt, wo sie namentlich in dem schönen +Hochthale des Rio Papigóchic in allen Ortschaften einen Theil der +Bevölkerung bilden.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 213. 'Inhabit the towns in Mulatos.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 438. 'En la raya que divide los Reynos de la Vizcaya y de la Galicia no en los terminos limitados que hoy tiene que es Acaponeta, sino en los que antes tubo hasta cerca de Sinaloa.' _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 491. 'Al Oriente tienen el rio de los Conchos y al Poniente la Sinaloa, Sonora y las regiones -del Nuevo México, al Norte y al Austro la Nacion de los Tepehuanes. 'Se +del Nuevo México, al Norte y al Austro la Nacion de los Tepehuanes. 'Se estiendan por el Norte hasta mas abajo de San Buenaventura.' 'Vivian en -S. José de Bocas, cabecera de una de las misiones de los jesuitas,' in -Durango. _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 319-25. 'Á tres leguas de -San José Temaichic está otro pueblo y mucha gente en él llamada taraumar +S. José de Bocas, cabecera de una de las misiones de los jesuitas,' in +Durango. _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 319-25. 'à tres leguas de +San José Temaichic está otro pueblo y mucha gente en él llamada taraumar Pachera.' _Zapata_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 333; -_Richthofen_, _Mexico_, p. 448. 'Les Tahues étaient probablement les -mêmes que ceux que l'on désigne plus tard sous le nom de Tarahumaras.' -'Leur capitale était Téo-Colhuacan.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol +_Richthofen_, _Mexico_, p. 448. 'Les Tahues étaient probablement les +mêmes que ceux que l'on désigne plus tard sous le nom de Tarahumaras.' +'Leur capitale était Téo-Colhuacan.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, preface, p. 191. The _Conchos_ inhabit the banks of the Rio Conchos, near its confluence -with the Rio del Norte. 'Endereço su camino hazia el Norte, y a dos +with the Rio del Norte. 'Endereço su camino hazia el Norte, y a dos jornadas topo mucha cantidad de Indios de los que llaman Conchos.' _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 384, 390. 'En en Real del -Parral.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, p. 97. 'Se estiende hasta las +Parral.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, p. 97. 'Se estiende hasta las orillas del rio grande del Norte. Por la parte del septentrion confina con los laguneros, y al Mediodia tiene algunos pueblos de los tepehuanes -y valle de Santa Bárbara.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., +y valle de Santa Bárbara.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 58. The _Passaguates_ live twenty-four leagues north of the Conchos. @@ -29249,33 +29215,33 @@ otra nacion de Indios, llamados Passaguates.' _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 384, 391. The Mamites, Colorados, Arigames, Otaquitamones, Pajalames, Poaramas -were in the neighborhood of the Conchos. _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, +were in the neighborhood of the Conchos. _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 325. The _Guazapares_ are 'a veinte leguas de distancia del pueblo y partido de Loreto al Sur, reconociendo al Oriente, y solas diez del pueblo y -partido de Santa Inés, caminando derecho al Oriente, está el pueblo y +partido de Santa Inés, caminando derecho al Oriente, está el pueblo y partido de Santa Teresa de Guazapares, llamado en su lengua Guazayepo.' _Zapata_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 389. -The _Temoris_ dwell in the 'pueblo de Santa María Magdalena de -Temoris.... A cinco leguas de distancia hácia el Norte del pueblo y -cabecera de Santa Teresa está el pueblo llamado Nuestra Señora del Valle +The _Temoris_ dwell in the 'pueblo de Santa MarÃa Magdalena de +Temoris.... A cinco leguas de distancia hácia el Norte del pueblo y +cabecera de Santa Teresa está el pueblo llamado Nuestra Señora del Valle Humbroso.' _Id._, p. 390. The _Tobosos_ are north of the Tarahumares and in the Mission of San Francisco de Coahuila, in the state of Coahuila. 'Se extendian por el -Bolson de Mapimí, y se les encuentra cometiendo depredaciones así en +Bolson de MapimÃ, y se les encuentra cometiendo depredaciones asà en Chihuahua y en Durango, como en las misiones de Parras, en las demas de -Coahuila y en el Norte de Nuevo Leon.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, +Coahuila y en el Norte de Nuevo Leon.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 308-9, 302, 325. In Coahuila, 'Un paraje ... que llaman la Cuesta de -los muertos, donde tienen habitacion los Indios Tobosos.' _Villa-Señor y +los muertos, donde tienen habitacion los Indios Tobosos.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 296-7, 348-9. 'A un paraje que hoy es la mision del Santo nombre de Jesus.' _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia_, p. 519. The Sisimbres, Chizos, Cocoyomes, Coclamas, Tochos, Babos, and Nures -live near the Tobosos. _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 325. 'Valle de +live near the Tobosos. _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 325. 'Valle de San Bartholome, Presidio de la Provincia de Tepeguana ... antigua residencia de los Indios Infieles Cocoyomes.' _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. i., pp. 222-3. @@ -29294,19 +29260,19 @@ are definitely located. I therefore first give the different lists of names, and afterwards locate them as far as possible. 'Babeles, Xicocoges, Gueiquizales, Goxicas, Manos Prietas, Bocoras, Escabas, Cocobiptas, Pinanacas, Codames, Cacastes, Colorados, Cocomates, -Jaímamares, Contores, Filifaes, Babiamares, Catujanes, Apes, Pachagues, +JaÃmamares, Contores, Filifaes, Babiamares, Catujanes, Apes, Pachagues, Bagnames, Isipopolames, Piez de benado. Chancafes, Payaguas, Pachales, Jumes, Johamares, Bapancorapinamacas, Babosarigames, Pauzanes, Paseos, Chahuanes, Mescales, Xarames, Chachaguares, Hijames, Iedocodamos, -Xijames, Cenízos, Pampapas, Gavilanes. Sean estos nombres verdaderos, ó -desfigurados segun la inteligencia, caprichos, ó voluntariedad de los -que se emplearon en la pacificacion del Pais, ó de los fundadores de las +Xijames, CenÃzos, Pampapas, Gavilanes. Sean estos nombres verdaderos, ó +desfigurados segun la inteligencia, caprichos, ó voluntariedad de los +que se emplearon en la pacificacion del Pais, ó de los fundadores de las Doctrinas, parece mas creible que los mencionados Yndios, fuesen -pequeñas parcialidades, ó ramos de alguna nacion cayo nombre genérico no +pequeñas parcialidades, ó ramos de alguna nacion cayo nombre genérico no ha podido Saberse.' _Revillagigedo_, _Carta, MS._ 'Pacpoles, Coaquites, -Zíbolos, Canos, Pachoches, Sicxacames, Siyanguayas, Sandajuanes, +ZÃbolos, Canos, Pachoches, Sicxacames, Siyanguayas, Sandajuanes, Liguaces, Pacuazin, Pajalatames y Carrizos.' _Padilla_, cap. lxix., -quoted in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 306. 'Negritos, Bocalos, +quoted in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 306. 'Negritos, Bocalos, Xanambres, Borrados, Guanipas, Pelones, Guisoles, Hualahuises, Alasapas, Guazamoros, Yurguimes, Mazames, Metazures, Quepanos, Coyotes, Bguanas, Zopilotes, Blancos, Amitaguas, Quimis, Ayas, Comocabras, Mezquites.' @@ -29322,40 +29288,40 @@ Irritilas, Miopacoas, Meviras, Hoeras y Maiconeras, y los de la laguna' 'Pajalates, Orejones, Pacoas, Tilijayas, Alasapas, Pausanes, y otras muchas diferentes, que se hallan en las misiones del rio de San Antonio -y rio grande ... como son; los Pacúaches, Mescales, Pampopas, Tácames, +y rio grande ... como son; los Pacúaches, Mescales, Pampopas, Tácames, Chayopines, Venados, Pamaques, y toda la juventud de Pihuiques, -Borrados, Sanipáos y Manos de Perro.' _Id._, p. 306; _Pimentel_, -_Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 409. 'Á media legua corta ... [de San Juan -Bautista] se fundó la mision de San Bernardo ... con las naciones de +Borrados, Sanipáos y Manos de Perro.' _Id._, p. 306; _Pimentel_, +_Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 409. 'à media legua corta ... [de San Juan +Bautista] se fundó la mision de San Bernardo ... con las naciones de Ocanes, Canuas, Catuxanes, Paxchales, Pomulumas, Pacuaches, Pastancoyas, -Pastalocos y Pamasus, á que se agregaron despues los Pacuas, Papanacas, -Tuancas y otras.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 303. +Pastalocos y Pamasus, á que se agregaron despues los Pacuas, Papanacas, +Tuancas y otras.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 303. The Gijames are in the mountains near the mission of El Santo Nombre de Jesus de Peyotes. _Morfi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 434. -The Pitas and Pasalves at the Mission of 'Nuestra Señora de los Dolores -de la Punta.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 303. +The Pitas and Pasalves at the Mission of 'Nuestra Señora de los Dolores +de la Punta.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 303. -The Pampopas 'habitaban en el rio de las Nueces, à 22 leguas al Sur de +The Pampopas 'habitaban en el rio de las Nueces, à 22 leguas al Sur de la mision de San Juan Bautista; los Tilijaes mas abajo de los anteriores; al Sur de estos los Patacales, y los Cachopostales cerca de -los Pampopas. Los Pajalaques vivian en el rio de San Antonio como à 40 -leguas de la mision de San Bernardo; los Pacos y los Pastancoyas à 15 -leguas en el paraje nombrado el Carrizo; los Panagues à 18 leguas de la +los Pampopas. Los Pajalaques vivian en el rio de San Antonio como à 40 +leguas de la mision de San Bernardo; los Pacos y los Pastancoyas à 15 +leguas en el paraje nombrado el Carrizo; los Panagues à 18 leguas de la mision sobre el rio de las Nueces; Los Pauzanes sobre el rio de San -Antonio, y los Paguachis à 15 leguas del mismo San Bernardo.' ... 'Con +Antonio, y los Paguachis à 15 leguas del mismo San Bernardo.' ... 'Con Indios de la naciones Mahuames, Pachales, Mescales, Jarames, Ohaguames y Chahuames ... con ellos y con las tribus de Pampopas, Tilofayas, -Pachalocos y Tusanes situó de nuevo la mision de San Juan Bautista, +Pachalocos y Tusanes situó de nuevo la mision de San Juan Bautista, junto al presidio del mismo nombre, cerca del rio Bravo.' 'A tiro de escopeta [from Santo Nombre de Jesus Peyotes] se encuentra San Francisco Vizarron de los Pausanes ... con familias de Tinapihuayas, Pihuiques y -Julimeños, aunque la mayor parte fueron Pauzanes.' _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, pp. 303-4. 'En el valle de Santo Domingo, á orilla del rio -de Sabinas ... San Juan Bautista ... lo pobló con indios Chahuanes, -Pachales, Mescales y Jarames, à que se agregaron despues algunos +Julimeños, aunque la mayor parte fueron Pauzanes.' _Orozco y Berra_, +_GeografÃa_, pp. 303-4. 'En el valle de Santo Domingo, á orilla del rio +de Sabinas ... San Juan Bautista ... lo pobló con indios Chahuanes, +Pachales, Mescales y Jarames, à que se agregaron despues algunos Pampopas, Tilofayas, Pachalocos y Tusanes.' _Morfi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 440-1. @@ -29364,37 +29330,37 @@ Buenaventura. _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 530. The Gabilanes and Tripas Blancas roamed over a stretch of country situated north of the Presidio of Mapimi, between the rivers San Pedro -and Conchos to their confluence with the Rio Grande. _Villa-Señor y +and Conchos to their confluence with the Rio Grande. _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 348-9. -The _Laguneros_ 'poblados à las margenes de la laguna que llaman Grande +The _Laguneros_ 'poblados à las margenes de la laguna que llaman Grande de san Pedro, y algunos dellos en las isletas que haze la misma laguna.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 669. Los misioneros franciscanos atrajeron de paz las tribus siguientes, con los cuales fundaron cinco misiones. San Francisco de Coahuila, un cuarto -de legua al Norte de Monclova, con indios Boboles y Obayas, à los cuales +de legua al Norte de Monclova, con indios Boboles y Obayas, à los cuales se agregaron algunos Tobosos y Tlaxcaltecas conducidas de San Esteban -del Saltillo. Santa Rosa de Nadadores, puesta en 1677 à cuarenta leguas +del Saltillo. Santa Rosa de Nadadores, puesta en 1677 à cuarenta leguas al Noroeste de Coahuila, de indios Cotzales y Manosprietas, trasladada junto al rio de Nadadores para huir de la guerra de los Tobosos, y -colocada al fin, en 1693, à siete leguas al Noroeste de Coahuila: se le +colocada al fin, en 1693, à siete leguas al Noroeste de Coahuila: se le agregaron ocho familias Tlaxcaltecas. San Bernardo de la Candela, con indios Catujanes, Tilijais y Milijaes, y cuatro familias Tlaxcaltecas. -San Buenaventura de las cuatro Ciénegas, veinte leguas al Oeste de +San Buenaventura de las cuatro Ciénegas, veinte leguas al Oeste de Coahuila, con indios Cabezas, Contores y Bauzarigames: la mision repuesta en 1692 con los Tocas y los Colorados. _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 302. +_GeografÃa_, p. 302. -The _Irritilas_ occupy 'la parte del partido de Mapimí al Este.' _Id._, +The _Irritilas_ occupy 'la parte del partido de Mapimà al Este.' _Id._, p. 319. -The _Pisones_ and _Xanambres_ roam 'Al Sur del valle de la Purísima y al +The _Pisones_ and _Xanambres_ roam 'Al Sur del valle de la PurÃsima y al Norte hasta Rio Blanco, confinando al Oeste con los Cuachichiles.' -_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 298. +_Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 298. Other names which cannot be located are: Cadimas, Pelones, Nazas, -Pamoranos, Quedexeños, Palmitos, Pintos, Quinicuanes, Maquiapemes, +Pamoranos, Quedexeños, Palmitos, Pintos, Quinicuanes, Maquiapemes, Seguyones, Ayagua, Zima, Canaina, Comepescados, Aguaceros, Vocarros, Posuamas, Zalaias, Malahuecos, Pitisfiafuiles, Cuchinochis, Talaquichis, Alazapas, Pafaltoes. _Id._, pp. 299-300. @@ -29404,7 +29370,7 @@ Alazapas, Pafaltoes. _Id._, pp. 299-300. The nations or tribes of Tamaulipas, although very numerous, are mostly located. -The _Olives_ live in Horcasitas. _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 293. +The _Olives_ live in Horcasitas. _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 293. The _Palagueques_ are at the Mission of San Francisco Xavier. _Ib._ @@ -29420,29 +29386,29 @@ and the sea. _Ib._ The _Caribays_, _Comecamotes_, _Ancasiguais_, _Tagualilos_, and _Pasitas_ are near De Soto la Marina and Santander. _Ib._ -The _Moraleños_ and _Panguajes_ live on the coast between Marina and +The _Moraleños_ and _Panguajes_ live on the coast between Marina and Altamirano. _Ib._ The _Martinez_, 'en la Sierra de Tamaulipa vieja.' _Ib._ The _Mariguanes_, _Caramariguanes_, _Aretines_, 'habitada desde el cerro -de S. José á la mar.' _Ib._ +de S. José á la mar.' _Ib._ The _Tumapacanes_, 'en el camino para Santander.' _Ib._ -The _Inapanames_, 'á una y media leguas de la primera villa +The _Inapanames_, 'á una y media leguas de la primera villa (Santillana).' _Ib._ The _Pintos_ and _Quinicuanes_ dwell near San Fernando de Austria. _Ib._ -The _Tedexeños_, 'en las lagunas de la barra.' _Ib._ +The _Tedexeños_, 'en las lagunas de la barra.' _Ib._ The _Comecrudos_, 'donde el rio se vacia en sus crecientes.' _Ib._ -The _Tamaulipecos_ and _Malincheños_ live at the mission of S. Pedro -Alcántara. _Ib._ +The _Tamaulipecos_ and _Malincheños_ live at the mission of S. Pedro +Alcántara. _Ib._ -The _Guixolotes_, _Cadimas_, _Canaynes_, and _Borrados_ are 'al pié de +The _Guixolotes_, _Cadimas_, _Canaynes_, and _Borrados_ are 'al pié de la sierra de Tamaulipas, teniendo al Sur el terreno que se llama la Tamaulipa Moza.' _Id._, pp. 293-4. @@ -29451,8 +29417,8 @@ of Reynosa. _Id._, p. 294. The _Tanaquiapemes_, _Saulapaguemes_, _Auyapemes_, _Uscapemes_, _Comesacapemes_, _Gummesacapemes_, _Catanamepaques_ are 'rumbo al Este y -sobre el rio, à seis leguas de la mision ... se internan à las tierras -llegando en sus correrías únicamente hasta el mar.' _Ib._ +sobre el rio, à seis leguas de la mision ... se internan à las tierras +llegando en sus correrÃas únicamente hasta el mar.' _Ib._ The _Carrizos_, _Cotomanes_, and _Cacalotes_ are at 'Camargo, situado sobre el rio da S. Juan ... al otro lado del Bravo ... los cuales por @@ -29466,34 +29432,34 @@ Venados, Payzanos, Cuernos quemados. _Id._, pp. 295-6. The _Tepehuanes_ inhabit the mountains of southern Chihuahua and the northern portions of Durango, a district commonly called the partido de Tepehuanes. 'Estiende desde la Sierra del Mezquital hasta el Parral ... -hasta adelante de Topia, muy cerca de Caponeta.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de +hasta adelante de Topia, muy cerca de Caponeta.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 187-8. 'Se extiende esta region desde la altura misma de -Guadiana, á poco ménos de 25 grados hasta los 27 de latitud -septentrional. Sus pueblos comienzan á las veinticinco leguas de la -capital de Nueva-Vizcaya, ácia el Noroeste en Santiago de Papásquiaro. -Al Norte tiene á la provincia de Taraumara, al Sur la de Chiametlán y +Guadiana, á poco ménos de 25 grados hasta los 27 de latitud +septentrional. Sus pueblos comienzan á las veinticinco leguas de la +capital de Nueva-Vizcaya, ácia el Noroeste en Santiago de Papásquiaro. +Al Norte tiene á la provincia de Taraumara, al Sur la de Chiametlán y costa del seno Californio, al Oriente los grandes arenales y naciones -vecinas á la laguna de S. Pedro, y al Poniente la Sierra Madre de Topía, +vecinas á la laguna de S. Pedro, y al Poniente la Sierra Madre de TopÃa, que la divide de esta provincia y la de Sinaloa.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 319. 'Sus pueblos, parte en llanos, y parte en sierra, a las vertientes de la de Topia, y san Andres.... Y por essa parte vezinos a las Naziones Xixime, y Acaxee, y aun a las de la tierra mas adentro de Cinaloa.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 573. For concurrent testimony see: _Zapata_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., -tom. iii., p. 310; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. +tom. iii., p. 310; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 344-5; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 43; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. -323; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 318-19. +323; _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 318-19. -The _Acaxées_ inhabit the valleys of the mountain regions of Topia and +The _Acaxées_ inhabit the valleys of the mountain regions of Topia and S. Andres in Durango and Sinaloa. 'La principal Nacion, en cuyas tierras -está el Real de Topia, es la Acaxee.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, +está el Real de Topia, es la Acaxee.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 471. 'Lo limitan al Norte y al Este el Tepehuan, al Sur el Xixime y -al Oeste el Sabaibo y el Tebaca.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. +al Oeste el Sabaibo y el Tebaca.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 319, 310, 315; _Zapata_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., pp. 416-17. 'San Pedro valle de Topia, el mineral de Topia, Asuncion Sianori, San Antonio Tahuahueto y los Dolores de Agua Caliente, las cuales poblaciones marcan los terrenos habitados por los Acaxees.' -_Tamaron_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 314. +_Tamaron_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 314. The _Tebacas_ lived among the Acaxees in the mountain districts of Topia and S. Andres. _Id._, p. 334. @@ -29501,40 +29467,40 @@ and S. Andres. _Id._, p. 334. The _Sabaibos_ 'habitaban en el partido de San Ignacio Otatitlan y pueblos de Piaba, Alaya y Quejupa.' _Ib._ -The _Cácaris_ dwell in Cacaria. _Id._, p. 319. +The _Cácaris_ dwell in Cacaria. _Id._, p. 319. The _Papudos_ and _Tecayas_ were settled in the district of San Andres. _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., pp. 379-80. -The _Xiximes_ inhabited 'en el coraçon desta sierra' de San Andres. +The _Xiximes_ inhabited 'en el coraçon desta sierra' de San Andres. _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 531. 'Ocupan el partido de San -Dimas.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 315-17. +Dimas.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 315-17. -The _Hinas_ 'Habitan la mayor parte en profundísimas quebradas del -centro de la sierra, y muchos á las márgenes del rio de Humace, que en -su embocadura llaman de Piaxtla, muy cerca de su nacimiento, como á +The _Hinas_ 'Habitan la mayor parte en profundÃsimas quebradas del +centro de la sierra, y muchos á las márgenes del rio de Humace, que en +su embocadura llaman de Piaxtla, muy cerca de su nacimiento, como á cinco leguas de Yamoriba.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., -p. 195. 'Habitantes de las márgenes del rio de Piaztla.' _Orozco y -Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 316. +p. 195. 'Habitantes de las márgenes del rio de Piaztla.' _Orozco y +Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 316. The _Humes_ are in the Sierra de San Andres. 'Como nueue leguas del pueblo de Quilitlan, y en lo mas alto de toda esta sierra, caminando al Oriente.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 562. 'Nueve leguas mas -adelante del lugar de Queibos ó de Santiago.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de -Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 199; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 316, 325. +adelante del lugar de Queibos ó de Santiago.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de +Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 199; _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 316, 325. The _Zacatecos_ inhabit the like-named State, and particularly near the -rio Nazas. 'Baxò la Sierra, que oy llaman del calabazal, y parò â las -orillas de un rio, que oy llaman de Suchil.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de +rio Nazas. 'Baxò la Sierra, que oy llaman del calabazal, y parò â las +orillas de un rio, que oy llaman de Suchil.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, p. 26. 'Los que habitan en el rio de las Nasas son indios zacatecos.' _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 33. 'Se -extendian hasta el rio Nazas. Cuencamé, Cerro Gordo, S. Juan del Rio, +extendian hasta el rio Nazas. Cuencamé, Cerro Gordo, S. Juan del Rio, Nombre de Dios, quedaban comprendidos en esta demarcacion.' _Orozco y -Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 319. +Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 319. The _Guachichiles_, Cuachichiles, or Huachichiles 'corrian por Zacatecas -hasta San Potosí y Coahuila.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 285. 'La -villa del Saltillo está fundada sobre el terreno que en lo antiguo +hasta San Potosà y Coahuila.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 285. 'La +villa del Saltillo está fundada sobre el terreno que en lo antiguo ocuparon los indios cuachichiles.' _Id._, pp. 301, 287; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 281. @@ -29550,23 +29516,23 @@ Chichimecas ... are comprehended by the Spaniards under the vague name of Mecos.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 422. 'The tribe called themselves Niyuna.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., pp. 575-6; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 231; _Neighbors_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, -1856, p. 175; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 115; _French's Hist. La._, p. +1856, p. 175; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 115; _French's Hist. La._, p. 155. 'Se divide en cuatro ramas considerables bajo los nombres de -Cuchanticas, Jupes, Yamparicas y Orientales.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. +Cuchanticas, Jupes, Yamparicas y Orientales.' _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 318; see also _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 121. The Jetans or Camanches, as the Spaniards term them, or Padoucas, as they are called by the Pawnees. _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 214. [637] _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 76. 'Los Indios -yutas, ... son los mismos que los comanches ó cumanches, pues yuta eso +yutas, ... son los mismos que los comanches ó cumanches, pues yuta eso quiere decir en la lengua de los lipanes. Por consiguente no se pueden distinguir esos nombres, que aunque de dos lenguas diferentes espresan una misma nacion.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 251. 'The Comanches are a branch of the Shoshones or Snakes.' _Ruxton's Adven._, p. 244. 'The Pawnees are descended from a cousin-germanship of the same -stock.' _Edward's Hist. Tex._, pp. 108-9. 'Si le sang des Aztéques -existe encore sans mélange en Amerique, il doit couler dans les veines +stock.' _Edward's Hist. Tex._, pp. 108-9. 'Si le sang des Aztéques +existe encore sans mélange en Amerique, il doit couler dans les veines des Comanches.' _Domenech's Jour._, p. 16; see also _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 24; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Azt. Spr._, p. 391. @@ -29575,36 +29541,36 @@ the forests which grow upon the Sierras.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 243. [639] Cordero gives the following tribal names, which he says are used among themselves: Vinni ettinenne, Tontos; Segatajenne, Chiricaguis; -Tjuiccujenne, Gileños; Iccujenne, Mimbreños; Yutajenne, Faraones; +Tjuiccujenne, Gileños; Iccujenne, Mimbreños; Yutajenne, Faraones; Sejenne, Mescaleros; Cuelcajenne, Llaneros; Lipajenne and Yutajenne, -Lipans and Navajos. _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 369, 379-385. -'Los pimas gileños llaman á los yavipais taros ó nifores; los jamajabs +Lipans and Navajos. _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 369, 379-385. +'Los pimas gileños llaman á los yavipais taros ó nifores; los jamajabs les llaman yavipais y nosotros apaches.' _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., pp. 265, 352-3. 'Yavipais Tejua que -son los indómitos Apaches.' _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 471. +son los indómitos Apaches.' _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 471. 'Yavapais, or Apache Mohaves, as they are more generally called.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 217. 'Pueden dividirse en -nueve tribus principales ... Tontos, Chirocahues, Gileños, Mimbreños, +nueve tribus principales ... Tontos, Chirocahues, Gileños, Mimbreños, Faraones, Mezcaleros, Llaneros, Lipanes y Navajoes. Todos hablan un mismo idioma.... No componen una nacion uniforme en sus usos y costumbres, pero coinciden en la major parte de sus inclinaciones, -variando en otras con proporcion á los terrenos de su residencia, á -las necesidades que padecen.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, +variando en otras con proporcion á los terrenos de su residencia, á +las necesidades que padecen.' _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 314. Apaches, 'their name is said to signify 'men.'' Mescaleros, 'the meaning of the name, probably, is drinkers of mescal.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 118-9. _Froebel's Central Amer._, pp. 309, 353, 491; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 161, 223, 425; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. -i., p. 285; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 351; +i., p. 285; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 351; _Ruxton's Adven._, p. 194; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. -iv., p. 216; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 212-13; _Mowry_, +iv., p. 216; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 212-13; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 298; _Steck_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 108, and _Id._, 1864, p. 182, 1858, p. 197; _Bailey_, in _Id._, 1858, p. 206; _Clum_, in _Id._, 1871, p. 42; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 325. Called Coyoteros, because it is believed that 'they feed upon the flesh of the coyote.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 430. -'Les Gileños ... avec les Axuas et les Apaches qui viennent de la -Sierra Madre sont confondus sous le nom de Pápagos.' _Mofras_, +'Les Gileños ... avec les Axuas et les Apaches qui viennent de la +Sierra Madre sont confondus sous le nom de Pápagos.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 213; _Bustamante_, in _Cavo_, _Tres Siglos_, tom. iii., pp. 79-80. 'Tonto, in Spanish means stupid.' 'Tonto is a Spanish corruption of the original Indian name.' _Palmer_, in @@ -29612,7 +29578,7 @@ _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 5-8; _Ayers_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 175; _Collins_, in _Id._, 1860, p. 161; _Id._, 1861, p. 122; _Maxwell_, in _Id._, 1863, p. 116; _Parker_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 23; _Walker_, in _Id._, 1872, p. -53; _Clum_, in _Id._, 1871, p. 368; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. +53; _Clum_, in _Id._, 1871, p. 368; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 214; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 275; _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 308. @@ -29621,52 +29587,52 @@ _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 84, and in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 311; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 10. -[641] 'The Apaches call the Navajoes Yútahkah. The Navajoes call -themselves, as a tribe, Tenúai (man). The appellation Návajo was +[641] 'The Apaches call the Navajoes Yútahkah. The Navajoes call +themselves, as a tribe, Tenúai (man). The appellation Návajo was unquestionably given them by the Spaniards.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 217, 218. 'The Navajoes and Apaches are identically one people.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 306; _Ruxton's Adven._, -p. 194; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 229; _Poston_, in _Ind. Aff. +p. 194; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 229; _Poston_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 389. 'Navajoes and Apaches have descended from the same stock.' _Carleton_, in _Ind. Aff., Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 134. 'The Navajoes are a Pueblo Indian.' _Griner_, in _Id._, p. 329. 'Allied to the Crow Indians.' _Fitzpatrick_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 133; -_Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 348. 'Most civilized of all the wild Indians of +_Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 348. 'Most civilized of all the wild Indians of North America.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 372. The Navajoes 'are a division of the ancient Mexicans.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180. [642] '"Yumah," signifies "Son of the River," and is only applied to the Indians born on the banks of the Colorado. This nation is composed of -five tribes ... among which ... the Yabipaïs (Yampaïs or Yampaos).' +five tribes ... among which ... the Yabipaïs (Yampaïs or Yampaos).' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 65. 'The Cajuenches and Cuchans ... belong to two different divisions of one tribe, which forms part of the great nation of the Yumas.' _Id._, p. 10. [643] Cosninos, 'Es ist mehrfach die Ansicht ausgesprochen worden, dass -die meisten derselben zu dem Stamme der Apaches gehören, oder vielmehr -mit ihnen verwandt sind.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 330-1; +die meisten derselben zu dem Stamme der Apaches gehören, oder vielmehr +mit ihnen verwandt sind.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 330-1; _Figuier's Human Race_, p. 482. [644] 'The Yampais form a connecting link between the Gila, Colorado, and Pueblo Indians.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 98. -Yampais are related to the Yumas. _Möllhausen_, _Reisen_, tom. i., p. +Yampais are related to the Yumas. _Möllhausen_, _Reisen_, tom. i., p. 431. Yampais: 'Unable to separate them from the Tonto-Apaches.' _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 302. -[645] 'Llaman á estos indios los cruzados, por unas cruces que todos, -chicos y grandes se atan del copete, que les viene á caer en la frente; -y esto hacen cuando ven á los españoles.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in +[645] 'Llaman á estos indios los cruzados, por unas cruces que todos, +chicos y grandes se atan del copete, que les viene á caer en la frente; +y esto hacen cuando ven á los españoles.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iii., p. 31. -[646] 'Unos dicen que á un lado de estas naciones (Yutas) para hácia al -Poniente está la nacion de los nijoras, y otros afirman que no hay tal +[646] 'Unos dicen que á un lado de estas naciones (Yutas) para hácia al +Poniente está la nacion de los nijoras, y otros afirman que no hay tal nacion Nijora, sino que esta palabra nijor quiere decir cautivo, y que -los cocomaricopas les dan de noche á las naciones mas inmediatas y les -quitan sus hijos, los que cautivan y venden á los pimas y éstos á los -españoles; si es asi que hay tal nacion, está en esta inmediacion del -rio Colorado para el rio Salado ó rio Verde.' _Noticias de la Pimeria_, +los cocomaricopas les dan de noche á las naciones mas inmediatas y les +quitan sus hijos, los que cautivan y venden á los pimas y éstos á los +españoles; si es asi que hay tal nacion, está en esta inmediacion del +rio Colorado para el rio Salado ó rio Verde.' _Noticias de la Pimeria_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 838. 'Todos estos -cautivos llaman por acá fuera Nijores, aunque hay otra nacion Hijeras á +cautivos llaman por acá fuera Nijores, aunque hay otra nacion Hijeras á parte.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 852. @@ -29674,11 +29640,11 @@ iv., p. 852. TRIBAL BOUNDARIES, at the end of this chapter. [648] 'Besonders fiel uns der Unterschied zwischen den im Gebirge, -ähnlich den Wölfen lebenden Yampays und Tontos ... und den von -vegetabilischen Stoffen sich nährenden Bewohnern des Colorado-Thales -auf, indem erstere nur kleine hässliche Gestalten mit widrigem -tückischem Ausdruck der Physiognomie waren, die anderen dagegen wie -lauter Meisterwerke der schöpferischen Natur erschienen.' _Möllhausen_, +ähnlich den Wölfen lebenden Yampays und Tontos ... und den von +vegetabilischen Stoffen sich nährenden Bewohnern des Colorado-Thales +auf, indem erstere nur kleine hässliche Gestalten mit widrigem +tückischem Ausdruck der Physiognomie waren, die anderen dagegen wie +lauter Meisterwerke der schöpferischen Natur erschienen.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 384. [649] The Navajos are 'of good size, nearly six feet in height, and well @@ -29698,7 +29664,7 @@ The Navajos are distinguished 'by the fullness and roundness of their eyes.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 31. 'The Camanches are small of stature ... wear moustaches and heads of long hair.' _Pope_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. -ii., p. 15. The Comanches 'que da un aspecto bien particular á estas +ii., p. 15. The Comanches 'que da un aspecto bien particular á estas naciones, es la falta completa de cejas, pues ellos se las arrancan; algunos tienen una poca barba.' _Berlandier and Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 253. The Yumas 'if left to their natural state, would be fine looking,' @@ -29708,9 +29674,9 @@ They present a remarkable contrast to our tall and athletic Mojaves.' The Navajos are 'a fine looking race with bold features.' 'The Mojaves are perhaps as fine a race of men physically, as there is in existence.' _Ives' Colorado River_, pp. 44, 54, 97-8, 108, 73, 128, 19, 39, 59, 66, -plate p. 66. The Comanches are 'de buena estatura.' _Beaumont_, _Crónica +plate p. 66. The Comanches are 'de buena estatura.' _Beaumont_, _Crónica de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 527. The people between the Colorado and Gila -rivers. 'Es gente bien agestada y corpulenta, trigueños de color.' +rivers. 'Es gente bien agestada y corpulenta, trigueños de color.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. The Cruzados are described as 'bien agestados y nobles y ellas hermosas de lindos ojos y amorosas.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. @@ -29719,36 +29685,36 @@ _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. x., p. 446. In New Mexico Allegre describes them as 'corpulentos y briosos, pero mal agestados, las orejas largas ... tienen poco barba.' _Allegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332; and of the same people Alcedo writes 'son de -mejor aspecto, color y proporcion que los demás.' _Diccionario_, tom. -iii., p. 184. And Lieut. Möllhausen, who frequently goes into ecstasies +mejor aspecto, color y proporcion que los demás.' _Diccionario_, tom. +iii., p. 184. And Lieut. Möllhausen, who frequently goes into ecstasies over the splendid figures of the lower Colorado people, whom he calls the personification of the ancient gods of the Romans and Greeks, says -further that they are 'grosse, schön gewachsene Leute,' and describes +further that they are 'grosse, schön gewachsene Leute,' and describes their color as 'dunkelkupferfarbig.' Of the women he adds 'Ganz im -Gegensatze zu den Männern sind die Weiber der Indianer am Colorado -durchgängig klein, untersetzt und so dick, dass ihr Aussehen mitunter -an's komische gränzt.' Comparing the Hualapais with the Mojaves he +Gegensatze zu den Männern sind die Weiber der Indianer am Colorado +durchgängig klein, untersetzt und so dick, dass ihr Aussehen mitunter +an's komische gränzt.' Comparing the Hualapais with the Mojaves he writes 'auf der einen Seite die unbekleideten, riesenhaften und wohlgebildeten Gestalten der Mohaves ... auf der andern Seite dagegen -die im Vergleich mit erstern, zwergähnlichen, hagern.... Figuren der +die im Vergleich mit erstern, zwergähnlichen, hagern.... Figuren der Wallpays, mit ihren verwirrten, struppigen Haaren, den kleinen, -geschlitzten Augen und dem falschen, gehässigen Ausdruck in ihren -Zügen.' The Cosninos he calls 'hässlich und verkümmert.' _Möllhausen_, -_Tagebuch_, pp. 331, 382-8; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen_, tom. i., pp. 123-4, +geschlitzten Augen und dem falschen, gehässigen Ausdruck in ihren +Zügen.' The Cosninos he calls 'hässlich und verkümmert.' _Möllhausen_, +_Tagebuch_, pp. 331, 382-8; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen_, tom. i., pp. 123-4, 199, 215, 274, 293, 318, tom. ii., pp. 43, 37, and plate frontispiece. -_Möllhausen_, _Mormonenmädchen_, tom. ii., p. 140. The Comanche 'men are +_Möllhausen_, _Mormonenmädchen_, tom. ii., p. 140. The Comanche 'men are about the medium stature, with bright copper-coloured complexions ... the women are short with crooked legs ... far from being as good looking as the men.' In the Colorado Valley 'are the largest and best-formed men I ever saw, their average height being an inch over six feet.' _Marcy's -Army Life_, pp. 25, 279. 'Les Comanchés ont la taille haute et élancée, -et sont presque aussi blancs que les Européens.' _Soc. Géog._, +Army Life_, pp. 25, 279. 'Les Comanchés ont la taille haute et élancée, +et sont presque aussi blancs que les Européens.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 192. And of the Comanches see further. _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153. 'Robust, almost Herculean race.' _Foote's Texas_, vol. i., p. 298. 'Exceedingly handsome.' _Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. ii., p. 308; _Hartmann and Millard's Texas_, p. 109. 'Women are ugly, crooklegged, stoop-shouldered.' _Parker's Notes on -Tex._, pp. 189, 232, 194; _Mexikanische Zustände_, tom. i., p. 373; +Tex._, pp. 189, 232, 194; _Mexikanische Zustände_, tom. i., p. 373; _Froebel's Cent. Am._, p. 267; see also _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 101; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 37-8; _Domenech_, _Journ._, p. 132. The Yuma 'women are generally fat.' 'The men are @@ -29759,7 +29725,7 @@ Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 52; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 7, 10, 24, 65, plate 8. The Navajos have 'light flaxen hair, light blue eyes ... their skin is of the most delicate whiteness.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 545; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 203. On the Mojaves see -further, _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 138; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi +further, _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 138; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18; _Cal. Mercantile Jour._, vol. i., p. 227, plate; _Clum_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 363. And on the Yumas. _Poston_, in _Ind. Rept. Aff._, 1863, p. 387; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 61; _Taylor_, @@ -29777,72 +29743,72 @@ rusty black hair.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418. Their broad-shouldered.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 52. 'More miserable looking objects I never beheld;' legs, 'large and muscular.' _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 139. 'Widerliche Physiognomien und -Gestalten ... unter mittlerer Grösse ... grosse Köpfe, vorstehende Stirn +Gestalten ... unter mittlerer Grösse ... grosse Köpfe, vorstehende Stirn und Backenknochen, dicke Nasen, aufgeworfene Lippen und kleine geschlitzte Augen.... Ihr Gesicht war dunkler als ich es jemals bei -Indianern gefunden.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 360. 'Von zottigen -weit abstehenden Haupthaaren bedeckt.' _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. +Indianern gefunden.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 360. 'Von zottigen +weit abstehenden Haupthaaren bedeckt.' _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. iii., p. 49. 'Ill-formed, emaciated, and miserable looking race ... had all a treacherous-fiendish look.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 327. 'Physically of a slighter build than any Indians I have seen.' _Clum_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 47. 'Most wretched looking -Indians I have ever seen.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 14. 'Small in +Indians I have ever seen.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 14. 'Small in stature.... Coal-black eye.' _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 326. 'Hair is very black and straight, much resembling horse hair ... appears to belong to the Asiatic type.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 211. 'Gipsy looking with an eye singularly wild and piercing.' _Houstoun's Texas_, p. 227. 'Have very light complexions.' _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 580. 'Die Lipanis haben blondes Haar, und sind -schöne Leute.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 215, tom. ii., pt. +schöne Leute.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 215, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 421. 'Sont des beaux hommes.' _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82. 'Tall, majestic in figure; muscular.' _Brantz-Mayer's Mex. Aztec., etc._, vol. ii., p. 123. 'Fine physical conformation.' _Foote's Texas_, vol. i., p. 298. 'Their skin looked whiter than I have ever seen -it in the Indians.' _Wizlizenus' Tour_, p. 71. 'Crian pié menor que los +it in the Indians.' _Wizlizenus' Tour_, p. 71. 'Crian pié menor que los otros indios.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564. 'Todos son morenos, cuerpo bien proporcionado, -ojos vivos, cabello largo y lampiños.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, +ojos vivos, cabello largo y lampiños.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 265. 'Su talla y color diferencian algo en cada tribu, variando este desde el bronceado al moreno. Son todos bien proporcionados ... y -ninguna barba.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. -v., p. 314; see also _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. +ninguna barba.' _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. +v., p. 314; see also _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 370-1. 'Though not tall, are admirably formed, with fine features and a bright complexion, inclining to yellow.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 117. -'Son altos, rubios y de bellisimas proporciones.' _Revista Científica_, -tom. i., p. 55. 'Taille ordinaire, de couleur foncé.' 'Comme ces Indiens -ne font leur nourriture que de chair et principalement de celle de l'âne -et du mulet, ils exhalent une odeur si pénétrante que les chevaux et -surtout les mules rebroussent chemin aussitôt qu'ils les éventent.' -_Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 187. +'Son altos, rubios y de bellisimas proporciones.' _Revista CientÃfica_, +tom. i., p. 55. 'Taille ordinaire, de couleur foncé.' 'Comme ces Indiens +ne font leur nourriture que de chair et principalement de celle de l'âne +et du mulet, ils exhalent une odeur si pénétrante que les chevaux et +surtout les mules rebroussent chemin aussitôt qu'ils les éventent.' +_Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 187. [651] 'Cut their hair short over the forehead, and let it hang behind.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 65. Distinguished 'durch den -vollständig gleichmässigen Schnitt ihrer schwarzen Haare.' _Möllhausen_, -_Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 274; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, -p. 384; _Browne's Apache Country_, 107; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, pp. 15, +vollständig gleichmässigen Schnitt ihrer schwarzen Haare.' _Möllhausen_, +_Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 274; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, +p. 384; _Browne's Apache Country_, 107; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, pp. 15, 18; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., pp. 460, 461; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 98, 110. [652] Mojave girls, after they marry, tattoo the chin 'with vertical blue lines.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 463. Yumas: -'Doch ist ihnen das Tätowiren nicht fremd; dieses wird indessen mehr von +'Doch ist ihnen das Tätowiren nicht fremd; dieses wird indessen mehr von den Frauen angewendet welche sich die Mundwinkel und das Kinn mit blauen -Punkten und Linien schmücken.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, -tom. i., p. 124; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 385; _Stratton's Capt. +Punkten und Linien schmücken.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, +tom. i., p. 124; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 385; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 151-2; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 33, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., and plate; _Michler_, in _Emory's -Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 110; _Soc. Géog._, -_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186; _Treasury of Trav._, p. 32. +Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 110; _Soc. Géog._, +_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186; _Treasury of Trav._, p. 32. [653] 'Das Gesicht hatten sich alle Vier (Mojaves) auf gleiche Weise -bemalt, nämlich kohlschwarz mit einem rothen Striche, der sich von der -Stirne über Nase, Mund und Kinn zog.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 383, +bemalt, nämlich kohlschwarz mit einem rothen Striche, der sich von der +Stirne über Nase, Mund und Kinn zog.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 383, 385, 388; plate, 394. 'Painted perfectly black, excepting a red stripe from the top of his forehead, down the bridge of his nose to his chin.' -_Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 67. The Apaches 'Se tiñen el cuerpo y la cara +_Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 67. The Apaches 'Se tiñen el cuerpo y la cara con bastantes colores.' _Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS._, p. 5. 'Pintura de greda y almagre con que se untan la cara, brazos y piernas.' _Cordero_, -in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 371; _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., +in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 371; _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 11; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 211; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 337; _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418; _Whipple, Ewbank, and @@ -29850,34 +29816,34 @@ Turner's Rept._, p. 33, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., and plate; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 110; _Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., vol. iv., p. 858. -[654] 'Naked with the exception of the breech-cloth.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi +[654] 'Naked with the exception of the breech-cloth.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, pp. 14, 18; see also plates; Mojave men 'simply a breech-cloth.' _Touner_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871. 'No clothing but a strip of cotton.... The Yumas display 'a ludicrous variety of tawdry colors and dirty finery.' _Ives' Colorado Rept._, pp. 54, 59, 66. See colored plates of Yumas, Mojaves, and Hualpais, 'Andan enteramente desnudos.' -_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Möllhausen_, +_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 383; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 62; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 336, 342; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 138; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 149; _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, p. 162; _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 124; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 33; _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 29, 132; _Soc. -Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 93, p. 186; _Indian Traits_, vol. i., +Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 93, p. 186; _Indian Traits_, vol. i., in _Hayes Col._ [655] 'A few stripes of the inner bark of the willow or acacia tied scantily round their waists.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 336. 'Long fringe of -strips of willow bark wound around the waist.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, +strips of willow bark wound around the waist.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. The men wear 'a strip of cotton,' the women 'a short petticoat, made of strips of bark.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 66. 'Nude, with the exception of a diminutive breech cloth.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 29. -'Las mas se cubren de la cintura hasta las piernas con la cáscara +'Las mas se cubren de la cintura hasta las piernas con la cáscara interior del sauce.' _Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. -iv., p. 851. 'Las mugeres se cubren de la cintura á la rodilla con la -cáscara interior del sauce.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. -iii., p. 111; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 384; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in +iv., p. 851. 'Las mugeres se cubren de la cintura á la rodilla con la +cáscara interior del sauce.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. +iii., p. 111; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 384; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., p. 123; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. -138; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186; _Whipple_, in +138; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 114; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 33, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., plate and cuts; _Touner_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 364; _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. @@ -29892,11 +29858,11 @@ blanket to any other dress.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., pp. 320, 328. 'Mexican dress and saddles predominated, showing where they had chiefly made up their wardrobe.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 61. 'Los hombres, se las acomodan alrededor del cuerpo, dejando desambarazados -los brazos. Es en lo general la gamuza ó piel del venado la que emplean -en este servicio. Cubren la cabeza de un bonete ó gorra de lo mismo, tal -vez adornado de plumas de aves, ó cuernos de animales.... El vestuario +los brazos. Es en lo general la gamuza ó piel del venado la que emplean +en este servicio. Cubren la cabeza de un bonete ó gorra de lo mismo, tal +vez adornado de plumas de aves, ó cuernos de animales.... El vestuario de las mujeres es igualmente de pieles.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 371. 'Cervinis tergoribus amiciuntur tam foeminæ quam +_GeografÃa_, p. 371. 'Cervinis tergoribus amiciuntur tam foeminæ quam mares.' _Benavides_, in _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 316; _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 431, 437; _Sonora, Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564; _Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, @@ -29904,20 +29870,20 @@ MS._, p. 5; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 117; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 214; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 451; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., pp. 210, 211; _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, p. 174; _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 248; _Roedel_, in _Ind. -Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 397; _Niza_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série +Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 397; _Niza_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 266, 268; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 161, -424; see also _Froebel's Cent. Am._, pp. 309, 490; _García Conde_, in +424; see also _Froebel's Cent. Am._, pp. 309, 490; _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., pp. 46, 166, 167; _Linati_, _Costumes_, plate -xxii.; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266; _Möllhausen_, -_Flüchtling_, tom. ii., p. 173; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, +xxii.; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266; _Möllhausen_, +_Flüchtling_, tom. ii., p. 173; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 417; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82. [657] The hair of the Mohaves is occasionally 'matted on the top of the -head into a compact mass with mud.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. +head into a compact mass with mud.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. 'Their pigments are ochre, clay, and probably charcoal mingled with oil.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 33, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'Ihr Hauptschmuck dagegen sind die langen, starken -Haare, die mittelst nasser Lehmerde in Rollen gedreht.' _Möllhausen_, +Haare, die mittelst nasser Lehmerde in Rollen gedreht.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 124. The Axuas 'Beplastered their bodies and hair with mud.' _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 343-4, 356, 368, 370; _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 61, 63. @@ -29931,33 +29897,33 @@ circular pieces of shell.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 114, 115. 'Shells of the pearl-oyster, and a rough wooden image are the favorite ornaments of both sexes' with the Apaches. _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 210. 'Sus adornos en el cuello y -brazos son sartas de pesuñas de venado y berrendos, conchas, espinas de -pescado y raices de yerbas odoríferas. Las familias mas pudientes y +brazos son sartas de pesuñas de venado y berrendos, conchas, espinas de +pescado y raices de yerbas odorÃferas. Las familias mas pudientes y aseadas bordan sus trajes y zapatos de la espina del puerco-espin.' -_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 371. 'Adórnanse con +_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 371. 'Adórnanse con gargantillas de caracolillos del mar, entreverados de otras cuentas, de conchas coloradas redondas.' _Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie -iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Las mugeres por arracadas ó aretes, se cuelgan -conchas enteras de nácar, y otras mayores azules en cada oreja.' +iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Las mugeres por arracadas ó aretes, se cuelgan +conchas enteras de nácar, y otras mayores azules en cada oreja.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 424; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 61; _Cremony's -Apaches_, p. 222; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., pp. 166, +Apaches_, p. 222; _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., pp. 166, 167; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 149; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 181; _Almanza_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 837; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 463; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266; _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 60-64; _Michler_, in _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, pp. 109-110; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 98; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's -Rept._, p. 33, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Möllhausen_, +Rept._, p. 33, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 389, 394, 399; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 210; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 364; _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, pp. 418-19; _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 266, 268, 273; _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 437; _Mexikanische -Zustände_, tom. i., p. 64. +Zustände_, tom. i., p. 64. [659] The 'hair is worn long and tied up behind' by both sexes; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290. 'Langes starkes Haar -in einen dicken Zopf zusammengeknotet.' _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. +in einen dicken Zopf zusammengeknotet.' _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. iv., p. 36; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 329. [660] 'Tolerably well dressed, mostly in buckskin.... They dress with @@ -29966,9 +29932,9 @@ buckskin ... the outer seams are adorned with silver or brass buttons.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 406, 411, 412. Leggins made of deer-skin with thick soles ... a leathern cap shaped like a helmet, decorated with cocks', eagles' or vultures' feathers. _Figuier's Hum. Race_, pp. 481, -482. 'Auf dem Kopfe tragen sie eine helmartige Lederkappe die gewöhnlich -mit einem Busch kurzer, glänzender Truthahnfedern und einigen Geier oder -Adlerfedern geschmückt ist.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 229, 230. 'A +482. 'Auf dem Kopfe tragen sie eine helmartige Lederkappe die gewöhnlich +mit einem Busch kurzer, glänzender Truthahnfedern und einigen Geier oder +Adlerfedern geschmückt ist.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 229, 230. 'A close banded cap is worn by the men which is gracefully ornamented by feathers, and held under the chin by a small throat-latch.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 435, and plate vii., Fig. 3, p. 74. @@ -29981,98 +29947,98 @@ belt, to which are attached oval pieces of silver.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290. The women's dress is 'chiefly composed of skins ... showily corded at the bottom, forming a kind of belt of beads and porcupine quills.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 118-9. -_Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 329; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die -Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 220, 224, 235; _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, +_Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 329; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die +Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 220, 224, 235; _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. iv., pp. 36, 37; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 31, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 344; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 305. [661] 'Tattooed over the body, especially on the chest.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 281. 'Tattoo their faces and breasts.' _Marcy's -Army Life_, p. 25. 'Mares juxta atque foeminæ facies atque artus +Army Life_, p. 25. 'Mares juxta atque foeminæ facies atque artus lineis quibusdam persignant.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 310; _Warden_, _Recherches_, p. 79; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32. [662] 'They never cut the hair, but wear it of very great length, and ornament it upon state occasions with silver and beads.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 25. 'Their heads are covered with bits of tin and glass.' -_Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182. 'Der dicke und lang über den -Rücken hinabhängende Zopf mit abwärts immer kleiner werdenden silbernen -Scheiben belastet, die, im Nacken mit der Grösse einer mässigen -Untertasse beginnend, an der Spitze des Zopfes mit der Grösse eines +_Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182. 'Der dicke und lang über den +Rücken hinabhängende Zopf mit abwärts immer kleiner werdenden silbernen +Scheiben belastet, die, im Nacken mit der Grösse einer mässigen +Untertasse beginnend, an der Spitze des Zopfes mit der Grösse eines halben Thalers endigten.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 100, and _Froebel's Cent. Am._, p. 266. They 'never cut their hair, which they wear long, mingling with it on particular occasions silver ornaments and pearls.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 24. 'Todos ellos llevan la cabeza trasquilada desde la mitad hasta la frente, y -dejan lo demas del pelo colgando.' _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, +dejan lo demas del pelo colgando.' _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 527; _Revista Cientifica_, tom. i., p. 162; _Parker's Notes on -Tex._, p. 194; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. +Tex._, p. 194; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 115; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 27, in _Pac. R. R. -Rept._, vol. iii.; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 299; +Rept._, vol. iii.; _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 299; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 224. [663] 'Im Gesichte mit Zinnober bemalt, auf dem Kopfe mit Adlerfedern -geschmückt.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 100. 'It takes them +geschmückt.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 100. 'It takes them a considerable time to dress, and stick feathers and beads in their hair.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 281. 'Fond of decking themselves with paint, beads and feathers.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 25, 26, 30. 'Vederbosschen op't hoofd.' _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. -209. 'En quanto á los colores, varian mucho, no solamente en ellos, sino -tambien en los dibujos que se hacen en la cara.' _García Conde_, in +209. 'En quanto á los colores, varian mucho, no solamente en ellos, sino +tambien en los dibujos que se hacen en la cara.' _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 299. The Comanches 'de tout sexe portent un -miroir attaché au poignet, et se teignent le visage en rouge.' _Soc. -Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192; _Whipple, Ewbank, and +miroir attaché au poignet, et se teignent le visage en rouge.' _Soc. +Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 27, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 450; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 35, 36; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 133; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp. 181, 194, 197, 202; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 71; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 119; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 224; _Hartmann and Millard_, _Texas_, p. 110; -_Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Guat._, p. 147, plate; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. +_Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Guat._, p. 147, plate; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 80; _Gilliam's Trav._, p. 305; _Horn's Captivity_, p. 25. [664] 'The Camanches prefer dark clothes.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp. -180, 181, 202. 'Les guerriers portent pour tout vêtement une peau de -buffle en manteau.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192. +180, 181, 202. 'Les guerriers portent pour tout vêtement une peau de +buffle en manteau.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'Las mugeres andan vestidas de la cintura para abajo con unos cueros de venado adobado en forma de faldellines, y cubren el cuerpo con unos -capotillos del mismo cuero.' _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. +capotillos del mismo cuero.' _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 527. 'Vistense galanos ... asi hombres como mugeres con mantas pintadas y bordadas.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 681. 'Sus vestidos se componen de unas botas, un mediano delantal que cubre sus -vergüenzas, y un coton, todo de pieles: las mugeres usan una manta +vergüenzas, y un coton, todo de pieles: las mugeres usan una manta cuadrada de lana negra muy estrecha.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, -tom. i., p. 332. 'Tam mares quam foeminæ gossypinis tunicis et ferarum +tom. i., p. 332. 'Tam mares quam foeminæ gossypinis tunicis et ferarum exuviis vestiebantur ad Mexicanorum normam et quod insolens barbaris, -ideoque Hispanis novum visum, utebantur calceis atque ocreis quæ è +ideoque Hispanis novum visum, utebantur calceis atque ocreis quæ è ferarum tergoribus et taurino corio consuta erant. Foeminis capillus -bene pexus et elegantur erat dispositus, nec ullo præterea velamine +bene pexus et elegantur erat dispositus, nec ullo præterea velamine caput tegebant.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 311; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, pp. 99, 101; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Warden_, _Recherches_, -pp. 79, 80; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 299; +pp. 79, 80; _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 299; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25, 31, 91; _Revista Cientifica_, tom. i., p. 162; _Horn's Captivity_, p. 22; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 25, 29, 45; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 450; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 15; -_Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Guat._, p. 147, plate; _Gallatin_, in +_Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Guat._, p. 147, plate; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 252, 272, 273; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 216, and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 243; -_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. iv., p. 127; +_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. iv., p. 127; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 71; _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 109; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 230; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 38, 310, 312; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 228; _Hartmann and Millard_, _Texas_, p. 110; _Domenech_, _Jour._, pp. 134, 135; _Maillard_, _Hist. Tex._, p. 240, _Jaramillo_, in -_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 372, 377; _Castaño de -Soza_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., p. 331; _Houstoun's +_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 372, 377; _Castaño de +Soza_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., p. 331; _Houstoun's Tex._, p. 227; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iii., p. 184; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 133; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 24. [665] The Apaches 'rarely remain more than a week in any one locality.' -_Cremony's Apaches_, p. 240. 'Cette nation étant nomade et toujours à la -poursuite du gibier.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série +_Cremony's Apaches_, p. 240. 'Cette nation étant nomade et toujours à la +poursuite du gibier.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. p. 133; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 44; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 202; _Backus_, in _Id._, vol. iv., p. @@ -30089,24 +30055,24 @@ Nar._, vol. i., p. 106. Other tribes make their lodges in a different way, by a knowledge of which circumstance, travelers are able to discover on arriving at a deserted camp whether it belongs to a hostile or friendly tribe. _Parker's Notes on Texas_, p. 213; _Hartmann and -Millard_, _Texas_, p. 110; _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, +Millard_, _Texas_, p. 110; _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Bulletin_, tom. v., p. 315. -[667] 'Sus chozas ó jacales son circulares, hechas de ramas de los -árboles, cubiertas con pieles de caballos, vacas, ó cíbolos.' _Orozco y -Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 371. 'I did expect ... to find that the Navajos +[667] 'Sus chozas ó jacales son circulares, hechas de ramas de los +árboles, cubiertas con pieles de caballos, vacas, ó cÃbolos.' _Orozco y +Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 371. 'I did expect ... to find that the Navajos had other and better habitations than the conical, pole, brush, and mud lodge.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 77. 'The Camanches make their lodges by placing poles in the ground in a circle and tying the tops together.' _Parker's Notes on Texas_, p. 213. Huts are only temporary, conical, of sticks. _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289. 'Sie bestanden einfach aus grossen Lauben von Cedernzweigen, deren -Wölbung auf starken Pfählen ruhte, und von Aussen theilweise mit Erde, -Lehm, und Steinen bedeckt war.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die +Wölbung auf starken Pfählen ruhte, und von Aussen theilweise mit Erde, +Lehm, und Steinen bedeckt war.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 15, 220-233. 'Un grand nombre de forme -ronde.' _Jaramillo_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., -p. 379. 'Their lodges are rectangular.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18; -_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 194; +ronde.' _Jaramillo_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., +p. 379. 'Their lodges are rectangular.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18; +_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 194; _Ives' Colorado River_, p. 100; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 482. [668] 'They make them of upright poles a few feet in height ... upon @@ -30120,27 +30086,27 @@ p. 60. 'Exceedingly rude structures of sticks about four or five feet high.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 213. 'The Comanches make their lodges ... in a conical shape ... which they cover with buffalo hides.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 213. 'Ils habitent -sous des tentes.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., tom. 96, p. 192; +sous des tentes.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., tom. 96, p. 192; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 414; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Bent_, in _Id._, vol. i., p. 243; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 290; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 96; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; -_Mange_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299; _Villa-Señor -y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 413; _Dufey_, _Résumé de l'Hist._, +_Mange_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299; _Villa-Señor +y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 413; _Dufey_, _Résumé de l'Hist._, tom. i., p. 4; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 279; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 131; _Dillon_, _Hist. Mex._, p. 97; _Ludecus_, -_Reise_, p. 104; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 205; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. +_Reise_, p. 104; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 205; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352; _Emory's Recon._, p. 61; _Marcy's Rept._, p. 219; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cli., p. 274; _Jaramillo_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 372-9; _Beaumont_, -_Crón. de Mechoacan_, p. 417; _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. +_Crón. de Mechoacan_, p. 417; _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 431; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 239; see also, _Montanus_, -_Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 209; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 109-115; +_Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 209; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 109-115; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 230; _Cordoue_, in -_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. 443; _De Laet_, _Novus +_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. 443; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 301; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 544; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 336. -[669] _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. 'This compels the Navajoes to erect +[669] _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. 'This compels the Navajoes to erect substantial huts of an oval form, the lower portion of the hut being excavated.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 306. 'They live in brush houses, in the winter time, digging a hole in the ground and covering this with a @@ -30153,21 +30119,21 @@ triangular opening for ingress or egress.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 213. The most they do is to build small huts ... with thick poles for the arches and a small door through which a single person can hardly pass. _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266. A -ranchería of the Cuabajai is described as 'formada como una grande +rancherÃa of the Cuabajai is described as 'formada como una grande galeria en una pieza muy larga adornada con arcos de sauz, y cubierta con esteras de tule muy delgadas y bien cocidas; tenia ventanas para la luz y desahogar el humo y dos puertas, una al Oriente y otra al -Poniente, ... á los dos lados de la pieza habia varios cámaras ó -alojamientos para dormir.' _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp. 474-5. +Poniente, ... á los dos lados de la pieza habia varios cámaras ó +alojamientos para dormir.' _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp. 474-5. [671] 'Some live in caves in the rocks.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289. 'They do not live in houses built of stone as has been repeatedly represented, but in caves, caverns, and fissures of the cliffs.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217. 'Ils -habitaient des cavernes et des lieux souterrains, où ils déposaient -leurs récoltes.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. +habitaient des cavernes et des lieux souterrains, où ils déposaient +leurs récoltes.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 309. Most of the Navajos 'live in houses built of stone.' -_Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352; +_Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352; _Almanza_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 825; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 679; _Sanchez_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 93; _Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem._, p. @@ -30196,70 +30162,70 @@ _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289. [675] _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xviii., p. 464; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 23, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. -[676] 'Ils sont très-laborieux; ils cultivent les melons, les haricots, -et d'autres légumes; ils récoltent aussi en abondance le maïs.' _Soc. -Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Bohnen, Mais, Weizen, -feingeriebenes Mehl, Kürbisse und Melonen.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, +[676] 'Ils sont très-laborieux; ils cultivent les melons, les haricots, +et d'autres légumes; ils récoltent aussi en abondance le maïs.' _Soc. +Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Bohnen, Mais, Weizen, +feingeriebenes Mehl, Kürbisse und Melonen.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 385, 396-7. 'The Yumas and other tribes on the Colorado, irrigate their lands, and raise wheat, corn, melons, &c.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 263, 180, 181; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. -81; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de +81; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332; _Ives' Colorado River_, pp. 60, 67, 70, 73; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., pp. 117, 128, 129; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 123; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. -ii., pp. 40, 65, 66; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18; _Browne's Apache +ii., pp. 40, 65, 66; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18; _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 51, 52, 107; _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 33; _Pattie's Pers. -Nar._, p. 91; _Mexicanische Zustände_, tom. i., p. 64; _Möllhausen_, +Nar._, p. 91; _Mexicanische Zustände_, tom. i., p. 64; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 111; _Champagnac_, _Voyageur_, p. 84; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 243; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's -Rept._, pp. 13, 120, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Thümmel_, +Rept._, pp. 13, 120, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 349; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 288-9; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 567; _Farnham's Life in Cal._; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411; _Clark_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. viii., p. 280; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25-6. -[677] 'A small but agreeable nut called the Piñon, grows abundantly in +[677] 'A small but agreeable nut called the Piñon, grows abundantly in this country; and during a period of scarcity, it sometimes constitutes the sole food of the poorer class of natives for many successive weeks.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212. 'Living upon the -fruit of the mezquit and tornilla trees.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, pp. +fruit of the mezquit and tornilla trees.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, pp. 10, 19; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 112. 'Tambien tienen para su sustento mescali, que es conserva de raiz de maguey.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 31; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; -_Hardy's Trav._, pp. 338; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 147, 331, 350, -396, 397; _Cordoue_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. -446; _Castañeda_, in _Id._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 53, 54; _Domenech's +_Hardy's Trav._, pp. 338; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 147, 331, 350, +396, 397; _Cordoue_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. +446; _Castañeda_, in _Id._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 53, 54; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 217; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 234. [678] 'The quail and hare of the valley, and the deer and lizards of the plains, together furnish but a scanty supply.' _Ehrenberg_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 110. 'They ate worms, grasshoppers, and reptiles.' -_Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 115-116. 'An den dünnen Gurt hatten -unsere Besucher noch Ratten, grosse Eidechsen und Frösche befestigt.' -_Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 383. 'Depending upon game and roots for +_Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 115-116. 'An den dünnen Gurt hatten +unsere Besucher noch Ratten, grosse Eidechsen und Frösche befestigt.' +_Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 383. 'Depending upon game and roots for food.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 137, and 1869, p. 92. -'Mas para ellos es plato regaladísimo el de ratones del campo asados ó +'Mas para ellos es plato regaladÃsimo el de ratones del campo asados ó cocidos y toda especie de insectos.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, -tom. i., p. 332; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 430; _Arricivita_, _Crónica -Seráfica_, pp. 419, 473; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 484; _Backus_, in +tom. i., p. 332; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 430; _Arricivita_, _Crónica +Seráfica_, pp. 419, 473; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 484; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 297. [679] On the Rivers Colorado and Gila. 'Usan de hilo torcido unas redes y otras de varios palitos, que los tuercen y juntan por las puntas, en -que forman á modo de un pequeño barquito para pescar del infinito +que forman á modo de un pequeño barquito para pescar del infinito pescado que hay en el rio.' _Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. The Cajuenches when the produce is insufficient, live on fish. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 10. The Navajos 'live by raising flocks and herds, instead of hunting and fishing.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411. The Apaches 'no comen pescado alguno, no obstante de lo -que abundan sus rios.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. +que abundan sus rios.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 375. 'El Apache no come el pescado, aunque los hay abundantes en sus rios.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 285; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 123; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, -p. 149; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 373; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die +p. 149; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 373; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 227-8. [680] 'They do not make butter and cheese.... Some who own cattle make @@ -30280,8 +30246,8 @@ Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 172. maize is laid and then reduced to paste.... The paste so formed is then patted between the hands until it assumes a flat, thin and round appearance when it is laid on a hot pan and baked into a tortilla.' -_Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 145-6. 'Ils récoltent aussi en abondance le -maïs dont ils font de tortillas.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., +_Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 145-6. 'Ils récoltent aussi en abondance le +maïs dont ils font de tortillas.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Their meat was boiled with water in a Tusquin (clay kettle) and this meat-mush or soup was the staple of food among them.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 114, 115. 'A large Echino Cactus @@ -30290,11 +30256,11 @@ portions of the pulpy substance which surrounds the heart of the cactus; and to them had been added game and plants gathered from the banks of the creek. Mingled with water, the whole had been cooked by stirring it up with heated stones.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. -96. 'Ils mangent des pains de maïs cuits sous la cendre, aussi gros que -les gros pains de Castille.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, -série i., tom. ix., p. 49; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 238; _Pattie's Pers. -Nar._, p. 63; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 291; _Castaño de -Soza_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., pp. 330-1. +96. 'Ils mangent des pains de maïs cuits sous la cendre, aussi gros que +les gros pains de Castille.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, +série i., tom. ix., p. 49; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 238; _Pattie's Pers. +Nar._, p. 63; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 291; _Castaño de +Soza_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., pp. 330-1. [683] 'The Apaches rely chiefly upon the flesh of the cattle and sheep they can steal ... they are said, however, to be more fond of the meat @@ -30303,18 +30269,18 @@ vol. i., pp. 290-1. 'A nonproductive race, subsisting wholly on plunder and game.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 141. The Jicarilla Apaches: 'the chase is their only means of support.' _Carson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1860, p. 164. 'They live entirely by hunting.' _Delgado_, in _Ind. Aff. -Rept._, 1866, p. 138. 'Die Nahrung der Apaches besteht hauptsächlich in +Rept._, 1866, p. 138. 'Die Nahrung der Apaches besteht hauptsächlich in dem Fleische der Rinder und Schafe ... doch soll, wie man sagt, -Maulthierfleisch ihre Lieblingsspeise sein.' _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352. +Maulthierfleisch ihre Lieblingsspeise sein.' _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352. 'Ihre besten Leckerbissen sind Pferde und Mauleselfleisch, welches sie braten und dem Rindfleische vorziehen.' _Ochs_, in _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 289. Their daintiest food is mule and horseflesh. -_Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 432. 'Anteriormente antes que en la frontera +_Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 432. 'Anteriormente antes que en la frontera abundase el ganado, uno de sus alimentos era la came del caballo, y la caza de diferentes animales.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 266-7; _Edward's Hist. Texas_, p. 95; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 112; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. -327; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 187; _Stratton's +327; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 187; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 116; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 580; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 282; _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 57; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460; _Edwards' Campaign_, p. 95; @@ -30328,10 +30294,10 @@ Indian, ... who having enveloped himself in an antelope's skin with head, horns and all complete, had gradually crept up to the herd under his disguise.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 28, 194. 'Se viste de una piel de los mismos animales, pone sobre su cabeza otra de la clase de los que -va á buscar, y armado de su arco y flechas andando en cuatro piés, +va á buscar, y armado de su arco y flechas andando en cuatro piés, procura mezclarse en una banda da ellos.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y -Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 375; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., -p. 372; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Ferry_, _Scènes de la +Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 375; _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., +p. 372; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Ferry_, _Scènes de la Vie Sauvage_, p. 262. [685] 'They always asked if we had bear on the table, for they wished to @@ -30342,11 +30308,11 @@ Apaches_, p. 226. 'Tambien matan para comer osos.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 25. The Navajoes 'never kill bears or rattlesnakes unless attacked.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 291. 'Sie verehren den -Bären, der nie von ihnen getödtet wird, und dessen Fleisch zu essen sie -sich scheuen. Schweinefleisch verschmähen sie desgleichen; beim ärgsten -Hunger können sie es nicht über sich gewinnen, davon zu kosten.' +Bären, der nie von ihnen getödtet wird, und dessen Fleisch zu essen sie +sich scheuen. Schweinefleisch verschmähen sie desgleichen; beim ärgsten +Hunger können sie es nicht über sich gewinnen, davon zu kosten.' _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 278; _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 370. +_GeografÃa_, p. 370. [686] 'The Northern and Middle Comanches ... subsist almost exclusively upon the flesh of the buffalo, and are known among the Indians as @@ -30360,20 +30326,20 @@ of agriculture.' _Baylor_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 177; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 575; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 103, and _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 268; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 292; _French's Hist. Coll. -La._, pt. ii., p. 155; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 115; _Gregg's Com. +La._, pt. ii., p. 155; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 115; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, pp. 214-16, 307; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 480; _Ludecus_, _Reise_, p. 104; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Foote's Texas_, p. 298; _Soc. -Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. +Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 21; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 469; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. -345; _Holley's Texas_, p. 153; _Dufey_, _Résumé_, tom. i., p. 4; +345; _Holley's Texas_, p. 153; _Dufey_, _Résumé_, tom. i., p. 4; _Dewees' Texas_, p. 233; _Frost's Ind. Battles_, p. 385. -[687] 'Luego que los cíbolos echan á huir, los cazadores sin -apresurarlos demasiado los persiguen á un galope corto, que van +[687] 'Luego que los cÃbolos echan á huir, los cazadores sin +apresurarlos demasiado los persiguen á un galope corto, que van activando mas y mas hasta que rompen en carrera ... el indio sin cesar de correr, dispara su arco en todas direcciones, y va sembrando el campo de reses.... Las indias al mismo tiempo van dessollando cada una de -aquellas reses, recogiendo la piel y la carne.' _Revista Científica_, +aquellas reses, recogiendo la piel y la carne.' _Revista CientÃfica_, tom. i., pp. 165-6. 'At a suitable distance from their prey they divide into two squadrons, one half taking to the right, and the other to the left, and thus surround it.' _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 108; _French's @@ -30385,12 +30351,12 @@ Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 249. [688] 'When any game was killed, the Indians would tear out the heart, liver, and entrails, and eat them raw.' _Frost's Ind. Battles_, p. 385. 'Ces Indiens se nourissent de viande crue et boivent du sang.... Ils -coupent la viande en tranches très-minces et la font sécher au soleil; -ils la réduisent ensuite en poudre pour la conserver.' _Castañeda_, in -_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 190-1. 'They "jerked" +coupent la viande en tranches très-minces et la font sécher au soleil; +ils la réduisent ensuite en poudre pour la conserver.' _Castañeda_, in +_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 190-1. 'They "jerked" or dried the meat and made the pemmican.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 18. 'Comen las criadillas crudas, recogiendo la sangre que corre del cuerpo -con unas tutundas ó jicaras, se la beben caliente.' _Beaumont_, _Crón. +con unas tutundas ó jicaras, se la beben caliente.' _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 528; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Horn's Captivity_, pp. 16, 23; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 345. @@ -30411,7 +30377,7 @@ no longer hang together, and it would be difficult to tell the original color.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290. 'They are fond of bathing in the summer, ... but nothing can induce them to wash themselves in winter.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 302. They give off very -unpleasant odors. _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. +unpleasant odors. _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 307. 'They seem to have a natural antipathy against water, considered as the means of cleansing the body ... water is only used by them in extreme cases; for instance, when the vermin become too thick on their @@ -30419,7 +30385,7 @@ heads, they then go through an operation of covering the head with mud, which after some time is washed out.' _Dodt_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 130; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, 108; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 203; -_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 470. +_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 470. [691] 'They defecate promiscuously near their huts; they leave offal of every character, dead animals and dead skins, close in the vicinity of @@ -30427,62 +30393,62 @@ their huts.' _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 339; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 114; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 380. [692] The Mojave 'arms are the bow and arrow, the spear and the club.' -_Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. 'Armed with bows and arrows.' _Fremont +_Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. 'Armed with bows and arrows.' _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 39. The Querechos 'use the bow and arrow, lance and shield.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 19, 23. 'The Apache will invariably add his bow and arrows to his personal armament.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 15, 75-6, 103, 189. 'Neben Bogen und Pfeilen -führen sie noch sehr lange Lanzen.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 230. +führen sie noch sehr lange Lanzen.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 230. 'They use the bow and arrow and spear.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 293. 'Armed with bows and arrows, and the lance.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214. For colored lithograph of weapons see _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 50, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'El armamento de los apaches se componen de lanza, arco y flechas.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 372. 'Las armas de los apaches son fusil, flechas y -lanza.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. +_GeografÃa_, p. 372. 'Las armas de los apaches son fusil, flechas y +lanza.' _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315. 'Los Yumas son Indios ... de malas armas, muchos no llevan arco, y -si lo llevan es mal dispuesto, y con dos ó tres flechas.' _Garces_, in -_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in +si lo llevan es mal dispuesto, y con dos ó tres flechas.' _Garces_, in +_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. -de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. +de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 399; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 190; _Drew_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 105; _Odin_, in _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 450; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 71; _Dewees' Texas_, p. 233; _Holley's Texas_, p. 153; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 543; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Moore's -Texas_, p. 33; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., p. 602; _Mühlenpfordt_, +Texas_, p. 33; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., p. 602; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 421; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 224; _Brantz-Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol. -ii., p. 123; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 444; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. +ii., p. 123; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 444; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 452; _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 185; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., -pp. 328-9, 451; _Pagés' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107; _Linati_, _Costumes_, -plate xxii.; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 274; _Möllhausen_, -_Mormonenmädchen_, tom. ii., p. 152; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, pp. 480-2, +pp. 328-9, 451; _Pagés' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107; _Linati_, _Costumes_, +plate xxii.; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 274; _Möllhausen_, +_Mormonenmädchen_, tom. ii., p. 152; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, pp. 480-2, with cut. [693] 'Their weapons of war are the spear or lance, the bow, and the laso.' _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 173. -[694] Among 'their arms of offence' is 'what is called Macána, a short +[694] Among 'their arms of offence' is 'what is called Macána, a short club, like a round wooden mallet, which is used in close quarters.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 373. 'War clubs were prepared in abundance.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 176. Die Apachen 'nur Bogen, Pfeile -und Keulen.' _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 444. 'Their clubs are of mezquite +und Keulen.' _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 444. 'Their clubs are of mezquite wood (a species of acacia) three or four feet long.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 108. 'Ils n'ont d'autre arme -qu'un grand croc et une massue.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. +qu'un grand croc et une massue.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Arma sunt ... oblongi lignei gladii multis acutis silicibus utrimque muniti.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 311. 'Sus Armas son Flechas, y Macanas.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 681. -Among the Comanches: 'Leur massue est une queue de buffle à l'extrémité -de laquelle ils insèrent une boule en pierre on en métal.' _Soc. Géog._, -_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 193; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, +Among the Comanches: 'Leur massue est une queue de buffle à l'extrémité +de laquelle ils insèrent une boule en pierre on en métal.' _Soc. Géog._, +_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 193; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 302. [695] 'Mit vierstreifigen Strickschleudern bewaffnet.' _Mexikanische -Zustände_, tom. i., p. 64. 'Sie fechten mit Lanzen, Büchsen, Pfeilen und +Zustände_, tom. i., p. 64. 'Sie fechten mit Lanzen, Büchsen, Pfeilen und Tamahaks.' _Ludecus_, _Reise_, p. 104. 'Une petite hache en silex.' -_Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 193; _Mühlenpfordt_, +_Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 193; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., p. 539; _Treasury of Trav._, p. 31; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 230; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 272. @@ -30497,21 +30463,21 @@ Navajo 'bow is about four feet in length ... and is covered on the back with a kind of fibrous tissue.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 293. The Yuma 'bow is made of willow.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 108. 'Langen Bogen von Weidenholz.' -_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 124. Apaches: 'the +_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 124. Apaches: 'the bow forms two semicircles, with a shoulder in the middle; the back of it is entirely covered with sinews, which are laid on ... by the use of -some glutinous substance.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 338. 'Los tamaños +some glutinous substance.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 338. 'Los tamaños de estas armas son differentes, segun las parcialidades que las usan.' -_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 372; _Möllhausen_, -_Tagebuch_, p. 360; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. +_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 372; _Möllhausen_, +_Tagebuch_, p. 360; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 98; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 117, 149; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 450. [697] The Apaches: 'Tous portaient au poignet gauche le bracelet de cuir -... Ce bracelet de cuir est une espèce de paumelle qui entoure la main -gauche, ... Le premier sert à amortir le coup de fouet de la corde de -l'arc quand il se détend, la seconde empêche les pennes de la flèche de -déchirer la peau de la main.' _Ferry_, _Scènes de la vie Sauvage_, p. +... Ce bracelet de cuir est une espèce de paumelle qui entoure la main +gauche, ... Le premier sert à amortir le coup de fouet de la corde de +l'arc quand il se détend, la seconde empêche les pennes de la flèche de +déchirer la peau de la main.' _Ferry_, _Scènes de la vie Sauvage_, p. 256. 'With a leather bracelet on one wrist and a bow and quiver of arrows form the general outfit.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418. @@ -30527,8 +30493,8 @@ Life_, p. 24. The Apache 'arrows are quite long, very rarely pointed with flint, usually with iron. The feather upon the arrow is placed or bound down with fine sinew in threes, instead of twos.... The arrow-shaft is usually made of some pithy wood, generally a species of -yucca.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 209. 'Sagittæ -acutis silicibus asperatæ.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 311. 'Arrows +yucca.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 209. 'Sagittæ +acutis silicibus asperatæ.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 311. 'Arrows were ... pointed with a head of stone. Some were of white quartz or agate, and others of obsidian.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 98. The Tonto 'arrows ... are three feet long ... the cane is @@ -30537,9 +30503,9 @@ winged with four strips of feather, held in place by threads of sinew flint, or rarely iron.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418. The Lipan arrows 'have four straight flutings; the Comanches make two straight black flutings and two red spiral ones.' _Domenech's Deserts_, -vol. ii., p. 270; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. +vol. ii., p. 270; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 82; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Conder's Mex. Guat._, vol. ii., p. -76; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 360; _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. +76; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 360; _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. iv., p. 31; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 149. [699] The Apache 'quivers are usually made of deer-skin, with the hair @@ -30547,21 +30513,21 @@ turned inside or outside, and sometimes of the skin of the wild-cat, with the tail appended.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 210. 'Quiver of sheep-skin.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 461. 'Quiver of fresh-cut reeds.' _Fremont and Emory's Notes of -Trav._, p. 39. 'Un carcax ó bolsa de piel de leopardo en lo general.' -_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 373; _Whipple, Ewbank, +Trav._, p. 39. 'Un carcax ó bolsa de piel de leopardo en lo general.' +_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 373; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 31, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 80. [700] 'The spear is eight or ten feet in length, including the point, which is about eighteen inches long, and also made of iron.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 293. Should the Apaches -possess any useless firearms, 'generalmente vienen á darles nuevo uso, -haciendo de ellas lanzas, cuchillos, lengüetas de flechas.' _Cordero_, -in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 372. 'La lanza la usan muy larga.' -_García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315. 'Lance +possess any useless firearms, 'generalmente vienen á darles nuevo uso, +haciendo de ellas lanzas, cuchillos, lengüetas de flechas.' _Cordero_, +in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 372. 'La lanza la usan muy larga.' +_GarcÃa Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315. 'Lance of fifteen feet in length.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 338; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Holley's Texas_, p. 153; _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, -p. 242; _Revista Científica_, tom. i., p. 162; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, +p. 242; _Revista CientÃfica_, tom. i., p. 162; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 195; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 298. [701] The Comanche 'shield was round ... made of wicker-work, covered @@ -30570,12 +30536,12 @@ over, ... ornamented with a human scalp, a grizzly bear's claw and a mule's tail ... for the arm were pieces of cotton cloth twisted into a rope.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 195. 'En el brazo izquierdo llevaba el chimal, que es un escudo ovalado, cubierto todo de plumas, espejos, -chaquiras y adornos de paño encarnado.' _Revista Científica_, tom. i., +chaquiras y adornos de paño encarnado.' _Revista CientÃfica_, tom. i., p. 162. Their shield 'is generally painted a bright yellow.' _Domenech's Deserts_ vol. ii., p. 268. 'Shield of circular form, covered with two thicknesses of hard, undressed buffalo hide, ... stuffed with hair ... a rifle-ball will not penetrate it unless it strikes perpendicular to the -surface.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 24-5; _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, +surface.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 24-5; _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. iv., p. 31; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 80. A 'Navajo shield ... with an image of a demon painted on one side ... border of red cloth, ... trimmed with feathers.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. @@ -30587,36 +30553,36 @@ with a chance of successful ambush, the Apache never shows himself.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 79, 189. 'Attacking only when their numbers, and a well-laid ambush, promise a certainty of success.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419. 'Colocan de antemano una emboscada.' -_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 375; _Parker_, in _Ind. +_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 375; _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, pp. 221-3, 256; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 4; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 47; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary -Survey_, p. 107; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Soc. Géog._, -_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186; _Davis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, +Survey_, p. 107; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Soc. Géog._, +_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186; _Davis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1868, p. 161. -[703] 'Salen ... generalmente divididos en pequeñas partidas para +[703] 'Salen ... generalmente divididos en pequeñas partidas para ocultar mejor sus rastros.... Es imponderable la velocidad con que huyen -despues que han ejecutado un crecido robo ... las montañas que -encumbran, los desiertos sin agua que atraviesan.' _García Conde_, in +despues que han ejecutado un crecido robo ... las montañas que +encumbran, los desiertos sin agua que atraviesan.' _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 316. 'They steal upon their enemies under the cover of night.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 107; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 303; -_Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 83; _Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 434; -_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 375-6; _Browne's Apache +_Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 83; _Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 434; +_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 375-6; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 279; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 480; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276. -[704] 'La practica, que observan para avisarse los unos à los otros ... -es levantar humaredas.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. +[704] 'La practica, que observan para avisarse los unos à los otros ... +es levantar humaredas.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 394. 'Smokes are of various kinds, each one significant of a particular object.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 183-4. 'In token of retreate sounded on a certaine small trumpet ... made fires, and were answered againe afarre off ... to giue their fellowes vnderstanding, how wee marched and where we arriued.' _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 376; -_Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. ii., p. 157; _Smart_, in _Smithsonian +_Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. ii., p. 157; _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419. -[705] 'La suma crueldad con que tratan á los vencidos atenaccandolos +[705] 'La suma crueldad con que tratan á los vencidos atenaccandolos vivos y comiendose los pedazos de la carne que la arrancan.' _Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS._, p. 4. 'Their savage and blood-thirsty natures experience a real pleasure in tormenting their victim.' _Cremony's @@ -30625,11 +30591,11 @@ slow fire under their head.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 201, 93, 96. Among the Navajos, 'Captives taken in their forays are usually treated kindly.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 295. 'Ils scalpent avec la corde de leur arc, en la tournant rapidement autour de -la tête de leur victime.' _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82; +la tête de leur victime.' _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 303; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 114-118, 138, 149, 218; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 180; _Labadi_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p. 247; -_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Scenes in the +_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 167; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 10; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 118. @@ -30637,7 +30603,7 @@ tom. iii., p. 10; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 118. [706] _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 216; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 114. -[707] 'Obran en la guerra con mas táctica que los apaches.' _García +[707] 'Obran en la guerra con mas táctica que los apaches.' _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 318. 'A young man is never considered worthy to occupy a seat in council until he has encountered an enemy in battle.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 34; _Domenech's @@ -30660,7 +30626,7 @@ _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 312-13; _Dewees' Texas_, p. 234; _Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182; _Ludecus_, _Reise_, p. 104. [710] 'Ils tuent tous les prisonniers adultes, et ne laissent vivre que -les enfants, qu'ils élèvent avec soin pour s'en servir comme +les enfants, qu'ils élèvent avec soin pour s'en servir comme d'esclaves.' _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 290. 'Invariably kill such men as offer the slightest impediment to their operations, and take women and children prisoners.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 24, 54. @@ -30679,10 +30645,10 @@ ii., p. 39. the preparation of food being shallow basins of closely netted straw. They carried water in pitchers of the same material, but they were matted all over with a pitch.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. -419. 'Aus Binsen und Weiden geflochtene Gefässe, mitunter auch einige +419. 'Aus Binsen und Weiden geflochtene Gefässe, mitunter auch einige aus Thon geformte;' ... by the door stood 'ein breiter Stein ... auf -welchem mittelst eines kleineren die Mehlfrüchte zerrieben wurden.' -_Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 396, 404. 'Panniers of wicker-work, for +welchem mittelst eines kleineren die Mehlfrüchte zerrieben wurden.' +_Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 396, 404. 'Panniers of wicker-work, for holding provisions, are generally carried on the horse by the women.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 210; _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 129. 'Their only implements are @@ -30694,15 +30660,15 @@ thin, light, and well formed.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 338. 'Nets wrought with the bark of the willow.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 220; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 200. 'Tienen mucha loza de las coloradas, y pintadas y negras, platos, caxetes, saleros; almofias, xicaras muy -galanas: alguna de la loza está vidriada. Tienen mucho apercibimiento de -leña, é de madera, para hacer sus casas, en tal manera, á lo que nos -dieron á entender, que cuando uno queria hacer casa, tiene aquella -madera allí de puesto para el efecto, y hay mucha cantidad. Tiene dos -guaxexes á los lados del pueblo, que le sirven para se bañar, porque de -otros ojos de agua, á tiro de arcabuz, beben y se sirven. A un cuarto de -legua va el rio Salado, que decimos, por donde fué nuestro camino, -aunque el agua salada se pierde de muchas leguas atrás.' _Castaño de -Sosa_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., p. 331; _Taylor_, in +galanas: alguna de la loza está vidriada. Tienen mucho apercibimiento de +leña, é de madera, para hacer sus casas, en tal manera, á lo que nos +dieron á entender, que cuando uno queria hacer casa, tiene aquella +madera allà de puesto para el efecto, y hay mucha cantidad. Tiene dos +guaxexes á los lados del pueblo, que le sirven para se bañar, porque de +otros ojos de agua, á tiro de arcabuz, beben y se sirven. A un cuarto de +legua va el rio Salado, que decimos, por donde fué nuestro camino, +aunque el agua salada se pierde de muchas leguas atrás.' _Castaño de +Sosa_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., p. 331; _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Feb. 14th, 1862_; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 200. 'Their only means of farming are sharpened sticks.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 50. @@ -30729,21 +30695,21 @@ further to the front than on a Mexican saddle. The bit of the bridle has a ring attached to it, through which the lower jaw is partly thrust, and a powerful pressure is exerted by this means when the reins are tightened.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 292. 'Sa selle -est faite de deux rouleaux de paille reliés par une courroie et +est faite de deux rouleaux de paille reliés par une courroie et maintenus par une sangle de cuir.' _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. -82; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 80. The Navajos have 'aus zähem Eschenholz -gefertigten Sattelbogen.' _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. iv., p. 39. +82; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 80. The Navajos have 'aus zähem Eschenholz +gefertigten Sattelbogen.' _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. iv., p. 39. -[716] 'Das Netz war weitmaschig, aus feinen, aber sehr starken Bastfäden -geflochten, vier Fuss hoch, und ungefähr dreissig Fuss lang. Von vier zu -vier Fuss befanden sich lange Stäbe an demselben, mittelst welcher es im +[716] 'Das Netz war weitmaschig, aus feinen, aber sehr starken Bastfäden +geflochten, vier Fuss hoch, und ungefähr dreissig Fuss lang. Von vier zu +vier Fuss befanden sich lange Stäbe an demselben, mittelst welcher es im Wasser, zugleich aber auch auf dem Boden und aufrecht gehalten wurde.' -_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 227; _Domenech's +_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 227; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 220. [717] 'El apache para sacar lumbre, usa ... un pedazo de sosole y otro de lechuguilla bien secos. Al primero le forman una punta, lo que frotan -con la segunda con cuanta velocidad pueden á la manera del ejercicio de +con la segunda con cuanta velocidad pueden á la manera del ejercicio de nuestros molinillos para hacer el chocolate: luego que ambos palos se calientan con la frotacion, se encienden y producen el fuego.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 282. @@ -30804,12 +30770,12 @@ sheep, blue by dissolving indigo in fermented urine, and yellow is said to be by coloring with a particular flower.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 291. The women 'welche sich in der Wahl der Farben und der Zusammenstellung von bunten Streifen und -phantastischen Figuren in dem Gewebe gegenseitig zu übertreffen suchen. -Ursprünglich trugen die Decken nur die verschiedenen Farben der Schafe +phantastischen Figuren in dem Gewebe gegenseitig zu übertreffen suchen. +Ursprünglich trugen die Decken nur die verschiedenen Farben der Schafe in breiten Streifen, doch seit die Navahoes farbige, wollene Stoffe von -Neu-Mexiko beziehen können, verschaffen sie sich solche, um sie in Fäden -aufzulösen, und diese dann zu ihrer eigenen Weberei zu verwenden.' -_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 235; _Ruxton's +Neu-Mexiko beziehen können, verschaffen sie sich solche, um sie in Fäden +aufzulösen, und diese dann zu ihrer eigenen Weberei zu verwenden.' +_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 235; _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 195. [724] 'Ils (the Apaches) travaillent bien les cuirs, font de belles @@ -30826,7 +30792,7 @@ i., p. 286. They 'knit woolen stockings.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411. themselves.' _Clark_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. viii., p. 280; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 403, vol. ii., pp. 244-5. 'The Navajoes raise no cotton.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212. 'Sie sind -noch immer in einigen Baumwollengeweben ausgezeichnet.' _Thümmel_, +noch immer in einigen Baumwollengeweben ausgezeichnet.' _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 349. 'These people (the inhabitants of Arizona in 1540) had cotton, but they were not very carefull to vse the same: because there was none among them that knew the arte of weauing, and to make apparel @@ -30852,16 +30818,16 @@ pottery from the Colorado Chiquito is colored, the prevailing tints being white, black, and red.' _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 250; _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 195. The Yampais had 'some admirably made baskets of so close a texture as to hold water; a wicker jar coated with -pine tree gum.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi. Ex._, p. 10; _Bent_, in +pine tree gum.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi. Ex._, p. 10; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 243. [726] _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, p. 286. 'In regard to the manufacture of plumage, or feather-work, they certainly display a greater fondness for decorations of this sort than any Indians we have seen.... I saw no exhibition of it in the way of embroidery.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. -Recon._, p. 79; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 349. +Recon._, p. 79; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 349. -[727] 'Mines d'argent exploitées par les Comanches, qui en tirent des +[727] 'Mines d'argent exploitées par les Comanches, qui en tirent des ornements pour eux et pour leurs chevaux, ainsi que des balles pour leurs fusils.' _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 132. @@ -30869,13 +30835,13 @@ leurs fusils.' _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 132. supported by some twenty or thirty hollow pumpkins fastened together.' _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 56. The Yumas had 'batteaus which could hold 200 or 300 pounds weight.' _Id._, vol. iv., p. 546. The -Mojaves had 'Flössen, die von Binsen-Bündeln zusammengefügt waren (die +Mojaves had 'Flössen, die von Binsen-Bündeln zusammengefügt waren (die einzige Art von Fahrzeug, welche ich bei den Bewohnern des -Colorado-Thales bemerkte).' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 401. 'Merely +Colorado-Thales bemerkte).' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 401. 'Merely bundles of rushes placed side by side, and securely bound together with willow twigs ... their owners paddled them about with considerable dexterity.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 117, and -plate. _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 238, 254; +plate. _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 238, 254; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 69. [729] 'Immense numbers of horses and sheep, attesting the wealth of the @@ -30888,7 +30854,7 @@ Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 211, 212; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, pp. 291-2; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 289; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 567; _Hughes' -Doniphan's Ex._, p. 173; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 124; _Thümmel_, +Doniphan's Ex._, p. 173; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 124; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 349; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 79; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 254; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 60. @@ -30898,10 +30864,10 @@ earthenware, which they exchange for corn and wheat.' _Keithly_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 115. _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 123. -[731] 'Das Eigenthum des Vaters nicht auf den Sohn übergeht, sondern -dass Neffen und Nichten als die rechtmässigen Erben anerkannt werden +[731] 'Das Eigenthum des Vaters nicht auf den Sohn übergeht, sondern +dass Neffen und Nichten als die rechtmässigen Erben anerkannt werden wenn nicht der Vater bei Lebzeiten schon seine Habe an die eigenen -Kinder geschenkt hat.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. +Kinder geschenkt hat.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 234. 'The husband has no control over the property of his wife.... Property does not descend from father to son, but goes to the nephew of the decedent, or, in default of a nephew, to the niece ... but @@ -30918,13 +30884,13 @@ _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 81. Shell beads, which they call Rept._, vol. iii., p. 115. [733] The Querechos encountered by Coronado had with them 'un grand -troupeau de chiens qui portaient tout ce qu'ils possédaient.' -_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 117. +troupeau de chiens qui portaient tout ce qu'ils possédaient.' +_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 117. 'The only property of these people, with the exception of a few articles belonging to their domestic economy, consists entirely in horses and mules.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 22; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 23; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347; _Marcy's Rept._, p. 188; -_Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 116-17. +_Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 116-17. [734] 'There are no subdivisions of land acknowledged in their territory, and no exclusive right of game.' _Neighbors_, in @@ -30933,8 +30899,8 @@ Spartan.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 23. [735] 'They are sufficiently astute in dealing.' _Burnet_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 232. 'Le chef des Indiens choisit, -parmi ces objets, ceux qui sont nécessaires à sa tribu.' _Soc. Géog._, -_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 193. 'In Comanche trade the main +parmi ces objets, ceux qui sont nécessaires à sa tribu.' _Soc. Géog._, +_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 193. 'In Comanche trade the main trouble consists in fixing the price of the first animal. This being settled by the chiefs.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 45; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp. 190, 234; _Burnet_, in _Schoolcraft's @@ -30963,8 +30929,8 @@ They even make use of the decimal sequences.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. and hot season ... frequently count by the Caddo mode--from one to ten, and by tens to one hundred, &c.... They are ignorant of the elements of figures.' _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., pp. 129-30. -'Ce qu'ils savent d'astronomie se borne à la connaissance de l'étoile -polaire.... L'arithmétique des sauvages est sur leurs doigts; ... Il leur +'Ce qu'ils savent d'astronomie se borne à la connaissance de l'étoile +polaire.... L'arithmétique des sauvages est sur leurs doigts; ... Il leur faut absolument un objet pour nombrer.' _Hartmann and Millard_, _Tex._, pp. 112-13. @@ -30973,7 +30939,7 @@ _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 288. 'Their form of government is so exceedingly primitive as to be hardly worthy the name of a political organization.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 412, 413; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 71. 'Ils n'ont jamais connu de domination.' _Soc. -Géog._, _Bulletin_, série. v., No. 96, p. 187. 'Each is sovereign in his +Géog._, _Bulletin_, série. v., No. 96, p. 187. 'Each is sovereign in his own right as a warrior.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 177. [740] 'It is my opinion that the Navajo chiefs have but very little @@ -30984,13 +30950,13 @@ p. 357. [741] 'Los padres de familia ejercen esta autoridad en tanto que los hijos no salen de la infancia, porque poco antes de salir de la pubertad son como libres y no reconocen mas superioridad que sus propias fuerzas, -ó la del indio que los manda en la campaña.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de +ó la del indio que los manda en la campaña.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 282-3. 'Every rich man has many dependants, and these dependants are obedient to his will, in peace and in war.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 211; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 89. 'Every one who has a few horses and sheep is a "head man."' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 288; -_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 233. The rule of +_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 233. The rule of the Querechos is 'essentially patriarchal.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 20. [742] 'When one or more (of the Navajos) are successful in battle or @@ -30998,7 +30964,7 @@ fortunate in their raids to the settlements on the Rio Grande, he is endowed with the title of captain or chief.' _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1867, p. 357. 'En cualquiera de estas incorporaciones toma el mando del todo por comun consentimiento el mas acreditado de valiente.' -_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 373. The Comanches have +_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 373. The Comanches have 'a right to displace a chief, and elect his successor, at pleasure.' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 346. A chief of the Comanches is never degraded 'for any private act unconnected with the welfare of the whole @@ -31015,12 +30981,12 @@ p. 210. [744] The Mescaleros and Apaches 'choose a head-man to direct affairs for the time being.' _Carleton_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1854, p. 315. -'Es gibt auch Stämme, an deren Spitze ein Kriegs- sowie ein -Friedens-Häuptling steht.' _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 279; -_García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315. +'Es gibt auch Stämme, an deren Spitze ein Kriegs- sowie ein +Friedens-Häuptling steht.' _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 279; +_GarcÃa Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315. [745] When Col. Langberg visited the Comanches who inhabit the Bolson de -Mapimi, 'wurde dieser Stamm von einer alten Frau angeführt.' _Froebel_, +Mapimi, 'wurde dieser Stamm von einer alten Frau angeführt.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 222; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 352; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 348. 'I have never known them (Comanches) to make a treaty that a portion of the tribe do not violate its stipulations before one @@ -31028,7 +30994,7 @@ year rolls around.' _Neighbors_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 267. [746] The chiefs of the Comanches 'are in turn subject to the control of a principal chief.' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 345. 'La autoridad -central de su gobierno reside en un gefe supremo.' _Revista Científica_, +central de su gobierno reside en un gefe supremo.' _Revista CientÃfica_, tom. i., p. 57; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 229. The southern Comanches 'do not of late years acknowledge the sovereignty of a common ruler and leader in their united councils nor in war.' _Marcy's @@ -31049,15 +31015,15 @@ impossibility, of enforcing any act that would not command their approval.' _Collins_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 274. 'Singulis pagis sui Reguli erant, qui per praecones suos edicta populo denuntiabant.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 311. 'Tienen otra Persona, -que llaman Pregonero, y es la segunda Persona de la República; el oficio +que llaman Pregonero, y es la segunda Persona de la República; el oficio de este, es manifestar al Pueblo todas las cosas que se han de hacer.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. ii., p. 337; _Id._, tom. i., p. 680. They recognize 'no law but that of individual caprice.' _Steck_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 109. The Comanches 'acknowledge no right but the right of the strongest.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 575. 'La loi du talion est la base fondamentale du code politique, civil et -criminel de ces diverses peuplades, et cette loi reçoit une rigoureuse -application de nation à nation, de famille à famille, d'individu à +criminel de ces diverses peuplades, et cette loi reçoit une rigoureuse +application de nation à nation, de famille à famille, d'individu à individu.' _Hartmann and Millard_, _Tex._, p. 114. [748] The Comanches punish 'Adultery, theft, murder, and other crimes @@ -31098,7 +31064,7 @@ and children, ... whom they hold and treat as slaves.' _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244. [751] One boy from Mexico taken by the Comanches, said, 'dass sein -Geschäft in der Gefangenschaft darin bestehe die Pferde seines Herrn zu +Geschäft in der Gefangenschaft darin bestehe die Pferde seines Herrn zu weiden.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 102; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 313. The natives of New Mexico take the women prisoners 'for wives.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 187. Some prisoners liberated @@ -31164,8 +31130,8 @@ Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 89; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 30, 51. The Apache 'who can support or keep, or attract by his power to keep, the greatest number of women, is the man who is deemed entitled to the greatest amount of honor and respect.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. -44, 85. Un Comanche, 'peut épouser autant de femmes qu'il veut, à la -seule condition de donner à chacune un cheval.' _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. +44, 85. Un Comanche, 'peut épouser autant de femmes qu'il veut, à la +seule condition de donner à chacune un cheval.' _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 135. Among the Navajoes, 'The wife last chosen is always mistress of her predecessors.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 42, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. They seldom, if ever, marry out of the tribe. @@ -31183,32 +31149,32 @@ it. This simple proceeding makes them husband and wife.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 415. [757] The Comanche women 'are drudges.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., -p. 575; _Dufey_, _Résumé de l'Hist._, tom. i., p. 4; _Neighbors_, in +p. 575; _Dufey_, _Résumé de l'Hist._, tom. i., p. 4; _Neighbors_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 265; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 230; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 308. Labor is considered degrading by the Comanches. _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347. The Apache men 'no cuidan de otras cosas, sino de cazar y divertirse.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 563; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 29, 49, 56. 'La femme (du Comanche) son -esclave absolue, doit tout faire pour lui. Souvent il n'apporte pas même -le gibier qu'il a tué, mais il envoie sa femme le chercher au loin.' +esclave absolue, doit tout faire pour lui. Souvent il n'apporte pas même +le gibier qu'il a tué, mais il envoie sa femme le chercher au loin.' _Dubuis_, in _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 459. The Navajos 'treat their women with great attention, consider them equals, and relieve them from the drudgery of menial work.' _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 203. The Navajo women 'are the real owners of all the sheep.... They admit women into their councils, who sometimes control their deliberations; and they also eat with them.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 412; _Whipple, Ewbank, and -Turner's Rept._, p. 101., in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'De aquí -proviene que sean árbitros de sus mugeres, dandoles un trato -servilísimo, y algunas veces les quitan hasta la vida por celos.' +Turner's Rept._, p. 101., in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'De aquà +proviene que sean árbitros de sus mugeres, dandoles un trato +servilÃsimo, y algunas veces les quitan hasta la vida por celos.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 268. 'Les Comanches, obligent le -prisonnier blanc, dont ils ont admiré le valeur dans le combat, á s'unir -aux leurs pour perpétuer sa race.' _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 462. +prisonnier blanc, dont ils ont admiré le valeur dans le combat, á s'unir +aux leurs pour perpétuer sa race.' _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 462. [758] Among the Apaches, 'muchas veces suele disolverse el contrato por -unánime consentimiento de los desposados, y volviendo la mujer á su -padre, entrega este lo que recibió por ella.' _Cordero_. in _Orozco y -Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 373. When the Navajo women abandon the husband, +unánime consentimiento de los desposados, y volviendo la mujer á su +padre, entrega este lo que recibió por ella.' _Cordero_. in _Orozco y +Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 373. When the Navajo women abandon the husband, the latter 'asks to wipe out the disgrace by killing some one.' _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 334; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217. @@ -31220,30 +31186,30 @@ the (Yuma) mother leaves her village for some short distance and lives by herself until a month after the child is born; the band to which she belongs then assemble and select a name for the little one, which is given with some trivial ceremony.' _Emory's Rept._, vol. i., p. 110; -_Marcy's Army Life_, p. 31. 'Si el parto es en marcha, se hacen á un -lado del camino debajo de un árbol, en donde salen del lance con la +_Marcy's Army Life_, p. 31. 'Si el parto es en marcha, se hacen á un +lado del camino debajo de un árbol, en donde salen del lance con la mayor facilidad y sin apuro ninguno, continuando la marcha con la criatura y algun otro de sus chiquillos, dentro de una especie de red, -que á la manera de una canasta cargan en los hombros, pendiente de la -frente con una tira de cuero ó de vaqueta que la contiene, en donde -llevan ademas alunos trastos ó cosas que comer.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de -Sonora_, p. 281; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 462. 'Luego que sale á luz +que á la manera de una canasta cargan en los hombros, pendiente de la +frente con una tira de cuero ó de vaqueta que la contiene, en donde +llevan ademas alunos trastos ó cosas que comer.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de +Sonora_, p. 281; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 462. 'Luego que sale á luz esta, sale la vieja de aquel lugar con la mano puesta en los ojos, y no se descubre hasta que no haya dado una vuelta fuera de la casa, y el -objeto que primero se le presenta á la vista, es el nombre que se le -pone á la criatura.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 335. +objeto que primero se le presenta á la vista, es el nombre que se le +pone á la criatura.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 335. -[760] _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 92; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die +[760] _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 92; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 320; _Ives' Colorado River_, pp. 66, 71; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 211. 'Quand les Indiennes -(Comanches) voyagent avec leurs enfants en bas âge, elles les suspendent -à la selle avec des courroies qu'elles leur passent entre les jambes et +(Comanches) voyagent avec leurs enfants en bas âge, elles les suspendent +à la selle avec des courroies qu'elles leur passent entre les jambes et sous les bras. Les soubresauts du cheval, les branches, les broussailles -heurtent ces pauvres petits, les déchirent, les meurtrissent: peu -importe, c'est une façon de les aguerrir.' _Domenech_, _Journ._, p. 135; -_Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 52. 'A la edad de siete años de los -apaches, ó antes, lo primero que hacen los padres, es poner á sus hijos -el carcax en la mano enseñándoles á tirar bien, cuya táctica empiezan á +heurtent ces pauvres petits, les déchirent, les meurtrissent: peu +importe, c'est une façon de les aguerrir.' _Domenech_, _Journ._, p. 135; +_Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 52. 'A la edad de siete años de los +apaches, ó antes, lo primero que hacen los padres, es poner á sus hijos +el carcax en la mano enseñándoles á tirar bien, cuya táctica empiezan á aprender en la caza.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 283. The Apaches, 'juventutem sedulo instituunt castigant quod aliis barbaris insolitum.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 316. Male children of the @@ -31255,7 +31221,7 @@ convenient opportunity, and shoot him with an arrow.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 294. [761] _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 354; _Cremony's Apaches_, -p. 367; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 399; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 119. +p. 367; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 399; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 119. [762] 'The Navajo women are very loose, and do not look upon fornication as a crime.' _Guyther_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 339; @@ -31275,17 +31241,17 @@ exception.' _Safford_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 139. 'The Comanche women are, as in many other wild tribes, the slaves of their lords, and it is a common practice for their husbands to lend or sell them to a visitor for one, two, or three days at a time.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 187; -_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419. 'Las faltas conyugales no se -castigan por la primera vez; pero á la segunda el marido corta la punta -de la nariz á su infiel esposa, y la despide de su lado.' _Revista -Científica_, vol. i., p. 57; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, +_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419. 'Las faltas conyugales no se +castigan por la primera vez; pero á la segunda el marido corta la punta +de la nariz á su infiel esposa, y la despide de su lado.' _Revista +CientÃfica_, vol. i., p. 57; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'The squaw who has been mutilated for such a cause, is _ipso facto_ divorced, and, it is said, for ever precluded from marrying again. The consequence is, that she becomes a confirmed harlot in the tribe.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 43, 308-10, 313. 'El culpable, segun dicen, jamas es castigado por el marido con la muerte; solamente se abroga el derecho de darle algunos golpes y cogerse sus -mulas ó caballos.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 253; _Marcy's +mulas ó caballos.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 253; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 49. 'These yung men may not haue carnall copulation with any woman: but all the yung men of the countrey which are to marrie, may company with them.... I saw likewise certaine women which liued @@ -31295,8 +31261,8 @@ dishonestly among men.' _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. [763] 'They tolde mey that ... such as remayned widowes, stayed halfe a yeere, or a whole yeere before they married.' _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 431; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary -Survey_, vol. i., p. 110; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 54; _Möllhausen_, -_Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 234; _García Conde_, in _Soc. +Survey_, vol. i., p. 110; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 54; _Möllhausen_, +_Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 234; _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315. [764] 'En las referidas reuniones los bailes son sus diversiones @@ -31306,10 +31272,10 @@ boton de trapos. Se interpolan ambos secsos, saltan todos a un mismo tiempo, dando alaridos y haciendo miles de ademanes, en que mueven todos los miembros del cuerpo con una destreza extraordinaria, arremedando al coyote y al venado. Desta manera forman diferentes grupos -simétricamente.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 269; _Marcy's Army +simétricamente.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 269; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 177; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 285. 'Este lo forma una junta de truhanes vestidos de ridiculo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo -para cometer los mayores desórdenes, y gusten tanto de estos hechos, que +para cometer los mayores desórdenes, y gusten tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos reparan las infamias que cometen con sus mugeres, ni las que resultan en perjuicio de las hijas.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 335. 'The females (of the Apaches) do the principal @@ -31317,10 +31283,10 @@ part of the dancing.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212. 'Among the Abenakis, Chactas, Comanches, and other Indian tribes, the women dance the same dances, but after the men, and far out of their sight ... they are seldom admitted to share any amusement, their lot -being to work.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 199, 214. 'De éstos -vinieron cinco danzas, cada una compuesta de treinta indias; de éstas, -veintiseis como de 15 à 20 años, y las cuatro restantes de mas edad, que -eran las que cuidaban y dirigian à las jóvenes.' _Museo Mex._, tom. i., +being to work.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 199, 214. 'De éstos +vinieron cinco danzas, cada una compuesta de treinta indias; de éstas, +veintiseis como de 15 à 20 años, y las cuatro restantes de mas edad, que +eran las que cuidaban y dirigian à las jóvenes.' _Museo Mex._, tom. i., p. 288. 'The dance (of the Tontos) is similar to that of the California Indians; a stamp around, with clapping of hands and slapping of thighs in time to a drawl of monotones.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, @@ -31330,14 +31296,14 @@ p. 419. monotonous songs, and the beaux captivate the hearts of their lady-loves by playing on a flute made of cane.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. iii. 'No tienen mas orquesta que sus voces -y una olla ó casco de calabazo à que se amarra una piel tirante y se -toca con un palo.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. -373-4; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, -pp. 71-2; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., pp. 166, 168. +y una olla ó casco de calabazo à que se amarra una piel tirante y se +toca con un palo.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. +373-4; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, +pp. 71-2; _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., pp. 166, 168. [766] _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 55; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 133. 'Y el vicio que tienen estos Indios, es jugar en las Estufas las -Mantas, y otras Preseas con vnas Cañuelas, que hechan en alto (el qual +Mantas, y otras Preseas con vnas Cañuelas, que hechan en alto (el qual Juego vsaban estos Indios Mexicanos) y al que no tiene mas que vna Manta, y la pierde, se la buelven; con condicion, que ha de andar desnudo por todo el Pueblo, pintado, y embijado todo el cuerpo, y los @@ -31362,24 +31328,24 @@ toward the other, two of the players chase it half-way, and at the same time throw their poles. He who succeeds in piercing the hoop wins the game.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 463; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. iii.; _Whipple_, in _Pac. -R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 114; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die -Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 216, 223; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 395; +R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 114; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die +Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 216, 223; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 395; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214. 'Tienen unas pelotas de materia negra como pez, embutidas en ella varias conchuelas -pequeñas del mar, con que juegan y apuestan arrojándola con el pié.' +pequeñas del mar, con que juegan y apuestan arrojándola con el pié.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., vol. iv., p. 851. -[769] 'Los salvages recogen sus hojas generalmente en el Otoño, las que -entónces están rojas y muy oxidadas: para hacer su provision, la secan -al fuego ó al sol, y para fumarlas, las mezclan con tabaco.' _Berlandier +[769] 'Los salvages recogen sus hojas generalmente en el Otoño, las que +entónces están rojas y muy oxidadas: para hacer su provision, la secan +al fuego ó al sol, y para fumarlas, las mezclan con tabaco.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 257. The Comanches smoke tobacco, 'mixed with the dried leaves of the sumach, inhaling the smoke into their lungs, and giving it out through their nostrils.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 29, 32; _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 432; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 285. -[770] _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352. The Comanches 'avoid the use of +[770] _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352. The Comanches 'avoid the use of ardent spirits, which they call "fool's water."' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 307. _Dubuis_, in _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 469. 'In order to make an intoxicating beverage @@ -31397,11 +31363,11 @@ _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 347; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 334, [771] _Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 223; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 108; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 137; _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. 135, p. 307; -_Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212; _García Conde_, in +_Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212; _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Album Mex._, 1849, tom. i., p. 165; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 277; -_Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. -114-6; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 61; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la -Géog._, tom. vi., p. 399. The Apache women, 'Son tan buenas ginetas, que +_Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. +114-6; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 61; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la +Géog._, tom. vi., p. 399. The Apache women, 'Son tan buenas ginetas, que brincan en un potro, y sin mas riendas que un cabrestillo, saben arrendarlo.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 298; _Marcy's Army @@ -31414,34 +31380,34 @@ of the upper arm. Into this loop the rider drops suddenly and fearlessly, leaving his heel to hang over the back of the horse, to steady him, and also to restore him when he wishes to regain his upright position on the horse's back.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 540; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. -412. Les Comanches 'regardent comme un déshonneur d'aller à pied.' _Soc. -Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. +412. Les Comanches 'regardent comme un déshonneur d'aller à pied.' _Soc. +Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 282. The Comanches, for hardening the hoofs of horses and mules, have a custom of making a fire of the wild rosemary--artemisia--and exposing their hoofs to the vapor and smoke by leading them slowly through it. _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 203. [772] _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 18; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. -290; _Cordoue_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. 443; -_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 454; _Montanus_, +290; _Cordoue_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. 443; +_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 454; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 209. 'Les Teyas et Querechos ont de grands troupeaux de chiens qui portent leur bagage; ils l'attachent sur le dos -de ces animaux au moyen d'une sangle et d'un petit bât. Quand la charge -se dérange les chiens se mettent à hurler, pour avertir leur maître de -l'arranger.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. +de ces animaux au moyen d'une sangle et d'un petit bât. Quand la charge +se dérange les chiens se mettent à hurler, pour avertir leur maître de +l'arranger.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 117, 125, 190. 'On the top of the bank we struck a Camanche trail, very broad, and made by the lodge poles, which they transport from place to place ... by fastening them on each side of their pack horses, leaving the long ends trailing upon the ground.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 154. 'Si carecen de cabalgaduras, cargan los muebles las -mujeres igualmente que sus criaturas.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. +mujeres igualmente que sus criaturas.' _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 317; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 128. [773] _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 132; -_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, p. 234; _Marcy's Army Life_, +_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, p. 234; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 29, 33, 189; _Marcy's Rept._, p. 187; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. -ii., pp. 38, 46; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp. 473, 475; -_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 378. When the Yampais +ii., pp. 38, 46; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp. 473, 475; +_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 378. When the Yampais 'wish to parley they raise a firebrand in the air as a sign of friendship.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 218. @@ -31452,19 +31418,19 @@ these criers would meet with promptness, and by word of mouth, each would deposit his store of news with his fellow expressman, and then each would return to his own tribe with the news.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 220, 283. 'El modo de darse sus avisos para reunirse -en casos de urgencia de ser perseguidos, es por medio de sus telégrafos +en casos de urgencia de ser perseguidos, es por medio de sus telégrafos de humos que forman en los cerros mas elevados formando hogueras de los palos mas humientos que ellos conocen muy bien.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 281. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 5. 'Para no detenerse en hacer los humos, llevan los mas de los hombres y mujeres, los instrumentos necessarios para sacar lumbre; prefieren la piedra, el -eslabon, y la yesca; pero si no tienen estos útiles, suplen su falta con +eslabon, y la yesca; pero si no tienen estos útiles, suplen su falta con palos preparados al efecto bien secos, que frotados se inflaman.' -_García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 317. +_GarcÃa Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 317. [775] _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217; _Sitgreaves' -Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. 'Su frazada en tiempo de frio es un tizon encendido -que aplicándolo á la boca del estómago caminan por los mañanas, y +Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. 'Su frazada en tiempo de frio es un tizon encendido +que aplicándolo á la boca del estómago caminan por los mañanas, y calentando ya el sol como a las ocho tiran los tizones, que por muchos que hayan tirado por los caminos, pueden ser guias de los caminantes.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., vol. iv., p. @@ -31481,10 +31447,10 @@ frequently during the day to purify the flesh.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 110. 'It was their (Mojaves,) custom never to eat salted meat for the next moon after the coming of a captive among them.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 180; _Domenech's -Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 402; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 13; _Möllhausen_, +Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 402; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 13; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 125-6. -[777] 'Entre cuyas tribus hay algunas que se comen á sus enemigos.' +[777] 'Entre cuyas tribus hay algunas que se comen á sus enemigos.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332. 'Los chirumas, que me parecen ser los yumas, no se que coman carne humana como dijo el indio cosnina.' _Garces_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 363. @@ -31492,7 +31458,7 @@ cosnina.' _Garces_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 363. portions of human flesh evidently prepared for cooking.' _Dewees' Texas_, p. 232-3. Certain Europeans have represented the Comanches 'as a race of cannibals; but according to the Spaniards ... they are merely a -cruel, dastardly race of savages.' _Pagés' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107. +cruel, dastardly race of savages.' _Pagés' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107. [778] _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 451; _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 253; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 34; _Davis' El @@ -31503,19 +31469,19 @@ syphilis are not at all rare' among the Navajos. _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 31. [780] _Hardy's Trav._, p. 442-3. 'Los comanches la llaman Puip; y cuando -uno de entre ellos está herido, mascan la raiz (que es muy larga) y +uno de entre ellos está herido, mascan la raiz (que es muy larga) y esprimen el yugo y la saliva en la llaga.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 257; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 118; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 156; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289; _Browne's Apache -Country_, p. 63; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 142; _Id._, _Reisen in die +Country_, p. 63; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 142; _Id._, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 118; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 335; _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 130; _Parker's Notes -on Tex._, p. 193. The Apaches: 'Cuando se enferma alguno á quien no han -podido hacer efecto favorable la aplicacion de las yerbas, único +on Tex._, p. 193. The Apaches: 'Cuando se enferma alguno á quien no han +podido hacer efecto favorable la aplicacion de las yerbas, único antidoto con que se curan, lo abandonan, sin mas diligencia ulterior que -ponerle un monton de brasas á la cabecera y una poca de agua, sin -saberse hasta hoy qué significa ésto ó con qué fin la hacen.' _Velasco_, +ponerle un monton de brasas á la cabecera y una poca de agua, sin +saberse hasta hoy qué significa ésto ó con qué fin la hacen.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 280. [781] _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217; _Domenech_, @@ -31527,22 +31493,22 @@ have the power of communicating with the unseen world, and of propitiating the malevolence of evil spirits, are performing various incantations, accompanied by music on the outside.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 60; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 576; _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. -Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 358. 'De aquí ha sucedido que algunos indios -naturalmente astutos, se han convertido en adivinos, que han llegado á -sostener como á sus oràculos. Estos mismos adivinos hacen de médicos, -que por darse importancía á la aplicacion de ciertas yerbas, agregan -porcion de ceremonias supersticiosas y ridiculas, con cánticos estraños, -en que hablan á sus enfermos miles de embustes y patrañas.' _Velasco_, +Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 358. 'De aquà ha sucedido que algunos indios +naturalmente astutos, se han convertido en adivinos, que han llegado á +sostener como á sus orà culos. Estos mismos adivinos hacen de médicos, +que por darse importancÃa á la aplicacion de ciertas yerbas, agregan +porcion de ceremonias supersticiosas y ridiculas, con cánticos estraños, +en que hablan á sus enfermos miles de embustes y patrañas.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 280. [782] At the Colorado river they 'burned those which dyed.' _Alarchon_, -in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 432; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. +in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 432; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 404; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 97; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 467; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 240-1. 'It is the custom of the Mojaves to burn their property when a relation dies to whose memory they wish to pay especial honor.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. -69. 'Die Comanches tödteten früher das Lieblingsweib des gestorbenen -Häuptlings.' _Müller_, _Amerikanische Urreligionen_, p. 88. 'No Navajo +69. 'Die Comanches tödteten früher das Lieblingsweib des gestorbenen +Häuptlings.' _Müller_, _Amerikanische Urreligionen_, p. 88. 'No Navajo will ever occupy a lodge in which a person has died. The lodge is burned.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 213; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289. 'When a death occurs @@ -31555,7 +31521,7 @@ blankets or robes, and interred with most of his "jewelry," and other articles of esteem.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 317, 243. 'Cuando muere algun indio, ... juntando sus deudos todas las alhajas de su peculio, se las ponen y de esta manera lo envuelven en una piel de -cíbolo y lo llevan á enterrar.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. +cÃbolo y lo llevan á enterrar.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 336; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 69. The Comanches cover their tombs 'with grass and plants to keep them concealed.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 363; _Id._, _Jour._, p. @@ -31566,7 +31532,7 @@ highest point of the hill, was a Comanche grave, marked by a pile of stones and some remnants of scanty clothing.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp. 137, 151. The custom of the Mescalero Apaches 'heretofore has been to leave their dead unburied in some secluded spot.' _Curtis_, in _Ind. -Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 402; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 50; _Möllhausen_, +Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 402; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 50; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 233; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 119. @@ -31581,13 +31547,13 @@ _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 358. The Navajos funeral songs. As they left it, every one left a present on the grave; some an arrow, others meat, moccasins, tobacco, war-feathers, and the like, all articles of value to them.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 119; -_Revista Científica_, tom. i., p. 57. 'A los niños y niñas de pecho les +_Revista CientÃfica_, tom. i., p. 57. 'A los niños y niñas de pecho les llevan en una jicara la leche ordenada de sus pechos las mismas madres, y se las echan en la sepultura; y esto lo hacen por algunos dias continuos.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 543; _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 133; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 280; _Froebel_, _Aus -Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 100; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, +Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 100; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 304; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 56. 'When a young warrior dies, they mourn a long time, but when an old person dies, they mourn but little, saying that they cannot live forever, and it was time they @@ -31600,31 +31566,31 @@ Apaches_, pp. 33-4, 193, 215-16, 227-8. 'Perfectly lawless, savage, and brave.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 197. 'For the sake of the booty, also take life.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 202. 'Inclined to intemperance in strong drinks.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 211. -'Ferocísimos de condicion, de naturaleza sangrientos.' _Almanza_, in +'FerocÃsimos de condicion, de naturaleza sangrientos.' _Almanza_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 824. 'Sumamente vengativo.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 283. 'Alevoso y vengativo caracte ... rastutos ladrones, y sanguinarios.' _Bustamante_, in _Cavo_, _Tres Siglos_, tom. iii., p. 78. 'I have not seen a more intelligent, cheerful, and grateful tribe of Indians than the roving Apaches.' -_Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, pp. 15, 47, 51; _García Conde_, in +_Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, pp. 15, 47, 51; _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., pp. 314-15, 317; _Doc. Hist. N. -Vizcaya, MS._, p. 4; _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. +Vizcaya, MS._, p. 4; _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 371; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., pp. 322, 326-7; _Smart_, in -_Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419; _Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 430; +_Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419; _Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 430; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 83; _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. cxxxv., pp. 307, 314; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. -ii., pp. 5, 6, 8; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. -294; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 330, 361; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's +ii., pp. 5, 6, 8; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. +294; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 330, 361; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 243; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 580; _Mowry's Arizona_, pp. 31-2; _Pope_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 13; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 14, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 273; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 291, 295; _Hist. -Chrétienne de la Cal._, p. 99; _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 95; _Peters' -Life of Carson_, p. 323; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. +Chrétienne de la Cal._, p. 99; _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 95; _Peters' +Life of Carson_, p. 323; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 187; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 341; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., pp. 462-3; _Figuier's Hum. -Race_, pp. 482, 484; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Alegre_, +Race_, pp. 482, 484; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 404; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 44; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 111; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 475-6, and _Cent. Amer._, p. @@ -31642,42 +31608,42 @@ Mil. Recon._, p. 56. The Mojaves: 'They are lazy, cruel, selfish; ... there is one good quality in them, the exactitude with which they fulfil an agreement.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 20, 71-2; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 211; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. -i., p. 329; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 234; +i., p. 329; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 234; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 217-18; _Hughes' -Doniphan's Ex._, p. 203; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 384. +Doniphan's Ex._, p. 203; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 384. [788] _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 124. 'Estos indios -se aventajan en muchas circunstancias á los yumas y demas naciones del +se aventajan en muchas circunstancias á los yumas y demas naciones del Rio Colorado; son menos molestos y nada ladrones.' _Garces_, in _Doc. -Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 273; also in _Arricivita_, _Crónica -Seráfica_, p. 472; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 62. +Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 273; also in _Arricivita_, _Crónica +Seráfica_, p. 472; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 62. [789] 'Grave and dignified ... implacable and unrelenting ... hospitable, and kind ... affectionate to each other ... jealous of their own freedom.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 25, 30-1, 34, 36-9, 41, 60. 'Alta estima hacen del valor estas razas nomadas.' _Museo Mex._, tom. ii., p. -34. 'Loin d'être cruels, ils-sont très-doux et très-fidèles dans leurs -amitiés.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., -p. 191; _Payno_, in _Revista Científica_, tom. i., p. 57; _Escudero_, +34. 'Loin d'être cruels, ils-sont très-doux et très-fidèles dans leurs +amitiés.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., +p. 191; _Payno_, in _Revista CientÃfica_, tom. i., p. 57; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, pp. 229-30; _Domenech_, _Jour._, pp. 13, 137, -469; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, tom. v., No. 96, p. 193; _Neighbors_, in +469; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, tom. v., No. 96, p. 193; _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., pp. 132-3; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 293, 295; vol. ii., pp. 307, 313; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 273; _Shepard's Land of the -Aztecs_, p. 182; _Pagés' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107; _Calderon de la +Aztecs_, p. 182; _Pagés' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107; _Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. ii., p. 308. -[790] 'Tiguex est situé vers le nord, à environ quarante lieues,' from -Cíbola. _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., +[790] 'Tiguex est situé vers le nord, à environ quarante lieues,' from +CÃbola. _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 165. 'La province de Cibola contient sept villages; le plus grand se nomme Muzaque.' _Id._, p. 163. Of two provinces north of Tiguex, 'l'une se nommait Hemes, et renfermait sept villages; l'autre Yuque-Yunque.' _Id._, p. 138. 'Plus au nord (of Tiguex) est la province de Quirix ... -et celle de Tutahaco.' _Id._, p. 168. From Cicuyé to Quivira, 'On compte -sept autres villages.' _Id._, p. 179. 'Il existe aussi, d'après le -rapport ... un autre royaume très-vaste, nommé villes, et la capitale. +et celle de Tutahaco.' _Id._, p. 168. From Cicuyé to Quivira, 'On compte +sept autres villages.' _Id._, p. 179. 'Il existe aussi, d'après le +rapport ... un autre royaume très-vaste, nommé villes, et la capitale. Acus sans aspiration est un royaume.' _Niza_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, -_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 271. 'The kingdome of Totonteac so much +_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 271. 'The kingdome of Totonteac so much extolled by the Father prouinciall, ... the Indians say is a hotte lake, about which are five or sixe houses; and that there were certaine other, but that they are ruinated by warre. The kingdome of Marata is not to be @@ -31688,10 +31654,10 @@ without, is no word of they countrey. And because I gesse that they would deriue Acucu of Acus, I say that it is this towne whereinto the kingdom of Acus is conuerted.' _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 378; _Espeio_, in _Id._, pp. 386-394; _Mendoza_, _Lettre_, in -_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 296; _De Laet_, _Novus +_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 296; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 315; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 100; _Escalante_, in _Id._, pp. 124-5; _Pike's -Explor. Trav._, pp. 341-2; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., +Explor. Trav._, pp. 341-2; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 528-9; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 220; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 197. @@ -31704,15 +31670,15 @@ El Gringo_, p. 115; _Calhoun_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. [792] _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 13, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'Los nombres de los pueblos del Moqui son, segun -lengua de los Yavipais, Sesepaulabá, Masagneve, Janogualpa, Muqui, -Concabe y Muca á quien los zuñís llaman Oraive, que es en el que +lengua de los Yavipais, Sesepaulabá, Masagneve, Janogualpa, Muqui, +Concabe y Muca á quien los zuñÃs llaman Oraive, que es en el que estuve.' _Garces_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 332; _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 195; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 127. [793] Affirmations are abundant enough, but they have no foundation whatever in fact, and many are absurd on their face. 'Nous affirmons que les Indiens Pueblos et les anciens Mexicains sont issus d'une seule et -même souche.' _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. +même souche.' _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 44. 'These Indians claim, and are generally supposed, to have descended from the ancient Aztec race.' _Merriwether_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 174. 'They are the descendants of the ancient rulers of @@ -31723,29 +31689,29 @@ be descended from the band of Welsh, which Prince Madoc took with him on a voyage of discovery, in the twelfth century; and it is said that they weave peculiarly and in the same manner as the people of Wales.' _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 81. 'Il est assez -singulier que les Moquis soient désignés par les trappers et les -chasseurs américains, qui pènètrent dans leur pays ... sous le nom +singulier que les Moquis soient désignés par les trappers et les +chasseurs américains, qui pènètrent dans leur pays ... sous le nom d'Indiens Welches.' _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 55. 'Moques, supposed to be vestiges of Aztecs.' _Amer. Quart. Register_, vol. i., p. 173; _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 431. [794] 'Les hommes sont petits.' _Mendoza_, _Lettre_, in -_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 294. The Moquis are +_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 294. The Moquis are 'of medium size and indifferently proportioned, their features strongly marked and homely, with an expression generally bright and good-natured.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 120-2, 123-7. The Keres 'sind -hohen Wuchses.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528; -_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Hassel_, _Mex. -Guat._, p. 197; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. +hohen Wuchses.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528; +_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Hassel_, _Mex. +Guat._, p. 197; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 240; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 301; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. -93; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. +93; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 67-8; _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 52-3; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 342. [795] 'The people are somewhat white.' _Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 372. 'Much fairer in complexion than other tribes.' _Ruxton's -Adven. Mex._, p. 195; _Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 379; _Möllhausen_, +Adven. Mex._, p. 195; _Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 379; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 230; _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., pp. 423, 431; _Walker_, in _S. F. Herald_, _Oct. 15, 1853_; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 41. @@ -31756,12 +31722,12 @@ Good looking and symmetrical. _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 421-2. [797] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 81. 'Many of the inhabitants have white skin, fair hair, and blue eyes.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 210, vol. ii., p. 66; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's -Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 220-1; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 285; _Palmer_, +Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 220-1; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 285; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 456. [798] 'A robust and well-formed race.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 90, 103. 'Well built, generally tall and bony.' _Walker's Pimas, MS._ The -Maricopas 'sont de stature plus haute et plus athlétique que les +Maricopas 'sont de stature plus haute et plus athlétique que les Pijmos.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 290; see also _Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, pp. 49, 50; _Id._, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 12; _Domenech's @@ -31777,16 +31743,16 @@ Colorado Riv._, pp. 31, 33, 39; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 229. [800] 'Ambos secsos ... no mal parecidos y muy melenudos.' _Velasco_, -_Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 116, 161. 'Trigueños de color.' _Sedelmair_, +_Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 116, 161. 'Trigueños de color.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Die -Masse, Dicke und Länge ihres Haupthaares grenzt an das Unglaubliche.' +Masse, Dicke und Länge ihres Haupthaares grenzt an das Unglaubliche.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 455; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 513; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 557; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 143-5, 149; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 180. [801] 'Heads are uncovered.' _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 196. 'Los -hombres visten, y calçan de cuero, y las mugeres, que se precian de -largos cabellos, cubren sus cabeças y verguenças con lo mesmo.' +hombres visten, y calçan de cuero, y las mugeres, que se precian de +largos cabellos, cubren sus cabeças y verguenças con lo mesmo.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 275. 'De kleeding bestond uit kotoene mantels, huiden tot broeken, genaeyt, schoenen en laerzen van goed leder.' _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 209, 217-18. The women 'having @@ -31798,25 +31764,25 @@ _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 377, 380; _Espejo_, in _Id._, pp. vol. xvii., p. 457; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 30, 122, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 197, 203, vol. ii., pp. 213, 281; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's -Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 73-88; _Wizlizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Larenaudière_, +Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 73-88; _Wizlizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Gaut._, p. 147; _Warden_, _Recherches_, p. 79; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 99-100, 105-6; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 394; -_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. +_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 61-68, 76, 163, 173, 177; _Jaramillo_, in _Id._, pp. 369-371; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 119-127; _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 53; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 220; _Abert_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 471; _Mayer's Mex., -Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 359; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 217, 283; +Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 359; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 217, 283; _Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 379; _Revilla-Gigedo_, _Carta, MS._; -_Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iv., p. 388; _Arricivita_, _Crónica -Seráfica_, p. 479; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 248, 279-80; -_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 195, 239. +_Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iv., p. 388; _Arricivita_, _Crónica +Seráfica_, p. 479; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 248, 279-80; +_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 195, 239. [802] Both sexes go bareheaded. 'The hair is worn long, and is done up in a great queue that falls down behind.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 147, -154-5, 421. The women 'trençan los cabellos, y rodeanse los à la cabeça, +154-5, 421. The women 'trençan los cabellos, y rodeanse los à la cabeça, por sobre las orejas.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 273. 'Llevan las -viejas el pelo hecho dos trenzas y las mozas un moño sobre cada oreja.' +viejas el pelo hecho dos trenzas y las mozas un moño sobre cada oreja.' _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., pp. 328-9; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 220. @@ -31824,8 +31790,8 @@ _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 220. fabrican, y otras de lana.' _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 235. Their dress is cotton of domestic manufacture. _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 132. 'Kunstreich dagegen sind -die bunten Gürtel gewebt, mit denen die Mädchen ein Stück Zeug als Rock -um die Hüften binden.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 440, 447; +die bunten Gürtel gewebt, mit denen die Mädchen ein Stück Zeug als Rock +um die Hüften binden.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 440, 447; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 68; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 123; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 452, vol. ii., pp. 216-7, 219; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 104; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. @@ -31865,45 +31831,45 @@ made of the twigs of cotton-wood trees, interwoven with the straw of wheat, corn-stalks, and cane.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 132; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 117; _Mange_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 277, 365-6. -'Leurs (Pápagos) maisons sont de formes coniques et construites en jonc -et en bois.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 188; -_Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. +'Leurs (Pápagos) maisons sont de formes coniques et construites en jonc +et en bois.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 188; +_Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 395; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 115, 161. 'Andere, -besonders die dummen Papagos, machten Löcher und schliefen des Nachts -hierinnen; ja im Winter machten sie in ihren Dachslöchern zuvor Feuer, +besonders die dummen Papagos, machten Löcher und schliefen des Nachts +hierinnen; ja im Winter machten sie in ihren Dachslöchern zuvor Feuer, und hitzten dieselben.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 245. 'Their summer shelters are of a much more temporary nature, being constructed after the manner of a common arbor, covered with willow rods, to obstruct the rays of the vertical sun.' _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 222. In front of the Pimo house is usually 'a large arbor, on top of which is piled the cotton in the pod, for drying.' _Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's Notes -of Trav._, p. 48. The Pápagos' huts were 'fermées par des peaux de -buffles.' _Ferry_, _Scènes de la Vie Sauvage_, p. 107. Granary built +of Trav._, p. 48. The Pápagos' huts were 'fermées par des peaux de +buffles.' _Ferry_, _Scènes de la Vie Sauvage_, p. 107. Granary built like the Mexican _jakals_. They are better structures than their dwellings, more open, in order to give a free circulation of air through the grain deposited in them. _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 382, vol. ii., pp. 233-5. -[808] _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 412; _Whipple, +[808] _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 412; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 21, 23, 122, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii.; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 177; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25, 30-1. 'Ellas son las que hacen, y edifican las Casas, assi de Piedra, como de Adove, y Tierra amasada; y con no tener la Pared mas de vn pie de ancho, suben las Casas -dos, y tres, y quatro, y cinco Sobrados, ó Altos; y á cada Alto, +dos, y tres, y quatro, y cinco Sobrados, ó Altos; y á cada Alto, corresponde vn Corredor por de fuera; si sobre esta altura hechan mas -altos, ó Sobrados (porque ay Casas que llegan á siete) son los demás, no +altos, ó Sobrados (porque ay Casas que llegan á siete) son los demás, no de Barro, sino de Madera.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. -681. For further particulars, see _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, -_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 42, 58, 69, 71, 76, 80, 138, 163, +681. For further particulars, see _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, +_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 42, 58, 69, 71, 76, 80, 138, 163, 167, 169; _Niza_, in _Id._, pp. 261, 269, 270, 279; _Diaz_, in _Id._, pp. 293, 296; _Jaramillo_, in _Id._, pp. 369, _Cordoue_, in _Id._, tom. x., pp. 438-9; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 13, 90, 114; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244; _Ten Broeck_, in _Id._, vol. iv., pp. 76, 80, and plates, pp. 24, 72; _Warden_, _Recherches_, p. 79; _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 191; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. -xvii., p. 455; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; +xvii., p. 455; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 278; _Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 359; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 268, 276; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 195; _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie @@ -31913,18 +31879,18 @@ Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 42, 45, 52, 57; _Gallatin_, in _Id._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 248, 257, 267, 270, 277, 278, 288; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 385, 392, 394-6; _Coronado_, in _Id._, vol. iii., pp. 377, 379; _Niza_, in _Id._, vol. iii., pp. 367, 372; -_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538; _Möllhausen_, +_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 238; _Id._, _Tagebuch_, pp. 217-18, 285; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 209, 215, 217. The town -of Cíbola 'domos è lapidibus et caemento affabre constructas et +of CÃbola 'domos è lapidibus et caemento affabre constructas et conjunctim dispositas esse, superliminaria portarum cyaneis gemmis, (Turcoides vocant) ornata.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. 297, 311-14; -_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 480. 'The houses are well +_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 480. 'The houses are well distributed and very neat. One room is designed for the kitchen, and another to grind the grain. This last is apart, and contains a furnace and three stones made fast in masonry.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 118-20, -141, 311, 313, 318, 420, 422; _Castaño de Sosa_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. -Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., pp. 329-30; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. +141, 311, 313, 318, 420, 422; _Castaño de Sosa_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. +Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., pp. 329-30; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 178; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 394. [809] In the province of Tucayan, 'domiciliis inter se junctis et @@ -31934,15 +31900,15 @@ Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 301. 'In the centre was a small square box of stone, in which was a fire of guava bushes, and around this a few old men were smoking.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 110. 'Estufas, que mas propiamente deberian llamar sinagogas. En estas hacen sus juntas, forman -sus conciliábulos, y ensayan sus bailes á puerta cerrada.' _Alegre_, -_Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 333; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de +sus conciliábulos, y ensayan sus bailes á puerta cerrada.' _Alegre_, +_Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 333; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 418; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 273; _Simpson's -Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 13, 21; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, -_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 139, 165, 169-70, 176; _Espejo_, in +Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 13, 21; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, +_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 139, 165, 169-70, 176; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 392-3; _Niel_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 90-1. -[810] 'Magna ipsis Mayzü copia et leguminum.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, +[810] 'Magna ipsis Mayzü copia et leguminum.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. 298, 302, 310-13, 315. 'Hallaron en los pueblos y casas muchos mantenimientos, y gran infinidad de gallinas de la tierra.' _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 386, 393. 'Criaban las Indias muchas @@ -31951,15 +31917,15 @@ Gallinas de la Tierra.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 678. _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 215, and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 242. Compare _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 177; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 97-8, 104, 108; _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 122; -_Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, pp. 5-6; _Jaramillo_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, -_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 369-71; _Diaz_, in _Id._, pp. 294-5; +_Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, pp. 5-6; _Jaramillo_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, +_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 369-71; _Diaz_, in _Id._, pp. 294-5; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 268, 281; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 86; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 16, 82, 91, 113; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244; Ruxton, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 52; _Gallatin_, in _Id._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 270-1, 279, 288-9, 292, 297; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. -ii., pp. 439, 445, 453; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in the Felsengeb._, tom. +ii., pp. 439, 445, 453; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in the Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 239, 284; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 178, 214-18, 233-7; _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 78, 94, 107-10, 141-2, 276-7; _Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 848, 850; @@ -31970,12 +31936,12 @@ iv., p. 221; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 273; _Ind. Aff. Repts._, from 1857 to 1872. [811] 'Para su sustento no reusa animal, por inmundo que sea.' -_Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 395. 'Los pápagos se +_Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 395. 'Los pápagos se mantienen de los frutos silvestres.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 160-1. 'Hatten grossen Appetit zu Pferd- und Mauleselfleisch.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 247-9, 267, 282-92; _Sonora_, _Descrip., Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 837-8; _Soc. -Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 188; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, +Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 188; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 166. [812] The Pimas 'Hacen grandes siembras ... para cuyo riego tienen @@ -31994,7 +31960,7 @@ otras de varios palitos, que los tuercen y juntan por las puntas.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 851-2. -[814] 'Hacen de la Masa de Ma'z por la mañana Atole.... Tambien hacen +[814] 'Hacen de la Masa de Ma'z por la mañana Atole.... Tambien hacen Tamales, y Tortillas.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 679. 'The fruit of the petajaya ... is dried in the sun.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 89, 91, 106, 111-12. 'From the suwarrow (Cereus Giganteus) @@ -32003,25 +31969,25 @@ Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 123. See also _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 31, 45, 121, 123, 126; _Carleton_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1854, p. 308; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 8, 76; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 378; _Simpson's Jour. -Mil. Recon._, pp. 113, 115; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, -série i., tom. ix., pp. 61, 71, 164, 170-2; _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 114, -119, 121-2, 147-8; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 218-9, 285. +Mil. Recon._, pp. 113, 115; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, +série i., tom. ix., pp. 61, 71, 164, 170-2; _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 114, +119, 121-2, 147-8; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 218-9, 285. [815] _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 119-20, 124. 'Ils vont faire leurs odeurs au loin, et rassemblent les urines dans de grands vases de terre -que l'on va vider hors du village.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, -_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 171. +que l'on va vider hors du village.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, +_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 171. [816] 'The only defensive armor they use is a rude shield made of raw bull-hide.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 145-6. 'Bows and arrows, and the wooden boomerang.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 91. The Papagos 'armes sont la massue, la lance et l'arc; ils portent aussi une -cuirasse et un bouclier en peau de buffle.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, -série v., No. 96, p. 188. For further comparisons see _Whipple, Ewbank, +cuirasse et un bouclier en peau de buffle.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, +série v., No. 96, p. 188. For further comparisons see _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 30, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 280; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 300; -_Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Guat._, p. 147; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 342; -_Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 372; _Mühlenpfordt_, +_Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Guat._, p. 147; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 342; +_Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 372; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528.; _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299; _Sedelmair_, in _Id._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Id._, p. 106; @@ -32037,29 +32003,29 @@ stone points and three feathers; hunting arrows, two feathers and a wooden point.' _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 380. -[819] The Pimas: 'Flechas, ennervadas con el eficaz mortífero veneno que -componen de varias ponzoñas, y el zumo de la yerba llamada en pima +[819] The Pimas: 'Flechas, ennervadas con el eficaz mortÃfero veneno que +componen de varias ponzoñas, y el zumo de la yerba llamada en pima _Usap_.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 307. 'Die Spitzen ihrer Pfeile ... welche mit einer dunklen -Substanz überzogen waren. Sie behaupteten, dass diese aus Schlangengift +Substanz überzogen waren. Sie behaupteten, dass diese aus Schlangengift bestehe, was mir indess unwahrscheinlich ist.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, -tom. ii., p. 438; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., +tom. ii., p. 438; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 59, 107, 126. -[820] 'Una macana, como clava ó porra.... Estas son de un palo muy duro +[820] 'Una macana, como clava ó porra.... Estas son de un palo muy duro y pesado.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 556. 'Macanas, que son vnas palos de media vara de largo, y llanos todos de pedernales agudos, que bastan a partir por medio vn hombre.' _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., pp. 386, 393. -[821] 'De grosses pierres avaient été rassemblées au sommet, pour les +[821] 'De grosses pierres avaient été rassemblées au sommet, pour les rouler sur quiconque attaquerait la place.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 270. 'They have placed around all the trails leading to the town, pits, ten feet deep.' _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 81. See further, _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 376; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 279; _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., -p. 840; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., +p. 840; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 179. [822] 'Painted to the eyes, their own heads and their horses covered @@ -32076,7 +32042,7 @@ under his horse's belly, at full speed.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. [826] _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 274-5; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 104; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 93, 148; _Cutts' Conq. of -Cal._, p. 223; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 188. +Cal._, p. 223; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 188. [827] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 78-9; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 206; _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 108-9. @@ -32086,37 +32052,37 @@ Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 292-4. [829] Baskets and pottery 'are ornamented with geometrical figures.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 382, vol. ii., pp. 227-8, 236. -'Schüsselförmige runde Körbe (Coritas), diese flechten sie aus einem -hornförmigen, gleich einer Ahle spitzigen Unkraute.' _Murr_, +'Schüsselförmige runde Körbe (Coritas), diese flechten sie aus einem +hornförmigen, gleich einer Ahle spitzigen Unkraute.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 193. The Pueblos had 'de la vaiselle de terre -très-belle, bien vernie et avec beaucoup d'ornements. On y vit aussi de -grands jarres remplies d'un métal brillant qui servait à faire le vernis -de cette faïence.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., +très-belle, bien vernie et avec beaucoup d'ornements. On y vit aussi de +grands jarres remplies d'un métal brillant qui servait à faire le vernis +de cette faïence.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 138, 173, 185; see also _Niza_, in _Id._, p. 259. 'They (Pueblos) vse vessels of gold and siluer.' _Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, -vol. iii., p. 372; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 216, 271, 273, 279; +vol. iii., p. 372; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 216, 271, 273, 279; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 435; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 97, 111; _Carleton_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1854, p. 308; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., pp. 457, 459; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 278; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 393; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. -Recon._, p. 97; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 425; +Recon._, p. 97; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 425; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 380; _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 68, 109, 112, 276. -[830] 'All the inhabitants of the Citie (Cíbola) lie vpon beddes raysed +[830] 'All the inhabitants of the Citie (CÃbola) lie vpon beddes raysed a good height from the ground, with quilts and canopies ouer them, which couer the sayde Beds.' _Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 370; -_Id._, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 271. The +_Id._, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 271. The Quires had 'umbracula (vulgo Tirazoles) quibus Sinenses utuntur Solis, -Lunæ, et Stellarum imaginibus eleganter picta.' _De Laet_, _Novus +Lunæ, et Stellarum imaginibus eleganter picta.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 312; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 393. The Moquis' chief men have pipes made of smooth polished stone. _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 87; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 121. [831] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 72, 76, 87. -'Sie flechten von zartgeschlitzten Palmen auf Damastart die schönsten -ganz leichten Hüthe, aus einem Stücke.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 192. +'Sie flechten von zartgeschlitzten Palmen auf Damastart die schönsten +ganz leichten Hüthe, aus einem Stücke.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 192. The Maricopa blankets will turn rain. _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 106, 90. The Moquis wove blankets from the wool of their sheep, and made cotton cloth from the indigenous staple. _Poston_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, @@ -32124,7 +32090,7 @@ p. 388. The Maricopas make a heavy cloth of wool and cotton, 'used by the women to put around their loins; and an article from 3 to 4 inches wide, used as a band for the head, or a girdle for the waist.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 224. 'Rupicaprarum tergora -eminebant (among the Yumanes) tam industriè præparata ut cum Belgicis +eminebant (among the Yumanes) tam industriè præparata ut cum Belgicis certarent.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 310. [832] _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 301; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. @@ -32142,7 +32108,7 @@ molasses expressed from the fruit of the Cereus Giganteus.' _Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 48. [833] 'Die Vernichtung des Eigenthums eines Verstorbenen,--einen -unglücklichen Gebrauch der jeden materiellen Fortschritt unmöglich +unglücklichen Gebrauch der jeden materiellen Fortschritt unmöglich macht.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., p. 437. 'The right of inheritance is held by the females generally, but it is often claimed by the men also.' _Gorman_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 200. 'All the @@ -32151,31 +32117,31 @@ distributed; his fields shared out to those who need land; his chickens and dogs divided up among the tribe.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 69, 112; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 121; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 262; _Niza_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, -_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 264, 265, 267, 268; _Id._, in _Hakluyt's -Voy._, vol. iii., p. 372. The Zuñis 'will sell nothing for money, but +_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 264, 265, 267, 268; _Id._, in _Hakluyt's +Voy._, vol. iii., p. 372. The Zuñis 'will sell nothing for money, but dispose of their commodities entirely in barter.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 91. The Pimos 'wanted white beads for what they had to sell, and knew the value of money.' _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 188; -_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. xi., pp. 164, -72. 'Ils apportèrent des coquillages, des turquoises et des plumes.' +_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. xi., pp. 164, +72. 'Ils apportèrent des coquillages, des turquoises et des plumes.' _Cabeza de Vaca_, _Relation_, in _Id._, tom. vii., p. 274; _Diaz_, in _Id._, tom. xi., p. 294; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 377. Many of the Pueblo Indians are rich, 'one family being worth over one hundred thousand dollars. They have large flocks.' _Colyer_, in -_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 89; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 144. +_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 89; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 144. [834] _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 278; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 147; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 177; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 458; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 380; -_Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 284. +_Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 284. [835] 'Estos ahijados tienen mucho oro y lo benefician.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. i., p. 28. 'They vse vessels of gold and siluer, for they have no other mettal.' _Niza_, -in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 372; _Castañeda_, in -_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 133; _Espejo_, in +in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 372; _Castañeda_, in +_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 133; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 386-8, 393-5; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe -Weereld_, p. 217; _Diaz_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. +Weereld_, p. 217; _Diaz_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 294. [836] Pueblo government purely democratic; election held once a year. @@ -32183,8 +32149,8 @@ ix., p. 294. chiefs compose a "council of wise men."' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 142-4. 'One of their regulations is to appoint a secret watch for the purpose of keeping down disorders and vices of every description.' _Gregg's Com. -Prairies_, vol. i., p. 274. See further: _Castañeda_, in -_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 61, 168; _Niza_, in +Prairies_, vol. i., p. 274. See further: _Castañeda_, in +_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 61, 168; _Niza_, in _Id._, p. 269; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 455; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 298; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 359; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des @@ -32193,7 +32159,7 @@ Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxi., p. 277; _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 55. [837] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 85, 76; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 108. -[838] 'Gobierno no tienen alguno, ni leyes, tradiciones ó costumbres con +[838] 'Gobierno no tienen alguno, ni leyes, tradiciones ó costumbres con que gobernarse.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 366. 'Cada cual gobernado por un anciano, y todas por el general de la nacion.' _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p. @@ -32201,14 +32167,14 @@ general de la nacion.' _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p. Rept._, 1870, p. 124; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 356; _Walker's Pimas, MS._ -[839] 'Un homme n'épouse jamais plus d'une seule femme.' _Castañeda_, -in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 164; _Ten Broeck_, +[839] 'Un homme n'épouse jamais plus d'une seule femme.' _Castañeda_, +in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 164; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 86-7; _Ward_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 190. -[840] 'Ils traitent bien leurs femmes.' _Castañeda_, in -_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 126. 'Desde que maman -los Niños, los laban sus Madres con Nieve todo el cuerpo.' _Torquemada_, +[840] 'Ils traitent bien leurs femmes.' _Castañeda_, in +_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 126. 'Desde que maman +los Niños, los laban sus Madres con Nieve todo el cuerpo.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 679; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 123; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 178. @@ -32219,10 +32185,10 @@ consider the match.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 222-4; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 146; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 105; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 112. -[842] 'Si el marido y mujer se desavienen y los hijos non pequeños, se -arriman á cualquiera de los dos y cada uno gana por su lado.' _Mange_, +[842] 'Si el marido y mujer se desavienen y los hijos non pequeños, se +arriman á cualquiera de los dos y cada uno gana por su lado.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 369. 'Tanto -los pápagos occidentales, como los citados gilas desconocen la +los pápagos occidentales, como los citados gilas desconocen la poligamia.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 161. 'Among the Pimas loose women are tolerated.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 102-4; _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 59; _Emory's Rept. @@ -32266,14 +32232,14 @@ centro figaraba una prolongada asta donde pendian trece cabelleras, arcos, flechas y demas despojos de otros tantos enemigos apaches que habian muerto.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 277. 'Este lo forma una junta de truhanes vestidos de -ridículo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo para cometer los -mayores desórdenes, y gustan tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos +ridÃculo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo para cometer los +mayores desórdenes, y gustan tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos reparan las infamias que cometen con sus mugeres, ni las que resultan en perjuicio de las hijas.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., pp. 333-5. For further particulars see _Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 378; -_Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 104-8; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 244; +_Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 104-8; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 244; _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 154-5; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., -p. 394; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, plates 1, 2, 3; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. +p. 394; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, plates 1, 2, 3; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 67; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 343. [845] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 73-4; @@ -32285,22 +32251,22 @@ _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 17. 'I noticed, among other things, a reed musical instrument with a bell-shaped end like a clarionet, and a pair of painted drumsticks tipped with gaudy feathers.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 121. 'Les Indiens (Pueblos) accompagnent leurs danses et leur -chants avec des flûtes, où sont marqués les endroits où il faut placer -les doigts.... Ils disent que ces gens se réunissent cinq ou six pour -jouer de la flûte; que ces instruments sont d'inégales grandeurs.' -_Diaz_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 295; -_Castañeda_, in _Id._, pp. 72, 172; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., +chants avec des flûtes, où sont marqués les endroits où il faut placer +les doigts.... Ils disent que ces gens se réunissent cinq ou six pour +jouer de la flûte; que ces instruments sont d'inégales grandeurs.' +_Diaz_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 295; +_Castañeda_, in _Id._, pp. 72, 172; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 455; _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 331. 'While they are at work, a man, seated at the door, plays on a bagpipe, so that they work keeping time: they sing in three voices.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 119. -[846] The Cocomaricopas, 'componen unas bolas redondas del tamaño de una +[846] The Cocomaricopas, 'componen unas bolas redondas del tamaño de una pelota de materia negra como pez, y embutidas en ellas varias conchitas -pequeñas del mar con que hacen labores y con que juegan y apuestan, -tirándola con la punta del pié corren tres ó cuatro leguas y la +pequeñas del mar con que hacen labores y con que juegan y apuestan, +tirándola con la punta del pié corren tres ó cuatro leguas y la particularidad es que el que da vuelta y llega al puesto donde -comenzaron y salieron á la par ese gana.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in +comenzaron y salieron á la par ese gana.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'It is a favorite amusement with both men [Maricopas] and boys to try their skill at hitting the pitahaya, which presents a fine object on the plain. Numbers @@ -32315,15 +32281,15 @@ Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 299, 365. [847] _Walker's Pimas, MS._ 'The Papago of to-day will on no account kill a coyote.' _Davidson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 132. 'Eben so -abergläubischen Gebrauch hatten sie bey drohenden Kieselwetter, da sie -den Hagel abzuwenden ein Stück von einem Palmteppiche an einem Stecken +abergläubischen Gebrauch hatten sie bey drohenden Kieselwetter, da sie +den Hagel abzuwenden ein Stück von einem Palmteppiche an einem Stecken anhefteten und gegen die Wolken richteten.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 203, 207; _Arny_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, pp. 385, 389. 'A sentinel ascends every morning at sunrise to the roof of the highest house, and, with eyes directed towards the east, looks out for the arrival of the divine chieftain, who is to give the sign of deliverance.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 165, 197, 390, 210, and vol. ii., p. 54. 'On a dit -que la coutume singulière de conserver perpétuellement un feu sacré près +que la coutume singulière de conserver perpétuellement un feu sacré près duquel les anciens Mexicains attendaient le retour du dieu Quetzacoatl, existe aussi chez les Pueblos.' _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 58; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. @@ -32334,10 +32300,10 @@ Felipe, clandestinely witnessed a portion of their secret worship. One of their secret night dances is called Tocina, which is too horrible to write about.' _Arny_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 385; _Ward_, in _Id._, 1864, p. 192; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 121; _Ten Broeck_, in -_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 73, 77; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, -p. 278. 'Ils ont des prêtres ... ils montent sur la terrasse la plus -élevée du village et font un sermon au moment où le soleil se lève.' -_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 133, +_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 73, 77; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, +p. 278. 'Ils ont des prêtres ... ils montent sur la terrasse la plus +élevée du village et font un sermon au moment où le soleil se lève.' +_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 133, 164, 239. [848] _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. @@ -32346,15 +32312,15 @@ _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 133, The cause of the decrease of the Pecos Indians is 'owing to the fact that they seldom if ever marry outside of their respective pueblos.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 251; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. -273. 'Au milieu [of the estufa] est un foyer allumé, sur lequel on jette -de temps en temps une poignée de thym, ce qui suffit pour entretenir la -chaleur, de sorte qu'on y est comme dans un bain.' _Castañeda_, in -_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 170. +273. 'Au milieu [of the estufa] est un foyer allumé, sur lequel on jette +de temps en temps une poignée de thym, ce qui suffit pour entretenir la +chaleur, de sorte qu'on y est comme dans un bain.' _Castañeda_, in +_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 170. [849] _Walker's Pimas, MS._ The Pimas, 'usan enterrar sus varones con su -arco y flechas, y algun bastimento y calabazo de agua, señal que +arco y flechas, y algun bastimento y calabazo de agua, señal que alcanzan vislumbre de la immortalidad, aunque no con la distincion de -prémio ó castigo.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie +prémio ó castigo.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 369. 'The Maricopas invariably bury their dead, and mock the ceremony of cremation.' ... 'sacrifice at the grave of a warrior all the property of which he died possessed, together with all @@ -32378,15 +32344,15 @@ grand festival. The women weep and the men howl, and they go into a profound mourning of tar. Soon the cattle are driven up and slaughtered, and every body heavily-laden with sorrow, loads his squaw with beef, and feasts for many days.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 112-13; _Murr_, -_Nachrichten_, pp. 204, 210, 281; _Ferry_, _Scènes de la vie Sauvage_, +_Nachrichten_, pp. 204, 210, 281; _Ferry_, _Scènes de la vie Sauvage_, p. 115; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 500; _Id._, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., -p. 437; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., +p. 437; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 165. [850] 'Though naturally disposed to peaceful pursuits, the Papagoes are not deficient in courage.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 142, 107, 110-11, 140, 277; _Johnson's Hist. Arizona_, p. 10; _Stone_, in _Hist. -Mag._, vol. v., p. 166; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. +Mag._, vol. v., p. 166; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 188; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p. 142; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 116, 160; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, pp. 500, 506, 512; _Id._, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 437, 447, 454; _Garces_, @@ -32398,7 +32364,7 @@ and vanquish the Apaches in battle.' _Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 49; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., pp. 62, 103; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 282; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 440, 443; _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp. -365-6; _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 30; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp. +365-6; _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 30; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp. 397, 412; _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 553-5, 838. 'The Pueblos were industrious and unwarlike in their habits.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 98, 110. The Moquis 'are a mild @@ -32406,20 +32372,20 @@ and peaceful race of people, almost unacquainted with the use of arms, and not given to war. They are strictly honest.... They are kind and hospitable to strangers.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 421, 145. 'C'est une race (Pueblos) remarquablement sobre et industrieuse, qui se distingue -par sa moralité.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, +par sa moralité.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 277, 288, 290; _Ruxton_, in _Id._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 45, 47, 60; _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 191; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 31, 36, 45, 122, 124-7; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 120, 268, 274; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 342; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los -Triumphos_, p. 241; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. iv., p. +Triumphos_, p. 241; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. iv., p. 453; _Champagnac_, _Voyageur_, p. 84; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, pp. 196, 221; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 392; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 91; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 72, 87; _Eaton_, in _Id._, p. 220; _Bent_, in _Id._, vol. i., p. 244; _Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 378; -_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 126, -163; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528; _Möllhausen_, -_Tagebuch_, p. 144; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., +_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 126, +163; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528; _Möllhausen_, +_Tagebuch_, p. 144; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 240. The Pueblos 'are passionately fond of dancing, and give themselves up to this diversion with a kind of frenzy.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 198, 185, 203, 206, and vol. ii., pp. 19, 51-2; @@ -32430,26 +32396,26 @@ _Id._, _Mex., Aztec etc._, vol. ii., p. 358. See further: _Ind. Aff. Rept._, from 1854 to 1872. [851] _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 359; _Forbes' Cal._, -pp. 20-2; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 239; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de -la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 451; _Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church_, vol. i., +pp. 20-2; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 239; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de +la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 451; _Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church_, vol. i., pp. 95-6; _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 446. 'Esse sono tre nella -California Cristiana, cioè quelle de' Pericui, de' Guaicuri, e de' -Cochimì.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 109. Venegas, in -giving the opinion of Father Taravàl, says: 'Tres son (dice este habil -Missionero) las Lenguas: la Cochimi, la Pericù, y la de Loreto. De esta -ultima salen dos ramos, y son: la Guaycùra, y la Uchiti; verdad es, que +California Cristiana, cioè quelle de' Pericui, de' Guaicuri, e de' +Cochimì.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 109. Venegas, in +giving the opinion of Father Taravà l, says: 'Tres son (dice este habil +Missionero) las Lenguas: la Cochimi, la Pericù, y la de Loreto. De esta +ultima salen dos ramos, y son: la Guaycùra, y la Uchiti; verdad es, que es la variacion tanta, que el que no tuviere connocimiento de las tres Lenguas, juzgara, no solo que hay quatro Lenguas, sino que hay cinco.... -Està poblada la primera àzia el Medioda, desde el Cabo de San Lucas, -hasta mas acá del Puerto de la Paz de la Nacion Pericú, ó siguiendo la -terminacion Castellana de los Pericúes: la segunda desde la Paz, hasta +Està poblada la primera à zia el Medioda, desde el Cabo de San Lucas, +hasta mas acá del Puerto de la Paz de la Nacion Pericú, ó siguiendo la +terminacion Castellana de los Pericúes: la segunda desde la Paz, hasta mas arriba del Presidio Real de Loreto, es de los Monquis; la tercera desde el territorio de Loreto, por todo lo descubierto al Norte de la -nacion Cochimi, ó de los Cochimíes.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, +nacion Cochimi, ó de los CochimÃes.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 63-6. 'Auf der Halbinsel Alt-Californien wohnen: an der -Südspitze die Perícues, dann die Monquis oder Menguis, zu welchen die -Familien der Guaycúras und Coras gehören, die Cochímas oder Colímiës, -die Laimónes, die Utschítas oder Vehítis, und die Icas.' _Mühlenpfordt_, +Südspitze die PerÃcues, dann die Monquis oder Menguis, zu welchen die +Familien der Guaycúras und Coras gehören, die CochÃmas oder ColÃmiës, +die Laimónes, die UtschÃtas oder VehÃtis, und die Icas.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 212. 'All the Indian tribes of the Peninsula seem to be affiliated with the Yumas of the Colorado and with the Coras below La Paz ... in no case do they differ in intellect, habits, customs, @@ -32464,7 +32430,7 @@ Noticias_, carta i., pp. 47, 61, carta ii., p. 12. Compare: _Kino_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 407; _Crespi_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 135; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 345, 351; _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 68; -_Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 357; _Mühlenpfordt_, +_Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 357; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 443-4; _Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church_, p. 99. @@ -32479,13 +32445,13 @@ _Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 469, and in _Berenger_, _Col. de Voy._, tom. ii., p. 371. [854] 'Unos se cortan un pedazo de oreja, otros las dos; otros agugerean -el labio inferior, otros las narizes, y es cosa de risa, pues allí +el labio inferior, otros las narizes, y es cosa de risa, pues allà llevan colgando ratoncillos, lagartijitas, conchitas. &c.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 48, 22. 'It has been asserted that they also pierce the nose. I can only say that I saw no one disfigured in that particular manner.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 362. 'Nudi agunt, genas quadratis quibusdam notis signati.' _De Laet_, _Novus -Orbis_, p. 306. Further reference: _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, +Orbis_, p. 306. Further reference: _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 279, 282; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 347-8, and in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 412; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 428. @@ -32493,7 +32459,7 @@ _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 428. [855] _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 88; _Campbell's Hist. Span. Amer._, p. 86; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 347, 350; _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., p. 45; _Lockman's Trav. -Jesuits_, vol. i., p. 403. 'Le abitazioncelle più comuni sono certe +Jesuits_, vol. i., p. 403. 'Le abitazioncelle più comuni sono certe chiuse circolari di sassi sciolti, ed ammucchiati, le quali hanno cinque piedi di diametro, e meno di due d'altezza.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 119. 'I am certainly not much mistaken in saying that @@ -32502,16 +32468,16 @@ year.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 361. [856] 'Twenty-four pounds of meat in twenty-four hours is not deemed an extraordinary ration for a single person.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian -Rept._, 1863, pp. 364-7. 'No tienen horas señaladas para saciar su +Rept._, 1863, pp. 364-7. 'No tienen horas señaladas para saciar su apetito: comen cuanto hallan por delante; hasta las cosas mas sucias -sirven á su gula.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 46-7, 21; see +sirven á su gula.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 46-7, 21; see also: _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 13; _Salvatierra_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. v., p. 116; _Crespi_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. vii., pp. 106, 135, 143; -_Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., pp. 423-4; _Castañeda_, in -_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 153; _Alegre_, _Hist. +_Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., pp. 423-4; _Castañeda_, in +_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 153; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 106; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, -_Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 350; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, +_Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 350; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 451; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. i., p. 318. [857] 'La pesca si fa da loro in due maniere, o con reti nella spiaggia, @@ -32521,7 +32487,7 @@ nets nor hooks, but a kind of lance.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 364. 'Forman los Indios redes para pescar, y para otros usos.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 52. -[858] 'Poichè le stesse donne si lavavano, e si lavano anche oggidì con +[858] 'Poichè le stesse donne si lavavano, e si lavano anche oggidì con essa (orina) la faccia.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 133. @@ -32530,32 +32496,32 @@ _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 346, 351; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 362; _Kino_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 407; _Crespi_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 143. 'Si trovarono altre spezie d'armi per ferir da vicino, ma tutte di -legno. La prima è un mazzapicchio, simile nella forma a una girella col -suo manico tutta d'un pezzo. La seconda è a foggia d'un ascia di +legno. La prima è un mazzapicchio, simile nella forma a una girella col +suo manico tutta d'un pezzo. La seconda è a foggia d'un ascia di legnajuolo tutta anch'essa d'un sol pezzo. La terza ha la forma d'una piccola scimitara.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 124, 127. [860] 'El modo de publicar la guerra era, hacer con mucho estruendo gran -provision de cañas, y pedernales para sus flechas, y procurar, que por -varios caminos llegassen las assonadas à oídos de sus contrarios.' +provision de cañas, y pedernales para sus flechas, y procurar, que por +varios caminos llegassen las assonadas à oÃdos de sus contrarios.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 97-8. Referring to Venegas' work, Baegert, _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 385, says: 'All that is said in reference to the warfare of the Californians is wrong. In their former wars they merely attacked the enemy unexpectedly during the night, or from an ambush, and killed as many as they could, without order, previous declaration of war, or any ceremonies whatever.' See -also: _Apostólicos Afanes_, pp. 424-5, and _Clavigero_, _Storia della +also: _Apostólicos Afanes_, pp. 424-5, and _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 127. [861] 'In lieu of knives and scissors they use sharp flints for cutting -almost everything--cane, wood, aloë, and even their hair.' _Baegert_, in +almost everything--cane, wood, aloë, and even their hair.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 363. 'Le loro reti, tanto quelle da pescare, quanto quelle, che servono a portare checchessia, le fanno col filo, che tirano dalle foglie del Mezcal.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 124. Further notice in _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 350; _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, -tom. i., p. 90; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 447. +tom. i., p. 90; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 447. [862] Vancouver, _Voy._, vol. ii., p. 482, speaking of Lower California says: 'We were visited by one of the natives in a straw canoe.' 'Vedemmo @@ -32570,8 +32536,8 @@ p. 371. _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 17; also, _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 347-8. -[864] 'Su modo de contar es muy diminuto y corto, pues apénas llegan á -cinco, y otros á diez, y van multiplicando segun pueden.' _Californias, +[864] 'Su modo de contar es muy diminuto y corto, pues apénas llegan á +cinco, y otros á diez, y van multiplicando segun pueden.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., p. 103. 'Non dividevano l'Anno in Mesi, ma solamente in sei stagioni.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 110-11. @@ -32581,22 +32547,22 @@ _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 79. 'Entre ellos siempre hay alguno mas desahogado y atrevido, que se reviste con el caracter de Capitan: pero ni este tiene jurisdiccion alguna, ni le obedecen, y en estando algo viejo lo suelen quitar del mando: solo en los lances que les tiene -cuenta siguen sus dictámenes.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. +cuenta siguen sus dictámenes.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 40, 45. [866] _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 130-4; _Ulloa_, in -_Ramusio_, _Navigationi_ tom. iii., fol. 348; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, +_Ramusio_, _Navigationi_ tom. iii., fol. 348; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 284; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, -pp. 367-9. 'Sus casamientos son muy ridiculos: unos para casarse enseñan -sus cuerpos á las mugeres, y estas á ellos; y adoptándose á su gusto, se +pp. 367-9. 'Sus casamientos son muy ridiculos: unos para casarse enseñan +sus cuerpos á las mugeres, y estas á ellos; y adoptándose á su gusto, se casan: otros en fin, que es lo mas comun, se casan sin ceremonia.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 50, 40-1. 'El adulterio era -mirado como delito, que por lo menos daba justo motivo á la venganza, á -excepción de dos ocasiones: una la de sus fiestas, y bayles: y otra la +mirado como delito, que por lo menos daba justo motivo á la venganza, á +excepción de dos ocasiones: una la de sus fiestas, y bayles: y otra la de las luchas.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 93. 'Les hommes s'approchaient des femmes comme des animaux, et les femmes se -mettaient publiquement à quatre pattes pour les recevoir.' _Castañeda_, -in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 153. This method of +mettaient publiquement à quatre pattes pour les recevoir.' _Castañeda_, +in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 153. This method of copulation is by no means peculiar to the Lower Californians, but is practiced almost universally by the wild tribes of the Pacific States. Writers naturally do not mention this custom, but travellers are @@ -32606,7 +32572,7 @@ unanimous in their verbal accounts respecting it. de hombres y mugeres de todas partes para desahogar los apetitos de luxuria y gula.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 60-75. 'Una de las fiestas mas celebres de los Cochimies era la del dia, en que -repartian las pieles à las mugeres una vez al año.' _Venegas_, _Noticia +repartian las pieles à las mugeres una vez al año.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 85-6, 96; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 389; _Salvatierra_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. v., pp. 103, 116. @@ -32623,7 +32589,7 @@ de pecho y otros accidentes.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 85-99. [870] _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 112-13, 142-5; -_Apostólicos Afanes_, pp. 426-7; _Salvatierra_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, +_Apostólicos Afanes_, pp. 426-7; _Salvatierra_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. v., p. 23; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., pp. 433-4. 'Rogaba el enfermo, que le chupassen, y soplassen de el modo mismo, que lo hacian los Curanderos. Executaban todos por su orden este oficio de @@ -32640,73 +32606,73 @@ ready for burial.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 387. [872] 'Solevano essi onorar la memoria d'alcuni defunti ponendo sopra un' alta pertica la loro figura gossamente formata di rami, presso alla quale si metteva un Guama a predicar le loro lodi.' _Clavigero_, _Storia -della Cal._, tom. i., p. 144; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. +della Cal._, tom. i., p. 144; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 184. -[873] 'La estupidèz è insensibilidad: la falta de conocimiento, y +[873] 'La estupidèz è insensibilidad: la falta de conocimiento, y reflexion: la inconstancia, y volubilidad de una voluntad, y apetitos -sin freno, sin luz, y aun sin objeto: la pereza, y horror à todo -trabajo, y fatiga à la adhesion perpetua à todo linage de placer, y -entretenimiento puerìl, y brutàl: la pusilanimidad, y flaqueza de animo; -y finalmente, la falta miserable de todo lo que forma à los hombres esto -es racionales, politicos, y utiles para sì, y para la sociedad.' +sin freno, sin luz, y aun sin objeto: la pereza, y horror à todo +trabajo, y fatiga à la adhesion perpetua à todo linage de placer, y +entretenimiento puerìl, y brutà l: la pusilanimidad, y flaqueza de animo; +y finalmente, la falta miserable de todo lo que forma à los hombres esto +es racionales, politicos, y utiles para sì, y para la sociedad.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 74-9, 87-8. 'Las naciones -del Norte eran mas despiertas, dóciles y fieles, ménos viciosas y +del Norte eran mas despiertas, dóciles y fieles, ménos viciosas y libres, y por tanto mejor dispuestas para recibir el cristianismo que las que habitaban al Sur.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. lxxxix. 'Eran los coras y pericues, y generalmente las rancherias del Sur de -California, mas ladinos y capaces; pero tambien mas viciosos é inquietos -que las demas naciones de la península.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de -Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 252. 'Ces peuples sont d'une tres-grande docilité, +California, mas ladinos y capaces; pero tambien mas viciosos é inquietos +que las demas naciones de la penÃnsula.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de +Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 252. 'Ces peuples sont d'une tres-grande docilité, ils se laissent instruire.' _Californie, Nouvelle Descente_, in _Voy. de l'Empereur de la Chine_, p. 104. Other allusions to their character may be found in _Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. i., p. 330; -_Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 292; _Baegert_, in +_Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 292; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, pp. 378-85; _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vii., pp. 135, 143-6; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 442; _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 113-14; -_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 451. +_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 451. [874] Father Ribas, the first priest who visited the Yaquis, was surprised at the loud rough tone in which they spoke. When he -remonstrated with them for doing so, their reply was, 'No vés que soy +remonstrated with them for doing so, their reply was, 'No vés que soy Hiaqui: y dezianlo, porque essa palabra, y nombre, significa, el que habla a gritos.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 285. Mayos: 'Their name comes from their position, and means in their own language boundary, they having been bounded on both sides by hostile tribes.' _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 165. 'Segun parece, la palabra -_talahumali ó tarahumari_ significa, "_corredor de a pié_;" de _tala ó -tara_, pié, _y huma_, correr'. _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 364. +_talahumali ó tarahumari_ significa, "_corredor de a pié_;" de _tala ó +tara_, pié, _y huma_, correr'. _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 364. 'La palabra _tepehuan_ creen algunos que es Mexicana, y corrupcion de -_tepehuani_, conquistador; ó bien un compuesto de _tepetl_, monte, y -_hua_, desinencia que en Mexicano indica posesion, como si dijéramos -señor ó dueño del monte. Otros, acaso con mas exactitud, dicen que -_tepchuan_ es voz tarahumar, derivada de _pehua_ ó pegua, que significa -_duro_, lo cual conviene con el carácter de la nacion.' _Id._, tom. ii., +_tepehuani_, conquistador; ó bien un compuesto de _tepetl_, monte, y +_hua_, desinencia que en Mexicano indica posesion, como si dijéramos +señor ó dueño del monte. Otros, acaso con mas exactitud, dicen que +_tepchuan_ es voz tarahumar, derivada de _pehua_ ó pegua, que significa +_duro_, lo cual conviene con el carácter de la nacion.' _Id._, tom. ii., p. 45. 'La palabra _acaxee_ parece ser la misma que la de _acaxete_, nombre de un pueblo perteneciente al estado de _Puebla_, ambos corrupcion de la palabra Mexicana _acaxitl_, compuesta de _atl_ (agua,) -y de _caxitl_ (cazuela ó escudilla), hoy tambien corrompida, _cajete_: -el todo significa _alberca_, nombre perfectamente adecuado á la cosa, -pues que Alcedo, [_Diccion. geográf. de América_] dice que en _Acaxete_, -"hay una caja ó arca de agua de piedra de cantería, en que se recogen -las que bajan de la Sierra y se conducen à _Tepeaca_: el nombre, pues, -nos dice que si no la obra arquitectónica, á lo menos la idea y la +y de _caxitl_ (cazuela ó escudilla), hoy tambien corrompida, _cajete_: +el todo significa _alberca_, nombre perfectamente adecuado á la cosa, +pues que Alcedo, [_Diccion. geográf. de América_] dice que en _Acaxete_, +"hay una caja ó arca de agua de piedra de canterÃa, en que se recogen +las que bajan de la Sierra y se conducen à _Tepeaca_: el nombre, pues, +nos dice que si no la obra arquitectónica, á lo menos la idea y la ejecucion, vienen desde los antiguos Mexicanos."' _Diccionario Universal de Hist. Geog._, tom. i., p. 31. -[875] 'Las mugeres son notables por los pechos y piés pequeños.' +[875] 'Las mugeres son notables por los pechos y piés pequeños.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 169. 'Tienen la vista muy aguda.... -El oido es tambien vivissimo.' _Arlegui_, _Crón. de Zacatecas_, pp. +El oido es tambien vivissimo.' _Arlegui_, _Crón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 174-5. See also, _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 7, 145, 285, -677; _Zuñiga_, in _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p. 142; -_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 416; _Soc. Géog._, -_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, pp. 184, 189; _Castañeda_, in -_Ternaux-Compans._, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 44, 49; _Beaumont_, -_Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 242; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, pp. +677; _Zuñiga_, in _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p. 142; +_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 416; _Soc. Géog._, +_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, pp. 184, 189; _Castañeda_, in +_Ternaux-Compans._, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 44, 49; _Beaumont_, +_Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 242; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, pp. 79-80; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 80; _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 69; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 289, 299; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, -vol. i., pp. 444, 446; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 214-15, +vol. i., pp. 444, 446; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 214-15, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 419; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 345; _Guzman_, _Rel. Anon._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., fol. 296; _Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. @@ -32717,33 +32683,33 @@ _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 362. [876] 'No alcanzan ropa de algodon, si no es algunas pampanillas y alguna manta muy gruesa; porque el vestido de ellos es de cuero de venados adobados, y el vestido que dellos hacen es coser un cuero con -otro y ponérselos por debajo del brazo atados al hombro, y las mujeres +otro y ponérselos por debajo del brazo atados al hombro, y las mujeres traen sus naguas hechas con sus jirones que les llegan hasta los -tobillos como faja.' _Guzman_, _Rel. Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de +tobillos como faja.' _Guzman_, _Rel. Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., pp. 296, 290, 481. The Ceri women wear 'pieles de -alcatras por lo general, ó una tosca frazada de lana envuelta en la +alcatras por lo general, ó una tosca frazada de lana envuelta en la cintura.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 131, 74, 153. [877] The Temoris had 'las orejas cercadas de los zarcillos que ellos vsan, adornados de conchas de nacar labradas, y ensartadas en hilos azules, y cercan toda la oreja.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. -226, 286, 472. Near Culiacan, Nuño de Guzman met about 50,000 warriors -who 'traian al cuello sartas de codornices, pericos pequeños y otros +226, 286, 472. Near Culiacan, Nuño de Guzman met about 50,000 warriors +who 'traian al cuello sartas de codornices, pericos pequeños y otros diferentes pajaritos.' _Tello_, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., p. 354. The Humes, 'coronadas sus cabezas de diademas de varias plumas de papagayos, guacamayas con algunos penachos de hoja de plata batida.' _Ahumada_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 96. 'Los Indios de este nuevo Reyno son de diversas naciones que se distinguen por la diversidad de rayas en el rostro.' _Padilla_, _Conq. -N. Galicia, MS._, pp. 472, 531. 'No hemos visto á ningun carrizo pintado +N. Galicia, MS._, pp. 472, 531. 'No hemos visto á ningun carrizo pintado con vermellon, tal como lo hacen otros.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 69. For further description see _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 289-90, 298; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 445; _Combier_, _Voy._, pp. 199-200; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 362-4; _Espejo_, in _Id._, pp. 384, 390-1; _Cabeza de Vaca_, _Relation_, -in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. vii., p. 250; _Castañeda_, +in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. vii., p. 250; _Castañeda_, in _Id._, tom. ix., p. 157; _Jaramillo_, in _Id._, p. 366; _Ward's -Mexico_, vol. i., p. 571; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, +Mexico_, vol. i., p. 571; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, pp. 184-5, 190; _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 552; _Arnaya_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 63; _Descrip. Top._, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. iv., pp. 113-14; @@ -32752,15 +32718,15 @@ tom. ii., pp. 574-6, 609; _Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxx., pp. 12, 25-6; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., pp. 401, 406, and ii., pp. 124, 184; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 208, 226, 228; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. 235, 254-5; _Cabeza de Vaca_, -_Relation_, pp. 167-8; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 93; -_Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, pp. 241-2; _Hazart_, +_Relation_, pp. 167-8; _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 93; +_Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, pp. 241-2; _Hazart_, _Kirchen-Geschichte_, tom. ii., p. 539. -[878] 'Todos los pueblos de los indios cobiertas las casas de esteras, á -las cuales llaman en lengua de México _petates_, y por esta causa le -llamamos Petatlan.' _Guzman_, _Rel. Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de -Doc._, tom. ii., p. 296. Compare _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, -_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 49, 156; _Combier_, _Voy._, pp. 157, +[878] 'Todos los pueblos de los indios cobiertas las casas de esteras, á +las cuales llaman en lengua de México _petates_, y por esta causa le +llamamos Petatlan.' _Guzman_, _Rel. Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de +Doc._, tom. ii., p. 296. Compare _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, +_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 49, 156; _Combier_, _Voy._, pp. 157, 160, 164, 200; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 363; _Niza_, in _Id._, p. 366; _Espejo_, in _Id._, p. 384; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 206, 216, 227-8; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. @@ -32773,16 +32739,16 @@ _Diario_, p. 68. [879] 'Comian inmundas carnes sin reservar la humana.' _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, pp. 530, 80, 84, 533. 'Ils mangent tous de la chair -humaine, et vont à la chasse des hommes.' _Castañeda_, in -_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 152, 158-9. See also, -_Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 150, 180-2; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los +humaine, et vont à la chasse des hommes.' _Castañeda_, in +_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 152, 158-9. See also, +_Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 150, 180-2; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 3, 6, 7, 11, 14, 175, 217, 385, 671. -[880] Poçolatl, 'beuida de mayz cozido.' Pinolatl, 'beuida de mayz y +[880] Poçolatl, 'beuida de mayz cozido.' Pinolatl, 'beuida de mayz y chia tostado.' _Molina_, _Vocabulario_. The Batucas 'cuanto siembran es -de regadío ... sus milpas parecen todas huertas.' _Azpilcueta_, in +de regadÃo ... sus milpas parecen todas huertas.' _Azpilcueta_, in _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 186, see also p. 184; -Acaxées, mode of fishing, etc., in _Id._, tom. i., pp. 401-5, also +Acaxées, mode of fishing, etc., in _Id._, tom. i., pp. 401-5, also 283-4, 399, 402-3; Tarahumaras, mode of fishing, hunting, and cooking. _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 310, 317, 322-3, 337, 342. The Yaquis 'fields and gardens in the highest state of cultivation.' _Ward's Mexico_, vol. @@ -32792,38 +32758,38 @@ Ind._, fol. 54; _Zepeda_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 158; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 72, 169-70; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., pp. 465, 469; _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._ serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 549-50; _Jaramillo_, in -_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 366; _Cabeza de Vaca_, +_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 366; _Cabeza de Vaca_, in _Id._, tom. vii., pp. 242-3, 249-50, 265; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 384; _Coronado_, in _Id._, pp. 363, 374; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 609; _Combier_, _Voy._, pp. 160-2, 169, 198, -200, 312; _Guzman_, _Rel. Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. +200, 312; _Guzman_, _Rel. Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., p. 289; _Tello_, in _Id._, p. 353; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. -286, 310; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 442; _Soc. Géog._, -_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 185; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, +286, 310; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 442; _Soc. Géog._, +_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 185; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 341-2; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales -des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 256, 260; _Zuñiga_, in _Id._, 1842, +des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 256, 260; _Zuñiga_, in _Id._, 1842, tom. xciii., p. 239; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 166; _Malte-Brun_, _Sonora_, pp. 14-5. -[881] Of the Ceris it is said that 'la ponzoña con que apestan las -puntas de sus flechas, es la mas activa que se ha conocido por acá ... -no se ha podido averiguar cuáles sean á punto fijo los mortíferos +[881] Of the Ceris it is said that 'la ponzoña con que apestan las +puntas de sus flechas, es la mas activa que se ha conocido por acá ... +no se ha podido averiguar cuáles sean á punto fijo los mortÃferos materiales de esta pestilencial maniobra? Y aunque se dicen muchas -cosas, como que lo hacen de cabezas de víboras irritadas cortadas al +cosas, como que lo hacen de cabezas de vÃboras irritadas cortadas al tiempo que clavan sus dientes en un pedazo de bofes y de carne humana ya medio podrida ... pues no es mas que adivinar lo que no sabemos. Sin -duda su principal ingrediente será alguna raíz.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. +duda su principal ingrediente será alguna raÃz.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 560-1, 552. 'El -magot es un árbol pequeño muy losano y muy hermoso á la vista; pero á +magot es un árbol pequeño muy losano y muy hermoso á la vista; pero á corta incision de la corteza brota una leche mortal que les servia en su -gentilidad para emponzoñar sus flechas.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de +gentilidad para emponzoñar sus flechas.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 215. See also _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 298-9, 391; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 166; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. -ii., p. 57; _Cabeza de Vaca_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., -tom. vii., pp. 250-1; _Castañeda_, in _Id._, série i., tom. ix., pp. -209, 222-3; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, pp. 185-6, 190; +ii., p. 57; _Cabeza de Vaca_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., +tom. vii., pp. 250-1; _Castañeda_, in _Id._, série i., tom. ix., pp. +209, 222-3; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, pp. 185-6, 190; _Arlegui_, _Chron. de Zacatecas_, p. 153; _Tello_, in _Icazbalceta_, -_Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., p. 354; _Guzman_, _Rel. Anón._, in _Id._, p. +_Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., p. 354; _Guzman_, _Rel. Anón._, in _Id._, p. 289, 296; _Descrip. Topog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iv., p. 114; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 10, 110, 473, 677; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. 285, 287, 305, 310; _Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog. @@ -32835,11 +32801,11 @@ _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 342-3; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 208, 228; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. 234, 255; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 520; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 55. -[882] 'El jóven que desea valer por las armas, ántes de ser admitido en -toda forma á esta profesion, debe hacer méritos en algunas campañas ... +[882] 'El jóven que desea valer por las armas, ántes de ser admitido en +toda forma á esta profesion, debe hacer méritos en algunas campañas ... despues de probado algun tiempo en estas experiencias y tenida la aprobacion de los ancianos, citan al pretendiente para algun dia en que -deba dar la última prueba de su valor.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de +deba dar la última prueba de su valor.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., pp. 218-9, 396-8, and tom. i., pp. 396-9. Examine _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 544-7; _Lizasoin_, in _Id._, pp. 684-5. @@ -32847,12 +32813,12 @@ pp. 544-7; _Lizasoin_, in _Id._, pp. 684-5. [883] As to the Mayos, 'eran estos indios en sus costumbres y modo de guerrear como los de Sinaloa, hacian la centinela cada cuarto de hora, poniendose en fila cincuenta indios, uno delante de otro, con sus arcos -y flechas y con una rodilla en tierra.' _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, +y flechas y con una rodilla en tierra.' _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 241. See also _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 9, 18, 76, 473-4; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 522; _Guzman_, _Rel. -Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., pp. 301-2; _Hazart_, -_Kirchen-Geschichte_, tom. ii., p. 539; _Ferry_, _Scènes de le vie -Sauvage_, p. 76; _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, p. 150; _Coronado_, +Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., pp. 301-2; _Hazart_, +_Kirchen-Geschichte_, tom. ii., p. 539; _Ferry_, _Scènes de le vie +Sauvage_, p. 76; _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, p. 150; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 363; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 256. @@ -32860,10 +32826,10 @@ Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 256. 335, 337; _Descrip. Topog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iv., p. 114; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 290. -[885] 'Vsauan el arte de hilar, y texer algodon, ó otras yeruas -siluestres, como el Cañamo de Castilla, o Pita.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los +[885] 'Vsauan el arte de hilar, y texer algodon, ó otras yeruas +siluestres, como el Cañamo de Castilla, o Pita.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 12, 200. For the Yaquis, see _Velasco_, _Noticias de -Sonora_, p. 73; for the Ópatas and Jovas, _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in +Sonora_, p. 73; for the Ópatas and Jovas, _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 550-2; and for the Tarahumares, _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 344; _Cabeza de Vaca_, _Relation_, pp. 166, 174; Id., in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., @@ -32874,27 +32840,27 @@ uno y otro lado.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 119. 'An Indian paddles himself ... by means of a long elastic pole of about twelve or fourteen feet in length.' _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 297, 291. See also _Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 366; _Cabeza de Vaca_, -_Relation_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. vii., p. 250; +_Relation_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. vii., p. 250; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 342. [887] The Carrizos 'no tienen caballos, pero en cambio, sus pueblos -están llenos de perros.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 70. The +están llenos de perros.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 70. The Tahus 'sacrifiaient une partie de leurs richesses, qui consistaient en -étoffes et en turquoises.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, -série i., tom. ix., p. 150. Compare further, _Combier_, _Voy._, pp. -200-1; _Zuñiga_, in _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p. 135; +étoffes et en turquoises.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, +série i., tom. ix., p. 150. Compare further, _Combier_, _Voy._, pp. +200-1; _Zuñiga_, in _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p. 135; _Mex. in 1842_, p. 68; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 260; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 380; _Cabeza de Vaca_, _Relation_, p. 167. [888] 'Son grandes observadores de los Astros, porque como siempre -duermen á Cielo descubierto, y estan hechos â mirarlos, se marabillan de +duermen á Cielo descubierto, y estan hechos â mirarlos, se marabillan de qualquier nueva impression, que registran en los Cielos.' _Arlegui_, -_Chrón. de Zacatecas_, p. 175. Among the Yaquis, 'hay asimismo músicos +_Chrón. de Zacatecas_, p. 175. Among the Yaquis, 'hay asimismo músicos de violin y arpa, todo por puro ingenio, sin que se pueda decir que se -les hayan enseñado las primeras reglas.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de +les hayan enseñado las primeras reglas.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 74. See also _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 12; _De -Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 285; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, -série i., tom. ix., p. 152; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 201; _Murr_, +Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 285; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, +série i., tom. ix., p. 152; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 201; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 370; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 80. [889] 'Leyes, ni Reyes que castigassen tales vicios y pecados, no los @@ -32908,75 +32874,75 @@ p. 384. the chiefs and rulers of provinces and towns throughout the West Indies, Central America, Mexico, and Peru, is originally taken from the Cuban language. Oviedo, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 595, explains it as -follows: 'Cacique: señor, jefe absoluto ó rey de una comarca ó Estado. +follows: 'Cacique: señor, jefe absoluto ó rey de una comarca ó Estado. En nuestros dias suele emplearse esta voz en algunas poblaciones de la parte oriental de Cuba, para designar al regidor decano de un -ayuntamiento. Asi se dice: Regidor cacique. Metafóricamente tiene -aplicacion en nuestra península, para designar á los que en los pueblos -pequeños llevan la voz y gobiernan á su antojo y capricho.' +ayuntamiento. Asi se dice: Regidor cacique. Metafóricamente tiene +aplicacion en nuestra penÃnsula, para designar á los que en los pueblos +pequeños llevan la voz y gobiernan á su antojo y capricho.' -[891] 'Juntos grandes y pequeños ponen á los mocetones y mujeres -casaderas en dos hileras, y dada una seña emprenden á correr éstas; dada -otra siguen la carrera aquellos, y alcanzándolas, ha de cojer cada uno +[891] 'Juntos grandes y pequeños ponen á los mocetones y mujeres +casaderas en dos hileras, y dada una seña emprenden á correr éstas; dada +otra siguen la carrera aquellos, y alcanzándolas, ha de cojer cada uno la suya de la tetilla izquierda; y quedan hechos y confirmados los desposorios.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 542-3. 'Unos se casan con una muger sola, y tienen muchas mancebas.... Otras se casan con quantas mugeres quieren.... Otras -naciones tienen las mugeres por comunes.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de +naciones tienen las mugeres por comunes.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 154-7. For further account of their family relations and marriage customs, see _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 11, 145, -171, 201, 242, 475; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186; -_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 150, +171, 201, 242, 475; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186; +_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 150, 152, 155, 158; _Hazart_, _Kirchen-Geschichte_, tom. ii., p. 541; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 530; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 452; _Arista_, in _Id._, p. 417; _Berlandier y -Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 70; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 201; _Löwenstern_, +Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 70; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 201; _Löwenstern_, _Mexique_, p. 409. -[892] Les Yaquis 'aiment surtout une danse appelée _tutuli gamuchi_ ... -dans laquelle ils changent de femmes en se cédant réciproquement tous -leurs droits conjugaux.' _Zuñiga_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, -1842, tom. xciii., pp. 238-9. The Sisibotaris; 'En las danzas ... fué +[892] Les Yaquis 'aiment surtout une danse appelée _tutuli gamuchi_ ... +dans laquelle ils changent de femmes en se cédant réciproquement tous +leurs droits conjugaux.' _Zuñiga_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, +1842, tom. xciii., pp. 238-9. The Sisibotaris; 'En las danzas ... fué muy de notar que aunque danzaban juntos hombres y mugeres, ni se hablaban ni se tocaban inmediatamente las manos.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 124, and tom. i., pp. 405-7. In the province of -Pánuco, 'cuando estan en sus borracheras é fiestas, lo que no pueden +Pánuco, 'cuando estan en sus borracheras é fiestas, lo que no pueden beber por la boca, se lo hacen echar por bajo con un embudo.' _Guzman_, -_Rel. Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., p. 295. See +_Rel. Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., p. 295. See further, _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 9, 15, 256, 672; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 321, 343, 345; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 287; -_Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, pp. 519, 530; _Castañeda_, in -_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 158; _Hardy's Trav._, -p. 440; _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 158, 160; _Donnavan's +_Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, pp. 519, 530; _Castañeda_, in +_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 158; _Hardy's Trav._, +p. 440; _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 158, 160; _Donnavan's Adven._, pp. 46, 48; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Indias, MS._, lib. iii., cap. -168; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 167; _Soc. Géog._, -_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96. p. 190; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. +168; _GarcÃa Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 167; _Soc. Géog._, +_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96. p. 190; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 261; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 381; _Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxx., p. 25. -[893] The Ópatas have 'grande respeto y veneracion que hasta hoy tienen -á los hombrecitos pequeños y contrahechos, á quienes temen y franquean +[893] The Ópatas have 'grande respeto y veneracion que hasta hoy tienen +á los hombrecitos pequeños y contrahechos, á quienes temen y franquean su casa y comida.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 628. 'Angulis atque adytis angues complures reperti, peregrinum in modum conglobati, capitibus supra et infra -exsertis, terribili rictu, si quis propuis accessisset, cæterum innocui; +exsertis, terribili rictu, si quis propuis accessisset, cæterum innocui; quos barbari vel maxime venerabantur, quod diabolus ipsis hac forma apparere consuesset: eosdem tamen et manibus contrectabant et nonnunquam iis vescebantur.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 284. Further reference in _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 472; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 574-5; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 79; _Cabeza de -Vaca_, _Relation_, p. 169; _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 166-7; +Vaca_, _Relation_, p. 169; _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 166-7; _Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxx., p. 26. [894] 'Quando entre los Indios ay algun contagio, que es el de viruelas el mas continuo, de que mueren innumerables, mudan cada dia lugares, y -se van á los mas retirados montes, buscando los sitios mas espinosos y -enmarañados, para que de miedo de las espinas, no entren (segun juzgan, -y como cierto lo afirman) las viruelas.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de -Zacatecas_, pp. 152-3, 182. See also, _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. +se van á los mas retirados montes, buscando los sitios mas espinosos y +enmarañados, para que de miedo de las espinas, no entren (segun juzgan, +y como cierto lo afirman) las viruelas.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de +Zacatecas_, pp. 152-3, 182. See also, _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 431; _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, pp. 70-1; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 399, tom. ii., pp. 213-4, -219-20; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 17, 322-3; _Löwenstern_, +219-20; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 17, 322-3; _Löwenstern_, _Mexique_, p. 411; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 282; _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 547-8. @@ -32984,28 +32950,28 @@ in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 547-8. _Viajes_, p. 443. [896] 'Las mas de las naciones referidas son totalmente barbaras, y de -groseros entendimientos; gente baxa.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, +groseros entendimientos; gente baxa.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, p. 149. The Yaquis: 'by far the most industrious and useful of all the other tribes in Sonora ... celebrated for the exuberance of their wit.' -_Hardy's Trav._, pp. 439, 442. 'Los ópatas son tan honrados como -valientes ... la nacion ópata es pacífica, dócil, y hasta cierto punto -diferente de todas los demas indígenas del continente ... son amantes -del trabajo.' _Zuñiga_, in _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, -pp. 139-41. 'La tribu ópata fué la que manifestó un carácter franco, -dócil, y con simpatías á los blancos ... siempre fué inclinada al órden -y la paz.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 151, 117. The Ópatas -'son de génio malicioso, disimulados y en sumo grado vengativos; y en +_Hardy's Trav._, pp. 439, 442. 'Los ópatas son tan honrados como +valientes ... la nacion ópata es pacÃfica, dócil, y hasta cierto punto +diferente de todas los demas indÃgenas del continente ... son amantes +del trabajo.' _Zuñiga_, in _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, +pp. 139-41. 'La tribu ópata fué la que manifestó un carácter franco, +dócil, y con simpatÃas á los blancos ... siempre fué inclinada al órden +y la paz.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 151, 117. The Ópatas +'son de génio malicioso, disimulados y en sumo grado vengativos; y en esto sobresalen las mujeres.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 629-30. See also: _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 237, 285, 358, 369, 385; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., pp. 442-3; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 583, vol. ii., p. 606; _Combier_, _Voy._, pp. 198-201; _Malte-Brun_, _Sonora_, pp. 13-14; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 248; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. -79; _Cabeza de Vaca_, _Relation_, pp. 169, 176; _Arricivita_, _Crónica -Seráfica_, pp. 405, 442; _Alegre+, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., pp. +79; _Cabeza de Vaca_, _Relation_, pp. 169, 176; _Arricivita_, _Crónica +Seráfica_, pp. 405, 442; _Alegre+, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., pp. 284, 402-3, 405, 452, and tom. ii., p. 184; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, pp. 80, 84; _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, pp. 69-70; -_García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 93. +_GarcÃa Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 93. @@ -33021,7 +32987,7 @@ WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. TERRITORIAL ASPECTS--TWO MAIN DIVISIONS; WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL MEXICO, AND WILD TRIBES OF SOUTHERN MEXICO--THE CORAS AND OTHERS IN JALISCO--DESCENDANTS OF THE AZTECS--THE - OTOMÍS AND MAZAHUAS ADJACENT TO THE VALLEY OF MEXICO--THE + OTOMÃS AND MAZAHUAS ADJACENT TO THE VALLEY OF MEXICO--THE PAMES--THE TARASCOS AND MATLALTZINCAS OF MICHOACAN--THE HUAZTECS AND TOTONACS OF VERA CRUZ AND TAMAULIPAS--THE CHONTALES, CHINANTECS, MAZATECS, CUICATECS, CHATINOS, @@ -33033,7 +32999,7 @@ WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. The term WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO, which I employ to distinguish this from the other groupal divisions of the Native Races of the Pacific States needs some explanation. The territory embraced under this title extends -from latitude 23° north, to the eighteenth parallel on the Atlantic, and +from latitude 23° north, to the eighteenth parallel on the Atlantic, and the fifteenth on the Pacific; that is to the Central American line, including Yucatan and excluding Guatemala. At the time of the conquest, a large portion of this region as well as part of Central America was @@ -33089,7 +33055,7 @@ and property. For the purpose of description, I separate the Wild Tribes of Mexico in two parts,--the _Wild Tribes of Central Mexico_, and the _Wild Tribes of -Southern Mexico_. The first of these divisions extends from 23° north +Southern Mexico_. The first of these divisions extends from 23° north latitude to the northern boundary of the state of Oajaca, or rather to an imaginary line, taking as its base said boundary and running from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, that is to say from Vera Cruz to @@ -33105,9 +33071,9 @@ found among the Aztecs and other cultivated nations, I will only mention the people denominated _Chichimecs_, under which general name were designated a multitude of tribes inhabiting the mountains north of the valley of Mexico, all of which were prominently dependent on the result -of the chase for their subsistence; the ancient _Otomís_ who mostly +of the chase for their subsistence; the ancient _OtomÃs_ who mostly occupied the mountains which inclose the valley of Mexico; and the -_Pames_ in Querétaro. South of Mexico were numerous other nations who +_Pames_ in Querétaro. South of Mexico were numerous other nations who were more or less intermixed with those more civilized. Finally, I shall describe those people who, since they came in contact with the whites, have retrograded in such a degree, that their manners and customs can @@ -33227,7 +33193,7 @@ that the Chichimecs at Xalostitlan, in 1530, went naked. The inhabitants of Alzatlan about that time adorned themselves with feathers. In Zacualco, the common dress of the women about the same period, particularly widows, was the _huipil_, made of fine cotton cloth, -generally black. The natives of the province of Pánuco, for many years +generally black. The natives of the province of Pánuco, for many years after the Spanish Conquest, continued to go naked; they pulled out the beard, perforated the nose and ears, and, filing their teeth to a sharp point, bored holes in them and dyed them black. The slayer of a human @@ -33242,7 +33208,7 @@ Macoaques, he writes: that the oldest women as well as the young ones paint themselves with a varnish called _tecocavitl_, or with some colored stuff, and wear feathers about their arms and legs. The Tlascaltecs in 1568 wore cotton-cloth mantles painted in various fine -colors. The inhabitants of Cholula, according to Cortés, dressed better +colors. The inhabitants of Cholula, according to Cortés, dressed better than the Tlascaltecs; the better class wearing over their other clothes a garment resembling the Moorish cloak, yet somewhat different, as that of Cholula had pockets, but in the cloth, the cut, and the fringe, @@ -33298,7 +33264,7 @@ a peculiar habit of eating earth, which is said to be injurious to their physical development. It has been stated that in former days they used human flesh as food. -The Otomís and tribes of Jalisco cultivated but little grain, and +The OtomÃs and tribes of Jalisco cultivated but little grain, and consumed that little before it ripened, trusting for a further supply of food to the natural productions of the soil and to game, such as rabbits, deer, moles, and birds, and also foxes, rats, snakes and other @@ -33313,7 +33279,7 @@ delicacy, and were eaten fried. These people are also accused by some authors of having eaten human flesh.[905] Other tribes, inhabiting the valley of Mexico, Puebla, Michoacan, and -Querétaro, show a greater inclination to cultivate the soil, and live +Querétaro, show a greater inclination to cultivate the soil, and live almost wholly on the products of their own industry. They plant corn by making a hole in the ground with a sharp-pointed stick, into which the seed is dropped and covered up. Honey is plentiful, and when a tree is @@ -33418,7 +33384,7 @@ all feelings of affection toward their own kindred, the youthful captives were given to drink the brains and blood of their murdered parents. The Chichimecs carried with them a bone, on which, when they killed an enemy, they marked a notch, as a record of the number each had -slain. Mota Padilla states that when Nuño de Guzman arrived in the +slain. Mota Padilla states that when Nuño de Guzman arrived in the valley of Coynan, in Jalisco, the chiefs came out to meet him, and, as a sign of peace and obedience, dropped on one knee; upon being raised up by the Spaniards, they placed round their necks strings of rabbits and @@ -33497,7 +33463,7 @@ elect a chief on going to war.[918] Marriage takes place at an early age, and girls are seldom found single after they attain fourteen or fifteen years. Gomara, however, says that women in the district of Tamaulipas are not married till they reach the -age of forty. The Otomís marry young, and if, when arrived at the age of +age of forty. The OtomÃs marry young, and if, when arrived at the age of puberty, a young girl has not found a mate, her parents or guardians select one for her, so that none shall remain single. Among the Guachichiles, when a young man has selected a girl, he takes her on @@ -33540,7 +33506,7 @@ coarse cotton cloth, leaving the head and legs free. Among the Chichimecs, when a woman goes out of her house, she places her child in a wicker basket, and there leaves it, usually suspending it from the branch of a tree. A child is suckled by the mother until another comes -on and crowds it out. Mühlenpfordt relates that he saw a boy of seven +on and crowds it out. Mühlenpfordt relates that he saw a boy of seven or eight years of age demanding suck and receiving it from his mother. A woman near her time of confinement, retires to a dark corner of the house, attended by some aged woman, who sings to her, and pretends to @@ -33549,7 +33515,7 @@ assist at the birth, but as soon as the child is born she goes out, meanwhile covering her face with her hands, so that she may not see. Having walked once round the house, she opens her eyes, and the name of the first object she sees is chosen as the name of the child. Among the -Otomís, a young woman about to become a mother is the victim of much +OtomÃs, a young woman about to become a mother is the victim of much unnecessary suffering arising from their superstitious practices; loaded with certain amulets and charms, she must carefully avoid meeting certain individuals and animals whose look might produce evil effects--a @@ -33570,7 +33536,7 @@ ceremony was observed, with the exception that an old woman officiated, and the figure of a flower was traced over the region of the heart, while on the palm of the right hand a spinning-wheel was pictured, and on the left a piece of wool, thus indicating the several duties of after -life. According to the _Apostólicos Afanes_, the Coras call the child +life. According to the _Apostólicos Afanes_, the Coras call the child after one of its uncles or aunts. In twelve months' time a feast is prepared in honor of said young, and the mother and child, together with the uncle or aunt, placed in the middle of the circle of relatives. Upon @@ -33589,7 +33555,7 @@ women, and where every night were assembled as many as a thousand, more or less, of these worse than beastly beings, according to the size of the village. It is certain that incest and every species of fornication was commonly practiced, especially in the districts of Vera Cruz, -Tamaulipas, and Querétaro.[921] +Tamaulipas, and Querétaro.[921] [Sidenote: CHILDREN AND AMUSEMENTS.] @@ -33617,7 +33583,7 @@ of a thick white color, and is at all times very intoxicating.[922] [Sidenote: MAKING AN ALLIANCE.] -Father Joseph Arlegui, in his _Chrónica de la Provincia de Zacatecas_, +Father Joseph Arlegui, in his _Chrónica de la Provincia de Zacatecas_, which province then comprised a much larger extent of territory than the present state of Zacatecas, describes a singular ceremony nowhere else mentioned. It is employed when one nation wishes to form a close @@ -33649,7 +33615,7 @@ following day, when he is despatched from the village under an escort, to wait upon him until far beyond the limits of the settlement. The custom, at the present day, of hiding money in the ground is universal; nothing would induce a native to entrust his savings with another. The -inhabitants of Querétaro spend much of their time basking in the sun, +inhabitants of Querétaro spend much of their time basking in the sun, and if the sun does not yield sufficient warmth, they scoop out a hole in the ground, burn in it branches and leaves of the maguey, and when properly heated, lay themselves down in the place, and cover themselves @@ -33665,7 +33631,7 @@ fractures, or bruises, most of which end in mortification, owing to neglect, or to the barbarous remedies applied to combat them. The Huastecs of Vera Cruz suffer from certain worms that breed in their lips, and highly esteem salt for the curative properties they believe it -to possess against this disorder. At the village of Comalá, in the state +to possess against this disorder. At the village of Comalá, in the state of Colima, a considerable number of the children are born deaf and dumb, idiots, or deformed; besides which, when they reach a mature age, if we may believe the early chroniclers, the goitres are more or less @@ -33793,7 +33759,7 @@ guests, and shows a sincere gratitude to his benefactors.[928] [Sidenote: CHARACTER IN NORTHERN MEXICO.] -The Pames, Otomís, Pintos, and other nations north of the Mexican valley +The Pames, OtomÃs, Pintos, and other nations north of the Mexican valley were, at the time of the conquest, a barbarous people, fierce and warlike, covetous even of trifles and fond of display. The Michoacaques or Tarascos are warlike and brave, and for many years after the conquest @@ -33849,7 +33815,7 @@ important features of Yucatan is the absence of any important river. The coast, which is of great extent, has in general a bleak and arid appearance, and is little broken except on the north-west, where it is indented by the laguna de Terminos, and on the eastern side by the bays -of Ascension, Espíritu Santo, and Chetumel. The central part of the +of Ascension, EspÃritu Santo, and Chetumel. The central part of the Yucatan peninsula is occupied by a low ridge of mountains, of barren aspect. A short distance from the coast the general appearance of the country improves, being well-wooded, and containing many fertile tracts. @@ -33904,7 +33870,7 @@ Oajaca are generally large and well-formed; those of Sierra are of a light-yellow complexion, and their women are tolerably white with mild features. Some branches of the Miztecs and Mazatecs carry upon their shoulders very large loads. Father Burgoa writing of the Miztecs, of -Yangüistlan, in the year 1541, speaks of their beautiful complexion and +Yangüistlan, in the year 1541, speaks of their beautiful complexion and fine forms. The Mijes are of good height, strongly built, hardy, and active; they wear a beard, and altogether their aspect is repulsive. The Zoques are very much like the Mijes, their features are as prominent and @@ -33975,7 +33941,7 @@ where it is fastened with a large comb. On festive occasions they interweave flowers with the hair, and also mingle with it a species of shining beetle, called _cucullo_, which emits a phosphorescent light, and produces a very pretty effect. Among the Zoques who reside at San -Miguel and Santa María Chimalapa, the males shave the crown of the head, +Miguel and Santa MarÃa Chimalapa, the males shave the crown of the head, a custom of possible monkish origin peculiar to themselves. Feather tufts and skins of green birds were formerly much used for ornaments; they had also necklaces made of pieces of gold joined together, and @@ -33983,7 +33949,7 @@ amber beads. Nose and ears were pierced, and pieces of stone or amber or gold rings or a bit of carved wood inserted. Montanus describes a kind of snake called _ibobaca_, which he says the inhabitants of Chiapas wore round the neck.[934] They also painted and stained the face. When -Fernandez de Córdova explored the northern coast of Yucatan, he found +Fernandez de Córdova explored the northern coast of Yucatan, he found the people clad in cotton garments, and at the present day this forms the principal material from which their clothing is made. Men now wear a cotton shirt or blouse, usually without sleeves, and wide drawers; round @@ -33994,7 +33960,7 @@ broad cotton band passed round the loins, the ends of which were arranged to hang one in front and the other behind; a cloak or mantle of cotton called _zugen_ was thrown over the shoulders. Colonel Galindo mentions that they used the bark of the India-rubber tree for making -garments, and Cogolludo says that when the Spaniards arrived at Aké, in +garments, and Cogolludo says that when the Spaniards arrived at Aké, in the year 1527, the army of natives were in a state of nudity, with only their privy parts covered, and the whole body besmeared with clay of different colors. The women display considerable taste in the style of @@ -34148,7 +34114,7 @@ villages were well fortified with intrenchments or palisades, and strong towers and forts were built on such places as presented the most favorable position for resisting attacks. To their forts they retired when invaded by a superior force, and from the walls they hurled large -rocks with damaging effect against their foes. Cortés found erected on +rocks with damaging effect against their foes. Cortés found erected on the bank of the Tabasco River, in front of one of their towns, a strong wooden stockade, with loopholes through which to discharge arrows; and subsequently, during his march through their country, they frequently @@ -34208,7 +34174,7 @@ sails and paddles. The Huaves and others are in complete ignorance of the management of any description of boats.[946] The Zoques make from the ixtle and pita thread and superior hammocks, in -which they have quite a trade. In the neighborhood of Santa María they +which they have quite a trade. In the neighborhood of Santa MarÃa they grow excellent oranges, and sell them throughout all the neighboring towns. The Zapotecs have, many of them, a considerable commerce in fruits, vegetables, and seeds. In the city of Tehuantepec the business @@ -34276,8 +34242,8 @@ rape of a virgin was punished by stoning the man to death.[949] [Sidenote: SLAVERY AND MARRIAGE.] -Slavery existed among the tribes of Goazacoalco and Tabasco. Doña Marina -was one of twenty female slaves who were presented to Cortés by the +Slavery existed among the tribes of Goazacoalco and Tabasco. Doña Marina +was one of twenty female slaves who were presented to Cortés by the cacique of the latter place; and when her mother, who lived in the province of Goazacoalco, gave her away to some traveling merchants, she, to conceal the act, pretended that the corpse of one of her slaves who @@ -34527,7 +34493,7 @@ TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. Under the name WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO, I include all the people inhabiting the Mexican Territory from ocean to ocean, between latitude -23° north and the Central American boundary line south, including +23° north and the Central American boundary line south, including Yucatan and Tehuantepec. The southernmost point of this division touches the fifteenth degree of north latitude. A subdivision of this group is made and the parts are called the _Central Mexicans_, and the _Southern @@ -34561,52 +34527,52 @@ tribes that cannot be definitely located here are given in volume v. The _Quinames_ or Giants are mentioned as the first inhabitants of Mexico. 'Los Quinametin, gigantes que vivian en esta rinconada, que se -dice ahora Nueva España.' _Ixtlilxochitl_, _Relaciones_, in +dice ahora Nueva España.' _Ixtlilxochitl_, _Relaciones_, in _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. ix., p. 322; _Id._, _Hist. Chichimeca_, in _Id._, p. 205. 'Los que hasta ahora se sabe, aver morado estas Estendidas, y Ampliadisimas Tierras, y Regiones, de la Nueva -España, fueron vnas Gentes mui crecidas de Cuerpo, que llamaron despues +España, fueron vnas Gentes mui crecidas de Cuerpo, que llamaron despues otros, Qainametin.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 34. 'Les -Quinamés, la plus ancienne des races connues de ces contrées, étaient -encore en possession de quelques localités de peu d'importance près des +Quinamés, la plus ancienne des races connues de ces contrées, étaient +encore en possession de quelques localités de peu d'importance près des villes de Huitzilapan, de Cuetlaxcohuapan et de Totomihuacan.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. i., p. 196. 'Sa domination -s'étendait sur les provinces intérieures du Mexique et du Guatémala, et, -à l'époque du débarquement des Olmèques et des Xicalancas, les -histoires nous la montrent encore en possession du plateau aztèque et -des contrées voisines du fleuve Tabasco.' _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales -des Voy._, 1858, tom. clviii., p. 258. 'Vivian hácia las riberas del rio +s'étendait sur les provinces intérieures du Mexique et du Guatémala, et, +à l'époque du débarquement des Olmèques et des Xicalancas, les +histoires nous la montrent encore en possession du plateau aztèque et +des contrées voisines du fleuve Tabasco.' _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales +des Voy._, 1858, tom. clviii., p. 258. 'Vivian hácia las riberas del rio Atoyac, entre la ciudad de Tlaxcala y la de la Puebla de los Angeles.' _Veytia_, _Hist. Ant. Mej._, tom. i., pp. 28, 143-4. The _Olmecs_ and _Xicalancas_ were 'los que poseian este Nuevo Mundo, en esta tercera edad.' _Ixtlilxochitl_, _Hist. Chichimeca_, in _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. ix., p. 205. 'Olmecas, Vixtoti, y -Mixtecas. Estos tales así llamados, están ácia el nacimiento del sol, y -llámanles tambien _tenime_, porque hablan lengua bárbara, y dicen que +Mixtecas. Estos tales asà llamados, están ácia el nacimiento del sol, y +llámanles tambien _tenime_, porque hablan lengua bárbara, y dicen que son Tultecas.' _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 136. -'Estos poblaron, donde aora està Edificada, y Poblada la Ciudad de los +'Estos poblaron, donde aora està Edificada, y Poblada la Ciudad de los Angeles, y en Totomihuacan.... Los Xicalancas, fueron tambien Poblando, -ácia Cuathazualco (que es ácia la Costa del Norte) y adelante en la -misma Costa, está oi dia vn Pueblo, que se dice Xicalanco.... Otro +ácia Cuathazualco (que es ácia la Costa del Norte) y adelante en la +misma Costa, está oi dia vn Pueblo, que se dice Xicalanco.... Otro Pueblo ai del mismo Nombre, en la Provincia de Maxcaltzinco, cerca del Puerto de la Vera-Cruz, que parece averlo tambien Poblado los Xicalancas.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 32. 'Atravesando los Puertos del Bolcan, y Sierra-Nevada, y otros rodeandolos por la -parte de el Mediodia, hasta que venieron à salir à vn Lugar, que de -presente se llama Tochmilco. De alli, pasaron á Atlixco, Calpan, y +parte de el Mediodia, hasta que venieron à salir à vn Lugar, que de +presente se llama Tochmilco. De alli, pasaron á Atlixco, Calpan, y Huexotzinco, hasta llegar al parage, y Tierras de la Provincia de Tlaxcallan; y haciendo asiento en el principio, y entrada de la dicha Tierra, hicieron su Fundacion en el Pueblo, que aora se llama Nuestra -Señora de la Natividad (y en Lengua Mexicana Yancuictlalpan.) De alli, -pasaron à otro Poblado, el referido, llamado Huapalcalco, junto à vna +Señora de la Natividad (y en Lengua Mexicana Yancuictlalpan.) De alli, +pasaron à otro Poblado, el referido, llamado Huapalcalco, junto à vna Hermita, que llaman de Santa Cruz, al qual llaman los Naturales, Texoloc, Mizco, y Xiloxuchitla, donde aora es la Hermita de San Vicente, -y el Cerro de la Xochitecatl, y Tenayacac, donde estàn otras dos -Hermitas, à poco trecho vna de otra, que las llaman de San Miguél, y de +y el Cerro de la Xochitecatl, y Tenayacac, donde està n otras dos +Hermitas, à poco trecho vna de otra, que las llaman de San Miguél, y de San Francisco, enmedio de las quales, pasa el Rio, que viene de la Sierra Nevada de Huexotzinco. Y aqui en este Sitio, hicieron los -Hulmecas, su Principal asiento, y Poblaçon.' _Id._, p. 257; _Mendieta_, +Hulmecas, su Principal asiento, y Poblaçon.' _Id._, p. 257; _Mendieta_, _Hist. Ecles._, pp. 145-6; _Motolinia_, _Hist. Indios_, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. i., p. 7. 'Vlmecatlh poblo tambien muchos lugares en aquella parte, a do agora esta la ciudad de los @@ -34615,31 +34581,31 @@ assi. Xicalancatlh anduuo mas tierra, llego a la mar del norte, y en la costa hizo muchos pueblos. Pero a los dos mas principales llamo de su mesmo nombre. El vn Xicalanco esta en la prouincia de Maxcalcinco, que es cerca de la Vera Cruz, y el otro Xicalanco esta cerca de Tauasco.' -_Gomara_, _Conq. Mex._, fol. 299. 'Hácia Atlisco y Itzucan los +_Gomara_, _Conq. Mex._, fol. 299. 'Hácia Atlisco y Itzucan los xicalancas: y en el territorio de la Puebla, Chollolan y Tlaxcallan los ulmecas, cuya primitiva y principal poblacion dicen haber sido la ciudad de Chollolan.' _Veytia_, _Hist. Ant. Mej._, tom. i., p. 153; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. i., pp. 110-11, 196; _Id._, -_Popol Vuh_, introd., p. xxx.; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 119; +_Popol Vuh_, introd., p. xxx.; _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 119; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iii., p. 374. The _Coras_ constitute the north-westernmost nation of the CENTRAL -MEXICANS, inhabiting the district of 'Nayarit ó reino de Nuevo +MEXICANS, inhabiting the district of 'Nayarit ó reino de Nuevo Toledo.... Al Oeste tiene los pueblos de la antigua provincia de Acaponeta; al Este los de Colotlan, y al Sur quieren algunos que se -extienda hasta las orillas del rio Grande ó Tololotlan ... el Nayarit se -extiende entre los 21° 20´ y 23° de lat., y entre los 5° y 6° de long. -occidental de México.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 279. 'En la +extienda hasta las orillas del rio Grande ó Tololotlan ... el Nayarit se +extiende entre los 21° 20´ y 23° de lat., y entre los 5° y 6° de long. +occidental de México.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 279. 'En la Sierra del Nayarit.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 71. 'Los indios que viven en el centro de la sierra, llamados muutzizti.... Los llamados teakuaeitzizti viven en las faldas de la sierra que mira al Poniente ... -los coras que viven á la orilla del rio Nayarit ó de Jesus María, +los coras que viven á la orilla del rio Nayarit ó de Jesus MarÃa, conocidos por Ateakari.' _Id._, p. 83. The _Tecoxines_ 'tenian su principal asiento en el valle de Cactlan ... -y se extendian à la Magdalena, Analco, Hoxtotipaquillo y barrancas de -Mochitiltic.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 279. +y se extendian à la Magdalena, Analco, Hoxtotipaquillo y barrancas de +Mochitiltic.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 279. The _Cocotlanes_ were at the missions of 'Apozolco y en Comatlan.' _Id._, p. 280. @@ -34651,29 +34617,29 @@ The _Thorames_ and _Tzayaquecas_ dwell near the town of Zentipac. 'Dos leguas apartado del mar, la nacion Thorama ... diez leguas de Zentipac habia otros Indios de Nacion Tzayaqueca.' _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 62. 'La gran poblacion y Valle de Tzenticpac, cuyo pueblo -principal está situado punto á la mar del Sur, dos leguas antes á +principal está situado punto á la mar del Sur, dos leguas antes á orillas del rio grande, y que la gente de esta provincia era de la -nacion Totorame.' _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 197. +nacion Totorame.' _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 197. The _Corarus_ 'habitaban ... hacia la parte del Norte, diez leguas del dicho pueblo de Tzenticpac.' _Ib._ The _Guicholas_ 'are settled in the village of San Sebastian, which lies -eighteen leagues to the westward of Bolaños.' _Lyon's Journal_, vol. i., +eighteen leagues to the westward of Bolaños.' _Lyon's Journal_, vol. i., p. 322; _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1828, tom. xl., p. 239. 'En Santa Catarina, S. Sebastian, S. Andres Coamiat, Soledad y Tezompan, -pertenecientes á Colotlan.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 282. +pertenecientes á Colotlan.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 282. The _Coronados_ 'son los del pueblo de Tuito al Sur del valle de Banderas.' _Id._, p. 278. The _Tiaxomultecs_ 'habitaban en Tlajomulco.' 'Estos tecuexes ... llaman -à los indios cocas de toda la provincia de Tonalan, que no eran de su +à los indios cocas de toda la provincia de Tonalan, que no eran de su lengua, tlaxomultecas.' _Id._, p. 278. The _Cocas_ and _Tecuexes_ 'eran los de la provincia de Tonalan.... Los tecuexes pasaban del otro lado de Tololotlan hasta ocupar parte de -Zacatecas, derramándose por los pueblos de Tecpatitlan, Teocaltiche, +Zacatecas, derramándose por los pueblos de Tecpatitlan, Teocaltiche, Mitic, Jalostotitlan, Mesticatan, Yagualica, Tlacotlan, Teocaltitlan, Ixtlahuacan, Cuautla, Ocotic y Acatic.' _Id._, pp. 278-9. @@ -34683,84 +34649,84 @@ The _Mazapiles_ are 'al N. E. de la zacateca.' _Hervas_, in _Id._, p. The _Cazcanes_ 'habitan hasta la comarca de Zacatecas.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. ix., cap. xiii.; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 281. 'Ocupaba el terreno desde el rio Grande, confinando con los -tecuexes y los tepecanos.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 284, 49. +tecuexes y los tepecanos.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 284, 49. The _Mecos_ live in the pueblo Soledad de las Canoas, in the State of -Querétaro. _Alcedo_, _Dicc._, tom. iv., p. 567. - -The _Pames_ inhabit the state of Querétaro, 'treinta leguas distante de -la expresada Ciudad de Querétaro, y se estiende á cien leguas de largo, -y treinta de ancho, en cuyas breñas vivian los Indios de la Nacion -Pame.' _Paiou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 23. 'En la mision de Cerro -Prieto del Estado de México, se extiende principalmente por los pueblos -de San Luis Potosí, y tambien se le encuentra en Querétaro y en -Guanajuato.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 48, 256, 262, 264. 'En +Querétaro. _Alcedo_, _Dicc._, tom. iv., p. 567. + +The _Pames_ inhabit the state of Querétaro, 'treinta leguas distante de +la expresada Ciudad de Querétaro, y se estiende á cien leguas de largo, +y treinta de ancho, en cuyas breñas vivian los Indios de la Nacion +Pame.' _Paiou_, _Vida de JunÃpero Serra_, p. 23. 'En la mision de Cerro +Prieto del Estado de México, se extiende principalmente por los pueblos +de San Luis PotosÃ, y tambien se le encuentra en Querétaro y en +Guanajuato.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 48, 256, 262, 264. 'En San Luis de la Paz, territorio de la Sierra Gorda ... en la ciudad del -Maiz, Departamento de San Luis Potosí ... en la Purísima Concepcion de +Maiz, Departamento de San Luis Potosà ... en la PurÃsima Concepcion de Arnedo, en la Sierra Gorda.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 265. - [Sidenote: THE OTOMÍS.] + [Sidenote: THE OTOMÃS.] -The _Otomís_ are one of the most widely dispersed nations of Mexico. -'Todo lo alto de las montañas, ó la mayor parte, á la redonda de México, -están llenas de ellos. La cabeza de su señorío creo que es Xilotepec, +The _OtomÃs_ are one of the most widely dispersed nations of Mexico. +'Todo lo alto de las montañas, ó la mayor parte, á la redonda de México, +están llenas de ellos. La cabeza de su señorÃo creo que es Xilotepec, que es una gran provincia, y las provincias de Tollan y Otompa casi -todas son de ellos, sin contar que en lo bueno de la Nueva España hay -muchas poblaciones de estos Otomíes, de los quales proceden los +todas son de ellos, sin contar que en lo bueno de la Nueva España hay +muchas poblaciones de estos OtomÃes, de los quales proceden los Chichimecas.' _Motolinia_, _Hist. Indios_, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. i., p. 9. The above is copied by Torquemada, in his _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 32. 'Estos Teochichimecas son los que aora se llaman Otomies.... Tlaixpan, es de los que hablan esta Lengua Otomi.' _Id._, p. -261. 'La grandisima Provincia, ò Reino de los Otomies, que coge à -Tepexic, Tula, Xilotepec, Cabeça de este Reyno, Chiapa, Xiquipilco, +261. 'La grandisima Provincia, ò Reino de los Otomies, que coge à +Tepexic, Tula, Xilotepec, Cabeça de este Reyno, Chiapa, Xiquipilco, Atocpan, y Queretaro, en cuio medio de estos Pueblos referidos, ai otro inumerables, porque lo eran sus Gentes.' _Id._, p. 287. 'Xilotepeque provincia Otomiis habitata.' _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 234. 'La Provincia degli Otomiti cominciava nella parte settentrionale della Valle Messicana, e si continuava per quelle montagne verso tramontana sino a novanta miglia dalla Capitale. Sopra tutti i luoghi abitati, che -v'erano ben molti, s'innalzava l'antica e celebre Città di Tollan -[oggidì Tula] e quella di Xilotepec.' _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del +v'erano ben molti, s'innalzava l'antica e celebre Città di Tollan +[oggidì Tula] e quella di Xilotepec.' _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. i., p. 31. In ancient times they 'occuparono un tratto di -terra di più di trecento miglia dalle montagne d'Izmiquilpan verso +terra di più di trecento miglia dalle montagne d'Izmiquilpan verso Maestro, confinando verso Levante, e verso Ponente con altre Nazioni parimente selvaggie.' Later: 'fondarono nel paese d'Anahuac, ed anche nella stessa Valle di Messico infiniti luoghi; la maggior parte d'essi, -e spezialmente i più grandi, come quelli di Xilotopec e di Huitzapan +e spezialmente i più grandi, come quelli di Xilotopec e di Huitzapan nelle vicinanze del paese, che innanzi occupavano: altri sparsi fra i Matlatzinchi, ed i Tlascallesi, ed in altre Provincie del Regno.' _Id._, -p. 148. 'Los indios de este pais (Querétaro) eran por la mayor parte +p. 148. 'Los indios de este pais (Querétaro) eran por la mayor parte otomites.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 163; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 77. 'Sous le nom d'Othomis, on -comprenait généralement les restes des nations primitives, répandus dans -les hautes vallées qui bornent l'Anahuac à l'occident.' _Brasseur de +comprenait généralement les restes des nations primitives, répandus dans +les hautes vallées qui bornent l'Anahuac à l'occident.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., p. 56. 'Les traditions les plus anciennes du Mexique nous montrent les Othomis en possession des -montagnes et de la vallée d'Anahuac, ainsi que des vastes contrées qui -s'étendent au delà, dans le Michoacan, jusqu'aux frontières de Xalizco -et de Tonalàn; ils étaient également les maîtres du plateau de +montagnes et de la vallée d'Anahuac, ainsi que des vastes contrées qui +s'étendent au delà , dans le Michoacan, jusqu'aux frontières de Xalizco +et de Tonalà n; ils étaient également les maîtres du plateau de Tlaxcallan.' _Id._, tom. i., p. 160. 'Ils occupaient la plus grande -partie de la vallée d'Anahuac, avec ses contours jusqu'aux environs de -Cholullan, ainsi que les provinces que s'étendent au nord entre la +partie de la vallée d'Anahuac, avec ses contours jusqu'aux environs de +Cholullan, ainsi que les provinces que s'étendent au nord entre la Michoacan et Tuilantzinco.' _Id._, p. 196. 'Otompan, aujourd'hui Otumba, fut leur capitale.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, introd., pp. -xxx., cx. Querétaro 'fue siempre domicilio de los esforzados -Othomites.... Tienen poblado todo lo alto de las Montañas, que -circundan á Mexico, siendo cabecera de toda la Provincia Othomí +xxx., cx. Querétaro 'fue siempre domicilio de los esforzados +Othomites.... Tienen poblado todo lo alto de las Montañas, que +circundan á Mexico, siendo cabecera de toda la Provincia Othomà Xilotepec, que la hacen numerosa los Pueblos de Tepexic, Tula, Huichiapan, Xiquilpo, Atocpan, el Mexquital, S. Juan del Rio, y -Queretaro.' _Espinosa_, _Chrón. Apostólica_, pp. 1-2. The Otomí language -'se le encuentra derramado por el Estado de México, entra en San Luis -Potosí, abraza todo Querétaro y la mayor parte de Guanajuato, -limitándose al O. por los pueblos de los tarascos; reaparece confundido -con el tepehua cerca del totonaco, y salpicado aquí y allá se tropieza -con él en Puebla y en Veracruz.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 17, -216-7, 240, 255-6, 261-4, 272. 'En todo el Estado de Querétaro y en una -parte de los de San Luis, Guanajuato, Michoacan, México, Puebla, +Queretaro.' _Espinosa_, _Chrón. Apostólica_, pp. 1-2. The Otomà language +'se le encuentra derramado por el Estado de México, entra en San Luis +PotosÃ, abraza todo Querétaro y la mayor parte de Guanajuato, +limitándose al O. por los pueblos de los tarascos; reaparece confundido +con el tepehua cerca del totonaco, y salpicado aquà y allá se tropieza +con él en Puebla y en Veracruz.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 17, +216-7, 240, 255-6, 261-4, 272. 'En todo el Estado de Querétaro y en una +parte de los de San Luis, Guanajuato, Michoacan, México, Puebla, Veracruz y Tlaxcala.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 117. Concurrent authorities: _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 138; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. -x., p. 323; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., p. 345; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, -tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 477; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 36, 188, +x., p. 323; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., p. 345; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, +tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 477; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 36, 188, 196-7; _Klemm_, _Cultur-Geschichte_, tom. v., p. 193; _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact._, vol. i., p. 2; _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col. Voyages_, tom. iv., p. 513. 'Habitait les bords du @@ -34774,46 +34740,46 @@ alla Corona di Tacuba.' _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. i., pp. 149-50; copied in _Heredia y Sarmiento_, _Sermon de Guadalupe_, p. 83. 'Mazahua, Mazahui, Matzahua, Matlazahua Mozahui, en Mexico y en Michoacan. En tiempos del imperio azteca esta tribu pertenecia al reino -de Tlacopan; sus pueblos marcaban los límites entre su señorío y -Michoacan.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 256. 'Parece que solo +de Tlacopan; sus pueblos marcaban los lÃmites entre su señorÃo y +Michoacan.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 256. 'Parece que solo quedan algunos restos de la nacion mazahua en el distrito Ixtlahuaca, -perteneciente al Departamento de México.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. -ii., p. 193. 'Au nord ils étendaient leurs villages jusqu'à peu de +perteneciente al Departamento de México.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. +ii., p. 193. 'Au nord ils étendaient leurs villages jusqu'à peu de distance de l'ancien Tollan.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., p. 56. The _Huastecs_, Huaxtecs, Guastecs, or Cuextecas inhabit portions of the -states of Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas. 'A los mismos llamaban Panteca ó +states of Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas. 'A los mismos llamaban Panteca ó Panoteca, que quiere decir hombres del lugar pasadero, los cuales fueron -así llamados, y son los que viven en la provincia de Panuco, que -propiamente se llaman Pantlan, ó Panotlan.' _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, -tom. iii., lib. x., p. 132. 'El Huaxtecapan se extendió de Veracruz á -San Luis Potosí, y corria á lo largo de la costa del Golfo, hácia el -Norte, prolongándose probablemente muy adentro de Tamaulipas, por +asà llamados, y son los que viven en la provincia de Panuco, que +propiamente se llaman Pantlan, ó Panotlan.' _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, +tom. iii., lib. x., p. 132. 'El Huaxtecapan se extendió de Veracruz á +San Luis PotosÃ, y corria á lo largo de la costa del Golfo, hácia el +Norte, prolongándose probablemente muy adentro de Tamaulipas, por lugares en donde ahora no se encuentra ni vestigio suyo.' _Orozco y -Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 206, 19. 'Cuando llegaron los españoles, el +Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 206, 19. 'Cuando llegaron los españoles, el lugar que ocupaban era la frontera Norte del reino de Texcoco, y parte de la del mexicano.... Hoy se conoce su pais con el nombre de la Huaxteca: comprende la parte Norte del Estado de Veracruz y una fraccion lindante del de San Luis, confinando, al Oriente, con el Golfo de -México, desde la barra de Tuxpan hasta Tampico.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, +México, desde la barra de Tuxpan hasta Tampico.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 5. Further mention in _Chaves_, _Rapport_, in -_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série ii., tom. v., p. 298; _Mühlenpfordt_, +_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série ii., tom. v., p. 298; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 46; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 226; -_Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 35-6; _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 316; -_Villa-Señor_, _Theatro_, tom. i., p. 122. +_Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 35-6; _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 316; +_Villa-Señor_, _Theatro_, tom. i., p. 122. [Sidenote: TOTONACS AND NAHUATLACS.] The _Totonacs_ occupy the country east of the valley of Mexico down to the sea-coast, and particularly the state of Veracruz and a portion of -Puebla. 'Estos Totonaques estan poblados á la parte del norte, y se dice +Puebla. 'Estos Totonaques estan poblados á la parte del norte, y se dice ser guastemas.' _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 131-4. 'Totonachi. Questa grande Provincia, ch'era per quella parte l'ultima dell' imperio, si stendeva per ben centocinquanta miglia, cominciando dalla frontiera di Zacatlan ... e terminando nel Golfo Messicano. Oltre alla capitale Mizquihuacan, quindici miglia a Levante da Zacatlan, v'era -la bella Città di Cempoallan sulla costa del Golfo.' _Clavigero_, +la bella Città di Cempoallan sulla costa del Golfo.' _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. i., p. 34. 'Raccontavano dunque, que essendosi eglino da principio per qualche tempo stabiliti su le rive del lago tezcucano, quindi si portarono a popolare quelle montagne, che da @@ -34821,28 +34787,28 @@ loro presero il nome di Totonacapan.' _Id._, tom. iv., p. 51. 'En Puebla y en Veracruz. Los totonacos ocupan la parte Norte del Departamento, formando un solo grupo con sus vecinos de Veracruz; terminan sobre la costa del golfo, en toda la zona que se extiende entre los rios de -Chachalacas y de Cazones ó S. Márcos.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, -pp. 214, 216. 'Están estendidos, y derramados por las Sierras, que le -caen, al Norte, à esta Ciudad de Mexico.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, +Chachalacas y de Cazones ó S. Márcos.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, +pp. 214, 216. 'Están estendidos, y derramados por las Sierras, que le +caen, al Norte, à esta Ciudad de Mexico.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 278; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 223. 'In the districts of Zacatlan, State of Puebla, and in the State of Vera Cruz.' -_Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 190; _Villa-Señor_, _Theatro_, tom. i., p. -312; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 208; _Gallatin_, in _Amer. +_Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 190; _Villa-Señor_, _Theatro_, tom. i., p. +312; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 208; _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact._, vol. i., p. 4. The _Meztitlanecs_ inhabited the region north of Tezcuco, between the Sierra Madre and the territory occupied by the Huastecs. 'Al Norte de -Tetzcoco existia el señorío independiente de Meztitlan, que hoy -corresponde al Estado de México.... Obedecian á Meztitlan, cabecera +Tetzcoco existia el señorÃo independiente de Meztitlan, que hoy +corresponde al Estado de México.... Obedecian á Meztitlan, cabecera principal, las provincias de Molango, Malila, Tlanchinolticpac, Ilamatlan, Atlihuetzian, Suchicoatlan, Tianguiztengo, Guazalingo, -Yagualica. El señorío, pues, se extendia por toda la sierra, hasta el +Yagualica. El señorÃo, pues, se extendia por toda la sierra, hasta el limite con los huaxtecos: en Yahualica estaba la guarnicion contra -ellos, por ser la frontera, comenzando desde allí las llanuras de +ellos, por ser la frontera, comenzando desde allà las llanuras de Huaxtecapan. Xelitla era el punto mas avanzado al Oeste y confinaba con -los bárbaros chichimecas: el término al Sur era Zacualtipan y al Norte -tenia á los chichimecas.' _Chavez_, _Relacion de Meztitlan_, quoted in -_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 246. +los bárbaros chichimecas: el término al Sur era Zacualtipan y al Norte +tenia á los chichimecas.' _Chavez_, _Relacion de Meztitlan_, quoted in +_Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 246. The _Nahuatlacs_ 'se diuiden en siete linajes.... Los primeros fueron los Suchimilcos, que quiere dezir, gente de sementeras de flores. Estos @@ -34850,42 +34816,42 @@ poblaron a la orilla de la gran laguna de Mexico hazia el Mediodia, y fundaron vna ciudad de su nombre, y otros muchos lugares. Mucho despues llegaron los del segundo linage llamados Chalcas, que significa gente de las bocas, y tambien fundaron otra ciudad de su nombre, partiendo -terminos con los Suchimílcos. Los terceros fueron los Tepanecas, que +terminos con los SuchimÃlcos. Los terceros fueron los Tepanecas, que quiere dezir, gente de la Puente. Y tambien poblaron en la orilla de la -laguna al Occidente.... La cabeça de su provincia la llamaron -Azcapuzàlco.... Tras estos vinieron, los que poblaron a Tezcùco, que son -los de Cùlhua, que quiere dezir, gente corua.... Y assi quedò la laguna +laguna al Occidente.... La cabeça de su provincia la llamaron +Azcapuzà lco.... Tras estos vinieron, los que poblaron a Tezcùco, que son +los de Cùlhua, que quiere dezir, gente corua.... Y assi quedò la laguna cercada de estas quatro naciones, poblando estos al Oriente, y los -Tepanècas al Norte.... Despues llegaron los Tlatluìcas, que significa +Tepanècas al Norte.... Despues llegaron los Tlatluìcas, que significa gente de la sierra.... Y como hallaron ocupados todos los llanos en contorno de la laguna hasta las sierras, passaron de la otra parte de -la sierra.... Y a la cabeça de su prouincia llamaron Quahunahuàc ... que +la sierra.... Y a la cabeça de su prouincia llamaron Quahunahuà c ... que corrompidamente nuestro vulgo llama Quernauaca, y aquella prouincia es, la que oy se dize el Marquesado. Los de la sexta generacion, que son los -Tlascaltècas, que quiere dezir gente de pan, passaron la serrania hazia -el Oriente atrauessando la sierra neuada, donde està el famoso bolcan -entre Mexico y la ciudad de los Angeles ... la cabeça de su prouincia -llamaron de su nombre Tlascàla.... La septima cueua, o linage, que es la +Tlascaltècas, que quiere dezir gente de pan, passaron la serrania hazia +el Oriente atrauessando la sierra neuada, donde està el famoso bolcan +entre Mexico y la ciudad de los Angeles ... la cabeça de su prouincia +llamaron de su nombre Tlascà la.... La septima cueua, o linage, que es la nacion Mexicana, la qual como las otras, salio de las prouincias de -Aztlan, y Teuculhuàcan.' _Acosta_, _Hist. de las Ynd._, pp. 454-8. +Aztlan, y Teuculhuà can.' _Acosta_, _Hist. de las Ynd._, pp. 454-8. Repeated in _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. ii., cap. x. Also in _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. i., pp. 151-2, and in _Heredia y Sarmiento_, _Sermon de Guadalupe_, p. 85; _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, pp. 91-2. +_GeografÃa_, pp. 91-2. The _Acolhuas_ inhabited the kingdom of Acolhuacan. 'Su capital era -Tetzcoco, á la orilla del lago de su nombre.... La extension del reino -era: desde el mar del N. á la del Sur, con todo lo que se comprende á la +Tetzcoco, á la orilla del lago de su nombre.... La extension del reino +era: desde el mar del N. á la del Sur, con todo lo que se comprende á la banda del Poniente hasta el puerto de la Veracruz, salvo la cuidad de Tlachcala y Huexotzinco.' _Pomar_, _Relacion de Texcoco_, quoted in -_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 240-2. 'Juan B. Pomar fija los -límites del reino con toda la exageracion que puede infundir el orgullo -de raza. Por nuestra parte, hemos leido con cuidado las relaciones que á -la monarquía corresponden, y hemos estudiado en el plano los lugares á -que se refieren, y ni de las unas ní de los otros llegamos á sacar jamas +_Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 240-2. 'Juan B. Pomar fija los +lÃmites del reino con toda la exageracion que puede infundir el orgullo +de raza. Por nuestra parte, hemos leido con cuidado las relaciones que á +la monarquÃa corresponden, y hemos estudiado en el plano los lugares á +que se refieren, y ni de las unas nà de los otros llegamos á sacar jamas que los reyes de Aculhuacan mandaran sobre las tribus avecindadas en la -costa del Pacífico, no ya á la misma altura de México, sino aun á -menores latitudes.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 242-4. See +costa del PacÃfico, no ya á la misma altura de México, sino aun á +menores latitudes.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 242-4. See further: _Motolinia_, _Hist. Indios_, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. i., p. 11; _Ixtlilxochitl_, _Relaciones_, in _Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq._, vol. ix., p. 341. @@ -34893,36 +34859,36 @@ Antiq._, vol. ix., p. 341. The _Ocuiltecs_ 'viven en el distrito de Toluca, en tierras y terminos suyos.' _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 130. -The _Macaoaquez_ 'viven en una comarca de Toluca, y están poblados en el +The _Macaoaquez_ 'viven en una comarca de Toluca, y están poblados en el pueblo de Xocotitlan. _Ib._ The _Tarascos_ dwell chiefly in the state of Michoacan. 'La provincia de -estos, es la madre de los pescados, que es Michoacan: llámase tambien +estos, es la madre de los pescados, que es Michoacan: llámase tambien Quaochpanme.' _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 137. Repeated in _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. i., p. 148. Their territory is bounded: 'Au nord-est, le royaume de Tonalan et le -territoire maritime de Colima eu sont séparés par le rio Pantla et le -fleuve Coahuayana, auquel s'unit cette rivière, dix lieues avant d'aller -tomber dans la mer Pacifique, dont le rivage continue ensuite à borner -le Michoacan, au sud-ouest, jusqu'à Zacatollan. Là les courbes -capricieuses du Mexcala lui constituent d'autres limites, à l'est et au -sud, puis, à l'est encore, les riches provinces de Cohuixco et de -Matlatzinco.... Plus au nord, c'étaient les Mazahuas, dont les fertiles -vallées, ainsi que celles des Matlatzincas, s'étendent dans les régions -les plus froides de la Cordillère; enfin le cour majestueux du +territoire maritime de Colima eu sont séparés par le rio Pantla et le +fleuve Coahuayana, auquel s'unit cette rivière, dix lieues avant d'aller +tomber dans la mer Pacifique, dont le rivage continue ensuite à borner +le Michoacan, au sud-ouest, jusqu'à Zacatollan. Là les courbes +capricieuses du Mexcala lui constituent d'autres limites, à l'est et au +sud, puis, à l'est encore, les riches provinces de Cohuixco et de +Matlatzinco.... Plus au nord, c'étaient les Mazahuas, dont les fertiles +vallées, ainsi que celles des Matlatzincas, s'étendent dans les régions +les plus froides de la Cordillère; enfin le cour majestueux du Tololotlan et les rives pittoresques du lac Chapala formaient une -barrière naturelle entre les Tarasques et les nombreuses populations -othomies et chichimèques des états de Guanaxuato et de Queretaro.' +barrière naturelle entre les Tarasques et les nombreuses populations +othomies et chichimèques des états de Guanaxuato et de Queretaro.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., pp. 53, 56. 'El tarasco se habla en el Estado de Michoacan, exceptuando la parte -Sur-Oeste que linda con el Pacífico donde se habla el mexicano, una -pequeña parte al Nor-Este, donde se acostumbra el othomí ó el mazahua, y +Sur-Oeste que linda con el PacÃfico donde se habla el mexicano, una +pequeña parte al Nor-Este, donde se acostumbra el othomà ó el mazahua, y otra parte donde se usa el matlatzinca. Tambien se habla en el Estado de Guanajuato, en la parte que linda con Michoacan y Guadalajara, limitada -al Oriente por una línea que puede comenzar en Acámbaro, seguir á -Irapuato y terminar en San Felipe, es decir, en los límites con San Luis -Potosí.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 271. 'En Michoacan, Guerrero, -Guanajuato y Jalisco.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 58, 238, 264, +al Oriente por una lÃnea que puede comenzar en Acámbaro, seguir á +Irapuato y terminar en San Felipe, es decir, en los lÃmites con San Luis +PotosÃ.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 271. 'En Michoacan, Guerrero, +Guanajuato y Jalisco.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 58, 238, 264, 271-2, 281. Concurrent authorities: _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact._, vol. i., p. 4; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 182; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 460; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., p. 675 @@ -34932,7 +34898,7 @@ Hum. Race_, p. 460; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., p. 675 The _Matlaltzincas_, Pirindas, or Tolucas inhabited the valley of Toluca, situated between the valley of Mexico and Michoacan. 'La Provincia dei Matlatzinchi comprendeva, oltre la valle di Tolocan, tutto -quello spazio, che v'è infino a Tlaximaloyan (oggi Taximaroa) frontiera +quello spazio, che v'è infino a Tlaximaloyan (oggi Taximaroa) frontiera del regno di Michuacan.... Nelle montagne circonvicine v'erano gli stati di Xalatlauhco, di Tzompahuacan, e di Malinalco; in non molta lontananza verso Levante dalla valle quello d'Ocuillan, e verso Ponente @@ -34946,31 +34912,31 @@ _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., p. 56. The _Chumbias_ inhabit the pueblos Ciutla, Axalo, Ihuitlan, Vitalata, Guaguayutla and Coyuquilla in the State of Guerrero. _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 227. +_GeografÃa_, p. 227. The _Tlapanecs_, Coviscas, Yopes, Yopis, Jopes, Yopimes, Tenimes, Pinomes, Chinquimes, Chochontes, Pinotl-Chochons, Chochos, Chuchones, Popolocas, Tecos, Tecoxines, or Popolucas are one and the same people, who by different writers are described under one or the other of these -names. 'Estos Coviscas y Tlapanecas, son unos ... y están poblados en +names. 'Estos Coviscas y Tlapanecas, son unos ... y están poblados en Tepecuacuilco y Tlachmalacac, y en la provincia de Chilapan.' 'Estos -Yopimes y Tlapanecas, son de los de la comarca de Yopitzinco, llámenles +Yopimes y Tlapanecas, son de los de la comarca de Yopitzinco, llámenles Yopes ... son los que llaman propiamente tenimes, pinome, chinquime, chochonti.' _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 135; quoted -also in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 235-6, 217, 196. 'La +also in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 235-6, 217, 196. 'La provincia de los Yopes lindaba al Oeste con los Cuitlateques, al Sur con -el Pacífico, al Este con los Mixtecos y al Norte con los Cohuixcas: la -division por esta parte la representaria una linea de Este à Oeste, al -Sur de Xocolmani y de Amatlan, y comprendiera à los actuales +el PacÃfico, al Este con los Mixtecos y al Norte con los Cohuixcas: la +division por esta parte la representaria una linea de Este à Oeste, al +Sur de Xocolmani y de Amatlan, y comprendiera à los actuales tlapanecos.' _Montufar_, in _Id._, pp. 235-6. 'Confinava colla costa dei Cohuixchi quella dei Jopi, e con questa quella dei Mixtechi, conosciuta ai nostri tempi col nome di Xicayan.' _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. i., p. 34; _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact._, vol. i., p. 4. 'Tecamachalco era su poblacion principal, y se derramaban al Sur hasta tocar con los mixtecos. Durante el siglo XVI se encontraban -aún popolocos en Tlacotepec y en San Salvador (unidos con los otomíes), -pueblo sujeto á Quecholac.... Por la parte de Tehuacan, el límite de -esta tribu se hallaba en Coxcatlan.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. +aún popolocos en Tlacotepec y en San Salvador (unidos con los otomÃes), +pueblo sujeto á Quecholac.... Por la parte de Tehuacan, el lÃmite de +esta tribu se hallaba en Coxcatlan.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 217-18. The Chochos dwell in sixteen pueblos in the department of Huajuapan in the state of Oajaca. _Id._, p. 196. @@ -34978,118 +34944,118 @@ The _Cohuixcas_ dwelt in the province of the same name, which 'confinava a Settentrione coi Matlatzinchi, e coi Tlahuichi, a Ponente coi Cuitlatechi, a Levante coi Jopi e coi Mixtechi, ed a Mezzogiornio si stendeva infino al Mar Pacifico per quella parte, dove presentemente vi -sono il porto e la Città d'Acapulco.' _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del -Messico_, tom. i., p. 32. 'La provincia comenzaba en Zacualpa, límite -con los matlaltzincas, y que, por último, los confines de esa porcion +sono il porto e la Città d'Acapulco.' _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del +Messico_, tom. i., p. 32. 'La provincia comenzaba en Zacualpa, lÃmite +con los matlaltzincas, y que, por último, los confines de esa porcion antigua del imperio Mexicano, eran al Norte los matlaltzinques; los tlahuiques, al Este los mixtecos y los tlapanecos, al Sur los yopes, y -al Oeste los cuitlateques.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 227-32. +al Oeste los cuitlateques.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 227-32. Their country lies 'between Tesitzlan and Chilapan.' _Ker's Travels_, p. 233. The _Cuitlatecs_ inhabit the country between the Cohuixcas and the -Pacific Coast. 'I Cuitlatechi abitavano un paese, che si stendeva più di +Pacific Coast. 'I Cuitlatechi abitavano un paese, che si stendeva più di dugento miglia da Maestro a Scirocco dal regno di Michuacan infino al -mar Pacifico. La loro capitale era la grande e popolosa città di +mar Pacifico. La loro capitale era la grande e popolosa città di Mexcaltepec sulla costa, della quale appena sussistono le rovine.' _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. i., p. 32. 'En Ajuchitlan, -San Cristóbal y Poliutla en la municipalidad de Ajuchitlan, distrito del +San Cristóbal y Poliutla en la municipalidad de Ajuchitlan, distrito del mismo nombre, y en Atoyac, distrito y municipalidad de Tecpan. La -provincia de los cuitlateques ó cuitlatecos, sujeta en lo antiguo á los -emperadores de México, quedaba comprendida entre las de Zacatula y de -los cohuixques.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 233-4. +provincia de los cuitlateques ó cuitlatecos, sujeta en lo antiguo á los +emperadores de México, quedaba comprendida entre las de Zacatula y de +los cohuixques.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 233-4. Proceeding southward, among the SOUTHERN MEXICANS, we first encounter the _Miztecs_, whose province, Miztecapan, was in the present states of Oajaca and Guerrero. 'La Mixtecapan, o sia Provincia dei Mixtechi si stendeva da Acatlan, luogo lontano cento venti miglia dalla corte verso -Scirocco, infino al Mar Pacifico, e conteneva più Città e villaggi ben +Scirocco, infino al Mar Pacifico, e conteneva più Città e villaggi ben popolati, e di considerabile commercio.' _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del -Messico_, tom. i., p. 32. 'Le Mixtecapan comprenait les régions -occidentales de l'état d'Oaxaca, depuis la frontière septentrionale -d'Acatlan, qui le séparait des principautés des Tlahuicas et de -Mazatlan, jusque sur le rivage de l'océan Pacifique. Elles se divisaient -en haute et basse Mixtèque, l'une et l'autre également fertiles, la -première resserrèe entre les montagnes qui lui donnaient son nom; la +Messico_, tom. i., p. 32. 'Le Mixtecapan comprenait les régions +occidentales de l'état d'Oaxaca, depuis la frontière septentrionale +d'Acatlan, qui le séparait des principautés des Tlahuicas et de +Mazatlan, jusque sur le rivage de l'océan Pacifique. Elles se divisaient +en haute et basse Mixtèque, l'une et l'autre également fertiles, la +première resserrèe entre les montagnes qui lui donnaient son nom; la seconde, occupant les riches territoires des bords de la mer, ayant pour -capitale la ville de Tututepec (à l'embouchure du rio Verde).' _Brasseur -de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., p. 4. 'Les Mixtèques -donnaient eux-mêmes à leur pays le nom de Gnudzavui-Gnuhu, Terre de -pluie, pour le haute Mixtèque, et Gnuundaa, Côte de la mer, à la basse.' +capitale la ville de Tututepec (à l'embouchure du rio Verde).' _Brasseur +de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., p. 4. 'Les Mixtèques +donnaient eux-mêmes à leur pays le nom de Gnudzavui-Gnuhu, Terre de +pluie, pour le haute Mixtèque, et Gnuundaa, Côte de la mer, à la basse.' _Id._, pp. 5-6. 'En la antigua provincia de este nombre, situada sobre -la costa del mar Pacifico, que comprende actualmente, hácia el Norte, -una fraccion del Estado de Puebla; hácia el Este, una del de Oajaca, y -al Oeste, parte del Estado de Guerrero. Divídese la Mixteca en alta y -baja, estando la primera en la serranía, y la segunda en las llanuras -contiguas á la costa.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 37. 'Westlich -der Zapotécos, bei San Francisco Huizo im Norden und bei Santa Cruz -Miztepéc im Süden des grossen Thales von Oajáca beginnen die Mistéken, -welche den ganzen westlichen Theil des Staats einnehmen, und südlich bis -an die Küste des Austral-Oceans bei Jamiltepéc und Tututepéc -hinabreichen.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 142, 187, -192-6, 198-9, 201-2. Also in _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 163. +la costa del mar Pacifico, que comprende actualmente, hácia el Norte, +una fraccion del Estado de Puebla; hácia el Este, una del de Oajaca, y +al Oeste, parte del Estado de Guerrero. DivÃdese la Mixteca en alta y +baja, estando la primera en la serranÃa, y la segunda en las llanuras +contiguas á la costa.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 37. 'Westlich +der Zapotécos, bei San Francisco Huizo im Norden und bei Santa Cruz +Miztepéc im Süden des grossen Thales von Oajáca beginnen die Mistéken, +welche den ganzen westlichen Theil des Staats einnehmen, und südlich bis +an die Küste des Austral-Oceans bei Jamiltepéc und Tututepéc +hinabreichen.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 142, 187, +192-6, 198-9, 201-2. Also in _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 163. [Sidenote: ZAPOTECS AND MIJES.] The _Zapotecs_ occupy the large valley of Oajaca. 'Fue la Zapotecapan -Señora, y tan apoderada de las demas de su Orizonte, que ambiciosos sus +Señora, y tan apoderada de las demas de su Orizonte, que ambiciosos sus Reyes, rompieron los terminos de su mando, y se entraron ferozes, y valientes, por Chontales, Mijes, y tierras maritimas de ambos mares del -Sur, y del Norte ... y venciendo, hasta Señorear los fertiles llanos de +Sur, y del Norte ... y venciendo, hasta Señorear los fertiles llanos de Teguantepeque, y corriendo hasta Xoconusco.' _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip._, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 196, tom. ii., fol. 362. 'Hasta Tepeiac, -Techamachalco, Quecholac y Teohuacan, que por aquí dicen que hicieron +Techamachalco, Quecholac y Teohuacan, que por aquà dicen que hicieron sus poblaciones los zapotecas.' _Veytia_, _Hist. Ant. Mej._, tom. i., p. -153. 'A Levante de' Mixtechi erano i Zapotechi, cosí chiamati dalla loro +153. 'A Levante de' Mixtechi erano i Zapotechi, cosà chiamati dalla loro capitale Teotzapotlan. Nel loro distretto era la Valle di Huaxyacac, dagli Spagnuoli detta Oaxaca o Guaxaca.' _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. i., p. 32. 'En una parte del Estado de Oajaca, limitada -al Sur por el Pacífico, exceptuando una pequeña fraccion de terreno +al Sur por el PacÃfico, exceptuando una pequeña fraccion de terreno ocupada por los chontales.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 319. See -also: _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 177-87; _Murguía y Galardi_, in +also: _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 177-87; _MurguÃa y Galardi_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. vii., pp. 245-6. 'The Zapotecs constitute the greater part of the population of the southern division of the Isthmus (of Tehuantepec).' _Barnard's Tehuantepec_, p. 226. 'Inhabit the Pacific plains and the elevated table-lands from Tarifa to Petapa.' _Shufeldt's Explor. Tehuantepec_, pp. 125, 133-4; _Garay's -Tehuantepec_, p. 59; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, pp. 338, 470. 'Zapotécos, -welche die Mitte des Staates, das grosse Thal von Oajáca bewohnen, sich -im Osten über die Gebirge von Huixázo, Iztlán und Tanétze und die Thäler -Los Cajónos ausbreiten, und im Süden, im Partido Quíechápa (Depart. -Tehuantepéc) mit den Mijes, im Partido von Pochútla (Depart. Ejútla) -aber mit den Chontáles, Nachbaren jener, gränzen.' _Mühlenpfordt_, +Tehuantepec_, p. 59; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, pp. 338, 470. 'Zapotécos, +welche die Mitte des Staates, das grosse Thal von Oajáca bewohnen, sich +im Osten über die Gebirge von Huixázo, Iztlán und Tanétze und die Thäler +Los Cajónos ausbreiten, und im Süden, im Partido QuÃechápa (Depart. +Tehuantepéc) mit den Mijes, im Partido von Pochútla (Depart. Ejútla) +aber mit den Chontáles, Nachbaren jener, gränzen.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 141, 170, 173-6, 183-6, 189, 191, 199, -212-13; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 162. 'Les Zapotèques appelaient +212-13; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 162. 'Les Zapotèques appelaient leur pays Lachea.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., p. 38; _Macgregor's Progress of America_, p. 848. The _Mijes_ dwell in the mountains of southern Oajaca and in a small -portion of Tehuantepec. 'Antérieurement à la ruine de l'empire toltèque +portion of Tehuantepec. 'Antérieurement à la ruine de l'empire toltèque ... les Mijes occupaient tout le territoire de l'isthme de Tehuantepec, -d'une mer à l'autre.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Voy. Tehuantepec_, pp. -138-9. 'Toute cette région, comprenant, à l'est, les cimes de la Sierra +d'une mer à l'autre.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Voy. Tehuantepec_, pp. +138-9. 'Toute cette région, comprenant, à l'est, les cimes de la Sierra de Macuilapa que domine le village actuel de Zanatepec et les montagnes -qui s'étendent, du côté opposé, vers Lachixila, baignées par la rivière +qui s'étendent, du côté opposé, vers Lachixila, baignées par la rivière de Tehuantepec, au sud, et, au nord, par celle de la Villa-Alta, -jusqu'aux savanes, oú roulent les affluents de l'Alvarado et du -Guazacoalco, appartenait à la même nation des Mixi ou Mijes ... les -Mijes vaincus demeurèrent soumis dès lors aux rois de la Mixtèque et du -Zapotecapan, à l'exception d'un petit nombre qui, jusqu'à l'époque -espagnole, continuérent dans leur résistance dans les cantons austères +jusqu'aux savanes, oú roulent les affluents de l'Alvarado et du +Guazacoalco, appartenait à la même nation des Mixi ou Mijes ... les +Mijes vaincus demeurèrent soumis dès lors aux rois de la Mixtèque et du +Zapotecapan, à l'exception d'un petit nombre qui, jusqu'à l'époque +espagnole, continuérent dans leur résistance dans les cantons austères qui environnent le Cempoaltepec. Ce qui reste de cette nation sur -l'isthme de Tehuantepec est disséminé actuellement en divers villages de +l'isthme de Tehuantepec est disséminé actuellement en divers villages de la montagne. Entre les plus importants est celui de Guichicovi que -j'avais laissé à ma droite en venant de la plaine de Xochiapa au -Barrio.' _Id._, pp. 105-7. 'Les Mixi avaient possédé anciennement la +j'avais laissé à ma droite en venant de la plaine de Xochiapa au +Barrio.' _Id._, pp. 105-7. 'Les Mixi avaient possédé anciennement la plus grande partie des royaumes de Tehuantepec, de Soconusco et du -Zapotecapan; peut-être même les rivages de Tututepec leur devaient-ils -leur première civilisation.' _Id._, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., pp. +Zapotecapan; peut-être même les rivages de Tututepec leur devaient-ils +leur première civilisation.' _Id._, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., pp. 34-5. 'En algunos lugares del Departamento de Oajaca como Juquila, Quezaltepec y Atilan.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 173. 'Les -Indiens mijes habitent une contrée montagneuse, au sud-ouest du -Goatzacoalco et au nord-ouest de Tehuantepec.... De la chaîne des monts -Mijes descend la rivière de Sarrabia, qui traverse la belle plaine de +Indiens mijes habitent une contrée montagneuse, au sud-ouest du +Goatzacoalco et au nord-ouest de Tehuantepec.... De la chaîne des monts +Mijes descend la rivière de Sarrabia, qui traverse la belle plaine de Boca-del-Monte.' _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 49. 'The Mijes, once a powerful tribe, inhabit the mountains to the west, in the central division of the Isthmus, and are now confined to the town of San Juan Guichicovi.' @@ -35100,14 +35066,14 @@ land from the Sierra, north of Tehuantepec, to the district of Chiapas. In the Isthmus they only inhabit the village of Guichicovi, and a small portion of the Sierra, which is never visited.' _Garay's Tehuantepec_, p. 60. Also _Macgregor's Progress of America_, p. 849; _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, pp. 176-7. +_GeografÃa_, pp. 176-7. The _Huaves_, Huavi, Huabi, Huabes, Guavi, Wabi, etc., live on the -Isthmus of Tehuantepec. 'Les Wabi avaient été, dans les siècles passés, -possesseurs de la province de Tehuantepec.... Ils avaient été les -maîtres du riche territoire de Soconusco (autrefois Xoconochco ... -espèce de nopal), et avaient étendu leurs conquêtes jusqu'au sein même -des montagnes, où ils avaient fondé ou accru la ville de Xalapa la +Isthmus of Tehuantepec. 'Les Wabi avaient été, dans les siècles passés, +possesseurs de la province de Tehuantepec.... Ils avaient été les +maîtres du riche territoire de Soconusco (autrefois Xoconochco ... +espèce de nopal), et avaient étendu leurs conquêtes jusqu'au sein même +des montagnes, où ils avaient fondé ou accru la ville de Xalapa la Grande (Xalapa-del-Marques).' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., p. 3. 'The Huaves are in all little more than three thousand, and occupy the four villages of the coast called San Mateo, @@ -35119,62 +35085,62 @@ Maria, San Dionisio, and San Francisco.' _Barnard's Tehuantepec_, p. descendants of a tribe called Huaves.' _Hermesdorf_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 546. 'Habitent les villages du bord de la mer au sud de Guichicovi.' _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 467. _Shufeldt's -Explor. Tehuantepec_, p. 126; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. -i., p. 141. 'Se extienden en Tehuantepec, desde las playas del Pacífico -hasta la cordillera interior.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 173-6. +Explor. Tehuantepec_, p. 126; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. +i., p. 141. 'Se extienden en Tehuantepec, desde las playas del PacÃfico +hasta la cordillera interior.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 173-6. The _Beni-Xonos_ 'composaient une province nombreuse, occupant en partie les routes qui conduisaient au Mexique et aux montagnes des Mixi.... -Leur ville principale, depuis la conquête, s'appelait San-Francisco, à -15 l. N. O. de la cité d'Oaxaca.' 'Habitant sur les confins des Mixi et -des Zapotêques.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., -pp. 42-3. 'Les Beni-Xono sont appelés aussi Nexicha et Cajones.' _Ib._ +Leur ville principale, depuis la conquête, s'appelait San-Francisco, à +15 l. N. O. de la cité d'Oaxaca.' 'Habitant sur les confins des Mixi et +des Zapotêques.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., +pp. 42-3. 'Les Beni-Xono sont appelés aussi Nexicha et Cajones.' _Ib._ The _Mazatecs_ live in the state of Oajaca, near the Puebla boundary. 'A Tramontana dei Mixtechi v'era la Provincia di Mazatlan, e a Tramontana, e a Levante dei Zapotechi quella di Chinantla colle loro capitali dello stesso nome, onde furono i loro abitanti Mazatechi e Chinantechi appellati.' _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. i., p. 33. 'In -den Partidos Teutitlán und Teutíla, Departement Teutitlán del Camíno.' -_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 141, 206, 210. 'En el -Departamento de Teotitlan, formando una pequeña fraccion en el límite -con el Estado de Veracruz.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 188. +den Partidos Teutitlán und TeutÃla, Departement Teutitlán del CamÃno.' +_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 141, 206, 210. 'En el +Departamento de Teotitlan, formando una pequeña fraccion en el lÃmite +con el Estado de Veracruz.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 188. [Sidenote: TRIBES OF OAJACA AND CHIAPAS.] -The _Cuicatecs_ dwell 'en una pequeña fraccion del Departamento de +The _Cuicatecs_ dwell 'en una pequeña fraccion del Departamento de Oajaca.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 259. 'In den Partidos -Teutitlán und Teutíla, Departement Teutitlán del Camíno.' -_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 141; repeated in _Orozco -y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 188-9; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 163. +Teutitlán und TeutÃla, Departement Teutitlán del CamÃno.' +_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 141; repeated in _Orozco +y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 188-9; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 163. The _Pabucos_ live in the 'pueblo de Elotepec, Departamento del Centro.' -_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 197; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. +_Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 197; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 187. -The _Soltecs_ are in the pueblo de Sola. _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, +The _Soltecs_ are in the pueblo de Sola. _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 197. The _Pintos_ are a people inhabiting small portions of Guerrero and -Tehuantepec. 'A l'ouest, sur le versant des Cordillères, une grande -partie de la côte baignée par le Pacifique, habitée par les Indiens -Pintos.' _Kératry_, in _Revue des Deux Mondes_, Sept. 15, 1866, p. 453. -'On trouve déjà dans la plaine de Tehuantepec quelques échantillons de -cette race toute particulière au Mexique, appelée pinto, qui appartient -principalement à l'état de Guerrero.' _Charnay_, _Ruines Américaines_, +Tehuantepec. 'A l'ouest, sur le versant des Cordillères, une grande +partie de la côte baignée par le Pacifique, habitée par les Indiens +Pintos.' _Kératry_, in _Revue des Deux Mondes_, Sept. 15, 1866, p. 453. +'On trouve déjà dans la plaine de Tehuantepec quelques échantillons de +cette race toute particulière au Mexique, appelée pinto, qui appartient +principalement à l'état de Guerrero.' _Charnay_, _Ruines Américaines_, p. 502. The _Chiapanecs_ inhabit the interior of the state of Chiapas. 'Dans -l'intérieur des provinces bordant les rives du Chiapan, à sa sortie des -gouffres d'où il s'élance, en descendant du plateau de Zacatlan.' +l'intérieur des provinces bordant les rives du Chiapan, à sa sortie des +gouffres d'où il s'élance, en descendant du plateau de Zacatlan.' (Guatemalan name for Chiapas,) and they extended over the whole province, later on. _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. -ii., p. 87. 'À l'ouest de ce plateau, entre les Zotziles ou Quélènes du -sud et les Zoqui du nord, habitaient les Chiapanèques.' _Id._, _Popol +ii., p. 87. 'À l'ouest de ce plateau, entre les Zotziles ou Quélènes du +sud et les Zoqui du nord, habitaient les Chiapanèques.' _Id._, _Popol Vuh_, introd., pp. 157, 199. Also in _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 325; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 39. 'En Acala, distrito del Centro, y en la villa de Chiapa y en Suchiapa, distrito del Oeste.' _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 172. 'Le principali Città dei Chiapanechi erano +_GeografÃa_, p. 172. 'Le principali Città dei Chiapanechi erano Teochiapan, (chiamata dagli Spagnuoli Chiapa de Indios), Tochtla, Chamolla, e Tzinacantla.' _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. i., p. 33. @@ -35185,23 +35151,23 @@ behind this of the Zoques, from the North Sea within the continent, running up towards Chiapa and reaches in some parts near to the borders of Comitlan, north-westward.' _Gage's New Survey_, p. 236. Also in _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 193; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 235; -_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 169; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. +_Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 169; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xi.; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 325. The _Zotziles_ inhabit a small district in Chiapas. 'La ciudad de -Tzinacantlan, que en mexicano significa "lugar de murciélagos," fué la +Tzinacantlan, que en mexicano significa "lugar de murciélagos," fué la capital de los quelenes, y despues de los tzotziles quienes la llamaban -Zotzilhá, que significa lo mismo; de zotzil, murciélago.' _Pimentel_, +Zotzilhá, que significa lo mismo; de zotzil, murciélago.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 245. Tzinacantan (Quiche Zotzilha) 'doit avoir -été le berceau de la nation zotzil, l'une des nombreuses populations du +été le berceau de la nation zotzil, l'une des nombreuses populations du Chiapas.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 88. The _Chatinos_ live in the 'Departamentos del Centro y de Jamiltepee.' -_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 189; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. +_Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 189; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 196-9. The _Chinantecs_, or Tenez, are in the 'Departamento de Teotitlan.' -_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 187; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. +_Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 187; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 214. 'In the partidos of Quiechapa, Jalalog, and Chuapan.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 40. @@ -35210,11 +35176,11 @@ Partido de los Indios Ahualulcos.' _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iii., p. 366. The _Quelenes_ occupied a district in Chiapas near the Guatemala -boundary line. 'La nation des Quelènes, dont la capitale était Comitan, -occupait la frontière guatémalienne.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. -Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., p. 4. 'Au temps de la conquête, la ville -principale des Quelènes était Copanahuaztlan.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, -_Popol Vuh_, introd., p. 157. 'Établies entre le haut plateau de Ghovel +boundary line. 'La nation des Quelènes, dont la capitale était Comitan, +occupait la frontière guatémalienne.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. +Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., p. 4. 'Au temps de la conquête, la ville +principale des Quelènes était Copanahuaztlan.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, +_Popol Vuh_, introd., p. 157. 'Établies entre le haut plateau de Ghovel ou de Ciudad-Real et les montagnes de Soconusco au midi.' _Ib._; and _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 271. @@ -35222,19 +35188,19 @@ The _Zoques_ are scattered over portions of Tabasco, Chiapas, Oajaca, and Tehuantepec. 'Se encuentran derramados en Chiapas, Tabasco y Oaxaca; tienen al Norte el mexicano y el chontal, al Este el tzendal, el tzotzil y el chiapaneco, al Sur el mexicano, y al Oeste el huave, el zapoteco y -el mixe.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 170. 'Occupy the mountain +el mixe.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 170. 'Occupy the mountain towns of Santa Maria and San Miguel, and number altogether about two thousand souls.' _Shufeldt's Explor. Tehuantepec_, p. 126. 'Les Zotziles et les Zoqui, confinant, au sud-est, avec les Mixi montagnards, au nord avec les Nonohualcas, et les Xicalancas, qui habitaient les territoires fertiles de Tabasco.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. -iii., p. 5. 'Quorum præcipuum Tecpatlan.' _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 325. +iii., p. 5. 'Quorum præcipuum Tecpatlan.' _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 325. 'The Soques, who came originally from Chiapas, inhabit in the Isthmus -only the villages of San Miguel and Santa María Chimalapa.' _Garay's -Tehuantepec_, p. 60. 'La mayor de ellas está situada á tres leguas de -Tacotalpa, aguas arriba del rio de la Sierra. Ocupa un pequeño valle +only the villages of San Miguel and Santa MarÃa Chimalapa.' _Garay's +Tehuantepec_, p. 60. 'La mayor de ellas está situada á tres leguas de +Tacotalpa, aguas arriba del rio de la Sierra. Ocupa un pequeño valle causado por el descenso de varios cerros y colinas que la circuyen.' -_Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., pp. 236-8; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, +_Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., pp. 236-8; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 181-2; _Macgregor's Progress of America_, pp. 849-50. 'The Zoques inhabit the mountainous region to the east, from the valley of the Chiapa on the south, to the Rio del Corte on the north. @@ -35248,55 +35214,55 @@ Blanca.' _Hermesdorf_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 546. The _Choles_, _Manches_, and _Mopanes_ are scattered through small -portions of Chiapas and Vera Paz in Guatemala. '23 leagues from Cahbón, -in the midst of inaccessible mountains and morasses, dwell the Chóls and -Manchés.' _Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., pp. 94-5. -Residen en la 'Provincia del Manché.' _Alcedo_, _Dicc._, tom. iii., p. +portions of Chiapas and Vera Paz in Guatemala. '23 leagues from Cahbón, +in the midst of inaccessible mountains and morasses, dwell the Chóls and +Manchés.' _Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., pp. 94-5. +Residen en la 'Provincia del Manché.' _Alcedo_, _Dicc._, tom. iii., p. 452. Also in _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., preface, p. 14; _Dunlop's Cent. -Amer._, p. 196; _Gavarrete_, in _Panamá Star and Herald_, _Dec. 19, +Amer._, p. 196; _Gavarrete_, in _Panamá Star and Herald_, _Dec. 19, 1867_. 'Los Choles forman una tribu establecida desde tiempos remotos en Guatemala; dividos en dos fracciones ... la una se encuentra al Este de Chiapas, y la otra muy retirada en la Verapaz.' _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 167. 'Tenia por el Sur la Provincia del Chòl: Por la +_GeografÃa_, p. 167. 'Tenia por el Sur la Provincia del Chòl: Por la Parte del Oriente, y de el Norte, de igual modo, las Naciones de los -Itzaex Petenes: Y por el Poniente, las de los Lacandones, y Xoquinoès.' +Itzaex Petenes: Y por el Poniente, las de los Lacandones, y Xoquinoès.' _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, pp. 278-9. 'The nation of the Chol Indians is settled in a country about 25 or 30 leagues distant from -Cahabon, the last village in Verapaz, and far removed from the Manchés.' +Cahabon, the last village in Verapaz, and far removed from the Manchés.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 275. [Sidenote: MAYAS AND ITZAS.] -The _Mayas_ inhabit the peninsula of Yucatan. 'Avant la conquête des -Espagnols, les Mayas occupaient toute la presque'île d'Yucatan, y +The _Mayas_ inhabit the peninsula of Yucatan. 'Avant la conquête des +Espagnols, les Mayas occupaient toute la presque'île d'Yucatan, y compris les districts de Peten, le Honduras anglais, et la partie orientale de Tabasco.... La seule portion de pure race restant de cette -grande nation, se réduit à quelques tribus èparses, habitant -principalement les bords des rivières Usumasinta, San Pedro et Pacaitun; -la totalitè de leur territoire fait, politiquement parlant, partie du +grande nation, se réduit à quelques tribus èparses, habitant +principalement les bords des rivières Usumasinta, San Pedro et Pacaitun; +la totalitè de leur territoire fait, politiquement parlant, partie du Peten.' _Galindo_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1834, tom. lxiii., pp. 148-9, and in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, tom. iii., p. 59. 'En todo -el Estado de Yucatan, Isla del Cármen, pueblo de Montecristo en Tabasco, +el Estado de Yucatan, Isla del Cármen, pueblo de Montecristo en Tabasco, y del Palenque en Chiapas.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 3; -_Crowe's Cent. America_, pp. 46-7; _Müller_, _Amerikanische -Urreligionen_, p. 453; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 208; -_Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 142-3. +_Crowe's Cent. America_, pp. 46-7; _Müller_, _Amerikanische +Urreligionen_, p. 453; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 208; +_Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 142-3. The _Itzas_ occupy a like-named district in the centre of Yucatan. 'Los que poblaron a Chicheniza, se llaman los Yzaes.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii. 'Tienen por la parte del Mediodia, la Provincia de la Vera-Paz, y Reyno de Guatimala; por el Norte, las -Provincias de Yucatán; por la parte del Oriente, el Mar; por la de el +Provincias de Yucatán; por la parte del Oriente, el Mar; por la de el Occidente, la Provincia de Chiapa; y al Sueste, la Tierra, y Provincia de Honduras.' _Villagutierre_, _Hist. Conq. Itza_, p. 489. FOOTNOTES: -[897] Otomí;--'_Otho_ en la misma lengua othomí quiere decir _nada_, y -_mi_, quieto, ó sentado, de manera que traducida literalmente la -palabra, significa nada-quieto, cuya idea pudiéramos expresar diciendo -_peregrino ó errante_.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 118. +[897] OtomÃ;--'_Otho_ en la misma lengua othomà quiere decir _nada_, y +_mi_, quieto, ó sentado, de manera que traducida literalmente la +palabra, significa nada-quieto, cuya idea pudiéramos expresar diciendo +_peregrino ó errante_.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 118. Chichimecs;--'Los demas Indios les llamaban Chichimecos (que hoy lo mismo es chichi que perros altaneros) por la ninguna residencia.' _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 44. Speaking of Chichimecs, @@ -35306,14 +35272,14 @@ Guachichiles, y otros, todos diferentes aunque semejantes en las costumbres.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. viii., lib. vi., cap. xiv. For further etymology of tribes, see _Buschmann_, _Ortsnamen_. -[898] 'Hanno d'altezza più di cinque piedi parigini.' _Clavigero_, -_Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. iv., p. 161. 'De pequeña estatura -[cuatro piés seis pulgadas, á cinco piés cuando mas.]' _Berlandier y +[898] 'Hanno d'altezza più di cinque piedi parigini.' _Clavigero_, +_Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. iv., p. 161. 'De pequeña estatura +[cuatro piés seis pulgadas, á cinco piés cuando mas.]' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 229. In Yalisco 'casi en todo este reyno, son grandes, y hermosas.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 271. 'Son de estatura alta, bien hechos y fornidos.' _Ulloa_, _Noticias Americanas_, p. 308; _Tylor's Anahuac_, p. 182; _Burkart_, _Mexico_, tom. i., p. 49; -_Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 560; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de +_Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 560; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 236. [899] 'In complexion, feature, hair and eyes, I could trace a very great @@ -35324,11 +35290,11 @@ ancha, y las cabezas chatas.' _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. _Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. i., p. 200; _Almaraz_, _Memoria_, p. 79; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., pp. 82, 86; _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, p. 280; _Viollet-Le-Duc._, in _Charnay_, _Ruines -Américaines_, p. 102; _Poinsett's Notes on Mex._, pp. 107-8; _Ottavio_, +Américaines_, p. 102; _Poinsett's Notes on Mex._, pp. 107-8; _Ottavio_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1833, tom. lix., pp. 73-4; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 391; _Vigneaux_, _Souv. Mex._, p. 320; _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 352; _Bonnycastle's Span. Am._, vol. i., pp. 49-50; -_Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 455; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 38-40; +_Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 455; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 38-40; _Bullock's Mexico_, vol. i., pp. 184, 192; _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, pp. 142, 167, 291. @@ -35340,65 +35306,65 @@ they add another upon their back.... Their coats are narrow with figures of lions, birds, and other creatures, adorning them with curious ducks' feathers, which they call _Xilotepec_.' _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 491. Dress of a native girl of -Mexico, 'enaguas blanquísimas, el _quisquemel_ que graciosamente cubre -su pecho y espalda ... dos largas trenzas color de ébano caen á los +Mexico, 'enaguas blanquÃsimas, el _quisquemel_ que graciosamente cubre +su pecho y espalda ... dos largas trenzas color de ébano caen á los lados del cuello.' _Prieto_, _Viajes_, pp. 454, 190-1, 430-1. 'Leur -costume varie selon le terrain et le climat.' _Löwenstern_, _Mexique_, +costume varie selon le terrain et le climat.' _Löwenstern_, _Mexique_, pp. 176, 339. [901] See _Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. ii., pp. 346-8. -[902] 'Usan de una especie de gran paño cuadrado, que tiene en el centro +[902] 'Usan de una especie de gran paño cuadrado, que tiene en el centro una abertura por donde pasa la cabeza.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 229. [903] 'Yuan muy galanes, y empenachados.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. -iv., lib. viii., cap. i. 'Señores ó principales, traían en el labio un -bezote de chalchivite ó esmeralda, ó de caracol, ó de oro, ó de -cobre.... Las mugeres cuando niñas, tambien se rapaban la cabeza, y +iv., lib. viii., cap. i. 'Señores ó principales, traÃan en el labio un +bezote de chalchivite ó esmeralda, ó de caracol, ó de oro, ó de +cobre.... Las mugeres cuando niñas, tambien se rapaban la cabeza, y cuando ya mosas dejaban criar los cabellos ... cuando alguna era ya -muger hecha y habia parido, tocabase el cabello. Tambien traían -sarcillos ó orejeras, y se pintaban los pechos y los brazos, con una -labor que quedaba de azul muy fino, pintada en la misma carne cortándola +muger hecha y habia parido, tocabase el cabello. Tambien traÃan +sarcillos ó orejeras, y se pintaban los pechos y los brazos, con una +labor que quedaba de azul muy fino, pintada en la misma carne cortándola con una navajuela.' _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 123-5, 133-4. 'En el Pueblo de Juito salieron muchos Yndios de paz con escapularios blancos al pecho, cortado el cabello en modo de cerquillo como Religiosos, todos con unas cruces en las manos que eran de -carrizos, y un Yndio que parecia el principal ó cacique con un vestuario +carrizos, y un Yndio que parecia el principal ó cacique con un vestuario de Tunica talan.' _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 73, also, pp. 21, 44, 46, 63, 107, 150. For further description of dress and ornaments see _Nebel_, _Viaje_, plates, nos. xxvi., xxxi., xxxvi., xli., xlvi.; _Thompson's Recollections Mexico_, p. 29; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. 250, 252, 281; _Lafond_, _Voyages_, tom. i., p. 211; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., pp. 90, 279; _Lyon's Journal_, vol. ii., pp. -64, 198; _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, p. 162; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de -Mechoacan, MS._, p. 210; _Apostólicos Afanes_, pp. 10, 67; _Alcedo_, +64, 198; _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, p. 162; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de +Mechoacan, MS._, p. 210; _Apostólicos Afanes_, pp. 10, 67; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iii., p. 299; _Vigneaux_, _Souv. Mex._, pp. 276, -296; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 55-6; _Biart_, in _Revue Française_, +296; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 55-6; _Biart_, in _Revue Française_, Dec. 1864, pp. 478-9; _Ottavio_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1833, tom. lix., p. 61; _Tylor's Anahuac_, p. 302; _Burkart_, _Mexico_, tom. i., pp. 50-1. -[904] 'Les cabanes sont de véritables cages en bambous.' _Vigneaux_, +[904] 'Les cabanes sont de véritables cages en bambous.' _Vigneaux_, _Souv. Mex._, p. 274; _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, p. 170; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., pp. 179, 522; _Bustamante_, in _Prieto_, _Viajes_, pp. 192, -195, 373, 437, 447; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 223-4; -_Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr._, p. 258; _Pagés Travels_, vol. i., p. 159; +195, 373, 437, 447; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 223-4; +_Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr._, p. 258; _Pagés Travels_, vol. i., p. 159; _Dillon_, _Hist. Mex._, p. 47. [905] _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 250; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 582. 'Estos Otomies comian los zorrillos que hieden, culebras y -lirones, y todo género de ratones, comadrejas, y otras sabandijas del +lirones, y todo género de ratones, comadrejas, y otras sabandijas del campo y del monte, lagartijas de todas suertes, y abejones y langostas de todas maneras.' _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 126-7, 123-5. In Jalisco 'Los indios de aquellas provincias son caribes, -que comen carne humana todas las veçes que la pueden aver.' _Oviedo_, +que comen carne humana todas las veçes que la pueden aver.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 568. [906] In Puebla 'Los Indios se han aplicado mas al cultivo de la tierra -y plantío de frutas y legumbres.' In Michoacan 'Cultivan mucho maiz, +y plantÃo de frutas y legumbres.' In Michoacan 'Cultivan mucho maiz, frixoles y ulgodon.' _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. i., pp. 494, 714. In -Querétaro 'viven del cultivo de las sementeras.' _Id._, tom. iii., p. +Querétaro 'viven del cultivo de las sementeras.' _Id._, tom. iii., p. 320. [907] 'They boil the Indian wheat with lime, and when it has stood @@ -35408,13 +35374,13 @@ Col. Voyages_, vol. v., pp. 496, 492, 513; _Walton's Span. Col._, p. _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, p. 295; _Klemm_, _Cultur-Geschichte_, p. 102; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 323; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, pp. 31, 44, 53, 73, 127; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., pp. -79, 87; _Larenaudière_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1824, tom. +79, 87; _Larenaudière_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1824, tom. xxiii., p. 67; _Prieto_, _Viajes_, pp. 191-2, 373; _Mex. in 1842_, pp. 46, 64, 68; _Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 32; _Albornoz_, in -_Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. i., p. 488; _Mühlenpfordt_, +_Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. i., p. 488; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 185, 218-19; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 245, with plate; _Mendoza_, _Hist. de las Cosas_, p. 310; _Malte-Brun_, -_Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 443. +_Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 443. [908] _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., pp. 268-9. 'One would think the bath would make the Indians cleanly in their persons, but it hardly seems so, @@ -35422,8 +35388,8 @@ for they look rather dirtier after they have been in the _temazcalli_ than before.' _Tylor's Anahuac_, p. 302. [909] _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, pp. 33, 72-3; _Beaumont_, -_Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 235. 'El arco y la flecha eran sus armas -en la guerra, aunque para la caza los caciques y señores usaban tambien +_Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 235. 'El arco y la flecha eran sus armas +en la guerra, aunque para la caza los caciques y señores usaban tambien de cervatanas.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 279. 'I saw some Indians that kill'd the least birds upon the highest trees with pellets shot out of trunks.' _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col. @@ -35433,10 +35399,10 @@ p. 397. [910] _West und Ost Indischer Lustgart_, pt. i., p. 102; _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. ii., pp. 141-4, with plate; _Cartas al Abate de Pradt_, p. 114; _Helps' Span. Conq._, vol. ii., p. 286; -_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 89; _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. +_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 89; _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 129, 133; _Lyon's Journal_, vol. i., pp. 149, 293; -_Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. ii.; _Mühlenpfordt_, -_Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 378. 'Una macana, á manera de porra, +_Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. ii.; _Mühlenpfordt_, +_Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 378. 'Una macana, á manera de porra, llena de puntas de piedras pedernales.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 568. 'En schilden uit stijve stokjens gevlochten, van welke sick verwonderens-waerdig dienen in den oorlog.' _Montanus_, _Nieuwe @@ -35444,36 +35410,36 @@ Weereld_, pp. 225-6, and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 254. [911] 'Siempre procuran de acometer en malos pasos, en tierras dobladas y pedregosas.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. vii., lib. ii., cap. xii. -'Tres mil Yndios formaban en solo una fila haciendo frente á nuestro +'Tres mil Yndios formaban en solo una fila haciendo frente á nuestro campo.' _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 34; see further, -_Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 572; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de +_Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 572; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 235. [912] The Chichimecs 'Flea their heads, and fit that skin upon their own heads with all the hair, and so wear it as a token of valour, till it rots off in bits.' _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 513, and _Berenger_, _Col. de Voy._, tom. ii., p. 400. -'Quitandoles los cascos con el pelo, se los llevan á su Pueblo, para -baylar el mitote en compañia de sus parientes con las cabezas de sus -enemigos en señal del triunfo.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. +'Quitandoles los cascos con el pelo, se los llevan á su Pueblo, para +baylar el mitote en compañia de sus parientes con las cabezas de sus +enemigos en señal del triunfo.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 179, 159-60. Further reference in _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 133-4; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 281. [913] _Cassel_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1830, tom. xlv., p. 338; _Vigneaux_, _Souv. Mex._, p. 274; _Prieto_, _Viajes_, p. 193; -_Tylor's Anahuac_, pp. 201-2; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. +_Tylor's Anahuac_, pp. 201-2; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 224-6, 241; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 224; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 252. [914] 'The Indians of this Countrie doe make great store of Woollen Cloth and Silkes.' _Purchas His Pilgrimes_, vol. iv., lib. vii., p. -1433. The Otomís 'sabian hacer lindas labores en las mantas, enaguas, y +1433. The OtomÃs 'sabian hacer lindas labores en las mantas, enaguas, y vipiles que tejian muy curiosamente; pero todas ellas labraban lo dicho -de hilo de maguéy que sacaban y beneficiaban de las pencas.' _Sahagun_, +de hilo de maguéy que sacaban y beneficiaban de las pencas.' _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 127; see also, _Tylor's Anahuac_, p. 201; _Bustamante_, in _Prieto_, _Viajes_, p. 193; _Carpenter's Trav. -Mex._, p. 243; _Mex. in 1842_, p. 66; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. -ii., pt. ii., p. 341; _Lyon's Journal_, vol. ii., p. 43; _Thümmel_, +Mex._, p. 243; _Mex. in 1842_, p. 66; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. +ii., pt. ii., p. 341; _Lyon's Journal_, vol. ii., p. 43; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 63. [915] _Dale's Notes_, p. 24. @@ -35485,13 +35451,13 @@ ii., p. 198; and _Tylor's Anahuac_, p. 85. [917] _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 98; _Tylor's Anahuac_, p. 316; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., p. 237; _Lafond_, _Voyages_, tom. i., p. -131; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 243; _Mill's Hist. Mex._, p. -6; _Carpenter's Trav. Mex._, p. 243. 'Les Mexicains ont conservé un goût +131; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 243; _Mill's Hist. Mex._, p. +6; _Carpenter's Trav. Mex._, p. 243. 'Les Mexicains ont conservé un goût particulier pour la peinture et pour l'art de sculpter en pierre et en -bois.' _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 446. 'Lo +bois.' _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 446. 'Lo particular de Michoacan era el arte de pintar con las plumas de diversos colores.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 90. 'Son muy -buenos cantores y tañedores de toda suerte de instrumentos.' _Mendoza_, +buenos cantores y tañedores de toda suerte de instrumentos.' _Mendoza_, _Hist. de las Cosas_, p. 308. [918] _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 281; _Herrera_, @@ -35500,54 +35466,54 @@ tom. iii., p. 567; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, pp. 31, 68; _Ottavio_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1833, tom. lix., p. 61. [919] _Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 296; _Villa_, in -_Prieto_, _Viajes_, pp. 428-30. 'Tenian uso y costumbre los otomíes, de +_Prieto_, _Viajes_, pp. 428-30. 'Tenian uso y costumbre los otomÃes, de que los varones siendo muy muchachos y tiernos se casasen, y lo mismo las mugeres.' _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 127. Chichimecs 'casanse con las parientas mas cercanas, pero no con las hermanas.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. viii., lib. vi., cap. xv. -[920] _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 246-8; _Bullock's Mexico_, -vol. i., p. 192; _Apostólicos Afanes_, pp. 21-2; _Rittner_, +[920] _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 246-8; _Bullock's Mexico_, +vol. i., p. 192; _Apostólicos Afanes_, pp. 21-2; _Rittner_, _Guatimozin_, p. 81. 'El amancebamiento no es deshonra entre ellos.' _Zarfate_, in _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., pp. 281, 335. 'Zlingerden de kinderen in gevlochte korven aen boomtakken.' _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 219; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 246. -[921] 'La mancebía, el incesto, y cuanto tiene de mas asquerosamente +[921] 'La mancebÃa, el incesto, y cuanto tiene de mas asquerosamente repugnante el desarreglo de la concupiscencia, se ha convertido en -hábito.' _Prieto_, _Viajes_, p. 379; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 27; +hábito.' _Prieto_, _Viajes_, p. 379; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 27; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 56. [922] _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 97; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 160; _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 131; -_Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 12; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia_, pp. 19, 127; -_Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 80; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 61; -_Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. ii., p. 470; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, +_Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 12; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia_, pp. 19, 127; +_Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 80; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 61; +_Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. ii., p. 470; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 219; _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 517. -[923] _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 161-2; _Mayer's Mex. as it +[923] _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 161-2; _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, pp. 175-6; _Mendoza_, _Hist. de las Cosas_, p. 311; _Prieto_, -_Viajes_, p. 375; _Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 12. 'Los indios, si no todos -en su mayor parte, viven ligados por una especie de masonería.' +_Viajes_, p. 375; _Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 12. 'Los indios, si no todos +en su mayor parte, viven ligados por una especie de masonerÃa.' _Bustamante_, in _Prieto_, _Viajes_, p. 199. 'Wenn mehrere in Gesellschaft gehen, nie neben, sondern immer hinter einander und selten -ruhig schreitend, sondern fast immer kurz trabend.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. +ruhig schreitend, sondern fast immer kurz trabend.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 39. 'L'Indien enterre son argent, et au moment de sa mort il -ne dit pas à son plus proche parent oú il a déposé son trésor, afin +ne dit pas à son plus proche parent oú il a déposé son trésor, afin qu'il ne lui fasse pas faute quand il ressuscitera.' _Cassel_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1830, tom. xlv., p. 339. -[924] 'La petite vérole et la rougeole sont deux maladies très +[924] 'La petite vérole et la rougeole sont deux maladies très communes.' _Chappe d'Auteroche_, _Voyage_, p. 25. The Pintos 'marked with great daubs of deep blue ... the decoration is natural and cannot be effaced.' _Tylor's Anahuac_, p. 309. See further: _Fossey_, _Mexique_, pp. 33-4, 395-6. Compare _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., pp. 66, 69-70, 88; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 250; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 282; _Cassel_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1830, tom. -xlv., p. 340; _Löwenstern_, _Mexique_, p. 207; _Charnay_, _Ruines -Américaines_, pp. 502-3; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., -p. 443; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 40. +xlv., p. 340; _Löwenstern_, _Mexique_, p. 207; _Charnay_, _Ruines +Américaines_, pp. 502-3; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., +p. 443; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 40. [925] 'Los Indios son grandes herbolarios, y curan siempre con ellas.' _Mendoza_, _Hist. de las Cosas_, p. 311. 'For fevers, for bad colds, for @@ -35555,38 +35521,38 @@ the bite of a poisonous animal, this (the temazcalli) is said to be a certain cure; also for acute rheumatism.' _Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. i., p. 255; _Helps' Span. Conq._, vol. ii., p. 430; _Menonville_, _Reise_, p. 124; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 306; -_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 250. +_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 250. -[926] 'Notant barbari, folia parti affectæ aut dolenti applicata, de -eventu morbi præjudicare: nam si firmiter ad hæreant, certum signum esse -ægrum convaliturum, sin decidant, contra.' _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. +[926] 'Notant barbari, folia parti affectæ aut dolenti applicata, de +eventu morbi præjudicare: nam si firmiter ad hæreant, certum signum esse +ægrum convaliturum, sin decidant, contra.' _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 271; _Villa_, in _Prieto_, _Viajes_, pp. 438-9. [927] The remains of one of their ancient kings found in a cave is thus described; 'estaba cubierto de pedreria texida segun su costumbre en la manta con que se cubria desde los hombros hasta los pies, sentado en la -misma silla que la fingieron el solio, con tahalí, brazaletes, collares, +misma silla que la fingieron el solio, con tahalÃ, brazaletes, collares, y apretadores de plata; y en la frente una corona de hermosas plumas, de varios colores mezcladas, la mano izquierda puesta en el brazo de la silla, y en la derecha un alfange con guarnicion de plata.' _Alcedo_, -_Diccionario_, tom. iii., p. 299. See also: _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, -tom. i., pp. 259-60; _Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 22; _Armin_, _Das Heutige +_Diccionario_, tom. iii., p. 299. See also: _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, +tom. i., pp. 259-60; _Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 22; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 249. [928] _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 353; _Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. i., p. 200; _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, pp. 170, 201; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Voy. Tehuantepec_, pp. 114, 172; -_Larenaudière_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1824, tom. xxiii., p. +_Larenaudière_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1824, tom. xxiii., p. 67; _Ottavio_, in _Id._, 1833, tom. lix., p. 71; _Rittner_, _Guatimozin_, pp. 81-2; _Villa_, in _Prieto_, _Viajes_, pp. 446-7; -_Arizcorreta_, _Respuesta á_, pp. 24, 26; _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. +_Arizcorreta_, _Respuesta á_, pp. 24, 26; _Sahagun_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 131, 135; _Rossi_, _Souvenirs_, p. 285; _Lafond_, -_Voyages_, tom. i., p. 213; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 40-1; +_Voyages_, tom. i., p. 213; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 40-1; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 10; _Poinsett's Notes Mex._, pp. -108, 161; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 445; _Gemelli +108, 161; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 445; _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 492; _Berenger_, _Col. de Voy._, tom. ii., pp. 383-4; _Bonnycastle's Span. Am._, vol. i., -pp. 49-50. 'L'indigène mexicain est grave, mélancolique, silencieux, +pp. 49-50. 'L'indigène mexicain est grave, mélancolique, silencieux, aussi long-temps que les liqueurs enivrantes n'ont pas agi sur lui.' _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., pp. 94, 96. 'The most violent passions are never painted in their features.' _Mill's Hist. Mex._, pp. @@ -35598,29 +35564,29 @@ small instructing.' _Purchas His Pilgrimes_, vol. iv., p. 1433. Anahuac_, p. 309. The Chichimecs are 'los peores de todos y los mayores homicidas y salteadores de toda la tierra.' _Zarfate_, in _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 281. See further, _Almaraz_, -_Memoria_, p. 18; _Kératry_, in _Revue des deux Mondes_, Sept., 1866, p. +_Memoria_, p. 18; _Kératry_, in _Revue des deux Mondes_, Sept., 1866, p. 453; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 323; _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 284; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. 269, 280; _Combier_, -_Voy._, p. 394; _Biart_, in _Revue Française_, Dec., 1864, pp. 479, 485; +_GeografÃa_, p. 284; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. 269, 280; _Combier_, +_Voy._, p. 394; _Biart_, in _Revue Française_, Dec., 1864, pp. 479, 485; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. viii., lib. vi., cap. xvi.; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 721; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. -560; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 271; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, -MS._, pp. 197, 235; _Pagés' Travels_, vol. i., p. 150. +560; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 271; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, +MS._, pp. 197, 235; _Pagés' Travels_, vol. i., p. 150. [930] The Mayas, 'Sie selbst nennen sich heute noch _Macegual_, d. h. Eingeborene vom Maya-Lande, nie Yucatanos oder Yucatecos, was spanischer -Ausdruck für die Bewohner des Staates ist.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, -pp. 142-3. See also _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 163, 173, 176, +Ausdruck für die Bewohner des Staates ist.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, +pp. 142-3. See also _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 163, 173, 176, 196; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, preface, p. clvii.; -_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 208; tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 140-3; +_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 208; tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 140-3; _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip._, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 396, 400-1; _Remesal_, _Hist. de Chyapa_, pp. 264-5; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 14. [931] _Barnard's Tehuantepec_, pp. 220, 224, 227; _Moro_, in _Garay_, -_Reconocimiento_, pp. 89-94; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 215; +_Reconocimiento_, pp. 89-94; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 215; _Macgregor's Progress of America_, pp. 848, 850; _Hermesdorf_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 543; _Charnay_, _Ruines -Américaines_, pp. 287, 500-1; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. ii., p. 394. +Américaines_, pp. 287, 500-1; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. ii., p. 394. Zapotecs 'bien tallados,' Mijes 'Arrogantes, altiuos de condicion, y cuerpo,' Miztecs 'linda tez en el rostro, y buena disposicion en el talle.' _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip._, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 202, 271, @@ -35634,7 +35600,7 @@ countenances.' _Shufeldt's Explor. Tehuantepec_, p. 126. [932] 'Es gente la de Yucatan de buenos cuerpos, bien hechos, y rezios'.... The women 'bien hechas, y no feas ... no son blancas, sino -de color baço.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. iii., cap. iv. +de color baço.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. iii., cap. iv. See further: _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 115; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., p. 148; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 258; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 291; _Tylor's Anahuac_, p. 16. @@ -35642,7 +35608,7 @@ _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 291; _Tylor's Anahuac_, p. 16. [933] _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip._, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 285; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 255; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 288; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Voy. de Tehuantepec_, p. 194; _Palacios_, in -_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 166; _Leon_, in _Id._, p. 162; _Museo +_Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 166; _Leon_, in _Id._, p. 162; _Museo Mex._, tom. ii., p. 555. 'Muchachos ya mayorcillos. Todos desnudos en carnes, como nacieron de sus madres.... Tras ellos venian muchos Indios mayores, casi tan desnudos como sus hijos, con muchos sartales de flores @@ -35656,18 +35622,18 @@ cap. xi.; _Barnard's Tehuantepec_, pp. 221-2, 226. [935] 'Their apparell was of Cotton in manifold fashions and colours.' _Purchas His Pilgrimes_, vol. v., p. 885. The Maya woman's dress 'se -reduce al hipil que cubre la parte superior del cuerpo, y al fustan ó -enagua, de manta de algodon.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 158. Of +reduce al hipil que cubre la parte superior del cuerpo, y al fustan ó +enagua, de manta de algodon.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 158. Of the men 'un calzoncillo ancho y largo hasta media pierna, y tal vez -hasta cerca del tobillo, de la misma manta, un ceñidor blanco ó de -colores, un pañuelo, y un sombrero de paja, y á veces una alpargata de +hasta cerca del tobillo, de la misma manta, un ceñidor blanco ó de +colores, un pañuelo, y un sombrero de paja, y á veces una alpargata de suela, con sus cordones de mecate.' _Registro Yucateco_, tom. i., pp. 177-8. See further: _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 267; _Galindo_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. iii., p. 59; _Wilson's Amer. Hist._, pp. 88, 114; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., pp. 147, 179. [936] 'Tous portaient les cheveux longs, et les Espagnols ont eu -beaucoup de peine à les leur faire couper; la chevelure longue est +beaucoup de peine à les leur faire couper; la chevelure longue est encore aujourd'hui le signe distinctif des Indiens insoumis.' _Waldeck_, _Voy. Pitt._, p. 40. 'Las caras de blanco, negro, y colorado pintadas, que llaman embijarse, y cierto parecen demonios pintados.' _Cogolludo_, @@ -35679,7 +35645,7 @@ Conq._, vol. ii., p. 262. and form but one piece, without window or chimney.' _Hermesdorf_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 544. 'Cubrense las casas de vna cuchilla que los Indios hazen de pajas muy espessas y bien -assentadas, que llaman en esta tierra jacales.' _Dávila Padilla_, _Hist. +assentadas, que llaman en esta tierra jacales.' _Dávila Padilla_, _Hist. Fund. Mex._, p. 549. See also: _Museo Mex._, tom. ii., p. 554; _Barnard's Tehuantepec_, pp. 221, 225, with cut; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 252; _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip._, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 197. @@ -35688,14 +35654,14 @@ p. 252; _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip._, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 197. cobachuelas estrechas en lo mas escondido de los montes.' _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip._, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 336. The Chinantecs lived 'en rancherias entre barrancas, y espessuras de arboles.' _Burgoa_, -_Palestra_, _Hist._, pt. i., fol. 102; _Charnay_, _Ruines Américaines_, +_Palestra_, _Hist._, pt. i., fol. 102; _Charnay_, _Ruines Américaines_, p. 438. [939] Zapotecs; 'Se dan con gran vicio sus sementeras.' Miztecs, 'labradores de mayz, y frizol.' _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip._, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 36, 143 and 47, 165-6, 184, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 199-200, 202, 228, 282, 396, 398, 400. Zapotecs, 'grande inclinacion, y exercicio -á la caza, y monteria de animales campesinos en especial de venados.' +á la caza, y monteria de animales campesinos en especial de venados.' _Burgoa_, _Palestra Hist._, pt. i., fol. 110. See further: _Barnard's Tehuantepec_, pp. 220-2, 225-6; _Moro_, in _Garay_, _Reconocimiento_, pp. 90, 93-4; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Voy. Tehuantepec_, p. 196; @@ -35703,12 +35669,12 @@ _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 56, 61; _Galindo_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. iii., p. 59. [940] Tabasco: 'Comen a sus horas concertadas, carnes de vaca, puerco, y -aues, y beué vna beuida muy sana, hecha de cacao, mayz, y especia de la +aues, y beué vna beuida muy sana, hecha de cacao, mayz, y especia de la tierra, la qual llaman Zocolate.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. vii., cap. iii. Tortillas, 'When they are baked brown, they are called "totoposti," and taste like parched corn.' _Shufeldt's Explor. Tehuantepec_, p. 125. The Chontales, 'su alimento frecuente es el posole -... rara vez comen la carne de res.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. +... rara vez comen la carne de res.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 161-2; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. 112-14; _Hermesdorf_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., pp. 543-4. @@ -35716,21 +35682,21 @@ in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., pp. 543-4. raices comunica su fragancia al agua que los tehuantepecanos emplean como un objeto de lujo sumamente apreciado, tanto para labar la ropa de uso, como para las abluciones personales.' _Moro_, in _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 180. 'Toutes les parties de leur vêtement sont toujours +_GeografÃa_, p. 180. 'Toutes les parties de leur vêtement sont toujours nouvellement blanchies. Les femmes se baignent au moins une fois par jour.' _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 24. At Chiapas, 'Tous ces Indiens, nus ou -en chemise, répandaient dans l'atmosphère une odeur sui _generis_ qui -soulevait le coeur.' _Charnay_, _Ruines Américaines_, p. 457. The +en chemise, répandaient dans l'atmosphère une odeur sui _generis_ qui +soulevait le coeur.' _Charnay_, _Ruines Américaines_, p. 457. The women are 'not very clean in their habits, eating the insects from the bushy heads of their children.' _Hermesdorf_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 543. 'No son muy limpias en sus personas, ni en sus casas, con quanto se laban.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iv.; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., p. 148. -[942] 'Peleauan con lanças, armadas las puntas con espinas y huessos muy +[942] 'Peleauan con lanças, armadas las puntas con espinas y huessos muy agudos de pescados.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iv., cap. -xi. 'Usaban de lanzas de desmesurado tamaño para combatir.' _Orozco y -Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 187. See also: _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. +xi. 'Usaban de lanzas de desmesurado tamaño para combatir.' _Orozco y +Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 187. See also: _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 461; _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip._, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 336; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. de Yucathan_, pp. 5-6, 11, 77; _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 58-59; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., p. 179. @@ -35740,7 +35706,7 @@ que descuella soberviamente, casi entre la Region de las nubes, y coronase con vna muy dilatada muralla de lossas de mas de vn estado de alto, y quentan de las pinturas de sus characteres historiales, que se retiraban alli, para defenderse de sus enemigos.' _Burgoa_, _Geog. -Descrip._, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 167. 'Començaron luego á tocar las +Descrip._, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 167. 'Començaron luego á tocar las bozinas, pitos, trompetillas, y atabalejos de gente de guerra.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. ii., cap. xvii., and lib. iv., cap. xi. Also see _Cogolludo_, _Hist. de Yucathan_, pp. 5, 77-8; @@ -35749,26 +35715,26 @@ Conq._, vol. ii., p. 263. [944] _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 115; _Burgoa_, _Palestra Hist._, pt. i., fol. 110; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Voy. -Tehuantepec_, p. 196; _Charnay_, _Ruines Américaines_, p. 454. 'Sobre +Tehuantepec_, p. 196; _Charnay_, _Ruines Américaines_, p. 454. 'Sobre vna estera si la tiene, que son muy pocos los que duermen en alto, en -tapescos de caña ... ollas, ó hornillos de tierra ... casolones, ò +tapescos de caña ... ollas, ó hornillos de tierra ... casolones, ò xicaras.' _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip._, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 294, 393. -[945] 'Los zoques cultivan ... dos plantas pertenecientes á la familia +[945] 'Los zoques cultivan ... dos plantas pertenecientes á la familia de las _bromelias_, de las cuales sacan el _ixtle_ y la _pita_ cuyas -hebras saben blanquear, hilar y teñir de varios colores. Sus hilados y +hebras saben blanquear, hilar y teñir de varios colores. Sus hilados y las hamacas que tejen con estas materias, constituyen la parte principal de su industria y de su comercio'.... The Zapotecs, 'los tejidos de seda silvestre y de algodon que labran las mugeres, son verdaderamente -admirables.' _Moro_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 170, 180. Of -the Miztecs it is said that 'las mugeres se han dado á texer con primor -paños, y huepiles, assi de algodon como de seda, y hilo de oro, muy +admirables.' _Moro_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 170, 180. Of +the Miztecs it is said that 'las mugeres se han dado á texer con primor +paños, y huepiles, assi de algodon como de seda, y hilo de oro, muy costosos.' _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip._, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 143, and tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 400. Further reference in _Barnard's Tehuantepec_, pp. 226-7; _Chilton_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. -459; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. ii., p. 394; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. +459; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. ii., p. 394; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 163; _Waldeck_, _Voy. Pitt._, p. 49; _Gage's New Survey_, p. -236; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 198, 209. +236; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 198, 209. [946] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. ii., lib. iv., cap. xi.; _Cogolludo_, _Hist. de Yucathan_, p. 2; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, @@ -35782,30 +35748,30 @@ los puntos que por su poca profundidad no ofrecen mayor peligro.' _Moro_, in _Garay_, _Reconocimiento_, p. 90. [947] _Mill's Hist. Mex._, p. 158; _Palacios_, in _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 166; _Hermesdorf_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. +_GeografÃa_, p. 166; _Hermesdorf_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 547; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Voy. Tehuantepec_, p. 108; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. ii., p. 394; _Macgregor's Progress of America_, vol. i., p. 849; _Moro_, in _Garay_, _Reconocimiento_, p. 93; _Stephens' Yucatan_, vol. ii., p. 14. -[948] 'Les seigneurs de Cuicatlan étaient, au temps de la conquête -très-riches et très-puissants, et leurs descendants en ligne directe, -décorés encore du titre de caciques.' _Fossey_, _Mexique_, pp. 338-9. At +[948] 'Les seigneurs de Cuicatlan étaient, au temps de la conquête +très-riches et très-puissants, et leurs descendants en ligne directe, +décorés encore du titre de caciques.' _Fossey_, _Mexique_, pp. 338-9. At Etla 'Herren des Ortes waren Caziken, welche ihn als eine Art von -Mannlehen besassen, und dem Könige einen gewissen Tribut bezahlen -mussten.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 188. The -Miztecs 'tenian señalados como pregoneros, officiales que elegian por -año, para que todas las mañanas al despuntar el Sol, subidos en lo mas +Mannlehen besassen, und dem Könige einen gewissen Tribut bezahlen +mussten.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 188. The +Miztecs 'tenian señalados como pregoneros, officiales que elegian por +año, para que todas las mañanas al despuntar el Sol, subidos en lo mas alto de la casa de su Republica, con grandes vozes, llamasen, y exitasen -á todos, diziendo salid, salid á trabajar, á trabajar, y con rigor +á todos, diziendo salid, salid á trabajar, á trabajar, y con rigor executivo castigaban al que faltaba de su tarea.' _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip._, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 151, also _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xi. -[949] 'Estava sujeta á diuersos Señores, que como Reyezuelos dominaban -diuersos territorios ... pero antes auia sido toda sujeta á vn Señor, y +[949] 'Estava sujeta á diuersos Señores, que como Reyezuelos dominaban +diuersos territorios ... pero antes auia sido toda sujeta á vn Señor, y Rey Supremo, y asi gouernada con gouierno Monarquico.' _Cogolludo_, -_Hist. de Yucathan_, p. 60. 'En cada pueblo tenian señalados Capitanes a +_Hist. de Yucathan_, p. 60. 'En cada pueblo tenian señalados Capitanes a quienes obedecian.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii-iv. For old customs and new, compare above with _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., p. 168, and _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 267. @@ -35814,12 +35780,12 @@ tom. i., p. 168, and _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 267. twenty female slaves.' _Helps' Span. Conq._, vol. ii., p. 264. [951] 'Vbo en esta juridicion grandes errores, y ritos con las paridas, -y niños recien nacidos, lleuandolos á los rios, y sumergiendolos en el -agua, hazian deprecacion á todos los animales aquatiles, y luego á los +y niños recien nacidos, lleuandolos á los rios, y sumergiendolos en el +agua, hazian deprecacion á todos los animales aquatiles, y luego á los de tierra le fueran fauorables, y no le ofendieran.' _Burgoa_, _Geog. -Descrip._, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 329. 'Consérvase entre ellos la -creencia de que su vida está unida á la de un animal, y que es forzoso -que mueran ellos cuando éste muere.' _Museo Mex._, tom. ii., pp. 554-5. +Descrip._, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 329. 'Consérvase entre ellos la +creencia de que su vida está unida á la de un animal, y que es forzoso +que mueran ellos cuando éste muere.' _Museo Mex._, tom. ii., pp. 554-5. 'Between husband and wife cases of infidelity are rare.... To the credit of the Indians be it also said, that their progeny is legitimate, and that the vows of marriage are as faithfully cherished as in the most @@ -35829,13 +35795,13 @@ Japateco race: 'their manners in regard to morals are most blameable.' _Hermesdorf_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 543. Moro, referring to the women of Jaltipan, says: 'Son de costumbres sumamente libres: suele decirse ademas que los jaltipanos no solo no las celan, -sino que llevan las ideas de hospitalidad á un raro exceso.' _Garay_, +sino que llevan las ideas de hospitalidad á un raro exceso.' _Garay_, _Reconocimiento_, p. 116; _Ferry_, _Costal L'Indien_, pp. 6-7; _Registro Yucateco_, tom. i., p. 166. [952] 'Iuntauanse en el Capul, que es vna casa del comun, en cada barrio, para hazer casamientos, el Cazique, el Papa, los desposados, los -parientes: estando sentados el señor, y el Papa, llegauan los +parientes: estando sentados el señor, y el Papa, llegauan los contrayentes, y el Papa les amonestaua que dixessen las cosas que auian hecho hasta aquella hora.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xi. @@ -35848,21 +35814,21 @@ p. 256; _Baeza_, in _Registro Yucateco_, tom. i., p. 166. [954] 'Their amusements are scarcely worthy of note ... their liveliest songs are sad, and their merriest music melancholy.' _Barnard's -Tehuantepec_, p. 222. 'Afectos á las bebidas embriagantes, conocen dos -particulares, el _chorote_, y el _balché ó guarapo_, compuesto de agua, -caña de azúcar, palo-guarapo y maiz quemado.' _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 162. See also: _Fossey_, _Mexique_, pp. 343, 364; +Tehuantepec_, p. 222. 'Afectos á las bebidas embriagantes, conocen dos +particulares, el _chorote_, y el _balché ó guarapo_, compuesto de agua, +caña de azúcar, palo-guarapo y maiz quemado.' _Orozco y Berra_, +_GeografÃa_, p. 162. See also: _Fossey_, _Mexique_, pp. 343, 364; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 115; _Stephens' Yucatan_, -vol. i., pp. 144-5; _Charnay_, _Ruines Américaines_, pp. 496-7. +vol. i., pp. 144-5; _Charnay_, _Ruines Américaines_, pp. 496-7. -[955] 'Provinciæ Guazacualco atque Ylutæ nec non et Cueztxatlæ indiginæ, -multas ceremonias Iudæorum usurpabant, nam et circumcidebantur, more à +[955] 'Provinciæ Guazacualco atque Ylutæ nec non et Cueztxatlæ indiginæ, +multas ceremonias Iudæorum usurpabant, nam et circumcidebantur, more à majoribus (ut ferebant) accepto, quod alibi in hisce regionibus ab Hispanis hactenus non fuit observatum.' _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 261. 'They appear to regard with horror and avoid with superstitious fear all those places reputed to contain remains or evidences of their former religion.' _Shufeldt's Explor. Tehuantepec_, p. 125. See further: _Museo -Mex._, tom. ii., pp. 554-5; _Charnay_, _Ruines Américaines_, pp. 265, +Mex._, tom. ii., pp. 554-5; _Charnay_, _Ruines Américaines_, pp. 265, 286; _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip._, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 281-2, 290, 313, 332, 335-6, 397; _Id._, _Palestra Hist._, fol. 110; _Moro_, in _Garay_, _Reconocimiento_, pp. 90, 93; _Dicc. Univ._, tom. iv., p. 257. @@ -35873,46 +35839,46 @@ p. 313; _Hermesdorf_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 543. 'Ay en esta tierra mucha diuersidad de yeruas medicinales, con que se curan los naturales.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. vii., cap. iii. The Maya 'sabe las virtudes de todas las plantas como si -hubiese estudiado botánica, conoce los venenos, los antídotos, y no se -lo ocultan los calmantes.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 158, 162, +hubiese estudiado botánica, conoce los venenos, los antÃdotos, y no se +lo ocultan los calmantes.' _Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 158, 162, 178. [957] _Ternaux-Compans_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1843, tom. xcvii., p. 51; _Museo Mex._, tom. ii., p. 554. 'En Tamiltepec, los indios usan de ceremonias supersticiosas en sus sepulturas. Se les ve -hacer en los cementerios pequeños montones de tierra, en los que mezclan -víveres cada vez que entierran alguno de ellos.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, +hacer en los cementerios pequeños montones de tierra, en los que mezclan +vÃveres cada vez que entierran alguno de ellos.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 231. -[958] The Miztecs 'siempre de mayor reputacion, y mas políticos.' +[958] The Miztecs 'siempre de mayor reputacion, y mas polÃticos.' Zapotecs 'naturalmente apazibles, limpios, lucidos, y liberales.' -Nexitzas 'astutos, maliciosos, inclinados á robos, y desacatos, con -otros Cerranos supersticiosos, acostumbrados á aleuosias, y hechizeros.' +Nexitzas 'astutos, maliciosos, inclinados á robos, y desacatos, con +otros Cerranos supersticiosos, acostumbrados á aleuosias, y hechizeros.' _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip._, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 151, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 202, 312, also fol. 204, 211, 228, 271, 282, 294, 335, 400. -Choles, 'nacion ... feroz, guerrera é independiente.' _Balbi_, in -_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 167. 'Siendo los Indios Mixes de +Choles, 'nacion ... feroz, guerrera é independiente.' _Balbi_, in +_Orozco y Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 167. 'Siendo los Indios Mixes de natural feroz, barbaro, y duro, que quieren ser tratados con aspereza, y -rigor.' _Dávila_, _Teatro Ecles._, tom. i., p. 224. See further: +rigor.' _Dávila_, _Teatro Ecles._, tom. i., p. 224. See further: _Burgoa_, _Palestra Hist._, pt. i., fol. 101; _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, pp. 161-2, 186-7; _Torres_, in _Id._, p. 179; _Museo Mex._, +_GeografÃa_, pp. 161-2, 186-7; _Torres_, in _Id._, p. 179; _Museo Mex._, tom. ii., pp. 554-5; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 269; _Hermesdorf_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 543; _Barnard's Tehuantepec_, pp. -220-7; _Charnay_, _Ruines Américaines_, pp. 258-9, 287; _Oviedo_, _Hist. -Gen._, tom. iii., p. 439; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., p. -200; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. 115-16; _Dávila +220-7; _Charnay_, _Ruines Américaines_, pp. 258-9, 287; _Oviedo_, _Hist. +Gen._, tom. iii., p. 439; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., p. +200; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. 115-16; _Dávila Padilla_, _Hist. Fund. Mex._, p. 294; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 325. -[959] 'Es el indio yucateco un monstruoso conjunto de religion é +[959] 'Es el indio yucateco un monstruoso conjunto de religion é impiedad, de virtudes y vicios, de sagacidad y estupidez ... tiene ideas exactas precisas de lo bueno y de lo malo.... Es incapaz de robar un peso, y roba cuatro veces dos reales.... Siendo honrado en casi todas -sus acciones ... se puede decir que el único vicie que le domina es el +sus acciones ... se puede decir que el único vicie que le domina es el de la embriaguez.' _Registro Yucateco_, tom. i., pp. 291-3; _Baeza_, in _Id._, tom. i., pp. 166-8, 174; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., p. 148; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iv.; _Mill's Hist. Mex._, p. 158; _Moro_, in _Garay_, _Reconocimiento_, pp. 89-34; -_Müller_, _Reisen_, tom. ii., p. 371. +_Müller_, _Reisen_, tom. ii., p. 371. @@ -35929,8 +35895,8 @@ WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. FIRST, THE NATIONS OF YUCATAN, GUATEMALA, SALVADOR, WESTERN HONDURAS, AND NICARAGUA; SECOND, THE MOSQUITOS OF HONDURAS; THIRD, THE NATIONS OF COSTA RICA AND THE ISTHMUS OF - PANAMÁ--THE POPOLUCAS, PIPILES, AND CHONTALES--THE - DESCENDANTS OF THE MAYA-QUICHÉ RACES--THE NATIVES OF + PANAMÃ--THE POPOLUCAS, PIPILES, AND CHONTALES--THE + DESCENDANTS OF THE MAYA-QUICHÉ RACES--THE NATIVES OF NICARAGUA--THE MOSQUITOS, POYAS, RAMAS, LENCAS, TOWKAS, WOOLWAS, AND XICAQUES OF HONDURAS--THE GUATUSOS OF THE RIO FRIO--THE CAIMANES, BAYAMOS, DORACHOS, GOAJIROS, MANDINGOS, @@ -35943,7 +35909,7 @@ the line of our Pacific States seaboard, I make three divisions following modern geographical boundaries, namely, the aborigines of Guatemala, Salvador, and Nicaragua, which I call _Guatemalans_; the people of the Mosquito Coast and Honduras, _Mosquitos_; and the nations -of Costa Rica and the isthmus of Darien, or Panamá, _Isthmians_. +of Costa Rica and the isthmus of Darien, or Panamá, _Isthmians_. [Sidenote: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL AMERICA.] @@ -35967,7 +35933,7 @@ basin, which holds the lakes of Nicaragua and Managua; but on reaching Costa Rica it again becomes a bold, rugged range, capped by the volcano of Cartago. Seemingly exhausted by its wild contortions, it dwindles into a series of low ridges on entering Veragua, and passes in this form -through the isthmus of Panamá, until it unites with the South American +through the isthmus of Panamá, until it unites with the South American Andes. The scenery of this region is extremely varied, uniting that of most countries of the globe; lakes, rivers, plains, valleys, and bays abound in all forms and sizes. The north-east trade winds blow the @@ -36047,10 +36013,10 @@ _Manches_ and _Lacandones_, retired before the Spaniards to the north and north-east, where they still live in a certain isolation and independence. The name Lacandones has been applied to a number of tribes, of which the eastern are described to be quite harmless as -compared with the western. The _Quichés_, a people living in the altos, +compared with the western. The _Quichés_, a people living in the altos, have also surrounded themselves with a certain reserve, and are truer to their ancient customs than the _Zutugils_, _Cakchiquels_, and many -others related by language to the Quichés surrounding them. The +others related by language to the Quichés surrounding them. The _Pipiles_, meaning children, according to Molina, are the chief people in Salvador, where their villages are scattered over a large extent of territory. In Nicaragua we find several distinct peoples. The aboriginal @@ -36059,7 +36025,7 @@ _Chorotegans_, who occupy the country lying between the bay of Fonseca and lake Nicaragua. The _Chontales_ (strangers, or barbarians) live to the north-east of the lakes, and assimilate more to the barbarous tribes of the Mosquito country adjoining them. The _Cholutecs_ inhabit the -north from the gulf of Fonseca towards Honduras. The _Orotiñans_ occupy +north from the gulf of Fonseca towards Honduras. The _Orotiñans_ occupy the country south of the lake of Nicaragua and around the gulf of Nicoya. Further information about the location of the different nations and tribes of this family will be found at the end of this chapter.[960] @@ -36144,7 +36110,7 @@ their taste. In Guatemala, the colors and designs are distinct for different villages, so that it may at once be seen to which tribe the wearer belongs. The hair is plaited into one or two braids, interlaced with bright-colored ribbons, and usually wreathed turban-fashion round -the head. The Quichés, whose red turban-dress is more pronounced than +the head. The Quichés, whose red turban-dress is more pronounced than others, sometimes vary it by adding yellow bands and tassels to the braids, which are permitted to hang down to the heels. Thomas Gage, who lived in Guatemala from about 1627 to 1638, relates that on gala-days @@ -36497,7 +36463,7 @@ character than women of the superior race. Childbirth is not attended with any difficulties, for it sometimes happens that the woman, after being delivered on the road, will wash the child and herself in the nearest stream, and proceed on her journey, as if nothing had occurred. -The Quichés, among others, still call in the sorcerer to take the +The Quichés, among others, still call in the sorcerer to take the horoscope of the new-born, and to appeal to the gods in its behalf. He also gives the infant the name of some animal, which becomes its guardian spirit for life. Belly states that more boys are born to the @@ -36598,8 +36564,8 @@ friends the stock is often consumed at one carousal.[975] Ignorant and oppressed as they are, superstition is naturally strong among them, the evil eye, ominous import of animals and the like being firmly believed in. Nicaraguans gave as a reason for speaking in -whispers at night, that loud talking attracts mosquitos. The Quichés, of -Istlávacan, among others, believe in certain evil and certain good days, +whispers at night, that loud talking attracts mosquitos. The Quichés, of +Istlávacan, among others, believe in certain evil and certain good days, and arrange their undertakings accordingly. When meeting a stranger, they present the forehead to be touched, thinking that a beneficial power is imparted to them by this means. They still adhere to their @@ -36682,7 +36648,7 @@ witness to their hospitality and obliging disposition. Although taciturn before strangers, whom they naturally distrust, they are quite voluble and merry among themselves, especially the women; their mirth, however, wants the ring of true happiness. Looking at the darker side, it is -found that drunkenness stands preëminent, and if the native is not +found that drunkenness stands preëminent, and if the native is not oftener drunk, it is because the means for carousing are wanting. Surrounded by a bountiful nature, he is naturally lazy and improvident, whole days being passed in dreamy inaction, without a symptom of ennui. @@ -36699,7 +36665,7 @@ undisputed modesty. Many of the remoter tribes are brave, and the Manches, for instance, behaved lately in so spirited a manner as to compel the government to treat with them. The Itzas are said to have been warlike and cruel, but their neighbors the Lacandones are not so -ferocious as supposed. The Quichés bear a high character for industry, +ferocious as supposed. The Quichés bear a high character for industry, and intelligence, while those of Rabinal excel in truthfulness, honesty, and morality. The Vera Paz tribes are less active and industrious than those of the plateau; this applies especially to the eastern nations who @@ -36770,7 +36736,7 @@ brought over to Honduras. The Caribs, who have within a few decades spread from a small colony over the whole northern coast, driving other nations into the interior and southward, appear to be superseding the aborigines, now fast disappearing under the annihilating effect of drink -and disease. South of the Caribs round cape Gracias á Dios are the +and disease. South of the Caribs round cape Gracias á Dios are the _Sambos_, or _Mosquitos_ proper, said to have sprung from the union of native women with negro slaves wrecked on the coast during the seventeenth century. Owing to their geographical position they were @@ -36786,7 +36752,7 @@ _Toonglas_, a not very numerous offshoot of Smoos and Sambos.[980] Race-mixtures in certain localities have almost obliterated aboriginal types, which are portrayed as of medium stature, regular form, and varying in color from light brown to dark coppery. The people about cape -Gracias á Dios are represented by the first voyagers to have been nearly +Gracias á Dios are represented by the first voyagers to have been nearly as dark as negroes. The face is rather flat and oval, the head smaller than among Europeans; forehead high and cheek-bones not very prominent; hair long, straight, coarse, and black; beard scanty; nose very small, @@ -37122,7 +37088,7 @@ Harpoon and canoe are the basis of the Mosquito's wealth, for with them he obtains his food and the tortoise-shell, the principal article of traffic. The season for catching hawk-bill turtles is from April to August, when fleets of canoes, each manned by about twelve men, proceed -to different parts of the coast, as far south as Chiriquí, and bring +to different parts of the coast, as far south as ChiriquÃ, and bring home ten thousand pounds of shell on an average. Green turtles, which are caught near reefs, also find a good market in Blewfields and elsewhere. All keep hogs, the Caribs more than others; many possess @@ -37763,7 +37729,7 @@ abhorring to appear mean and cowardly.[1003] The ISTHMIANS, by which name I designate all the nations occupying the territory lying between the San Juan River and the southern shore of -Lake Nicaragua on the north, and the gulf of Urabá, or Darien, and the +Lake Nicaragua on the north, and the gulf of Urabá, or Darien, and the River Atrato on the south, present several peculiarities when compared with the other nations of Central America. The inhabitants of these regions are a hardy and active race, jealous of their independence and @@ -37775,7 +37741,7 @@ undergrowth, and densely wooded districts. The air of the table-lands and valleys is hot and moist, the soil exceedingly fertile, but the interior and mountainous localities have a milder and more temperate climate with but little variation except that of the dry and wet -seasons. In the lowlands of Panamá, the swampy nature of the surface, +seasons. In the lowlands of Panamá, the swampy nature of the surface, with the great humidity of the atmosphere, produces a luxuriant vegetation, and the consequent quantity of decomposed vegetable matter under the influence of a vertical sun, engenders a miasma deadly to the @@ -37796,30 +37762,30 @@ peculiarities observed among them have given rise to various surmises and startling conclusions regarding their origin. Dwelling in the western part of the state are the _Terrabas_ and the _Changuenes_, fierce and barbarous nations, at constant enmity with their neighbors. -In the south-east and extending to the borders of Chiriquí dwell the +In the south-east and extending to the borders of Chiriquà dwell the _Talamancas_ composed of a number of different tribes and declared by some to be allied in race with the Guatusos. Besides these are the _Buricas_, _Torresques_, _Toxas_, and others.[1004] In the mountains of -Chiriquí are the _Valientes_, so called by the Spaniards from their +Chiriquà are the _Valientes_, so called by the Spaniards from their heroic resistance to the invaders. Many of the warlike nations who occupied the country at the time of the discovery derived their names from the caciques that governed them. The people who dwell along the -shore of the Caribbean Sea, between Portobello and Urabá, and occupy the +shore of the Caribbean Sea, between Portobello and Urabá, and occupy the Limones, Sasardi, and Pinos islands are supposed to be a branch of the once powerful Darien nations who to the present day remain unconquered. -Their province is situated on the western shore of the gulf of Urabá, +Their province is situated on the western shore of the gulf of Urabá, and their town was originally near the mouth of the River Atrato. The town and the river as well as the province were called by the natives Darien. This town was conquered in 1510 by a little band of shipwrecked -Spaniards under the Bachiller Enciso. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, Francisco +Spaniards under the Bachiller Enciso. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, Francisco Pizarro, and men of like metal were there, and this was the first successful conquest and settlement on Tierra Firme. Whence, as the conquests of the Spaniards widened, the name Darien was at length applied to the greater part of the Isthmus. Still further westward were the once powerful province of _Cueva_, and the site of the ancient city -of Panamá, discovered in 1515 by Tello de Guzman. This was a famous -fishing-station, the word Panamá signifying in the native tongue a place -where many fish are taken. Along the western shore of the bay of Panamá +of Panamá, discovered in 1515 by Tello de Guzman. This was a famous +fishing-station, the word Panamá signifying in the native tongue a place +where many fish are taken. Along the western shore of the bay of Panamá dwelt several independent and warlike nations, those of _Cutara_, _Paris_, _Escoria_, besides many others who waged continual war against each other with the object of increasing their territories and adding @@ -37868,7 +37834,7 @@ the head passed. The women of this locality only wrap themselves in a piece of bark, without taking the trouble to fashion a mantle of it. Yet more simple was the dress of the men near Cartago; a few cotton strings wound round the foreskin of their virile member, sufficed them.[1008] -Near Panamá and Darien, the caciques only wore long cotton mantles +Near Panamá and Darien, the caciques only wore long cotton mantles thrown over the shoulder and reaching nearly to the feet, the common people going naked, only encasing their privy parts in a kind of funnel made of gold, silver, shell, or bamboo, according to the wealth of the @@ -37897,7 +37863,7 @@ silver, tiger's teeth, colored seeds, shells, and coral, according to the wealth of the wearer. Under their breasts the richer women also wore gold bars as a support, which were held up by strings passed over the shoulders. _Guanines_, or figures of animals made of gold, were worn -around the neck by the men on the coast of Veragua, Chiriquí, and Urabá; +around the neck by the men on the coast of Veragua, ChiriquÃ, and Urabá; others again wore on their heads fillets or crowns of gold or of the claws of wild beasts, or of feathers. Thus did these naked savages decorate themselves, often to the extent of several pounds weight. Women @@ -37925,7 +37891,7 @@ into his inheritance, but if during his father's life-time he declined to use the distinctive badge of his house, he could, when he became chief, choose any new device he might fancy. A son who did not adopt his father's totem was always hateful to him during his lifetime. The -natives on the northern coast of Chiriquí painted the body in wavy +natives on the northern coast of Chiriquà painted the body in wavy lines, from the shoulders to the heels; through the cartilage of the nose they stuck a porcupine-quill, and in the chin the tooth of a wild beast. The women had holes made in their cheeks through which they stuck @@ -37943,7 +37909,7 @@ and rub themselves with herbs, which prevent its further growth. Both sexes pride themselves on the length of the hair, and most of them allow it to grow to its full length and hang loose over their shoulders, but keep it cut on the forehead as low as the eyebrows. The men of Cariai -and some parts of Chiriquí, bind it with fillets and wind it in rolls +and some parts of ChiriquÃ, bind it with fillets and wind it in rolls round the head, fastening it with a comb made of the heart of the palm-tree; others wear round their head a band made of bark or certain fibres of plants, and at festivals they often wear high caps, made from @@ -37973,7 +37939,7 @@ live safe from the danger of floods.[1011] Unlike most other nations, the Isthmians do not build their villages in squares, but generally form long streets, keeping the houses well apart from each other, probably as a precaution against conflagrations. On many parts of the coast of -Darien and on the gulf of Urabá, the villages are built in the water. +Darien and on the gulf of Urabá, the villages are built in the water. Others are on the banks of rivers, and many of them are spacious and constructed with great skill and attention to details. The supporting posts of the roof are large bamboos or palm-trees. Three or four of @@ -38009,17 +37975,17 @@ them. In the province of Veragua they build strong wooden fences or palisades round some of the villages, to protect them from attacks of enemies and wild beasts. During the expedition of Gaspar de Espinosa in 1517, Diego de Albitez, who invaded the province of a cacique named -Tabraba, some distance south-west from Panamá, found the inhabitants +Tabraba, some distance south-west from Panamá, found the inhabitants protected by strong fortifications. Their forts are built with much skill. The ground is first enclosed by a deep trench, upon the inner bank of which trees are planted, and the interstices filled up with logs and rocks. In many parts of the country the inhabitants were found living in the tops of trees like birds, laying sticks across from one branch to another, and building their houses upon them. In 1512, Vasco -Nuñez de Balboa surveyed several channels at the mouth of the River +Nuñez de Balboa surveyed several channels at the mouth of the River Atrato in quest of gold and plunder. The surrounding country was low and marshy, but the soil sent forth immense palm-trees, in the branches of -which the natives built their houses. Vasco Nuñez, entering an affluent +which the natives built their houses. Vasco Nuñez, entering an affluent of the Rio Negro, discovered a large tree-top village, the name of whose ruler was Abieiba. The houses were divided into several apartments, each of a size sufficient to accommodate several families. They were built of @@ -38038,9 +38004,9 @@ and violent floods, which are caused by the swelling of streams after storms in the mountains, and also in order to be out of the reach of reptiles and wild beasts in which that country abounds.[1013] Some of the Isthmians built large enclosures for the chiefs, which early -contemporary writers call the king's palace. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, on +contemporary writers call the king's palace. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, on his march through the province of Comagre, situated on the northern -coast of Darien about thirty leagues from the gulf of Urabá, relates +coast of Darien about thirty leagues from the gulf of Urabá, relates that he visited the dwelling or palace of the cacique Comagre, which he describes as follows: It was one hundred and fifty by eighty paces in dimension, constructed upon heavy posts, which stood within a stone @@ -38080,9 +38046,9 @@ it; the natives prefer it thus, as its bitterness is partly absorbed by the bird. It is said that the Caribs ate human flesh whenever they had an opportunity. Herrera says that some of the Isthmians purchased slaves, whom they sold to the Caribs for food, and the inhabitants of -Paria supplied boys to the natives of Tubrabá for the same purpose. They +Paria supplied boys to the natives of Tubrabá for the same purpose. They cooked the flesh of their enemies, and ate it seasoned with salt and -_ají_ (chile).[1016] When a piece of ground is to be planted, a number +_ajÃ_ (chile).[1016] When a piece of ground is to be planted, a number of the villagers collect and cut down the brushwood on a selected spot; the seed is then scattered among the wood as it lies. In due time the grain, which is well sheltered from the sun by the branches, springs up @@ -38125,9 +38091,9 @@ javelins. The arrows are pointed with flint or fish-bone, or are hardened in the fire and barbed; the shaft is of reed having a piece of hard wood eight or ten inches in length inserted in the end. The inhabitants of Coiba and some of the tribes on the western shore of the -gulf of Urabá, do not use bows and arrows. In this respect, so far as I +gulf of Urabá, do not use bows and arrows. In this respect, so far as I have observed, they form an exception; as among the almost innumerable -tribes situated between the gulf of Urabá and the Arctic Ocean I know of +tribes situated between the gulf of Urabá and the Arctic Ocean I know of none others where bows and arrows are not used. These people in battle employ a long wooden sword, and wooden spears, the ends of which are hardened in the fire and tipped with bone; they also make use of slings @@ -38177,7 +38143,7 @@ off, as it is also a powerful poison, but not so lasting as the first substance, which will retain its deadly properties for a year while the yellow matter looses its strength after five or six months.[1020] The javelins used by the Caribs were not made pointed but square at the end, -they also have very long pikes and heavy clubs. When Bartolomé Hurtado +they also have very long pikes and heavy clubs. When Bartolomé Hurtado in 1516 visited the island of Caubaco he relates that the cacique presented him with a golden armor valued at one thousand castellanos. At the island of Cabo seven leagues distant, the warriors wore a thick @@ -38238,13 +38204,13 @@ cassava. The metate or rubbing-stone is also in use among them. They have nets of different kinds for both fishing and hunting. At night, as a light for their dwellings they use torches made from palm-wood dipped in oil and beeswax. The lords and principal men of the provinces of -Darien and Urabá are reputed to have drunk from golden cups of rich and +Darien and Urabá are reputed to have drunk from golden cups of rich and beautiful workmanship. Peter Martyr gives an account of golden trumpets and a great number of bells found by the Spaniards in a town situated on the River Dabaiba (Atrato). The bells were used at ceremonies and festivals, giving forth a sweet and pleasant sound; the tongues or clappers were beautifully made, of fish-bones. In another part of the -country, on the gulf of Urabá, says Peter Martyr, as rendered by the +country, on the gulf of Urabá, says Peter Martyr, as rendered by the ancient translator: "They founde also a great multitude of shetes, made of the silke or cotton of the gossampine tree; likewise diuers kindes of vessels and tooles made of wood, and many of earth; also many brest @@ -38316,7 +38282,7 @@ lustre. The natives of the coast carry into the interior dried fish and salt, which they barter for gold dust and other products. At Pueblo Nuevo sarsaparilla forms a principal article of trade. The native traders are very shrewd, and as a rule practice fair dealing. On his -march through the country, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa found the people in +march through the country, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa found the people in possession of large quantities of gold, jewelry, and pearls. Everywhere along his route he received presents of gold; indeed, in some places he found this metal in greater abundance than food.[1026] @@ -38330,10 +38296,10 @@ crucibles for melting metals, and implements of silversmiths. They understand the alloying of gold, from which they make vases and many kinds of ornaments in the shape of birds and different varieties of animals. The relics which from time to time have been exhumed in -Chiriquí and other parts of the Isthmus, prove that the natives had an +Chiriquà and other parts of the Isthmus, prove that the natives had an excellent knowledge of the art of working and also of sculpturing in gold and stone. Painting and glazing on jars and other descriptions of -pottery was an art in which the men of Chiriquí were famous.[1027] The +pottery was an art in which the men of Chiriquà were famous.[1027] The Isthmians possessed only a very slight knowledge of the computation of time. They calculate the hour of the day by the height of the sun in the heavens, and have no division of time into years, months, or weeks. @@ -38355,7 +38321,7 @@ well as those of other lords of the land, telling him who were his friends and who his enemies. Much wine was consumed and the rejoicing lasted several days. Afterwards ambassadors were dispatched to inform all the neighboring caciques of the new accession, desiring their good -will and friendship for the future. In the province of Panamá upon the +will and friendship for the future. In the province of Panamá upon the death of the lord, the eldest brother succeeded him, and if there were no brothers the succession went to a nephew by the sister's side. The chiefs held undisputed authority over their people and were implicitly @@ -38407,7 +38373,7 @@ to carry their lord's effects, and a dozen or more were detailed to carry his litter or hammock, which was slung on a pole and borne on the shoulders of two men at a time, who were relieved at intervals by two others, the change being made without stopping. On his march across the -Isthmus in 1513, Vasco Nuñez found some negro slaves belonging to the +Isthmus in 1513, Vasco Nuñez found some negro slaves belonging to the cacique of Quarecas, but the owner could give no information relative to them, except that there were more of that color near the place, with whom they were continually at war.[1030] @@ -38419,8 +38385,8 @@ of the first wife was celebrated with a great banquet, at the close of which the bride was handed over to her husband. Subsequent wives were not married with ceremonies or rejoicings, but took the place of concubines, and were subject to the orders of the first wife. The number -of wives was limited only by the wealth of the lord. Vasco Nuñez took -prisoner the cacique Tumanamá with all his family, among which were +of wives was limited only by the wealth of the lord. Vasco Nuñez took +prisoner the cacique Tumanamá with all his family, among which were eighty wives. The children of the first wife were legitimate, while those of others were bastards and could not inherit. Marriage was not contracted with strangers or people speaking a different language, and @@ -38511,13 +38477,13 @@ of fermented liquors buried beneath the ground under their house-tree, because if stored in their houses the liquor became turbid from constant agitation. The cellar of the king Comagre is described as being filled with great vessels of earth and wood, containing wine and cider. Peter -Martyr, in his account of the visit of Vasco Nuñez and his company to +Martyr, in his account of the visit of Vasco Nuñez and his company to the king, says "they drunke wines of sundry tastes both white and black." Tobacco is much used by the Isthmians; the natives of Costa Rica roll the leaf up in the form of a cigar, and tie it with grass threads; they inhale the smoke, and, retaining it for a short time, pass it out through the mouth and nostrils. The cigar used by the natives of the -isthmus of Panamá is much larger. Mr Wafer thus describes their manner +isthmus of Panamá is much larger. Mr Wafer thus describes their manner of making and smoking it: "Laying two or three Leaves upon one another, they roll up all together side-ways into a long Roll, yet leaving a little hollow. Round this they roll other Leaves one after another, in @@ -38575,7 +38541,7 @@ especially upon children.[1036] The Isthmians are a healthful and long-lived race. The ills most common to them are fevers and venereal disease. The latter, as Oviedo affirms, -was introduced into Europe from Hayti, or Española, where it was +was introduced into Europe from Hayti, or Española, where it was prevalent as well as throughout Tierra Firme. This is a subject that has given rise to much contention among authors, but the balance of testimony seems to indicate that the venereal disease in Europe was not @@ -38653,7 +38619,7 @@ one for the principal men constructed with flat stones laid together with much care, and in which were placed costly jars and urns filled with food and wines for the dead; those for plebeians were merely trenches, in which were deposited with the occupant some gourds of maize -and wine and the place filled with stones. In some parts of Panamá and +and wine and the place filled with stones. In some parts of Panamá and Darien only the chiefs and lords received funeral rites. Among the common people a person feeling his end approaching either went himself or was led to the woods by his wife, family, and friends, who, supplying @@ -38671,7 +38637,7 @@ reverenced, in the belief that he would guide him to his final rest; the other half was buried in the grave. The relatives of the deceased shaved the head as a sign of mourning and all his weapons and other property were consumed by fire in order that nothing should remain as a -remembrance of him. In Panamá, Nata, and some other districts, when a +remembrance of him. In Panamá, Nata, and some other districts, when a cacique died, those of his concubines that loved him enough, those that he loved ardently and so appointed, as well as certain servants, killed themselves and were interred with him. This they did in order that they @@ -38752,12 +38718,12 @@ civilization. The Talamancas are a little less untameable, which is the best, or perhaps the worst, that can be said. The Terrabas, also a cruel and warlike nation, are nevertheless spoken of by Fray Juan Domingo Arricivita as endowed with natural docility. The natives of Boca del -Toro are barbarous and averse to change. In Chiriquí they are brave and +Toro are barbarous and averse to change. In Chiriquà they are brave and intelligent, their exceeding courage having obtained for them the name of _Valientes_ or _Indios Bravos_ from the early discoverers; they are also noted for honesty and fair dealing. The same warlike and independent spirit and fearlessness of death prevails among the nations -of Veragua, Panamá, and Darien. The inhabitants of Panamá and Cueba are +of Veragua, Panamá, and Darien. The inhabitants of Panamá and Cueba are given to lechery, theft, and lying; with some these qualities are fashionable; others hold them to be crimes. The Mandingos and natives of San Blas are an independent and industrious people, possessing @@ -38774,7 +38740,7 @@ the Cunas." Colonel Alcedo, speaking of their neighbors, the Idibaes, calls them treacherous, inconstant, and false. In the interior and mountain districts the inhabitants are more fierce than those from the coast; the former are shy and retiring, yet given to hospitality. On the -gulf of Urabá the people are warlike, vainglorious, and +gulf of Urabá the people are warlike, vainglorious, and revengeful.[1040] @@ -38806,169 +38772,169 @@ The GUATEMALANS, for the purposes of this delineation, embrace those nations occupying the present states of Guatemala, Salvador, and portions of Nicaragua. -The _Lacandones_ are a wild nation inhabiting the Chammá mountains on -the boundary of Guatemala and Chiapas. 'Mountains of Chammá, inhabited -by the wild Indians of Lacandón ... a distinction ought to be drawn -between the Western and Eastern Lacandónes. All the country lying on the +The _Lacandones_ are a wild nation inhabiting the Chammá mountains on +the boundary of Guatemala and Chiapas. 'Mountains of Chammá, inhabited +by the wild Indians of Lacandón ... a distinction ought to be drawn +between the Western and Eastern Lacandónes. All the country lying on the W., between the bishopric of Ciudad Real and the province of Vera Paz, -was once occupied by the Western Lacandónes.... The country of the -Eastern Lacandónes may be considered as extending from the mountains of -Chammá, a day and a half from Cobán, along the borders of the river de -la Pasion to Petén, or even further.' _Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., +was once occupied by the Western Lacandónes.... The country of the +Eastern Lacandónes may be considered as extending from the mountains of +Chammá, a day and a half from Cobán, along the borders of the river de +la Pasion to Petén, or even further.' _Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., pp. 93-4. Upon the margin of the Rio de la Passion. -_Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 271. 'Un tribu de Mayas sauvages appelés +_Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 271. 'Un tribu de Mayas sauvages appelés Lacandons, qui habitent un district immense dans le centre du continent, embrasse toute la partie occidentale du Peten; erre sur les bords -supérieurs de l'Usumasinta et le pays qui se trouve au sud de l'endroit -d'où j'écris.' _Galindo_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. i., div. ii., p. 67. +supérieurs de l'Usumasinta et le pays qui se trouve au sud de l'endroit +d'où j'écris.' _Galindo_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. i., div. ii., p. 67. 'The vast region lying between Chiapa, Tabasco, Yucatan, and the republic of Guatemala ... is still occupied by a considerable body of Indians, the Lacandones and others.' _Squier_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. iv., p. 65, 'The vast region embracing not less than from 8000 to 10,000 square miles, surrounding the upper waters of the river Usumasinta, in -which exist the indomitable Lacandones.' _Id._, p. 67. 'Mais la contrée -qui s'étendait au nord de Cahabon, siége provisoire des Dominicains, et -qui comprenait le pays de Dolores et celui des Itzas, était encore à peu -près inconnue. Là vivaient les Choles, les belliqueux et féroces Mopans, +which exist the indomitable Lacandones.' _Id._, p. 67. 'Mais la contrée +qui s'étendait au nord de Cahabon, siége provisoire des Dominicains, et +qui comprenait le pays de Dolores et celui des Itzas, était encore à peu +près inconnue. Là vivaient les Choles, les belliqueux et féroces Mopans, les Lacandons et quelques tribus plus obscures, dont l'histoire a -négligé les noms.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 78, tom. i., p. +négligé les noms.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 78, tom. i., p. 318. 'They are reduced to-day to a very insignificant number, living on and near Passion river and its tributaries.' _Berendt_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 425. 'In the north of Vera Paz, to the west of Peten, and all along the Usumacinta, dwell numerous and warlike tribes, called generally Lacandones.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., p. xvi.; -_Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 471; _Pimentel_, _Mem. sobre la Raza Indígena_, +_Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 471; _Pimentel_, _Mem. sobre la Raza IndÃgena_, p. 197. [Sidenote: THE MAMES OF GUATEMALA.] -The _Mames_ 'occupied the existing district of Güegüetenango, a part of +The _Mames_ 'occupied the existing district of Güegüetenango, a part of Quezaltenango, and the province of Soconusco, and in all these places the Mam or Pocoman language is vernacular. It is a circumstance not a little remarkable, that this idiom is also peculiar to places very distant from the country of the Mams: viz. in Amatitan, Mixco, and Petapa, in the province of Sacatepeques; Chalchuapa, in St. Salvador; Mita, Jalapa, and Xilotepeque, in Chiquimula.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, -p. 169. 'El Mame ó Pocoman le usan los mames ó pocomanes, que parecen no +p. 169. 'El Mame ó Pocoman le usan los mames ó pocomanes, que parecen no ser mas que dos tribus de una misma nacion, la cual formaba un estado -poderoso en Guatemala. Se extendió por el distritó de Huehuetenango, en -la provincia de este nombre, y por parte de la de Quetzaltenango, así +poderoso en Guatemala. Se extendió por el distritó de Huehuetenango, en +la provincia de este nombre, y por parte de la de Quetzaltenango, asà como por el distrito de Soconusco en Chiapas. En todos estos lugares se -hablaba mame ó pocoman, lo mismo que en Amatitlan, Mixco y Petapa, de la -provincia de Zacatepec ó Guatemala; en Chalchuapa, perteneciente á la de +hablaba mame ó pocoman, lo mismo que en Amatitlan, Mixco y Petapa, de la +provincia de Zacatepec ó Guatemala; en Chalchuapa, perteneciente á la de San Salvador; y en Mita, Jalapa y Jiloltepec, de la de Chiquimula.' -_Balbi_, in _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 81. 'Leur capitale était +_Balbi_, in _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 81. 'Leur capitale était Gueguetenango, au nord-est de la ville actuelle de Guatemala, et les -villes de Masacatan, Cuilco, Chiantla et Istaguacan étaient enclavées +villes de Masacatan, Cuilco, Chiantla et Istaguacan étaient enclavées dans leur territoire.' _Squier_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1857, -tom. cliii., p. 177. 'A l'ouest, jusqu'aux frontières de Chiapas, -s'étendaient les Mams, proprement dits Mam-Yoc, dans leurs histoires, -partagés en plusieurs familles également puissantes qui gouvernaient -souverainement cette contrée, alors désignée sous le nom commun d'Otzoya -(de otzoy, sortes d'écrevisses d'or): c'étaient d'un côté les Chun-Zak-Yoc, -qui avaient pour capitale Qulaha, que son opulence et son étendue +tom. cliii., p. 177. 'A l'ouest, jusqu'aux frontières de Chiapas, +s'étendaient les Mams, proprement dits Mam-Yoc, dans leurs histoires, +partagés en plusieurs familles également puissantes qui gouvernaient +souverainement cette contrée, alors désignée sous le nom commun d'Otzoya +(de otzoy, sortes d'écrevisses d'or): c'étaient d'un côté les Chun-Zak-Yoc, +qui avaient pour capitale Qulaha, que son opulence et son étendue avaient fait surnommer Nima-Amag ou la Grande-Ville, dite depuis Xelahun-Quieh, ou Xelahuh, et Quezaltenango; les Tzitzol, dont la -capitale était peut-être Chinabahul ou Huehuetenango, les Ganchebi (see +capitale était peut-être Chinabahul ou Huehuetenango, les Ganchebi (see note below under Ganchebis) et les Bamaq. Ceux-ci, dont nous avons connu -les descendants, étaient seigneurs d'Iztlahuacan (San-Miguel-Iztlahuacan), -dont le plateau est encore aujourd'hui parsemé de ruines au milieu -desquelles s'élève l'humble bourgade de ce nom: au dessus domine, à une -hauteur formidable, Xubiltenam (ville du Souffle).... Ganchebi, écrit +les descendants, étaient seigneurs d'Iztlahuacan (San-Miguel-Iztlahuacan), +dont le plateau est encore aujourd'hui parsemé de ruines au milieu +desquelles s'élève l'humble bourgade de ce nom: au dessus domine, à une +hauteur formidable, Xubiltenam (ville du Souffle).... Ganchebi, écrit alternativement Canchebiz, Canchevez et Ganchebirse. Rien n'indique -d'une manière précise où régnait cette famille: mais il se pourrait que -ce fût à Zipacapan ou à Chivun, dont les ruines existent à trois lieues -au sud de cette dernière localité; là était l'ancien Oztoncalco.' +d'une manière précise où régnait cette famille: mais il se pourrait que +ce fût à Zipacapan ou à Chivun, dont les ruines existent à trois lieues +au sud de cette dernière localité; là était l'ancien Oztoncalco.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, introd., pp. 264-5. 'Habitaban el -Soconusco, desde tiempos remotos, y era un pueblo autócton; los olmecas -que llegaron de la parto de México, les redujeron á la servidumbre, y -una fraccion de los vencidos emigró hasta Guatemala.' _Orozco y Berra_, -_Geografía_, p. 168. The Mamey, Achi, Cuaahtemalteca, Hutateca, and +Soconusco, desde tiempos remotos, y era un pueblo autócton; los olmecas +que llegaron de la parto de México, les redujeron á la servidumbre, y +una fraccion de los vencidos emigró hasta Guatemala.' _Orozco y Berra_, +_GeografÃa_, p. 168. The Mamey, Achi, Cuaahtemalteca, Hutateca, and Chirichota 'en la de los Suchitepeques y Cuaahtemala.' _Palacio_, in -_Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. vi., p. 7. Mame 'Parlé dans les -localités voisines de Huehuetenango.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _MS. +_Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. vi., p. 7. Mame 'Parlé dans les +localités voisines de Huehuetenango.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _MS. Troano_, tom. ii., p. viii. 'On retrouve encore aujourd'hui leurs restes -parmi les Indiens de la province de Totonicapan, aux frontières de -Chiapas et des Lacandons, an nord-ouest de l'état de Guatémala. La place -forte de Zakuléu (c'est-à-dire, Terre blanche, mal à propos -orthographié Socoléo), dont on admire les vastes débris auprès de la -ville de Huéhuétenango, resta, jusqu'au temps de la conquête espagnole, -la capitale des Mems. Cette race avait été antérieurement la maîtresse -de la plus grande partie de l'état de Guatémala.' _Brasseur de +parmi les Indiens de la province de Totonicapan, aux frontières de +Chiapas et des Lacandons, an nord-ouest de l'état de Guatémala. La place +forte de Zakuléu (c'est-à -dire, Terre blanche, mal à propos +orthographié Socoléo), dont on admire les vastes débris auprès de la +ville de Huéhuétenango, resta, jusqu'au temps de la conquête espagnole, +la capitale des Mems. Cette race avait été antérieurement la maîtresse +de la plus grande partie de l'état de Guatémala.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 119-20. The _Pokomams_, or Pokonchis, lived in the district of Vera Paz in Guatemala, 'sous le nom d'Uxab et de Pokomam, une partie des treize -tribus de Tecpan, dont la capitale était la grande cité de Nimpokom, -était maîtresse de la Verapaz et des provinces situées au sud du Motagua -jusqu'à Palin' (2 leagues N. W. of Rabinal). _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, -_Popol Vuh_, introd., p. 264. Ils 'paraissent avoir occupé une grande -partie des provinces guatémaliennes.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. +tribus de Tecpan, dont la capitale était la grande cité de Nimpokom, +était maîtresse de la Verapaz et des provinces situées au sud du Motagua +jusqu'à Palin' (2 leagues N. W. of Rabinal). _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, +_Popol Vuh_, introd., p. 264. Ils 'paraissent avoir occupé une grande +partie des provinces guatémaliennes.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 84, 506. 'Toute la rive droite du Chixoy -(Lacandon ou haut Uzumacinta), depuis Coban (écrit quelquefois Coboan) -jusqu'au fleuve Motagua, les montagnes et les vallées de Gagcoh +(Lacandon ou haut Uzumacinta), depuis Coban (écrit quelquefois Coboan) +jusqu'au fleuve Motagua, les montagnes et les vallées de Gagcoh (San-Cristoval), de Taltic, de Rabinal et d'Urran, une partie des -départements actuels de Zacatépec, de Guatémala et de Chiquimulà, +départements actuels de Zacatépec, de Guatémala et de Chiquimulà , jusqu'au pied des volcans de Hunahpu (volcans d'Eau et de Feu), devinrent leur proie.' _Id._, pp. 121-2. 'Le pocomchi, le pokoman, le -cakchi, semés d'Amatitan à Coban.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _MS. +cakchi, semés d'Amatitan à Coban.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _MS. Troano_, tom. ii., introd., p. viii. In 'La Verapaz, la poponchi, caechi -y colchi.' _Palacio_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. vi., p. 7. -'La lengua pocomana se habla en Amatitán, Petapa, San Chrisobal, -Pinula, y Hermita ó Llano de la Culebra de Guatemala.' _Hervás_, -_Catálogo_, tom. i., p. 305. 'A la nacion Poconchi pertenecen los -lugares ó misiones ... llamadas Santa Cruz, San Christobal, Taktik, -Tucurú, y Tomasiú.' _Ib._ - -The _Quichés_ inhabit the centre of the state of Guatemala. 'Quiché then -comprehended the present districts of Quiché, Totonicapan, part of +y colchi.' _Palacio_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. vi., p. 7. +'La lengua pocomana se habla en Amatitán, Petapa, San Chrisobal, +Pinula, y Hermita ó Llano de la Culebra de Guatemala.' _Hervás_, +_Catálogo_, tom. i., p. 305. 'A la nacion Poconchi pertenecen los +lugares ó misiones ... llamadas Santa Cruz, San Christobal, Taktik, +Tucurú, y Tomasiú.' _Ib._ + +The _Quichés_ inhabit the centre of the state of Guatemala. 'Quiché then +comprehended the present districts of Quiché, Totonicapan, part of Quezaltenango, and the village of Rabinal; in all these places the -Quiché language is spoken. For this reason, it may be inferred with much +Quiché language is spoken. For this reason, it may be inferred with much probability, that the greater part of the province of Sapotitlan, or -Suchiltepeques, was a colony of the Quichées, as the same idiom is made +Suchiltepeques, was a colony of the Quichées, as the same idiom is made use of nearly throughout the whole of it.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. -168. 'Les Quichés, or Utletecas, habitaient la frontière du sud, les -chefs de Sacapulus et Uspatan à l'est, et les Lacandones indépendants au +168. 'Les Quichés, or Utletecas, habitaient la frontière du sud, les +chefs de Sacapulus et Uspatan à l'est, et les Lacandones indépendants au nord. Ils occupaient probablement la plus grande partie du district actuel de Totonicapan et une portion de celui de Quesaltenango.' _Squier_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1857, tom. cliii., p. 177. -'Leurs postes principaux furent établis sur les deux côtés du Chixoy, -depuis Zacapulas jusqu'à Zactzuy.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. -Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 131-2; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 286, 288, +'Leurs postes principaux furent établis sur les deux côtés du Chixoy, +depuis Zacapulas jusqu'à Zactzuy.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. +Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 131-2; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 286, 288, 291. -The _Cakchiquels_ are south of the Quichés. 'The territory of the +The _Cakchiquels_ are south of the Quichés. 'The territory of the Kachiqueles was composed of that which now forms the provinces of -Chimaltenango and Sacatepeques, and the district of Sololá; and as the +Chimaltenango and Sacatepeques, and the district of Sololá; and as the Kachiquel language is also spoken in the villages of Patulul, Cotzumalguapan, and others along the same coast, it is a plausible supposition that they were colonies settled by the Kachiquels, for the purpose of cultivating the desirable productions of a warmer climate than their own.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 169. 'La capitale fut, en -dernier lieu, Iximché ou Tecpan-Guatemala, lors de la déclaration de -l'indépendence de cette nation.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, +dernier lieu, Iximché ou Tecpan-Guatemala, lors de la déclaration de +l'indépendence de cette nation.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, introd., p. 270. 'Der westliche Theil der Provinz [Atitan] mit 16 -Dörfern in 4 Kirchspielen, von Nachkommen der Kachiquelen und Zutugilen +Dörfern in 4 Kirchspielen, von Nachkommen der Kachiquelen und Zutugilen bewohnt.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 338. 'Los paises de la nacion Cakchiquila son Chimaltenango, Zumpango, Tejar, Santo Domingo, San Pedro las Huertas, San Gaspar, San Luis de las Carretas, y otros diez lugares, -todos pertenecientes á las misiones de los PP. dominicos; y á las de los +todos pertenecientes á las misiones de los PP. dominicos; y á las de los PP. observantes de san Francisco pertenecen Isapa, Pason, Tepan-guatemalan Comalapa, San Antonio, San Juan del Obispo, y otros -quince lugares á lo menos de la misma nacion Cakchiquila, cuyas -poblaciones estan al rededor de Guatemala.' _Hervás_, _Catálogo_, tom. +quince lugares á lo menos de la misma nacion Cakchiquila, cuyas +poblaciones estan al rededor de Guatemala.' _Hervás_, _Catálogo_, tom. i., p. 305. The _Zutugils_ dwelt near the lake of Atitlan. 'The dominion of the Zutugiles extended over the modern district of Atitan, and the village of San Antonio, Suchiltepeques.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 169. 'La -capital de los cachiqueles era Patinamit ó Tecpanguatemala, ciudad +capital de los cachiqueles era Patinamit ó Tecpanguatemala, ciudad grande y fuerte; y la de los zutuhiles, Atitan, cerca de la laguna de este nombre y que se tenia por inexpugnable.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., pp. 121-2. The _Chortis_ live on the banks of the Motagua River. The Chiquimula -'Indians belong to the Chorti nation.' _Gavarrete_, in _Panamá Star and +'Indians belong to the Chorti nation.' _Gavarrete_, in _Panamá Star and Herald_, Dec. 19, 1867; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 48. [Sidenote: GUATEMALANS.] @@ -38977,61 +38943,61 @@ Brasseur de Bourbourg describes quite a number of very ancient nations, of some of which he endeavors to fix the localities, and which I insert here. Dan or Tamub founded a monarchy on the Guatemalan plateau. Their 'capitale, Amag-Dan, existait, suivant toute apparence, entre les monts -Tohil et Mamah, à trois lieues à peine au nord d'Utlatlan.' _Popol Vuh_, -introd., pp. 148, 262. 'Ilocab étendait sa domination à l'ouest et au -sud de Tamub, et la cité d'Uquincat, siége principale de cette maison, -occupait un plateau étroit, situé entre les mêmes ravins qui ceignent un +Tohil et Mamah, à trois lieues à peine au nord d'Utlatlan.' _Popol Vuh_, +introd., pp. 148, 262. 'Ilocab étendait sa domination à l'ouest et au +sud de Tamub, et la cité d'Uquincat, siége principale de cette maison, +occupait un plateau étroit, situé entre les mêmes ravins qui ceignent un peu plus bas les ruines d'Utlatlan.' 'La ville d'Uquincat (forme -antique). Avec le filet (à mettre le maïs), était sur un plateau au -nord-ouest de ceux d'Utlatlan, dont elle n'était séparée que par ses +antique). Avec le filet (à mettre le maïs), était sur un plateau au +nord-ouest de ceux d'Utlatlan, dont elle n'était séparée que par ses ravins; on en voit encore les ruines connues aujourd'hui sous le nom de P'-Ilocab, en Ilocab.' _Id._, p. 263. Agaab, 'dont les possessions -s'étendaient sur les deux rives du Chixoy ou Lacandon.' 'C'était une -nation, puissante dont les principales villes existaient à peu de +s'étendaient sur les deux rives du Chixoy ou Lacandon.' 'C'était une +nation, puissante dont les principales villes existaient à peu de distance de la rive gauche du fleuve Chixoy ou Lacandon (Rio Grande de -Sacapulas). L'une d'elles était Carinal, dont j'ai visité le premier, en -1856, les belles ruines, situées sur les bords du Pacalag, rivière qui -se jette dans le Lacandon, presque vis-à-vis l'embouchure de celle de -Rabinal, dans la Vérapaz.' _Ib._ Cabinal, 'la capitale était à Zameneb, +Sacapulas). L'une d'elles était Carinal, dont j'ai visité le premier, en +1856, les belles ruines, situées sur les bords du Pacalag, rivière qui +se jette dans le Lacandon, presque vis-à -vis l'embouchure de celle de +Rabinal, dans la Vérapaz.' _Ib._ Cabinal, 'la capitale était à Zameneb, dans les montagnes de Xoyabah ou Xolabah, [Entre les rochers].' _Id._, -p. 270. Ah-Actulul, 'sept tribus de la nation Ah-Actulul, qui s'étaient -établies sur des territoires dépendants de la souveraineté d'Atitlan.' +p. 270. Ah-Actulul, 'sept tribus de la nation Ah-Actulul, qui s'étaient +établies sur des territoires dépendants de la souveraineté d'Atitlan.' 'Ces sept tribus sont: Ah-Tzuque, Ah-Oanem, Manacot, Manazaquepet, -Vancoh, Yabacoh et Ah-Tzakol-Quet ou Queh.--Ac-Tulul peut-être pour +Vancoh, Yabacoh et Ah-Tzakol-Quet ou Queh.--Ac-Tulul peut-être pour Ah-Tulul.' _Id._, p. 274. 'Ah-Txiquinaha, ceux ou les habitants de Tziquinaha (Nid d'oiseau), dont la capitale fut Atitlan, sur le lac du -même nom.' _Id._, p. 296. Acutee, 'nom aussi d'une ancienne tribu dont +même nom.' _Id._, p. 296. Acutee, 'nom aussi d'une ancienne tribu dont on retrouve le souvenir dans Chuvi-Acutec, au-dessus d'Acutec, sur le -territoire de Chalcitan, près de Malacatan et de Huehuetenango.' _Id._, -pp. 342-3. Cohah, 'nom d'une tribu antique dans l'orient des Quichés.' +territoire de Chalcitan, près de Malacatan et de Huehuetenango.' _Id._, +pp. 342-3. Cohah, 'nom d'une tribu antique dans l'orient des Quichés.' _Id._, p. 353. The _Chontales_ dwell in the mountain districts N.E. of Lake Nicaragua, besides having miscellaneous villages in Guerrero, Oajaca, Tabasco, Guatemala, and Honduras. 'En el Departamento de Tlacolula ... y se encuentran chontales en Guerrero, en Tabasco y en Guatemala.' _Orozco y -Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 186-7. In San Salvador, Choluteca, Honduras, -Nicaragua. _Palacio_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. vi., pp. 7, -26, 35. 'Quiéchápa 20 Leguas südöstlich von Oajáca und 10 Leguas -südwestlich von Nejápa.... An den Gränzen des Landes der Chontáles.' ... -'Tlapalcatepéc. Hauptort im Lande der Chontáles.' _Mühlenpfordt_, -_Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 172-3, 175, 192. 'Les Chontáles -s'étaient vus en possession de toute la contrée qui s'étend entre la mer -et la chaîne de Quyecolani ... étaient en possession non seulement de +Berra_, _GeografÃa_, pp. 186-7. In San Salvador, Choluteca, Honduras, +Nicaragua. _Palacio_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. vi., pp. 7, +26, 35. 'Quiéchápa 20 Leguas südöstlich von Oajáca und 10 Leguas +südwestlich von Nejápa.... An den Gränzen des Landes der Chontáles.' ... +'Tlapalcatepéc. Hauptort im Lande der Chontáles.' _Mühlenpfordt_, +_Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 172-3, 175, 192. 'Les Chontáles +s'étaient vus en possession de toute la contrée qui s'étend entre la mer +et la chaîne de Quyecolani ... étaient en possession non seulement de Nexapa, mais encore de la portion la plus importante de la montagne de Quiyecolani.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iii., pp. 3, 47. 'Au nord-ouest du grand lac, les Chondals occupaient le district -montagneux appelé encore aujourd'hui Chontales, d'après eux.' +montagneux appelé encore aujourd'hui Chontales, d'après eux.' _Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 290. 'Inhabitants of the mountainous regions to the north-east of the lake of Nicaragua.' _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 52. 'Au nord des lacs, les Chontales barbares habitaient la -cordillère.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. +cordillère.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 110. 'The Chontals covered Chontales, northward of Lake Nicaragua, and lying between the tribes already given, and those on the Caribbean Sea.' -_Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 114. 'Bewohner der Gebirgsgegenden nordöstlich +_Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 114. 'Bewohner der Gebirgsgegenden nordöstlich vom See von Nicaragua.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. i., p. 285. 'In -Nicaragua die Chontales im Hochlande im N. des Managua-Sees.' _Wappäus_, -_Geog. u. Stat._, p. 246. 'Deste lugar [Yztepeque] comiençan los +Nicaragua die Chontales im Hochlande im N. des Managua-Sees.' _Wappäus_, +_Geog. u. Stat._, p. 246. 'Deste lugar [Yztepeque] comiençan los Chontales.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. x. 'The Chondals or Chontals, the third great division mentioned by Oviedo, occupied the wide, mountainous region, still bearing the name of @@ -39045,21 +39011,21 @@ in San Salvador, of Comayagua, Choluteca, Tegucigalpa, and parts of Olancho and Yoro in Honduras, including the islands of Roatan, Guanaja, and their dependencies.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 252. -The _Pipiles_ 'n'y occupaient guère quelques cantons sur les côtes de -l'océan Pacifique, dans la province d'Itzcuintlan et ne s'internaient -que vers les frontières de l'état de San-Salvador, le long des rives du +The _Pipiles_ 'n'y occupaient guère quelques cantons sur les côtes de +l'océan Pacifique, dans la province d'Itzcuintlan et ne s'internaient +que vers les frontières de l'état de San-Salvador, le long des rives du rio Paxa.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 120. 'Welche den ganzen westlichen Theil des heutigen Staates von S. Salvador -südlich vom Rio Lampa, das sogen. Reich Cozcotlan bewohnten.' _Wappäus_, +südlich vom Rio Lampa, das sogen. Reich Cozcotlan bewohnten.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 322, 326. 'Are settled along the coasts of the Pacific, from the province of Escuintla to that of St. Salvador.... In a short time these Pipiles multiplied immensely, and spread over the provinces of Zonzonate, St. Salvador, and St. Miguel.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 202, 224. Among 'los Izalcos y costa de Guazacapan ... San Salvador ... Honduras ... Nicaragua.' _Palacio_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. -Doc. Inéd._, tom. vi., p. 7. +Doc. Inéd._, tom. vi., p. 7. -_Nonohualcas._ 'Á la falda de un alto volcan (San Vicente) están cuatro +_Nonohualcas._ 'à la falda de un alto volcan (San Vicente) están cuatro lugares de indios, que llaman los Nunualcos.' _Id._, p. 25. _Tlascaltecs._ 'In mehreren Puncten San Salvadors, wie z. B. in Isalco, @@ -39076,8 +39042,8 @@ extending along the Gulf of Fonseca, into what is now the territory of Honduras. A town and river in the territory here indicated, still bear the name of Choluteca, which however is a Mexican name.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. These Soconusco exiles settled -'dans les terres qui s'étendent au nord et à l'ouest du golfe de -Conchagua, aux frontières de Honduras et de Nicaragua.' _Brasseur de +'dans les terres qui s'étendent au nord et à l'ouest du golfe de +Conchagua, aux frontières de Honduras et de Nicaragua.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 79. 'Beyond them (Nagrandans) on the gulf of Fonseca, a nation called the Cholutecans had their seats.' _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 53. @@ -39087,7 +39053,7 @@ _Maribios_, a tribe formerly inhabiting the mountain region about Leon. Amer._, tom. i., p. 333. 'Ay en Nicaragua cinco leguajes ... Coribici ... Chorotega ... Chondal -... Orotiña ... Mexicano.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 264. 'Hablauan +... Orotiña ... Mexicano.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 264. 'Hablauan en Nicaragua, cinco lenguas diferentes, Coribizi, que lo hablan mucho en Chuloteca ... Los de Chontal, ... la quarta es Orotina, Mexicana es la quinta.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii. 'In @@ -39101,24 +39067,24 @@ extending along the Pacific Ocean, between it and Lake Managua, to the borders, and probably for a distance along the shores of the gulf of Fonseca. They also occupied the country south of the Niquirans, and around the gulf of Nicoya, then called Orotina.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, -(Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. 'Welche die Gegenden zwischen der Südsee -und dem Managua-See von der Fonseca-Bai südwärts bis zu den aztekisch -sprechenden Indianern bewohnen und auch südlich von den Niquirians bis -zur Bai von Nicoya sich ausbreiten.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. +(Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. 'Welche die Gegenden zwischen der Südsee +und dem Managua-See von der Fonseca-Bai südwärts bis zu den aztekisch +sprechenden Indianern bewohnen und auch südlich von den Niquirians bis +zur Bai von Nicoya sich ausbreiten.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 246. 'North of the Mexican inhabitants of Nicaragua (the Niquirans), between the Pacific Ocean, Lake Managua, and the Gulf of Fonseca.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 48. Before the conquest they occupied 'les -régions aujourd'hui à peu près désertes qui s'étendent entre le +régions aujourd'hui à peu près désertes qui s'étendent entre le territoire de Tehuantepec et celui de Soconusco, sur les bords de -l'Océan Pacifique.' ... To escape the Olmec tyranny they emigrated to -'golfe de Nicoya; de là, ils retournèrent ensuite, en passant les monts, -jusqu'au lac de Nicaragua et se fixèrent sur ses bords.' Driven off by +l'Océan Pacifique.' ... To escape the Olmec tyranny they emigrated to +'golfe de Nicoya; de là , ils retournèrent ensuite, en passant les monts, +jusqu'au lac de Nicaragua et se fixèrent sur ses bords.' Driven off by the Nahuas 'les uns, se dirigeant au nord-ouest, vont fonder Nagarando, au bord du lac de Managua, tandis que les autres contournaient les -rivages du golfe de Nicoya, que l'on trouve encore aujourd'hui habités +rivages du golfe de Nicoya, que l'on trouve encore aujourd'hui habités par leurs descendants.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, introd., pp. cc., ccii. 'Als die Spanier nach Nicaragua kamen, war diess Volk an -der Küste verbreitet ... wohnten längs der Küste des Austroloceans.' +der Küste verbreitet ... wohnten längs der Küste des Austroloceans.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 397-8. The _Dirians_ 'occupied the territory lying between the upper extremity @@ -39126,25 +39092,25 @@ of Lake Nicaragua, the river Tipitapa, and the southern half of Lake Managua and the Pacific, whose principal towns were situated where now stand the cities of Granada, (then called Salteba,) Masaya, and Managua, and the villages of Tipitapa, Diriomo and Diriamba.' _Squier's -Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. 'Groupés dans les localités -encore connues de Liria, de Diriomé, de Diriamba, de Monbacho et de +Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. 'Groupés dans les localités +encore connues de Liria, de Diriomé, de Diriamba, de Monbacho et de Lenderi, sur les hauteurs qui forment la base du volcan de Mazaya.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 111. 'Occupied Masaya, Managua, Tipitapa, Diriomo, and Diriamba.' _Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 114; _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. i., p. 287. -The _Nagrandans_. 'Entre les Dirias et la Choluteca était située la -province des Mangnés ou Nagarandas (Torquemada dit que Nagarando est un +The _Nagrandans_. 'Entre les Dirias et la Choluteca était située la +province des Mangnés ou Nagarandas (Torquemada dit que Nagarando est un mot de leur langue. Oviedo les appelle Nagrandas), dont les fertiles -campagnes s'étendaient, au nord et à l'ouest du lac de Managua, jusqu'à -la mer; on y admirait les cités florissantes de Chinandéga, de -Chichigalpa, de Pozoltega, de Telica, de Subtiaba, de Nagarando, appelée -aussi Xolotlan, de Matiares et une foule d'autres, réduites maintenant, -pour la plupart, à de misérables bourgades.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, +campagnes s'étendaient, au nord et à l'ouest du lac de Managua, jusqu'à +la mer; on y admirait les cités florissantes de Chinandéga, de +Chichigalpa, de Pozoltega, de Telica, de Subtiaba, de Nagarando, appelée +aussi Xolotlan, de Matiares et une foule d'autres, réduites maintenant, +pour la plupart, à de misérables bourgades.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 111-12. 'The Nagrandans occupied the plain of Leon between the northern extreme of Lake Managua and the Pacific.' _Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 114. 'An welche sich weiter -nordwestwärts (the last mention was Dirians) die Bewohner der Gegend von +nordwestwärts (the last mention was Dirians) die Bewohner der Gegend von Leon, welche Squier Nagrander nennt ... anschlossen.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. i., p. 287. 'Chorotega tribe of the plains of Leon, Nicaragua.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 130; _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. @@ -39152,21 +39118,21 @@ Nicaragua.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 130; _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. The _Niquirans_ 'settled in the district of Nicaragua, between the Lake of Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 134. 'Au -centre du pays, sur le lac Nicaragua, appelé Cocibolca par les -indigènes, vivaient les Niquirans.' _Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 290. +centre du pays, sur le lac Nicaragua, appelé Cocibolca par les +indigènes, vivaient les Niquirans.' _Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 290. Ometepec. 'This island was occupied by the Niquirans.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 313; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., p. 74. -The _Orotiñans_ occupied 'the country around the Gulf of Nicoya, and to +The _Orotiñans_ occupied 'the country around the Gulf of Nicoya, and to the southward of Lake Nicaragua.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. 'Am Golfe von Orotina oder Nicoya.... Unter den -geographischen Namen im Lande der Orotiner stösst man auf den Vulkan -Orosi, im jetzigen Costa Rica, während einer der Vulkane in der Kette +geographischen Namen im Lande der Orotiner stösst man auf den Vulkan +Orosi, im jetzigen Costa Rica, während einer der Vulkane in der Kette der Maribios, bei Leon, also im Lande der Nagrander, Orota heisst.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. i., p. 287. 'Les Orotinas, voisins du golfe -de Nicoya, dont les villes principales étaient Nicoya, Orotina, Cantren -et Choroté.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. +de Nicoya, dont les villes principales étaient Nicoya, Orotina, Cantren +et Choroté.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 110. 'Settled the country south of Lake Nicaragua around the Gulf of Nicoya.' _Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 114. @@ -39181,24 +39147,24 @@ The _Xicaques_ 'exist in the district lying between the Rio Ulua and Rio Tinto.... It seems probable that the Xicaques were once much more widely diffused, extending over the plains of Olancho, and into the Department of Nueva Segovia, in Nicaragua.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. -244. 'Se rencontrent principalement dans le département de Yoro ... -(some) à l'embouchure de la rivière Choloma, et le reste est dispersé -dans les montagnes à l'ouest de la plaine de Sula. Dans le département -de Yoro, ils sont répandus dans le pays depuis la rivière Sulaco jusqu'à +244. 'Se rencontrent principalement dans le département de Yoro ... +(some) à l'embouchure de la rivière Choloma, et le reste est dispersé +dans les montagnes à l'ouest de la plaine de Sula. Dans le département +de Yoro, ils sont répandus dans le pays depuis la rivière Sulaco jusqu'à la baie de Honduras.' _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1858, tom. -clx., pp. 133-4. Yoro department; 'Welche am oberen Lauf der Flüsse und -in dem Berg- und Hügellande zwischen der Küste und dem Thale von Olancho -wohnen.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 317. +clx., pp. 133-4. Yoro department; 'Welche am oberen Lauf der Flüsse und +in dem Berg- und Hügellande zwischen der Küste und dem Thale von Olancho +wohnen.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 317. The _Poyas_. 'In the triangle between the Tinto, the sea, and the Rio Wanks, or Segovia.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 244. 'Inhabit the Poyer mountains, beyond the Embarcadero on the Polyer River.' _Young's Narrative_, p. 80. 'Den westlichen Theil des Distrikts Taguzgalpa, -zwischen den Flüssen Aguan und Barbo.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 389. +zwischen den Flüssen Aguan und Barbo.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 389. 'Inhabit the heads of the Black and Patook rivers.' _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 258. -The _Towkas_, 'bewohnen die südlichen Gegenden des Distrikts +The _Towkas_, 'bewohnen die südlichen Gegenden des Distrikts (Taguzgalpa) und das Gebirge.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 390-1. 'Their principal residence is at the head of Patook River.' _Young's Narrative_, p. 87. 'They dwell along the Twaka river which is a branch @@ -39222,15 +39188,15 @@ the main land 'in the vicinity of Truxillo, whence they have spread rapidly to the eastward. All along the coast, generally near the mouths of the various rivers with which it is fringed, they have their establishments or towns.' _Bard's Waikna_, p. 316. 'Now settled along -the whole extent of coast from Cape Gracias à Dios to Belize.' +the whole extent of coast from Cape Gracias à Dios to Belize.' _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 185. 'Dwell on the sea coast, their first town, Cape Town, being a few miles to the westward of Black River.' _Young's Narrative_, pp. 71, 122, 134. In Roatan: 'Die Volksmenge besteht aus Caraiben und Sambos, deren etwa 4,000 auf der Insel seyn -sollen.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 386. 'Unter den Caraibendörfern sind +sollen.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 386. 'Unter den Caraibendörfern sind zu nennen: Stanu Creek ... unfern im S. von Belize und von da bis zur -Südgrenze Settee, Lower Stanu Creek, Silver Creek, Seven Hills und Punta -Gorda.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 300. See also: _Sivers_, +Südgrenze Settee, Lower Stanu Creek, Silver Creek, Seven Hills und Punta +Gorda.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 300. See also: _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 154, 179; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 289. The _Ramas_ extend from Greytown to Blewfields, a region 'uninhabited @@ -39247,19 +39213,19 @@ and Seemann's Dottings_, p. 278. The _Mosquitos_ inhabit 'the whole coast from Pearl Key Lagoon to Black River, and along the banks of the Wawa and Wanx, or Wanks Rivers for a great distance inland.' _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. -xxxii., p. 250. 'L'intérieur du pays est occupé par la nation sauvage et -indomptable des Mosquitos-Sombos. Les côtes, surtout près le cap Gracias -à Dios, sont habitées par une autre tribu d'Indiens que les navigateurs -anglais ont appelés Mosquitos de la côte.' _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la -Géog._, tom. vi., p. 472. 'An dem Ende dieser Provinz (Honduras), nahe -bey dem Cap, Gratias-a-Dios, findet man die berühmte Nation der +xxxii., p. 250. 'L'intérieur du pays est occupé par la nation sauvage et +indomptable des Mosquitos-Sombos. Les côtes, surtout près le cap Gracias +à Dios, sont habitées par une autre tribu d'Indiens que les navigateurs +anglais ont appelés Mosquitos de la côte.' _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la +Géog._, tom. vi., p. 472. 'An dem Ende dieser Provinz (Honduras), nahe +bey dem Cap, Gratias-a-Dios, findet man die berühmte Nation der Mosquiten.' _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 404. 'Nearly the whole coast of Honduras; and their most numerous tribe exists near the Cape -Gracios á Dios.' _Bonnycastle's Span. Amer._, vol. i., p. 172. 'Ocupan +Gracios á Dios.' _Bonnycastle's Span. Amer._, vol. i., p. 172. 'Ocupan el terreno de mas de sesenta leguas, que corren desde la jurisdiccion de Comaniagua, hasta la de Costa-Rica.' _Revista Mex._, tom. i., p. 404. -'Die Sambo, oder eigentlichen Mosquitoindianer welche den grössten Theil -der Seeküste bis zum Black river hinauf und die an derselben gelegenen +'Die Sambo, oder eigentlichen Mosquitoindianer welche den grössten Theil +der Seeküste bis zum Black river hinauf und die an derselben gelegenen Savannen bewohnen.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, p. 19. 'Inhabiting on the Main, on the North side, near Cape Gratia Dios; between Cape Honduras and Nicaragua.' _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., p. 7. 'Inhabit a @@ -39273,7 +39239,7 @@ Sandy Bay to Potook.' _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, p. 330. 'The Sambos, or Mosquitians, inhabit the sea coast, and the savannas inland, as far west as Black River.' _Young's Narrative_, p. 71. 'The increase and expansion of the Caribs has already driven most of the Sambos, who -were established to the northward and westward of Cape Gracias á Dios, +were established to the northward and westward of Cape Gracias á Dios, into the territory of Nicaragua, southward of the Cape.' _Squier's Honduras_ [Lond., 1870,] p. 169; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 228. @@ -39282,29 +39248,29 @@ Honduras_ [Lond., 1870,] p. 169; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 228. The ISTHMIANS, the last sub-division of this group, embrace the people of Costa Rica, together with the nations dwelling on the Isthmus of -Panamá, or Darien, as far as the gulf of Urabá, and along the river +Panamá, or Darien, as far as the gulf of Urabá, and along the river Atrato to the mouth of the Napipi, thence up the last-named river to the Pacific Ocean. 'The Indian tribes within the territory of Costarrica, distinguished by the name of Parcialidades, are the Valientes, or most eastern people of the state; the Tiribees, who occupy the coast from Bocatoro to the Banana; the Talamancas and Blancos, who inhabit the interior, but frequent the coast between the Banana and Salt Creek; the -Montaños and Cabecares, who are settled in the neighbourhood of the high +Montaños and Cabecares, who are settled in the neighbourhood of the high lands bounding Veragua, and the Guatusos, inhabiting the mountains and forest between Esparsa and Bagases, and towards the north of these places.' _Galindo_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. vi., p. 134. From Boca del Toro towards the west coast dwell the Viceitas, Blancos, Valientes, Guatusos, Tiribis, and Talamancas. _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, p. 554. Blancos, Valientes, and Talamancas 'entlang der -Ostküste zwischen dem Rio Zent und Boca del Toro, im Staate Costa Rica.' +Ostküste zwischen dem Rio Zent und Boca del Toro, im Staate Costa Rica.' _Id._, p. 573. -The _Guatusos_ 'vom Nicaragua-See an den Rio Frio aufwärts und zwischen -diesem und dem San Carlos bis zum Hochlande.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. +The _Guatusos_ 'vom Nicaragua-See an den Rio Frio aufwärts und zwischen +diesem und dem San Carlos bis zum Hochlande.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 357. 'Inhabit a territory lying between the Merivales mountains on the west, the lake of Nicaragua and the San Juan river on the north, the Atlantic shore on the east, and the table land of San -José upon the south.' ... The Rio Frio 'head-waters are the favorite +José upon the south.' ... The Rio Frio 'head-waters are the favorite haunt or habitation of the Guatusos ... occupy the north-east corner of Costa Rica.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., pp. xii., xix., p. 298. They inhabit 'the basin of the Rio Frio.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. @@ -39312,12 +39278,12 @@ They inhabit 'the basin of the Rio Frio.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. _Id._, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. iv., p. 65; _Vigne's Travels_, vol. i., p. 77. -The _Guetares_ 'viven ençima de las sierras del puerto de la Herradora é +The _Guetares_ 'viven ençima de las sierras del puerto de la Herradora é se extienden por la costa deste golpho al Poniente de la banda del Norte hasta el confin de los Chorotegas.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 108. -The _Blancos_ 'welche ungefähr 5 Tagereisen südöstlich von Angostura in +The _Blancos_ 'welche ungefähr 5 Tagereisen südöstlich von Angostura in den Bergen hausen.' _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, pp. 556, 554. The _Valientes_ and _Ramas_, 'zwischen dem Punta Gorda und der Lagune von @@ -39326,65 +39292,65 @@ Chiriqui.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, p. 9. Inhabiting the Isthmus were numerous tribes speaking different languages, mentioned by early writers only by the name of the chief, which was usually identical with that of both town and province. In the -province of Panamá there were 'quatro señores de lenguas diferentes.... -De alli se baxaua a la prouincia de Natá ... treynta leguas de Panamá -... otro llamado Escoria, ocho leguas de Natá.... Ocho leguas mas -adelante, la buelta de Panamá, auia otro Cazique dicho Chirú, de lengua -diferente: y otras siete leguas mas adelante, házia Panamá, estaua el de -Chamé, que era el remate de la lengua de Coyba: y la prouincia de Paris -se hallaua doze leguas de Natá, Les hueste.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, -dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. vi. Westward from the gulf of Urabá 'hay una +province of Panamá there were 'quatro señores de lenguas diferentes.... +De alli se baxaua a la prouincia de Natá ... treynta leguas de Panamá +... otro llamado Escoria, ocho leguas de Natá.... Ocho leguas mas +adelante, la buelta de Panamá, auia otro Cazique dicho Chirú, de lengua +diferente: y otras siete leguas mas adelante, házia Panamá, estaua el de +Chamé, que era el remate de la lengua de Coyba: y la prouincia de Paris +se hallaua doze leguas de Natá, Les hueste.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, +dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. vi. Westward from the gulf of Urabá 'hay una provincia que se dice Careta ... yendo mas la costa abajo, fasta cuarenta leguas desta villa, entrando la tierra adentro fasta doce -leguas, está un cacique que se dice Comogre y otro que se dice +leguas, está un cacique que se dice Comogre y otro que se dice Poborosa.' _Balboa_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 366. 'En la primera provincia de los darieles hay las poblaciones siguientes: Seraque, Surugunti, Queno, Moreri, Agrazenuqua, Occabayanti -y Uraba.' _Hervás_, _Catálogo_, tom. i., p. 280. 'Treinta y tantas +y Uraba.' _Hervás_, _Catálogo_, tom. i., p. 280. 'Treinta y tantas leguas del Darien habia una provincia que se decia Careta, y otra cinco leguas de ella que se dice Acla.... La primera provincia desde Acla -hácia el ueste es Comogre.... En esta tierra está una provincia que se -llama Peruqueta, de una mar á otra, y la isla de las Perlas, y golfo de -S. Miguel, y otra provincia, que llamamos las Behetrías por no haber en -ella ningun señor, se llama Cueva: es toda una gente y de una lengua.... +hácia el ueste es Comogre.... En esta tierra está una provincia que se +llama Peruqueta, de una mar á otra, y la isla de las Perlas, y golfo de +S. Miguel, y otra provincia, que llamamos las BehetrÃas por no haber en +ella ningun señor, se llama Cueva: es toda una gente y de una lengua.... Desde esta provincia da Peruqueta hasta Adechame que son cerca de 40 -leguas todavía al ueste, se llama la provincia de Coiba, y la lengua es +leguas todavÃa al ueste, se llama la provincia de Coiba, y la lengua es la de Cueva ... desde Burica hasta esta provincia, que se dice -Tobreytrota, casi que cada señor es diferente de lengua uno de otro.... -Desde aquí tornando á bajar cerca de la mar, venimos á la provincia de -Nata ... está 30 leguas de Panamá ... tenia por contrario á un señor que +Tobreytrota, casi que cada señor es diferente de lengua uno de otro.... +Desde aquà tornando á bajar cerca de la mar, venimos á la provincia de +Nata ... está 30 leguas de Panamá ... tenia por contrario á un señor que se decia Escoria, que tenia sus poblaciones en un rio grande ocho leguas -de Meta.... Esta es lengua por sí. Y ocho leguas de allí hácia Panamá -está otro señor que se dice Chiru, lengua diferente. Siete leguas de -Chiru, hácia Panamá, está la provincia de Chame: es el remate de la +de Meta.... Esta es lengua por sÃ. Y ocho leguas de allà hácia Panamá +está otro señor que se dice Chiru, lengua diferente. Siete leguas de +Chiru, hácia Panamá, está la provincia de Chame: es el remate de la lengua de Coiba ... Chiman ... dos leguas de Comogre ... desde esto -Chiman ... la provincia de Pocorosa, y de allí dos leguas la vuelta del -ueste ... la de Paruraca, donde comienza la de Coiba, y de allí la misma -via cuatro leguas ... la de Tubanamá, y de allí á ocho leguas todo á -esta via ... la de Chepo, y seis leguas de allí ... la de Chepobar, y -dos leguas delante ... la de Pacora, y cuatro de allí ... la de Panamá, -y de allí otras cuatro ... la de Periquete, y otras cuatro adelante ... +Chiman ... la provincia de Pocorosa, y de allà dos leguas la vuelta del +ueste ... la de Paruraca, donde comienza la de Coiba, y de allà la misma +via cuatro leguas ... la de Tubanamá, y de allà á ocho leguas todo á +esta via ... la de Chepo, y seis leguas de allà ... la de Chepobar, y +dos leguas delante ... la de Pacora, y cuatro de allà ... la de Panamá, +y de allà otras cuatro ... la de Periquete, y otras cuatro adelante ... la de Tabore, y otras cuatro adelante ... la de Chame, que es remate de -la lengua y provincia de Coiba ... de Chame á la provincia del Chiru hay -ocho leguas ... y este Chiru es otra lengua por sí.' _Andagoya_, in +la lengua y provincia de Coiba ... de Chame á la provincia del Chiru hay +ocho leguas ... y este Chiru es otra lengua por sÃ.' _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 397-8, 407-8, 410. -The _Guaimies_. 'En la provincia de Veraguas, situada á 9 grados de -latitud boreal, está la nacion de los Guaimies ó Huamies.' _Hervás_, -_Catálogo_, tom. i., pp. 280-1. 'Los quales indios, segun decian, no -eran naturales de aquella comarca: ántes era en antigua patria la tierra -que está junto al rio grande de Darien.' _Cieza de Leon_, in _Id._, p. +The _Guaimies_. 'En la provincia de Veraguas, situada á 9 grados de +latitud boreal, está la nacion de los Guaimies ó Huamies.' _Hervás_, +_Catálogo_, tom. i., pp. 280-1. 'Los quales indios, segun decian, no +eran naturales de aquella comarca: ántes era en antigua patria la tierra +que está junto al rio grande de Darien.' _Cieza de Leon_, in _Id._, p. 281. 'The Indians who at present inhabit the Isthmus are scattered over Bocas del Toro, the northern portions of Veraguas, the north-eastern shores of -Panamá, and almost the whole of Darien, and consist principally of four +Panamá, and almost the whole of Darien, and consist principally of four tribes, the Savanerics, the San Blas Indians, the Bayanos, and the Cholos. Each tribe speaks a different language.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., p. 317. 'Les Goajiros, les Motilones, les Guainetas et les Cocinas, dans les provinces de Rio-Hacha, de Upar et de Santa-Marta; et les Dariens, les Cunas et les Chocoes, sur les rives et -les affluents de l'Atrato et les côtes du Darien.' _Roquette_, in +les affluents de l'Atrato et les côtes du Darien.' _Roquette_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1855, tom. cxlvii., pp. 24-5. 'The _Savanerics_ occupy the northern portion of Veraguas.' _Ib._ @@ -39418,11 +39384,11 @@ Choco, and thence with a few interruptions to the northern parts of the Republic of Ecuador.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., p. 321. 'Inhabiting part of the Isthmus of Darien, east of the river Chuquanaqua, which is watered by the river Paya and its branches in and -about lat. 8° 15´ N., and long. 77° 20´ W.' _Latham_, in _Lond. Geog. +about lat. 8° 15´ N., and long. 77° 20´ W.' _Latham_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xx., p. 189. 'The _Cunas_ have established themselves on the shores of the Gulf of -Urabá, near the outlets of the Atrato.' _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., +Urabá, near the outlets of the Atrato.' _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 92. The _Cunacunas_, 'on the south-easterly side of the Isthmus.' _Ludewig's @@ -39435,10 +39401,10 @@ _Michler's Darien_, p. 26. The _Caimanes_, 'between Punta Arenas and Turbo.' _Ib._ -The _Urabás_, 'en las selvas y bosques de la Provincia de Urabá.' +The _Urabás_, 'en las selvas y bosques de la Provincia de Urabá.' _Alcedo_, _Dicc._, tom. v., p. 258. -The _Idibas_ 'del Reyno de Tierra-Firme y Gobierno de Panamá, son +The _Idibas_ 'del Reyno de Tierra-Firme y Gobierno de Panamá, son confinantes con los Chocoes y los Tatabes.' _Id._, tom. ii., p. 413. The _Payas_ 'on the river of that name.' _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, @@ -39451,18 +39417,18 @@ FOOTNOTES: numerous. They were highly civilized only one hundred and fifty years ago. _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., preface, pp. 14-17. 'The old Chontals were certainly in a condition more civilised.' _Id._, pp. 286-95, 265-70. -'Die Chontales werden auch Caraiben genannt.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. +'Die Chontales werden auch Caraiben genannt.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 243-8, 265, 283-90, 311, 321, 326, 330, 335. It seems there existed in Nicaragua: Chorotegans, comprising Dirians, Nagrandans, and -Orotiñans; Cholutecans and Niquirans, Mexican colonies; and Chondals. -_Squier's Nicaragua_, vol. ii., pp. 309-12. Examine further: _Müller_, +Orotiñans; Cholutecans and Niquirans, Mexican colonies; and Chondals. +_Squier's Nicaragua_, vol. ii., pp. 309-12. Examine further: _Müller_, _Amerikanische Urreligionen_, p. 454; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., -pp. 285-92; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 69; +pp. 285-92; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 69; _Benzoni_, _Hist. del Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 104; _Malte-Brun_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1858, tom. clviii., p. 200; _Berendt_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 425; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, p. 40; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 357-8, 370; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. -Géologique_, pp. 18-19; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., pp. 202, 208, 272, +Géologique_, pp. 18-19; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., pp. 202, 208, 272, tom. ii., pp. 49, 125, 313; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., pp. 79, 110-11; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 288, 299-300; _Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., pp. 89-97. @@ -39474,14 +39440,14 @@ _Reichardt_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 106-7; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. p. 260, tom. ii., pp. 126, 197; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 414; _Belly_, _Nicaragua_, tom. i., pp. 200-1; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 52-3; _Foote's Cent. Amer._, p. 104. -Round Leon 'hay más indios tuertos ... y es la causa el contínuo polvo.' +Round Leon 'hay más indios tuertos ... y es la causa el contÃnuo polvo.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 64. In Guatemala, 'los hombres muy gruessos.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. v., caps. xi., xii., dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xiv. 'Ceux de la tierra fria sont petits, -trapus, bien membrés, susceptibles de grandes fatigues ... ceux de la +trapus, bien membrés, susceptibles de grandes fatigues ... ceux de la tierra caliente sont grands, maigres, paresseux.' _Dollfus and -Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47, 21. 'Kurze Schenkel, langen -Oberleib, kurze Stirne und langes struppiges Haar.' _Bülow_, +Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47, 21. 'Kurze Schenkel, langen +Oberleib, kurze Stirne und langes struppiges Haar.' _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, p. 78. 'The disproportionate size of the head, the coarse harsh hair, and the dwarfish stature,' of the Masayas. _Boyle's Ride_, vol. ii., pp. 8-9. @@ -39492,19 +39458,19 @@ of cotton cloth without a seam.' _Foote's Cent. Amer._, pp. 103-4. The Nicaraguans 'se rasent la barbe, les cheueux, et tout le poil du corps, et ne laissent que quelques cheueux sur le sommet de la teste.... Ils portent des gabans, et des chemises sans manches.' _D'Avity_, -_L'Amérique_, tom. ii., p. 93. 'The custom of tattooing, it seems, was +_L'Amérique_, tom. ii., p. 93. 'The custom of tattooing, it seems, was practiced to a certain extent, at least so far as to designate, by peculiarities in the marks, the several tribes or caziques ... they flattened their heads.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, vol. ii., pp. 341, 345; _Id._, _Nicaragua_, pp. 273-4; _Valenzuela_, in _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 566; _Tempsky's Mitla_, pp. 363-5, 368; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. -Géologique_, pp. 19-20, 46-9, 56-60; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 193-5; +Géologique_, pp. 19-20, 46-9, 56-60; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 193-5; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 302-5; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 278-9; _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 316-8; _Montgomery's Guatemala_, pp. 98-9; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii.; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 102, 126, 145, 171, 227, 245, 253; _Galindo_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1834, tom. lxiii., p. 149; _Orozco y -Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 166; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 263. +Berra_, _GeografÃa_, p. 166; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 263. [963] The Lacandones have 'floating gardens which can navigate the lagoons like bolsas,' and are often inhabited. They have stone @@ -39517,22 +39483,22 @@ pp. 126-7. They live like their forefathers 'in buildings precisely similar ... some huts of a single room will monopolise an acre of land.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. ii., pp. 6-8; _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 318-19; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 75, 430, 496; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in -_Amérique Centrale_, pp. 69-70; _Valois_, _Mexique_, p. 278; _Benzoni_, +_Amérique Centrale_, pp. 69-70; _Valois_, _Mexique_, p. 278; _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_., fol. 86, 102; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, pp. 89, 96; -_Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 19, 55; _Herrera_, +_Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 19, 55; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii.; _Berendt_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 425; _West und Ost Indischer Lustgart_, pt. ii., pp. 380, 390; _Valenzuela_, in _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 566. [964] They 'vivent le plus souvent de fruits et de racines.' _Dollfus -and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47, 20-2, 69. 'Tout en faisant -maigre chère, ils mangent et boivent continuellement, comme les +and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47, 20-2, 69. 'Tout en faisant +maigre chère, ils mangent et boivent continuellement, comme les animaux.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 104, 92, 102, 132, 134, 145, 240, tom. i., pp. 205-6. Nicaraguans 'essen auch Menschenfleisch ... alle Tag machet nur ein Nachbar ein Fewer an, dabei sie alle kochen, vnd dann ein anderer.' _West und Ost Indischer Lustgart_, pt. i., -p. 390. 'Perritos pequeños que tambien los comian, y muchos venados y -pesquerías.' _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., +p. 390. 'Perritos pequeños que tambien los comian, y muchos venados y +pesquerÃas.' _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 413-14, 407. Hunting alligators: a man dives under, and fastens a noose round the leg of the sleeping monster; his companions then haul it on shore and kill it. _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 139, 130. Compare @@ -39545,9 +39511,9 @@ _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 320; _Waldeck_, _Voy. Pitt._, pp. 42-3. [965] _Dunlop's Cent. Amer._, p. 337; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, p. 173. -[966] The Lacandones 'emploient des flèches de canne ayant des têtes de +[966] The Lacandones 'emploient des flèches de canne ayant des têtes de cailloux.' _Galindo_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. i., div. ii., p. 67. See -also, _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 79-80; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 305; +also, _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 79-80; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 305; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 195, 278; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 413, 430; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., p. 358. @@ -39557,108 +39523,108 @@ Farmer_, _Nov. 7, 14, 1862_. [968] _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 278, 287; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, p. 130; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, p. 430; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 279; _Squier's Nicaragua_, pp. 272-3; _Valenzuela_, in _Id._, _Cent. -Amer._, p. 567. The Lacandon hut contained 'des métiers à tisser, des +Amer._, p. 567. The Lacandon hut contained 'des métiers à tisser, des sarbacanes, des haches et d'autres outils en silex.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 79, 104, 197, 211. 'Duermen en vna red, que se -les entra por las costillas, o en vn cañizo, y por cabecera vn madero: +les entra por las costillas, o en vn cañizo, y por cabecera vn madero: ya se alumbran con teas.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xiv., dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. vi. At Masaya, 'Leur mobilier se compose de nattes par terre, de hamacs suspendus, d'un lit de cuir et -d'une caisse en cèdre, quelquefois ornée d'incrustations de cuivre.' +d'une caisse en cèdre, quelquefois ornée d'incrustations de cuivre.' _Belly_, _Nicaragua_, tom. i., pp. 197-8. -[969] 'Le principe colorant est fixé an moyen d'une substance grasse que -l'on obtient par l'ébullition d'un insecte nommé age.' _Morelet_, +[969] 'Le principe colorant est fixé an moyen d'une substance grasse que +l'on obtient par l'ébullition d'un insecte nommé age.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 130, 197. Consult further, _Squier's Nicaragua_, pp. 269-73; _Baily's Cent. Amer._, pp. 124-5; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. vii., ix., lib. x., cap. xiv.; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 44; _Squier_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 215; _Dollfus and -Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, p. 47; _Dunlop's Cent. Amer._, p. 338; +Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, p. 47; _Dunlop's Cent. Amer._, p. 338; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 274. [970] _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 241-2; _Lafond_, _Voyages_, tom. i., p. 317; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 31; _Dollfus and -Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47-8. In their trade, the +Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47-8. In their trade, the Lacandones 'are said to have employed not less than 424 canoes.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 271. -[971] The Quichés 'portent jusqu'au Nicaragua des hamacs en fil +[971] The Quichés 'portent jusqu'au Nicaragua des hamacs en fil d'agave.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 145, 92, 130-1, 198, tom. -i., pp. 260, 318, 320; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. +i., pp. 260, 318, 320; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 18, 60; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. v., cap. xii.; -_Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 68, 271, 475; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, +_Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 68, 271, 475; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 248, 345; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 319; _Hardcastle_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vi., p. 153; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 319. [972] Among the Nahuatls 'mechanical arts are little understood, and, of course, the fine arts still less practiced.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 320; _Id._, _Nicaragua_, pp. 270-3. The Masayans have 'une caisse en -cèdre, quelquefois ornée d'incrustations de cuivre.' _Belly_, +cèdre, quelquefois ornée d'incrustations de cuivre.' _Belly_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 197-8. See also, _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 130; -_Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 134; _Gage's New Survey_, +_Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 134; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 329; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 287, 420-6; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 127, 295; _Funnell's Voy._, p. 113; _Dunn's Guatemala_, p. 281; _Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 7, 1862_. -[973] _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 20, 49-51; -_Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 134; _Hassel_, _Mex. +[973] _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 20, 49-51; +_Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 134; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 398; _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 318-9, 417; _Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 7, 1862_. 'Chacun d'eux vint ensuite baiser la main -du chef, hommage qu'il reçut avec une dignité imperturbable.' _Morelet_, +du chef, hommage qu'il reçut avec une dignité imperturbable.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 245-6, 134. -[974] 'Leur dernier-né suspendu à leurs flancs.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, +[974] 'Leur dernier-né suspendu à leurs flancs.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 198, 126, tom. i., pp. 204-5, 318. In Salvador, the 'bridegroom makes his wife's trousseau himself, the women, strange to say, being entirely ignorant of needlework.' _Foote's Cent. Amer._, p. 103. Further reference in _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 280, 288; _Belly_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 200-1, 253; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 303-4; _Revue -Brit._, 1825, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 23; _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, p. +Brit._, 1825, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 23; _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, p. 80; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 272; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 319; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 195-6; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 365; _Dollfus -and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 20, 47; _Scherzer_, -_Wanderungen_, p. 66; _Id._, _Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, p. 11. +and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 20, 47; _Scherzer_, +_Wanderungen_, p. 66; _Id._, _Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, p. 11. [975] _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 323, 347-50; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 415; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 279-80, -420-6; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, p. 48; _Froebel's +420-6; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, p. 48; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, pp. 78-81; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. 306, 312; _Valenzuela_, in _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 567; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 447-9; _Coreal_, _Voyages_, tom. i., pp. 88-9; _Arricivita_, -_Crónica Seráfica_, p. 34; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 320-2; _Pontelli_, +_Crónica Seráfica_, p. 34; _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 320-2; _Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 14, 1862_. 'Les Indiens ne fument pas.' _Belly_, -_Nicaragua_, p. 164. 'Ihr gewöhnliches Getränke ist Wasser.' _Hassel_, -_Mex. Guat._, p. 304. 'Je n'ai entendu qu'à Flores, pendant le cours de -mon voyage, des choeurs exécutés avec justesse.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, +_Nicaragua_, p. 164. 'Ihr gewöhnliches Getränke ist Wasser.' _Hassel_, +_Mex. Guat._, p. 304. 'Je n'ai entendu qu'à Flores, pendant le cours de +mon voyage, des choeurs exécutés avec justesse.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 42-4, 325, tom. i., p. 196. [976] The Lacandon chief received me with 'the emblem of friendship (which is a leaf of the fan-palm).' _Pontelli_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 14, 1862_. See _Tempsky's Mitla_, pp. 364-5; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 407-8; _Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 91; -_Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 394; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 197; _Foote's -Cent. Amer._, p. 122; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. -48-9; _Scherzer_, _Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, pp. 7-15; _Reichardt_, +_Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 394; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 197; _Foote's +Cent. Amer._, p. 122; _Dollfus and Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. +48-9; _Scherzer_, _Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, pp. 7-15; _Reichardt_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 106, 234; _Valenzuela_, in _Squier's Cent. Amer._, pp. 566-7; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., p. 206, tom. ii., pp. 58, 101-2, 104, 197; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pp. 293-4, vol. ii., pp. 11-12, 48. [977] At Masaya, 'The death-rate among children is said to be excessive.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. ii., p. 10. 'Alle Glieder der Familie -hatten ein äusserst ungesundes Aussehen und namentlich die Kinder, im -Gesicht bleich und mager, hatten dicke, aufgeschwollene Bäuche,' caused +hatten ein äusserst ungesundes Aussehen und namentlich die Kinder, im +Gesicht bleich und mager, hatten dicke, aufgeschwollene Bäuche,' caused by yucca-roots. _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 494, 173-4; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 109-10, 152; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 318; -_Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 49; _Froebel_, _Aus +_Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 49; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., pp. 345-6; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 302, 398; _Escobar_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 91; _Scherzer_, -_Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, pp. 10-11. +_Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, pp. 10-11. -[978] _Scherzer_, _Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, pp. 11-12; _Morelet_, +[978] _Scherzer_, _Die Indianer von Istlávacan_, pp. 11-12; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., p. 63; _Valois_, _Mexique_, p. 408. -[979] 'La somme des peines est donc limitée comme celle des jouissances; -ils ne ressentent ni les unes ni les autres avec beaucoup de vivacité.' +[979] 'La somme des peines est donc limitée comme celle des jouissances; +ils ne ressentent ni les unes ni les autres avec beaucoup de vivacité.' _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. i., pp. 205-7, 196, tom. ii., pp. 104, 132, 198, 200, 253. 'When aroused, however, they are fierce, cruel, and implacable ... shrewd ... cringing servility and low cunning ... extreme @@ -39668,13 +39634,13 @@ teachableness.' _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 42-3. 'Melancholy ... silent less warlike race.' _Foote's Cent. Amer._, pp. 104-5. Nicaraguans 'are singularly docile and industrious ... not warlike but brave.' _Squier's Nicaragua_, p. 268. For further reference concerning these people see -_Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 555; _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 79-81; +_Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 555; _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 79-81; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, pp. 197-8; _Belly_, _Nicaragua_, pp. 109, 160; -_Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, pp. 70, 135-6; _T' Kint_, in +_Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, pp. 70, 135-6; _T' Kint_, in _Id._, pp. 157-8; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 471; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., p. xiv., and p. 75; _Gage's New Survey_, pp. 311-12, 333; _Valois_, _Mexique_, pp. 238-9, 277, 288, 299, 430; _Dollfus and -Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47-9, 69; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, +Mont-Serrat_, _Voy. Géologique_, pp. 47-9, 69; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 35; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii.; _Scherzer_, _Wanderungen_, pp. 53, 61, 455, 464-5; _Dunlop's Cent. Amer._, pp. 211, 337-8. The Lacandones are very laconic, sober, @@ -39688,25 +39654,25 @@ is a corruption of an aboriginal term, and to substantiate this opinion it is said that the natives call themselves distinctly Misskitos. _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 134, 19-23. The Carib name is pronounced "Kharibees" on the coast. _Macgregor's Progress of America_, vol. i., -pp. 770, 775. 'Il existe chez eux des langues très différentes, et nous -avons remarqué qu'à cent lieues de distance ils ne se comprennent plus +pp. 770, 775. 'Il existe chez eux des langues très différentes, et nous +avons remarqué qu'à cent lieues de distance ils ne se comprennent plus les uns les autres.' _Varnhagen_, _Prem. Voy. de Amerigo Vespucci_, p. 40. See further: _Stout's Nicaragua_, p. 113; _Squier's Nicaragua_, vol. -ii., p. 308; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, pp. 241, 244-7; 252-3; _Bülow_, +ii., p. 308; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, pp. 241, 244-7; 252-3; _Bülow_, _Nicaragua_, p. 77; _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 346; _Galindo_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. iii., p. 290; _Bell_, in _Id._, vol. xxxii., pp. 258-9; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 123, 201-2, 243; _Pim and Seemann's -Dottings_, pp. 395-6; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 36, 86; _Wappäus_, _Geog. +Dottings_, pp. 395-6; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 36, 86; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, pp. 243-7, 303, 347-50; _Henderson's Honduras_, p. 216; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pp. xii-xiii., 269, 287; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 179-80, 287-8. [981] 'Die Backenknochen treten nicht, wie bei andern amerikanischen -Stämmen, auffallend hervor ... starke Oberlippe.' _Mosquitoland_, +Stämmen, auffallend hervor ... starke Oberlippe.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 134-6, 59, 70, 151. Consult also: _Squier's Cent. Amer._, pp. 230, 251, 597-8; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 388-9; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., pp. 397-8; _Varnhagen_, _Prem. Voy. de Amerigo -Vespucci_, pp. 40-1. The pure type has 'schlichte, gröbere, schwarze +Vespucci_, pp. 40-1. The pure type has 'schlichte, gröbere, schwarze Haare und feinere Lippen.' _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 74, 177, 180, 287-8; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 26, 28-9, 72, 75, 79, 82, 87, 123; _Uring's Hist. Voy._, p. 226; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. @@ -39781,8 +39747,8 @@ _Cockburn's Journey_, p. 83. [990] _Young's Narrative_, pp. 11, 19, 76, 160-1; _Martin's West Indies_, vol. i., pp. 155-6; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 35, 85. -'Der Tuberose tree der Engländer liefert die stärksten Baumstämme, deren -die Indianer sich zur Anfertigung ihrer grössten Wasserfahrzeuge +'Der Tuberose tree der Engländer liefert die stärksten Baumstämme, deren +die Indianer sich zur Anfertigung ihrer grössten Wasserfahrzeuge bedienen.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 116, 70, 147. [991] The Mosquitos have 'little trade except in tortoise-shells and @@ -39792,17 +39758,17 @@ _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, p. 337; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 16, 82, 86-7, 91, 126; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii., v.; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 148, 171-4, 190. -[992] The Mosquitos 'divisaient l'année en 18 mois de 20 jours, et ils -appellaient les mois _Ioalar_.' _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. +[992] The Mosquitos 'divisaient l'année en 18 mois de 20 jours, et ils +appellaient les mois _Ioalar_.' _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 472. 'Dit konense reeckenen by de Maen, daer van sy vyftien voor -een jaer reeckenen.' _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 152. 'Für die +een jaer reeckenen.' _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 152. 'Für die Berechnung der Jahre existirt keine Aera. Daher weiss Niemand sein Alter.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 142, 267-8. See also _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 244-5; _Young's Narrative_, p. 76; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. vi. [993] _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 292-3; _Cockburn's Journey_, p. 37; _Gomara_, -_Hist. Ind._, fol. 63. The natives of Honduras had 'pedaços de Tierra, +_Hist. Ind._, fol. 63. The natives of Honduras had 'pedaços de Tierra, llamada _Calcide_, con la qual se funde el Metal.' _Colon_, _Hist. Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 104. @@ -39815,7 +39781,7 @@ _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, pp. 258-9; _Squier_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xix., p. 614; _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1858, tom. clx., p. 134; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 71, 98; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 171-2. 'Sie stehen unter eignen Kaziken, die ihre -Anführer im Kriege machen und welchen sie unbedingt gehorchen.' Poyas, +Anführer im Kriege machen und welchen sie unbedingt gehorchen.' Poyas, 'Ihre Regierungsform ist aristokratisch.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp. 388, 390. Mosquito 'conjurers are in fact the priests, the lawyers and the judges ... the king is a despotic monarch.' _Bonnycastle's Span. @@ -39827,7 +39793,7 @@ Amer._, vol. i., p. 174. 321-3; _Strangeways' Mosquito Shore_, pp. 332, 336; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 137; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 216. 'They marry but one Wife, with whom they live till death separates them.' _Dampier's -Voyages_, vol. i., p. 9. 'Doch besitzen in der That die meisten Männer +Voyages_, vol. i., p. 9. 'Doch besitzen in der That die meisten Männer nur ein Weib.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 144-6, 133-9; _Salazar y Olarte_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. ii., p. 312. @@ -39848,8 +39814,8 @@ _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 49, 245-7. [998] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii., vi.; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., p. 255-6. The Woolwas 'haben gewisse Jahresfeste bei welchen weder ein Fremder noch Weiber und -Kinder des eignen Stammes zugelassen werden. Bei diesen Festen führen -sie mit lautem Geschrei ihre Tänze auf, "wobei ihnen ihr Gott +Kinder des eignen Stammes zugelassen werden. Bei diesen Festen führen +sie mit lautem Geschrei ihre Tänze auf, "wobei ihnen ihr Gott Gesellschaft leistet."' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., pp. 407-8. [999] _Squier_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xix., pp. 603-6, 613; _Sivers_, @@ -39893,7 +39859,7 @@ iv., lib. i., cap. vi., lib. viii., cap. iii., v.; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 78-82, 85, 87, 122, 133; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxii., pp. 250-2, 257-8; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 245, 317, 324; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 135, 139-40, 144-5, 236; _Strangeways' -Mosquito Shore_, p. 329; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. +Mosquito Shore_, p. 329; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amérique Centrale_, p. 71; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 248-9, 279, 308-9; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., pp. 13, 18; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 240, 289, 302; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 49, 243. @@ -39937,15 +39903,15 @@ Viages_, tom. iii., p. 406; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, vol. i., p. Boundaries. [1006] Savanerics, 'a fine athletic race.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. -i., p. 318. 'Tienen los cascos de la cabeça gruessos.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. -Gen._, tom. iii., p. 138. 'The Chocós are not tall nor remarkable in +i., p. 318. 'Tienen los cascos de la cabeça gruessos.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. +Gen._, tom. iii., p. 138. 'The Chocós are not tall nor remarkable in appearance, but always look well conditioned.' _Michler's Darien_, p. -65. 'Son apersonados.' _Dávila_, _Teatro Ecles._, tom. ii., fol. 56; +65. 'Son apersonados.' _Dávila_, _Teatro Ecles._, tom. ii., fol. 56; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 77, 87; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, pp. 10, 36; _Colon_, _Hist. Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 107; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., pp. 95-7; _Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., lib. vi; _Gisborne's Darien_, p. 155; -_Cockburn's Journey_, p. 235; _D'Avity_, _L'Amérique_, tom. ii., p. 98; +_Cockburn's Journey_, p. 235; _D'Avity_, _L'Amérique_, tom. ii., p. 98; _Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle_, p. 365; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, vol. i., p. 823; _Fransham's World in Miniature_, p. 25. 'Afirmaua Pasqual de Andagoya, auer visto algunos tan grandes, que los otros @@ -39955,7 +39921,7 @@ _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 412; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 174; _Darien_, _Defence of the Scots' Settlement_, pp. 69-70; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 65, 67. -[1007] Golfo Dulce. 'Modicæ sunt staturæ, bene compositis membris, +[1007] Golfo Dulce. 'Modicæ sunt staturæ, bene compositis membris, moribus blandis et non invenustis.' _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 329. 'It is a universal belief along the Atlantic coast, from Belize to Aspinwall, that the Frio tribe have white complexions, fair hair, and @@ -39964,18 +39930,18 @@ xxi-xxii.; _Squier_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1856, tom. cli., pp. 6, 12; _Id._, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. iv., p. 62; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 131-7. -[1008] 'El miembro generativo traen atado por el capullo, haçiéndole -entrar tanto adentro, que á algunos no se les paresçe de tal arma sino -la atadura, que es unos hilos de algodon allí revueltos.' _Oviedo_, +[1008] 'El miembro generativo traen atado por el capullo, haçiéndole +entrar tanto adentro, que á algunos no se les paresçe de tal arma sino +la atadura, que es unos hilos de algodon allà revueltos.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 109-11, 179. See also: _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 181-3, 188; _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, pp. -557-9; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., p. 251. Referring to Vasco Nuñez de -Balboa, 'La gente que hallo andaua en cueros, sino eran señores, -cortesanos, y mugeres.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 82, 66, 87. Urabá; +557-9; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., p. 251. Referring to Vasco Nuñez de +Balboa, 'La gente que hallo andaua en cueros, sino eran señores, +cortesanos, y mugeres.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 82, 66, 87. Urabá; 'Ex gentibus ijs mares nudos penitus, foeminas uero ab umbilico gossampina contectas multitia repererunt.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. ii., lib. i., also dec. iii., lib. iv., dec. vii., lib. x., dec. viii., lib. -vi., viii.; _Quintana_, _Vidas de Españoles_ (_Balboa_), p. 9; _Wafer's +vi., viii.; _Quintana_, _Vidas de Españoles_ (_Balboa_), p. 9; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 37, 87, 102, plate, 132-4, 138-48, plate; _Wallace_, in _Miscellanea Curiosa_, vol. iii., p. 418; _Warburton's Darien_, p. 322; _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 26; _Andagoya_, in _Id._, @@ -39989,26 +39955,26 @@ _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. i., p. 285; _Colon_, in _Id._, p. _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 88, 284; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. 99, 319; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., pp. 95-8; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, p. 10; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 67-8; -_Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 142; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, +_Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 142; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. ccxlii.-ccxliv. The women of Cueba 'se ponian una barra de oro atravessada en los pechos, debaxo de las tetas, que se las levanta, y en -ella algunos páxaros é otras figuras de relieve, todo de oro fino: que -por lo menos pessaba çiento é çinqüenta é aun dosiçentos pessos una -barreta destas.... Destos caracoles grandes se haçen unas conteçicas -blancas de muchas maneras, é otras coloradas, é otras negras, é otras -moradas, é cañuticos de lo mesmo: é haçen braçaletes en que con estas -qüentas mezclan otras, é olivetas de oro que se ponen en las muñecas y -ençima de los tobillos é debaxo de las rodillas por gentileça: en -espeçial las mugeres.... Traen assimesmo çarçillos de oro en las orejas, -é horádanse las nariçes hecho un agugero entre las ventanas, é cuelgan -de allí sobre el labio alto otro çarçillo.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. +ella algunos páxaros é otras figuras de relieve, todo de oro fino: que +por lo menos pessaba çiento é çinqüenta é aun dosiçentos pessos una +barreta destas.... Destos caracoles grandes se haçen unas conteçicas +blancas de muchas maneras, é otras coloradas, é otras negras, é otras +moradas, é cañuticos de lo mesmo: é haçen braçaletes en que con estas +qüentas mezclan otras, é olivetas de oro que se ponen en las muñecas y +ençima de los tobillos é debaxo de las rodillas por gentileça: en +espeçial las mugeres.... Traen assimesmo çarçillos de oro en las orejas, +é horádanse las nariçes hecho un agugero entre las ventanas, é cuelgan +de allà sobre el labio alto otro çarçillo.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 126, 138. [1010] Their hair 'they wear usually down to the middle of the Back, or lower, hanging loose at its full length.... All other Hair, except that of their Eye-brows and Eye-lids, they eradicate.' _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 132-3; _Gisborne's Darien_, p. 155; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, p. -824; _D'Avity_, _L'Amérique_, tom. i., p. 98. +824; _D'Avity_, _L'Amérique_, tom. i., p. 98. [1011] _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 86; _Squier_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1836, tom. cli., p. 9; _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. @@ -40019,14 +39985,14 @@ Rica_, p. 253. _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., pp. 319, 321-2; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, p. 151; _Michler's Darien_, p. 84; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 149-52; _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 234-5. On the banks of the Rio Grande, -the Spaniards under Johan de Tavira found 'muchas poblaçiones en -barbacoas ó casas muy altas, fechas é armadas sobre postes de palmas -negras fortíssimas é quassi inexpugnables'.... 'Hay otra manera de -buhíos ó casas en Nata redondos, como unos chapiteles muy altos.' +the Spaniards under Johan de Tavira found 'muchas poblaçiones en +barbacoas ó casas muy altas, fechas é armadas sobre postes de palmas +negras fortÃssimas é quassi inexpugnables'.... 'Hay otra manera de +buhÃos ó casas en Nata redondos, como unos chapiteles muy altos.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 50, 131, 8, 46. 'En otras muchas partes hacian sus casas de madera y de paja de la forma de una campana. Estas eran muy altas y muy capaces que moraban en cada una de ellas diez -y mas vecinos.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. 43. +y mas vecinos.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. 43. [1013] 'Hallaron muchos pueblos cercados, con palenques de madera.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. ix., dec. i., lib. @@ -40046,10 +40012,10 @@ _Defence of the Scots' Settlement_, p. 81. 11; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., pp. xii., xxiii.; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 407; _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. 204, 224-5; _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, pp. 558-9. On the Chara Islands, 'comen los -indios en estas islas muchos venados é puercos, que los hay en -grandissima cantidad, é mahiz, é fésoles muchos é de diversas maneras, é -muchos é buenos pescados, é tambien sapo ... é ninguna cosa viva dexan -de comer por suçia que sea.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 110. +indios en estas islas muchos venados é puercos, que los hay en +grandissima cantidad, é mahiz, é fésoles muchos é de diversas maneras, é +muchos é buenos pescados, é tambien sapo ... é ninguna cosa viva dexan +de comer por suçia que sea.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 110. [1016] 'Hanno la maggior parte di questa costiera per costume di mangiar carne humana e quando mangiauano de gli Spagnuoli, v'erano di coloro che @@ -40062,8 +40028,8 @@ tom. i., p. 308; _Balboa_, in _Id._, tom. iii., pp. 364-5; _Alcedo_, _Dicc._, tom. v., p. 293; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 65, 68-9; _Colombo_, _Hist. Ammiraglio_, p. 412; _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, pp. 20-2. -[1017] 'Cogen dos y tres vezes al año maiz, y por esto no lo -engraneran.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 82, 88. 'Seguian mucho la caça +[1017] 'Cogen dos y tres vezes al año maiz, y por esto no lo +engraneran.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 82, 88. 'Seguian mucho la caça de venados, y de aquellos puercos con el ombligo al espinazo.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v., xv. For further details see _Michler's Darien_, pp. 65, 68, 81; _Andagoya_, in @@ -40074,24 +40040,24 @@ vii.; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 132-3, 136, 139; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 88, 101, 106-7, 129-130, 152-6, 170-7. [1018] _Michler's Darien_, p. 65; _Cockburn's Journey_, p. 236. 'Tienen -por costumbre, assi los indios como las indias, de se bañar tres ó -quatro veçes al dia, por estar limpios é porque diçen que descansan en +por costumbre, assi los indios como las indias, de se bañar tres ó +quatro veçes al dia, por estar limpios é porque diçen que descansan en lavarse.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 135-6. -[1019] In Cueva, 'no son flecheros, é pelean con macanas é con lanças -luengas y con varas que arrojan, como dardos con estóricas (que son +[1019] In Cueva, 'no son flecheros, é pelean con macanas é con lanças +luengas y con varas que arrojan, como dardos con estóricas (que son cierta manera de avientos) de unos bastones bien labrados.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 127, 129. 'Sunt autem ipsorum arma, non -arcus, non sagittæ uenenatæ, uti habere indígenas illos trans sinum +arcus, non sagittæ uenenatæ, uti habere indÃgenas illos trans sinum orientales diximus. Cominus hi certant ut plurimum, ensibus oblongis, quos macanas ipsi appellant, ligneis tamen, quia ferrum non assequuntur: -et præustis sudibus aut osseis cuspidibus, missilibus etiam ad præluim +et præustis sudibus aut osseis cuspidibus, missilibus etiam ad præluim utuntur.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. ii., lib. iii., also, dec. iv., lib. x., dec. v., lib. ix. Compare further, _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. ix., cap. vi., lib. x., cap. i.; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 403; _Parras_, in _Id._, tom. i., p. 285; -_Cockburn's Journey_, p. 225; _D'Avity_, _L'Amérique._, p. 98; _Otis' -Panamá_, pp. 77-8; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., +_Cockburn's Journey_, p. 225; _D'Avity_, _L'Amérique._, p. 98; _Otis' +Panamá_, pp. 77-8; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., pp. 95, 98. [1020] 'The pipe was made of two pieces of reed, each forming a half @@ -40123,30 +40089,30 @@ cap. xvi.; _Michler's Darien_, p. 77; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., p. [1021] _Acosta_, _N. Granada_, p. 6; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 88; _Carli_, _Cartas_, pt. i., p. 17. 'Traian suscoseletes fechos de -algodon, que les llegaban é abaxaban de las espaldas dellos, é les -llegaban á las rodillas é dende abaxo, é las mangas fasta los codos, é +algodon, que les llegaban é abaxaban de las espaldas dellos, é les +llegaban á las rodillas é dende abaxo, é las mangas fasta los codos, é tan gruesos como un colchon de cama, son tan fuertes, que una ballesta -no los pasa.' _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. ii., p. 516. +no los pasa.' _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. ii., p. 516. -[1022] 'Cuando iban á la guerra llevaban coronas de oro en las cabezas y +[1022] 'Cuando iban á la guerra llevaban coronas de oro en las cabezas y unas patenas grandes en los pechos y braceletes y otras joyas en otros -lugares del cuerpo.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. lxv., +lugares del cuerpo.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. lxv., ccxliv. 'El herido en la guerra es hidalgo, y goza de grandes franquezas.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 88. 'A los que pueden matar -matan, é á los que prenden los hierran é se sirven dellos por esclavos.' +matan, é á los que prenden los hierran é se sirven dellos por esclavos.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 129, 126. See further: -_Quintana_, _Vidas Españoles_ (_Balboa_), p. 8; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, +_Quintana_, _Vidas Españoles_ (_Balboa_), p. 8; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v.; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 399, 403, 412; _Peter Martyr_, dec. iii., lib. iv., dec. viii., lib. viii.; _Wafer's New Voy._, p. 133. -[1023] 'La manta de la hamaca no es hecha red, sino entera é muy gentil -tela delgada é ancha.... Hay otras, que la manta es de paja texida é de -colores é labores.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 131, 136, +[1023] 'La manta de la hamaca no es hecha red, sino entera é muy gentil +tela delgada é ancha.... Hay otras, que la manta es de paja texida é de +colores é labores.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 131, 136, 138, 142, 181. 'Muy buenas redes con anzuelos de hueso que hacen de concha de tortuga.' _Vega_, _Hist. Descub. Amer._, p. 145. 'Tenian los -Reyes y Señores ricos y señalados vasos con que bebian.' _Las Casas_, -_Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. lxv. Compare further: _Herrera_, _Hist. +Reyes y Señores ricos y señalados vasos con que bebian.' _Las Casas_, +_Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. lxv. Compare further: _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., lib. ix., cap. i., dec. ii., lib. ii., cap. i.; _Peter Martyr_, dec. ii., lib. i., dec. vii., lib. x.; _Michler's Darien_, pp. 66, 77; _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, pp. @@ -40154,19 +40120,19 @@ _Michler's Darien_, pp. 66, 77; _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, pp. [1024] _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 348; _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., p. 320; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, p. 29; _Cockburn's Journey_, pp. -172-3, 243-4; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 92-4, 160-2. Referring to Chiriquí +172-3, 243-4; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 92-4, 160-2. Referring to Chiriquà earthen relics; 'The vessels ... are neatly and sometimes very gracefully formed of clay.... Several bear resemblance to Roman, Grecian, and Etruscan jars.... Dr. Merritt mentioned that the natives of the Isthmus now make their rude earthen utensils of a peculiar black earth, which gives them the appearance of iron.' _Hist. Mag._, vol. iv., -p. 176. In Veragua 'vide sábanas grandes de algodon, labradas de muy -sotiles labores; otras pintadas muy sútilmente a colores con pinceles.' +p. 176. In Veragua 'vide sábanas grandes de algodon, labradas de muy +sotiles labores; otras pintadas muy sútilmente a colores con pinceles.' _Colon_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. i., p. 308. -[1025] 'En estas islas de Chara é Pocosi no tienen canoas, sino -balsas'.... In the Province of Cueba 'tienen canoas pequeñas, tambien -las usan grandes ... hay canoa que lleva çinquenta ó sessenta hombres é +[1025] 'En estas islas de Chara é Pocosi no tienen canoas, sino +balsas'.... In the Province of Cueba 'tienen canoas pequeñas, tambien +las usan grandes ... hay canoa que lleva çinquenta ó sessenta hombres é mas.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 110, 159. See also: _Michler's Darien_, pp. 48, 66-7; _Wafer's New Voy._, p. 96; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 67; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 75; _Puydt_, in @@ -40178,20 +40144,20 @@ _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 364-5; _Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., lib. vi.; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., lib. x., cap. iii.; _Belcher's Voyage_, vol. i., p. 250; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, pp. 10-11; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. -xxxviii., p. 99; _Gisborne's Darien_, p. 154; _Otis' Panamá_, p. 77; +xxxviii., p. 99; _Gisborne's Darien_, p. 154; _Otis' Panamá_, p. 77; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 65-6. 'Quando los indios no tienen guerra, todo -su exerciçio es tractar é trocar quanto tienen unos con otros ... unos +su exerciçio es tractar é trocar quanto tienen unos con otros ... unos llevan sal, otros mahiz, otros mantas, otros hamacas, otros algodon -hilado ó por hilar, otros pescados salados; otros llevan oro.' _Oviedo_, +hilado ó por hilar, otros pescados salados; otros llevan oro.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 140, tom. ii., p. 340. [1027] 'Este cacique Davaive tiene grand fundicion de oro en su casa; -tiene cient hombres á la contina que labran oro.' _Balboa_, in +tiene cient hombres á la contina que labran oro.' _Balboa_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 364-5. 'Hay grandes mineros de cobre: hachas de ello, otras cosas labradas, fundidas, soldadas hube, y fraguas con todo su aparejo de platero y los crisoles.' -_Colon_, in _Id._, tom. i., p. 308. In Panamá, 'grandes Entalladores, y -Pintores.' _Dávila_, _Teatro Ecles._, tom. ii., fol. 56. Compare +_Colon_, in _Id._, tom. i., p. 308. In Panamá, 'grandes Entalladores, y +Pintores.' _Dávila_, _Teatro Ecles._, tom. ii., fol. 56. Compare further: _Benzoni_, _Hist. Mondo Nuovo_, fol. 88; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. ii., cap. x.; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 29-30; _Peter Martyr_, dec. iii., lib. iv.; _Bidwell's Isthmus_, p. 37. @@ -40201,13 +40167,13 @@ _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 99. [1029] 'Besan los pies al hijo, o sobrino, que hereda, estando en la cama: que vale tanto como juramento, y coronacion.' _Gomara_, _Hist. -Ind._, fol. 255-6, 88. 'Todos tenian sus Reies, y Señores, á quien +Ind._, fol. 255-6, 88. 'Todos tenian sus Reies, y Señores, á quien obedecian.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. ii., p. 346. 'Los hijos heredauan a los padres, siendo auidos en la principal muger.... Los -Caziques y señores eran muy tenidos y obedecidos.' _Herrera_, _Hist. +Caziques y señores eran muy tenidos y obedecidos.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., dec. iv., lib. i., cap. x. See also, _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 129-30, 142, 156-7; -_Quintana_, _Vidas de Españoles_, (_Balboa_), p. 9; _Andagoya_, in +_Quintana_, _Vidas de Españoles_, (_Balboa_), p. 9; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 399; _Wafer's New Voy._, p. 163; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 73; _Wallace_, in _Miscellanea Curiosa_, vol. iii., p. 418; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., @@ -40220,10 +40186,10 @@ _Neue Welt_, p. 74. [1031] _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 98; _Macgregor's Process of Amer._, pp. 823-5, 829; _Las Casas_, _Hist. -Apologética, MS._, cap. ccxliv. 'Casauanse con hijas de sus hermanas: y -los señores tenian muchas mugeres.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., +Apologética, MS._, cap. ccxliv. 'Casauanse con hijas de sus hermanas: y +los señores tenian muchas mugeres.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., dec. iv., lib. i., cap. x. 'De las mugeres -principales de sus padres, y hermanas ó hijas guardan que no las tomen +principales de sus padres, y hermanas ó hijas guardan que no las tomen por mugeres, porque lo tienen por malo.' _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 402-3. Of wives: 'They may haue as many as they please, (excepting their kindred, and allies) vnlesse they be @@ -40238,7 +40204,7 @@ her any hard Words.... They seem very fond of their Children, both Fathers and Mothers.' _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 156-66. 'Tienen mancebias publicas de mugeres, y aun de hombres en muchos cabos.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 87. See also: _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 18, 20, -133-4; _Quintana_, _Vidas de Españoles_, (_Balboa_), pp. 9-10. +133-4; _Quintana_, _Vidas de Españoles_, (_Balboa_), pp. 9-10. [1033] 'Pipes, or fluites of sundry pieces, of the bones of Deere, and canes of the riuer. They make also little Drummes or Tabers beautified @@ -40248,7 +40214,7 @@ dec. viii., lib. viii. See also: _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 127, 130, 137, 156; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 88; _Darien_, _Defence of the Scots' Settlement_, pp. 72-3; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, pp. 825, 832; _Warburton's Darien_, p. 321; _Las Casas_, _Hist. -Apologética, MS._, cap. ccxliii. +Apologética, MS._, cap. ccxliii. [1034] In Comagre, 'vinos blancos y tintos, hechos de mayz, y rayzes de frutas, y de cierta especie de palma, y de otras cosas: los quales vinos @@ -40257,7 +40223,7 @@ i., lib. ix., cap. ii. 'Tenia vna bodega con muchas cubas y tinajas llenas de vino, hecho de grano, y fruta, blanco, tinto, dulce, y agrete de datiles, y arrope.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 73. 'Hacian de maiz vino blanco i tinto.... Es de mui buen sabor aunque como unos vinos -bruscos ó de gascuña.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Ind., MS._, tom. ii., cap. +bruscos ó de gascuña.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Ind., MS._, tom. ii., cap. xxvi. See also: _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 136-7, 141-2; tom. iv., pp. 96-7; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 64, 285; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. 71, 321; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 87, 102-3, 153-5, 164, @@ -40271,52 +40237,52 @@ _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 177-9. x., dec. viii., lib. viii.; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 37-9; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v.; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, pp. 10-11; _Vega_, _Hist. Descub. Amer._, p. 145. 'Deste -nombre tequina se haçe mucha diferençia; porque á qualquiera ques mas -hábil y experto en algun arte, ... le llaman tequina, que quiere deçir +nombre tequina se haçe mucha diferençia; porque á qualquiera ques mas +hábil y experto en algun arte, ... le llaman tequina, que quiere deçir lo mesmo que maestro: por manera que al ques maestro de las responsiones -é inteligencias con el diablo, llámenle tequina en aquel arte, porque -aqueste tal es el que administra sus ydolatrías é çerimonias é -sacrifiçios, y el que habla con el diablo.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. -iii., p. 127. 'Tenian ó habia entre estas gentes unos sacerdotes que -llamaban en su lengua "Piachas" muy espertos en el arte mágica, tanto +é inteligencias con el diablo, llámenle tequina en aquel arte, porque +aqueste tal es el que administra sus ydolatrÃas é çerimonias é +sacrifiçios, y el que habla con el diablo.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. +iii., p. 127. 'Tenian ó habia entre estas gentes unos sacerdotes que +llamaban en su lengua "Piachas" muy espertos en el arte mágica, tanto que se revestia en ellos el Diabolo y hablaba por boca de ellos muchas -falsedades, conque los tenia cautivos.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, +falsedades, conque los tenia cautivos.' _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. ccxlv. -[1037] The priests 'comunmente eran sus médicos, é conosçian muchas -hiervas, de que usaban, y eran apropriadas á diversas enfermedades.' +[1037] The priests 'comunmente eran sus médicos, é conosçian muchas +hiervas, de que usaban, y eran apropriadas á diversas enfermedades.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 126, 138-9, 141, tom. i., pp. 56-7. 'According to the diuers nature, or qualitie of the disease, they cure them by diuers superstitions, and they are diuersly rewarded.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., cap. viii. Compare further; _Gomara_, _Hist. -Ind._, fol. 88; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. ccxlv.; +Ind._, fol. 88; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. ccxlv.; _Wafer's New Voy._, p. 28; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, p. 10; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 97; _Purchas his Pilgrimes_, vol. v., p. 893. -[1038] 'Quédame de deçir que en aquesta lengua de Cueva hay muchos -indios hechiçeros é en espeçial un çierto género de malos, que los -chripstianos en aquella tierra llaman chupadores.... Estos chupan á -otros hasta que los secan é matan, é sin calentura alguna de dia en dia -poco á poco se enflaquesçen tanto, que se les pueden contar los huesos, -que se les paresçen solamente cubiertos con el cuero; y el vientre se -les resuelve de manera quel ombligo traen pegado á los lomos y espinaço, -é se tornan de aquella forma que pintan á la muerte, sin pulpa ni carne. -Estos chupadores, de noche, sin ser sentidos, van á haçer mal por las -casas agenas: é ponen la boca en el ombligo de aquel que chupan, y están -en aquel exerçiçio una ó dos horas ó lo que les paresçe, teniendo en -aquel trabaxo al paçiente, sin que sea poderoso de se valer ni defender, -no dexando de sufrir su daño con silençio. É conosçe el assi ofendido, é -vee al malhechor, y aun les hablan: lo qual, assi los que haçen este mal -como los que le padesçen, han confessado algunos dellos; é diçen questos -chupadores son criados é naborias del tuyra, y quél se los manda assi -haçer, y el tuyra es, como está dicho, el diablo.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. +[1038] 'Quédame de deçir que en aquesta lengua de Cueva hay muchos +indios hechiçeros é en espeçial un çierto género de malos, que los +chripstianos en aquella tierra llaman chupadores.... Estos chupan á +otros hasta que los secan é matan, é sin calentura alguna de dia en dia +poco á poco se enflaquesçen tanto, que se les pueden contar los huesos, +que se les paresçen solamente cubiertos con el cuero; y el vientre se +les resuelve de manera quel ombligo traen pegado á los lomos y espinaço, +é se tornan de aquella forma que pintan á la muerte, sin pulpa ni carne. +Estos chupadores, de noche, sin ser sentidos, van á haçer mal por las +casas agenas: é ponen la boca en el ombligo de aquel que chupan, y están +en aquel exerçiçio una ó dos horas ó lo que les paresçe, teniendo en +aquel trabaxo al paçiente, sin que sea poderoso de se valer ni defender, +no dexando de sufrir su daño con silençio. É conosçe el assi ofendido, é +vee al malhechor, y aun les hablan: lo qual, assi los que haçen este mal +como los que le padesçen, han confessado algunos dellos; é diçen questos +chupadores son criados é naborias del tuyra, y quél se los manda assi +haçer, y el tuyra es, como está dicho, el diablo.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 159-60. [1039] 'Ay muchos, que piensan, que no ay mas de nacer, y morir: y aquellos tales no se entierran con pan, y vino, ni con mugeres, ni -moços. Los que creen la immortalidad del alma, se entierra: si son -Señores, con oro, armas, plumas, si no lo son, con mayz, vino, y +moços. Los que creen la immortalidad del alma, se entierra: si son +Señores, con oro, armas, plumas, si no lo son, con mayz, vino, y mantas.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 255, 88. 'Huius reguli penetrale ingressi cameram reperiunt pensilibus repletam cadaueribus, gossampinis funibus appensis. Interrogati quid sibi uellet ea superstitio: parentum @@ -40325,23 +40291,23 @@ seruandis maximam esse apud eos curami et pro religione eam pietatem haberi recensent: pro cuiusque gradu indu, menta cuique cadaueri imposita, auro gemmisque superintexta.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. ii., lib. iii., dec. iii., lib. iv., dec. vii., lib. x., dec. viii., lib. ix. -'Viendo la cantidad é número de los muertos, se conosçe qué tantos -señores ha avido en aquel Estado, é quál fué hijo del otro ó le subçedió -en el señorio segund la órden subçesiva en que están puestos.' _Oviedo_, +'Viendo la cantidad é número de los muertos, se conosçe qué tantos +señores ha avido en aquel Estado, é quál fué hijo del otro ó le subçedió +en el señorio segund la órden subçesiva en que están puestos.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 155-6, 142. For further accounts see _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, pp. 556, 560; _Cockburn's Journey_, p. 183; _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., pp. 314, 316, 319; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, p. 30; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., lib. ix., cap. ii., dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v., dec. iv., -lib. i., cap. xi.; _Quintana_, _Vidas de Españoles_, (_Balboa_), p. 10; +lib. i., cap. xi.; _Quintana_, _Vidas de Españoles_, (_Balboa_), p. 10; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., pp. 401-2; -_Carli_, _Cartas_, pt. i., pp. 105-6; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, +_Carli_, _Cartas_, pt. i., pp. 105-6; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologética, MS._, cap. ccxlii., ccxlvii.; _Purchas His Pilgrimes_, vol. v., p. 894. -[1040] The Terrabas 'naciones ... las mas braves é indómitas de todas +[1040] The Terrabas 'naciones ... las mas braves é indómitas de todas ... Indios dotados de natural docilidad y dulzura de genio.' -_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 19. Speaking of the natives of -Panamá; 'muy deuotos del trabajo, y enemigos de la ociosidad.' _Dávila_, +_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 19. Speaking of the natives of +Panamá; 'muy deuotos del trabajo, y enemigos de la ociosidad.' _Dávila_, _Teatro Ecles._, tom. ii., p. 56. Darien: 'Son inclinados a juegos y hurtos, son muy haraganes.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 88. San Blas tribes: 'They are very peaceable in their natures'.... Chucunas and @@ -40354,7 +40320,7 @@ _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., p. xii.; _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, p. 557; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 426; _Michler's Darien_, p. 26; _Alcedo_, _Dicc._, tom. ii., p. 413; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxxviii., p. 96; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, p. 830; -_Otis' Panamá_, p. 77; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 65-6, 68-9. +_Otis' Panamá_, p. 77; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 65-6, 68-9. END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. @@ -40366,362 +40332,4 @@ END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. 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Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41070 *** diff --git a/41070-8.zip b/41070-8.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ef3d31c..0000000 --- a/41070-8.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/41070-h.zip b/41070-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 336d646..0000000 --- a/41070-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/41070-h/41070-h.htm b/41070-h/41070-h.htm index 620bbb4..7bf6017 100644 --- a/41070-h/41070-h.htm +++ b/41070-h/41070-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Native Races, Volume 1, Wild Tribes, by Hubert Howe Bancroft. @@ -170,47 +170,7 @@ hr.l15 { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 1, by -Hubert Howe Bancroft - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 1 - The Native Races, Volume 1, Wild Tribes - -Author: Hubert Howe Bancroft - -Release Date: October 15, 2012 [EBook #41070] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WORKS OF BANCROFT *** - - - - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by -1st-hand-history.org) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41070 ***</div> <div class="tnbox"> <p class="center"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b></p> @@ -222,7 +182,7 @@ document have been preserved.</p> Page xlix: "Viena" is a possible typo for "Vienna"<br /> Page xlix: "Megico" is a possible typo for "Mejico"<br /> Page 18: The opening quote mark is missing in the quote ending "in company,"<br /> - Page 37: "Aläsku" should possibly be "Aläksu"<br /> + Page 37: "Aläsku" should possibly be "Aläksu"<br /> Page 104: "von 10 bis 12 Pud" should possibly be "von 10 bis 12 Pfund"<br /> Page 105: "mit grellen Farben" should possibly be "die mit grellen Farben"<br /> Page 203: Viaye changed to Viage<br /> @@ -313,8 +273,8 @@ source, I was obliged to content myself with lying in wait for opportunities. Not long afterward, and at a time when the prospect of materially adding to my collection seemed anything but hopeful, the <i>Biblioteca -Imperial de Méjico</i>, of the unfortunate Maximilian, collected -during a period of forty years by Don José María +Imperial de Méjico</i>, of the unfortunate Maximilian, collected +during a period of forty years by Don José MarÃa Andrade, litterateur and publisher of the city of Mexico, was thrown upon the European market and furnished me about three thousand additional volumes.</p> @@ -374,7 +334,7 @@ Before the advent of Europeans, this domain counted its aborigines by millions; ranked among its people every phase of primitive humanity, from the reptile-eating cave-dweller of the Great Basin, to the Aztec and -Maya-Quiché civilization of the southern table-land,—a +Maya-Quiché civilization of the southern table-land,—a civilization, if we may credit Dr Draper, "that might have instructed Europe," a culture wantonly crushed by Spain, who therein "destroyed races more @@ -548,7 +508,7 @@ Tolewahs, and Rogue River Indians and their Customs—The Tehamas, Pomos, Ukiahs, Gualalas, Sonomas, Petalumas, Napas, Suscols, Suisunes, Tamales, Karquines, Tulomos, Thamiens, Olchones, Runsiens, Escelens, and others of Central California—The Cahuillos, -Diegueños, Islanders, and Mission Rancherías of Southern +Diegueños, Islanders, and Mission RancherÃas of Southern California—The Snakes or Shoshones proper, Utahs, Bannocks, Washoes and other Shoshone Nations<span class="page"><a href="#i-322">322</a></span></p> @@ -561,7 +521,7 @@ Divisions; Apaches, Pueblos, Lower Californians, and Northern Mexicans—The Apache Family: Comanches, Apaches Proper, Hualapais, Yumas, Cosninos, Yampais, Yalchedunes, Yamajabs, Cruzados, Nijoras, Navajos, Mojaves, and their Customs—The -Pueblo Family: Pueblos, Moquis, Pimas, Maricopas, Pápagos, +Pueblo Family: Pueblos, Moquis, Pimas, Maricopas, Pápagos, and their Neighbors—The Cochimis, Waicuris, Pericuis, and other Lower Californians—The Seris, Sinaloas, Tarahumares, Conchos, Tepehuanes, Tobosos, Acaxees, and others in Northern @@ -573,7 +533,7 @@ Mexico<span class="page"><a href="#i-470">471</a></span></p> <p>Territorial Aspects—Two Main Divisions; Wild Tribes of Central Mexico, and Wild Tribes of Southern Mexico—The Coras and others in -Jalisco—Descendants of the Aztecs—The Otomís and Mazahuas +Jalisco—Descendants of the Aztecs—The OtomÃs and Mazahuas Adjacent to the Valley of Mexico—The Pames—The Tarascos and Matlaltzincas of Michoacan—The Huaztecs and Totonacos of Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas—The Chontales, Chinantecs, Mazatecs, Cuicatecs, @@ -588,8 +548,8 @@ and others of Southern Mexico<span class="page"><a href="#i-614">615</a></span>< <p>Physical Geography and Climate—Three Groupal Divisions; First, the nations of Yucatan, Guatemala, Salvador, Western Honduras, and Nicaragua; Second, The Mosquitos of Honduras; Third, the nations -of Costa Rica and the Isthmus of Panamá—The Popolucas, -Pipiles and Chontales—The Descendants of the Maya-Quiché Races—The +of Costa Rica and the Isthmus of Panamá—The Popolucas, +Pipiles and Chontales—The Descendants of the Maya-Quiché Races—The Natives of Nicaragua—The Mosquitos, Poyas, Ramas, Lencas, Towkas, Woolwas, and Xicaques of Honduras—The Guatusos of the Rio Frio—The Caimanes, Bayamos, Dorachos, Goajiros, @@ -612,7 +572,7 @@ Congress, 1st Session, Senate Executive Doc. 41.) Washington, 1848.</p> <p>Acazitli (Francisco de Sandoval), Relacion de la Jornada que hizo. Indios Chichimecas de Xuchipila. In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. ii.</p> -<p>Acosta (Joaquin), Compendio Histórico del Descubrimiento, etc. de la Nueva +<p>Acosta (Joaquin), Compendio Histórico del Descubrimiento, etc. de la Nueva Granada. Paris, 1848.</p> <p>Acosta (Josef de), Historia Natural y Moral de las Yndias. Sevilla, 1590. @@ -627,37 +587,37 @@ Indies. London, n. d. [1604]. [Quoted as Hist. Nat. Ind.]</p> <p>Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte. Berlin.</p> -<p>Alaman (Lúcas), Disertaciones sobre la Historia de la República Mejicana. -Méjico, 1844-9. 3 vols.</p> +<p>Alaman (Lúcas), Disertaciones sobre la Historia de la República Mejicana. +Méjico, 1844-9. 3 vols.</p> -<p>Alaman (Lúcas), Historia de Méjico. Méjico, 1849-52. 5 vols.</p> +<p>Alaman (Lúcas), Historia de Méjico. Méjico, 1849-52. 5 vols.</p> <p>Alarcon (Fernando), The Relation of the Nauigation and Discouery which Captaine Fernando Alarchon made. [1540.] In Hakluyt's Voy., vol. -iii.; Ramusio, Navigationi, tom. iii.; Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série +iii.; Ramusio, Navigationi, tom. iii.; Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. ix.</p> <p>Album Mexicano. Mexico, 1849.</p> -<p>Alcedo (Antonio de), Diccionario Geográfico Histórico. Madrid, 1786-9. +<p>Alcedo (Antonio de), Diccionario Geográfico Histórico. Madrid, 1786-9. 5 vols.</p> -<p>Alegre (Francisco Javier), Historia de la Compañia de Jesus en Nueva -España. Mexico, 1841. 3 vols.</p> +<p>Alegre (Francisco Javier), Historia de la Compañia de Jesus en Nueva +España. Mexico, 1841. 3 vols.</p> -<p>Almaraz (Ramon), Memoria de los trabajos ejecutados por la Comision Científica +<p>Almaraz (Ramon), Memoria de los trabajos ejecutados por la Comision CientÃfica de Pachuca. Mexico, 1865.</p> <p>Almaraz (Ramon), Memoria acerca de los Terrenos de Metlaltoyuca. Mexico, 1866.</p> -<p>Alric (Henri J. A.), Dix Ans de Résidence d'un missionnaire dans les deux +<p>Alric (Henri J. A.), Dix Ans de Résidence d'un missionnaire dans les deux Californies. Mexico, 1866.</p> -<p>Alzate y Ramirez (José Antonio), Gacetas de Literatura de Mexico. Mexico, +<p>Alzate y Ramirez (José Antonio), Gacetas de Literatura de Mexico. Mexico, 1790-4. 3 vols.; and Puebla, 1831. 4 vols.</p> -<p>Alzate y Ramirez (José Antonio), Memoria sobre la Naturaleza, etc., de la +<p>Alzate y Ramirez (José Antonio), Memoria sobre la Naturaleza, etc., de la Grana. MS. Mexico, 1777.</p> <p>America, An Account of the Spanish Settlements in. Edinburgh, 1762.</p> @@ -682,10 +642,10 @@ etc., 1820-60. 4 vols.</p> <p>American Review. New York, 1845 et seq.</p> -<p>Amérique Centrale. Colonisation du District de Santo-Thomas, Guatemala. +<p>Amérique Centrale. Colonisation du District de Santo-Thomas, Guatemala. Paris, 1844.</p> -<p>Ampère (J. J.), Promenade en Amérique. Paris, 1855. 2 vols.</p> +<p>Ampère (J. J.), Promenade en Amérique. Paris, 1855. 2 vols.</p> <p>Anales Mexicanos de Ciencia, Literatura, etc. Mexico, 1860.</p> @@ -702,17 +662,17 @@ Rivers. San Francisco, [1858].</p> <p>Anson (George), A Voyage round the World, 1740-4. London, 1767. 4to.</p> -<p>Antiquités Mexicaines. Paris, 1834. folio. 3 vols. Text, 2 vols., each +<p>Antiquités Mexicaines. Paris, 1834. folio. 3 vols. Text, 2 vols., each in 2 divisions; plates, 1 vol.</p> -<p>Antuñez y Acevedo (Rafael), Memorias Históricas. Madrid, 1797.</p> +<p>Antuñez y Acevedo (Rafael), Memorias Históricas. Madrid, 1797.</p> <p>Anunciacion (Juan de la), Doctrina Christiana muy cumplida. En Lengua Castellana y Mexicana. Mexico, 1575.</p> <p>Anunciacion (Juan de la), Sermonario en Lengua Mexicana. Mexico, 1577.</p> -<p>Apostólicos Afanes de la Compañia de Jesus. Barcelona, 1754. 4to.</p> +<p>Apostólicos Afanes de la Compañia de Jesus. Barcelona, 1754. 4to.</p> <p>Aravjo (Ivan Martinez de), Manual de los Santos Sacramentos en el Idioma de Michuacan. Mexico, 1690.</p> @@ -720,10 +680,10 @@ de Michuacan. Mexico, 1690.</p> <p>Archenholtz (J. M. von), The History of the Pirates, etc., of America. London, 1807.</p> -<p>Archæologia, or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity. London, +<p>Archæologia, or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity. London, 1770-1857. 57 vols.</p> -<p>Arenas (Pedro de), Guide de la Conversation en trois Langues, Français, +<p>Arenas (Pedro de), Guide de la Conversation en trois Langues, Français, Espagnol et Mexicain. Paris, 1862.</p> <p>Arenas (Pedro de), Vocabulario Manual de las Lenguas Castellana y Mexicana. @@ -732,10 +692,10 @@ Mexico, [1583].</p> <p>Arenas (Pedro de), Vocabulario Manual de las Lenguas Castellana y Mexicana. Puebla, 1831.</p> -<p>Arizcorreta (Mariano), Respuesta de Algunos Propietarios de Fincas Rústicas, -á ——. Mexico, 1849.</p> +<p>Arizcorreta (Mariano), Respuesta de Algunos Propietarios de Fincas Rústicas, +á ——. Mexico, 1849.</p> -<p>Arlegui (Joseph de), Chrónica de la Provincia de N. S. P. S. Francisco de +<p>Arlegui (Joseph de), Chrónica de la Provincia de N. S. P. S. Francisco de Zacatecas. Mexico, 1737.</p> <p>Armin (Th.), Das Alte Mexiko. Leipzig, 1865.</p> @@ -745,10 +705,10 @@ Zacatecas. Mexico, 1737.</p> <p>Armstrong (Alex.), A Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the N. W. Passage. London, 1857.</p> -<p><a name="Arricivita" id="Arricivita"></a>Arricivita (Juan Domingo), Crónica Seráfica y Apostólica del Colegio de -Propaganda Fide de la Santa Cruz de Querétaro. Mexico, 1792. 4to.</p> +<p><a name="Arricivita" id="Arricivita"></a>Arricivita (Juan Domingo), Crónica Seráfica y Apostólica del Colegio de +Propaganda Fide de la Santa Cruz de Querétaro. 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E. von), Statistische und Ethnographische Nachrichten über die -Russischen Besitzungen an der Nordwestküste von Amerika. St Petersburg, +<p>Baer (K. E. von), Statistische und Ethnographische Nachrichten über die +Russischen Besitzungen an der Nordwestküste von Amerika. St Petersburg, 1839.</p> -<p>Baeza (Bartolomé del Granado), Los Indios de Yucatan. In Registro Yucateco, +<p>Baeza (Bartolomé del Granado), Los Indios de Yucatan. In Registro Yucateco, tom. i. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XIX" id="Page_XIX">xix</a></span></p> @@ -786,12 +746,12 @@ York, 1873.</p> <p>Barber (John W.), and Henry Howe, All the Western States and Territories. Cincinnati, 1867.</p> -<p>Bárcena, (J. M. Roa), Ensayo de una Historia Anecdótica de Mexico. +<p>Bárcena, (J. M. Roa), Ensayo de una Historia Anecdótica de Mexico. Mexico, 1862.</p> -<p>Bárcena, (J. M. Roa), Leyendas Mexicanas. Mexico, 1862.</p> +<p>Bárcena, (J. M. Roa), Leyendas Mexicanas. 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Pedro y S. Pablo de Mechoacan. MS.</p> <p>Becher (C. C.), Mexico. Hamburg, 1834.</p> @@ -842,11 +802,11 @@ Jour., vol. xxxii.</p> <p>Bell (James), A system of Geography. Glasgow, 1836. 6 vols.</p> -<p>Belly (Félix), Le Nicaragua. Paris, 1870. 2 vols.</p> +<p>Belly (Félix), Le Nicaragua. Paris, 1870. 2 vols.</p> <p>Beltrami (J. C), Le Mexique. Paris, 1830. 2 vols.</p> -<p>Beltran de Santa Rosa María (Pedro), Arte del Idioma Maya. Merida, 1859.</p> +<p>Beltran de Santa Rosa MarÃa (Pedro), Arte del Idioma Maya. Merida, 1859.</p> <p>Benzoni (Girolamo), La Historia del Mondo Nvovo. Venetia, 1572.</p> @@ -860,7 +820,7 @@ Report, 1867.</p> 1788-9. 9 vols.</p> <p>Berlandier (Luis), and Rafael Thovel, Diario de Viage de la Comision de -Límites. Mexico, 1850.</p> +LÃmites. Mexico, 1850.</p> <p>Bernardez (Josef de Rivera), Descripcion Breve de la Ciudad de Zacatecas. Mexico, 1732.</p> @@ -871,9 +831,9 @@ Mexico, 1732.</p> <p>Biart (Lucien), La Terre Chaude. Paris, [1862].</p> -<p>Biart (Lucien), La Terre Tempérée. Paris, 1866.</p> +<p>Biart (Lucien), La Terre Tempérée. Paris, 1866.</p> -<p>Bidwell (Chas. Toll), The Isthmus of Panamá. London, 1865. +<p>Bidwell (Chas. Toll), The Isthmus of Panamá. London, 1865. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XX" id="Page_XX">xx</a></span></p> <p>Bigelow (John), Memoir of the Life and Public Services of John Charles @@ -899,7 +859,7 @@ Fremont. New York, 1856.</p> grados. 1775. MS.</p> <p>Bodega y Quadra (Juan Francisco), Navegacion y descubrimientos hechos -de órden de S. M. en la costa septentrional de California [1779]. MS.</p> +de órden de S. M. en la costa septentrional de California [1779]. MS.</p> <p>Boggs, Life of Gov. L. W. Boggs, by his Son. MS., 1873.</p> @@ -922,10 +882,10 @@ York, 1853.</p> <p>Borthwick (J. D.), Three Years in California. Edinburgh, 1857.</p> -<p>Boscana (Gerónimo), Chinigchinich; A Historical Account of the Origin, +<p>Boscana (Gerónimo), Chinigchinich; A Historical Account of the Origin, etc., of the Indians of San Juan Capistrano. New York, 1846.</p> -<p>Boturini Benaduci (Lorenzo), Computo Cronológico de los Indios Mexicanos. +<p>Boturini Benaduci (Lorenzo), Computo Cronológico de los Indios Mexicanos. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., pt. iv.</p> <p>Boturini Benaduci (Lorenzo), Idea de Una Nueva Historia General de la @@ -948,30 +908,30 @@ New York, 1869.</p> <p>Bradford (Alex. W.), American Antiquities and Researches into the Origin and History of the Red Race. New York, 1841.</p> -<p>Brasseur de Bourbourg, Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatémalienne. Paris, 1871.</p> +<p>Brasseur de Bourbourg, Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatémalienne. 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Études sur le système graphique +<p>Brasseur de Bourbourg, Manuscrit Troano. Études sur le système graphique et la langue des Mayas. Paris, 1869-70. 4to. 2 vols. (Mission Scientifique, Linguistique.)</p> -<p>Brasseur de Bourbourg, Popol Vuh. Le Livre Sacré et les Mythes de l'Antiquité -Américaine. Paris, 1861.</p> +<p>Brasseur de Bourbourg, Popol Vuh. Le Livre Sacré et les Mythes de l'Antiquité +Américaine. Paris, 1861.</p> <p>Brasseur de Bourbourg, Quatre Lettres sur le Mexique. Paris, 1868.</p> -<p>Brasseur de Bourbourg, Recherches sur les Ruines de Palenqué. Avec +<p>Brasseur de Bourbourg, Recherches sur les Ruines de Palenqué. Avec les Dessins de M. de Waldeck. Paris, 1866. folio. 1 vol. text; and 1 vol. plates. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XXI" id="Page_XXI">xxi</a></span></p> @@ -1020,12 +980,12 @@ N. American Indians. London, 1824.</p> <p>Bullock (W. H.), Six Months' Residence and Travels in Mexico. London, 1825, 2 vols.</p> -<p>Bülow (A. von), Der Freistaat Nicaragua. Berlin, 1849.</p> +<p>Bülow (A. von), Der Freistaat Nicaragua. Berlin, 1849.</p> -<p>Burgoa (Francisco de), Geográfica Descripcion de la Parte Septentrional del +<p>Burgoa (Francisco de), Geográfica Descripcion de la Parte Septentrional del Polo Artico de la America (Oajaca). Mexico, 1674. 4to. 2 vols.</p> -<p>Burgoa (Francisco de), Palestra Historial de Virtudes, y Exemplares Apostólicos. +<p>Burgoa (Francisco de), Palestra Historial de Virtudes, y Exemplares Apostólicos. Mexico, 1670. 4to.</p> <p>Burkart (Joseph), Aufenthalt und Reisen in Mexico. Stuttgart, 1833. 2 @@ -1054,7 +1014,7 @@ erwiesen. Berlin, [1860]. 4to.</p> <p>Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Grammatik der Sonorischen Sprachen. Berlin, 1864. 4to.</p> -<p>Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die Lautveränderung Aztekischer Wörter +<p>Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die Lautveränderung Aztekischer Wörter in den Sonorischen Sprachen. Berlin, [1855]. 4to</p> <p>Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die Pima-Sprache und die Sprache der @@ -1064,28 +1024,28 @@ Koloschen. Berlin, [1855]. 4to.</p> Berlin, [1855]. 4to.</p> <p>Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die Spuren der Aztekischen Sprachen im -Nördlichen Mexico und Höheren Amerikanischen Norden. Berlin, +Nördlichen Mexico und Höheren Amerikanischen Norden. Berlin, 1859. 4to.</p> -<p>Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die Verwandtschafts-Verhältnisse der Athapaskischen +<p>Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die Verwandtschafts-Verhältnisse der Athapaskischen Sprachen. Berlin, 1863. 4to.</p> -<p>Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die Völker und Sprachen Neu-Mexico's +<p>Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Die Völker und Sprachen Neu-Mexico's und der Westseite des Britischen Nordamerikas. Berlin, [1857]. 4to. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XXII" id="Page_XXII">xxii</a></span></p> <p>Buschmann (Johann Carl Ed.), Systematische Worttafel des Athapaskischen Sprachstamms. 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Translated from the Spanish by +<p class="p2">Cabeza de Vaca (Alvar Nuñez), Relation. Translated from the Spanish by Buckingham Smith. New York, 1871. 4to.</p> -<p>Cabeza de Vaca (Alvar Nuñez), Relatione. In Ramusio, Navig., tom. iii.; -Barcia, Historiadores Prim., tom. i.; Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., +<p>Cabeza de Vaca (Alvar Nuñez), Relatione. In Ramusio, Navig., tom. iii.; +Barcia, Historiadores Prim., tom. i.; Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. vii.</p> -<p>Cabrera (José María), Estadística de la Municipalidad de Natívitas. In +<p>Cabrera (José MarÃa), EstadÃstica de la Municipalidad de NatÃvitas. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. ii.</p> -<p>Cabrera (José Maria), Sobre el Orígen de la Palabra Mexico. In Soc. Mex. +<p>Cabrera (José Maria), Sobre el OrÃgen de la Palabra Mexico. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii.</p> -<p>Cabrera (Paul Felix), Teatro Crítico Americano. In Rio. (Ant. del.), Description +<p>Cabrera (Paul Felix), Teatro CrÃtico Americano. In Rio. 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Mex., serie iv., +<p>Cancio (Lorenzo), Cartas, año de 1766. In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. ii.</p> <p>Capron (E. S.), History of California. Boston, 1854.</p> @@ -1163,7 +1123,7 @@ de que hay noticia. Mex. 1862. vols. i., ii.</p> <p>Carbajal (Francisco Leon), Discurso sobre la Legislacion de los Antiguos Mexicanos. Mexico, 1864.</p> -<p>Carleton (James Henry), Diary of an Excursion to the Ruins of Abó, etc., +<p>Carleton (James Henry), Diary of an Excursion to the Ruins of Abó, etc., New Mexico. In Smithsonian Report, 1854.</p> <p>Carli (Gian-Rinaldo), Las Cartas Americanas. Mexico, 1821-2. @@ -1192,11 +1152,11 @@ algunos missioneros de la Comp. de Jesus. Madrid, 1755-7. 16 vols.</p> <p>Carvalho (S. N.), Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West. New York, 1858.</p> -<p>Castañeda de Nágera (Pedro de), Relation du Voyage de Cibola. In Ternaux-Compans, +<p>Castañeda de Nágera (Pedro de), Relation du Voyage de Cibola. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., serie i., tom. ix. Paris, 1838.</p> -<p>Castaño de Sosa (Gaspar), Memoria del Descubrimiento ... del Nuevo -Reino de Leon. 1590. In Pacheco, Col. de Doc. Inéd., tom. iv.</p> +<p>Castaño de Sosa (Gaspar), Memoria del Descubrimiento ... del Nuevo +Reino de Leon. 1590. In Pacheco, Col. de Doc. Inéd., tom. iv.</p> <p>Catecismo en Idioma Mixteco. Puebla, 1837.</p> @@ -1224,19 +1184,19 @@ the North American Indians. London, 1866. 2 vols.</p> <p>Charlevoix (Fr. Xav. de), Histoire de la Nouvelle France. Paris, 1744. 4to. 3 vols.</p> -<p><a name="Charnay" id="Charnay"></a>Charnay (Désiré), Cités et Ruines Américaines ... Avec un Texte par M. +<p><a name="Charnay" id="Charnay"></a>Charnay (Désiré), Cités et Ruines Américaines ... Avec un Texte par M. Viollet-le-Duc. Paris, 1863. With folio atlas of photographs.</p> <p>Charpenne (Pierre), Mon Voyage au Mexique. Paris, 1836. 2 vols.</p> -<p>Chateaubriand (de), Voyages en Amérique. Paris, n.d.</p> +<p>Chateaubriand (de), Voyages en Amérique. Paris, n.d.</p> <p>Chaves (G.), Rapport sur la Province de Meztitlan. 1579. In Ternaux-Compans, -Voy., série ii., tom. v.</p> +Voy., série ii., tom. v.</p> -<p>Chevalier (Michel), L'Isthme de Panamá. Paris, 1844.</p> +<p>Chevalier (Michel), L'Isthme de Panamá. Paris, 1844.</p> -<p>Chevalier (Michel), Du Mexique avant et pendant le Conquête. Paris, +<p>Chevalier (Michel), Du Mexique avant et pendant le Conquête. Paris, 1845.</p> <p>Chevalier (Michel), Le Mexique, Ancien et Moderne. Paris, 1864.</p> @@ -1283,7 +1243,7 @@ xxv. London, 1855.</p> <p>Colombo (Fernando), Historie, della vita, e de' fatti dell' Ammiraglio D. Christoforo Colombo suo Padre. Venetia, 1709.</p> -<p>Colon (Fernando), La Historia del Almirante D. Christóval Colon su +<p>Colon (Fernando), La Historia del Almirante D. Christóval Colon su Padre. In Barcia, Historiadores Prim., tom. i.</p> <p>Colton (Walter), Deck and Port. New York, 1860.</p> @@ -1296,9 +1256,9 @@ Padre. 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Leipzig, 1853.</p> <p>Hellwald (Frederick von), The American Migration. In Smithsonian Report, 1866.</p> @@ -1968,15 +1928,15 @@ London, 1811.</p> Soc., Jour., vol. xxxii.</p> <p>Hernandez (Francisco), Nova Plantarum Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum -Historia. Romæ, 1651. folio.</p> +Historia. Romæ, 1651. folio.</p> -<p>Heredia y Sarmiento (Josef Ignacio), Sermon Panegírico da la Gloriosa +<p>Heredia y Sarmiento (Josef Ignacio), Sermon PanegÃrico da la Gloriosa Aparicion de Nra. Sra. de Guadalupe. Mexico, 1803.</p> <p>Herrera (Antonio de), Historia General de los Hechos de los Castellanos en -las Islas i Tierra Firme del Mar Océano. Madrid, 1601. 4to. 4 vols.</p> +las Islas i Tierra Firme del Mar Océano. Madrid, 1601. 4to. 4 vols.</p> -<p>Hervas (Lorenzo), Catálogo de las Lenguas de las Naciones Conocidas. +<p>Hervas (Lorenzo), Catálogo de las Lenguas de las Naciones Conocidas. Madrid, 1800-5. 6 vols.</p> <p>Hervas (Lorenzo), Saggio Pratico delle Lengue. Cesena, 1787.</p> @@ -2001,12 +1961,12 @@ London, 1860. 2 vols. and atlas.</p> <p>Hittell (John S.), The Resources of California. San Francisco, 1867.</p> -<p>Holinski (Alex.), La Californie et les Routes Interocéaniques. Bruxelles, +<p>Holinski (Alex.), La Californie et les Routes Interocéaniques. Bruxelles, 1853.</p> <p>Holley (Mrs May Austin), Texas. Lexington, 1836.</p> -<p>Holmberg (H. J.), Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des Russischen +<p>Holmberg (H. J.), Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des Russischen America. Helsingfors, 1855. 4to.</p> <p>Holton (Isaac F.), New Granada. New York, 1857.</p> @@ -2028,10 +1988,10 @@ Cincinnati, n.d.</p> <p>Humboldt (Alex. de), Essai Politique sur le Royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne. Paris, 1811. folio. 2 vols. and atlas.</p> -<p>Humboldt (Alex. de), État Présent de la République de Centro-America ou +<p>Humboldt (Alex. de), État Présent de la République de Centro-America ou Guatemala. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1827. tom. xxxv.</p> -<p>Humboldt (Alex. de), Examen Critique de l'histoire de la Géographie du +<p>Humboldt (Alex. de), Examen Critique de l'histoire de la Géographie du Nouveau Continent. Paris, 1836-9. 5 vols.</p> <p>Humboldt (Alex. de), Kosmos. Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung. @@ -2040,8 +2000,8 @@ Stuttgart, 1845-1862. 5 vols.</p> <p>Humboldt (Alex. de), Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent. London, 1822-9. 7 vols.</p> -<p>Humboldt (Alex. de), Vues des Cordillères, et Monumens des Peuples Indigènes -de l'Amérique. Paris, 1816. 2 vols.</p> +<p>Humboldt (Alex. de), Vues des Cordillères, et Monumens des Peuples Indigènes +de l'Amérique. Paris, 1816. 2 vols.</p> <p>Hunter (John D.), Memoirs of a Captivity among the Indians. London, 1823.</p> @@ -2056,8 +2016,8 @@ York, 1871. <p class="p2">Iberri, Ruinas de Monte-Real, Vera Cruz. 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Washington, 1861. 4to.</p> -<p>Ixtlilxochitl (Fernando de Alva), Cruautés Horribles des Conquérants du -Mexique. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. viii.</p> +<p>Ixtlilxochitl (Fernando de Alva), Cruautés Horribles des Conquérants du +Mexique. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. viii.</p> -<p>Ixtlilxochitl (Fernando de Alva), Histoire des Chichimèques. In Ternaux-Compans, -Voy., série ii., tom. ii. Paris, 1840. 2 vols.</p> +<p>Ixtlilxochitl (Fernando de Alva), Histoire des Chichimèques. In Ternaux-Compans, +Voy., série ii., tom. ii. Paris, 1840. 2 vols.</p> <p>Ixtlilxochitl (Fernando de Alva), Historia Chichimeca. In Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix.</p> @@ -2100,8 +2060,8 @@ Mountains. London, 1823. 3 vols.</p> <p>Japanese Equivalent of the most common English Words. Tokei, n.d.</p> -<p>Jaramillo (Juan), Relation du Voyage fait à la Nouvelle-Terre. In -Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série i., tom. ix.</p> +<p>Jaramillo (Juan), Relation du Voyage fait à la Nouvelle-Terre. 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St Petersburg, 1813. 4to.</p> -<p>Kvostoff, and Davidoff, Voyage dans l'Amérique. In Nouvelles Annales des +<p>Kvostoff, and Davidoff, Voyage dans l'Amérique. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1852. tom. cxxxv.</p> <p class="p2">Lachapelle (A. de), Le Comte de Raousset-Boulbon. Paris, 1859.</p> -<p>Lacunza (José María), Historia Antigua de Mexico. Discurso Histórico. In +<p>Lacunza (José MarÃa), Historia Antigua de Mexico. Discurso Histórico. In Museo Mex., tom. iv.</p> <p>Laet (Joannis de), Novvs Orbis. Lvgd. Batav., 1633. folio.</p> <p>Lafond (G.), Voyages autour du Monde. Paris, 1844. 8 vols.</p> -<p>La Harpe (Jean François), Abrégé de l'Histoire Générale des Voyages. +<p>La Harpe (Jean François), Abrégé de l'Histoire Générale des Voyages. Paris, 1816. 24 vols. and atlas.</p> <p>Lamberg (E.), Inspeccion de las Colonias Militares de Chihuahua. In Soc. @@ -2225,7 +2185,7 @@ Nations. London, 1834.</p> <p>Langsdorff (G. H. von), Voyages and Travels. London, 1813-14. 4to. 2 vols.</p> -<p>La Pérouse (Jean François Galaup de), Voyage autour du monde. Rédigé +<p>La Pérouse (Jean François Galaup de), Voyage autour du monde. Rédigé par M. L. A. Milet-Mureau. Paris, an. vi. [1798.] 4 vols. and atlas.</p> <p>Lapham (J. A.), The Antiquities of Wisconsin. (Smithsonian Contribution.) @@ -2233,17 +2193,17 @@ Washington, 1853. 4to.</p> <p>Laplace (C.), Campagne de Circumnavigation. Paris, 1841-54. 6 vols.</p> -<p>Larenaudière, Mexique et Guatemala. Paris, 1847.</p> +<p>Larenaudière, Mexique et Guatemala. Paris, 1847.</p> <p>Larrainzar (Manuel), Dictamen sobre la Obra de Brasseur de Bourbourg. Mexico, 1865.</p> -<p>Larrainzar (Manuel), Noticia Histórica de Soconusco. In Soc. Mex. Geog., +<p>Larrainzar (Manuel), Noticia Histórica de Soconusco. In Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii.</p> -<p>Las Casas (Bartolomé de), Historia de Indias. MS. folio. 4 vols.</p> +<p>Las Casas (Bartolomé de), Historia de Indias. 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Mexico, 1746. 2 vols. 4to.</p> -<p>Villagra (Gaspar de), Historia de la Nueva Mexico. Alcalá, 1610.</p> +<p>Villagra (Gaspar de), Historia de la Nueva Mexico. Alcalá, 1610.</p> <p>Villagutierre Soto-Mayor (Juan de), Historia de la Conquista de la Provincia de el Itza. [Madrid, 1701.] folio.</p> -<p>Viollet-le-Duc. See <a href="#Charnay">Charnay (D.)</a>, Cités, etc.</p> +<p>Viollet-le-Duc. See <a href="#Charnay">Charnay (D.)</a>, Cités, etc.</p> <p>Voyages, A Collection of Voyages and Travels (Harleian Collection). London, 1745. 2 vols. folio.</p> @@ -3609,7 +3569,7 @@ de el Itza. [Madrid, 1701.] folio.</p> <p>Voyages, New Voyages and Travels. London, [1818-23]. 9 vols.</p> -<p>Voyages, Nouvelle Bibliothèque des Voyages. Paris, n.d. 12 vols.</p> +<p>Voyages, Nouvelle Bibliothèque des Voyages. Paris, n.d. 12 vols.</p> <p>Voyages, Recueil des Voyages au Nord. Amsterdam, 1715-27. 8 vols.</p> @@ -3627,10 +3587,10 @@ London, 1699.</p> <p>Wagner (Moritz), and Karl Scherzer, Die Republik Costa Rica in Central-Amerika. Leipzig, 1857.</p> -<p>Waldeck (Frédéric de), Palenqué et Autres Ruines. Texte redigé par M. +<p>Waldeck (Frédéric de), Palenqué et Autres Ruines. Texte redigé par M. Brasseur de Bourbourg. Paris, 1866. folio.</p> -<p>Waldeck (Frédéric de), Voyage Pittoresque et Archéologique dans la Province +<p>Waldeck (Frédéric de), Voyage Pittoresque et Archéologique dans la Province d'Yucatan. Paris, 1838. folio.</p> <p>Walker (John D.), The Pimas. MS. San Francisco, 1873.</p> @@ -3640,15 +3600,15 @@ d'Yucatan. Paris, 1838. folio.</p> <p>Walton (William Jr.), Present State of the Spanish Colonies. London, 1810. 2 vols.</p> -<p>Wappäus (J. E.), Geographie und Statistik von Mexiko und Central-Amerika. +<p>Wappäus (J. E.), Geographie und Statistik von Mexiko und Central-Amerika. Leipzig, 1863.</p> <p>Warburton (Eliot), Darien, or the Merchant Prince. London, 1852. 3 vols.</p> <p>Ward (H. G.), Mexico in 1827. London, 1828. 2 vols.</p> -<p>Warden (D. B.), Recherches sur les Antiquités de l'Amérique du Nord. In -Antiquités Mexicaines, tom. ii., div. ii.</p> +<p>Warden (D. B.), Recherches sur les Antiquités de l'Amérique du Nord. In +Antiquités Mexicaines, tom. ii., div. ii.</p> <p>Weatherhead (W. D.), An Account of the late Expedition against the Isthmus of Darien. London, 1821.</p> @@ -3666,9 +3626,9 @@ Olympia Wash. Standard, May 16, 1868.</p> <p>Wells (William V.), Explorations and Adventures in Honduras. New York, 1857.</p> -<p>Welshöfer (Max Moritz), Die Republik Mexico. Leipzig, 1862.</p> +<p>Welshöfer (Max Moritz), Die Republik Mexico. Leipzig, 1862.</p> -<p>West und Ost Indischer Lustgart. Cöllen, 1618.</p> +<p>West und Ost Indischer Lustgart. Cöllen, 1618.</p> <p>Western Monthly. Chicago, 1869.</p> @@ -3676,7 +3636,7 @@ Olympia Wash. Standard, May 16, 1868.</p> <p><a name="West-Indische_Spieghel" id="West-Indische_Spieghel"></a>West-Indische Spieghel, door Athanasium Inga. [Amsterdam, 1624.]</p> -<p>Wheelwright (William), Observations on the Isthmus of Panamá. London, +<p>Wheelwright (William), Observations on the Isthmus of Panamá. London, 1844.</p> <p>Whipple (A. W.), Report of Explorations near 35th Parallel, 1853-4. In @@ -3745,43 +3705,43 @@ Sess., Senate Miscel. Doc. 26.) Washington, 1848.</p> York, 1851.</p> <p>Wrangell, Observations recueillies par l'Amiral —— sur les Habitants des -Côtes Nord-ouest de l'Amérique. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1853. +Côtes Nord-ouest de l'Amérique. In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1853. tom. cxxxvii.</p> <p>Wyeth (John B.), Oregon. Cambridge, 1833.</p> -<p class="p2">Ximenez (Francisco), Las Historias del Orígen de los Indios de esta Provincia +<p class="p2">Ximenez (Francisco), Las Historias del OrÃgen de los Indios de esta Provincia de Guatemala. Viena, 1857.</p> <p class="p2">Yates (John), Sketch of the Sacramento Valley in 1842. MS.</p> <p>Yepes (Joaquin Lopez), Catecismo y Declaracion de la Doctrina Cristiana -en Lengua Otomí. Megico, 1826.</p> +en Lengua OtomÃ. Megico, 1826.</p> <p>Yonge (C. D.), Three Centuries of Modern History. New York, 1872.</p> <p>Young (Thomas), Narrative of a Residence on the Mosquito Shore. London, 1842.</p> -<p>Yucatan, Estadística de. Mexico, 1853.</p> +<p>Yucatan, EstadÃstica de. Mexico, 1853.</p> <p class="p2">Zenteno (Carlos de Tapia), Arte Novissima de Lengua Mexicana. Mexico, 1753.</p> <p>Zenteno (Carlos de Tapia), Noticia de la Lengua Huasteca. Mexico, 1767.</p> -<p>Zapata (Juan Ortiz), Relacion de las Missiones que la Compañia de Jesus +<p>Zapata (Juan Ortiz), Relacion de las Missiones que la Compañia de Jesus tiene en el Reino y Provincia de la Nueva Viscaya. [1678.] In Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. iii.</p> <p>Zuazo (Alonso), Carte del Licenciado —— al Padre Fray Luis de Figueroa. In Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. i.</p> -<p>Zuñiga (Ignacio), Rápida Ojeada al Estado de Sonora. [Coup d'Oeil, etc.] +<p>Zuñiga (Ignacio), Rápida Ojeada al Estado de Sonora. [Coup d'Oeil, etc.] In Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1842. tom. xciii.</p> -<p>Zurita (Alonzo de), Rapport sur les Différentes Classes de Chefs de la Nouvelle -Espagne. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série ii., tom. i. Paris, +<p>Zurita (Alonzo de), Rapport sur les Différentes Classes de Chefs de la Nouvelle +Espagne. In Ternaux-Compans, Voy., série ii., tom. i. Paris, 1840.</p> </div> @@ -4022,7 +3982,7 @@ the act of creation.</p> <p>The third hypothesis, derived mainly from the writings of Lamarck, Darwin, and Huxley, is based upon the principle of evolution. All existing species are developments -of some preëxisting form, which in like manner +of some preëxisting form, which in like manner descended by true generation from a form still lower. Man, say they, bears no impress of a divine original that is not common to brutes; he is but an animal, more perfectly @@ -4070,7 +4030,7 @@ is immense; but the high culture which belongs to man has been slowly developed, and there is plainly a wider separation between the mental power of the lowest <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span> -zoöphyte and the highest ape, than between the most +zoöphyte and the highest ape, than between the most intellectual ape and the least intellectual man. Physically and mentally, the man-like ape and the ape-like man sustain to each other a near relationship; while @@ -4130,7 +4090,7 @@ many primary centres, each originating species, which spread out from these centres and covered the earth. This doctrine was held by early naturalists to be irreconcilable with the Scripture account of the creation, and -was therefore denounced as heretical. Linnæus and his +was therefore denounced as heretical. Linnæus and his contemporaries drew up a pleasing picture, assigning the birth-place of all forms of life to one particular fertile spot, situated in a genial climate, and so diversified with @@ -4189,7 +4149,7 @@ a multitude of animal and vegetable tribes, with characters so diverse, could have derived their origin from the same locality, and disappearing entirely from their original birth-place, sprung forth in some remote part of -the globe. Linnæus, and many others of his time, held +the globe. Linnæus, and many others of his time, held that all telluric tribes, in common with mankind, sprang from a single pair, and descended from the stock which was preserved by Noah. Subsequently this opinion was @@ -4208,7 +4168,7 @@ in their movements, seldom wander far from specific centres. With regard to wild beasts, and the larger animals, insurmountable difficulties present themselves; so that we may infer that the systems of animal -life are indigenous to the great zoölogical provinces +life are indigenous to the great zoölogical provinces where they are found.</p> <p>On the other hand, the harmony which exists between @@ -4265,9 +4225,9 @@ the classification of species. The facial angle is determined by a line drawn from the forehead to the front of the upper jaw, intersected by a horizontal line passing over the middle of the ear. The facial angle -of a European is estimated at 85°, of a Negro at 75°, -and of the ape at 60°. Representations of an adult -Troglodyte measure 35°, and of a Satyr 30°. Some +of a European is estimated at 85°, of a Negro at 75°, +and of the ape at 60°. Representations of an adult +Troglodyte measure 35°, and of a Satyr 30°. Some writers classify according to one or several of these tests, others consider them all in arriving at their conclusions.</p> @@ -4283,7 +4243,7 @@ the Malay, Negro, and Hottentot. Cuvier and Jaquinot make three classes, placing the Malay and American among the subdivisions of the Mongolian. Kant makes four divisions under four colors: white, black, copper, and -olive. Linnæus also makes four: European, whitish; +olive. Linnæus also makes four: European, whitish; American, coppery; Asiatic, tawny; and African, black. Buffon makes five divisions and Blumenbach five. Blumenbach's classification is based upon cranial admeasurements, @@ -4303,12 +4263,12 @@ eight; Pickering, eleven; Desmoulins, sixteen; and Crawford, sixty-three. Dr Latham, considered by many the chief exponent of the science of ethnology in England, classifies the different races under three primary -divisions, namely: Mongolidæ, Atlantidæ, and Japetidæ. +divisions, namely: Mongolidæ, Atlantidæ, and Japetidæ. Prichard makes three principal types of cranial conformation, which he denominates respectively, the civilized races, the nomadic or wandering races, and the savage or hunting races. Agassiz designates the races of men -according to the zoölogical provinces which they respectively +according to the zoölogical provinces which they respectively occupy. Thus the Arctic realm is inhabited by Hyperboreans, the Asiatic by Mongols, the European by white men, the American by American Indians, the @@ -4402,7 +4362,7 @@ thought, emancipated the intellect from religious transcendentalism, and spread out to the broad light of open <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span> day a vast sea of truth. Old-time beliefs have had to -give place. The débris of one exploded dogma is scarcely +give place. The débris of one exploded dogma is scarcely cleared away before we are startled with a request for the yielding up of another long and dearly cherished opinion. And in the attempt to read the book of humanity @@ -4487,7 +4447,7 @@ studied the subject for nine years in Peru, concludes that America was the Ophir of Solomon. Aristotle relates that the Carthaginians in a voyage were carried to an unknown island; whereupon Florian, Gomara, Oviedo, -and others, are satisfied that the island was Española. +and others, are satisfied that the island was Española. "Who are these that fly as a cloud," exclaims Esaias, "or as the doves to their windows?" Scholastic sages answer, Columbus is the <i>columba</i> or dove here prophesied. @@ -4586,7 +4546,7 @@ comparisons are advanced to prove ethnological resemblances among all the peoples of America, and that they meanwhile possess common peculiarities totally distinct from the nations of the old world. -Morton and his confrères, the originators of the American +Morton and his confrères, the originators of the American homogeneity theory, even go so far as to claim for the American man an origin as indigenous as that of the fauna and flora. They classify all the tribes of @@ -4594,7 +4554,7 @@ America, excepting only the Eskimos who wandered over from Asia, as the American race, and divide it into the American family and the Toltecan family. Blumenbach classifies the Americans as a distinct species. The -American Mongolidæ of Dr Latham are divided into +American Mongolidæ of Dr Latham are divided into Eskimos and American Indians. Dr Morton perceives the same characteristic lineaments in the face of the Fuegian and the Mexican, and in tribes inhabiting the @@ -4603,7 +4563,7 @@ The same osteological structure, swarthy color, straight hair, meagre beard, obliquely cornered eyes, prominent cheek bones, and thick lips are common to them all. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span> -Dr Latham describes his American Mongolidæ as exercising +Dr Latham describes his American Mongolidæ as exercising upon the world a material rather than a moral influence; giving them meanwhile a color, neither a true white nor a jet black; hair straight and black, rarely @@ -4882,21 +4842,21 @@ along the coast of Yucatan and Mexico, for a passage through to the southern ocean. The disastrous adventures of Alonzo de Ojeda, Diego de Nicuesa, and Juan de la Cosa, on the Isthmus of Darien, between the years 1507 and 1511, brought into more intimate contact the steel weapons of the chivalrous -hidalgos with the naked bodies of the savages. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, +hidalgos with the naked bodies of the savages. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, after a toilsome journey across the Isthmus in 1513, was rewarded by the first view of the Pacific Ocean, of which he took possession for the king -of Spain on the twenty-fifth of September. The white sails of Córdova +of Spain on the twenty-fifth of September. The white sails of Córdova Grijalva, and Garay, descried by the natives of Yucatan and Mexico in -1517-19, were quickly followed by Cortés and his keen-scented band of +1517-19, were quickly followed by Cortés and his keen-scented band of adventurers, who, received by the unsuspecting natives as gods, would have been dismissed by them as fiends had not the invasion culminated in the -conquest of Mexico. During the years 1522-24, Cortés made expeditions to +conquest of Mexico. During the years 1522-24, Cortés made expeditions to Tehuantepec, Panuco, and Central America; Gil Gonzales and Cristobal de -Olid invaded Nicaragua and Honduras. Nuño de Guzman in 1530, with a +Olid invaded Nicaragua and Honduras. Nuño de Guzman in 1530, with a large force, took possession of the entire northern country from the city of Mexico to the northern boundary of Sinaloa; and Cabeza de Vaca crossed the continent from Texas to Sinaloa in the years 1528-36. Journeys to the -north were made by Cortés, Ulloa, Coronado, Mendoza, and Cabrillo between +north were made by Cortés, Ulloa, Coronado, Mendoza, and Cabrillo between the years 1536 and 1542. Hundreds of Roman Catholic missionaries, ready to lay down their lives in their earnest anxiety for the souls of the Indians, spread out into the wilderness in every direction. During the latter part of @@ -4908,10 +4868,10 @@ round the world of Sir Francis Drake, touching upon the Northwest Coast in 1579; the expedition of Antonio de Espejo to New Mexico in 1583; Francisco de Gali's return from Macao to Mexico, by way of the Northwest Coast, in 1584; the voyage of Maldonado to the imaginary Straits of Anian in -1588; the expedition of Castaño de Sosa to New Mexico in 1590; the voyage of +1588; the expedition of Castaño de Sosa to New Mexico in 1590; the voyage of Juan de Fuca to the Straits of Anian in 1592; the wreck of the 'San Agustin' upon the Northwest Coast in 1595; the voyage of Sebastian Vizcaino towards -California in 1596; the discoveries of Juan de Oñate in New Mexico in 1599, and +California in 1596; the discoveries of Juan de Oñate in New Mexico in 1599, and many others. Intercourse with the natives was extended during the seventeenth century by the voyage of Sebastian Vizcaino from Mexico to California in 1602; by the expedition of Francisco de Ortega to Lower California @@ -4972,29 +4932,29 @@ distant regions of Upper California. This being agreed upon, two expeditions were organized to proceed northward simultaneously, one by water and the other by land. In January, 1769, the ship 'San Carlos,' commanded by Vicente Vila, was dispatched for San Diego, followed by the 'San Antonio,' -under Juan Perez, and the 'San José,' which was unfortunately lost. The +under Juan Perez, and the 'San José,' which was unfortunately lost. The land expedition was separated into two divisions; the first under Rivera y Moncada departed from Mexico in March, and arrived at San Diego in May; -the second under Gaspar de Portolá and Father Junípero Serra reached -San Diego in July, 1769. Portolá with his companions immediately set out +the second under Gaspar de Portolá and Father JunÃpero Serra reached +San Diego in July, 1769. Portolá with his companions immediately set out by land for the Bay of Monterey; but, unwittingly passing it by, they continued northward until barred in their progress by the magnificent Bay of San Francisco. Unable to find the harbor of Monterey, they returned to -San Diego in January, 1770. In April, Portolá made a second and more +San Diego in January, 1770. In April, Portolá made a second and more successful attempt, and arrived at Monterey in May. Meanwhile Perez and -Junípero Serra accomplished the voyage by sea, sailing in the 'San +JunÃpero Serra accomplished the voyage by sea, sailing in the 'San Carlos.' In 1772, Pedro Fages and Juan Crespi proceeded from Monterey to explore the Bay of San Francisco. They were followed by Rivera y Moncada in 1774, and Palou and Ezeta in 1775; and in 1776, Moraga founded the Mission of Dolores. In 1775, Bodega y Quadra voyaged up the Californian coast to the fifty-eighth parallel. In 1776, Dominguez and Escalante -made an expedition from Santa Fé to Monterey. Menonville journeyed +made an expedition from Santa Fé to Monterey. Menonville journeyed to Oajaca in New Spain in 1777. In 1778, Captain Cook, in his third voyage round the world, touched along the Coast from Cape Flattery to Norton Sound; and in 1779, Bodega y Quadra, Maurelle, and Arteaga voyaged up the western coast to Mount St Elias. During the years 1785-8, voyages of circumnavigation were made by Dixon and Portlock, and by La -Pérouse, all touching upon the Northwest Coast.</p> +Pérouse, all touching upon the Northwest Coast.</p> <p>French Canadian traders were the first to penetrate the northern interior west of Hudson Bay. Their most distant station was on the Saskatchewan @@ -5031,7 +4991,7 @@ united with the Hudson's Bay Company; and the charter covering the entire region occupied by both was renewed by act of Parliament. In 1762, some merchants of New Orleans organized a company which was commissioned by D'Abadie, director-general of Louisiana, under the name of Pierre Ligueste -Laclède, Antoine Maxan, and Company. Their first post occupied the +Laclède, Antoine Maxan, and Company. Their first post occupied the spot upon which the city of St Louis is now situated; and, under the auspices of the brothers Chouteau, they penetrated northwestward beyond the Rocky Mountains. In 1808, the Missouri Fur Company was formed at St Louis, @@ -5039,7 +4999,7 @@ consisting of the Chouteaus and others; and an expedition under Major Henry was sent across the Rocky Mountains, which established the first post on the Columbia River. Between the years 1825 and 1830, the Rocky Mountain Fur Company of St Louis extended their operations over California and -Oregon, but at a loss of the lives of nearly one half of their employés. +Oregon, but at a loss of the lives of nearly one half of their employés. John Jacob Astor embarked in the fur trade at New York in 1784, purchasing at that time in Montreal. In 1808, he obtained a charter for the American Fur Company, which was, in 1811, merged into the Southwest Company. In 1809, @@ -5116,7 +5076,7 @@ River to the lake which he also called after himself. There he built a fort and opened trade with the natives. Kotzebue visited the coast in 1816; and the Russian expedition under Kramchenko, Wasilieff, and Etolin, in 1822. Captain Morrel explored the Californian coast from San Diego to San Francisco -in 1825; Captains Beechey and Lütke, the Northwest Coast in 1826; and +in 1825; Captains Beechey and Lütke, the Northwest Coast in 1826; and Sir Edward Belcher in 1837. J. K. Townsend made an excursion west of the Rocky Mountains in 1834. In 1837, Dease and Simpson made an open boat voyage from the Mackenzie River, westward to Point Barrow, the farthest @@ -5128,7 +5088,7 @@ Captain Kellett in 1849. Following the discovery of gold, the country was deluge by adventurers. In 1853-4, commenced the series of explorations for a Pacific railway. The necessities of the natives were examined, and remnants of disappearing nations were collected upon reservations under government -agents. The interior of Alaska was first penetrated by the employés of the +agents. The interior of Alaska was first penetrated by the employés of the Russian-American Fur Company. Malakoff ascended the Yukon in 1838; and, in 1842, Derabin established a fort upon that river. In 1849, W. H. Hooper made a boat expedition from Kotzebue Sound to the Mackenzie @@ -5181,7 +5141,7 @@ them intoxicating liquors. The condition of their women, who were considered by the natives as little better than beasts, has been changed by their inter-social relations with the servants of the trading companies; and their more barbarous practices discontinued. It was the almost universal custom of the -employés of the Hudson's Bay Company to unite to themselves native +employés of the Hudson's Bay Company to unite to themselves native women; thus, by means of this relationship, the condition of the women has been raised, while the men manifest a kinder feeling towards the white race who thus in a measure become one with them.</p> @@ -6306,7 +6266,7 @@ for one people; but their dialects are quite distinct.</p> <p>The country of the Koniagas is a rugged wilderness, into many parts of which no white man has ever penetrated. -Mountainous forests, glacial cañons, down which +Mountainous forests, glacial cañons, down which flow innumerable torrents, hills interspersed with lakes and marshy plains; ice-clad in winter, covered with luxuriant vegetation in summer. Some sheltered inlets @@ -6494,7 +6454,7 @@ a boy lights the oil-lamps in all the huts of the village, when the women rise and prepare the food. The men, excepting old men and boys, all sleep in the kashim, whither they retire at sunset. In the morning they -are aroused by the appearance of the shamán, arrayed +are aroused by the appearance of the shamán, arrayed in his sacerdotal robes, and beating his sacred drum. After morning worship, the women carry breakfast to their husbands in the kashim. At day-break the men @@ -6675,7 +6635,7 @@ but is still permitted no intercourse with any one. Daughters of principal men obtain the right of access to the kashim by undergoing a ceremonial yielding up of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span> -their virginity to the shamán.<a name="FNanchor_106" id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> Marriage ceremonies +their virginity to the shamán.<a name="FNanchor_106" id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> Marriage ceremonies are few, and marriage engagements peculiar. The consent of the father of the intended bride being obtained, the aspirant for nuptial honors brings wood and builds a @@ -6766,20 +6726,20 @@ had done so before them.</p> <p class="sidenote">SUPERSTITIONS OF THE KONIAGAS.</p> -<p>The shamán, or medicine-man of the Koniagas, is the +<p>The shamán, or medicine-man of the Koniagas, is the spiritual and temporal doctor of the tribe; wizard, sorcerer, priest, or physician, as necessity demands. In the -execution of his offices, the shamán has several assistants, +execution of his offices, the shamán has several assistants, male and female, sages and disciples; the first in rank being called <i>kaseks</i>, whose duty it is to superintend festivals and teach the children to dance. When a person falls sick, some evil spirit is supposed to have taken possession -of him, and it is the business of the shamán to +of him, and it is the business of the shamán to exorcise that spirit, to combat and drive it out of the man. To this end, armed with a magic tambourine, he places himself near the patient and mutters his incantations. A female assistant accompanies him with groans -and growls. Should this prove ineffectual, the shamán +and growls. Should this prove ineffectual, the shamán approaches the bed and throws himself upon the person of the sufferer; then, seizing the demon, he struggles with it, overpowers and casts it out, while the assistants @@ -6789,7 +6749,7 @@ the physician is paid, otherwise he receives nothing.<a name="FNanchor_108" id=" Colds, consumption, rheumatism, itch, boils, ulcers, syphilis, are among their most common diseases. Blood-letting is commonly resorted to as a curative, and except in -extreme cases the shamán is not called. The Koniagas +extreme cases the shamán is not called. The Koniagas bleed one another by piercing the arm with a needle, and then cutting away the flesh above the needle with a flint or copper instrument. Beaver's oil is said to relieve @@ -7193,7 +7153,7 @@ of leather, displaying the teeth, and presenting altogether <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span> a ghastly spectacle.<a name="FNanchor_151" id="FNanchor_151" href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> This custom is evidently associated in their minds with womanly modesty, for when La -Pérouse asked them to remove their block, some refused; +Pérouse asked them to remove their block, some refused; those who complied manifesting the same embarrassment shown by a European woman who uncovers her bosom. The Yakutats alone of all the Thlinkeet nation have @@ -7233,7 +7193,7 @@ regions to possess."</p> very ingeniously carved, and painted in colors, so as to represent the head of some bird or beast or mythological being. This was formerly worn in battle, probably, -as La Pérouse suggests, in order to strike terror into +as La Pérouse suggests, in order to strike terror into the hearts of enemies, but is now used only on festive occasions.<a name="FNanchor_152" id="FNanchor_152" href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a></p> @@ -7392,7 +7352,7 @@ ornamenting the fronts of their houses with heraldic symbols, and allegorical and historical figures; while in front of the principal dwellings, and on their canoes, are carved parts representing the human face, the heads of -crows, eagles, sea-lions, and bears.<a name="FNanchor_164" id="FNanchor_164" href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> La Pérouse asserts +crows, eagles, sea-lions, and bears.<a name="FNanchor_164" id="FNanchor_164" href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> La Pérouse asserts that, except in agriculture, which was not entirely unknown to them, the Thlinkeets were farther advanced in industry than the South Sea Islanders.</p> @@ -7582,7 +7542,7 @@ the duck. During the progress of the game, they present a perfect picture of melancholic stoicism.<a name="FNanchor_172" id="FNanchor_172" href="#Footnote_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a></p> <p>The Thlinkeets burn their dead. An exception is -made when the deceased is a shamán or a slave; the +made when the deceased is a shamán or a slave; the body of the former is preserved, after having been wrapped in furs, in a large wooden sarcophagus; and the latter is thrown out into the ocean or anywhere, like a @@ -7599,7 +7559,7 @@ which is the occasion of a festival, they hold an annual 'elevation of the dead,' at which times they erect monuments to the memory of their departed.</p> -<p>The shamáns possess some knowledge of the medicinal +<p>The shamáns possess some knowledge of the medicinal properties of herbs, but the healing of the body does not constitute so important a part of their vocation as do their dealings with supernatural powers.</p> @@ -7786,7 +7746,7 @@ Indians, bordering on the southern boundary of the Eskimos at the Coppermine River, were originally the occupants of the territory south of Great Slave Lake.</p> -<p>The Dog-ribs, or Slavés as they are called by neighboring +<p>The Dog-ribs, or Slavés as they are called by neighboring nations, are indolent, fond of amusement, but mild and hospitable. They are so debased, as savages, that the men do the laborious work, while the women employ @@ -8434,9 +8394,9 @@ the Esquimaux.' <i>Alaska</i>, p. 159. Sir John Richardson, in his <i>Journal</i vol. i., p. 341, places them on the 'western coast, by Cook's Sound and Tchugatz Bay, nearly to Mount St. Elias;' but in his <i>Polar Regions</i>, p. 299, he terminates them at Kotzebue Sound. Early writers give them the widest -scope. 'Die südlichsten sind in Amerika, auf der Küste Labrador, wo nach -Charlevoix dieser Völkerstamm den Namen Esquimaux bey den in der Nähe -wohnenden Abenaki führte, und auch an der benachbarten Ostseite von Neu-Fundland, +scope. 'Die südlichsten sind in Amerika, auf der Küste Labrador, wo nach +Charlevoix dieser Völkerstamm den Namen Esquimaux bey den in der Nähe +wohnenden Abenaki führte, und auch an der benachbarten Ostseite von Neu-Fundland, ferner westlich noch unter der Halbinsel Alaska.' <i>Vater</i>, <i>Mithridates</i>, vol. iii., pt. iii., p. 425. Dr Latham, in his <i>Varieties of Man</i>, treats the inhabitants of the Aleutian Islands as Eskimos, and in <i>Native Races @@ -8449,16 +8409,16 @@ New Caledonia conterminous with the Eskimos. The boundary lines between the Eskimos and the interior Indian tribes 'are generally formed by the summit of the watershed between the small rivers which empty into the sea and those which fall into the Yukon.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 144. Malte-Brun, -<i>Précis de la Géographie</i>, vol. v., p. 317, goes to the other extreme. 'Les Esquimaux,' +<i>Précis de la Géographie</i>, vol. v., p. 317, goes to the other extreme. 'Les Esquimaux,' he declares, 'habitent depuis le golfe Welcome jusqu'au fleuve Mackenzie, -et probablement jusqu'au détroit de Bering; ils s'étendent au sud jusqu'au +et probablement jusqu'au détroit de Bering; ils s'étendent au sud jusqu'au lac de l'Esclave.' Ludewig, <i>Aboriginal Languages</i>, p. 69, divides them into 'Eskimo proper, on the shores of Labrador, and the Western Eskimos.' Gallatin sweepingly asserts that 'they are the sole native inhabitants of the shores of all the seas, bays, inlets, and islands of America, north of the sixtieth degree of north latitude.' <i>Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact.</i>, vol. ii., p. 9. The Western -Eskimos, says Beechey, 'inhabit the north-west coast of America, from 60° 34´ -N. to 71° 24´ N.' <i>Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 299. 'Along the entire coast of America.' +Eskimos, says Beechey, 'inhabit the north-west coast of America, from 60° 34´ +N. to 71° 24´ N.' <i>Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 299. 'Along the entire coast of America.' <i>Armstrong's Nar.</i>, p. 191.</p> <p class="sidenote">ESKIMOS AND KONIAGAS.</p> @@ -8467,14 +8427,14 @@ N. to 71° 24´ N.' <i>Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 299. 'Along the entire coast of Amer River they are known by the name of <i>Naggeuktoomutes</i>, 'deer-horns.' At the eastern outlet of the Mackenzie they are called <i>Kittear</i>. Between the Mackenzie River and Barter Reef they call themselves <i>Kangmali-Innuin</i>. The -tribal name at Point Barrow is <i>Nuwangmeun</i>. 'The <i>Nuna-tangmë-un</i> inhabit +tribal name at Point Barrow is <i>Nuwangmeun</i>. 'The <i>Nuna-tangmë-un</i> inhabit the country traversed by the Nunatok, a river which falls into Kotzebue Sound.' <i>Richardson's Pol. Reg.</i>, p. 300. From Cape Lisburn to Icy Cape the tribal appellation is <i>Kitegues</i>. 'Deutsche Karten zeigen uns noch im Nord-west-Ende des russischen Nordamerika's, in dieser so anders gewandten -Küstenlinie, nördlich vom Kotzebue-Sund: im westlichen Theile des Küstenlandes, +Küstenlinie, nördlich vom Kotzebue-Sund: im westlichen Theile des Küstenlandes, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span> -dass sie West-Georgien nennen, vom Cap Lisburn bis über das Eiscap; +dass sie West-Georgien nennen, vom Cap Lisburn bis über das Eiscap; hinlaufend das Volk der Kiteguen.' <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Sprache</i>, p. 713. 'The tribes appear to be separated from each other by a neutral ground, across which small parties venture in the summer for barter.' The @@ -8487,29 +8447,29 @@ shores of north-western America.' <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 191.</p> Sound to the Island of Kadiak, including a part of the Alaskan Peninsula, and the Koniagan and Chugatschen Islands. The <i>Koniagas</i> proper inhabit Kadiak, and the contiguous islands. <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. -Sprache</i>, p. 676. 'The Konægi are inhabitants of the Isle of Kodiak.' <i>Prichard's +Sprache</i>, p. 676. 'The Konægi are inhabitants of the Isle of Kodiak.' <i>Prichard's Researches</i>, vol. v., p. 371. 'Die eigentlichen Konjagen oder Bewohner der Insel Kadjak.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 4. 'Zu den letztern rechnet -man die Aleuten von Kadjack, deren Sprache von allen Küstenbewohnern +man die Aleuten von Kadjack, deren Sprache von allen Küstenbewohnern von der Tschugatschen-Bay, bis an die Berings-Strasse und selbst weiter noch die herrschende ist.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 58. 'From Iliamna Lake -to the 159th degree of west longitude.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 401. 'La côte qui -s'étend depuis le golfe Kamischezkaja jusqu'au Nouveau-Cornouaille, est -habitée par cinq peuplades qui forment autant de grandes divisions territoriales -dans les colonies de la Russie Américaine. Leurs noms sont: Koniagi, +to the 159th degree of west longitude.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 401. 'La côte qui +s'étend depuis le golfe Kamischezkaja jusqu'au Nouveau-Cornouaille, est +habitée par cinq peuplades qui forment autant de grandes divisions territoriales +dans les colonies de la Russie Américaine. Leurs noms sont: Koniagi, Kenayzi, Tschugatschi, Ugalachmiuti et Koliugi.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 347.</p> <p>The <i>Chugatsches</i> inhabit the islands and shores of Prince William Sound. -'Die Tchugatschen bewohnen die grössten Inseln der Bai Tschugatsk, wie -Zukli, Chtagaluk u. a. und ziehen sich an der Südküste der Halbinsel Kenai +'Die Tchugatschen bewohnen die grössten Inseln der Bai Tschugatsk, wie +Zukli, Chtagaluk u. a. und ziehen sich an der Südküste der Halbinsel Kenai nach Westen bis zur Einfahrt in den Kenaischen Meerbusen.' <i>Holmberg</i>, -<i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 4. 'Die Tschugatschen sind Ankömmlinge von der Insel -Kadjack, die während innerer Zwistigkeiten von dort vertrieben, sich zu +<i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 4. 'Die Tschugatschen sind Ankömmlinge von der Insel +Kadjack, die während innerer Zwistigkeiten von dort vertrieben, sich zu ihren jetzigen Wohnsitzen an den Ufern von Prince William's Sound und gegen Westen bis zum Eingange von Cook's Inlet hingewendet haben.' <i>Baer</i>, -<i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 116. 'Les Tschugatschi occupent le pays qui s'étend depuis -l'extrémité septentrionale de l'entrée de Cook jusqu'à l'est de la baie du +<i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 116. 'Les Tschugatschi occupent le pays qui s'étend depuis +l'extrémité septentrionale de l'entrée de Cook jusqu'à l'est de la baie du prince Guillaume (golfe Tschugatskaja.)' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 348. According to Latham, <i>Native Races</i>, p. 290, they are the most southern members of the family. The Tschugazzi 'live between the Ugalyachmutzi @@ -8521,15 +8481,15 @@ hereditary possessions the coast lying between Bristol Bay and Beering's Straits.' <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. i., p. 364.</p> <p>The <i>Aglegmutes</i> occupy the shores of Bristol Bay from the river Nushagak -along the western coast of the Alaskan Peninsula, to latitude 56°. 'Die Aglegmjuten, -von der Mündung des Flusses Nuschagakh bis zum 57° oder 56° -an der Westküste der Halbinsel Aljaska; haben also die Ufer der Bristol-Bai +along the western coast of the Alaskan Peninsula, to latitude 56°. 'Die Aglegmjuten, +von der Mündung des Flusses Nuschagakh bis zum 57° oder 56° +an der Westküste der Halbinsel Aljaska; haben also die Ufer der Bristol-Bai <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span> inne.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 4. Dall calls them Oglemutes, and says that they inhabit 'the north coast of Aliaska from the 159th degree of west longitude to the head of Bristol Bay, and along the north shore of that Bay -to Point Etolin.' <i>Alaska</i>, p. 405. Die Agolegmüten, an den Ausmündungen -der Flüsse Nuschagack und Nackneck, ungefähr 500 an der Zahl.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. +to Point Etolin.' <i>Alaska</i>, p. 405. Die Agolegmüten, an den Ausmündungen +der Flüsse Nuschagack und Nackneck, ungefähr 500 an der Zahl.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 121.</p> <p>The <i>Kijataigmutes</i> dwell upon the banks of the river Nushagak and along @@ -8537,31 +8497,31 @@ the coast westward to Cape Newenham. 'Die Kijataigmjuten wohnen an den Ufern des Flusses Nuschagakh, sowie seines Nebenflusses Iligajakh.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 5. Dall says that they call themselves Nushergagmut, and 'inhabit the coast near the mouth of the Nushergak River, and -westward to Cape Newenham.' <i>Alaska</i>, p. 405. 'Die Kijaten oder Kijataigmüten -an den Flüssen Nuschagack und Ilgajack.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 121. +westward to Cape Newenham.' <i>Alaska</i>, p. 405. 'Die Kijaten oder Kijataigmüten +an den Flüssen Nuschagack und Ilgajack.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 121. 'Am Fl. Nuschagak.' <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Sprache</i>, p. 760.</p> <p>The <i>Agulmutes</i> inhabit the coast between the rivers Kuskoquim and Kishunak. -'Die Aguljmjuten haben sowohl den Küstenstrich als das Innere -des Landes zwischen den Mündungen des Kuskokwim und des Kishunakh +'Die Aguljmjuten haben sowohl den Küstenstrich als das Innere +des Landes zwischen den Mündungen des Kuskokwim und des Kishunakh inne.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 5. 'This tribe extends from near Cape Avinoff -nearly to Cape Romanzoff.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 406. 'Den Agulmüten, -am Flusse Kwichlüwack.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 122. 'An der Kwickpak-Münd.' +nearly to Cape Romanzoff.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 406. 'Den Agulmüten, +am Flusse Kwichlüwack.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 122. 'An der Kwickpak-Münd.' <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Sprache</i>, p. 719.</p> <p>The <i>Kuskoquigmutes</i> occupy the banks of Kuskoquim River and Bay. 'Die Kuskokwigmjuten bewohnen die Ufer des Flusses Kuskokwim von -seiner Mündung bis zur Ansiedelung Kwygyschpainagmjut in der Nähe der +seiner Mündung bis zur Ansiedelung Kwygyschpainagmjut in der Nähe der Odinotschka Kalmakow.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 5. The Kuskwogmuts 'inhabit both shores of Kuskoquim Bay, and some little distance up that river.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 405. 'Die Kuskokwimer an dem Flusse Kuskokwim -und andern kleinen Zuflüssen desselben und an den Ufern der südlich von +und andern kleinen Zuflüssen desselben und an den Ufern der südlich von diesem Flusse gelegenen Seen.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 122. 'Between the rivers Nushagak, Ilgajak, Chulitna, and Kuskokwina, on the sea-shore.' <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 98.</p> <p>The <i>Magemutes</i> live between the rivers Kishunak and Kipunaiak. 'Die -Magmjuten oder Magagmjuten, zwischen den Flüssen Kiskunakh und Kipunajakh.' +Magmjuten oder Magagmjuten, zwischen den Flüssen Kiskunakh und Kipunajakh.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 5. 'These inhabit the vicinity of Cape Romanzoff and reach nearly to the Yukon-mouth.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 407. 'Magimuten, am Flusse Kyschunack.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 122. 'Im S des @@ -8569,8 +8529,8 @@ Norton Busens.' <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Sprache</i>, p. 766.</p> <p>The <i>Kwichpagmutes</i>, or inhabitants of the large river, dwell upon the Kwichpak River, from the coast range to the Uallik. 'Die Kwichpagmjuten, haben -ihre Ansiedelungen am Kwickpakh vom Küstengebirge an bis zum Nebenflusse -Uallik.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 5. 'Kuwichpackmüten, am Flusse +ihre Ansiedelungen am Kwickpakh vom Küstengebirge an bis zum Nebenflusse +Uallik.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 5. 'Kuwichpackmüten, am Flusse Kuwichpack.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 122. 'Tlagga Silla, or little dogs, nearer to the mouth of the Yukon, and probably conterminous with the Eskimo Kwichpak-meut.' <i>Latham's Nat. Races</i>, p. 293. On Whymper's map @@ -8579,24 +8539,24 @@ are the <i>Primoski</i>, near the delta of the Yukon.</p> <p>The <i>Kwichluagmutes</i> dwell upon the banks of the Kwichluak or Crooked River, an arm of the Kwichpak. 'Die Kwichljuagmjuten an den Ufern eines <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span> -Mündungsarmes des Kwichpakh, der Kwichljuakh.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, +Mündungsarmes des Kwichpakh, der Kwichljuakh.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 5. 'Inhabit the Kwikhpak Slough.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 407.</p> <p>The <i>Pashtoliks</i> dwell upon the river Pashtolik. 'Die Paschtoligmjuten, -an den Ufern des Pastolflusses.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 6. 'Paschtoligmüten, +an den Ufern des Pastolflusses.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 6. 'Paschtoligmüten, am Flusse Paschtol.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 122. Whymper places them immediately north of the delta of the Yukon.</p> <p>The <i>Chnagmutes</i> occupy the coast and islands south of the Unalaklik River to Pashtolik Bay. 'Die Tschnagmjuten, an den Ufern der Meerbusen -Pastol und Schachtolik zwischen den Flüssen Pastol an Unalaklik.' <i>Holmberg</i>, -<i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 6. 'Den Tschnagmüten, gegen Norden von den Paschtuligmüten +Pastol und Schachtolik zwischen den Flüssen Pastol an Unalaklik.' <i>Holmberg</i>, +<i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 6. 'Den Tschnagmüten, gegen Norden von den Paschtuligmüten und gegen Westen bis zum Kap Rodney.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 122. 'Am. sdl. Norton-Busen.' <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Sprache</i>, p. 805.</p> <p>The <i>Anlygmutes</i> inhabit the shores of Golovnin Bay and the southern coast of the Kaviak peninsula. 'Die Anlygmjuten, an den Ufern der Bai -Golownin nördlich vom Nortonsunde.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 6. 'Anlygmüten, +Golownin nördlich vom Nortonsunde.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 6. 'Anlygmüten, an der Golowninschen Bai.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 122. 'Ndl. vom Norton-Sund.' <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Sprache</i>, p. 722.</p> @@ -8607,10 +8567,10 @@ to Port Clarence and Behring Strait.' <i>Whymper's Alaska</i>, p. 167. <p>The <i>Malemutes</i> inhabit the coast at the mouth of the Unalaklik River, and northward along the shores of Norton Sound across the neck of the Kaviak Peninsula at Kotzebue Sound. 'Die Maleigmjuten bewohnen die -Küste des Nortonsundes vom Flusse Unalaklik an und gehen durch das Innere +Küste des Nortonsundes vom Flusse Unalaklik an und gehen durch das Innere des Landes hinauf bis zum Kotzebuesunde.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 6. 'From Norton Sound and Bay north of Shaktolik, and the neck of the -Kaviak Peninsula to Selawik Lake.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 407. 'Den Malimüten, +Kaviak Peninsula to Selawik Lake.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 407. 'Den Malimüten, nahe an den Ufern des Golfes Schaktulack oder Schaktol.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 122. The Malemutes 'extend from the island of St. Michael to Golovin Sound.' <i>Whymper's Alaska</i>, p. 167. 'Ndl. am Norton-Busen bis zum Kotzebue @@ -8626,7 +8586,7 @@ namely, on the Alaskan peninsula, three tribes to which the Russians have given names—<i>Morshewskoje</i>, <i>Bjeljkowskoje</i>, and <i>Pawlowskoje</i>; on the island of Unga, the <i>Ugnasiks</i>; on the island of Unimak, the <i>Sesaguks</i>; the <i>Tigaldas</i> on Tigalda Island; the <i>Avatanaks</i> on Avatanak Island; on the Island -of Akun, three tribes, which the Russians call <i>Arteljnowskoje</i>, <i>Rjätscheschnoje</i>, +of Akun, three tribes, which the Russians call <i>Arteljnowskoje</i>, <i>Rjätscheschnoje</i>, and <i>Seredkinskoje</i>; the <i>Akutans</i> on the Akutan Island; the <i>Unalgas</i> on the Unalga Island; the <i>Sidanaks</i> on Spirkin Island; on the island of Unalashka, the <i>Ililluluk</i>, the <i>Nguyuk</i>, and seven tribes called by the Russians <i>Natykinskoje</i>, @@ -8635,7 +8595,7 @@ and <i>Kalechinskoje</i>; and on the island of Umnak the <i>Tuliks</i>. Latham, <i>Nat. Races</i>, p. 291, assigns them to the Aleutian Isles. 'Die Unalaschkaer oder Fuchs-Aleuten bewohnen die Gruppe der Fuchsinseln, den <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span> -südwestlichen Theil der Halbinsel Aljaska, und die Inselgruppe Schumaginsk. +südwestlichen Theil der Halbinsel Aljaska, und die Inselgruppe Schumaginsk. Die Atchaer oder Andrejanowschen Aleuten bewohnen die Andrejanowschen, die Ratten, und die Nahen-Inseln der Aleuten-Kette.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, pp. 7, 8. Inhabit 'the islands between Alyaska and Kamschatka.' <i>Ludewig</i>, @@ -8648,14 +8608,14 @@ Copper River and the river Nass. 'Die eigentlichen Thlinkithen (Bewohner des Archipels von den Parallelen des Flusses Nass bis zum St. Elias-berge).' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 4. 'The Kalosh Indians seen at Sitka inhabit the coast between the Stekine and Chilcat Rivers.' <i>Whymper's Alaska</i>, p. 100. -'Kaloches et Kiganis. Côtes et îles de l'Amérique Russe.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, +'Kaloches et Kiganis. Côtes et îles de l'Amérique Russe.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. The 'Koloshians live upon the islands and coast from the -latitude 50° 40´ to the mouth of the Atna or Copper River.' <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, -1869, p. 562. 'From about 60° to 45° N. Lat., reaching therefore across the -Russian frontier as far as the Columbia River.' <i>Müller's Chips</i>, vol. i., p. 334. +latitude 50° 40´ to the mouth of the Atna or Copper River.' <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, +1869, p. 562. 'From about 60° to 45° N. Lat., reaching therefore across the +Russian frontier as far as the Columbia River.' <i>Müller's Chips</i>, vol. i., p. 334. 'At Sitka Bay and Norfolk Sound.' <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 96. 'Between Jacootat or Behring's Bay, to the 57th degree of north latitude.' <i>Lisiansky's -Voy.</i>, p. 242. 'Die Völker eines grossen Theils der Nordwest-Küste von +Voy.</i>, p. 242. 'Die Völker eines grossen Theils der Nordwest-Küste von America.' <i>Vater</i>, <i>Mithridates</i>, vol. iii., pt. iii., p. 218. 'Les Koliugi habitent le pays montueux du Nouveau-Norfolk, et la partie septentrionale du Nouveau-Cornouaille.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 349.</p> @@ -8664,14 +8624,14 @@ pays montueux du Nouveau-Norfolk, et la partie septentrionale du Nouveau-Cornoua the coast from both banks of the mouth of Copper River, nearly to Mount St Elias. 'About Mount Elias.' <i>Latham's Nat. Races</i>, p. 292. Adjacent to Behring Bay. <i>Prichard's Researches</i>, vol. v., p. 370. 'Die Ugalenzen, die -im Winter eine Bucht des Festlandes, der kleinen Insel Kajak gegenüber, -bewohnen, zum Sommer aber ihre Wohnungsplätze an dem rechten Ufer des -Kupferflusses bei dessen Mündung aufschlagen.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. -4. 'Das Vorgebirge St. Elias, kann als die Gränzscheide der Wohnsitze +im Winter eine Bucht des Festlandes, der kleinen Insel Kajak gegenüber, +bewohnen, zum Sommer aber ihre Wohnungsplätze an dem rechten Ufer des +Kupferflusses bei dessen Mündung aufschlagen.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. +4. 'Das Vorgebirge St. Elias, kann als die Gränzscheide der Wohnsitze der See-Koloschen gegen Nordwest angesehen werden.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, -p. 96. 'Les Ugalachmiuti s'étendent depuis le golfe du Prince Guillaume, jusqu'à +p. 96. 'Les Ugalachmiuti s'étendent depuis le golfe du Prince Guillaume, jusqu'à la baie de Jakutat.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 348. 'Ugalenzen -oder Ugaljachmjuten. An der russ. Küste ndwstl. vom St. Elias Berg.' <i>Buschmann</i>, +oder Ugaljachmjuten. An der russ. Küste ndwstl. vom St. Elias Berg.' <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Sprache</i>, p. 807. 'West of Cape St. Elias and near the island of Kadjak.' <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 194.</p> @@ -8740,9 +8700,9 @@ Channel.' <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. 562. Southern entrance Clarence Strai <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 489. The Tongarses or Tun Ghaase 'are a small tribe, inhabiting the S.E. corner of Prince of Wales's Archipelago.' <i>Scouler</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 218. 'Tungass, an der sdlst. russ. -Küste.' <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Sprache</i>, p. 806. 'Tunghase Indians +Küste.' <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Sprache</i>, p. 806. 'Tunghase Indians of the south-eastern part of Prince of Wales's Archipelago.' <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. -Lang.</i>, p. 192. Tongas Indians, lat. 54° 46´ N. and long. 130° 35´ W. <i>Dall's +Lang.</i>, p. 192. Tongas Indians, lat. 54° 46´ N. and long. 130° 35´ W. <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 251.</p> <p class="sidenote">THE TINNEH.</p> @@ -8753,10 +8713,10 @@ west from Hudson Bay, approaching the Arctic and Pacific Coasts to within from fifty to one hundred and fifty miles: at Prince William Sound, they even touch the seashore. Mackenzie, <i>Voy.</i>, p. cxvii., gives boundaries upon the basis of which Gallatin, <i>Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact.</i>, vol. ii., p. 9, draws a -line from the Mississippi to within one hundred miles of the Pacific at 52° -30´, and allots them the northern interior to Eskimos lands. 'Extend across -the continent.' <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. ii., p. 2. 'Von der nördlichen Hudsonsbai -aus fast die ganze Breite des Continents durchläuft—im Norden und +line from the Mississippi to within one hundred miles of the Pacific at 52° +30´, and allots them the northern interior to Eskimos lands. 'Extend across +the continent.' <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. ii., p. 2. 'Von der nördlichen Hudsonsbai +aus fast die ganze Breite des Continents durchläuft—im Norden und Nordwesten den 65ten Grad u. beinahe die Gestade des Polarmeers erreicht.' <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Athapask. Sprachst.</i>, p. 313. The Athabascan area touches Hudson's Bay on the one side, the Pacific on the other.' <i>Latham's Comp. Phil.</i>, @@ -8764,7 +8724,7 @@ p. 388. 'Occupies the whole of the northern limits of North America, together with the Eskimos.' <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 14.</p> <p>The <i>Chipewyans</i>, or Athabascas proper, Mackenzie, <i>Voy.</i>, p. cxvi., places between -N. latitude 60° and 65°, and W. longitude 100° and 110°. 'Between the +N. latitude 60° and 65°, and W. longitude 100° and 110°. 'Between the Athabasca and Great Slave Lakes and Churchill River.' <i>Franklin's Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 241. 'Frequent the Elk and Slave Rivers, and the country westward to Hay River.' <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. ii., p. 5. The Northern Indians occupy @@ -8785,7 +8745,7 @@ and the west end of Great Slave Lake.' <i>Franklin's Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 82.< Jour.</i>, p. 309. On Mackenzie's map they are situated between Slave and Martin Lakes. 'Between the Peace River and the West branch of the Mackenzie.' <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. ii., p. 6. Edchawtawhoot-dinneh, Strong-bow, -Beaver or Thick-wood Indians, who frequent the Rivière aux Liards, or +Beaver or Thick-wood Indians, who frequent the Rivière aux Liards, or south branch of the Mackenzie River, <i>Franklin's Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 85.</p> <p>The <i>Thlingcha-dinneh</i>, or Dog-ribs, 'inhabit the country to the westward @@ -8804,7 +8764,7 @@ Slave Lake, extending towards the Great Bear Lake. <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Am. An Soc. Transact.</i>, vol. ii., p. 19.</p> <p>'To the eastward of the Dog-ribs are the Red-knives, named by their southern -neighbors, the <i>Tantsaut-'dtinnè</i> (Birch-rind people). They inhabit a +neighbors, the <i>Tantsaut-'dtinnè</i> (Birch-rind people). They inhabit a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span> stripe of country running northwards from Great Slave Lake, and in breadth from the Great Fish River to the Coppermine.' <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. ii., p. 4.</p> @@ -8812,27 +8772,27 @@ from the Great Fish River to the Coppermine.' <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. ii <p>The <i>Ambawtawhoot Tinneh</i>, or Sheep Indians, 'inhabit the Rocky Mountains near the sources of the Dawhoot-dinneh River which flows into Mackenzie's.' <i>Franklin's Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 84. Further down the Mackenzie, -near the 65° parallel. <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. ii., p. 7.</p> +near the 65° parallel. <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. ii., p. 7.</p> -<p>The <i>Sarsis</i>, <i>Circees</i>, <i>Ciriés</i>, <i>Sarsi</i>, <i>Sorsi</i>, <i>Sussees</i>, <i>Sursees</i>, or <i>Surcis</i>, 'live +<p>The <i>Sarsis</i>, <i>Circees</i>, <i>Ciriés</i>, <i>Sarsi</i>, <i>Sorsi</i>, <i>Sussees</i>, <i>Sursees</i>, or <i>Surcis</i>, 'live near the Rocky Mountains between the sources of the Athabasca and Saskatchewan -Rivers; are said to be likewise of the Tinné stock.' <i>Richardson's +Rivers; are said to be likewise of the Tinné stock.' <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. ii., p. 6. 'Near the sources of one of the branches of the Saskachawan.' <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact.</i>, vol. ii., p. 19.</p> <p>The <i>Tsillawdawhoot Tinneh</i>, or Brush-wood Indians, inhabit the upper -branches of the Rivière aux Liards. <i>Franklin's Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 87. On the +branches of the Rivière aux Liards. <i>Franklin's Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 87. On the River aux Liards (Poplar River), <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact.</i>, vol. ii., p. 19.</p> -<p>The <i>Nagailer</i>, or Chin Indians, on Mackenzie's map, latitude 52° 30´ longitude -122° to 125°, 'inhabit the country about 52° 30´ N. L. to the southward +<p>The <i>Nagailer</i>, or Chin Indians, on Mackenzie's map, latitude 52° 30´ longitude +122° to 125°, 'inhabit the country about 52° 30´ N. L. to the southward of the Takalli, and thence extend south along Fraser's River towards the Straits of Fuca.' <i>Prichard's Researches</i>, vol. v., p. 427.</p> <p>The <i>Slouacuss Tinneh</i> on Mackenzie's are next north-west from the Nagailer. -Vater places them at 52° 4´. 'Noch näher der Küste um den 52° 4´ -wohnten die Slua-cuss-dinais d. i. Rothfisch-Männer.' <i>Vater</i>, <i>Mithridates</i>, vol. +Vater places them at 52° 4´. 'Noch näher der Küste um den 52° 4´ +wohnten die Slua-cuss-dinais d. i. Rothfisch-Männer.' <i>Vater</i>, <i>Mithridates</i>, vol. iii., pt. iii., p. 421. On the upper part of Frazers River. <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, p. 323.</p> <p>The <i>Rocky Mountain Indians</i> are a small tribe situated to the south-west @@ -8840,20 +8800,20 @@ of the Sheep Indians. <i>Franklin's Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 85. 'On the Unjigah o Peace River.' <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact.</i>, vol. ii., p. 19. On the upper tributaries of Peace River. <i>Mackenzie's Voy.</i>, p. 163.</p> -<p>The <i>Tacullies</i>, or Carriers, inhabit New Caledonia from latitude 52° 30´ to -latitude 56°. 'A general name given to the native tribes of New-Caledonia.' +<p>The <i>Tacullies</i>, or Carriers, inhabit New Caledonia from latitude 52° 30´ to +latitude 56°. 'A general name given to the native tribes of New-Caledonia.' <i>Morse's Report</i>, p. 371. 'All the natives of the Upper Fraser are called by the Hudson Bay Company, and indeed generally, "Porteurs," or Carriers.' -<i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 298. 'Tokalis, Le Nord de la Nouvelle Calédonie.' <i>Mofras</i>, +<i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 298. 'Tokalis, Le Nord de la Nouvelle Calédonie.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Northern part of New Caledonia.' <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., p. 33. 'On the sources of Fraser's River.' -<i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 178. 'Unter den Völkern des Tinné-Stammes, welche +<i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 178. 'Unter den Völkern des Tinné-Stammes, welche das Land westlich von den Rocky Mountains bewohnen, nehmen die Takuli -(Wasservolk) oder Carriers den grössten Theil von Neu-Caledonien +(Wasservolk) oder Carriers den grössten Theil von Neu-Caledonien ein.' <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Athapask. Sprachst.</i>, p. 152. 'Greater part of New Caledonia.' <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. ii., p. 31. 'Latitude of Queen Charlotte's -Island.' <i>Prichard's Researches</i>, vol. v., p. 427. 'From latitude 52° 30´, where -it borders on the country of the Shoushaps, to latitude 56°, including Simpson's +Island.' <i>Prichard's Researches</i>, vol. v., p. 427. 'From latitude 52° 30´, where +it borders on the country of the Shoushaps, to latitude 56°, including Simpson's River.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 202. 'South of the Sicannis and Straits Lake.' <i>Harmon's Jour.</i>, p. 196. They 'are divided into eleven clans, or minor tribes, whose names are—beginning at the south—as @@ -8881,19 +8841,19 @@ Indians and West of them.' <i>Morse's Report</i>, p. 371.</p> westward along the Yukon Valley to near the mouth of the river, with the Eskimos on one side and the Koltshanes on the other. Buschmann, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Sprache</i>, p. 713, places them on the sixty-fifth parallel of latitude, -and from 130° to 150° of longitude west from Greenwich. 'Das Volk wohnt -am Flusse Yukon oder Kwichpak und über ihm; es dehnt sich nach Richardson's -Karte auf dem 65ten Parallelkreise aus vom 130-150° W. L. v. Gr., -und gehört daher zur Hälfte dem britischen und zur Hälfte dem russischen +and from 130° to 150° of longitude west from Greenwich. 'Das Volk wohnt +am Flusse Yukon oder Kwichpak und über ihm; es dehnt sich nach Richardson's +Karte auf dem 65ten Parallelkreise aus vom 130-150° W. L. v. Gr., +und gehört daher zur Hälfte dem britischen und zur Hälfte dem russischen Nordamerika an.' They are located 'immediately to the northward of the Hare Indians on both banks of Mackenzie's River.' <i>Franklin's Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 83. Gallatin, <i>Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact.</i>, vol. ii., p. 83, places their northern -boundary in latitude 67° 27´. To the west of the Mackenzie the Loucheux -interpose between the Esquimaux 'and the Tinné, and spread westward +boundary in latitude 67° 27´. To the west of the Mackenzie the Loucheux +interpose between the Esquimaux 'and the Tinné, and spread westward until they come into the neighborhood of the coast tribes of Beering's Sea.' <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. i., p. 377. 'The Kutchin may be said to inhabit the territory extending from the Mackenzie, at the mouth of Peel's -River, lat. 68°, long. 134°, to Norton's sound, living principally upon the +River, lat. 68°, long. 134°, to Norton's sound, living principally upon the banks of the Youcon and Porcupine Rivers, though several of the tribes are situated far inland, many days' journey from either river.' <i>Jones</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1866, p. 320. 'They commence somewhere about the 65th degree of @@ -8937,8 +8897,8 @@ sides of the Yukon about Fort Selkirk, above the Han Kutchin. <i>Id.</i>, pp. Canadians, are spread from the upper parts of the Peel and Porcupine Rivers, within the British territory, to the river of the Mountain-men, in the Russian. The upper Yukon is therefore their occupancy. They fall into four bands: -<i>a</i>, the Tratsè-kutshi, or people of the fork of the river; <i>b</i>, the Kutsha-kutshi; -<i>c</i>, the Zèkà-thaka (Ziunka-kutshi), people on this side, (or middle people); +<i>a</i>, the Tratsè-kutshi, or people of the fork of the river; <i>b</i>, the Kutsha-kutshi; +<i>c</i>, the Zèkà -thaka (Ziunka-kutshi), people on this side, (or middle people); and, <i>d</i>, the Tanna-kutshi, or people of the bluffs.' <i>Latham's Nat. Races</i>, p. 293.</p> <p>The Han-Kutchin, An-Kutchin Gens de Bois, or wood people, inhabit the @@ -8952,18 +8912,18 @@ cuts through their country; so that they lie between the head-waters of the Yukon and the Pacific.' <i>Latham's Nat. Races</i>, p. 293. See also <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. i., p. 397.</p> -<p>The Kutcha-Kutchins, or Kot-à-Kutchin, 'are found in the country near +<p>The Kutcha-Kutchins, or Kot-à -Kutchin, 'are found in the country near the junction of the Porcupine and the Yukon.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 431.</p> <p>The Tenan-Kutchin, or Tananahs, Gens de Buttes, or people of the mountains, occupy an unexplored domain south-west of Fort Yukon. Their country is drained by the Tananah River. <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 108. They are placed on -Whymper's map about twenty miles south of the Yukon, in longitude 151° +Whymper's map about twenty miles south of the Yukon, in longitude 151° west from Greenwich. On Whymper's map are placed: the Birch Indians, or Gens de Bouleau on the south bank of the Yukon at its junction with Porcupine River; the Gens de Milieu, on the north bank of the Yukon, in -longitude 150°; the Nuclukayettes on both banks in longitude 152°; and the -Newicarguts, on the south bank between longitude 153° and 155°.</p> +longitude 150°; the Nuclukayettes on both banks in longitude 152°; and the +Newicarguts, on the south bank between longitude 153° and 155°.</p> <p>The <i>Kenais</i> occupy the peninsula of Kenai and the surrounding country. <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. 562. 'An den Ufern und den Umgebungen von Cook's @@ -8976,14 +8936,14 @@ and Nuklukahyet.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 53.</p> <i>Sagoskin</i>, in <i>Denkschr. der russ. geo. Gesell.</i>, p. 324. 'Die Junnakachotana, am Flusse Jukchana oder Junna (so wird der obere Lauf des Kwichpakh <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span> -genannt) zwischen den Nebenflüssen Nulato und Junnaka, so wie am untern +genannt) zwischen den Nebenflüssen Nulato und Junnaka, so wie am untern Laufe des letztgenannten Flusses.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 6.</p> <p>'Die Junnachotana bewohnen den obern Lauf des Jukchana oder Junna -von der Mündung des Junnaka.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 6.</p> +von der Mündung des Junnaka.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 6.</p> <p>'Die Jugelnuten haben ihre Ansiedelungen am Kwichpakh, am Tschageljuk -und an der Mündung des Innoka. Die Inkalichljuaten, am obern Laufe +und an der Mündung des Innoka. Die Inkalichljuaten, am obern Laufe des Innoka. Die Thljegonchotana am Flusse Thljegon, der nach der Vereinigung mit dem Tatschegno den Innoka bildet.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, pp. 6, 7. 'They extend virtually from the confluence of the Co-Yukuk River to @@ -8996,26 +8956,26 @@ River. See <i>Whymper's Map</i>. 'The tribe extends from the edge of the wooded district near the sea to and across the Yukon below Nulato, on the Yukon and its affluents to the head of the delta, and across the portage to the Kuskoquim River and its branches.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 28. 'Die Inkiliken, am -untern Laufe des Junna südlich von Nulato.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 6. +untern Laufe des Junna südlich von Nulato.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 6. 'An dem ganzen Ittege wohnt der Stamm der Inkiliken, welcher zu dem -Volk der Ttynai gehört.' <i>Sagoskin</i>, in <i>Denkschr. der russ. geo. Gesell.</i>, p. -341. 'An den Flüssen Kwichpack, Kuskokwim und anderen ihnen zuströmenden -Flüssen.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 120. 'The Ingaliks living on +Volk der Ttynai gehört.' <i>Sagoskin</i>, in <i>Denkschr. der russ. geo. Gesell.</i>, p. +341. 'An den Flüssen Kwichpack, Kuskokwim und anderen ihnen zuströmenden +Flüssen.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 120. 'The Ingaliks living on the north side of the Yukon between it and the Kaiyuh Mountains (known as Takaitsky to the Russians), bear the name of Kaiyuhkatana or "lowland people," and the other branches of Ingaliks have similar names, while preserving their general tribal name.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 53. On Whymper's map -they are called T'kitskes and are situated east of the Yukon in latitude 64° +they are called T'kitskes and are situated east of the Yukon in latitude 64° north.</p> <p>The <i>Koltschanes</i> occupy the territory inland between the sources of the Kuskoquim and Copper Rivers. 'They extend as far inland as the watershed between the Copper-river and the Yukon.' <i>Latham's Nat. Races</i>, p. 292. 'Die Galzanen oder Koltschanen (d. h. Fremdlinge, in der Sprache -der Athnaer) bewohnen das Innere des Landes zwischen den Quellflüssen -des Kuskokwim bis zu den nördlichen Zuflüssen des Athna oder Kupferstromes.' -<i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 7. 'Diejenigen Stämme, welche die -nördlichen und östlichen, dem Atna zuströmenden Flüsse und Flüsschen bewohnen, +der Athnaer) bewohnen das Innere des Landes zwischen den Quellflüssen +des Kuskokwim bis zu den nördlichen Zuflüssen des Athna oder Kupferstromes.' +<i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 7. 'Diejenigen Stämme, welche die +nördlichen und östlichen, dem Atna zuströmenden Flüsse und Flüsschen bewohnen, eben so die noch weiter, jenseits der Gebirge lebenden, werden von den Atnaern Koltschanen, d. h. Fremdlinge, genannt.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 101. 'North of the river Atna.' <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 96.</p> @@ -9024,7 +8984,7 @@ p. 101. 'North of the river Atna.' <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 96.</p> the Mackenzie River, from Fort Selkirk and the Stakine River. 'According to Mr. Isbister, range the country between the Russian settlements on the Stikine River and the Rocky Mountains.' <i>Latham's Nat. Races</i>, p. 295. The -Nohhannies live 'upon the upper branches of the Rivière aux Liards.' <i>Franklin's +Nohhannies live 'upon the upper branches of the Rivière aux Liards.' <i>Franklin's Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 87. They 'inhabit the angle between that branch and the great bend of the trunk of the river, and are neighbours of the Beaver Indians.' <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. ii., p. 6. The region which includes the @@ -9034,7 +8994,7 @@ occupied by tribes known to the Hudson Bay voyageurs as Nehannees. Those on the Pelly and Macmillan rivers call themselves Affats-tena. Some of them near Liard's River call themselves Daho-tena or Acheto-tena, and others are called Sicannees by the voyageurs. Those near Francis Lake -are known as Mauvais Monde, or Slavé Indians. About Fort Selkirk they +are known as Mauvais Monde, or Slavé Indians. About Fort Selkirk they have been called Gens des Foux.</p> <p>The <i>Kenai</i> proper, or Kenai-tena, or Thnaina, inhabit the peninsula of @@ -9042,13 +9002,13 @@ Kenai, the shores of Cook Inlet, and thence westerly across the Chigmit Mountains, nearly to the Kuskoquim River. They 'inhabit the country near Cook's Inlet, and both shores of the Inlet as far south as Chugachik Bay.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 430. 'Die eigentlichen Thnaina bewohnen die Halbinsel -Kenai und ziehen sich von da westlich über das Tschigmit-Gebirge zum Mantaschtano -oder Tchalchukh, einem südlichen Nebenflusse des Kuskokwim.' +Kenai und ziehen sich von da westlich über das Tschigmit-Gebirge zum Mantaschtano +oder Tchalchukh, einem südlichen Nebenflusse des Kuskokwim.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 7. 'Dieses—an den Ufern und den Umgebungen -von Cook's Inlet und um die Seen Iliamna und Kisshick lebende Volk gehört +von Cook's Inlet und um die Seen Iliamna und Kisshick lebende Volk gehört zu dem selben Stamme wie die Galzanen oder Koltschanen, Atnaer, und Koloschen.' -<i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 103. 'Les <i>Kenayzi</i> habitent la côte occidentale -de l'entrée de Cook ou du golfe Kenayskaja.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Pol.</i>, tom. +<i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 103. 'Les <i>Kenayzi</i> habitent la côte occidentale +de l'entrée de Cook ou du golfe Kenayskaja.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 348. 'The Indians of Cook's Inlet and adjacent waters are called "Kanisky." They are settled along the shore of the inlet and on the east shore of the peninsula.' 'East of Cook's Inlet, in Prince William's Sound, there @@ -9061,7 +9021,7 @@ p. 392. 'Die Athnaer, am Athna oder Kupferflusse.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Ski 'On the upper part of the Atna or Copper River are a little-known tribe of the above name [viz., Ah-tena]. They have been called Atnaer and Kolshina by the Russians, and Yellow Knife or Nehaunee by the English.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, -p. 429. 'Diese kleine, jetzt ungefähr aus 60 Familien bestehende, Völkerschaft +p. 429. 'Diese kleine, jetzt ungefähr aus 60 Familien bestehende, Völkerschaft wohnt an den Ufern des Flusses Atna und nennt sich Atnaer.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 97.</p> </div> @@ -9118,11 +9078,11 @@ as in the other divisions, to subdivide the group; arbitrarily this may have been done in some instances, but as naturally as possible in all. Thus the people of Queen Charlotte Islands, and the adjacent coast for about a -hundred miles inland, extending from 55° to 52° of north +hundred miles inland, extending from 55° to 52° of north latitude, are called <i>Haidahs</i> from the predominant tribe of the islands. The occupants of Vancouver Island and -the opposite main, with its labyrinth of inlets from 52° -to 49°, I term <i>Nootkas</i>. The <i>Sound Indians</i> inhabit the +the opposite main, with its labyrinth of inlets from 52° +to 49°, I term <i>Nootkas</i>. The <i>Sound Indians</i> inhabit the region drained by streams flowing into Puget Sound, and the adjacent shores of the strait and ocean; the <i>Chinooks</i> occupy the banks of the Columbia from the Dalles to the @@ -9131,14 +9091,14 @@ and southward nearly to the Californian line. The interior of British Columbia, between the Cascade and Rocky Mountains, and south of the territory occupied by the Hyperborean Carriers, is peopled by the <i>Shushwaps</i>, -the <i>Kootenais</i>, and the <i>Okanagans</i>. Between 49° and 47°, +the <i>Kootenais</i>, and the <i>Okanagans</i>. Between 49° and 47°, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span> extending west from the Cascade to the Rocky Mountains, chiefly on the Columbia and Clarke Fork, is the <i>Salish</i> or -Flathead family. The nations dwelling south of 47° and +Flathead family. The nations dwelling south of 47° and east of the Cascade range, on the Columbia, the lower Snake, and their tributary streams, may be called <i>Sahaptins</i>, from -the name of the Nez Percé tribes.<a name="FNanchor_231" id="FNanchor_231" href="#Footnote_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> The great <i>Shoshone</i> +the name of the Nez Percé tribes.<a name="FNanchor_231" id="FNanchor_231" href="#Footnote_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> The great <i>Shoshone</i> family, extending south-east from the upper waters of the Columbia, and spreading out over nearly the whole of the Great Basin, although partially included in the Columbian @@ -9277,7 +9237,7 @@ man's diseases and death.</p> <p class="p2">In the <span class="smcap">Haidah</span> family I include the nations occupying the coast and islands from the southern extremity of Prince of Wales Archipelago to the Bentinck Arms in -about 52°. Their territory is bounded on the north and +about 52°. Their territory is bounded on the north and east by the Thlinkeet and Carrier nations of the Hyperboreans, and on the south by the Nootka family of the Columbians. Its chief nations, whose boundaries however @@ -10503,7 +10463,7 @@ employed ceremoniously to invite the guests, the house having been first cleared of its partitions, and its floor spread with mats.<a name="FNanchor_307" id="FNanchor_307" href="#Footnote_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a> As in countries more civilized, the common people go early to secure the best seats, their allotted place -being near the door. The élite come later, after being +being near the door. The élite come later, after being repeatedly sent for; on arrival they are announced by name, and assigned a place according to rank. In one corner of the hall the fish and whale-blubber are boiled @@ -11970,7 +11930,7 @@ with or have been aggravated by contact with civilization.<a name="FNanchor_366" <p class="p2"><span class="smcap">The Inland Families</span>, constituting the fifth and last division of the Columbians, inhabit the region between the Cascade Range and the eastern limit of what I term -the Pacific States, from 52° 30´ to 45° of north latitude. +the Pacific States, from 52° 30´ to 45° of north latitude. These bounds are tolerably distinct; though that on the south, separating the eastern portions of the Columbian and Californian groups, is irregular and marked by no @@ -12000,7 +11960,7 @@ beginning again at the north:</p> <p class="sidenote">THE SHUSHWAPS.</p> <p><span class="smcap">The Shushwaps</span>, our first family division, live between -52° 30´ and 49° in the interior of British Columbia, +52° 30´ and 49° in the interior of British Columbia, occupying the valleys of the Fraser, Thompson, and Upper Columbia rivers with their tributary streams and lakes. They are bounded on the west by the Nootkas @@ -12021,15 +11981,15 @@ by some considered distinct from any of their adjoining nations.</p> <p><span class="smcap">The Salish Family</span> dwells south of the Shushwaps, -between 49° and 47°, altogether on the Columbia and its +between 49° and 47°, altogether on the Columbia and its tributaries. Its nations, more clearly defined than in most other families, are the <i>Flatheads</i>,<a name="FNanchor_371" id="FNanchor_371" href="#Footnote_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a> or Salish proper, between the Bitter Root and Rocky Mountains on Flathead and Clarke rivers; the <i>Pend d'Oreilles</i>,<a name="FNanchor_372" id="FNanchor_372" href="#Footnote_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a> who dwell about the lake of the same name and on Clarke River, for fifty to seventy-five miles above and below the lake; -the <i>Coeurs d'Alêne</i>,<a name="FNanchor_373" id="FNanchor_373" href="#Footnote_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a> south of the Pend d'Oreilles, on -Coeur d'Alêne Lake and the streams falling into it; the +the <i>Coeurs d'Alêne</i>,<a name="FNanchor_373" id="FNanchor_373" href="#Footnote_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a> south of the Pend d'Oreilles, on +Coeur d'Alêne Lake and the streams falling into it; the <i>Colvilles</i>,<a name="FNanchor_374" id="FNanchor_374" href="#Footnote_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a> a term which may be used to designate the variously named bands about Kettle Falls, and northward along the Columbia to the Arrow Lakes; the <i>Spokanes</i>,<a name="FNanchor_375" id="FNanchor_375" href="#Footnote_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a> @@ -12046,7 +12006,7 @@ group, is immediately south of the Salish, between the Cascade and Bitter Root mountains, reaching southward, in general terms, to the forty-fifth parallel, but very irregularly bounded by the Shoshone tribes of the Californian -group. Of its nations, the <i>Nez Percés</i>,<a name="FNanchor_377" id="FNanchor_377" href="#Footnote_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a> or Sahaptins +group. Of its nations, the <i>Nez Percés</i>,<a name="FNanchor_377" id="FNanchor_377" href="#Footnote_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a> or Sahaptins proper, dwell on the Clearwater and its branches, and on the Snake about the forks; the <i>Palouse</i><a name="FNanchor_378" id="FNanchor_378" href="#Footnote_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a> occupy the region north of the Snake about the mouth of the @@ -12078,7 +12038,7 @@ tribes small and well made. In bodily strength they are inferior to whites, but superior, as might be expected from their habits, to the more indolent fish-eaters on the Pacific. The women, though never corpulent, are more -inclined to rotundity than the men. The Nez Percés +inclined to rotundity than the men. The Nez Percés and Cayuses are considered the best specimens, while in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">255</a></span> the north the Kootenais seem to be superior to the other @@ -12086,7 +12046,7 @@ Shushwap nations. The Salish are assigned by Wilkes and Hale an intermediate place in physical attributes between the coast and mountain tribes, being in stature and proportion superior to the Chinooks, but inferior to -the Nez Percés.<a name="FNanchor_382" id="FNanchor_382" href="#Footnote_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a> Inland, a higher order of face is observed +the Nez Percés.<a name="FNanchor_382" id="FNanchor_382" href="#Footnote_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a> Inland, a higher order of face is observed than on the coast. The cheek-bones are still high, the forehead is rather low, the face long, the eyes black, rarely oblique, the nose prominent and frequently @@ -12120,7 +12080,7 @@ deforming the person, such as tattooing and perforating the features are as a rule not employed; the Yakimas and Kliketats, however, with some other lower Columbia tribes, pierce or cut away the septum of the nose,<a name="FNanchor_385" id="FNanchor_385" href="#Footnote_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a> -and the Nez Percés probably derived their name from a +and the Nez Percés probably derived their name from a similar custom formerly practiced by them. Paint, however, is used by all inland as well as coast tribes on occasions when decoration is desired, but applied in less @@ -12233,7 +12193,7 @@ spears, and all the implements and methods by which fish are taken and cured have been sufficiently described in treating of the coast region; in the interior I find no important variations except in the basket method in use -at the Chaudières or Kettle Falls by the Quiarlpi tribe. +at the Chaudières or Kettle Falls by the Quiarlpi tribe. Here an immense willow basket, often ten feet in diameter and twelve feet deep, is suspended at the falls from <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">262</a></span> @@ -12268,7 +12228,7 @@ permit. Buffalo are now never found west of the Rocky Mountains, and there are but few localities where large game has ever been abundant, at least since the country became known to white men. Consequently the Flatheads, -Nez Percés, and Kootenais, the distinctively hunting +Nez Percés, and Kootenais, the distinctively hunting nations, as well as bands from nearly every other tribe, cross the mountains once or twice each year, penetrating to the buffalo-plains between the Yellowstone and the @@ -12318,7 +12278,7 @@ though many are both to the European.<a name="FNanchor_392" id="FNanchor_392" hr the other work of digging roots, picking berries, as well as dressing, preserving, and cooking all kinds of food is done by the women, with some exceptions among the -Nez Percés and Pend d'Oreilles. Buffalo-meat is jerked +Nez Percés and Pend d'Oreilles. Buffalo-meat is jerked by cutting in thin pieces and drying in the sun and over smouldering fires on scaffolds of poles. Fish is sun-dried on scaffolds, and by some tribes on the lower Columbia @@ -12353,7 +12313,7 @@ the natives to considerable extent.<a name="FNanchor_394" id="FNanchor_394" href <p class="sidenote">PERSONAL HABITS IN THE INTERIOR.</p> <p>In their personal habits, as well as the care of their -lodges, the Cayuses, Nez Percés, and Kootenais, are +lodges, the Cayuses, Nez Percés, and Kootenais, are mentioned as neat and cleanly; the rest, though filthy, are still somewhat superior to the dwellers on the coast. The Flatheads wash themselves daily, but their dishes @@ -12384,7 +12344,7 @@ Resort to arms for the settlement of their intertribal disputes seems to have been very rare. Yet all are brave warriors when fighting becomes necessary for defense or vengeance against a foreign foe; notably so the -Cayuses, Nez Percés, Flatheads and Kootenais. The +Cayuses, Nez Percés, Flatheads and Kootenais. The two former waged both aggressive and defensive warfare against the Snakes of the south; while the latter joined their arms against their common foes, the eastern @@ -12427,7 +12387,7 @@ some survive and are made slaves. In the Flathead torture of the Blackfeet are practiced all the fiendish acts of cruelty that native cunning can devise, all of which are borne with the traditional stoicism and taunts -of the North American Indian. The Nez Percé system +of the North American Indian. The Nez Percé system is a little less cruel in order to save life for future slavery. Day after day, at a stated hour, the captives are brought out and made to hold the scalps of their dead friends @@ -12477,7 +12437,7 @@ their construction or ornamentation; the only requisite being supporting capacity, as is natural in a country where canoes play but a small part in the work of procuring food. Farther in the interior the mountain tribes -of the Sahaptin family, as the Cayuses and Nez Percés, +of the Sahaptin family, as the Cayuses and Nez Percés, make no boats, but use rude rafts or purchase an occasional canoe from their neighbors, for the rare cases when it becomes necessary to transport property across an unfordable @@ -12503,7 +12463,7 @@ load, but easily capsized unless when very skillfully managed.<a name="FNanchor_ is the family which has not for each member, young and old, an animal to ride, as well as others sufficient to transport all the household goods, and to trade for the few -foreign articles needed. The Nez Percés, Cayuses and +foreign articles needed. The Nez Percés, Cayuses and Walla Wallas have more and better stock than other nations, individuals often possessing bands of from one thousand to three thousand. The Kootenais are the @@ -12619,7 +12579,7 @@ in some nations includes certain visits to the bride before marriage; and the Spokane suitor must consult both the chief and the young lady, as well as her parents; indeed the latter may herself propose if she wishes. Runaway -matches are not unknown, but by the Nez Percés the +matches are not unknown, but by the Nez Percés the woman is in such cases considered a prostitute, and the bride's parents may seize upon the man's property. Many tribes seem to require no marriage ceremony, but in others @@ -12648,7 +12608,7 @@ the marriage at will, but property must be equitably divided, the children going with the mother. Discarded wives are often reinstated. If a Kliketat wife die soon after marriage, the husband may reclaim her -price; the Nez Percé may not marry for a year after her +price; the Nez Percé may not marry for a year after her death, but he is careful to avoid the inconvenience of this regulation by marrying just before that event. The Salish widow must remain a widow for about two years, @@ -12658,7 +12618,7 @@ taste or forfeit her husband's property.<a name="FNanchor_405" id="FNanchor_405" make faithful, obedient wives and affectionate mothers. Incontinence in either girls or married women is extremely rare, and prostitution almost unknown, being -severely punished, especially among the Nez Percés. In +severely punished, especially among the Nez Percés. In this respect the inland tribes present a marked contrast to their coast neighbors.<a name="FNanchor_406" id="FNanchor_406" href="#Footnote_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a> At the first appearance of the menses the woman must retire from the sight of all, @@ -12810,7 +12770,7 @@ the trunk of a tree where they were fixed by the misdirected zeal of their owner in attacking a native, were much venerated by the Flatheads, and gave them power over all animals so long as they made frequent offerings -at the foot of the tree. The Nez Percés had a peculiar +at the foot of the tree. The Nez Percés had a peculiar custom of overcoming the <i>mawish</i> or spirit of fatigue, and thereby acquiring remarkable powers of endurance. The ceremony is performed annually from the age of @@ -12973,7 +12933,7 @@ character from a view, perhaps unfair and prejudiced, of the actions of a few individuals encountered; consequently qualities the best and the worst have been given by some to each of the nations now under consideration. -For the best reputation the Nez Percés, Flatheads and +For the best reputation the Nez Percés, Flatheads and Kootenais have always been rivals; their good qualities have been praised by all, priest, trader and tourist. Honest, just, and often charitable; ordinarily cold and @@ -13012,11 +12972,11 @@ the forty-third parallel of north latitude.</p> <p class="sidenote">THE HAIDAH FAMILY.</p> <p class="p2"><span class="smcap">In the Haidah Family</span>, I include all the coast and island nations of -British Columbia, from 55° to 52°, and extending inland about one hundred +British Columbia, from 55° to 52°, and extending inland about one hundred miles to the borders of the Chilcoten Plain, the <i>Haidah nation</i> proper having their home on the Queen Charlotte Islands. 'The Haidah tribes of the -Northern Family inhabit Queen Charlotte's Island.' 'The Massettes, Skittegás, -Cumshawás, and other (Haidah) tribes inhabiting the eastern shores of +Northern Family inhabit Queen Charlotte's Island.' 'The Massettes, Skittegás, +Cumshawás, and other (Haidah) tribes inhabiting the eastern shores of Queen Charlotte's Island.' <i>Scouler</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 219. 'The principal tribes upon it (Q. Char. Isl.) are the Sketigets, Massets, and Comshewars.' <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, p. 292. 'Tribal names of the principal tribes @@ -13034,11 +12994,11 @@ the eastward.' <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 489; and <i>Kane's Wand.< island and the mainland opposite.' <i>Reed's Nar.</i> 'Queen Charlotte's Island and Prince of Wales Archipelago are the country of the Haidahs; ... including the Kygany, Massett, Skittegetts, Hanega, Cumshewas, and other septs.' -<i>Anderson</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. vii., p. 74. 'Les Indiens Koumchaouas, Haïdas, -Massettes, et Skidegats, de l'île de la Reine Charlotte.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, +<i>Anderson</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. vii., p. 74. 'Les Indiens Koumchaouas, Haïdas, +Massettes, et Skidegats, de l'île de la Reine Charlotte.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 337. My Haidah Family is called by Warre and Vavasour <i>Quacott</i>, who with the Newette and twenty-seven other tribes live, 'from Lat. -54° to Lat. 50°, including Queen Charlotte's Island; North end of Vancouver's +54° to Lat. 50°, including Queen Charlotte's Island; North end of Vancouver's Island, Millbank Sound and Island, and the Main shore.' <i>Martin's Hudson's Bay</i>, p. 80.</p> @@ -13057,14 +13017,14 @@ Kygarneys are divided by Schoolcraft and Kane into the Youahnoe, Clictass (or Clictars), Quiahanles, Houaguan, (or Wonagan), Shouagan, (or Showgan), <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">293</a></span> Chatcheenie, (or Chalchuni). <i>Archives</i>, vol. v., p. 489; <i>Wanderings</i>, -end of vol. The Kygáni 'have their head-quarters on Queen Charlotte's +end of vol. The Kygáni 'have their head-quarters on Queen Charlotte's Archipelago, but there are a few villages on the extreme southern part of Prince of Wales Archipelago.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 411. A colony of the Hydahs 'have settled at the southern extremity of Prince of Wales's Archipelago, and in the Northern Island.' <i>Scouler</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., -p. 219. 'Die Kaigàni (Kigarnies, Kigarnee, Kygànies der Engländer) bewohnen -den südlichen Theil der Inseln (Archipels) des Prinzen von Wales.' -<i>Radloff</i>, <i>Sprache der Kaiganen</i>, in <i>Mélanges Russes</i>, tom. iii., livrais. v., p. 569. +p. 219. 'Die Kaigà ni (Kigarnies, Kigarnee, Kygà nies der Engländer) bewohnen +den südlichen Theil der Inseln (Archipels) des Prinzen von Wales.' +<i>Radloff</i>, <i>Sprache der Kaiganen</i>, in <i>Mélanges Russes</i>, tom. iii., livrais. v., p. 569. 'The Kegarnie tribe, also in the Russian territory, live on an immense island, called North Island.' <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, p. 287. The Hydahs of the south-eastern Alexander Archipelago include 'the Kassaaus, the Chatcheenees, @@ -13087,8 +13047,8 @@ Nat.</i>, vol. ii., p. 231. 'Indians inhabiting the coast and river mouth known by the name of Chyniseyans.' <i>Ind. Life</i>, p. 93. The Tsimsheeans live 'in the Fort Simpson section on the main land.' <i>Poole's Q. Char. Isl.</i>, p. 257. Chimpsains, 'living on Chimpsain Peninsula.' <i>Scott</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, -p. 553. The Chimmesyans inhabit 'the coast of the main land from 55° -30´ N., down to 53° 30´ N.' <i>Scouler</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 202; +p. 553. The Chimmesyans inhabit 'the coast of the main land from 55° +30´ N., down to 53° 30´ N.' <i>Scouler</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 202; <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 40. The Chimseeans 'occupy the country from Douglas' Canal to Nass River.' <i>Simpson's Overland Journ.</i>, vol. i., p. 206. Divided into the following bands; Kispachalaidy, Kitlan (or Ketlane), Keeches @@ -13112,7 +13072,7 @@ nation consists of the Kithateen, Kitahon, Ketoonokshelk, Kinawalax (or Kinaroalax), located in that order from the mouth upward. <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 487; <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, end of vol. Four tribes, 'Nass River on the Main land.' <i>Warre and Vavasour</i>, in <i>Martin's Hudson's Bay</i>, p. 80. -'On Observatory Inlet, lat. 55°.' <i>Bryant</i>, in <i>Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact.</i>, vol. ii., +'On Observatory Inlet, lat. 55°.' <i>Bryant</i>, in <i>Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact.</i>, vol. ii., p. 302. Adjoin the Sebassa tribe. <i>Cornwallis' N. El Dorado</i>, p. 107. About Fort Simpson. <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, p. 279. The Hailtsa, Haeeltzuk, Billechoola, and Chimmesyans are Nass tribes. <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 130. See <i>Buschmann</i>, @@ -13159,7 +13119,7 @@ Wand.</i>, end of vol. 'The Millbank Indians on Millbank Sound.' <i>Bryant</i>, <p>The <i>Bellacoolas</i> live about the mouth of Salmon River. '"Bentick's Arms"—inhabited by a tribe of Indians—the Bellaghchoolas. Their village is near Salmon River.' <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, p. 267. The Billechoolas live on Salmon -River in latitude 53° 30´. <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Brit. Nordamer.</i>, p. 384. The Bellahoolas +River in latitude 53° 30´. <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Brit. Nordamer.</i>, p. 384. The Bellahoolas 'on the banks of the Salmon river.' <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., p. 258. 'The Indians at Milbank Sound called Belbellahs.' <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, p. 271. 'Spread along the margins of the numerous canals or inlets with which this @@ -13171,8 +13131,8 @@ hundred Ballabollas.' <i>Simpson's Overland Journ.</i>, vol. i., p. 202.</p> <p>The <i>Hailtzas</i>, Hailtzuks, or Haeelzuks 'dwell to the south of the Billechoola, and inhabit both the mainland and the northern entrance of Vancouver's -Island from latitude 53° 30´ N. to 50° 30´ N.' <i>Scouler</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. -Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 224. 'The Hailtsa commencing in about latitude 51° N., +Island from latitude 53° 30´ N. to 50° 30´ N.' <i>Scouler</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. +Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 224. 'The Hailtsa commencing in about latitude 51° N., and extending through the ramifications of Fitzhugh and Milbank Sounds.' <i>Anderson</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. vii., p. 74. 'An diesem Sunde (Milbank) wohnen die Hailtsa-Indianer.' <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Brit. Nordamer.</i>, p. 383; <i>Tolmie</i>, in @@ -13212,7 +13172,7 @@ so-called Nootkahs), Ayhuttisaht and Noochahlaht; north of Nootkah Sound, the Kyohquaht, Chaykisaht, and Klahosaht tribes. <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, p. 308. Alphabetical list of languages on Vancouver Island: Ahowzarts, Aitizzarts, Aytcharts, Cayuquets, Eshquates (or Esquiates), Klahars, Klaizzarts, -Klaooquates (or Tlaoquatch), Michlaïts, Mowatchits, Neuchadlits, Neuwitties, +Klaooquates (or Tlaoquatch), Michlaïts, Mowatchits, Neuchadlits, Neuwitties, Newchemass, (Nuchimas), Savinnars, Schoomadits, Suthsetts, Tlaoquatch, Wicananish. <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Brit. Nordamer.</i>, p. 349. 'Among those from the north were the Aitizzarts, Schoomadits, Neuwitties, Savinnars, @@ -13231,12 +13191,12 @@ islands off it.' <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 243. List of tribes on Vancouver Islan Nootka, Nitinat, Klayquoit, Soke.' <i>Findlay's Directory</i>, pp. 391-2. The proper name of the Vancouver Island Tribes is Yucuatl. <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 135. The Nootka Territory 'extends to the Northward as far as Cape Saint -James, in the latitude of 52° 20´ N. ... and to the Southward to the Islands ... +James, in the latitude of 52° 20´ N. ... and to the Southward to the Islands ... of the Wicananish.' <i>Meares' Voy.</i>, p. 228. 'The Cawitchans, Ucaltas, and Coquilths, who are I believe of the same family, occupy the shores of the Gulf of Georgia and Johnston's Straits.' <i>Anderson</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. vii., p. 74. 'Twenty-four tribes speaking the Challam and Cowaitzchim languages, from -latitude 50° along the Coast South to Whitby Island in latitude 48°; part of +latitude 50° along the Coast South to Whitby Island in latitude 48°; part of Vancouver's Island, and the mouth of Franc's River.' Also on the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Vancouver Islands, the Sanetch, three tribes; Hallams, eleven tribes; Sinahomish; Skatcat; Cowitchici, seven tribes; Soke; Cowitciher, @@ -13249,7 +13209,7 @@ occupied by the Ucletahs come the Nimkish, Mamalilacula, Matelpy and two or three other smaller tribes. The Mamalilaculas live on the mainland.' <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 249. The population of Vancouver Island 'is divided into twelve tribes; of these the Kawitchen, Quaquidts and Nootka are -the largest.' <i>Cornwallis' N. El Dorado</i>, p. 30. 'Ouakichs, Grande île de +the largest.' <i>Cornwallis' N. El Dorado</i>, p. 30. 'Ouakichs, Grande île de Quadra et Van Couver.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335.</p> <p class="sidenote">NATIONS INHABITING VANCOUVER ISLAND.</p> @@ -13298,7 +13258,7 @@ Nitinaht (or Barclay) Sound.' <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, p. 104.</p> <p>The <i>Pacheenas</i>, or 'Pacheenetts, which I have included in Barclay Sound, also inhabit Port San Juan.' <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 251.</p> -<p>The <i>Tlaoquatch</i> occupy the south-western part of Vancouver. 'Den Südwesten +<p>The <i>Tlaoquatch</i> occupy the south-western part of Vancouver. 'Den Südwesten der Quadra- und Vancouver-Insel nehmen die Tlaoquatch ein, deren Sprache mit der vom Nutka-Sunde verwandt ist.' <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Brit. Nordamer.</i>, p. 372. Tlaoquatch, or Tloquatch, on 'the south-western coast of Vancouver's @@ -13368,8 +13328,8 @@ Nat.</i>, vol. i., p. 155.</p> of the country on both sides of Johnstone Straits until met 20 or 30 miles south of Fort Rupert by the Nimpkish and Mamalilacullas.' <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 244. Yougletats—'Une partie campe sur l'ile Vancouver -elle-même, le reste habite sur le continent, au nord de la Rivière Fraser.' -<i>De Smet</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 340. Yongletats, both on Vancouver Island, +elle-même, le reste habite sur le continent, au nord de la Rivière Fraser.' +<i>De Smet</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 340. Yongletats, both on Vancouver Island, and on the mainland above the Fraser River. <i>Bolduc</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1845, tom. cviii., pp. 366-7.</p> @@ -13411,8 +13371,8 @@ and Nawaukum River. 'Staktamish, Squaks'namish, Sehehwamish, Squalliamish, Puyallupamish, S'homamish, Suquamish, Sinahomish, Snoqualmook, Sinaahmish, Nooklummi.' <i>Tolmie</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 251; <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 434. A canadian trapper found the -following tribes between Fort Nisqually and Fraser River; 'Sukwámes, Sunahúmes, -Tshikátstat, Puiále, and Kawítshin.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. +following tribes between Fort Nisqually and Fraser River; 'Sukwámes, Sunahúmes, +Tshikátstat, Puiále, and KawÃtshin.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., pp. 220-1. Cheenales, west; Cowlitz, south; and Nisqually, east of Puget Sound. <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 200, map.</p> @@ -13429,8 +13389,8 @@ part of Bellingham bay and on the peninsula.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 247, and in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 433.</p> <p>The <i>Nooksaks</i> are 'on the south fork of the Lummi River.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. -Aff. Rept.</i>, 1851, p. 250. Nooksâhk, 'on the main fork of the river.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 247. -Nooksáhk, 'above the Lummi, on the main fork of the river.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. +Aff. Rept.</i>, 1851, p. 250. Nooksâhk, 'on the main fork of the river.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 247. +Nooksáhk, 'above the Lummi, on the main fork of the river.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 433. 'South fork Lummi river.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 435. Nootsaks 'occupy the territory from the base of Mount Baker down to within five miles of the mouth of the Lummi.' <i>Coleman</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xxxix., p. @@ -13459,8 +13419,8 @@ Possession Sound.' <i>Nicolay's Ogn. Ter.</i>, p. 143. Skadjets, 'on both sides the Skadjet river, and on the north end of Whidby's Island.' <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 701; <i>Am. Quar. Register</i>, vol. iii., p. 388. The Skagit, 'on <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">300</a></span> -Skagit river, and Penn's cove,' the N'quachamish, Smalèhhu, Miskaiwhu, -Sakuméhu, on the branches of the same river. <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, +Skagit river, and Penn's cove,' the N'quachamish, Smalèhhu, Miskaiwhu, +Sakuméhu, on the branches of the same river. <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 250; <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 435. Sockamuke, 'headwaters of Skagit River,' Neutubvig, 'north end of Whidby's Island, and county between Skagit's river and Bellingham's bay.' Cowewachin, Noothum, Miemissouks, @@ -13478,7 +13438,7 @@ the country on and near the mouth of the Sinahomish river.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., pp. 432, 435. The Sinahemish 'live on the Sinahemish river (falling into Possession Sound).' <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 701; <i>Am. Quar. Register</i>, vol. iii., p. 388. 'Sinahoumez (en 12 tribus) de la -rivière Fraser à la baie de Puget.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'N'quutlmamish, +rivière Fraser à la baie de Puget.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'N'quutlmamish, Skywhamish, Sktahlejum, upper branches, north side, Sinahomish river.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, pp. 245, 250. Neewamish, 'Neewamish river, bay and vicinity;' Sahmamish, 'on a lake between Neewamish @@ -13487,9 +13447,9 @@ river, bay and vicinity;' Skeawamish, 'north fork of the Snohomish river, called Skeawamish river;' Skuckstanajumps, 'Skuckstanajumps river, a branch of Skeawamish river;' Stillaquamish, 'Stillaquamish river and vicinity;' Kickuallis, 'mouth of Kickuallis river and vicinity.' <i>Schoolcraft's -Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 598. Stoluchwámish, on Stoluchwámish river, also called +Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 598. Stoluchwámish, on Stoluchwámish river, also called Steilaquamish. <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., pp. 432, 435, also in -<i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, pp. 246, 250. Squinámish, Swodámish, Sinaahmish, +<i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, pp. 246, 250. Squinámish, Swodámish, Sinaahmish, 'north end of Whitby's island, canoe passage, and Sinamish river.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. 247, 250. 'Southern end of Whidby's island and Sinahomish river.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., pp. 432-3.</p> @@ -13506,8 +13466,8 @@ White and Green Rivers. <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 491. On D'wamish lake etc. ... reside the Samamish and S'Ketehlmish tribes. 'The D'wamish tribe have their home on Lake Fork, D'Wamish river.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., pp. 432, 436. Dwamish, 'Lake Fork, Dwamish River;' Samamish, -S'Ketéhlmish, 'Dwamish Lake;' Smelkámiah, 'Head of White River;' -Skopeáhmish, 'Head of Green River;' Stkámish, 'main White River.' <i>Stevens</i>, +S'Ketéhlmish, 'Dwamish Lake;' Smelkámiah, 'Head of White River;' +Skopeáhmish, 'Head of Green River;' Stkámish, 'main White River.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 250.</p> <p>The <i>Skopeahmish</i> have their home at the 'head of Green river.' <i>Stevens</i>, @@ -13543,7 +13503,7 @@ Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 491.</p> <p>The <i>Nisquallies</i>, or Skwall, 'inhabit the shores of Puget's Sound.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 211. 'Nesquallis, de la baie de Puget -à la pointe Martinez.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. Nasqually tribes, +à la pointe Martinez.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. Nasqually tribes, 'Nasqually River and Puget's Sound.' <i>Warre and Vavasour</i>, in <i>Martin's Hudson Bay</i>, p. 81. Squallyamish, 'at Puget Sound.' <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 177. The Squalliahmish are composed of six bands, and have their residence @@ -13561,14 +13521,14 @@ in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 435.</p> <p>The <i>Sawamish</i> have their residence on 'Totten's inlet.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 435. Sayhaymamish, 'Totten inlet.' <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, -vol. iv., p. 598. 'Srootlemamish, Quackenamish at Case's inlet.' <i>Ib.</i> Quáks'namish, -'Case's inlet;' S'Hotlemamish, 'Carr's inlet;' Sahéhwamish, 'Hammersly's -inlet;' Sawámish, 'Totten's inlet;' Squaiaitl, 'Eld's inlet;' Stéhchasámish, +vol. iv., p. 598. 'Srootlemamish, Quackenamish at Case's inlet.' <i>Ib.</i> Quáks'namish, +'Case's inlet;' S'Hotlemamish, 'Carr's inlet;' Sahéhwamish, 'Hammersly's +inlet;' Sawámish, 'Totten's inlet;' Squaiaitl, 'Eld's inlet;' Stéhchasámish, 'Budd's inlet;' Noosehchatl, 'South bay.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 250.</p> <p>The <i>Skokomish</i> live at the upper end of Hood Canal. <i>Schoolcraft's -Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 598; <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, pp. 244, 250. Töanhooch +Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 598; <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, pp. 244, 250. Töanhooch <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">302</a></span> and Shokomish on Hood's Canal. <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 491. Tuanoh and Skokomish 'reside along the shores of Hood's Canal.' @@ -13637,11 +13597,11 @@ on the strait. <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, p. 153.</p> <p>List of tribes between Columbia River and Cape Flattery on the Coast; Calasthocle, Chillates, Chiltz, Clamoctomichs, Killaxthocles, Pailsh, Potoashs, -Quieetsos, Quinnechart, Quiniülts. <i>Morse's Rept.</i>, p. 371.</p> +Quieetsos, Quinnechart, Quiniülts. <i>Morse's Rept.</i>, p. 371.</p> <p>The <i>Quillehute</i> and <i>Queniult</i>, or Quenaielt, 'occupy the sea-coast between Ozelt or old Cape Flattery, on the north, and Quinaielt river on the south.' -<i>Simmons</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1860, p. 195. Quinaielt, Quillehuté, Queets, and +<i>Simmons</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1860, p. 195. Quinaielt, Quillehuté, Queets, and Hoh, live on the Quinaielt river and ocean. <i>Smith</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1870, p. 21. The Queniult live 'at Point Grenville.' <i>Swan's N. W. Coast</i>, p. 210. 'On the banks of a river of the same name.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 78. The Wilapahs 'on @@ -13664,11 +13624,11 @@ the Tsihailish are included the Kwaiantl and Kwenaiwitl ... who live near the coast, thirty or forty miles south of Cape Flattery.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., pp. 211-12. 'In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia.' <i>Catlin's N. Am. Ind.</i>, vol. ii., p. 113. 'Chekilis, -et Quinayat. Près du havre de Gray et la rivière Chekilis.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, +et Quinayat. Près du havre de Gray et la rivière Chekilis.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335; <i>Swan's N. W. Coast</i>, p. 210; <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 435; <i>Starling</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 599. 'A -quarante milles au nord, (from the Columbia) le long de la côte, habitent les -Tchéilichs.' <i>Stuart</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1821, tom. x., p. 90. The +quarante milles au nord, (from the Columbia) le long de la côte, habitent les +Tchéilichs.' <i>Stuart</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1821, tom. x., p. 90. The Whiskkah and Wynooche tribes on the northern branches of the Chihailis. <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 240. Sachals 'reside about the lake of the same name, and along the river Chickeeles.' <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. @@ -13705,8 +13665,8 @@ Bay, where they interlocked with the Chihalis of the coast.' <i>Gibbs' Chinook Vocab.</i>, pp. iii., iv. The name Watlalas or Upper Chinooks 'properly belongs to the Indians at the Cascades,' but is applied to all 'from the Multnoma Island to the Falls of the Columbia.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. -vi., pp. 214-5. 'The principal tribes or bands were the Wakaíkam (known as -the Wahkyekum), the Katlámat (Cathlamet), the Tshinuk (Chinook), and the +vi., pp. 214-5. 'The principal tribes or bands were the WakaÃkam (known as +the Wahkyekum), the Katlámat (Cathlamet), the Tshinuk (Chinook), and the Tlatsap (Clatsop).' <i>Ib.</i> 'The natives, who dwell about the lower parts of the Columbia, may be divided into four tribes—the Clotsops, who reside around Point Adams, on the south side; ... the Chinooks; Waakiacums; and the Cathlamets; @@ -13722,8 +13682,8 @@ under the general term of Chinooks.' <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. E ix., p. 25. 'The Chenook nation resides along upon the Columbia river, from the Cascades to its confluence with the ocean.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 261. 'Inhabiting the lower parts of the Columbia.' <i>Catlin's N. Am. Ind.</i>, vol. ii., -p. 110. 'Hauts-Tchinouks, près des cascades du Rio Colombia. Tchinouks -d'en bas, des Cascades jusqu'à la mer, Bas-Tchinouks.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, +p. 110. 'Hauts-Tchinouks, près des cascades du Rio Colombia. Tchinouks +d'en bas, des Cascades jusqu'à la mer, Bas-Tchinouks.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 335, 350-1. 'On the right bank of the Columbia.' <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 40. The Cheenooks and Kelussuyas, 4 tribes, live at 'Pillar Rock, Oak Point, the Dallas, the Cascades, Cheate River, Takama @@ -13796,7 +13756,7 @@ Columbia opposite the mouth of the Willamette. <i>Id.</i>, p. 368. Calhlathlas, Rept.</i>, p. 370. Clannarminnamuns, 'S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 371. Clanimatas, 'S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl.' <i>Ib.</i> Clockstar, 'S.E. side of Wappattoo Isl.' <i>Ib.</i> Cooniacs, 'of Oak Point (Kahnyak or Kukhnyak, the -Kreluits of Franchère and Skilloots of Lewis and Clarke).' <i>Gibbs' Chinook +Kreluits of Franchère and Skilloots of Lewis and Clarke).' <i>Gibbs' Chinook Vocab.</i>, p. iv. Hellwits, 'S. side 39 miles from mouth.' <i>Morse's Rept.</i>, p. 368. Katlagakya, 'from the Cascades to Vancouver.' <i>Framboise</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 255. Katlaminimim, on Multnomah Island. <i>Ib.</i> Katlaportl, @@ -13819,7 +13779,7 @@ all the rapids.' <i>Morse's Rept.</i>, p. 370. Wakamass, 'Deer's Isle to the low branch of the Wallamat.' <i>Framboise</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 255. Wyampams, at the narrows. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 117-19. Tchilouits on the Columbia, south bank, below the Cowlitz. <i>Stuart</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des -Voy.</i>, 1821, tom. x., p. 112. Cathlâkaheckits and Cathlathlalas in vicinity +Voy.</i>, 1821, tom. x., p. 112. Cathlâkaheckits and Cathlathlalas in vicinity of the Cascades. <i>Id.</i>, tom. xii., 1821, p. 23.</p> <p>The <i>Clatsops</i> live on Point Adams. <i>Hines' Voy.</i>, p. 88. 'South side of the @@ -13838,7 +13798,7 @@ vol. iii., p. 201, vol. v., p. 492. <p>The <i>Wakiakum</i>, or 'Wakaikum, live on the right bank of the Columbia; on a small stream, called Cadet River.' <i>Framboise</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, -vol. xi., p. 255. Wakiakums (Wakáiakum) 'towards Oak Point.' <i>Gibbs' Chinook +vol. xi., p. 255. Wakiakums (Wakáiakum) 'towards Oak Point.' <i>Gibbs' Chinook Vocab.</i>, p. iv. Wahkiacums, adjoining the Cathlamahs on the south-east and the Skilloots on the north-west. <i>Lewis and Clarke's Map.</i>. Waakicums, thirty miles from the mouth of the Columbia, north side. <i>Morse's @@ -13856,9 +13816,9 @@ Shiastuckle, Killawats, Cookoose, Shalalahs, Luckasos, Hannakalals.' <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 427-8. 'Along the coast S. of Columbia river, and speak the Killamucks language,' Youicone, Neekeetoos, Ulseahs, Youitts, Sheastukles, Killawats, Cookkoooose, Shallalah, Luckkarso, Hannakallal. -<i>Morse's Rept.</i>, p. 371. Náélim, 'on a river on the sea-coast, 30 miles S. of +<i>Morse's Rept.</i>, p. 371. Náélim, 'on a river on the sea-coast, 30 miles S. of Clatsop Point,' and the following tribes proceeding southward. Nikaas, -Kowai, Neselitch, Tacóón, Aleya, Sayonstla, Kiliwatsal, Kaons, Godamyou (!), +Kowai, Neselitch, Tacóón, Aleya, Sayonstla, Kiliwatsal, Kaons, Godamyou (!), Stotonia, at the mouth of Coquin river. <i>Framboise</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., pp. 255-6.</p> @@ -13873,10 +13833,10 @@ in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 201. Nsietshawus, or Killamuks, 'on sea-coast south of the Columbia.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 211, and map, p. 197. 'Between the river Columbia and the Umpqua.' <i>Warre and Vavasour</i>, in <i>Martin's Hud. B.</i>, p. 81. 'Country about Cape -Lookout.' <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, p. 105. 'On comprend sous le nom général de +Lookout.' <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, p. 105. 'On comprend sous le nom général de Killimous, les Indiens du sud du Rio Colombia, tels que les Nahelems, les -Nikas, les Kaouais, les Alsiias, les Umquas, les Toutounis et les Sastés. Ces -deux dernières peuplades se sont jusqu'à présent montrées hostiles aux caravanes +Nikas, les Kaouais, les Alsiias, les Umquas, les Toutounis et les Sastés. Ces +deux dernières peuplades se sont jusqu'à présent montrées hostiles aux caravanes des blancs.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 335, 357. Killamucks, next to the Clatsops. <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, p. 426. 'Callemeux nation.' <i>Gass' Jour.</i>, p. 260. Callemax on the coast forty leagues south of the Columbia. @@ -13893,9 +13853,9 @@ Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 218, and map, p. 197.</p> <p>The <i>Umpquas</i> live 'on a river of that name.' <i>Framboise</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc.</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">308</a></span> <i>Jour.</i>, vol. ii., p. 256. 'In a valley of the same name. They are divided -into six tribes; the Sconta, Chalula, Palakahu, Quattamya, and Chastà.' -<i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 262. Umbaquâs. <i>Id.</i>, p. 262. 'Umpquas (3 tribus) -sur la rivière de ce nom, et de la rivière aux Vaches.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. +into six tribes; the Sconta, Chalula, Palakahu, Quattamya, and Chastà .' +<i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 262. Umbaquâs. <i>Id.</i>, p. 262. 'Umpquas (3 tribus) +sur la rivière de ce nom, et de la rivière aux Vaches.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Umkwa inhabit the upper part of the river of that name, having the Kalapuya on the north, the Lutuami (Clamets), on the east, and the Sainstkla between them and the sea.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, @@ -13910,7 +13870,7 @@ in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 201, vol. v., p. 492.</p> south of the Umqua River.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 221, map, p. 197. Sinselaw, 'on the banks of the Sinselaw river.' <i>Harvey</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 80. Sayousla, 'near the mouth of Sayousla bay.' <i>Brooks</i>, -in <i>Id.</i>, 1862, p. 299. Saliutla, 'at the mouth of the Umbaquâ river.' <i>Parker's +in <i>Id.</i>, 1862, p. 299. Saliutla, 'at the mouth of the Umbaquâ river.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 262.</p> <p>The Katlawotsetts include the Siuslaw and Alsea bands on Siuslaw River; @@ -14001,7 +13961,7 @@ Valley.' <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 492, vol. iii., p. 201. Kalapuy Callawpohyeaas, Willamette tribes sixteen in number. <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, vol. i., p. 108. Calapooah, seventeen tribes on the Willamette and its branches. <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 261. Callappohyeaass nation consists of Wacomeapp, -Nawmooit, Chillychandize, Shookany, Coupé, Shehees, Longtonguebuff, +Nawmooit, Chillychandize, Shookany, Coupé, Shehees, Longtonguebuff, Lamalle, and Pecyou tribes. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 236-6. Kalapooyahs, 'on the shores of the Oregon.' <i>Morton's Crania</i>, p. 213. 'Willamat <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">310</a></span> @@ -14012,7 +13972,7 @@ Vule Puyas, Valley of the Willamette. <i>Warre and Vavasour</i>, in <i>Martin's Hud. B.</i>, p. 81.</p> <p>The <i>Clackamas</i> are on the 'Clackama River.' <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., -p. 492. 'Clakemas et Kaoulis, sur le Ouallamet et la rivière Kaoulis.' +p. 492. 'Clakemas et Kaoulis, sur le Ouallamet et la rivière Kaoulis.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Valley of the Clakamus and the Willamuta Falls.' <i>Warre and Vavasour</i>, in <i>Martin's Hud. B.</i>, p. 81. Klackamas, 'three miles below the falls.' <i>Hines' Voy.</i>, p. 144. Clackamis. <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, @@ -14027,7 +13987,7 @@ City.' <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, p. 84.</p> <p class="sidenote">THE SHUSHWAP FAMILY.</p> <p class="p2"><span class="smcap">The Shushwap Family</span> comprises all the inland tribes of British Columbia, -south of lat. 52° 30´.</p> +south of lat. 52° 30´.</p> <p>The <i>Atnahs</i>, Strangers, Niccoutamuch, or Shushwaps proper, inhabit the Fraser and Thompson valleys. 'At Spuzzum ... a race very different both in @@ -14037,7 +13997,7 @@ the Atnaks, or Shuswapmuch, occupy the Frazer River from Spuzzum to the frontier of that part of the country called by the Hudson Bay Company New Caledonia, which is within a few miles of Fort Alexandria.' <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 296. 'Shushwaps of the Rocky Mountains inhabit the country in -the neighbourhood of Jasper House, and as far as Tête Jaune Cache on the +the neighbourhood of Jasper House, and as far as Tête Jaune Cache on the western slope. They are a branch of the great Shushwap nation who dwell near the Shushwap Lake and grand fork of the Thompson River in British Columbia.' Thompson River and Lake Kamloops. <i>Milton and Cheadle's @@ -14053,7 +14013,7 @@ and Thompson's Rivers.' 'They were termed by Mackenzie the Chin tribe.' <i>Brit. Nordamer.</i>, p. 320. Shooshaps, south of the Sinpavelist. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 50-1. 'The Atnah, or Chin Indian country extends about one hundred miles,' from Fort Alexander. <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. ii., p. 361. Shooshewaps -inhabit the region of the north bend of the Columbia, in 52°. Atnahs, +inhabit the region of the north bend of the Columbia, in 52°. Atnahs, in the region of the Fraser and Thompson rivers. <i>Macdonald's Lecture on B. C.</i>, p. 10; <i>Hector</i>, in <i>Palliser's Explor.</i>, p. 27. 'The Shewhapmuch (Atnahs of Mackenzie) ... occupy the banks of Thompson's River; and @@ -14073,9 +14033,9 @@ Inlet in the summer.' <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 299.</p> <p>The Kamloops dwell about one hundred and fifty miles north-west of Okanagan. <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. ii., p. 156.</p> -<p>The Clunsus are east of Fraser River, between Yale and latitude 50°; +<p>The Clunsus are east of Fraser River, between Yale and latitude 50°; Skowtous, on the fiftieth parallel south of Lake Kamloops and west of Lake -Okanagan; Sockatcheenum, east of Fraser and north of 51°. <i>Bancroft's Map +Okanagan; Sockatcheenum, east of Fraser and north of 51°. <i>Bancroft's Map of Pac. States.</i></p> <p>The <i>Kootenais</i> live in the space bounded by the Columbia River, Rocky @@ -14095,11 +14055,11 @@ Kootanais River is an angular piece of country peopled by a small, isolated tribe bearing the same name as the last-mentioned river, on the banks of which they principally live.' <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 297. The lands of the Cottonois 'lie immediately north of those of the Flatheads.' <i>Irving's Bonneville's -Adven.</i>, p. 70. Kutanàe, Kútani, Kitunaha, Kutneha, Coutanies, Flatbows, +Adven.</i>, p. 70. Kutanà e, Kútani, Kitunaha, Kutneha, Coutanies, Flatbows, 'near the sources of the Mary River, west of the Rocky Mountains.' <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 98. 'Inhabit a section of country to the north of the Ponderas, along M'Gillivray's river.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 312. 'Koutanies ou -Arcs-Plats, Près du fort et du lac de ce nom.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. +Arcs-Plats, Près du fort et du lac de ce nom.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'In the Kootanie Valley.' <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., p. 178. Kootonays, south of the Shushwaps. <i>Palliser's Explor.</i>, p. 44. 'Great longitudinal valley' of the Kootanie river. <i>Hector</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 27. 'The Tobacco Plains form the country @@ -14133,12 +14093,12 @@ Schwogelpi than with the ones first named.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept p. 237, and in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 412. Oakinackens, Priests' Rapids, northward over 500 miles, and 100 miles in width, to the Shewhaps, branching out into 12 tribes, as follows, beginning with the south: 'Skamoynumachs, -Kewaughtchenunaughs, Pisscows, Incomecanétook, Tsillane, Intiétook, +Kewaughtchenunaughs, Pisscows, Incomecanétook, Tsillane, Intiétook, Battlelemuleemauch, or Meatwho, Inspellum, Sinpohellechach, Sinwhoyelppetook, Samilkanuigh and Oakinacken, which is nearly in the centre.' <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 289-90. 'On both sides the Okanagan River from its mouth up to British Columbia, including the Sennelkameen River.' <i>Ross</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. -Rept.</i>, 1870, p. 22. 'Près du fort de ce nom.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. +Rept.</i>, 1870, p. 22. 'Près du fort de ce nom.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'On the Okanagan and Piscour Rivers.' <i>Warre and Vavasour</i>, in <i>Martin's Hud. B.</i>, p. 82. 'Composed of several small bands living along the Okinakane river, from its confluence with the Columbia to Lake Okinakane.... A @@ -14156,7 +14116,7 @@ branches of the Taptul. <i>Morse's Rept.</i>, p. 372.</p> <p class="sidenote">THE SALISH FAMILY.</p> -<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">The Salish Family</span> includes all the inland tribes between 49° and 47°. +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">The Salish Family</span> includes all the inland tribes between 49° and 47°. The Salish, Saalis, Selish, or Flatheads, 'inhabit the country about the upper part of the Columbia and its tributary streams, the Flathead, Spokan, and Okanagan Rivers. The name includes several independent tribes or @@ -14166,8 +14126,8 @@ Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 205. 'The Saeliss or Shewhapmuch race, whose limits may be defined by the Rocky Mountains eastward; on the west the line of Frazer's river from below Alexandria to Kequeloose, near the Falls, in about <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">313</a></span> -latitude 49° 50´; northward by the Carrier offset of the Chippewyans; and -south by the Sahaptins or Nez Percés of Oregon.' <i>Anderson</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, +latitude 49° 50´; northward by the Carrier offset of the Chippewyans; and +south by the Sahaptins or Nez Percés of Oregon.' <i>Anderson</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. vii., p. 73. 'From Thompson's River other septs of this race—the Shuswaps, Skowtous, Okanagans, Spokans, Skoielpoi (of Colville), Pend'oreilles, and Coeurs d'Aleines—occupy the country as far as the Flathead @@ -14184,7 +14144,7 @@ petty tribes: the Kootanais and Selish, or Flatheads, at the foot of the mountains, and the Pointed Hearts, Pend d'Oreilles, and Spokanes lower down.' <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, vol. ii., p. 190. 'Divided into several tribes, the most important of which are the Selishes, the Kullespelms, the Soayalpis, -the Tsakaïtsitlins, and the Okinakans.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., pp. 55-6.</p> +the Tsakaïtsitlins, and the Okinakans.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., pp. 55-6.</p> <p>The <i>Flatheads</i>, or Salish proper, reside on the river, valley, and lake of the same name. 'Inhabit St. Mary's or the Flathead Valley and the neighborhood @@ -14193,16 +14153,16 @@ p. 415, and in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 207. 'Occupying the valleys betw the Bitter Root and Rocky mountains.' <i>Thompson</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 282. 'South of the Flathead Valley on the Bitter Root.' <i>Sully</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1870, p. 192. St. Mary's River. <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 490. 'East -and south-east (of the Coeurs d'Alène) and extends to the Rocky Mountains.' -<i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 311, and map. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 31. -Saalis ou faux Têtes-Plates. Sur la rivière de ce nom au pied des Montagnes +and south-east (of the Coeurs d'Alène) and extends to the Rocky Mountains.' +<i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 311, and map. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 31. +Saalis ou faux Têtes-Plates. Sur la rivière de ce nom au pied des Montagnes Rocheuses. <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Along the foot of the mountains.' <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, p. 213. 'In New Caledonia, W. of the Rocky Mountains.' <i>Morse's Rept.</i>, p. 371. Bitter Root valley. <i>Hutchins</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 455, 1865, p. 246; <i>Nicolay's Ogn. Ter.</i>, p. 153. Hopilpo, of Lewis and Clarke. <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 417. 'Ils occupent le pays compris entre le Lewis River et la branche nord-ouest ou la Columbia, -et borné en arrière par les Monts-Rocailleux.' <i>Stuart</i>, in <i>Nouvelles +et borné en arrière par les Monts-Rocailleux.' <i>Stuart</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1821, tom. xii., p. 43.</p> <p>The <i>Pend d'Oreilles</i> occupy the vicinity of the lake of the same name. @@ -14236,7 +14196,7 @@ all of same stock.</p> Coopspellar, Lahama, Lartielo, Hihighenimmo, Wheelpo, Skeetsomish. <i>Rept.</i>, p. 372.</p> -<p>The <i>Coeurs d'Aléne</i> 'live about the lake which takes its name from them.' +<p>The <i>Coeurs d'Aléne</i> 'live about the lake which takes its name from them.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 209. East of the Spokanes, at headwaters of the Spokane River. <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 310, and map. 'The Skitswish or Coeur d'Alenes, live upon the upper part of the Coeur @@ -14247,7 +14207,7 @@ ten miles above the lake and thirty miles from the mountains. <i>Stevens</i>, in about the lake. <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 200, map, vol. v., p. 490. Pointed Hearts, 'shores of a lake about fifty miles to the eastward of Spokan House.' <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. ii., p. 150; <i>Nicolay's Ogn. Ter.</i>, p. 143; <i>De -Smet</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 31. 'St. Joseph's river.' <i>Mullan's Rept.</i>, p. 49.</p> +Smet</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 31. 'St. Joseph's river.' <i>Mullan's Rept.</i>, p. 49.</p> <p>The <i>Colvilles</i> include the tribes about Kettle Falls, and the banks of the Columbia up to the Arrow Lakes. 'Colville valley and that of the Columbia @@ -14262,17 +14222,17 @@ Columbia River, from Kettle Falls down to the mouth of the Spokane.' the Columbia River, from Kettle Falls north to British Columbia.' <i>Winans</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1870, p. 22. 'So named from their place of residence, which is about the Arrow Lakes.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 312. 'Les sauvages -des Lacs ... résident sur le Lac-aux-flèches.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 50.</p> +des Lacs ... résident sur le Lac-aux-flèches.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 50.</p> -<p>The Chaudières, or Kettle Falls, reside 'about Colville.' <i>Parker's Explor. -Tour</i>, p. 313. The village of Les Chaudières 'is situated on the north -side just below the fall.' <i>Cox's Advent.</i>, vol. i., p. 358. Chaudières 'live south +<p>The Chaudières, or Kettle Falls, reside 'about Colville.' <i>Parker's Explor. +Tour</i>, p. 313. The village of Les Chaudières 'is situated on the north +side just below the fall.' <i>Cox's Advent.</i>, vol. i., p. 358. Chaudières 'live south of the Lake Indians.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 50. 'Fort Colville is the principal ground of the Schwoyelpi or Kettle Falls tribe.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 413. 'The tribe in the vicinity (of Fort Colville) is known as the -Chaudière, whose territory reaches as far up as the Columbia Lakes.' <i>Simpson's</i> +Chaudière, whose territory reaches as far up as the Columbia Lakes.' <i>Simpson's</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">315</a></span> -<i>Overland Journ.</i>, vol. i., p. 151. 'Gens des Chaudières. Près du lac +<i>Overland Journ.</i>, vol. i., p. 151. 'Gens des Chaudières. Près du lac Schouchouap au-dessous des Dalles.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Called in their own language, Chualpays.' <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 308-9. 'Called Quiarlpi (Basket People).' <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. iv., @@ -14307,7 +14267,7 @@ Spokane river, from its mouth to the boundary of Idaho.' <i>Paige</i>, in <i>Ind Rept.</i>, 1865, p. 99. 'At times on the Spokane, at times on the Spokane plains.' <i>Mullan's Rept.</i>, pp. 18, 49. 'Principally on the plains.' <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., p. 157. 'North-east of the Palooses are the Spokein nation.' <i>Parker's -Explor. Tour</i>, p. 310, and map. 'Au-dessous du fort Okanagam à l'Est.' +Explor. Tour</i>, p. 310, and map. 'Au-dessous du fort Okanagam à l'Est.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Au nord-ouest des Palooses se trouve la nation des Spokanes.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 31. 'Have a small village at the entrance of their river, but their chief and permanent place of residence @@ -14321,15 +14281,15 @@ Spokane River, from the Idaho line to its mouth.' <i>Winans</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. <p>The <i>Sans Poils</i> (Hairless), or 'Sanpoils, which includes the Nespeelum Indians, are located on the Columbia, from the mouth of the Spokane down -to Grand Coulée (on the south of the Columbia), and from a point opposite +to Grand Coulée (on the south of the Columbia), and from a point opposite the mouth of the Spokane down to the mouth of the Okanagan on the north side of the Columbia, including the country drained by the Sanpoil, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">316</a></span> Nespeelum Creeks.' <i>Winans</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1870, p. 22. Sinpoilish, west of the Columbia between Priest Rapids and Okanagan. <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 200, map. Sinpauelish, west of the Kettle Falls Indians. -<i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 313. 'Sinipouals. Près des grands rapides du Rio -Colombia.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. Sinpavelist, west of the Chaudières. +<i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 313. 'Sinipouals. Près des grands rapides du Rio +Colombia.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. Sinpavelist, west of the Chaudières. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 50. Sinapoils, 'occupy a district on the northern banks of the Columbia, between the Spokan and Oakinagan rivers.' <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. ii., p. 145. Hehighenimmo of Lewis and Clarke. <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. @@ -14344,7 +14304,7 @@ across the Columbia. <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p and map, p. 197. Pisquouse, 'immediately north of that of the Yakamas.' 'On the Columbia between the Priest's and Ross Rapids.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 236; and <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 412. 'Piscaous. -Sur la petite rivière de ce nom à l'Ouest de la Colombie.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, +Sur la petite rivière de ce nom à l'Ouest de la Colombie.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335.</p> <p>The Skamoynumacks live on the banks of the Columbia, at Priest @@ -14357,7 +14317,7 @@ country drained by the Mithouie, Lake Chelan, and Enteeatook Rivers.' <i>Winans</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1870, p. 23.</p> <p>'The Isle de Pierres, whose tribal name is Linkinse, are located on the -east and south side of the Col. Riv. from Grand Coulée down to Priests' +east and south side of the Col. Riv. from Grand Coulée down to Priests' Rapids, which includes the peninsula made by the great bend of the Col.' <i>Ib.</i></p> <p class="sidenote">SAHAPTIN FAMILY.</p> @@ -14370,21 +14330,21 @@ Columbia and upon the Kooskooskie and Salmon Forks of Lewis' and Snake River, between that of the Selish family on the north, and of the Snakes on the south.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pandosy's Gram.</i>, p. vii. 'The first and more northern Indians of the interior may be denominated the Shahaptan Family, and comprehends -three tribes; the Shahaptan, or Nez Percés of the Canadians; the +three tribes; the Shahaptan, or Nez Percés of the Canadians; the Kliketat, a scion from the Shahaptans who now dwell near Mount Rainier, and have advanced toward the falls of the Columbia; and the Okanagan, who inhabit the upper part of Fraser's River and its tributaries.' <i>Scouler</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 225. Hale's map, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., -p. 197, divides the territory among the Nez Percés, Walla-Wallas, Waiilaptu, +p. 197, divides the territory among the Nez Percés, Walla-Wallas, Waiilaptu, and Molele. 'The Indians in this district (of the Dalles) are Dog River, Wascos, -Tyicks, Des Chutes, John Day, Utilla, Cayuses, Walla-Walla, Nez Percés, +Tyicks, Des Chutes, John Day, Utilla, Cayuses, Walla-Walla, Nez Percés, Mountain Snakes and Bannacks.' <i>Dennison</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1859, p. 435. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">317</a></span> -'The different tribes attached to Fort Nez Percés, and who formerly went by +'The different tribes attached to Fort Nez Percés, and who formerly went by that cognomen, are the Shamooinaugh, Skamnaminaugh, E'yackimah, Ispipewhumaugh, and Inaspetsum. These tribes inhabit the main north branch above the Forks. On the south branch are the Palletto Pallas, Shawhaapten -or Nez Percés proper, Pawluch, and Cosispa tribes. On the main Columbia, +or Nez Percés proper, Pawluch, and Cosispa tribes. On the main Columbia, beginning at the Dallas, are the Necootimeigh, Wisscopam, Wisswhams, Wayyampas, Lowhim, Sawpaw, and Youmatalla bands.' <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, vol. i., p. 185-6. Cathlakahikits, at the rapids of Columbia river, N. side; @@ -14393,14 +14353,14 @@ below the falls.' Hellwits, 'at the falls of Columbia river;' Ithkyemamits, 'on Columbia river, N. side near Chippanchickchicks'; Yehah, 'above the rapids.' <i>Morse's Rept.</i>, pp. 368-70.</p> -<p>The <i>Nez Percés</i> 'possess the country on each side of the Lewis or Snake +<p>The <i>Nez Percés</i> 'possess the country on each side of the Lewis or Snake River, from the Peloose to the Wapticacoes, about a hundred miles—together with the tributary streams, extending, on the east, to the foot of the Rocky Mountains.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 212; <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 551. 'On both sides of the Kooskooskia and north fork of Snake river.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 416; and <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. -Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 217. 'A few bands of the Nez Percés Indians occupy the -Salmon river and the Clearwater.' <i>Thompson</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 282. 'The Nez Percés +Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 217. 'A few bands of the Nez Percés Indians occupy the +Salmon river and the Clearwater.' <i>Thompson</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 282. 'The Nez Percés country is bounded west by the Palouse river and the Tucannon; on the north by the range of mountains between Clear Water and the Coeur d'Alene; east by the Bitter Root mountains; on the south they are bounded @@ -14409,21 +14369,21 @@ Buffalo, a tribe of the Nez Perces, winter in the Bitter Root Valley. <i>Owen</i <i>Id.</i>, 1859, p. 424. 'Upper waters and mountainous parts of the Columbia.' <i>Catlin's N. Am. Ind.</i>, vol. ii., p. 108. 'Country lying along Lewis river and its tributaries from the eastern base of the Blue Mountains to the Columbia.' -<i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, p. 55. Nez Percés or Sahaptins, 'on the banks of the Lewis +<i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, p. 55. Nez Percés or Sahaptins, 'on the banks of the Lewis Fork or Serpent River.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 54. 'Chohoptins, -or Nez-Percés, ... on the banks of Lewis River.' <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. ii., p. +or Nez-Percés, ... on the banks of Lewis River.' <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. ii., p. 143. 'Rove through the regions of the Lewis branch.' <i>Greenhow's Hist. -Ogn.</i>, p. 30. 'The Lower Nez Percés range upon the Wayleeway, Immahah, +Ogn.</i>, p. 30. 'The Lower Nez Percés range upon the Wayleeway, Immahah, Yenghies, and other of the streams west of the mountains.' <i>Irving's Bonneville's Adven.</i>, p. 301. Some Flatheads live along the Clearwater River down to below its junction with the Snake. <i>Gass' Jour.</i>, p. 212. Country 'drained by the Kooskooskie, westward from the Blackfoot country, and -across the Rocky Mountains.' <i>Brownell's Ind. Races</i>, p. 533. 'Près du fort -de ce nom, à la junction des deux branches du fleuve.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. +across the Rocky Mountains.' <i>Brownell's Ind. Races</i>, p. 533. 'Près du fort +de ce nom, à la junction des deux branches du fleuve.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. Junction of Snake and Clearwater. <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, <i>Map</i>. Chopunnish. <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, p. 331, and map. Copunnish. <i>Bulfinch's -Oregon</i>, p. 144. 'The Nez-Percés are divided into two classes, the -Nez-Percés proper, who inhabit the mountains, and the Polonches, who inhabit +Oregon</i>, p. 144. 'The Nez-Percés are divided into two classes, the +Nez-Percés proper, who inhabit the mountains, and the Polonches, who inhabit the plain country about the mouth of the Snake River.' <i>Gairdner</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 256. Chopunnish, 'on Lewis river below the entrance of the Kooskooskee, on both sides.' 'On the Kooskooskee @@ -14437,15 +14397,15 @@ Columbia and the Snake.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pandosy's Gram.</i>, p. vi. 'The Pe tribe has a stream called after it which empties into Lewis River.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 213. Upon the Peloose River. 'Entrance of Great Snake River and surrounding country.' <i>Tolmie</i>, in <i>Lord's -Nat.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 105, 245. 'Properly a part of the Nez Percés. Their residence -is along the Nez Percé river and up the Pavilion.' <i>Parker's Explor. +Nat.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 105, 245. 'Properly a part of the Nez Percés. Their residence +is along the Nez Percé river and up the Pavilion.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 310. In three bands; at the mouth of the Pelouse River; on the north bank of Snake River, thirty miles below the Pelouse; and at the mouth of the Snake River. <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, pp. 222-3, and in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., pp. 150-1. Palouse, or Pelouse, 'reside on the banks of the Palouse and Snake rivers.' <i>Mullan's Rept.</i>, pp. 18, 49. 'La tribu -Paloose appartient à la nation des Nez-Percés ... elle habite les bords des -deux rivières des Nez-percés et du Pavilion.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 31. Selloatpallah, +Paloose appartient à la nation des Nez-Percés ... elle habite les bords des +deux rivières des Nez-percés et du Pavilion.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 31. Selloatpallah, north of the Snake, near its confluence with the Columbia. <i>Lewis and Clarke's Map.</i> Same as the Sewatpalla. <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 417.</p> @@ -14454,12 +14414,12 @@ i., p. 417.</p> the river of that name.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pandosy's Gram.</i>, p. vii. 'A number of bands living usually on the south side of the Columbia, and on the Snake river to a little east of the Peluse.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 402. -'Are on a small stream which falls into the Columbia near Fort Nez-percés.' +'Are on a small stream which falls into the Columbia near Fort Nez-percés.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 213. 'Inhabit the country about the river of the same name, and range some distance below along the Columbia.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 310. 'Upon the banks of the Columbia, below the mouth of the Lewis Fork are found the Walla-wallas.' <i>Brownell's -Ind. Races</i>, p. 535. 'Oualla-Oualla, au-dessus du fort des Nez Percés.' <i>Mofras</i>, +Ind. Races</i>, p. 535. 'Oualla-Oualla, au-dessus du fort des Nez Percés.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Under this term are embraced a number of bands living usually on the south side of the Columbia, and on the Snake river, to a little east of the Pelouse; as also the Klikatats and Yakamas, @@ -14467,8 +14427,8 @@ north of the former.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 223. ' sides of the Columbia river between Snake river and Hudson Bay fort, Walla-Walla.' <i>Dennison</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1857, p. 374. Walla Wallapum. <i>Tolmie</i>, in <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 244-7. 'Les Walla-walla habitent, sur la -rivière du même nom, l'un des tributaires de la Colombie, et leur pays -s'étend aussi le long de ce fleuve.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 30. Wollaw Wollah. +rivière du même nom, l'un des tributaires de la Colombie, et leur pays +s'étend aussi le long de ce fleuve.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 30. Wollaw Wollah. South side of the Snake, at junction with the Columbia. <i>Lewis and Clarke's Map.</i> Wollaolla and Wollawalla, 'on both sides of Col., as low as the Muscleshell rapid, and in winter pass over to the Taptul river.' <i>Morse's Rept.</i>, @@ -14486,9 +14446,9 @@ the Wallahwallah and Columbia.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 64; <i>S in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1821, tom. xii., p. 35.</p> <p>The Sciatogas and Toustchipas live on Canoe River (Tukanon?), and the -Euotalla (Touchet?), the Akaïtchis 'sur le Big-river,' (Columbia). <i>Hunt</i>, in -<i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1821, tom. x., pp. 74-8. The Sciatogas 'possède le -pays borné au sud-est par la Grande-Plaine; au nord, par le Lewis-River; à +Euotalla (Touchet?), the Akaïtchis 'sur le Big-river,' (Columbia). <i>Hunt</i>, in +<i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1821, tom. x., pp. 74-8. The Sciatogas 'possède le +pays borné au sud-est par la Grande-Plaine; au nord, par le Lewis-River; à l'ouest par la Columbia; au sud par l'Oualamat.' <i>Id.</i>, 1821, tom. xii., p. 42.</p> <p class="sidenote">THE CAYUSES AND WASCOS.</p> @@ -14503,15 +14463,15 @@ the eastern side of the Blue mountains.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</ 218; <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 416. 'On the west side of the Blue mountains and south of the Columbia river.' <i>Thompson</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 282. 'Occupy a portion of the Walla-Walla valley.' <i>Dennison</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, -1857, p. 374; <i>Cain</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1859, pp. 413-14. 'À l'ouest des Nez-perces sont +1857, p. 374; <i>Cain</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1859, pp. 413-14. 'À l'ouest des Nez-perces sont les Kayuses.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 30. The Kayouse dwell upon the Utalla -or Emnutilly River. <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, p. 122. 'West of the Nez Percés.' +or Emnutilly River. <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, p. 122. 'West of the Nez Percés.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 309, and map. 'Rove through the regions of -the Lewis branch.' <i>Greenhow's Hist. Ogn.</i>, p. 30. 'Kayouses. Près du grand -détour de la Colombie.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. Waiilatpu, Molele, +the Lewis branch.' <i>Greenhow's Hist. Ogn.</i>, p. 30. 'Kayouses. Près du grand +détour de la Colombie.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. Waiilatpu, Molele, called also Willetpoos, Cayuse, 'western Oregon, south of the Columbia river.' <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 199; <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 417. -Caäguas 'inhabit the country bordering on Wallawalla river and its tributaries, +Caäguas 'inhabit the country bordering on Wallawalla river and its tributaries, the Blue mountains and Grand round.' <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, pp. 54-6. Wyeilat or Kyoose, country to the south of Walla Walla. <i>Tolmie</i>, in <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 244-5. The Skyuses 'dwell about the waters of the Wayleeway @@ -14545,7 +14505,7 @@ Wascos occupy a small tract of country near to and adjoining the Dalles.' about the Dalles are the Wascopams. <i>Map</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 200. Eneshur, Echeloots, Chillukkitequaw and Sinacshop occupy the territory, on <i>Lewis and Clarke's Map</i>; <i>Morse's Rept.</i>, p. 370. The Tchipantchicktchick, -Cathlassis, Ilttekaïmamits, and Tchelouits about the Dalles. <i>Stuart</i>, +Cathlassis, Ilttekaïmamits, and Tchelouits about the Dalles. <i>Stuart</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1821, tom. xii., p. 26; <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 417.</p> @@ -14619,7 +14579,7 @@ mountains north of the Columbia and west of the Yakamas.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pa Gram.</i>, p. vii. 'Wander in the wooded country about Mount St. Helens.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 213. 'In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia.' <i>Catlin's N. Am. Ind.</i>, vol. ii., p. 113. Klikatats. -'Au-dessus du fort des Nez-Percés.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The +'Au-dessus du fort des Nez-Percés.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Kliketat, a scion from the Sahaptans, who now dwell near Mount Rainier and have advanced towards the falls of the Columbia.' <i>Scouler</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 225. On <i>Lewis and Clarke's Map</i> the Kliketat territory @@ -14654,14 +14614,14 @@ Tolewas, and Rogue River Indians and their Customs—The Tehamas, Pomos, Ukiahs, Gualalas, Sonomas, Petalumas, Napas, Suscols, Suisunes, Tamales, Karquines, Ohlones, Tulomos, Thamiens, Olchones, Rumsens, Escelens, and others of Central California—The -Cahuillas, Diegueños, Islanders, and Mission Rancherias of +Cahuillas, Diegueños, Islanders, and Mission Rancherias of Southern California—The Snakes or Shoshones proper, Utahs, Bannocks, Washoes and other Shoshone Nations.</span></p> <p>Of the seven groups into which this work separates the nations of western North America, the <span class="smcap">Californians</span> constitute the third, and cover the territory between latitude -43° and 32° 30´, extending back irregularly into the +43° and 32° 30´, extending back irregularly into the Rocky Mountains. There being few distinctly marked families in this group, I cannot do better in subdividing it for the purpose of description than make of the @@ -14708,7 +14668,7 @@ cursed with a yet greater dryness.</p> <p>The region known as the Great Basin, lying between the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada and the Wahsatch Mountains, and stretching north and south from latitude -33° to 42°, presents a very different picture from the land +33° to 42°, presents a very different picture from the land of the Californians. This district is triangular in shape, the apex pointing toward the south, or southwest; from this apex, which, round the head of the Gulf of California, @@ -14931,7 +14891,7 @@ to see wreaths of oak or laurel leaves, feathers, or the tails of gray squirrels twisted in the hair; indeed, from the trouble which they frequently take to adorn their coiffure, one would imagine that these people were -of a somewhat æsthetic turn of mind, but a closer acquaintance +of a somewhat æsthetic turn of mind, but a closer acquaintance quickly dispels the illusion. On Eel River some cut all the hair short, a custom practiced to some extent by the Central Californians.<a name="FNanchor_441" id="FNanchor_441" href="#Footnote_441" class="fnanchor">[441]</a> @@ -15677,7 +15637,7 @@ are supposed to be able to wield their mysterious power for harm, as well as for good, so that should a patient die, his relatives kill the doctor who attended him; or in case deceased could not afford medical attendance, -they kill the first unfortunate disciple of Æsculapius +they kill the first unfortunate disciple of Æsculapius they can lay hands on, frequently murdering one belonging to another tribe; his death, however, must be paid for.<a name="FNanchor_494" id="FNanchor_494" href="#Footnote_494" class="fnanchor">[494]</a></p> @@ -15884,8 +15844,8 @@ both.<a name="FNanchor_502" id="FNanchor_502" href="#Footnote_502" class="fnanch <p class="p2"><span class="smcap">The Central Californians</span> occupy a yet larger extent of territory, comprising the whole of that portion of -California extending, north and south, from about 40° -30´ to 35°, and, east and west, from the Pacific Ocean to +California extending, north and south, from about 40° +30´ to 35°, and, east and west, from the Pacific Ocean to the Californian boundary. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">362</a></span></p> @@ -15907,15 +15867,15 @@ distinguishing prefix to the name of Pomo, as, the <i>Castel Pomos</i> and <i>Ki Pomos</i> on the head-waters of Eel River; the <i>Pome Pomos</i>, Earth People, in Potter Valley; the <i>Cahto Pomos</i>, in the valley of that name; the -<i>Choam Chadéla Pomos</i>, Pitch-pine People, in Redwood +<i>Choam Chadéla Pomos</i>, Pitch-pine People, in Redwood Valley; the <i>Matomey Ki Pomos</i>, Wooded Valley People, -about Little Lake; the <i>Usals</i>, or <i>Camalél Pomos</i>, Coast +about Little Lake; the <i>Usals</i>, or <i>Camalél Pomos</i>, Coast People, on Usal Creek; the <i>Shebalne Pomos</i>, Neighbor People, in Sherwood Valley, and many others. On Russian River, the <i>Gallinomeros</i> occupy the valley below -Healdsburg; the <i>Sanéls</i>, <i>Socoas</i>, <i>Lamas</i>, and <i>Seacos</i>, live in -the vicinity of the village of Sanél; the <i>Comachos</i> dwell in -Ranchería and Anderson valleys; the <i>Ukiahs</i>, or Yokias, +Healdsburg; the <i>Sanéls</i>, <i>Socoas</i>, <i>Lamas</i>, and <i>Seacos</i>, live in +the vicinity of the village of Sanél; the <i>Comachos</i> dwell in +RancherÃa and Anderson valleys; the <i>Ukiahs</i>, or Yokias, near the town of Ukiah, which is a corruption of their name;<a name="FNanchor_503" id="FNanchor_503" href="#Footnote_503" class="fnanchor">[503]</a> the <i>Gualalas</i><a name="FNanchor_504" id="FNanchor_504" href="#Footnote_504" class="fnanchor">[504]</a> on the creek which takes its name from them, about twenty miles above the mouth of @@ -15939,7 +15899,7 @@ the <i>Tolenos</i>, and the <i>Ullulatas</i>; the tribe of the celebrated chief Marin lived near the mission of San Rafael, and on the ocean-coast of Marin County were the <i>Bolanos</i> and <i>Tamales</i>; the <i>Karquines</i> lived on the straits of that -name. Humboldt and Mülhlenpfordt mention the <i>Matalanes</i>, +name. Humboldt and Mülhlenpfordt mention the <i>Matalanes</i>, <i>Salses</i>, and <i>Quirotes</i>, as living round the bay of San Francisco. According to Adam Johnson, who was Indian agent for California in 1850, the principal tribes @@ -15949,7 +15909,7 @@ Buena, were the <i>Ahwashtes</i>, <i>Altahmos</i>, <i>Romanans</i>, and tribes seen at the Mission, Chamisso of nineteen, and transcribed from the mission books to the <span class="smcap"><a href="#TRIBAL_IV">Tribal Boundaries</a> </span> of this group, are the names of nearly two hundred -rancherías. The <i>Socoisukas</i>, <i>Thamiens</i>, and <i>Gergecensens</i> +rancherÃas. The <i>Socoisukas</i>, <i>Thamiens</i>, and <i>Gergecensens</i> roamed through Santa Clara County. The <i>Olchones</i> inhabited the coast between San Francisco and Monterey; in the vicinity of the latter place were the @@ -16113,7 +16073,7 @@ families or generations had their fires, while they slept next the walls. Three narrow holes served as doors, one at either end and one at the elbow.<a name="FNanchor_510" id="FNanchor_510" href="#Footnote_510" class="fnanchor">[510]</a> A collection <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">373</a></span> -of native huts is in California called a <i>ranchería</i>, +of native huts is in California called a <i>rancherÃa</i>, from rancho, a word first applied by the Spaniards to the spot where, in the island of Cuba, food was distributed to repartimiento Indians.</p> @@ -16396,7 +16356,7 @@ three years, namely from 1809 to 1811, these northern fishermen held possession of the bay of San Francisco, during which time they captured over eight thousand otters. Finally, it occurred to the governor, Don Luis -Argüello, that it would be well for the Spaniards to have +Argüello, that it would be well for the Spaniards to have boats of their own. Accordingly four were built, but they were so clumsily constructed, ill equipped, and poorly manned, that had the Russians and Koniagas felt @@ -16428,7 +16388,7 @@ were dispensed with, and swimming resorted to.</p> <p>Captain Phelps, in a letter to the author, mentions having seen skin boats, or baidarkas, on the Sacramento River, but supposes that they were left there by those -same Russian employés.<a name="FNanchor_533" id="FNanchor_533" href="#Footnote_533" class="fnanchor">[533]</a> Vancouver, speaking of a +same Russian employés.<a name="FNanchor_533" id="FNanchor_533" href="#Footnote_533" class="fnanchor">[533]</a> Vancouver, speaking of a canoe which he saw below Monterey, says: "Instead of being composed of straw, like those we had seen on our first visit to San Francisco, it was neatly formed of wood, @@ -16500,7 +16460,7 @@ invariably found in the reports of early voyagers. In proof of this, we have only to take up almost any book of travel in foreign lands printed at that time; wherein dragons and other impossible animals are not -only zoölogically described, but carefully drawn and engraved, +only zoölogically described, but carefully drawn and engraved, as well as other marvels in abundance. Captain Drake had several temptations to exaggerate. The richer and more important the country he discovered, @@ -16862,14 +16822,14 @@ Why Greece is civilized, while California breeds a race inferior to the lowest of their neighbors, save only perhaps the Shoshones on their east, no one yet can tell.</p> -<p>When Father Junípero Serra established the Mission +<p>When Father JunÃpero Serra established the Mission of Dolores in 1776, the shores of San Francisco Bay were thickly populated by the Ahwashtees, Ohlones, Altahmos, Romanons, Tuolomos, and other tribes. The good Father found the field unoccupied, for, in the vocabulary of these people, there is found no word for god, angel, or devil; they held no theory of origin or destiny. -A ranchería was situated on the spot where now +A rancherÃa was situated on the spot where now Beach street intersects Hyde street. Were it there now, as contrasted with the dwellings of San Francisco, it would resemble a pig-sty more than a human habitation.</p> @@ -16935,10 +16895,10 @@ who live in the south-eastern corner of the State are thrown by the Sierra Nevada range of mountains into the Shoshone family, to which, indeed, by affinity they belong. The chief tribes of this division are the <i>Cahuillas</i> -and the <i>Diegueños</i>, the former living around the +and the <i>Diegueños</i>, the former living around the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains, and the latter in the southern extremity of California. Around -each mission were scores of small bands, whose rancherías +each mission were scores of small bands, whose rancherÃas were recorded in the mission books, the natives as a whole being known only by the name of the mission. When first discovered by Cabrillo in 1542, the islands @@ -17071,7 +17031,7 @@ net readily admit the head, but hold the prisoner tight upon attempting to withdraw it. And what is more, their position prevents them from making a noise, and they serve also as a decoy for others. Fish are taken in -seines made from the tough bark of the tioñe-tree. They +seines made from the tough bark of the tioñe-tree. They are also killed with spears having a movable bone head, attached to a long line, so that when a fish is struck the barb becomes loosened; line is then paid out until the @@ -17093,7 +17053,7 @@ abound on their persons.</p> <p>Bows and arrows, and clubs, are as usual the weapons most in use. Sabres of hard wood, with edges that cut -like steel, are mentioned by Father Junípero Serra.<a name="FNanchor_579" id="FNanchor_579" href="#Footnote_579" class="fnanchor">[579]</a> +like steel, are mentioned by Father JunÃpero Serra.<a name="FNanchor_579" id="FNanchor_579" href="#Footnote_579" class="fnanchor">[579]</a> War is a mere pretext for plunder; the slightest wrong, real or imaginary, being sufficient cause for a strong tribe to attack a weaker one. The smaller bands form temporary @@ -17228,7 +17188,7 @@ She was then placed by his side, and the guests, after scattering more seeds, left the couple alone. A great feast followed, of which the most prominent feature was a character-dance. The young men took part in this -dance in the rôles of hunters and warriors, and were +dance in the rôles of hunters and warriors, and were assisted by the old women, who feigned to carry off game, or dispatch wounded enemies, as the case might be. The spectators sat in a circle and chanted an accompaniment.</p> @@ -18262,7 +18222,7 @@ of Rogue river; Sisticoosta Band, location, above Big Bend, of Rogue river; Maquelnoteer Band, location, fourteen miles above the mouth of Rogue river.' <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>June 18, 1860</i>. The Tutotens were a large tribe, numbering thirteen clans, inhabiting the southern coast of Oregon. <i>Golden Era</i>, -<i>March, 1856</i>. 'Toutounis ou Coquins, sur la rivière de ce nom et dans l'intérieur +<i>March, 1856</i>. 'Toutounis ou Coquins, sur la rivière de ce nom et dans l'intérieur des terres.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'On the lower part of the Clamet River are the Totutune, known by the unfavorable soubriquet of the Rogue, or Rascal Indians.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. @@ -18275,7 +18235,7 @@ places the Tutunahs in the northwest corner of Del Norte County. <i>MS. Map.</i> <p>The <i>Hunas</i> live in California a little south of Rogue River, on the way north from Crescent City. <i>Pfeiffer's Second Journ.</i>, p. 314.</p> -<p><i>Modoc</i>, by some <i>Moädoc</i>, is a word which originated with the Shasteecas, +<p><i>Modoc</i>, by some <i>Moädoc</i>, is a word which originated with the Shasteecas, who applied it indefinitely to all wild Indians or enemies. 'Their proper habitat is on the southern shore of Lower Klamath Lake, on Hot Creek, around Clear Lake, and along Lost River in Oregon.' <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland @@ -18316,8 +18276,8 @@ Great Klameth Lake.' <i>Thompson</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 283. T Clamets inhabit 'Roquas River, near the south boundary' (of Oregon). <i>Warre and Vavasour</i>, in <i>Martin's Hudson's Bay</i>, p. 81. 'Lutuami, Clamets; also Tlamatl—Indians of southwestern Oregon, near the Clamet Lake.' -<i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 100. 'Klamacs, sur la rivière de ce nom et dans -l'intérieur des terres.' <i>De Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. Clamet: on the +<i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 100. 'Klamacs, sur la rivière de ce nom et dans +l'intérieur des terres.' <i>De Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. Clamet: on the upper part of the river, and sixty miles below the lake so named. <i>Framboise</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 255. 'Next east of the Shastas are the Klamath Lake Indians, known in their language as the Okshee, who inhabit @@ -18329,11 +18289,11 @@ rises, is not known among those farther down.... Thus, at the forks, the Weitspeks call the river below Pohlik, signifying down; and that above Pehtsik, or up; giving, moreover, the same name to the population in speaking of them collectively. Three distinct tribes, speaking different -languages, occupy its banks between the sea and the mouth of the Shasté, +languages, occupy its banks between the sea and the mouth of the Shasté, of which the lowest extends up to Bluff Creek, a few miles above the forks. Of these there are, according to our information, in all, thirty-two villages.... The names of the principal villages ... are the Weitspek (at the forks), -Wahsherr, Kaipetl, Moraiuh, Nohtscho, Méhteh, Schregon, Yauterrh, Pecquan, +Wahsherr, Kaipetl, Moraiuh, Nohtscho, Méhteh, Schregon, Yauterrh, Pecquan, Kauweh, Wauhtecq, Scheperrh, Oiyotl, Naiagutl, Schaitl, Hopaiuh, Rekqua, and Weht'lqua, the two last at the mouth of the river.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 138.</p> @@ -18388,7 +18348,7 @@ Klamaths by the name of Hoopah.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vo <p>'Upon the Trinity, or Hoopah, below the entrance of the south fork or Otahweiaket, there are said to be eleven ranches, the Okenoke, Agaraits, Uplegoh, Olleppauh'lkahtehtl and Pephtsoh; ... and the Haslintah, Aheltah, -Sokéakeit, Tashhuanta, and Witspuk above it; A twelfth, the Méyemma, +Sokéakeit, Tashhuanta, and Witspuk above it; A twelfth, the Méyemma, now burnt, was situated just above "New" or "Arkansas" River.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 139.</p> @@ -18457,7 +18417,7 @@ came in bloody collision.' <i>Powers' Pomo, MS.</i></p> Eagle Prairie.' <i>Powers' Pomo, MS.</i></p> <p>The <i>Shastas</i> live to the south-west of the Lutuamis or Klamaths. <i>Hale's -Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 218. 'Sastés, dans l'intérieur au Nord +Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 218. 'Sastés, dans l'intérieur au Nord de la Californie.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Shasta Indians, known in their language as Weohow—it meaning stone house, from the large cave in their country—occupy the land east of Shasta river, and south of the @@ -18468,14 +18428,14 @@ name. <i>MS. Map.</i> 'Indians of south-western Oregon, on the northern frontier of Upper California.' <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 168. Watsahewah is the name 'of one of the Scott River bands of the Shasta family.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 422. The name is spelled variously as Shasty, -Shaste, Sasté, &c.</p> +Shaste, Sasté, &c.</p> <p>The <i>Palaiks</i> live to the southeast of the Lutuamis or Klamaths. <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 218. 'Indians of south-western Oregon, on the northern frontiers of Upper California.' <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 145.</p> <p>On the Klamath are the Odeeilahs; in Shasta Valley the Ikarucks, Kosetahs, -and Idakariúkes; and in Scott's Valley the Watsahewas and Eehs. +and Idakariúkes; and in Scott's Valley the Watsahewas and Eehs. <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 171.</p> <p>'The <i>Hamburg Indians</i>, known in their language as the Tka, inhabit immediately @@ -18483,7 +18443,7 @@ at the mouth of Scott's river, known in their language as the Ottetiewa river.' <i>Steele</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1864, p. 120.</p> <p>'The <i>Scott's Valley Indians</i>, known in their language as the Iddoa, inhabit -Scott's Valley above the cañon.' <i>Ib.</i></p> +Scott's Valley above the cañon.' <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>'The <i>Yreka</i> (a misnomer for Yeka—Shasta Butte) Indians, known in their language as the Hoteday, inhabit that part of the country lying south of @@ -18503,7 +18463,7 @@ vii., p. 123.</p> <p>The <i>Ylakas</i> are to the southeast of the Ukas. <i>MS. Map.</i></p> <p class="p2">The <span class="smcap">Central Californians</span> occupy the whole of that portion of California -extending north and south, from about 40° 30´ to 35°, and east and +extending north and south, from about 40° 30´ to 35°, and east and west, from the Pacific Ocean to the Californian boundary. They are tribally divided as follows:</p> @@ -18553,13 +18513,13 @@ Pomos.' <i>Ib.</i>, <i>MS. Map</i>.</p> formerly existed in the valley now called by their name.' <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. ix., p. 500.</p> -<p>The Choam Chadéla Pomos (Pitch Pine People) live in Redwood Valley. +<p>The Choam Chadéla Pomos (Pitch Pine People) live in Redwood Valley. <i>Id.</i>, p. 504.</p> <p>The Matomey Ki Pomos (Wooded Valley People) live about Little Lake. <i>Ib.</i></p> -<p>The Camalèl Pomos (Coast People) or Usals live on Usal Creek. <i>Ib.</i></p> +<p>The Camalèl Pomos (Coast People) or Usals live on Usal Creek. <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>The Shebalne Pomos (Neighbor People) live in Sherwood Valley. <i>Ib.</i></p> @@ -18625,7 +18585,7 @@ p. 170.</p> <p>The <i>Olamentkes</i> live at Bodega. <i>Kostromitonow</i>, in <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. und Ethnog.</i>, p. 80; <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 20.</p> -<p>The <i>Kainamares</i> or Kainaméahs are at Fitch's Ranch, extending as far +<p>The <i>Kainamares</i> or Kainaméahs are at Fitch's Ranch, extending as far back as Santa Rosa, down Russian River, about three leagues to Cooper's Ranch, and thence across the coast at Fort Ross, and for twenty-five miles above. <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 102. 'The Kanimares had @@ -18634,14 +18594,14 @@ rancherias at Santa Rosa, Petaluma, or Pataloma, and up to Russian river.' valley is Canimairo after the celebrated Indians of those parts.' <i>Id.</i>, <i>June 8, 1860</i>. The Indians of the plains in vicinity of Fort Ross, call themselves Kainama. <i>Kostromitonow</i>, in <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. und Ethno.</i>, p. 80. The Kyanamaras -'inhabit the section of country between the cañon of Russian river and +'inhabit the section of country between the cañon of Russian river and its mouth.' <i>Ford</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1856, p. 257.</p> <p>The <i>Tumalehnias</i> live on Bodega Bay. <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 102.</p> <p>The <i>Socoas</i>, <i>Lamas</i>, and <i>Seacos</i>, live in Russian River Valley in the vicinity -of the village of Sanél. <i>Powers' Pomo, MS.</i></p> +of the village of Sanél. <i>Powers' Pomo, MS.</i></p> <p>The <i>Sonomas</i>, Sonomis, or Sonomellos, lived at the embarcadero of Sonoma. <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>March 30, 1860</i>. The Sonomas lived in the south-eastern @@ -18660,12 +18620,12 @@ p. 301. The Tchokoyems live in Sonoma Valley. <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 184 1846. <i>Ib.</i>; <i>MS. Map</i>. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">450</a></span></p> -<p>The <i>Kinklas</i> live in 39° 14´ north lat. and 122° 12´ long. <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in -<i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. v., p. 201. The Klinkas are a 'tribu fixée au nord du +<p>The <i>Kinklas</i> live in 39° 14´ north lat. and 122° 12´ long. <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in +<i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. v., p. 201. The Klinkas are a 'tribu fixée au nord du Rio del Sacramento.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 358. South of the Rogue River Indians 'the population is very scanty until we arrive at the valley of the Sacramento, all the tribes of which are included by the traders under -the general name of Kinklá, which is probably, like Tlamatl, a term of Chinook +the general name of Kinklá, which is probably, like Tlamatl, a term of Chinook origin.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 221.</p> <p>The Talatui live 'on the Kassima River, a tributary to the Sacramento, @@ -18750,13 +18710,13 @@ Noiyucans and Noisas, lived at Clear Lake. <i>Geiger</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.< <p><i>Napobatin</i>, meaning 'many houses,' was the collective name of six tribes living at Clear Lake: their names were Hulanapo, Habenapo or stone -house, Dahnohabe, or stone mountain, Möalkai, Shekom, and Howkuma. +house, Dahnohabe, or stone mountain, Möalkai, Shekom, and Howkuma. <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 109.</p> <p>The <i>Shanelkayas</i> and <i>Bedahmareks</i>, or lower people, live on the east fork of Eel River. <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 109.</p> -<p>'The <i>Sanéls</i> live at Clear lake.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 112. +<p>'The <i>Sanéls</i> live at Clear lake.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 112. 'The Sanels occupy Russian River Valley in the vicinity of the American village of Sanel.' <i>Powers' Pomo, MS.</i></p> @@ -18844,25 +18804,25 @@ p. 42.</p> <p class="sidenote">TRIBES NEAR THE MISSION DOLORES.</p> -<p>The following names of rancherías which formerly existed in the vicinity +<p>The following names of rancherÃas which formerly existed in the vicinity of the Mission Dolores, are taken from the Mission Books: Abmoctac, Amutaja, Altanui, Aleytac, Anchin, Aleta, Aramay, Altajumo, Aluenchi, Acnagis, -Assunta, Atarpe, Anamás, Acyum, Anamon, Cachanegtac, Caprup, Cazopo, +Assunta, Atarpe, Anamás, Acyum, Anamon, Cachanegtac, Caprup, Cazopo, Carascan, Conop, Chutchin, Chagunte, Chapugtac, Chipisclin, Chynau, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">453</a></span> -Chipletac, Chuchictac, Chiputca, Chanigtac, Churmutcé, Chayen, Chupcan, -Elarroyde, Flunmuda, Génau, Guloismistac, Gamchines, Guanlen, Hunctu, -Halchis, Horocroc, Huimen, Itáes, Juniamuc, Josquigard, Juchium, Juris, -Joquizará, Luidneg, Luianeglua, Lamsim, Livangelva, Livangebra, Libantone, -Macsinum, Mitliné, Malvaitac, Muingpe, Naig, Naique, Napa, Ompivromo, +Chipletac, Chuchictac, Chiputca, Chanigtac, Churmutcé, Chayen, Chupcan, +Elarroyde, Flunmuda, Génau, Guloismistac, Gamchines, Guanlen, Hunctu, +Halchis, Horocroc, Huimen, Itáes, Juniamuc, Josquigard, Juchium, Juris, +Joquizará, Luidneg, Luianeglua, Lamsim, Livangelva, Livangebra, Libantone, +Macsinum, Mitliné, Malvaitac, Muingpe, Naig, Naique, Napa, Ompivromo, Ousint, Oturbe, Olestura, Otoacte, Petlenum, or Petaluma, Pruristac, Puichon, Puycone, Patnetac, Pructaca, Purutea, Proqueu, Quet, Sitlintaj, Suchni, Subchiam, Siplichiquin, Siscastac, Ssiti, Sitintajea, Ssupichum, Sicca, Soisehme, Saturaumo, Satumuo, Sittintac, Ssichitca, Sagunte, Ssalayme, Sunchaque, Ssipudca, Saraise, Sipanum, Sarontac, Ssogereate, Sadanes, -Tuzsint, Tatquinte, Titmictac, Tupuic, Titiyú, Timita, Timsim, Tubisuste, +Tuzsint, Tatquinte, Titmictac, Tupuic, Titiyú, Timita, Timsim, Tubisuste, Timigtac, Torose, Tupuinte, Tuca, Tamalo, or Tomales, Talcan, Totola, Urebure, -Uturpe, Ussete, Uchium, Véctaca, Vagerpe, Yelamú, Yacmui, Yacomui, +Uturpe, Ussete, Uchium, Véctaca, Vagerpe, Yelamú, Yacmui, Yacomui, Yajumui, Zomiomi, Zucigin ... Aguasajuchium, Apuasto, Aguasto, Carquin, (Karquines), Cuchian, Chaclan, Chiguau, Cotejen, Chuscan, Guylpunes, Huchun, Habasto, Junatca, Jarquin, Sanchines, Oljon, Olpen, Olemos, @@ -18884,31 +18844,31 @@ Francisco; Guymen, Utschim, Olumpali, Soclan, Sonomi, Chulpun, Umpin, Kosmitas, Bulbones, Tchalabones, Pitem, Lamam, Apalamu, Tcholoones, Suysum, Numpali, Tamal, and Ululato.' <i>Chamisso</i>, in <i>Kotzebue's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 51. 'On compte dans cette seul mission (San Francisco) plus de quinze -différentes tribus d'Indiens: les Khoulpouni; les Oumpini; les Kosmiti; les -Lamanès; les Bolbonès; les Pitemèns; les Khalalons; les Apatamnès, ils parlent -la même langue et habitent le long des bords du Rio Sacramento; les +différentes tribus d'Indiens: les Khoulpouni; les Oumpini; les Kosmiti; les +Lamanès; les Bolbonès; les Pitemèns; les Khalalons; les Apatamnès, ils parlent +la même langue et habitent le long des bords du Rio Sacramento; les Guimen; les Outchioung; les Olompalis; les Tamals; les Sonons ils parlent -la même langue; ces tribus sont les plus nombreuses dans la mission de San +la même langue; ces tribus sont les plus nombreuses dans la mission de San Francisco; les Saklans; les Ouloulatines; les Noumpolis; les Souissouns; ils -parlent des langues différentes.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, pt. iii., pp. 5, 6. 'California +parlent des langues différentes.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, pt. iii., pp. 5, 6. 'California Indians on the Bay of San Francisco, and formerly under the supervisions of the Mission Dolores. There were five tribes: Ashwashtes, Olhones (called by the Spaniards Costanos, or Indians of the coast), Altahmos, Romonans, and Tulomos. A few other small tribes round the bay speak the same language.' <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 53. 'Um die Bai von San Francisco -die Matalánes, Salses und Quiróles, deren Sprachen, eine gemeinsame Quelle -haben.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 454. The Olchones 'inhabit +die Matalánes, Salses und Quiróles, deren Sprachen, eine gemeinsame Quelle +haben.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 454. The Olchones 'inhabit <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">454</a></span> the seacoast between San Francisco and Monterey.' <i>Beechey's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 78. The Salsonas, 'viven unas seis leguas distantes rumbo al Sueste (of San Francisco Bay) por las cercanias del brazo de mar.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de -Junípero Serra</i>, p. 214.</p> +JunÃpero Serra</i>, p. 214.</p> <p>The <i>Korekins</i> formerly lived at the mouth of the San Joaquin. <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 141.</p> <p>'The rancherias of Indians near this Mission, all within eight or ten miles -of Santa Cruz, ... were: Aulintac, the rancheria proper to the Mission; Chalumü, +of Santa Cruz, ... were: Aulintac, the rancheria proper to the Mission; Chalumü, one mile north-west of the Mission; Hottrochtac, two miles north-west; ... Wallanmai; Sio Cotchmin; Shoremee; Onbi; Choromi; Turami; Payanmin; Shiuguermi; Hauzaurni. The Mission also had neophytes of @@ -18937,14 +18897,14 @@ and east of the river in a Canaditta de Palo Colorado.' <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>A Rumsen or Runsienes are 'Indians in the neighbourhood of Monterey, California. The Achastliers speak a dialect of the same language.' <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 163. 'Um den Hafen von Monterey leben die Rumsen oder -Runsien, die Escelen oder Eslen, die Ecclemáches, und Achastliés.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, +Runsien, die Escelen oder Eslen, die Ecclemáches, und Achastliés.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 454. 'La partie septentrionale de la Nouvelle-Californie -est habitée par les deux nations des Rumsen et Escelen.... +est habitée par les deux nations des Rumsen et Escelen.... Elles forment la population du preside et du village de Monterey. Dans la baie de S. Francisco, on distingue les tribus des Matalans, Salsen et Quirotes.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Pol.</i>, p. 321. 'Eslen y Runsien que ocupan toda la California septentrional.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 167. 'Um Monterey wohnen -zwey Völker ... die Rumsen, und im Osten von diesen die Escelen.' +zwey Völker ... die Rumsen, und im Osten von diesen die Escelen.' <i>Vater</i>, <i>Mithridates</i>, p. 202. 'The Eslenes clan roamed over the present ranchos San Francisquito, Tallarcittos, and up and down the Carmelo Valley.' 'The rancheria <i>per se</i> of the Escellens was named by the priests, Santa Clara; @@ -19016,21 +18976,21 @@ p. 244.</p> Joaquin River, and from the Cosumnes to the Fresno.... North of the Stanislaus they call themselves Meewoc (Indians); south of it, to the Merced, Meewa; south of that to the Fresno, Meewie. On the upper Merced river -is Wakâlla; on the upper Tuolumne, Wakalumy; on the Stanislaus and +is Wakâlla; on the upper Tuolumne, Wakalumy; on the Stanislaus and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">456</a></span> Mokelumne, Wakalumytoh.... As to tribal distribution, the Meewocs north of the Stanislaus, like the Neeshenams, designate principally by the points -of the compass. These are toomun, choomuch, háyzooit, and ólowit (north, +of the compass. These are toomun, choomuch, háyzooit, and ólowit (north, south, east, and west), from which are formed various tribal names—as -Toomuns, Toomedocs, and Tamolécas, Choomuch, Choomwits, Choomedocs, -or Chimedocs, and Choomtéyas; Olowits, Olówedocs, Oloweéyas, -etc. Olówedocs is the name applied to all Indians living on the plains, as +Toomuns, Toomedocs, and Tamolécas, Choomuch, Choomwits, Choomedocs, +or Chimedocs, and Choomtéyas; Olowits, Olówedocs, Oloweéyas, +etc. Olówedocs is the name applied to all Indians living on the plains, as far west as Stockton. But there are several names which are employed absolutely, and without any reference to direction. On the south bank of the -Cosumnes are the Cawnees; on Sutter Creek, the Yulónees; on the Stanislaus -and Tuolumne the extensive tribe of Wallies; in Yosemite, the Awánees, on -the south fork of Merced, the Nootchoos; on the middle Merced, the Choomtéyas, -on the upper Chowchilla, the Héthtoyas; on the middle Chowchilla +Cosumnes are the Cawnees; on Sutter Creek, the Yulónees; on the Stanislaus +and Tuolumne the extensive tribe of Wallies; in Yosemite, the Awánees, on +the south fork of Merced, the Nootchoos; on the middle Merced, the Choomtéyas, +on the upper Chowchilla, the Héthtoyas; on the middle Chowchilla the tribe that named the stream; and on the north bank of the Fresno the Pohoneechees.' <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. x., pp. 322-5; <i>MS. Map</i>.</p> @@ -19074,13 +19034,13 @@ river and the Tejon, on the east of the San Joaquin, the Tulare lakes and in the Sierra Nevada, as stated by Lieut. Beale, in 1856.' <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>June 8, 1860</i>.</p> -<p>The <i>Tulareños</i> live in the mountain wilderness of the Four Creeks, Porsiuncula +<p>The <i>Tulareños</i> live in the mountain wilderness of the Four Creeks, Porsiuncula (or Kerns or Current) river and the Tejon; and wander thence towards the headwaters of the Mohave and the neighborhood of the Cahuillas. Their present common name belongs to the Spanish and Mexican times -and is derived from the word Tularé (a swamp with flags). <i>Hayes' MS.</i> 'Tulareños, +and is derived from the word Tularé (a swamp with flags). <i>Hayes' MS.</i> 'Tulareños, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">457</a></span> -Habitant la grande vallée de los Tulares de la Californie.' <i>Mofras</i>, +Habitant la grande vallée de los Tulares de la Californie.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335.</p> <p>'The <i>Yocut</i> dominion includes the Kern and Tulare basins and the middle @@ -19110,7 +19070,7 @@ of the country, commencing on the coast, and extending to within fifty miles of the Colorado river, following the eastern base of the mountains. <i>San Francisco Herald</i>, <i>June, 1853</i>. The Cahuillos or Cawios reside 'near the Pacific, between the sources of the San Gabriel and Santa Anna.' <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, -p. 26. 'The Cahuillas are a little to the north of the San Luiseños, occupying +p. 26. 'The Cahuillas are a little to the north of the San Luiseños, occupying the mountain ridges and intervening valleys to the east and southeast of Mount San Bernadino, down towards the Mohava river and the desert that borders the river Colorado, the nation of Mohavas lying between them and @@ -19125,7 +19085,7 @@ Topog. Memoir</i>, p. 119. 'The <i>Cowillers</i> and <i>Telemnies</i> live on Fo have been from the Feather river in the northern part of the State, to the Tulare lakes of the south.' <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>May 25, 1860</i>.</p> -<p>The <i>Diegeños</i> 'are said to occupy the coast for some fifty miles above, +<p>The <i>Diegeños</i> 'are said to occupy the coast for some fifty miles above, and about the same distance below San Diego, and to extend about a hundred miles into the interior.' <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. The Dieguinos are in the southern part of San Diego @@ -19137,18 +19097,18 @@ Herald</i>, <i>June, 1853</i>. The Comeyas or Diegenos 'occupy the coast for som fifty miles above, and about the same distance below San Diego, and extend <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">458</a></span> about a hundred miles into the interior.' <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 7. -'The Indians round San Diego, Deguinos, Diegeños, were in a savage state, +'The Indians round San Diego, Deguinos, Diegeños, were in a savage state, and their language almost unknown. Bartlett says that they are also called Comeya; but Whipple asserts that the Comeya, a tribe of the Yumas, speak a different language.' <i>Ludewig</i>, <i>Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 62. On page 220 Ludewig says -that as the name Diegeños means the Indians round San Diego, there is no +that as the name Diegeños means the Indians round San Diego, there is no such name as Deguinos. 'The villages of the Dieguinos, wherever they live separately, are a little to the south of the Cahuillas. Indeed, under this appellation they extend a hundred miles into Lower California, in about an -equal state of civilization, and thence are scattered through the Tecaté valley +equal state of civilization, and thence are scattered through the Tecaté valley over the entire desert on the west side of New River.... Their villages known to me are San Dieguito (about twenty souls), San Diego Mission, San Pasqual, -Camajal (two villages), Santa Ysabel, San José, Matahuay, Lorenzo, +Camajal (two villages), Santa Ysabel, San José, Matahuay, Lorenzo, San Felipe, Cajon, Cuyamaca, Valle de las Viejas.' <i>Hayes' MS.</i></p> <p>The <i>Missouris</i> 'are scattered over San Bernardino, San Diego and other @@ -19189,7 +19149,7 @@ Cancac or Caacac, or Cacat.' <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>Aug. 21, 1863</i>.</p> <p class="sidenote">SOUTHERN MISSION INDIANS.</p> -<p>The following names of rancherías were taken from the archives of the +<p>The following names of rancherÃas were taken from the archives of the various missions; in the vicinity of La Purissima: Lajuchu, Silimastus, Sisolop, Jlaacs, or Slacus, Huasna, Estait, Esmischue, Ausion, Esnispele, Silisne, Sacspili, Estait, Huenejel, Husistaic, Silimi, Suntaho, Alacupusyuen, @@ -19262,16 +19222,16 @@ Orchard; Sonagna, Mr White's farm; Acuragua, The Presa; Asucsagna, Azuza; Cucomogna, Cucamonga Farm; Pasinogna, Rancho del Chino; Awigna, La Puente; Chokishgna, The Saboneria; Nacaugna, Carpenter's Farm; Pineugna, Santa Catalina Island; Pimocagna, Rancho de los Ybarras; -Toybipet, San José; Hutucgna, Santa Ana (Yorbes); Aleupkigna, Santa +Toybipet, San José; Hutucgna, Santa Ana (Yorbes); Aleupkigna, Santa Anita; Maugna, Rancho de los Felis; Hahamogna, Rancho de los Verdugas; Cabuegna, Caliuenga; Pasecgna, San Fernando; Houtgna, Ranchito de Lugo, Suangna, Suanga; Pubugna, Alamitos; Tibahagna, Serritos; Chowig-na, Palos Verdes; Kinkipar, San Clemente Island, Harasgna. <i>Reid</i>, in <i>Los Angeles Star, Letter I.</i>, in <i>Hayes Collection</i>.</p> -<p>The <i>San Luisieños</i> inhabit the northern part of San Diego, from the +<p>The <i>San Luisieños</i> inhabit the northern part of San Diego, from the coast east, including the mountains. <i>Henley</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1856, p. 240. -'The villages of the San Luiseños are in a section of country adjacent to the +'The villages of the San Luiseños are in a section of country adjacent to the Cahuillas, between 40 and 70 miles in the mountainous interior from San Diego; they are known as Las Flores, Santa Margarita, San Luis Rey Mission, Wahoma, Pala, Temecula, Ahuanga (two villages), La Joya, Potrero, @@ -19283,7 +19243,7 @@ and the Pacific Ocean. <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 45. Garces mentio the western Noches in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie ii., vol. i., p. 299.</p> <p>The <i>Tejon</i> Indians were those who inhabited the southern part of Tulare -valley. <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, vol. i., p. 83.</p> +valley. <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, vol. i., p. 83.</p> <p>The <i>Playanos</i> were Indians who came to settle in the valley of San Juan Capistrano. <i>Boscana</i>, in <i>Robinson's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 249.</p> @@ -19329,9 +19289,9 @@ or Snakes.... The Shirrydikas are the real Shoshones, and live in the plains hunting the buffalo.' The country claimed by the Snake tribes 'is bounded on the east by the Rocky Mountains, on the south by the Spanish waters; on the Pacific, or west side, by an imaginary line, beginning at -the west end, or spur, of the Blue Mountains, behind Fort Nez Percés, and +the west end, or spur, of the Blue Mountains, behind Fort Nez Percés, and running parallel with the ocean to the height of land beyond the Umpqua -River, in about north lat. 41° (this line never approaches within 150 miles of +River, in about north lat. 41° (this line never approaches within 150 miles of the Pacific); and on the north by another line, running due east from the said spur of the Blue Mountains, and crossing the great south branch, or Lewis River, at the Dalles, till it strikes the Rocky Mountains 200 miles north of the @@ -19358,8 +19318,8 @@ of Utah, living north of Salt Lake 'and on the line of the Humboldt or Mary River, some 400 miles west and 100 to 125 south of the Oregon line. The Yuta claim the rest of the territory between Kansas, the Sierra Nevada, New Mexico and the Oregon frontier.' <i>Burton's City of the Saints</i>, p. 575. -'Les Soshonies, c'est-à-dire les déterreurs de racines, surnommés les Serpents, -... habitent la partie méridionale du territoire de l'Orégon, dans le +'Les Soshonies, c'est-à -dire les déterreurs de racines, surnommés les Serpents, +... habitent la partie méridionale du territoire de l'Orégon, dans le voisinage de la haute Californie.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 24. 'Their country lies south-west of the south-east branch of the Columbia, and is said to be the most barren of any part of the country in these western regions.' @@ -19367,7 +19327,7 @@ be the most barren of any part of the country in these western regions.' adjoining upper California, are located the Shoshones or Snake Indians.' <i>Ib.</i>, p. 308. 'Serpents ou Saaptins, Monquis, Bonacks et Youtas toutes les branches du Rio Colombia ou Sud-Est et les environs du lac -Salé an Timpanogos.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The country of +Salé an Timpanogos.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The country of the Shoshonees proper is south of Lewis or Snake River, and east of the Salt Lake. There is, however one detached band, known as the Wihinasht, or Western Snakes, near Fort Boirie, separated from the main body by the tribe @@ -19383,8 +19343,8 @@ southern and western Nevada.' <i>Parker</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. inhabit the southern part of the Rocky Mountains and the plains on each side.' <i>Bulfinch's Ogn.</i>, p. 124. 'They occupy all the country between the southern branches of Lewis's river, extending from the Umatullum to the E. side of the -Stony Mountains, on the southern parts of Wallaumut river from about 40° to -47° N. Lat. A branch of this tribe reside ... in spring and summer on the W. +Stony Mountains, on the southern parts of Wallaumut river from about 40° to +47° N. Lat. A branch of this tribe reside ... in spring and summer on the W. fork of Lewis river, a branch of the Columbia, and in winter and fall on the Missouri.' <i>Morse's Rept.</i>, p. 369. 'The Shoshones dwell between the Rocky and blue mountain ranges.' <i>Nicolay's Ogn. Ter.</i>, p. 151. 'The aboriginees of @@ -19410,7 +19370,7 @@ of Shoshones ... range from the Idaho boundary north, southward to the thirty-eighth parallel; their western limit is the line passing through the Sunatoya Mountains; their eastern limit Steptoe and Great Salt Lake Valleys.' <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1870, p. 95. The Snakes inhabit 'the plains of the Columbia -between the 43d and 44th degrees of latitude.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 150. The +between the 43d and 44th degrees of latitude.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 150. The Washakeeks or Green River Snakes inhabit the country drained by Green River and its tributaries. The Tookarikkahs, or mountain sheep-eaters, 'occupy the Salmon river country and the upper part of Snake River Valley, @@ -19458,7 +19418,7 @@ into seven tribes; viz., the 'Taos, Yampapas, Ewinte, Tenpenny Utahs, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">464</a></span> Parant Utahs, Sampiches, Pahmetes.' <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. vi., p. 697. 'Besides the Parawat Yutas, the Yampas, 200-300 miles south, on the White -River; the Tebechya, or sun-hunters, about Tête de Biche, near Spanish +River; the Tebechya, or sun-hunters, about Tête de Biche, near Spanish lands; and the Tash Yuta, near the Navajos; there are scatters of the nation along the Californian road from Beaver Valley, along the Santa Clara, Virgen, Las Vegas, and Muddy Rivers, to New Mexico.' <i>Burton's City of the Saints</i>, @@ -19490,7 +19450,7 @@ head chief, as follows: The Menaches ... the Capotes ... the Tabe-naches ... the Cibariches ... the Tempanahgoes ... the Piuchas.' <i>Graves</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 178. 'The Yutahs are subdivided into four great bands: the Noaches, the Payuches (whom we believe to be identical with -the Paï Utahs), the Tabiachis, and the Sogups, who live in perfect harmony +the Paï Utahs), the Tabiachis, and the Sogups, who live in perfect harmony on the north eastern confines of New Mexico, and at a distance of 500 miles to the south of the great tribe of the Zuguaganas.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 8. The Utes are 'those ... which inhabit the vicinity of the lakes @@ -19518,19 +19478,19 @@ waters of the Colorado, going most probably to the Gulf of California.' <i>Wilson</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. vi., p. 698. The country of the Utaws 'is situated to the east and southeast of the Shoshones, about the Salt Lake, and on the head waters of the Colorado river, which empties into the gulf of -California.... Their country being in latitude about 41°.' 'The Utaws are +California.... Their country being in latitude about 41°.' 'The Utaws are decent in appearance and their country, which is towards Santa Fe, is said to be tolerably good.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 79, 309. The Yutas, Utaws, -or Youtas, 'range between lat. 35° and 42° North and the Meridians 29° and -37° W. Long. of Washington. The great Yutas tribe is divided into two families +or Youtas, 'range between lat. 35° and 42° North and the Meridians 29° and +37° W. Long. of Washington. The great Yutas tribe is divided into two families which are contradistinguished by the names of their respective head-quarters; the Tao Yutas, so called because their principal camp is pitched in -Tao mountains, seventy miles north of Santa Fé; and the Timpanigos Yutas, +Tao mountains, seventy miles north of Santa Fé; and the Timpanigos Yutas, who hold their great camp near the Timpanigos lake.' <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, -p. 371. 'Um den Fluss Dolóres haben die Yutas, Tabeguáchis, Payúches und -Tularénos ihre Wohnsitze.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538. The +p. 371. 'Um den Fluss Dolóres haben die Yutas, Tabeguáchis, Payúches und +Tularénos ihre Wohnsitze.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538. The Utahs live 'on the border of New Mexico.' <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 196. 'Le -pays des Utaws est situé à l'est et au sud-est de celui des Soshonies, aux +pays des Utaws est situé à l'est et au sud-est de celui des Soshonies, aux sources du Rio-Colorado.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 30. 'The Yutas or Eutaws are one of the most extensive nations of the West, being scattered from the north of New Mexico to the borders of Snake river and Rio Colorado.' <i>Gregg's @@ -19568,12 +19528,12 @@ Nevada eastward to the Humboldt River and Sink of Carson; there are one or two small bands of them still further east, near Austin, Nevada. They are much scattered within these limits.' <i>Douglas</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1870, pp. 94-5. 'The Pah-utes roam along the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, -from the mouth of the Virgin with the Colorado (in about lat. 36° long. 115°) +from the mouth of the Virgin with the Colorado (in about lat. 36° long. 115°) to the territories of the Washoes north, and as far east as the Sevier Lake country of Fremont's explorations.' <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>June 22, 1860</i>. 'The Pa-utahs, and Lake Utahs occupy the territory lying south of the Snakes, and upon the waters of the Colorado of the west and south of the Great Salt -Lake.' <i>Scenes in the Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 179. The Pá Yuta (Pey Utes) 'extend +Lake.' <i>Scenes in the Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 179. The Pá Yuta (Pey Utes) 'extend from forty miles west of Stony Point to the Californian line, and N.W. to the Oregon line, and inhabit the valley of the Fenelon River, which rising from Lake Bigler empties itself into Pyramid Lake.' <i>Burton's City of the Saints</i>, p. @@ -19616,10 +19576,10 @@ Press</i>, vol. iii., p. 154. The Piutes or Paiuches inhabit 'the northern banks of the Colorado, the region of Severe river, and those portions of the Timpanigos desert where man can find a snail to eat.' <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 371. The Piutes live 'along the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, from -the mouth of the Virgen with the Colorado (in about Lat. 36° Long. 115°) +the mouth of the Virgen with the Colorado (in about Lat. 36° Long. 115°) to the territories of the Washoes north, and as far east as the Sevier Lake.' -<i>Taylor</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>June 22, 1860</i>. 'Von 34° nordwärts die Pai Utes.' -<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, vol. i., p. 430. The territory occupied +<i>Taylor</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>June 22, 1860</i>. 'Von 34° nordwärts die Pai Utes.' +<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, vol. i., p. 430. The territory occupied by the Piutes 'is about one hundred miles broad, and is bounded on the north by the country of the Bannocks, on the east by that of the Shoshones, on the south by the State line between Nevada and California and on the @@ -19653,7 +19613,7 @@ Lake and the land of the western Shoshones.' <i>Head</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.< p. 123. The Goship Shoshones 'live in the western part of Utah, between Great Salt Lake and the western boundary of the Territory,' (Utah). <i>Tourtellotte</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. 230. The Goshutes are located 'in the -country in the vicinity of Egan Cañon.... In the Shoshone range.' <i>Douglas</i>, +country in the vicinity of Egan Cañon.... In the Shoshone range.' <i>Douglas</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1870, p. 96. 'The Goship Shoshones inhabit that part of Utah which lies between Great Salt Lake and the western boundary of the Territory (Utah).' <i>Tourtellotte</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 141. The Goshoots 'Dr. Hurt @@ -19790,7 +19750,7 @@ in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1870, p. 142.</p> <p>The <i>Tash Utes</i> live near the Navajos. <i>Burton's City of the Saints</i>, p. 578.</p> -<p>The <i>Tabechya</i>, or Sun-hunters, 'live about Tête de Biche, near Spanish +<p>The <i>Tabechya</i>, or Sun-hunters, 'live about Tête de Biche, near Spanish lands.' 'Timpenaguchya, or Timpana Yuta, corrupted into Tenpenny Utes, ... dwell about the kanyon of that name, and on the east of the Sweetwater Lake.' <i>Burton's City of the Saints</i>, pp. 577-8. 'The Timpanoge Indians @@ -19841,8 +19801,8 @@ word is employed in the next division, which is yet more strictly of Mexico.</p> <p>The territory of the New Mexicans, which lies for the -most part between the parallels 36° and 23° and the meridians -96° and 117°, presents a great diversity of climate +most part between the parallels 36° and 23° and the meridians +96° and 117°, presents a great diversity of climate and aspect. On reaching the northern extremity of the Gulf of California, the Sierra Nevada and coast ranges of mountains join and break up into detached upheavals, or @@ -19897,7 +19857,7 @@ the north-western portion of Texas, a small part of northern Mexico, and Arizona; the <i>Pueblos</i>, or partially cultivated towns-people of New Mexico and Arizona, with whom I unite, though not town-builders, the non-nomadic -Pimas, Maricopas and Pápagos of the lower Gila +Pimas, Maricopas and Pápagos of the lower Gila River; the <i>Lower Californians</i>, who occupy the peninsula; and the <i>Northern Mexicans</i>, which term includes the various nations scattered over the States of Sonora, Sinaloa, @@ -19920,8 +19880,8 @@ allied to the Shoshone family;<a name="FNanchor_637" id="FNanchor_637" href="#Fo <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">474</a></span> themselves Shis Inday, or 'men of the woods,'<a name="FNanchor_638" id="FNanchor_638" href="#Footnote_638" class="fnanchor">[638]</a> and whose tribal divisions are the Chiricaguis, Coyoteros, Faraones, -Gileños, Lipanes, Llaneros, Mescaleros, Mimbreños, Natages, -Pelones, Pinaleños, Tejuas, Tontos and Vaqueros, +Gileños, Lipanes, Llaneros, Mescaleros, Mimbreños, Natages, +Pelones, Pinaleños, Tejuas, Tontos and Vaqueros, roaming over New Mexico, Arizona, north-western Texas, Chihuahua and Sonora,<a name="FNanchor_639" id="FNanchor_639" href="#Footnote_639" class="fnanchor">[639]</a> and who are allied by language to the great Tinneh family;<a name="FNanchor_640" id="FNanchor_640" href="#Footnote_640" class="fnanchor">[640]</a> the <i>Navajos</i>, or Tenuai, @@ -19940,8 +19900,8 @@ Williams Fork and the Rio Hassayampa.<a name="FNanchor_644" id="FNanchor_644" hr of names mentioned by the early Spanish authorities, I only give in addition to the above the <i>Yalchedunes</i>, located on the west bank of the Colorado in about -latitude 33° 20´, the <i>Yamajabs</i>, on the east bank of the -same river, in about latitude 34°-35°; the <i>Cochees</i>, in the +latitude 33° 20´, the <i>Yamajabs</i>, on the east bank of the +same river, in about latitude 34°-35°; the <i>Cochees</i>, in the Chiricagui Mountains of Arizona, the <i>Cruzados</i><a name="FNanchor_645" id="FNanchor_645" href="#Footnote_645" class="fnanchor">[645]</a> in New Mexico, and finally the <i>Nijoras</i>,<a name="FNanchor_646" id="FNanchor_646" href="#Footnote_646" class="fnanchor">[646]</a> somewhere about the lower Colorado.<a name="FNanchor_647" id="FNanchor_647" href="#Footnote_647" class="fnanchor">[647]</a> @@ -19976,7 +19936,7 @@ towns-people of the north, he turns Ishmaelite, pounces upon those near and more remote, and if pursued retreats across the <i>jornadas del muerte</i>, or 'journeys of death' as the Mexican calls them, and finds refuge in the gorges, -cañons, and other almost impregnable natural fortresses +cañons, and other almost impregnable natural fortresses of the mountains. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">477</a></span></p> @@ -20143,7 +20103,7 @@ conical, skillfully made osier roofs.<a name="FNanchor_675" id="FNanchor_675" hr or less pretentions to agriculture, and are habituated to a vegetable diet, but seldom do any of them raise a sufficient supply for the year's consumption, and they are -therefore forced to rely on the mesquit-bean, the piñon-nut +therefore forced to rely on the mesquit-bean, the piñon-nut <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">488</a></span> and the maguey-plant, <i>agave mexicana</i>, and other wild fruits, which they collect in considerable quantities.<a name="FNanchor_677" id="FNanchor_677" href="#Footnote_677" class="fnanchor">[677]</a> @@ -20484,7 +20444,7 @@ sewing various patterns on skins with feathers, and other ornamental needlework, are also practiced by the Navajos.<a name="FNanchor_726" id="FNanchor_726" href="#Footnote_726" class="fnanchor">[726]</a></p> -<p>Of the Comanches, the Abbé Domenech relates that +<p>Of the Comanches, the Abbé Domenech relates that they extracted silver from some mines near San Saba, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">505</a></span> from which they manufactured ornaments for themselves @@ -20743,7 +20703,7 @@ of the world. Young children, almost infants, are tied by their mothers to half-wild, bare-backed mustangs, which place thenceforth becomes their home. They supply themselves with fresh horses from wild droves -wandering over the prairies, or from Mexican rancherías. +wandering over the prairies, or from Mexican rancherÃas. A favorite horse is loved and cherished above all things on earth, not excepting wives or children. The women are scarcely behind the men in this accomplishment. @@ -20934,22 +20894,22 @@ found, when first discovered, permanently located in comparatively well-built towns. Strictly speaking, the term Pueblos applies only to the villagers settled along the banks of the Rio Grande del Norte and its tributaries, -between latitudes 34° 45´ and 36° 30´, and although +between latitudes 34° 45´ and 36° 30´, and although the name is employed as a general appellation for this division, it will be used, for the most part, only in its narrower and popular sense. In this division, besides the before-mentioned <i>Pueblos</i> proper, are embraced the <i>Moquis</i>, or villagers of eastern Arizona, and the non-nomadic agricultural nations of the lower Gila -River,—the <i>Pimas</i>, <i>Maricopas</i>, <i>Pápagos</i>, and cognate +River,—the <i>Pimas</i>, <i>Maricopas</i>, <i>Pápagos</i>, and cognate tribes. The country of the Towns-people, if we may credit Lieutenant Simpson, is one of "almost universal barrenness," yet interspersed with fertile spots; that of the agricultural nations, though dry, is more generally productive. The fame of this so-called civilization reached Mexico at an early day; first through Alvar -Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions, who belonged -to the expedition under the unfortunate Pámphilo +Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions, who belonged +to the expedition under the unfortunate Pámphilo de Narvaez, traversing the continent from Florida to the shore of the gulf of California; they brought in exaggerated rumors of great cities to the north, which prompted @@ -20960,22 +20920,22 @@ Quivira, Tontonteac, Marata and others, in which great riches were said to exist. The name of Quivira was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_527" id="Page_527">527</a></span> afterwards applied by them to one or more of the pueblo -cities. The name Cíbola, from <i>cíbolo</i>, Mexican bull, <i>bos +cities. The name CÃbola, from <i>cÃbolo</i>, Mexican bull, <i>bos bison</i>, or wild ox of New Mexico, where the Spaniards first encountered buffalo, was given to seven of the towns -which were afterwards known as the seven cities of Cíbola. +which were afterwards known as the seven cities of CÃbola. But most of the villages known at the present day were mentioned in the reports of the early expeditions by their present names. The statements in regard to the number of their villages differed from the first. -Castañeda speaks of seven cities.<a name="FNanchor_790" id="FNanchor_790" href="#Footnote_790" class="fnanchor">[790]</a> The following list, +Castañeda speaks of seven cities.<a name="FNanchor_790" id="FNanchor_790" href="#Footnote_790" class="fnanchor">[790]</a> The following list, according to Lieutenant Whipple's statement, appears to be the most complete. Commencing north, and following the southward course of the Rio Grande del Norte; Shipap, Acoti, Taos, Picuris, San Juan, Pojuaque, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Nambe, Tesuque, Cochite, Pecos, Santo Domingo, Cuyamanque, Silla, Jemez, San Felipe, -Galisteo, Santa Ana, Zandia, Laguna, Acoma, Zuñi, +Galisteo, Santa Ana, Zandia, Laguna, Acoma, Zuñi, Isleta, and Chilili.<a name="FNanchor_791" id="FNanchor_791" href="#Footnote_791" class="fnanchor">[791]</a> The Moquis who speak a distinct language, and who have many customs peculiar to themselves, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528">528</a></span> @@ -20998,7 +20958,7 @@ show in the third volume of this work, but they are not strong enough to support any theory of common origin or relationship.<a name="FNanchor_793" id="FNanchor_793" href="#Footnote_793" class="fnanchor">[793]</a></p> -<p class="sidenote">PIMAS AND PÁPAGOS.</p> +<p class="sidenote">PIMAS AND PÃPAGOS.</p> <p>The Pimas inhabit the banks of the Gila River about two hundred miles above its confluence with the Colorado. @@ -21010,7 +20970,7 @@ south the Picacho. They are generally divided, and known as the upper and lower Pimas, which branches show but slight dialectic differences. When first seen their territory extended further southward into Sonora. -The Pápagos, their neighbors, are closely allied to them +The Pápagos, their neighbors, are closely allied to them by language. In nowise related to them, but very similar in their manners and customs, are the Maricopas, who reside in their immediate vicinity, and who claim @@ -21058,7 +21018,7 @@ light-limbed with small hands, though the feet of both sexes are large. They have large features, expressive of frankness and good nature, with prominent cheek-bones and aquiline nose, those of the women being -somewhat retroussés.<a name="FNanchor_798" id="FNanchor_798" href="#Footnote_798" class="fnanchor">[798]</a> The females are symmetrically +somewhat retroussés.<a name="FNanchor_798" id="FNanchor_798" href="#Footnote_798" class="fnanchor">[798]</a> The females are symmetrically formed, with beautifully tapered limbs, full busts, pleasing features, embellished with white and evenly set teeth.<a name="FNanchor_799" id="FNanchor_799" href="#Footnote_799" class="fnanchor">[799]</a> Their coarse hair grows to a great length @@ -21116,7 +21076,7 @@ hair, others permit it to grow.<a name="FNanchor_805" id="FNanchor_805" href="#F and bead necklaces are used; also ear-rings of a blue stone found in the mountains.<a name="FNanchor_806" id="FNanchor_806" href="#Footnote_806" class="fnanchor">[806]</a> The dwellings of the <span class="sidenote">PIMA AND MARICOPA DWELLINGS.</span> -agricultural Pimas, Maricopas, and Pápagos consist of +agricultural Pimas, Maricopas, and Pápagos consist of dome-shaped huts, either round or oval at the base. There are usually thirty or more to a village, and they are grouped with some regard to regularity. Strong @@ -21295,7 +21255,7 @@ their principal food, were raised in abundance. The Pueblos breed poultry to a considerable extent; fish are eaten whenever obtainable, as also a few wild animals, such as deer, hares, and rabbits, though they are -indifferent hunters.<a name="FNanchor_810" id="FNanchor_810" href="#Footnote_810" class="fnanchor">[810]</a> The Pápagos, whose country does +indifferent hunters.<a name="FNanchor_810" id="FNanchor_810" href="#Footnote_810" class="fnanchor">[810]</a> The Pápagos, whose country does <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_539" id="Page_539">539</a></span> not present such favorable conditions for agriculture are forced to rely for a subsistence more upon wild fruits @@ -21448,7 +21408,7 @@ using similar looms and spinning instruments, as have been described in the preceding pages. Although the women perform most of this work, as well as tanning leather, it is said that the men also are expert in knitting -woolen stockings. According to Mühlenpfordt +woolen stockings. According to Mühlenpfordt the Pimas and Maricopas make a basket-boat which they call <i>cora</i>, woven so tight as to be water-proof without the aid of pitch or other application.<a name="FNanchor_831" id="FNanchor_831" href="#Footnote_831" class="fnanchor">[831]</a> All these nations, @@ -21459,7 +21419,7 @@ and dogs. The flocks they either leave entirely unprotected, or else the owner herds them himself, or from <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_545" id="Page_545">545</a></span> each village one is appointed by the war captain to do -so. The Pápagos carry on an extensive trade in salt, +so. The Pápagos carry on an extensive trade in salt, taken from the great inland salt lakes. Besides corn, they manufacture and sell a syrup extracted from the pitahaya.<a name="FNanchor_832" id="FNanchor_832" href="#Footnote_832" class="fnanchor">[832]</a> The laws regulating inheritance of property @@ -21491,7 +21451,7 @@ found at present.<a name="FNanchor_835" id="FNanchor_835" href="#Footnote_835" c <p>Among the Pueblos an organized system of government existed at the time of Coronado's expedition -through their country; Castañeda, speaking of the +through their country; Castañeda, speaking of the province of Tiguex, says that the villages were governed by a council of old men; and a somewhat similar system obtains with these people at the present time. Each @@ -21588,7 +21548,7 @@ near her house, playing on his flute. Should the girl not appear it is a sign she rejects him; but if, on the other hand, she comes out to meet him, he knows that his suit is accepted, and he takes her to his house. No -marriage ceremony is performed. Among the Pápagos +marriage ceremony is performed. Among the Pápagos the parents select a husband for their daughter to whom she is, so to say, sold. It not unfrequently happens that they offer their daughter at auction, and she is knocked @@ -21650,7 +21610,7 @@ which were also bare, were variously striped with red, white and blue colors; and around their arms, above <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_551" id="Page_551">551</a></span> the elbow, they wore a green band, decked with sprigs -of piñon. A necklace of the same description was worn +of piñon. A necklace of the same description was worn around the neck. Their heads were decorated with feathers. In one hand they carried a dry gourd, containing some grains of corn; in the other, a string from @@ -21692,7 +21652,7 @@ kettle-drums. Gourds filled with pebbles and other rattles, are also used as a musical accompaniment to their dances.<a name="FNanchor_845" id="FNanchor_845" href="#Footnote_845" class="fnanchor">[845]</a></p> -<p class="sidenote">CUSTOMS OF PIMAS AND PÁPAGOS.</p> +<p class="sidenote">CUSTOMS OF PIMAS AND PÃPAGOS.</p> <p>The Cocomaricopas and Pimas are rather fond of athletic sports, such as football, horse and foot racing, @@ -21722,7 +21682,7 @@ to his family. They ascribe the origin of this custom to a mythical personage, called Szeukha, who, after killing a monster, is said to have fasted for sixteen days.</p> -<p>The Pápagos stand in great dread of the coyote, and +<p>The Pápagos stand in great dread of the coyote, and the Pimas never touch an ant, snake, scorpion, or spider, and are much afraid of thunderstorms. Like the Mojaves and Yumas, the Maricopas in cold weather carry a @@ -21789,7 +21749,7 @@ afford any information on the subject.</p> <p class="sidenote">LOWER CALIFORNIA.</p> -<p>The peninsula extends from near 32° to 23° north +<p>The peninsula extends from near 32° to 23° north latitude; in length it is about seven hundred, varying in width from thirty-five to eighty miles. Its <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_557" id="Page_557">557</a></span> @@ -21803,7 +21763,7 @@ then there are plains of greater or less extent, with rich soil, but without water; so that, under the circumstances, they are little more than deserts. These plains rise in places into mesas, which are cut here and -there by cañons, where streams of water are found, +there by cañons, where streams of water are found, which are again lost on reaching the sandy plains. Altogether, Lower California is considered as one of the most barren and unattractive regions in the temperate @@ -21817,12 +21777,12 @@ who have investigated the subject, do not appear to have discovered the cause of this unusual occurrence.</p> <p>The greater part of the peninsula, at the time of its -discovery, was occupied by the <i>Cochimís</i>, whose territory +discovery, was occupied by the <i>CochimÃs</i>, whose territory extended from the head of the gulf to the neighborhood of Loreto, or a little south of the twenty-sixth parallel; adjoining them were the <i>Guaicuris</i>, living between latitude -26° and 23° 30´; while the <i>Pericúis</i> were settled -in the southern part, from about 23° 30´ or 24° to Cape +26° and 23° 30´; while the <i>Pericúis</i> were settled +in the southern part, from about 23° 30´ or 24° to Cape San Lucas, and on the adjacent islands.<a name="FNanchor_851" id="FNanchor_851" href="#Footnote_851" class="fnanchor">[851]</a> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_558" id="Page_558">558</a></span></p> @@ -21838,25 +21798,25 @@ The color of the skin varies from light to dark brown, the former color being characteristic of the dwellers in the interior, and the latter of those on the sea-coast.<a name="FNanchor_852" id="FNanchor_852" href="#Footnote_852" class="fnanchor">[852]</a></p> -<p class="sidenote">COCHIMÍ AND PERICÚI DRESS.</p> +<p class="sidenote">COCHIMà AND PERICÚI DRESS.</p> <p>Adam without the fig-leaves was not more naked than -were the Cochimís before the missionaries first taught +were the CochimÃs before the missionaries first taught them the rudiments of shame. They ignored even the usual breech-cloth, the only semblance of clothing being a head-dress of rushes or strips of skin interwoven with mother-of-pearl shells, berries, and pieces of reed. The -Guaicuris and Pericúis indulge in a still more fantastic +Guaicuris and Pericúis indulge in a still more fantastic head-dress, white feathers entering largely into its composition. The women display more modesty, for, although scantily clad, they at least essay to cover their -nakedness. The Pericúi women are the best dressed +nakedness. The Pericúi women are the best dressed of all, having a petticoat reaching from the waist to the ankles, made from the fibre of certain palm-leaves, and rendered soft and flexible by beating between two stones. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_559" id="Page_559">559</a></span> Over the shoulders they throw a mantle of similar material, -or of plaited rushes, or of skins. The Cochimí +or of plaited rushes, or of skins. The Cochimà women make aprons of short reeds, strung upon cords of aloe-plant fibres fastened to a girdle. The apron is open at the sides, one part hanging in front, the other @@ -21867,7 +21827,7 @@ with strings passed between the toes.<a name="FNanchor_853" id="FNanchor_853" hr fond of ornaments; to gratify this passion, they string together pearls, shells, fruit-stones and seeds in the forms of necklaces and bracelets. In addition to the -head-dress the Pericúis are distinguished by a girdle +head-dress the Pericúis are distinguished by a girdle highly ornamented with pearls and mother-of-pearl shells. They perforate ears, lips, and nose, inserting in the openings, shells, bones, or hard sticks. Paint in @@ -21875,10 +21835,10 @@ many colors and devices is freely used on war and gala occasions; tattooing obtains, but does not appear to be universal among them. Mothers, to protect them against the weather, cover the entire bodies of their children -with a varnish of coal and urine. Cochimí women cut +with a varnish of coal and urine. Cochimà women cut the hair short, but the men allow a long tuft to grow on the crown of the head. Both sexes among the Guaicuris -and Pericúis wear the hair long and flowing loosely +and Pericúis wear the hair long and flowing loosely over the shoulders.<a name="FNanchor_854" id="FNanchor_854" href="#Footnote_854" class="fnanchor">[854]</a></p> <p>Equally Adamitic are their habitations. They appear @@ -21923,7 +21883,7 @@ and grinding them, eat the meal with much relish. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_561" id="Page_561">561</a></span> Clavigero, Baegert, and other authors, mention another rather uncommon feature in the domestic economy of -the Cochimís; it is that of swallowing their meat several +the CochimÃs; it is that of swallowing their meat several times, thereby multiplying their gluttonous pleasures. Tying to a string a piece of well-dried meat, one of their number masticates it a little, and swallows it, leaving @@ -21942,7 +21902,7 @@ the length and thickness of the thumb."<a name="FNanchor_856" id="FNanchor_856" <p>Their weapon is the bow and arrow, but they use stratagem to procure the game. The deer-hunter deceives his prey by placing a deer's head upon his own; -hares are trapped; the Cochimís throw a kind of boomerang +hares are trapped; the CochimÃs throw a kind of boomerang or flat curved stick, which skims the ground and breaks the animal's legs. Fish are taken from pools left by the tide and from the sea, sometimes several miles @@ -22070,7 +22030,7 @@ or cunning.<a name="FNanchor_865" id="FNanchor_865" href="#Footnote_865" class=" <p>Furthermore, they have no marriage ceremony, nor any word in their language to express marriage. Like birds or beasts they pair off according to fancy. The -Pericúi takes as many women as he pleases, makes +Pericúi takes as many women as he pleases, makes them work for him as slaves, and when tired of any one of them turns her away, in which case she may not be taken by another. Some form of courtship appears @@ -22081,9 +22041,9 @@ pita-fibre; if she accepted the gift, it was an evidence that his suit was agreeable to her, and in return she gave him an ornamented head-dress, the work of her own hand; then they lived together without further ceremony. -Although among the Guaicuris and Cochimís +Although among the Guaicuris and CochimÃs some hold a plurality of wives, it is not so common as -with the Pericúis, for in the two first-mentioned tribes +with the Pericúis, for in the two first-mentioned tribes there are more men than women. A breach of female chastity is sometimes followed by an attempt of the holder of the woman to kill the offender; yet morality @@ -22091,12 +22051,12 @@ never attained any great height, as it is a practice with them for different tribes to meet occasionally for <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_566" id="Page_566">566</a></span> the purpose of holding indiscriminate sexual intercourse. -Childbirth is easy; the Pericúis and Guaicuris wash the +Childbirth is easy; the Pericúis and Guaicuris wash the body of the newly born, then cover it with ashes; as the child grows it is placed on a frame-work of sticks, and if a male, on its chest they fix a bag of sand to prevent its breasts growing like a woman's, which they -consider a deformity. For a cradle the Cochimís take +consider a deformity. For a cradle the CochimÃs take a forked stick or bend one end of a long pole in the form of a hoop, and fix thereto a net, in which the infant is placed and covered with a second net. It can @@ -22124,7 +22084,7 @@ with plenty to eat, they spend days and nights in amusements; <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_567" id="Page_567">567</a></span> at such times feats of strength and trials of speed take place. The most noted festival among the -Cochimís occurs upon the occasion of their annual distribution +CochimÃs occurs upon the occasion of their annual distribution of skins. To the women especially it was an important and enjoyable event. Upon an appointed day all the people collected at a designated place. In @@ -22145,7 +22105,7 @@ this finished, dancing and singing commenced and continued throughout the night. It sometimes happened that their festivals ended in fighting and bloodshed, as they were seldom conducted without debauchery, especially -among the Guaicuris and Pericúis.<a name="FNanchor_867" id="FNanchor_867" href="#Footnote_867" class="fnanchor">[867]</a></p> +among the Guaicuris and Pericúis.<a name="FNanchor_867" id="FNanchor_867" href="#Footnote_867" class="fnanchor">[867]</a></p> <p>When they have eaten their fill they pass their time in silly or obscene conversation, or in wrestling, in @@ -22218,7 +22178,7 @@ the fact.<a name="FNanchor_871" id="FNanchor_871" href="#Footnote_871" class="fn burned with the owner; and in some localities, where burying is customary, shoes are put to the feet, so that the spiritualized body may be prepared for its journey. -In Colechá and Guajamina mourning ceremonies are +In Colechá and Guajamina mourning ceremonies are practiced certain days after death—juggleries—in which the priest pretends to hold converse with the departed spirit through the scalp of the deceased, commending @@ -22238,21 +22198,21 @@ and a <i>quama</i> or priest sings his praises.<a name="FNanchor_872" id="FNanch kind-hearted and tractable, although dull of comprehension and brutal in their instincts, rude, narrow-minded, and inconstant. A marked difference of -character is observable between the Cochimís and the -Pericúis. The former are more courteous in their manners +character is observable between the CochimÃs and the +Pericúis. The former are more courteous in their manners and better behaved; although cunning and thievish, they exhibit attachment and gratitude to their superiors; naturally indolent and addicted to childish pursuits and amusements, they lived among themselves in amity, directing their savage and revengeful nature against neighboring tribes with whom they were at variance. -The Pericúis, before they became extinct, were a fierce +The Pericúis, before they became extinct, were a fierce and barbarous nation, unruly and brutal in their passions, cowardly, treacherous, false, petulant, and boastful, with an intensely cruel and heartless disposition, often shown in relentless persecutions and murders. In their character and disposition the Guaicuris did not -differ essentially from the Pericúis. In the midst of +differ essentially from the Pericúis. In the midst of so much darkness there was still one bright spot visible, inasmuch as they were of a cheerful and happy nature, lovers of kind and lovers of country. Isolated, occupying @@ -22268,18 +22228,18 @@ selfishness, and other aids to intellectual progress.<a name="FNanchor_873" id=" <p class="p2">The <span class="smcap">Northern Mexicans</span>, the fourth and last division of this group, spread over the territory lying between -parallels 31° and 23° of north latitude. Their lands have +parallels 31° and 23° of north latitude. Their lands have an average breadth of about five hundred miles, with an area of some 250,000 square miles, comprising the states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Durango, Nuevo Leon, -and the northern portions of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí +and the northern portions of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosà and Tamaulipas.</p> <p>Nearly parallel with the Pacific seaboard, and dividing the states of Sonora and Sinaloa from Chihuahua and Durango, runs the great central Cordillera; further to the eastward, passing through Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, -and San Luis Potosí, and following the shore line of the +and San Luis PotosÃ, and following the shore line of the Mexican Gulf, the Sierra Madre continues in a southerly direction, until it unites with the first-named range at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. All of these mountains @@ -22292,7 +22252,7 @@ middle mountainous divide crosses from Durango to Coahuila, while the third rises in the state of Jalisco and taking an easterly and afterward northerly direction, traverses the table-land and merges into the Sierra -Madre in the state of San Luis Potosí. On these broad +Madre in the state of San Luis PotosÃ. On these broad table-lands are numerous lakes fed by the streams which have their rise in the mountains adjacent; in but few <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_572" id="Page_572">572</a></span> @@ -22312,17 +22272,17 @@ the <i>Ceris</i>, <i>Tiburones</i>, and <i>Tepocas</i>; south of them the whose banks they live. In the state of Sinaloa there are also the <i>Cochitas</i>, <i>Tuvares</i>, <i>Sabaibos</i>, <i>Zuaques</i>, and <i>Ahomes</i>, besides many other small tribes. Scattered -through the states of the interior are the <i>Ópatas</i>, <i>Eudeves</i>, +through the states of the interior are the <i>Ópatas</i>, <i>Eudeves</i>, <i>Jovas</i>, <i>Tarahumares</i>, <i>Tubares</i>, and <i>Tepehuanes</i>, who inhabit the mountainous districts of Chihuahua and Durango. East of the Tarahumares, in the northern part of the first-named state, dwell the <i>Conchos</i>. In Durango, living in the hills round Topia, are the -<i>Acaxées</i>; south of whom dwell the <i>Xiximes</i>. On the +<i>Acaxées</i>; south of whom dwell the <i>Xiximes</i>. On the table-lands of Mapimi and on the shores of its numerous lakes, the <i>Irritilas</i> and many other tribes are settled; while south of these again, in Zacatecas and San Luis -Potosí, are the <i>Guachichiles</i>, <i>Huamares</i>, and <i>Cazcanes</i>, and +PotosÃ, are the <i>Guachichiles</i>, <i>Huamares</i>, and <i>Cazcanes</i>, and further to the east, and bordering on the gulf shores we find the country occupied by scattered tribes, distinguished by a great variety of names, prominent among @@ -22334,7 +22294,7 @@ which are the <i>Carrizas</i> or <i>Garzas</i>, <i>Xanambres</i>, and <i>Pintos< <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_573" id="Page_573">573</a></span> stature; robust, and well formed, with an erect carriage; the finest specimens are to be found on the sea-coast, -exceptions being the Ópatas and Chicoratas, the former +exceptions being the Ópatas and Chicoratas, the former inclining to corpulency, the latter being short, although active and swift runners. The women are well limbed and have good figures, but soon become corpulent. The @@ -22354,7 +22314,7 @@ Many of them attain to a great age.<a name="FNanchor_875" id="FNanchor_875" href <p>For raiment the Cahitas and Ceris wear only a small rag in front of their persons, secured to a cord tied <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_574" id="Page_574">574</a></span> -round the waist; the Tarahumares, Acaxées, and other +round the waist; the Tarahumares, Acaxées, and other nations of the interior use for the same purpose a square piece of tanned deer-skin painted, except in cold weather, when they wrap a large blue cotton mantle round the @@ -22364,12 +22324,12 @@ and a <i>tilma</i> or mantle during the winter. Some wear a long sleeveless chemise, which reaches from the shoulders to the feet. The Ceri women have petticoats made from the skins of the albatross or pelican, the feathers inside. -The Ópata men, soon after the conquest, were found +The Ópata men, soon after the conquest, were found well clad in blouse and drawers of cotton, with wooden shoes, while their neighbors wore sandals of raw hide, cut to the shape of the foot.<a name="FNanchor_876" id="FNanchor_876" href="#Footnote_876" class="fnanchor">[876]</a></p> -<p>The Cahitas, Acaxées and most other tribes, pierce +<p>The Cahitas, Acaxées and most other tribes, pierce the ears and nose, from which they hang small green stones, attached to a piece of blue cord; on the head, neck, and wrists, a great variety of ornaments are worn, @@ -22399,7 +22359,7 @@ or bushes.<a name="FNanchor_877" id="FNanchor_877" href="#Footnote_877" class="f <p>Their houses are of light construction, usually built of sticks and reeds, and are covered with coarse reed -matting. The Chinipas, Yaquis, Ópatas and Conchos +matting. The Chinipas, Yaquis, Ópatas and Conchos build somewhat more substantial dwellings of timber and adobes, or of plaited twigs well plastered with mud; all are only one story high and have flat roofs. Although @@ -22407,7 +22367,7 @@ none of these people are without their houses or huts, they spend most of their time, especially during summer, under the trees. The Tarahumares find shelter in the deep caverns of rocky mountains, the Tepehuanes -and Acaxées place their habitations on the top of almost +and Acaxées place their habitations on the top of almost inaccessible crags, while the Humes and Batucas build their villages in squares, with few and very small entrances, the better to defend themselves against their @@ -22417,11 +22377,11 @@ purposes being placed contiguous.<a name="FNanchor_878" id="FNanchor_878" href=" <p>The Northern Mexicans live chiefly on wild fruits such as the pitahaya, honey, grain, roots, fish, and -larvæ; they capture game both large and small, and +larvæ; they capture game both large and small, and some of them eat rats, mice, frogs, snakes, worms, and vermin. The Ahomamas along the shores of Lake Parras, the Yaquis, Batucas, Ceris, Tarahumares, and -the Ópatas since the conquest have become agriculturists +the Ópatas since the conquest have become agriculturists and cattle-breeders, besides availing themselves of fishing and hunting as means of subsistence. On the coast of Sonora, there being no maize, the natives live @@ -22433,7 +22393,7 @@ rainy reason from the bottom of marshes and pools. It is said that the Salineros sometimes eat their own excrement. According to the reports of the older historians, the Tobosos, Bauzarigames, Cabezas, Contotores, and -Acaxées, as well as other tribes of Durango and Sinaloa, +Acaxées, as well as other tribes of Durango and Sinaloa, formerly fed on human flesh,—hunted human beings for food as they hunted deer or other game. The flesh of their brave foes they ate, thinking thereby to augment @@ -22476,7 +22436,7 @@ Laguneros of Coahuila catch ducks by placing a calabash on their heads, with holes through which to breathe and see; thus equipped, they swim softly among the ducks, and draw them under water without flutter or noise. -Tatéma is the name of a dish cooked in the ground by +Tatéma is the name of a dish cooked in the ground by the Tarahumares. The Laguneros make tortillas of flour obtained from an aquatic plant. The Zacatecs make the same kind of bread from the pulp of the maguey, @@ -22583,11 +22543,11 @@ named on which the foe is to be attacked. Sometimes the day fixed for the battle is announced to the enemy, and a spot on which the fight is to take place selected. During the campaign fasting is strictly observed. The -Acaxées, before taking the war-path, select a maiden of +Acaxées, before taking the war-path, select a maiden of the tribe, who secludes herself during the whole period of the campaign, speaking to no one, and eating nothing but a little parched corn without salt. The Ceris and -Ópatas approach their enemy under cover of darkness, +Ópatas approach their enemy under cover of darkness, preserving a strict silence, and at break of day, by a preconcerted signal, a sudden and simultaneous attack is made. To fire an enemy's house, the Tepagues and @@ -22633,7 +22593,7 @@ have a kind of double-pointed javelin, with which they catch fish, which, once between the prongs, are prevented from slipping out by the jagged sides.<a name="FNanchor_884" id="FNanchor_884" href="#Footnote_884" class="fnanchor">[884]</a></p> -<p>The Ahomoas, Eudebes, Jovas, Yaquis, and Ópatas +<p>The Ahomoas, Eudebes, Jovas, Yaquis, and Ópatas weave fabrics out of cotton or agave-fibre, such as blankets or serapes, and cloth with colored threads in neat designs and figures; these nations also manufacture matting @@ -22652,7 +22612,7 @@ common earthen ware, and the Tarahumares twist horse-hair into strong cords; they also use undressed hides cut in strips, and coarse aloe-fibres.<a name="FNanchor_885" id="FNanchor_885" href="#Footnote_885" class="fnanchor">[885]</a></p> -<p class="sidenote">PROPERTY OF CERIS, ÓPATAS, AND YAQUIS.</p> +<p class="sidenote">PROPERTY OF CERIS, ÓPATAS, AND YAQUIS.</p> <p>No boats or canoes are employed by any of the natives of this region; but the Ceris, the Tiburones, and @@ -22663,7 +22623,7 @@ enough to carry four or five men; they are propelled with a double-bladed paddle, held in the middle and worked alternately on both sides.<a name="FNanchor_886" id="FNanchor_886" href="#Footnote_886" class="fnanchor">[886]</a></p> -<p>Subsequent to the conquest, the Ópatas and Yaquis +<p>Subsequent to the conquest, the Ópatas and Yaquis accumulated large flocks of sheep, cattle, and bands of horses; the latter are good miners, and expert divers for pearls. Their old communistic ideas follow them in @@ -22708,7 +22668,7 @@ as a sign of her virginity, to lose which before marriage is a lasting disgrace. On the day of marriage the bridegroom removes this ornament from his bride's neck. It is customary among most of the tribes to give presents -to the girl's parents. The Tahus, says Castañeda, are +to the girl's parents. The Tahus, says Castañeda, are obliged to purchase a maiden from her parents, and deliver her to the <i>cacique</i>,<a name="FNanchor_890" id="FNanchor_890" href="#Footnote_890" class="fnanchor">[890]</a> chief, or possibly high priest, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_585" id="Page_585">585</a></span> @@ -22735,7 +22695,7 @@ fish nor meat. The Sisibotaris, Ahomes, and Tepehuanes hold chastity in high esteem, and both their maidens and matrons are remarkably chaste. The standard of morality elsewhere in this vicinity is in general low, -especially with the Acaxées and Tahus, whose incestuous +especially with the Acaxées and Tahus, whose incestuous connections and system of public brothels are notorious. According to Arlegui, Ribas, and other authors, among some of these nations male concubinage prevails to a @@ -22752,7 +22712,7 @@ In common with all savages, they are immoderately fond of dancing, and have numerous feasts, where, with obscene carousals and unseemly masks, the revels continue, until the dancers, from sheer exhaustion or intoxication, -are forced to rest. The Ópatas hold a festival called +are forced to rest. The Ópatas hold a festival called <i>torom raqui</i>, to insure rain and good crops. Clearing a square piece of ground, they strew it with seeds, bones, boughs, horns, and shells; the actors then issue forth @@ -22795,14 +22755,14 @@ staked with the greatest recklessness.<a name="FNanchor_892" id="FNanchor_892" h back, hanging from a strap that passes across the forehead. Another mode of carrying burdens is to distribute equally the weight at both ends of a pole which -is slung across the shoulder, <i>à la Chinoise</i>. Their conceptions +is slung across the shoulder, <i>à la Chinoise</i>. Their conceptions of the supernatural are extremely crude; thus, the -Ópatas, by yells and gesticulations, endeavor to dispel +Ópatas, by yells and gesticulations, endeavor to dispel eclipses of the heavenly bodies; before the howling of the wind they cower as before the voice of the Great Spirit. The Ceris superstitiously celebrate the new moon, and bow reverentially to the rising and setting -sun. Nuño de Guzman states that in the province of +sun. Nuño de Guzman states that in the province of Culiacan tamed serpents were found in the dwellings of the natives, which they feared and venerated. Others have a great veneration for the hidden virtues of poisonous @@ -22823,7 +22783,7 @@ of Northern Mexico. Small-pox, introduced by Europeans, has destroyed many lives; syphilis was introduced among the Carrizos by the Spanish troops. The Tarahumares suffer from pains in the side about the -end of the spring. The Ópatas of Oposura are disfigured +end of the spring. The Ópatas of Oposura are disfigured by goitres, but this disease seems to be confined within three leagues of the town. Wounds inflicted by arrows, many of them poisoned, and bites of rattlesnakes @@ -22846,7 +22806,7 @@ an antidote for intermittent fevers. They also use the leaves of the willow in decoction, as a remedy for the same complaint. In Sinaloa, the leaf and roots of the <i>guaco</i> are used by the natives as the most efficacious -medicine for the bites of poisonous reptiles. The Ópatas +medicine for the bites of poisonous reptiles. The Ópatas employ excellent remedies for the diseases to which they are subject. They have a singular method of curing rattlesnake bites, a sort of retaliative cure; seizing the @@ -22868,7 +22828,7 @@ lechugilla, and date-palm, as well as from the rosemary, they make excellent balsams for curing wounds. They have various vegetable substances for appeasing the thirst of wounded persons, as water is considered injurious. -The Acaxées employ the sucking processes, and blowing +The Acaxées employ the sucking processes, and blowing through a hollow tube, for the cure of diseases. The Yaquis put a stick into the patient's mouth, and with it draw from the stomach the disease; the Ceris of Tiburon @@ -22884,7 +22844,7 @@ the grave, also a small idol, to serve as a guide and fellow traveler to the departed on the long journey. On the lips of dead infants is dropped milk from the mother's breast, that these innocents may have sustenance -to reach their place of rest. Among the Acaxées, +to reach their place of rest. Among the Acaxées, if a woman dies in childbirth, the infant surviving is slain, as the cause of its mother's death. Cutting the hair is the only sign of mourning among them.<a name="FNanchor_895" id="FNanchor_895" href="#Footnote_895" class="fnanchor">[895]</a></p> @@ -22894,10 +22854,10 @@ hair is the only sign of mourning among them.<a name="FNanchor_895" id="FNanchor <p>The character of the Northern Mexicans, as portrayed by Arlegui, is gross and low; but some of these tribes do not deserve such sweeping condemnation. The -Mayos, Yaquis, Acaxées, and Ópatas are generally intelligent, +Mayos, Yaquis, Acaxées, and Ópatas are generally intelligent, honest, social, amiable, and intrepid in war; their young women modest, with a combination of sweetness -and pride noticed by some writers. The Ópatas +and pride noticed by some writers. The Ópatas especially are a hard-working people, good-humored, free from intemperance and thievishness; they are also very tenacious of purpose, when their minds are made up—danger @@ -22930,8 +22890,8 @@ and suffering.<a name="FNanchor_896" id="FNanchor_896" href="#Footnote_896" clas <div class="tribal"> <p>To the New Mexican group belong the nations inhabiting the territory -lying between the parallels 36° and 23° of north latitude, and the meridians -96° and 117° of west longitude; that is to say, the occupants of the states of +lying between the parallels 36° and 23° of north latitude, and the meridians +96° and 117° of west longitude; that is to say, the occupants of the states of New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Northern Zacatecas, and Western Texas.</p> @@ -22944,7 +22904,7 @@ Cochees, Cruzados, Nijoras, Cocopas, and others.</p> <p>The <i>Comanches</i> inhabit Western Texas, Eastern New Mexico, and Eastern Mexico, and from the Arkansas River north to near the Gulf of Mexico south. Range 'over the plains of the Arkansas from the vicinity of Bent's -fort, at the parallel of 38°, to the Gulf of Mexico ... from the eastern base +fort, at the parallel of 38°, to the Gulf of Mexico ... from the eastern base of the Llano Estacado to about the meridian of longitude 98th.' <i>Pope</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. ii., p. 16. From the western border of the Choctaw country 'uninterruptedly along the Canadian to Tucumcari creek and thence, @@ -22955,23 +22915,23 @@ the frontier settlements of Mexico.' <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, 8, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. 'During summer ... as far north as the Arkansas river, their winters they usually pass about the head branches of the Brazos and Colorado rivers of Texas.' <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. ii., p. -307. 'Between 102° and 104° longitude and 33° and 37° north latitude.' +307. 'Between 102° and 104° longitude and 33° and 37° north latitude.' <i>Norton</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1866, p. 146. 'About thirteen thousand square miles of the southern portion of Colorado, and probably a much larger extent of the neighboring States of Kansas and Texas, and Territory of New Mexico and the "Indian country," are occupied by the Kioways and Comanches.' <i>Dole</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1862, p. 34; <i>Evans and Collins</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 230, 242; <i>Martinez</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com.</i>, 1867, p. 487. 'En Invierno se acercan -á Téjas, y en Estío á la sierra de Santa Fe.' <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. +á Téjas, y en EstÃo á la sierra de Santa Fe.' <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 251. 'Comanches ou Hietans (Eubaous, Yetas), dans le nord-ouest du Texas.' <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1852, tom. cxxxiii., p. 225. 'Originaire du Nouveau-Mexique; mais ... ils descendent souvent dans les -plaines de la Basse-Californie et de la Sonora.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., +plaines de la Basse-Californie et de la Sonora.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'Range east of the mountains of New Mexico.' <i>Bent</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. i., p. 244. 'In dem uncultivirten Theile des Bolson de -Mapimi' (Chihuahua). <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 214; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, -tom. ii., pp. 221-2. 'Entre la rivière Rouge et le Missouri, et traversent el -Rio-Bravo-del-Norte.' <i>Dufey</i>, <i>Resumé de l'Hist.</i>, tom. i., p. 4. 'Upon the +Mapimi' (Chihuahua). <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 214; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, +tom. ii., pp. 221-2. 'Entre la rivière Rouge et le Missouri, et traversent el +Rio-Bravo-del-Norte.' <i>Dufey</i>, <i>Resumé de l'Hist.</i>, tom. i., p. 4. 'Upon the south and west side' of the Rio Brazos. <i>Marcy's Rept.</i>, p. 217; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 43-6. 'Im Westen des Mississippi und des Arcansas ... und bis an das linke Ufer des Rio Grande.' <i>Ludecus</i>, <i>Reise</i>, p. 104. 'Range from the @@ -22980,11 +22940,11 @@ to the waters of the Arkansas and the mountains of Rio Grande.' <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 51. Concurrent statements in <i>Wilson's Amer. Hist.</i>, p. 625; <i>Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man</i>, vol. ii., p. 549; <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. ii., p. 557; <i>Moore's Texas</i>, p. 30; <i>Dewees' Texas</i>, p. 233; <i>Holley's Texas</i>, p. 152; <i>Dragoon -Camp.</i>, p. 153. 'La nacion comanche, que está situada entre el Estado de -Texas y el de Nuevo México ... se compone de las siguientes tribus ó pueblos, -á saber: Yaparehca, Cuhtzuteca, Penandé, Pacarabó, Caiguarás, Noconi -ó Yiuhta, Napuat ó Quetahtore, Yapainé, Muvinábore. Sianábone, Caigua, -Sarritehca y Quitzaené.' <i>García Rejon</i>, in <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 347. +Camp.</i>, p. 153. 'La nacion comanche, que está situada entre el Estado de +Texas y el de Nuevo México ... se compone de las siguientes tribus ó pueblos, +á saber: Yaparehca, Cuhtzuteca, Penandé, Pacarabó, Caiguarás, Noconi +ó Yiuhta, Napuat ó Quetahtore, Yapainé, Muvinábore. Sianábone, Caigua, +Sarritehca y Quitzaené.' <i>GarcÃa Rejon</i>, in <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 347. 'Extends from the Witchita Mountains as far as New Mexico, and is divided into four bands, called respectively the Cuchanticas, the Tupes, the Yampaxicas, and the Eastern Comanches.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 21. @@ -22994,9 +22954,9 @@ See also: <i>Kennedy's Texas</i>, vol. i., p. 344, 348-9; <i>Foote's Texas</i>, <p class="sidenote">APACHE TRIBES.</p> <p>The <i>Apaches</i> may be said to 'extend from the country of the Utahs, in -latitude 38° north to about the 30th parallel.' <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. +latitude 38° north to about the 30th parallel.' <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 325. 'Along both sides of the Rio Grande, from the southern limits of the -Navajo country at the parallel of 34°, to the extreme southern line of the +Navajo country at the parallel of 34°, to the extreme southern line of the Territory, and from thence over the States of Chihuahua, Sonora, and Durango, of Mexico. Their range eastward is as far as the valley of the Pecos, and they are found as far to the west as the Pimos villages on the Gila.' @@ -23007,20 +22967,20 @@ and Sonora, and in some parts of Durango.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 141. Range 'over some portions of California, most of Sonora, the frontiers of Durango, and ... Chihuahua.' <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., p. 291. Apatschee, a nation 'welche um ganz Neu-Biscaya, und auch an Tarahumara -gränzet.' <i>Steffel</i>, in <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 302. 'Reicht das Gebiet der -Apache-Indianer vom 103. bis zum 114. Grad westlicher Länge von Greenwich, +gränzet.' <i>Steffel</i>, in <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 302. 'Reicht das Gebiet der +Apache-Indianer vom 103. bis zum 114. Grad westlicher Länge von Greenwich, und von den Grenzen des Utah-Gebietes, dem 38. Grad, bis hinunter -zum 30. Grad nördlicher Breite.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 229. Inhabit 'all +zum 30. Grad nördlicher Breite.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 229. Inhabit 'all the country north and south of the Gila, and both sides of the Del Norte, about the parallel of the Jornada and Dead Man's lakes.' <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, -p. 132. 'Tota hæc regio, quam Novam Mexicanam vocant, ab +p. 132. 'Tota hæc regio, quam Novam Mexicanam vocant, ab omnibus pene lateribus ambitur ab Apachibus.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 316. -'Recorren las provincias del Norte de México, llegando algunas veces hasta +'Recorren las provincias del Norte de México, llegando algunas veces hasta cerca de Zacatecas.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 251. 'Derramadas desde -la Intendencia de San Luis Potosí hasta la extremidad setentrional del golfo -de California.' <i>Balbi</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 385. 'Se extienden en -el vasto espacio ... que comprenden los grados 30 á 38 de latitud norte, y -264 á 277 de longitude de Tenerife.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 369; see also <i>Id.</i>, +la Intendencia de San Luis Potosà hasta la extremidad setentrional del golfo +de California.' <i>Balbi</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 385. 'Se extienden en +el vasto espacio ... que comprenden los grados 30 á 38 de latitud norte, y +264 á 277 de longitude de Tenerife.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 369; see also <i>Id.</i>, p. 40. 'From the entrance of the Rio Grande to the Gulf of California.' <i>Pike's Explor. Trav.</i>, p. 337. 'The southern and south-western portions of New Mexico, and mainly the valley of the Gila.' <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. @@ -23028,10 +22988,10 @@ v., p. 203; <i>Bent</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, vol. i., p. 243. 'Scarcely extends farth Albuquerque ... nor more than two hundred miles south of El Paso del Norte; east, the vicinity of the White Mountains; west, generally no further than the borders of Sonora.' <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 207. -'Ils ont principalement habité le triangle formé par le Rio del Norte, le Gila +'Ils ont principalement habité le triangle formé par le Rio del Norte, le Gila et le Colorado de l'ouest.' <i>Turner</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1852, tom. cxxxv., pp. 307, 313. Concurrent authorities: <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1851, tom. -cxxxi., pp. 298, 301; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 453; <i>Ludewig's +cxxxi., pp. 298, 301; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 453; <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, pp. 8, 186; <i>Kennedy's Texas</i>, vol. i., p. 345; <i>Stanley's Portraits</i>, p. 57; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 297; <i>Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man</i>, vol. ii., p. 549; <i>Western Scenes</i>, p. 233; <i>Mill's Hist. Mex.</i>, p. 170; <i>Delaporte</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, @@ -23039,9 +22999,9 @@ tom. x., p. 456; <i>Conder's Mex. Guat.</i>, vol. ii., p. 74-5; <i>Domenech's De vol. ii., pp. 4-6; <i>Graves</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 180; <i>Poston</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1864, p. 155; <i>Clark</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com.</i>, 1867, p. 336.</p> -<p>The Apache nation is divided into the following tribes; Chiricagüis, -Coyoteros, Faraones, Gileños, Copper Mine Apaches, Lipanes, Llaneros, -Mescaleros, Mimbreños, Natages, Pelones, Pinaleños, Tontos, Vaqueros, and +<p>The Apache nation is divided into the following tribes; Chiricagüis, +Coyoteros, Faraones, Gileños, Copper Mine Apaches, Lipanes, Llaneros, +Mescaleros, Mimbreños, Natages, Pelones, Pinaleños, Tontos, Vaqueros, and Xicarillas.</p> <p>The Lipanes roam through western Texas, Coahuila, and the eastern @@ -23053,19 +23013,19 @@ Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 8, in <i>Id.</i>; <i>Pope</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, Lee Panis 'rove from the Rio Grande to some distance into the province of Texas. Their former residence was on the Rio Grande, near the sea shore.' <i>Pike's Explor. Trav.</i>, p. 363. Su 'principal asiento es en Coahuila, Nuevo -Leon y Tamaulipas.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 251. 'Divídese en dos +Leon y Tamaulipas.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 251. 'DivÃdese en dos <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_594" id="Page_594">594</a></span> clases ... la primera ha estado enlazada con los mescaleros y llaneros, y -ocupa los terrenos contiguos á aquellas tribus: la segunda vive generalmente +ocupa los terrenos contiguos á aquellas tribus: la segunda vive generalmente en la frontera de la provincia de Tejas y orillas del mar.... Por el Poniente son sus limites los llaneros; por el Norte los comanches; por el Oriente los carancaguaces y borrados, provincia de Tejas, y por el Sur nuestra -frontera (Mexico).' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 382. 'From +frontera (Mexico).' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 382. 'From time immemorial has roved and is yet roving over the Bolson de Mapimi.' <i>Wislizenus' Tour</i>, p. 70. 'Frequented the bays of Aransas and Corpus Christi, and the country lying between them and the Rio Grande.' <i>Kennedy's -Texas</i>, vol. i., p. 349; <i>Foote's Texas</i>, p. 298. See also: <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de -la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 289; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 210; <i>Moore's Texas</i>, p. 31; +Texas</i>, vol. i., p. 349; <i>Foote's Texas</i>, p. 298. See also: <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de +la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 289; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 210; <i>Moore's Texas</i>, p. 31; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 6.</p> <p>The Mescaleros inhabit 'the mountains on both banks of the river Pecos, @@ -23074,8 +23034,8 @@ there terminate on the right bank of the Rio Grande. Its limit on the west is the tribe of the Taracones; on the north, the extensive territories of the Comanche people; on the east, the coast of the Llanero Indians; and on the south, the desert Bolson de Mapimi.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. -119. 'Im Bolsón de Mapimí und in den östlichen Gränzgebirgen del Chanáte, -del Diablo puerco und de los Pílares.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., +119. 'Im Bolsón de Mapimà und in den östlichen Gränzgebirgen del Chanáte, +del Diablo puerco und de los PÃlares.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 521. 'Occupent le Bolson de Mapimi, les montagnes de Chanate, et celles de los Organos, sur la rive gauche du Rio Grande del Norte.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 289. Live 'east of the Rio del Norte.' <i>Gregg's @@ -23093,22 +23053,22 @@ the eastern San Francisco River.' <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 323. <p>The Faraones, Pharaones or Taracones, 'inhabit the mountains between the river Grande del Norte and the Pecos.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. -119. The following concur; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 213, tom. ii., pt. -ii., p. 521; <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 416; <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai +119. The following concur; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 213, tom. ii., pt. +ii., p. 521; <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 416; <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 289.</p> <p>The 'Xicarillas anciently inhabited the forests of that name in the far territories to the north of New Mexico, until they were driven out by the Comanches, and now live on the limits of the province, some of them having -gone into the chasms (cañadas) and mountains between Pecuries and Taos, +gone into the chasms (cañadas) and mountains between Pecuries and Taos, which are the last towns of the province.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 119. 'Inhabiting the mountains north of Taos.' <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, -vol. i., p. 285. 'Les Jicorillas, à l'extrémité nord du Nouveau-Mexique.' +vol. i., p. 285. 'Les Jicorillas, à l'extrémité nord du Nouveau-Mexique.' <i>Turner</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 310. 'From the Rio Grande eastward beyond the Red river, between the thirty-fourth and thirty-seventh parallels.' <i>Merriwether</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 170. 'In <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_595" id="Page_595">595</a></span> -the mountains which lie between Santa Fé, Taos, and Abiquin.' <i>Collins</i>, in +the mountains which lie between Santa Fé, Taos, and Abiquin.' <i>Collins</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1860, pp. 159-60. 'At the Cimarron.' <i>Graves</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1866, p. 133. 'Upon Rio Ose, west of the Rio Grande.' <i>Davis</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1868, p. 160; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 8.</p> @@ -23119,22 +23079,22 @@ R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 119. Inhabit the 'cajones de la Cabellera y Pitaycac Sierra de Mimbres, Laguna de Guzman.' <i>Barrangan</i>, in <i>El Orden, Mex.</i>, <i>Decemb. 27, 1853</i>. 'Ocupan ... los llanos y arenales situados entre el rio de Pecos, nombrado por ellos Tjunchi, y el Colorado que llaman Tjulchide.' -<i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 381; Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 6.</p> +<i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 381; Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 6.</p> -<p>The Mimbreños have their hunting grounds upon the Mimbres Mountains +<p>The Mimbreños have their hunting grounds upon the Mimbres Mountains and River, and range between the sierras San Mateo and J'lorida on the north and south, and between the Burros and Mogoyen on the west and east. -<i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 207. 'Südlich von den Apáches Gileños, an -den Gränzen von Chihuáhua und Neu-Mejico jagen in den Gebirgen im Osten -die Apáches Mimbreños.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 211. 'La provincia -de Nuevo México es su confin por el Norte; por el Poniente la parcialidad -mimbreña; por el Oriente la faraona, y por el Sur nuestra frontera.' -<i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 380. See also: <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. +<i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 207. 'Südlich von den Apáches Gileños, an +den Gränzen von Chihuáhua und Neu-Mejico jagen in den Gebirgen im Osten +die Apáches Mimbreños.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 211. 'La provincia +de Nuevo México es su confin por el Norte; por el Poniente la parcialidad +mimbreña; por el Oriente la faraona, y por el Sur nuestra frontera.' +<i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 380. See also: <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 119; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 6. 'In the wild ravines of the Sierra de Acha.' <i>Mill's Hist. Mex.</i>, p. 185.</p> <p>The Chiricaguis adjoin on the north 'the Tontos and Moquinos; on the -east the Gileños; and on the south and west the province of Sonora.' <i>Cortez</i>, +east the Gileños; and on the south and west the province of Sonora.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 119. 'Live in the mountains of that name, the Sierra Largua and Dos Cabaces.' <i>Steck</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1859, pp. 345-6.</p> @@ -23143,10 +23103,10 @@ the Sierra Largua and Dos Cabaces.' <i>Steck</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 185 to the Pimo villages.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 130. 'Between Rio Verde and the Aztec range of mountains,' and 'from Pueblo creek to the junction of Rio Verde with the Salinas.' <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 14-15; -in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 118. 'Südlich von den -Wohnsitzen der Cocomaricópas und dem Rio Gila.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, +in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 118. 'Südlich von den +Wohnsitzen der Cocomaricópas und dem Rio Gila.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 211. On the 'rio Puerco.' <i>Barrangan</i>, in <i>El Orden, Mex.</i>, <i>Decemb. -27, 1853</i>. 'In the cañons to the north and east of the Mazatsal peaks.' <i>Smart</i>, +27, 1853</i>. 'In the cañons to the north and east of the Mazatsal peaks.' <i>Smart</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 417. See <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 460; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 185, vol. ii., p. 7. 'Inhabit the Tonto basin from the Mogollon Mountains on the north to Salt River on the south, @@ -23158,11 +23118,11 @@ Colorado, on the northern slope of the Black Mesa or Mogollon Mountains on the east and the Mazatsal Mountains on the west.' <i>Jones</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. 221.</p> -<p>The Pinaleños, Piñols or Piñals range 'over an extensive circuit between -the Sierra Piñal and the Sierra Blanca.' <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 308. +<p>The Pinaleños, Piñols or Piñals range 'over an extensive circuit between +the Sierra Piñal and the Sierra Blanca.' <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 308. 'Between the Colorado Chiquito and Rio Gila.' <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_596" id="Page_596">596</a></span> -p. 14, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. See also: <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, +p. 14, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. See also: <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 147; <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 150. In 'the country watered by the Salinas and other tributaries of the Gila.' <i>Steck</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1859, p. 346; also <i>Whittier</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1868, p. 141; <i>Colyer</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1869, p. 94; <i>Jones</i>, in @@ -23173,52 +23133,52 @@ Carlos.' <i>Colyer</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. 223. 'Upon the Rio S and head waters of the Salinas.' <i>Steck</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1859, p. 346; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 185; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 430.</p> -<p>'The Gileños inhabit the mountains immediately on the river Gila ... -bounded on the west by the Chiricagüìs; on the north by the province of -New Mexico; on the east by the Mimbreño tribe.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, +<p>'The Gileños inhabit the mountains immediately on the river Gila ... +bounded on the west by the Chiricagüìs; on the north by the province of +New Mexico; on the east by the Mimbreño tribe.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 119. 'Oestlich von diesem Flusse (Gila), zwischen ihm und dem -südlichen Fusse der Sierra de los Mimbres, eines Theiles der Sierra Madre.' -<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 421; <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, -<i>Geografía</i>, p. 380; <i>Maxwell</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1873, p. 116.</p> +südlichen Fusse der Sierra de los Mimbres, eines Theiles der Sierra Madre.' +<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 421; <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, +<i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 380; <i>Maxwell</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1873, p. 116.</p> <p>The Apache Mojaves are 'a mongrel race of Indians living between the Verde or San Francisco and the Colorado.' <i>Poston</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1864, p. 156.</p> <p>The <i>Navajos</i> occupy 'a district in the Territory of New Mexico, lying -between the San Juan river on the north and northeast, the Pueblo of Zuñi +between the San Juan river on the north and northeast, the Pueblo of Zuñi on the south, the Moqui villages on the west, and the ridge of land dividing the waters which flow into the Atlantic ocean from those which flow into the Pacific on the east.' <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 283. 'Extending from near the 107th to 111th meridian, and from the 34th to the 37th parallel of latitude.' <i>Clark</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. viii., p. 280. Northward from -the 35th parallel 'to Rio San Juan, valley of Tuñe Cha, and Cañon de +the 35th parallel 'to Rio San Juan, valley of Tuñe Cha, and Cañon de Chelle.' <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 13, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. 'Between the Del Norte and Colorado of the West,' in the northwestern portion of New Mexico. <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 216. -'In the main range of Cordilleras, 150 to 200 miles west of Santa Fé, on +'In the main range of Cordilleras, 150 to 200 miles west of Santa Fé, on the waters of Rio Colorado of California.' <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., p. 285-6. 'Between the del Norte and the Sierra Anahuac, situated upon the Rio Chama and Puerco,—from thence extending along the Sierra de los Mimbros, into the province of Sonora.' <i>Scenes in the Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 180. 'La -Provincia de Navajoos, que está situada à la parte de el Norte del Moqui, -y à la del Noruest de la Villa de Santa Fee.' <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, -tom. ii., p. 426. 'Esta nacion dista de las fronteras de Nuevo-México como -veinticinco leguas, entre los pueblos de Moqui, Zuñi y la capital (Santa Fé).' +Provincia de Navajoos, que está situada à la parte de el Norte del Moqui, +y à la del Noruest de la Villa de Santa Fee.' <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, +tom. ii., p. 426. 'Esta nacion dista de las fronteras de Nuevo-México como +veinticinco leguas, entre los pueblos de Moqui, Zuñi y la capital (Santa Fé).' <i>Barreiro</i>, <i>Ojeada sobre N. Mex.</i>, app., p. 10. 'Habita la sierra y mesas de -Navajó.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 382. See also: <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, +Navajó.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 382. See also: <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. iii., p. 295. 'Along the 34th parallel, north latitude.' <i>Mowry's Arizona</i>, p. 16. 'On the tributaries of the river San Juan, west of the Rio Grande, and east of the Colorado, and between the thirty-fifth and thirty-seventh parallels of north latitude.' <i>Merriwether</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. -172. 'From Cañon de Chelly to Rio San Juan.' <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, +172. 'From Cañon de Chelly to Rio San Juan.' <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 460. 'From the Rio San Juan to the Gila.' <i>Graves</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. -Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 179. 'Directly west from Santa Fé, extending from near the +Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 179. 'Directly west from Santa Fé, extending from near the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_597" id="Page_597">597</a></span> Rio Grande on the east, to the Colorado on the west; and from the land of the Utahs on the north, to the Apaches on the south.' <i>Backus</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 209. 'Fifty miles from the Rio del Norte.' <i>Pattie's -Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 102. 'From the 33° to the 38° of north latitude.' and 'from +Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 102. 'From the 33° to the 38° of north latitude.' and 'from Soccorro to the valley of Taos.' <i>Hughes' Doniphan's Ex.</i>, p. 202. Concurrent authorities: <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 78; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 184; <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 132.</p> @@ -23226,16 +23186,16 @@ vol. i., p. 184; <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 132.</p> <p class="sidenote">MOJAVES AND YUMAS.</p> <p>The <i>Mojaves</i> dwell on the Mojave and Colorado rivers, as far up as Black -Cañon. The word Mojave 'appears to be formed of two Yuma words—hamook -(three), and häbî (mountains)—and designates the tribe of Indians +Cañon. The word Mojave 'appears to be formed of two Yuma words—hamook +(three), and häbî (mountains)—and designates the tribe of Indians which occupies a valley of the Colorado lying between three mountains. The ranges supposed to be referred to are: 1st, "The Needles," which terminates -the valley upon the south, and is called Asientic-häbî, or first range; 2d, +the valley upon the south, and is called Asientic-häbî, or first range; 2d, the heights that bound the right bank of the Colorado north of the Mojave -villages, termed Havic-häbî, or second range; and, 3d, the Blue Ridge, extending +villages, termed Havic-häbî, or second range; and, 3d, the Blue Ridge, extending along the left bank of the river, to which has been given the name of -Hamook-häbî, or third range.' <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 30. -'Von 34° 36´ nordwärts bis zum Black Cañon.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die +Hamook-häbî, or third range.' <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 30. +'Von 34° 36´ nordwärts bis zum Black Cañon.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., pp. 430-4. 'Inhabit the Cottonwood valley.' <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 79. 'Occupy the country watered by a river of the same name, which empties into the Colorado.' <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 178. @@ -23264,14 +23224,14 @@ Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 177-9. 'From about sixty miles above Fort Yuma to within a few miles of the most southern point of that part of the Colorado forming the boundary.' <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 107. 'Das eigentliche Gebiet dieses Stammes ist das Thal des -untern Colorado; es beginnt dasselbe ungefähr achtzig Meilen oberhalb der -Mündung des Gila, und erstreckt sich von da bis nahe an den Golf von Californien.' -<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, vol. i., pp. 122, 430-1, 434. +untern Colorado; es beginnt dasselbe ungefähr achtzig Meilen oberhalb der +Mündung des Gila, und erstreckt sich von da bis nahe an den Golf von Californien.' +<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, vol. i., pp. 122, 430-1, 434. 'La junta del Gila con el Colorado, tierra poblada de la nacion yuma.' <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_598" id="Page_598">598</a></span> <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 849. 'Le nord -de la Basse-Californie, sur la rive droite du Rio-Colorado.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, -série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'For ten or fifteen miles north and south' in the +de la Basse-Californie, sur la rive droite du Rio-Colorado.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, +série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'For ten or fifteen miles north and south' in the valley near the mouth of the Gila. <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 42. See <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 101, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>Latham's Comparative Philology</i>, vol. viii., p. 420; <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, @@ -23289,17 +23249,17 @@ Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 185.</p> <p>The <i>Yampais</i> inhabit the country west and north-west of the Aztec range of mountains to the mouth of the Rio Virgen. <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 14, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. 'Am obern Colorado.' -'Nördlich von den Mohaves.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., pp. +'Nördlich von den Mohaves.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., pp. 431, 277. 'On the west bank of the Colorado, about the mouth of Bill Williams's fork.' <i>Mowry</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1857, p. 302; <i>Poston</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1863, p. 387.</p> <p>The <i>Yalchedunes</i> or Talchedunes 'live on the right bank of the Colorado, -and their tribes first appear in lat. 33° 20´.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. +and their tribes first appear in lat. 33° 20´.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 124.</p> <p>The <i>Yamajabs</i> or Tamajabs 'are settled on the left bank of the Colorado -from 34° of latitude to 35°.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 124; +from 34° of latitude to 35°.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 124; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 62.</p> <p>The <i>Cochees</i> are in the 'Chiricahua mountains, southern Arizona and @@ -23316,7 +23276,7 @@ p. 133; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi. <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 31. 'On the Colorado bottoms were the Cocopahs, the southern gulf tribes of which Consag calls the Bagiopas, Hebonomas, Quigyamas, Cuculetes, and the Alchedumas.' <i>Browne's Explor. of Lower -Cal.</i>, p. 54. 'On the right bank of the river Colorado, from lat. 32° 18´ upward.' +Cal.</i>, p. 54. 'On the right bank of the river Colorado, from lat. 32° 18´ upward.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 123. 'Range all the way from Port Isabel, upon the east bank of the river (Colorado), to the boundary line between the Republic of Mexico and the United States.' <i>Johnson's Hist. @@ -23328,24 +23288,24 @@ Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 107; <i>Mowry</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_599" id="Page_599">599</a></span></p> <p>Without definitely locating them, Salmeron enumerates the following -nations, seen by Oñate during his trip through New Mexico:</p> +nations, seen by Oñate during his trip through New Mexico:</p> <p>The Cruzados, somewhere between the Moquis and the Rio Gila, near a -river which he calls the Rio Sacramento. 'Dos jornadas de allí (Cruzados) -estaba un rio de poco agua, por donde ellos iban á otro muy grande que +river which he calls the Rio Sacramento. 'Dos jornadas de allà (Cruzados) +estaba un rio de poco agua, por donde ellos iban á otro muy grande que entra en la mar, en cuyas orillas habia una nacion que se llama Amacava.' -'Pasada esta nacion de amacabos ... llegaron á la nacion de los Bahacechas.' -'Pasada esta nacion de Bahacecha, llegaron á la nacion de los +'Pasada esta nacion de amacabos ... llegaron á la nacion de los Bahacechas.' +'Pasada esta nacion de Bahacecha, llegaron á la nacion de los indios ozaras.' 'La primera nacion pasado el rio del nombre de Jesus, es -Halchedoma.' 'Luego está la nacion Cohuana.' 'Luego está la nacion +Halchedoma.' 'Luego está la nacion Cohuana.' 'Luego está la nacion Haglli.' 'Luego los Tlalliquamallas.' <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 31-6. 'La nacion Excanjaque que habita -cien leguas del Nuevo-México, rumbo Nordeste.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 92. 'Habitan indios +cien leguas del Nuevo-México, rumbo Nordeste.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 92. 'Habitan indios excanjaques aquel tramo de tierra que en cuarenta y seis grados de altura al -polo y ciento sesenta y dos de longitud, se tiende oblícuamente al abrigo que -unas serranías hacen á un rio que corre Norueste, Sur deste á incorporarse -con otro que se va á juntar con el Misissipi, son contérmino de los pananas.' -<i>Id.</i>, p. 107. 'Cerca de este llano de Matanza, está otro llano de esa +polo y ciento sesenta y dos de longitud, se tiende oblÃcuamente al abrigo que +unas serranÃas hacen á un rio que corre Norueste, Sur deste á incorporarse +con otro que se va á juntar con el Misissipi, son contérmino de los pananas.' +<i>Id.</i>, p. 107. 'Cerca de este llano de Matanza, está otro llano de esa otra parte del rio en que hay siete cerros, habitados de la nacion Aixas.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 92. 'La nacion de los Aijados, que hace frente por la parte del Oriente y casi confina con la nacion Quivira por la parte del norte, estando vecina de @@ -23355,83 +23315,83 @@ los Tejas por Levante.' <i>Paredes</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 217.</p> <p class="p2">In the <span class="smcap">Pueblo Family</span>, besides the inhabitants of the villages situated in the valley of the Rio Grande del Norte, I include the seven Moqui villages -lying west of the former, and also the Pimas, the Maricopas, the Pápagos, +lying west of the former, and also the Pimas, the Maricopas, the Pápagos, and the Sobaipuris with their congeners of the lower Gila river. 'The number of inhabited pueblos in the Territory [New Mexico] is twenty-six.... -Their names are Taos, Picoris, Nambé, Tezuque, Pojuaque, San Juan, San +Their names are Taos, Picoris, Nambé, Tezuque, Pojuaque, San Juan, San Yldefonso, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Cochiti, Isleta, Silla, -Laguna, Acoma, Jemez, Zuñi, Sandia, and Santa Clara.... In Texas, a short +Laguna, Acoma, Jemez, Zuñi, Sandia, and Santa Clara.... In Texas, a short distance below the southern boundary of New Mexico, and in the valley of the Del Norte, is a pueblo called Isleta of the South,' and another called -Los Lentes. <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 115-16. San Gerónimo de Taos, San +Los Lentes. <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 115-16. San Gerónimo de Taos, San Lorenzo de Picuries, San Juan de los Caballeros, Santo Tomas de Abiquiu, -Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, San Francisco de Nambé, Nuestra Señora de +Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, San Francisco de Nambé, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Pojuaque, San Diego de Tesuque, N. S. de los Angeles de Tecos, San Buena Ventura de Cochiti, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, N. S. de los Dolores de Sandia, San Diego de Jemes, N. S. de la Asumpcion de Zia, Santa Ana, San Augustin del Isleta, N. S. de Belem, San Estevan de Acoma, -San Josef de La Laguna, N. S. de Guadalupe de Zuñi. <i>Alencaster</i>, in <i>Meline's +San Josef de La Laguna, N. S. de Guadalupe de Zuñi. <i>Alencaster</i>, in <i>Meline's Two Thousand Miles</i>, p. 212. Taos, eighty-three miles north north-east of -Santa Fé; Picuris, on Rio Picuris, sixty miles north by east of Santa Fé; -San Juan, on the Rio Grande, thirty-four miles north of Santa Fé, on road -to Taos; Santa Clara, twenty-six miles north north-west of Santa Fé; San -Ildefonso, on Rio Grande, eighteen miles north of Santa Fé; Nambe, on +Santa Fé; Picuris, on Rio Picuris, sixty miles north by east of Santa Fé; +San Juan, on the Rio Grande, thirty-four miles north of Santa Fé, on road +to Taos; Santa Clara, twenty-six miles north north-west of Santa Fé; San +Ildefonso, on Rio Grande, eighteen miles north of Santa Fé; Nambe, on Nambe Creek, three miles east of Pojuaque; Pojuaque, sixteen miles north -of Santa Fé; Tesuque, eight miles north of Santa Fé; Cochiti, on west bank +of Santa Fé; Tesuque, eight miles north of Santa Fé; Cochiti, on west bank <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_600" id="Page_600">600</a></span> -of Rio Grande, twenty-four miles south-west of Santa Fé; Santo Domingo, +of Rio Grande, twenty-four miles south-west of Santa Fé; Santo Domingo, on Rio Grande, six miles south of Cochiti; San Felipe, on Rio Grande, six miles south of Santo Domingo; Sandia, on Rio Grande, fifteen miles south of San Felipe; Isleta, on Rio Grande, thirty miles south of Sandia; Jemes, -on Jemes River, fifty miles west of Santa Fé; Zia, near Jemes, fifty-five -miles west of Santa Fé; Santa Ana, near Zia, sixty-five miles west of Santa -Fé; Laguna, west of Albuquerque forty-five miles, on San José River; Acoma, -one hundred and fifteen miles west of Santa Fé, on a rock five hundred feet -high, fifteen miles south-west of Laguna; Zuñi, one hundred and ninety -miles west south-west of Santa Fé, in the Navajo country, on Zuñi River. +on Jemes River, fifty miles west of Santa Fé; Zia, near Jemes, fifty-five +miles west of Santa Fé; Santa Ana, near Zia, sixty-five miles west of Santa +Fé; Laguna, west of Albuquerque forty-five miles, on San José River; Acoma, +one hundred and fifteen miles west of Santa Fé, on a rock five hundred feet +high, fifteen miles south-west of Laguna; Zuñi, one hundred and ninety +miles west south-west of Santa Fé, in the Navajo country, on Zuñi River. <i>Meline's Two Thousand Miles</i>, p. 222. See <i>Abert</i>, in <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, pp. 488-94; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, pp. 10-12, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>Ward</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1864, pp. 191, 193-4; <i>Barreiro</i>, -<i>Ojeada sobre N. Mex.</i>, p. 15. 'La primera, entrando sur á norte, es la -nacion Tigua.... Están poblados junto á la sierra de Puruai, que toma el nombre +<i>Ojeada sobre N. Mex.</i>, p. 15. 'La primera, entrando sur á norte, es la +nacion Tigua.... Están poblados junto á la sierra de Puruai, que toma el nombre del principal pueblo que se llama asi, y orillas del gran rio ... fueran de -éste, pueblan otros dos pueblos, el uno San Pedro, rio abajo de Puruai y el +éste, pueblan otros dos pueblos, el uno San Pedro, rio abajo de Puruai y el otro Santiago, rio arriba.... La segunda nacion es la de Tahanos, que al rumbo oriental y mano derecha del camino, puebla un rio que de la parte del -Oriente ... viene á unirse con el rio Grande; su pueblo principal es Zandia -con otros dos pueblos.... La tercera nacion es la de los Gemex, que á la parte +Oriente ... viene á unirse con el rio Grande; su pueblo principal es Zandia +con otros dos pueblos.... La tercera nacion es la de los Gemex, que á la parte Occidua puebla las orillas del Rio-Puerco cuyo principal pueblo Qicinzigua.... -La cuarta nacion es de los teguas, que están poblados al Norte de los +La cuarta nacion es de los teguas, que están poblados al Norte de los tahanas, de esa otra parte del rio, su principal es Galisteo ... con otros dos pueblos, y hay al rumbo oriental, encaramada en una sierra alta, la quinta de -Navon de los Pecos, su principal pueblo se llama así, otro se llama el Tuerto, -con otras rancherías en aquellos picachos.... La sesta nacion es la de los +Navon de los Pecos, su principal pueblo se llama asÃ, otro se llama el Tuerto, +con otras rancherÃas en aquellos picachos.... La sesta nacion es la de los queres.... El pueblo principal de esta nacion es Santo Domingo ... la -sétima nacion al rumbo boreal es la de los tahos.... La octava nacion es la +sétima nacion al rumbo boreal es la de los tahos.... La octava nacion es la de los picuries, al rumbo Norueste de Santa Cruz, cuyo pueblo principal es San Felipe, orillas del rio Zama, y su visita Cochite, orilla del mismo rio.... -La última nacion es la de los tompiras, que habita de esa otra parte de la -cañada de Santa Clara y rio Zama, en un arroyo que junta al dicho rio, y es -las fronteras de los llanos de Cíbola ó Zuñi.' <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. +La última nacion es la de los tompiras, que habita de esa otra parte de la +cañada de Santa Clara y rio Zama, en un arroyo que junta al dicho rio, y es +las fronteras de los llanos de CÃbola ó Zuñi.' <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 98-100.</p> <p>'Some sixty miles to the south southeast of Fort Defiance is situated the -pueblo of Zuñi, on a small tributary of the Colorado Chiquito.' <i>Davis' El -Gringo</i>, p. 422. 'On the Rio de Zuñi.' <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 90. -'To the N. E. of the Little Colorado, about lat. 35°, are the Zunis.' <i>Prichard's +pueblo of Zuñi, on a small tributary of the Colorado Chiquito.' <i>Davis' El +Gringo</i>, p. 422. 'On the Rio de Zuñi.' <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 90. +'To the N. E. of the Little Colorado, about lat. 35°, are the Zunis.' <i>Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man</i>, vol. ii., p. 563.</p> <p>The <i>Moquis</i>, are settled 'West from the Navajos, and in the fork between the Little and the Big Colorados.' The names of their villages are, according -to Mr Leroux, 'Óráibè, Shúmuthpà, Múshàilnà, Ahlélà, Guálpí, Shiwinnà, -Téquà.' <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 13, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, +to Mr Leroux, 'Óráibè, Shúmuthpà , Múshà ilnà , Ahlélà , GuálpÃ, Shiwinnà , +Téquà .' <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 13, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. 'Westward of the capital of New Mexico ... Oraibe, Taucos, Moszasnavi, Guipaulavi, Xougopavi, Gualpi.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. -iii., p. 121. 'Desde estos parages (Zuñi) corriendo para el Vest Noruest, -empiezan los Pueblos, y Rancherías de las Provincias de Moqui Oraybe: los +iii., p. 121. 'Desde estos parages (Zuñi) corriendo para el Vest Noruest, +empiezan los Pueblos, y RancherÃas de las Provincias de Moqui Oraybe: los <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_601" id="Page_601">601</a></span> Pueblos Moquinos son: Hualpi, Tanos, Moxonavi, Xongopavi, Quianna, -Aguatubi, y Rio grande de espeleta.' <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., +Aguatubi, y Rio grande de espeleta.' <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., pp. 425-6; <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, tom. ii., p. 527. 'The five pueblos in the Moqui are Orayxa, Masanais, Jongoapi, Gualpa, and another, the name of which is not known.' <i>Ruxton's Adven. Mex.</i>, p. 195. 'The three @@ -23456,82 +23416,82 @@ The north line extends to Salt River and the southern one to the Picacho.' <i>Walker's Pimas, MS.</i> 'La partie la plus septentrionale de l'intendance de la Sonora porte le nom de la Pimeria.... On distingue la Pimeria alta de la Pimeria baxa.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 296. -'Corre, pues, esta Pimería alta, de Sur á Norte desde los 30 grados hasta los -34 que se cuentan desde esta mision de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores hasta -el rio del Gila ... y de Oriente á Poniente desde el valle de los pimas, llamados -sobaipuris, hasta las cercanías y costas del seno del mar californio, habitadas -de los pimas sobas.... Por el Sur tiene el resto de las naciones ópata, -endeves, pertenecientes á dicha provincia y entre ellas y la sierra-madre, de -Oriente á Poniente, la Pimería baja.' <i>Mange</i>, <i>Itinerario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, +'Corre, pues, esta PimerÃa alta, de Sur á Norte desde los 30 grados hasta los +34 que se cuentan desde esta mision de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores hasta +el rio del Gila ... y de Oriente á Poniente desde el valle de los pimas, llamados +sobaipuris, hasta las cercanÃas y costas del seno del mar californio, habitadas +de los pimas sobas.... Por el Sur tiene el resto de las naciones ópata, +endeves, pertenecientes á dicha provincia y entre ellas y la sierra-madre, de +Oriente á Poniente, la PimerÃa baja.' <i>Mange</i>, <i>Itinerario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 345-6. 'Los pueblos de pimas bajos son ... desde -Taraitzi hasta Cumuripa, Onapa, Nuri, Movas y Oanbos lo son hàcia el Sur -de Cumuripa, Suaqui, San José de Pimas, Santa Rosalía, Ures y Nacameri -hácia el Poniente, son la frontera contra los seris.... Los pimas altos ocupan +Taraitzi hasta Cumuripa, Onapa, Nuri, Movas y Oanbos lo son hà cia el Sur +de Cumuripa, Suaqui, San José de Pimas, Santa RosalÃa, Ures y Nacameri +hácia el Poniente, son la frontera contra los seris.... Los pimas altos ocupan todo el terreno que hay desde de Cucurpe por Santa Ana Caborca hasta la mar -de Oriente á Poniente y Sur Norte, todo lo que desde dicha mision tirando -por Dolores, Remedios, Cocospera el presidio de Terrenate, y desde éste -siguiendo el rio de San Pedro ó de los Sobaipuris hasta su junta con el rio -Xila, y por ambas orillas de este hasta el Colorado y entre la mar, ó seno de +de Oriente á Poniente y Sur Norte, todo lo que desde dicha mision tirando +por Dolores, Remedios, Cocospera el presidio de Terrenate, y desde éste +siguiendo el rio de San Pedro ó de los Sobaipuris hasta su junta con el rio +Xila, y por ambas orillas de este hasta el Colorado y entre la mar, ó seno de Californias se encierra.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 553-4. 'From the river Yaqui in Sonora, northward to the Gila and even beyond the Tomosatzi (Colorado) eastward beyond the mountains in the province of Taraumara, and westward to the sea of Cortez,' -<i>Smith</i>, <i>Grammar of the Pima or Névome Language</i>, p. viii; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Heve Language</i>, -pp. 5-7; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 396; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. -de Jesus</i>, tom. ii., p. 216. 'Nördlich vom Flusse Yaqui, vom Dorfe S. -José de Pimas bis zu dem über 60 Leguas nördlicher gelegenen Dorfe Cucurápe, -bewohnen die Pimas bajas die Mitte des Landes.' 'Nördlich vom +<i>Smith</i>, <i>Grammar of the Pima or Névome Language</i>, p. viii; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Heve Language</i>, +pp. 5-7; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 396; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. +de Jesus</i>, tom. ii., p. 216. 'Nördlich vom Flusse Yaqui, vom Dorfe S. +José de Pimas bis zu dem über 60 Leguas nördlicher gelegenen Dorfe Cucurápe, +bewohnen die Pimas bajas die Mitte des Landes.' 'Nördlich vom <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_602" id="Page_602">602</a></span> -Fluss Ascensión, von der Küste weit ins Land hinein, treffen wir die Pimas -altas.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 419-20. 'Pimérie haute et -basse. La première s'étend depuis les Rios Colorado et Gila jusqu'à la ville +Fluss Ascensión, von der Küste weit ins Land hinein, treffen wir die Pimas +altas.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 419-20. 'Pimérie haute et +basse. La première s'étend depuis les Rios Colorado et Gila jusqu'à la ville de Hermosillo et au Rio de los Ures, et la seconde depuis cette limite jusqu'au -Rio del Fuerte qui la sépare de Sinaloa.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. i., p. 208. +Rio del Fuerte qui la sépare de Sinaloa.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. i., p. 208. 'Los pimas altos ocupan los partidos de la Magdalena y del Altar; lindan al -Norte con el Gila; al Este con los apaches y con los ópatas, sirviendo de -limite el rio San Pedro ó de Sobaipuris; al Oeste el mar de Cortés, y al Sur -el terreno que ocuparon los séris.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 347. See +Norte con el Gila; al Este con los apaches y con los ópatas, sirviendo de +limite el rio San Pedro ó de Sobaipuris; al Oeste el mar de Cortés, y al Sur +el terreno que ocuparon los séris.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 347. See also: <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Sonora</i>, pp. 14-15; <i>Mill's Hist. Mex.</i>, p. 191; <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, p. 81; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 437; <i>Cutts' Conq. Cal.</i>, p. 195; <i>Stanley's Portraits</i>, p. 58; <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 296; <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, pp. 89-90; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 50.</p> <p>The <i>Maricopas</i> inhabit both sides of the Gila River, for about 36 leagues -in the vicinity of its junction with the Asuncion River. <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, +in the vicinity of its junction with the Asuncion River. <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, p. 354. 'On the northern bank of the Gila, a few miles west of that of the -Pimas, in about west longitude 112°.' <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, -p. 102, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. 'Desde Stue Cabitic, se estienden à lo +Pimas, in about west longitude 112°.' <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, +p. 102, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. 'Desde Stue Cabitic, se estienden à lo largo del rio (Gila) como treinta y seis leguas.' <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in <i>Doc. -Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 849; <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., -pp. 404-5. 'Vom südlichen Ufer des Gila bis zum östlichen des Colorádo.' -<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 420; <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, pp. -131-2; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 123. 'Au sud du rio -Gila, sur une étendue de près de 150 milles, en remontant depuis l'embouchure.' +Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 849; <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., +pp. 404-5. 'Vom südlichen Ufer des Gila bis zum östlichen des Colorádo.' +<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 420; <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, pp. +131-2; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 123. 'Au sud du rio +Gila, sur une étendue de près de 150 milles, en remontant depuis l'embouchure.' <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 291; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 18; <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de Chihuahua</i>, p. 228.</p> <p>The Pimas and Maricopas live 'on the Gila, one hundred and eighty miles from its junction with the Colorado.' <i>Mowry's Arizona</i>, p. 14. 'Wo -der 112te Grad westlicher Länge den Gila-Strom Kreuzt, also ungefähr auf +der 112te Grad westlicher Länge den Gila-Strom Kreuzt, also ungefähr auf der Mitte der Strecke, die der Gila, fast vom Rio Grande del Norte bis an die -Spitze des Golfs von Kalifornien, zu durchlaufen hat, liegen die Dörfer der -Pimos und Coco-Maricopas.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. iv., p. 137. 'Non -loin du confluent du rio Salinas, par 112° environ de longitude.' <i>Gallatin</i>, +Spitze des Golfs von Kalifornien, zu durchlaufen hat, liegen die Dörfer der +Pimos und Coco-Maricopas.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. iv., p. 137. 'Non +loin du confluent du rio Salinas, par 112° environ de longitude.' <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 289-90. 'On the Gila river, about one hundred miles above the confluence of that stream with the Colorado.' <i>Dole</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1864, p. 20. 'Claimed as their own -property the entire Gila valley on both sides, from the Piñal mountains to +property the entire Gila valley on both sides, from the Piñal mountains to the Tesotal.' <i>Mowry</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1859, p. 358. 'From Maricopa Wells to a short distance beyond Sacaton.' <i>Whittier</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1868, p. 142. Limits also given in <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 232; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 45; <i>Bailey</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1858, pp. 203; <i>Poston</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1864, p. 152.</p> -<p>The <i>Pápagos</i> 'inhabit that triangular space of arid land bounded by the +<p>The <i>Pápagos</i> 'inhabit that triangular space of arid land bounded by the Santa Cruz, Gila, and Colorado rivers, and the Mexican boundary line.' <i>Poston</i>, -in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 384. 'Nördlich von diesen (Pimas altas) -hausen im Osten der Sierra de Santa Clara, welche sich unter 31½° nördlicher -Breite dicht am östlichen Ufer des Meerbusens von Californien erhebt, -die Papágos oder Papábi-Ootam.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 210. +in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 384. 'Nördlich von diesen (Pimas altas) +hausen im Osten der Sierra de Santa Clara, welche sich unter 31½° nördlicher +Breite dicht am östlichen Ufer des Meerbusens von Californien erhebt, +die Papágos oder Papábi-Ootam.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 210. 'Junto al rio de San Marcos: 50 leguas mas arriba habita la nacion de los <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_603" id="Page_603">603</a></span> Papagos.' <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. iv., p. 217. 'In the country about San @@ -23542,14 +23502,14 @@ Mex. and U. S. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 123. See also: <i>Davidson</i>, <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1865, p. 133; <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, p. 81.</p> <p>The <i>Sobaipuris</i>, a nation related to the Pimas, live among the lower -Pimas. 'Por una sierrezuela que hay al Oriente de este rio y sus rancherías, -se dividen éstas del valle de los pimas sobaipuris, que á poca distancia +Pimas. 'Por una sierrezuela que hay al Oriente de este rio y sus rancherÃas, +se dividen éstas del valle de los pimas sobaipuris, que á poca distancia tienen las suyas muchas y muy numerosas, las mas al Poniente y pocas al Oriente del rio, que naciendo de las vertientes del cerro de Terrenate, que -está como treinta leguas al Norte de esta mision, corre de Sur à Norte hasta +está como treinta leguas al Norte de esta mision, corre de Sur à Norte hasta juntarse con el tantas veces nombrado de Gila y juntos corren al Poniente.' <i>Mange</i>, <i>Itinerario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 349. Reference -also in <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. iv., p. 218; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., +also in <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. iv., p. 218; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 210.</p> <p class="sidenote">LOWER CALIFORNIANS.</p> @@ -23558,82 +23518,82 @@ p. 210.</p> Peninsula of Lower California, northward to the mouth of the Colorado River.</p> -<p>The <i>Cochimís</i> inhabit the peninsula north of the twenty-sixth degree of -north latitude. 'I Cochimí ne presero la parte settentrionale da gr. 25 sino +<p>The <i>CochimÃs</i> inhabit the peninsula north of the twenty-sixth degree of +north latitude. 'I Cochimà ne presero la parte settentrionale da gr. 25 sino a 33, e alcune isole vicine del Mar Pacifico.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 109. 'Desde el territorio de Loreto, por todo lo descubierto al Norte -de la Nacion Cochimí, ó de los Cochimies.' 'La Nacion, y Lengua de los -Cochimies ázia el Norte, despues de la ultima Mission de San Ignacio.' 'Los +de la Nacion CochimÃ, ó de los Cochimies.' 'La Nacion, y Lengua de los +Cochimies ázia el Norte, despues de la ultima Mission de San Ignacio.' 'Los Laymones son los mismos, que los Cochimies del Norte.' <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia -de la Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 63-7. 'Los Cochimíes ocupaban la peninsula desde -Loreto hasta poco mas allá de nuestra frontera. Los de las misiones de San -Francisco Javier y San José Comondú se llamaban edúes; los de San Ignacio -didúes.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 366; <i>Forbes' Cal.</i>, p. 21; <i>Ludewig's +de la Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 63-7. 'Los CochimÃes ocupaban la peninsula desde +Loreto hasta poco mas allá de nuestra frontera. Los de las misiones de San +Francisco Javier y San José Comondú se llamaban edúes; los de San Ignacio +didúes.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 366; <i>Forbes' Cal.</i>, p. 21; <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, pp. 49, 99; <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 207; <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Spr.</i>, pp. 469-70. 'Between San Fernando and Moleje were the Limonies, divided (going from north) into the Cagnaguets, Adacs and Kadakamans.' 'From Santo Tomas to San Vicente they were termed -Icas.' <i>Browne's Lower Cal.</i>, p. 54; <i>Hist. Chrétienne de la Cal.</i>, p. 163. 'Nördlich -von Loréto schwärmt der zahlreiche Stamm der Cochimíes, auch Cochimas -oder Colimíes genannt. Zu ihnen gehören die Laimónes und die -Icas,.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443.</p> +Icas.' <i>Browne's Lower Cal.</i>, p. 54; <i>Hist. Chrétienne de la Cal.</i>, p. 163. 'Nördlich +von Loréto schwärmt der zahlreiche Stamm der CochimÃes, auch Cochimas +oder ColimÃes genannt. Zu ihnen gehören die Laimónes und die +Icas,.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443.</p> -<p>The <i>Guaicuris</i> roam south of the Cochimís, as far as Magdalena Bay. -'Si stabilirono tra i gr. 23½ e 26.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. +<p>The <i>Guaicuris</i> roam south of the CochimÃs, as far as Magdalena Bay. +'Si stabilirono tra i gr. 23½ e 26.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 109. 'Los guaicuras se subdividen en guaicuras, coras, conchos, uchitas, -y aripas. Los guaicuras vivian principalmente en la costa del Pacífico, +y aripas. Los guaicuras vivian principalmente en la costa del PacÃfico, desde el puerto de San Bernabe hasta el de la Magdalena. Los coras en la -costa del Golfo, desde los pericúes hasta la mision de los Dolores, comprendiendo -el puerto de la Paz. Entre los guaicuras, los coras, y los pericúes -estaban los uchitas ó uchities. Hasta el mismo Loreto, ó muy cerca -llegaban los conchos ó monquies, á quienes los jesuitas pusieron lauretanos, +costa del Golfo, desde los pericúes hasta la mision de los Dolores, comprendiendo +el puerto de la Paz. Entre los guaicuras, los coras, y los pericúes +estaban los uchitas ó uchities. Hasta el mismo Loreto, ó muy cerca +llegaban los conchos ó monquies, á quienes los jesuitas pusieron lauretanos, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_604" id="Page_604">604</a></span> -... una rama de su nacion nombrada monquí-laimon ó monquíes del interior, +... una rama de su nacion nombrada monquÃ-laimon ó monquÃes del interior, porque vivian lejos de la costa, y se encuentran tambien nombrados por solo laimones. Los aripas al Norte de los guaicuras.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, -<i>Geografía</i>, pp. 365-6. 'Desde la Paz hasta mas arriba del Presidio Real de -Loreto, es de los Monquis ... à si mismos se llaman con vocablo general Monqui, -ó Monquis ... los Vehities, que pueblan las cercanías de la Bahía y -Puerto de la Paz; y la de los Guaycúras, que desde la Paz se estienden en la -Costa interior hasta las cercanías de Loreto. Los Monquis mismos se dividen -en Liyùes, Didiùs, y otras ramas menores.' <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, tom. -i., pp. 63-7. 'Los Guaicuras se establecieron entre el paralelo de 23° 30´ y -el de 26°.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 207. 'Von La Paz bis über den Presidio -von Loréto dehnt der Stamm Monqui, Moqui oder Mongui sich aus, -welchem die Familien Guaycùra und Uchíti oder Vehíti angehören, die jedoch -von einigen Reisenden für ganz verschiedene Stämme gehalten werden.' -<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443; <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. +<i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 365-6. 'Desde la Paz hasta mas arriba del Presidio Real de +Loreto, es de los Monquis ... à si mismos se llaman con vocablo general Monqui, +ó Monquis ... los Vehities, que pueblan las cercanÃas de la BahÃa y +Puerto de la Paz; y la de los Guaycúras, que desde la Paz se estienden en la +Costa interior hasta las cercanÃas de Loreto. Los Monquis mismos se dividen +en Liyùes, Didiùs, y otras ramas menores.' <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, tom. +i., pp. 63-7. 'Los Guaicuras se establecieron entre el paralelo de 23° 30´ y +el de 26°.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 207. 'Von La Paz bis über den Presidio +von Loréto dehnt der Stamm Monqui, Moqui oder Mongui sich aus, +welchem die Familien Guaycùra und UchÃti oder VehÃti angehören, die jedoch +von einigen Reisenden für ganz verschiedene Stämme gehalten werden.' +<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443; <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Spr.</i>, p. 473; <i>Forbes' Cal.</i>, p. 21; <i>Browne's Lower Cal.</i>, p. 54; <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 198. 'La nacion ya nombrada Guaicure, que habita el ramalde la sierra giganta, que viene costeando el puerto de la Magdalena hasta el de -San Bernabé.' <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., +San Bernabé.' <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 64.</p> -<p>The <i>Pericúis</i> live in the southern portion of the Peninsula from Cape +<p>The <i>Pericúis</i> live in the southern portion of the Peninsula from Cape San Lucas northward to La Paz. 'Desde el Cabo de San Lucas, hasta mas -acà del Puerto de la Paz de la Nacion Pericù.... A los Indios, que caen al -Sùr, ò Mediodia de su territorio, llaman Edù, ó Equù, ó Edùes ... se divide -en varias Nacioncillas pequeñas, de las quales la mas nombrada es la de los -Coras, nombre propio de una Ranchería, que se ha comunicado despues à -algunos Pueblos, y al Rio, que desagua en la Bahía de San Bernabé.' <i>Venegas</i>, -<i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 63-7. 'Los pericúes habitan en la mision -de Santiago, que tiene sujeto á San José del Cabo y en las islas de Cerralvo, -el Espíritu Santo y San José.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 365. 'I Pericui +acà del Puerto de la Paz de la Nacion Pericù.... A los Indios, que caen al +Sùr, ò Mediodia de su territorio, llaman Edù, ó Equù, ó Edùes ... se divide +en varias Nacioncillas pequeñas, de las quales la mas nombrada es la de los +Coras, nombre propio de una RancherÃa, que se ha comunicado despues à +algunos Pueblos, y al Rio, que desagua en la BahÃa de San Bernabé.' <i>Venegas</i>, +<i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 63-7. 'Los pericúes habitan en la mision +de Santiago, que tiene sujeto á San José del Cabo y en las islas de Cerralvo, +el EspÃritu Santo y San José.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 365. 'I Pericui ne occuparono la parte australe dal C. di S. Luca sino a gr. 24, e le isole adjacenti di Cerralvo, dello Spirito Santo, e di S. Giuseppe.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia -della Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 109. 'Im Süden, vom Cap San Lucas bis über den -Hafen Los Pichilingues und die Mission La Paz hinaus wohnen die Perícues -zu welchen die Familien Edú oder Equu und Cora gerechnet werden.' -<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443. See also: <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, +della Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 109. 'Im Süden, vom Cap San Lucas bis über den +Hafen Los Pichilingues und die Mission La Paz hinaus wohnen die PerÃcues +zu welchen die Familien Edú oder Equu und Cora gerechnet werden.' +<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443. See also: <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 207; <i>Californias, Noticias</i>, carta i., p. 86; <i>Browne's Lower Cal.</i>, p. 45; <i>Forbes' Cal.</i>, p. 21; <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Spr.</i>, p. 480.</p> <p class="p2">The <span class="smcap">Northern Mexican Family</span> is composed of the inhabitants of the States of Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and portions -of Tamaulipas, Durango, and Zacatecas, south as far as 23° north latitude, +of Tamaulipas, Durango, and Zacatecas, south as far as 23° north latitude, divided as follows:</p> -<p class="sidenote">CERIS AND ÓPATAS.</p> +<p class="sidenote">CERIS AND ÓPATAS.</p> <p>The <i>Seris</i> 'live towards the coast of Sonora, on the famous Cerro Prieto, and in its immediate neighborhood.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. @@ -23643,69 +23603,69 @@ p. 464. 'Son las Islas nombradas S. Antonio, Taburon, S. Estevan, Bocalinas, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_605" id="Page_605">605</a></span> Salsipuedes, la Tortuga, la ensenada de la Concepcion, habitadas de Indios de la nacion Seris.' <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, p. 490. 'Su -principal abrigo es el famoso cerro Prieto, al Poniente de San José de los +principal abrigo es el famoso cerro Prieto, al Poniente de San José de los Pimas, doce leguas, y doce casi al Sur del Pitic; del mar como cerca de catorce leguas al Oriente, y de la boca del rio Hiaqui al Norte, treinta leguas.... -Otro asilo tienen, así en su isla del Tiburon, casi como cuarenta leguas al +Otro asilo tienen, asà en su isla del Tiburon, casi como cuarenta leguas al Poniente de la hacienda del Pitic y como una legua de la costa, en el seno de Californias; como en la de San Juan Bautista, cerca de nueve leguas del -Tiburon al Sud-sudueste y á mas de dos leguas de tierra.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. +Tiburon al Sud-sudueste y á mas de dos leguas de tierra.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., vol. iv., pp. 559-60. 'Los ceris ... [1779] -estaban situados en la villa de Horcasitas en un pueblo llamado el Pópulo, -una legua hácia el Este de dicha villa, camino para Nacameri. De allí se +estaban situados en la villa de Horcasitas en un pueblo llamado el Pópulo, +una legua hácia el Este de dicha villa, camino para Nacameri. De allà se trasladaron en 1789 al pueblo de Ceris.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 124. -'The Céres are confined to the island of Tiburon, the coast of Tépoca, and -the Pueblo of Los Céres, near Pitic.' <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 437. 'Zwischen dem -Flecken Petíc und der Küste, und diese hinauf bis zum Flusse Ascensión.' -<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 419. The country adjacent to the Bay +'The Céres are confined to the island of Tiburon, the coast of Tépoca, and +the Pueblo of Los Céres, near Pitic.' <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 437. 'Zwischen dem +Flecken PetÃc und der Küste, und diese hinauf bis zum Flusse Ascensión.' +<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 419. The country adjacent to the Bay of San Juan Bautista was occupied by the Ceris. <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, p. 247. 'Sus madrigueras las han tenido en el famoso cerro Prieto, doce -leguas al Oeste de San José de los Pimas, en la cadena que se extiende hácia -Guaymas, en el rincon de Márcos, en las sierras de Bocoatzi Grande, en la +leguas al Oeste de San José de los Pimas, en la cadena que se extiende hácia +Guaymas, en el rincon de Márcos, en las sierras de Bocoatzi Grande, en la sierra de Picu cerca de la costa, y sobre todo en la isla del Tiburon, situada -en el Golfo de Californias, á una legua de la playa.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +en el Golfo de Californias, á una legua de la playa.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 354; <i>Pajaken</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>June 13, 1862</i>. Concurrent authorities: <i>Lachappelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, p. 79; <i>Dillon</i>, <i>Hist. Mex.</i>, p. 215; <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. i., p. 565; <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 34; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 57; <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. i., p. 214; <i>Stone</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. v., p. 166.</p> -<p>The Salineros 'hácia los confines de la Pimeria alta.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, -<i>Geografía</i>, p. 354.</p> +<p>The Salineros 'hácia los confines de la Pimeria alta.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, +<i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 354.</p> <p>The Tepocas are south of the latter. 'Ordinarily live on the island of -Tiburon.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 122. 'Los mas próximos á -la isla del Tiburon.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 354; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Sonora</i>, +Tiburon.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 122. 'Los mas próximos á +la isla del Tiburon.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 354; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Sonora</i>, pp. 20-1; <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. i., p. 214.</p> <p>The Guaymas and Upanguaymas live near the like-named port. 'Ocupaban el terreno en que ahora se encuentra el puerto de ese nombre, y que se -redujeron al pueblo de Belen.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 354.</p> +redujeron al pueblo de Belen.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 354.</p> -<p>The <i>Ópatas</i> occupy central and eastern Sonora. 'In the eastern part of +<p>The <i>Ópatas</i> occupy central and eastern Sonora. 'In the eastern part of the State, on the banks of the Sonora and Oposura, and in the vicinity of the town of Arispe and the mineral region of Nocasari.' <i>Mayer's Mex., Aztec, -etc.</i>, vol. ii., p. 300. 'Leurs villages couvrent les bords des rivières de Yaqui, -de Sonora et de Nacaméri, ainsi que la belle vallée d'Oposura.' <i>Zuñiga</i>, in +etc.</i>, vol. ii., p. 300. 'Leurs villages couvrent les bords des rivières de Yaqui, +de Sonora et de Nacaméri, ainsi que la belle vallée d'Oposura.' <i>Zuñiga</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1842, tom. xciii., pp. 238-9. 'Im Osten des -Staats, an den Ufern der Flüsse Sonóra und Oposúra und bis gegen die -Stadt Aríspe und den Minendistrict von Nacosári hinauf.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, +Staats, an den Ufern der Flüsse Sonóra und Oposúra und bis gegen die +Stadt ArÃspe und den Minendistrict von Nacosári hinauf.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 420. 'Habita el centro del Estado de Sonora.' -<i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. 403. 'Le long des rivières de San Miguel de +<i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. 403. 'Le long des rivières de San Miguel de Horcasitas, d'Arispe, de los Ures et d'Oposura.' <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1842, tom. xcv., p. 319. 'Confinan al Norte con los <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_606" id="Page_606">606</a></span> pimas y con los apaches; al Este con la Tarahumara; al Sur con la Pimeria -baja, y al Oeste con los pimas y con los séris.' 'Ocupan en el Estado de Sonora +baja, y al Oeste con los pimas y con los séris.' 'Ocupan en el Estado de Sonora los actuales partidos de Sahuaripa, Oposura, Ures, Arizpe y parte del -de Magdalena.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 338, 343-4. The Ópatas, +de Magdalena.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 338, 343-4. The Ópatas, Eudebes, and Jovas 'pueblan la mayor parte de la Sonora, desde muy -adentro de la sierra, son sus terrenos hácia al Sur desde este que pusimos +adentro de la sierra, son sus terrenos hácia al Sur desde este que pusimos por lindero al Oriente, por el desierto pueblo de Natora, Aribetzi, Bacanora, Tonitzi, Soyopa, Nacori, Alamos, parte de Ures, Nacameri, Opodepe, Cucurpe -hácia el Poniente; desde aquí Arispe, Chinapa, Bacoatzi, Cuquiaratzi -hasta Babispe hácia el Norte, y desde esta mision la poco ha citado sierra -hasta Natora, los que la terminan hácia el Oriente.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, -in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 552-3. See also: <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. +hácia el Poniente; desde aquà Arispe, Chinapa, Bacoatzi, Cuquiaratzi +hasta Babispe hácia el Norte, y desde esta mision la poco ha citado sierra +hasta Natora, los que la terminan hácia el Oriente.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, +in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 552-3. See also: <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 174; <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. i., p. 213; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Sonora</i>, p. 14; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 444; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 437; <i>Pajaken</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>June 6, 1862</i>; <i>Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man</i>, tom. ii., p. 562; @@ -23713,39 +23673,39 @@ u. Stat.</i>, p. 174; <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. i., p. 213; <i>Malte-B de Sonora</i>, pp. 117, 145. In early days 'they occupied the whole western slope of the Sierra, from the headquarters of the Sonora River to Nuri, near the Yaqui towns. They were then esteemed different tribes in different -localities, and are named in the old records as Jobas, Teqüimas, Teguis, -and Cogüinachies.' <i>Stone</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. v., p. 166. 'La nacion ópata -se subdivide en ópatas tegüis, avecindados en los pueblos de Opodepe, Terrapa, -Cucurpe, Alamos, Batuco. En opatas tegüimas en Sinoquipe, Banamichi, +localities, and are named in the old records as Jobas, Teqüimas, Teguis, +and Cogüinachies.' <i>Stone</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. v., p. 166. 'La nacion ópata +se subdivide en ópatas tegüis, avecindados en los pueblos de Opodepe, Terrapa, +Cucurpe, Alamos, Batuco. En opatas tegüimas en Sinoquipe, Banamichi, Huepaca, Aconchi, Babiacora, Chinapa, Bacuachi, Cuquiarachi, -Cumpas. Ópatas Cogüinachis en Toniche, Matape, Oputo, Oposura, Guasavas, +Cumpas. Ópatas Cogüinachis en Toniche, Matape, Oputo, Oposura, Guasavas, Bacadeguachi, Nacori (otro), Mochopa. Los del pueblo de Santa Cruz se dice que son de nacion contla. Los Batucas, en el pueblo de Batuco -corresponden tambien á los ópatas, así como los sahuaripas, los himeris y -los guasabas.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 343-4, and <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias +corresponden tambien á los ópatas, asà como los sahuaripas, los himeris y +los guasabas.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 343-4, and <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, pp. 156-6.</p> -<p>To the Jovas 'pertenecen los pueblos de San José Teopari, Los Dolores, -Sahuaripa, donde hay tambien ópatas, Pónida, Santo Tomas, Arivetzi, -San Mateo Malzura.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 345; <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, -tom. ii., p. 249. Ovas, 'esta nacion está poblada á orillas del rio Papigochic, +<p>To the Jovas 'pertenecen los pueblos de San José Teopari, Los Dolores, +Sahuaripa, donde hay tambien ópatas, Pónida, Santo Tomas, Arivetzi, +San Mateo Malzura.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 345; <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, +tom. ii., p. 249. Ovas, 'esta nacion está poblada á orillas del rio Papigochic, variedad de algunos pueblos y corre hasta cerca del partido de Samaripa y uno de sus pueblos llamado Teopari (que es de nacion ova su gente) y corre como se ha dicho poblada en este rio hasta cerca de la mision de Matachic.' <i>Zapata</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 341. 'Los ovas, tribu que vive principalmente en Sonora ... en Chihuahua -está poblada orillas del rio Papigochi (el Yaqui), llegando hasta -cerca de Yepomera, de la mision de tarahumares de Matachic; sus rancherías -se llamaron Oparrapa, Natora, Bacaniyahua ó Baipoa, Orosaqui -y Xiripa.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 325.</p> +está poblada orillas del rio Papigochi (el Yaqui), llegando hasta +cerca de Yepomera, de la mision de tarahumares de Matachic; sus rancherÃas +se llamaron Oparrapa, Natora, Bacaniyahua ó Baipoa, Orosaqui +y Xiripa.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 325.</p> -<p>The Sobas 'ocuparon à Caborca, encontrándose tambien en los alrededores.' -<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 348.</p> +<p>The Sobas 'ocuparon à Caborca, encontrándose tambien en los alrededores.' +<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 348.</p> <p>The Potlapiguas, 'nacion gentil cerca de Babispe y de Bacerac, colocada en la frontera.' <i>Ib.</i></p> -<p>The Tepahues were 'habitadores de una península que forman dos rios ó +<p>The Tepahues were 'habitadores de una penÃnsula que forman dos rios ó brazos del Mayo al Oriente de los de esta nacion.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 356. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_607" id="Page_607">607</a></span></p> @@ -23757,30 +23717,30 @@ de Macoyahui.' <i>Ib.</i></p> Madre entre Occidente y Norte del valle de Sonora.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. ii., p. 243.</p> -<p>The <i>Sonoras</i> inhabit the valley of Soñora, which 'cae a la banda del +<p>The <i>Sonoras</i> inhabit the valley of Soñora, which 'cae a la banda del Norte, apartado de la villa (Sinaloa) ciento y treinta leguas.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 392.</p> <p>The Eudeves, Eudebes, Hegues, Hequis, Heves, Eudevas or Dohme dwell in the villages 'Matape, Nacori, Los Alamos, Robesco, Bacanora, Batuco, Tepuspe, Cucurpe, Saracatzi, Toape, and Opodepe.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, -<i>Geografía</i>, p. 344.</p> +<i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 344.</p> <p>The Sibubapas 'del pueblo de Suaqui.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 351.</p> <p>The Nures, 'habitadores del pueblo de Nuri.' <i>Ib.</i> 'Habita cerca de la de los Nebomes.' <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, vol. iii., p. 350.</p> -<p>The Hios, 'á ocho leguas al Este de Tepahue.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +<p>The Hios, 'á ocho leguas al Este de Tepahue.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 351.</p> <p>The Huvagueres and Tehuisos are neighbors of the Hios. <i>Ib.</i></p> -<p>The Basiroas and Teatas, 'más al Este.' <i>Ib.</i></p> +<p>The Basiroas and Teatas, 'más al Este.' <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>The Tupocuyos are four leagues Northwest of Santa Magdalena. 'De -Santa Magdalena en ... el rumbo al Noroeste ... á 4 leguas de distancia -llegamos á la ranchería del Tupocuyos.' <i>Mange</i>, <i>Itinerario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. +Santa Magdalena en ... el rumbo al Noroeste ... á 4 leguas de distancia +llegamos á la rancherÃa del Tupocuyos.' <i>Mange</i>, <i>Itinerario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 232.</p> <p class="sidenote">SINALOAS AND MAYOS.</p> @@ -23790,112 +23750,112 @@ the south, in the country and in the Sierra, the Coras, Najarites, and Hueicolhu are to be found; to the north of Culiacan, the Cinaloas, Cochitas and Tuvares; and towards the town of El Fuerte, and farther north, we find the Mayos Indians, to which belong also the tribes Quasare, Ahome, and -Ocoronis.' <i>Sevin</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxx., p. 12; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, +Ocoronis.' <i>Sevin</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxx., p. 12; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 402.</p> <p>The <i>Sinaloas</i> 'tiene su assiento y poblaciones en el mismo rio de Tegueco, -y Cuaque, en lo mas alto dél, y mas cercanas a las haldas de serranias -de Topia; y sus pueblos comiençan seis leguas arriba del fuerte de Montesclaros.' +y Cuaque, en lo mas alto dél, y mas cercanas a las haldas de serranias +de Topia; y sus pueblos comiençan seis leguas arriba del fuerte de Montesclaros.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, pp. 199, 47. 'Los mas orientales de las gentes que habitaban las riberas del que ahora llamamos rio del Fuerte.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 460. 'Avecindados en una -parte de las orillas, hácia las fuentes del rio del Fuerte.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, -<i>Geografía</i>, p. 329.</p> +parte de las orillas, hácia las fuentes del rio del Fuerte.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, +<i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 329.</p> <p>The <i>Mayos</i> occupy the banks of the rivers Mayo and Fuerte. The Mayo -river 'baña todos los pueblos de indígenas llamados los Mayos.' <i>Velasco</i>, -<i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 82. 'Die eigentlichen Mayos wohnen hauptsächlich -westlich and nordwestlich von der Stadt Alamos.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. -ii., pt. ii., p. 402. 'Los mayos, sobre el rio Mayo ... están distribuidos en -los pueblos de Santa Cruz de Mayo, Espíritu Santo Echojoa ó Echonova, -Natividad Navajoa ó Navohoua, Concepcion Cuirimpo, San Ignacio de Tesia, -Santa Catalina Cayamoa ó Camoa, San Bartolomé Batacosa, Masiaca.' <i>Orozco -y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 356, 354; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Sonora</i>, p. 13. 'The Mayos on +river 'baña todos los pueblos de indÃgenas llamados los Mayos.' <i>Velasco</i>, +<i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 82. 'Die eigentlichen Mayos wohnen hauptsächlich +westlich and nordwestlich von der Stadt Alamos.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. +ii., pt. ii., p. 402. 'Los mayos, sobre el rio Mayo ... están distribuidos en +los pueblos de Santa Cruz de Mayo, EspÃritu Santo Echojoa ó Echonova, +Natividad Navajoa ó Navohoua, Concepcion Cuirimpo, San Ignacio de Tesia, +Santa Catalina Cayamoa ó Camoa, San Bartolomé Batacosa, Masiaca.' <i>Orozco +y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 356, 354; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Sonora</i>, p. 13. 'The Mayos on <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_608" id="Page_608">608</a></span> -the river Mayo inhabit the following towns: Tepágue, Conecáre, Camóa, -Tésia, Navahóa, Curinghóa, Echehóa, and Santa Cruz de Mayo, a seaport. -Towns of the same nation on the Rio del Fuerte: Tóro, Báca, Chóis, Omi, -San Miguel, Charác, Sivilihóa, and Teguéco.' <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, pp. 438, 390; +the river Mayo inhabit the following towns: Tepágue, Conecáre, Camóa, +Tésia, Navahóa, Curinghóa, Echehóa, and Santa Cruz de Mayo, a seaport. +Towns of the same nation on the Rio del Fuerte: Tóro, Báca, Chóis, Omi, +San Miguel, Charác, Sivilihóa, and Teguéco.' <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, pp. 438, 390; <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. i., p. 583, vol. ii., p. 606; also: <i>Stone</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. v., p. 165; <i>Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc.</i>, vol. ii., p. 299.</p> <p>The <i>Yaquis</i> are settled on the Rio Yaqui and between it and the Rio Mayo. On the Yaqui River at a distance of twelve leagues from the sea, -'está poblada la famosa Nacion de Hiaquis.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, +'está poblada la famosa Nacion de Hiaquis.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 284. 'Lista de los pueblos del rio Yaqui, contados desde Cocori, primer pueblo al otro lado del rio de Buenavista, al Este del Estado, camino para la ciudad de Alamos, y rio abajo hasta Belen: Cocori, Bacum, Torin, Bicam, Potam, Rahum, Huirivis.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 84. 'Zwischen -den Flüssen Mayo und Yaquí.... Die Ortschaften des Stammes Yaquí (Hiaquí) -sind besonders: Belén, Huadíbis, Raún, Potan, Bican, Torin, Bacún -und Cocorún.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 419; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Sonora</i>, -p. 13. 'Les habitations des Yaquis commencent, à partir de la rivière -de ce nom, et s'étendent également sur le Rio de Mayo Fuerte et de Sinaloa, -sur une étendue de plus de 140 lieues.' <i>Zuñiga</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, +den Flüssen Mayo und YaquÃ.... Die Ortschaften des Stammes Yaquà (HiaquÃ) +sind besonders: Belén, HuadÃbis, Raún, Potan, Bican, Torin, Bacún +und Cocorún.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 419; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Sonora</i>, +p. 13. 'Les habitations des Yaquis commencent, à partir de la rivière +de ce nom, et s'étendent également sur le Rio de Mayo Fuerte et de Sinaloa, +sur une étendue de plus de 140 lieues.' <i>Zuñiga</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1842, tom. xciii., p. 239; <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. xcv., p. 306. 'Taraumara es la residencia de los Indios Yaquis.' 'Are still farther north (than the Mayos), and belong entirely to the state of Sonora.' <i>Sevin</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxx., p. 12; <i>Stone</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. v., pp. 164-5; <i>Pajaken</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>June 6, 1862</i>; <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. v., p. 46. 'Occupent -le pays situé au sud de Guaymas jusqu'au Rio del Fuerte.' <i>Mofras</i>, -<i>Explor.</i>, tom. i., p. 212. See further: <i>Ferry</i>, <i>Scènes de la Vie Sauvage</i>, pp. +le pays situé au sud de Guaymas jusqu'au Rio del Fuerte.' <i>Mofras</i>, +<i>Explor.</i>, tom. i., p. 212. See further: <i>Ferry</i>, <i>Scènes de la Vie Sauvage</i>, pp. 15, 45; <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. i., p. 582, vol. ii., p. 606; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, pp. -437-8; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 200; <i>Mex. in 1842</i>, pp. 67-8; <i>Hist. Chrétienne de la +437-8; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 200; <i>Mex. in 1842</i>, pp. 67-8; <i>Hist. Chrétienne de la Cal.</i>, p. 244.</p> <p>The <i>Zuaques</i> have their villages between the Mayo and Yaqui rivers. -'Los zuaques estaban adelante, á cinco leguas de los tehuecos, y sus tierras -corrian por espacio de diez leguas.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 332. 'Sus +'Los zuaques estaban adelante, á cinco leguas de los tehuecos, y sus tierras +corrian por espacio de diez leguas.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 332. 'Sus pueblos ... eran tres ... el principal dellos, llamado Mochicaui.' <i>Ribas</i>, -<i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 163; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 419.</p> +<i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 163; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 419.</p> -<p>The <i>Tehuecos</i> are west of the Sinaloas. 'Seis leguas al Oeste del último -de sus pueblos (Sinaloas) seguian los teguecos ó tehuecos.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, -<i>Geografía</i>, p. 332. 'Los pueblos desta Nacion, que en sus principios fueron -tres, començauan quatro leguas rio arriba del vltimo de los Çuaques.' <i>Ribas</i>, +<p>The <i>Tehuecos</i> are west of the Sinaloas. 'Seis leguas al Oeste del último +de sus pueblos (Sinaloas) seguian los teguecos ó tehuecos.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, +<i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 332. 'Los pueblos desta Nacion, que en sus principios fueron +tres, començauan quatro leguas rio arriba del vltimo de los Çuaques.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 171.</p> <p>The <i>Ahomes</i> dwell on the Rio Zuaque four leagues from the sea. 'La Nacion Ahome, y su principal pueblo.... Dista quatro leguas de la mar de -Californias.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 145; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +Californias.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 145; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 332; <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, vol. i., p. 33; <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 522.</p> -<p>The <i>Vacoregues</i> 'vivian en las playas del mar y en los médanos, ... un -pueblo, orillas del rio (Fuerte), no lejos de Ahome.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +<p>The <i>Vacoregues</i> 'vivian en las playas del mar y en los médanos, ... un +pueblo, orillas del rio (Fuerte), no lejos de Ahome.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 332.</p> -<p>The <i>Batucaris</i> 'frecuentaban un lagunazo á tres leguas de Ahome.' <i>Ib.</i></p> +<p>The <i>Batucaris</i> 'frecuentaban un lagunazo á tres leguas de Ahome.' <i>Ib.</i></p> -<p>The <i>Comoporis</i> 'existian en una península, siete leguas de Ahome.' <i>Ib.</i> +<p>The <i>Comoporis</i> 'existian en una penÃnsula, siete leguas de Ahome.' <i>Ib.</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_609" id="Page_609">609</a></span></p> -<p>'En vna peninsula retirada, y en los Medanos, ó montes de arena del mar, +<p>'En vna peninsula retirada, y en los Medanos, ó montes de arena del mar, viuian las rancherias de la gente fiera destos Comoporis.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 153.</p> <p>The <i>Guazaves</i> 'distante diez, y doze leguas de la villa' (Cinaloa). <i>Id.</i>, p. 46. 'Habitadores de San Pedro Guazave y de Tamazula, orillas del rio -Sinaloa.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 332.</p> +Sinaloa.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 332.</p> <p>The <i>Zoes</i> 'eran Indios serranos, que tenian sus poblaciones en lo alto del mismo rio de los Cinaloas, y a las haldas de sus serranias.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de -los Triumphos</i>, p. 208. 'Se establecieron á las faldas de la Sierra, en las -fuentes del rio del Fuerte cercanos á los sinaloas.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +los Triumphos</i>, p. 208. 'Se establecieron á las faldas de la Sierra, en las +fuentes del rio del Fuerte cercanos á los sinaloas.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 333. 'Confinan con los tubares.' <i>Zapata</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 395.</p> -<p>The <i>Huites</i> 'Vivian en la Sierra, à siete leguas de los sinaloas.' <i>Orozco y -Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 333.</p> +<p>The <i>Huites</i> 'Vivian en la Sierra, à siete leguas de los sinaloas.' <i>Orozco y +Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 333.</p> <p>The <i>Ohueras</i> and <i>Cahuimetos</i> dwell at 'San Lorenzo de Oguera ... situado -á seis leguas al E. de la villa de Sinaloa y sobre el rio.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 334.</p> +á seis leguas al E. de la villa de Sinaloa y sobre el rio.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 334.</p> -<p>The <i>Chicoratos</i> and <i>Basopas</i>, 'en la sierra, y á siete leguas al E. de +<p>The <i>Chicoratos</i> and <i>Basopas</i>, 'en la sierra, y á siete leguas al E. de Oguera, se encuentra la Concepcion de Chicorato.... Cinco leguas al Norte -tiene à San Ignacio de Chicuris, en que los habitantes son tambien basopas.' +tiene à San Ignacio de Chicuris, en que los habitantes son tambien basopas.' <i>Ib.</i></p> -<p>The <i>Chicuràs</i> 'eran vecinos de los chicoratos.' <i>Ib.</i></p> +<p>The <i>Chicurà s</i> 'eran vecinos de los chicoratos.' <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>The <i>Tubares</i> or Tovares live in the 'pueblos de Concepcion, San Ignacio y San Miguel.' 'habitan uno de los afluentes del rio del Fuerte.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. @@ -23904,49 +23864,49 @@ y San Miguel.' 'habitan uno de los afluentes del rio del Fuerte.' <i>Id.</i>, pp <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 254.</p> <p>The <i>Chinipas</i>, <i>Guailopos</i>, and <i>Maguiaquis</i> live 'en San Andres Chinipas.' -<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 324; <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 95.</p> +<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 324; <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 95.</p> -<p>The <i>Hizos</i> are in 'Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Voragios ó Taraichi.' -<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 324.</p> +<p>The <i>Hizos</i> are in 'Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Voragios ó Taraichi.' +<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 324.</p> -<p>The <i>Varogios</i>, <i>Husorones</i>, <i>Cutecos</i> and <i>Tecàrgonis</i> are in 'Nuestra Señora -de Loreto de Voragios ó Sinoyeca y en Santa Ana.' <i>Ib.</i></p> +<p>The <i>Varogios</i>, <i>Husorones</i>, <i>Cutecos</i> and <i>Tecà rgonis</i> are in 'Nuestra Señora +de Loreto de Voragios ó Sinoyeca y en Santa Ana.' <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>The <i>Tarahumares</i> inhabit the district of Tarahumara in the state of Chihuahua. 'Provincia ... confina por el O con la de Sonora, por el E con el -Nuevo México, sirviéndole de límites el rio Grande del Norte, por este rumbo -no están conocidos aun sus términos, por el S O con la de Cinaloa ... toma -el nombre de la Nacion de Indios así llamada, que confinaba con la de los Tepeguanes.' +Nuevo México, sirviéndole de lÃmites el rio Grande del Norte, por este rumbo +no están conocidos aun sus términos, por el S O con la de Cinaloa ... toma +el nombre de la Nacion de Indios asà llamada, que confinaba con la de los Tepeguanes.' <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. v., p. 46; <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. -363. 'In den tiefen und wilden Schluchten von Tararécua und Santa Sinforósa, -jagen verschiedene Familien der Tarahumáras.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, -tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 521; <i>Mexikanische Zustände</i>, tom. i., p. 74. 'Bewohnen +363. 'In den tiefen und wilden Schluchten von Tararécua und Santa Sinforósa, +jagen verschiedene Familien der Tarahumáras.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, +tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 521; <i>Mexikanische Zustände</i>, tom. i., p. 74. 'Bewohnen einen Theil des Berglandes im W. der Hauptstadt, wo sie namentlich in dem -schönen Hochthale des Rio Papigóchic in allen Ortschaften einen Theil der -Bevölkerung bilden.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 213. 'Inhabit the towns in +schönen Hochthale des Rio Papigóchic in allen Ortschaften einen Theil der +Bevölkerung bilden.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 213. 'Inhabit the towns in Mulatos.' <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 438. 'En la raya que divide los Reynos de la Vizcaya y de la Galicia no en los terminos limitados que hoy tiene que es Acaponeta, sino en los que antes tubo hasta cerca de Sinaloa.' <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, p. 491. 'Al Oriente tienen el rio de los Conchos y al <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_610" id="Page_610">610</a></span> -Poniente la Sinaloa, Sonora y las regiones del Nuevo México, al Norte y al +Poniente la Sinaloa, Sonora y las regiones del Nuevo México, al Norte y al Austro la Nacion de los Tepehuanes. 'Se estiendan por el Norte hasta mas -abajo de San Buenaventura.' 'Vivian en S. José de Bocas, cabecera de -una de las misiones de los jesuitas,' in Durango. <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, -pp. 319-25. 'Á tres leguas de San José Temaichic está otro pueblo y -mucha gente en él llamada taraumar Pachera.' <i>Zapata</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. +abajo de San Buenaventura.' 'Vivian en S. José de Bocas, cabecera de +una de las misiones de los jesuitas,' in Durango. <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, +pp. 319-25. 'à tres leguas de San José Temaichic está otro pueblo y +mucha gente en él llamada taraumar Pachera.' <i>Zapata</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 333; <i>Richthofen</i>, <i>Mexico</i>, p. 448. 'Les Tahues -étaient probablement les mêmes que ceux que l'on désigne plus tard -sous le nom de Tarahumaras.' 'Leur capitale était Téo-Colhuacan.' <i>Brasseur +étaient probablement les mêmes que ceux que l'on désigne plus tard +sous le nom de Tarahumaras.' 'Leur capitale était Téo-Colhuacan.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Popol Vuh</i>, preface, p. 191.</p> <p>The <i>Conchos</i> inhabit the banks of the Rio Conchos, near its confluence -with the Rio del Norte. 'Endereço su camino hazia el Norte, y a dos jornadas +with the Rio del Norte. 'Endereço su camino hazia el Norte, y a dos jornadas topo mucha cantidad de Indios de los que llaman Conchos.' <i>Espejo</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 384, 390. 'En en Real del Parral.' <i>Arlegui</i>, -<i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, p. 97. 'Se estiende hasta las orillas del rio grande del +<i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, p. 97. 'Se estiende hasta las orillas del rio grande del Norte. Por la parte del septentrion confina con los laguneros, y al Mediodia -tiene algunos pueblos de los tepehuanes y valle de Santa Bárbara.' +tiene algunos pueblos de los tepehuanes y valle de Santa Bárbara.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. ii., p. 58.</p> <p>The <i>Passaguates</i> live twenty-four leagues north of the Conchos. 'Andadas @@ -23955,31 +23915,31 @@ de Indios, llamados Passaguates.' <i>Espejo</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. 391.</p> <p>The Mamites, Colorados, Arigames, Otaquitamones, Pajalames, Poaramas -were in the neighborhood of the Conchos. <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 325.</p> +were in the neighborhood of the Conchos. <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 325.</p> <p>The <i>Guazapares</i> are 'a veinte leguas de distancia del pueblo y partido de Loreto al Sur, reconociendo al Oriente, y solas diez del pueblo y partido de -Santa Inés, caminando derecho al Oriente, está el pueblo y partido de Santa +Santa Inés, caminando derecho al Oriente, está el pueblo y partido de Santa Teresa de Guazapares, llamado en su lengua Guazayepo.' <i>Zapata</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 389.</p> -<p>The <i>Temoris</i> dwell in the 'pueblo de Santa María Magdalena de Temoris.... -A cinco leguas de distancia hácia el Norte del pueblo y cabecera de Santa -Teresa está el pueblo llamado Nuestra Señora del Valle Humbroso.' <i>Id.</i>, p. +<p>The <i>Temoris</i> dwell in the 'pueblo de Santa MarÃa Magdalena de Temoris.... +A cinco leguas de distancia hácia el Norte del pueblo y cabecera de Santa +Teresa está el pueblo llamado Nuestra Señora del Valle Humbroso.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 390.</p> <p>The <i>Tobosos</i> are north of the Tarahumares and in the Mission of San Francisco de Coahuila, in the state of Coahuila. 'Se extendian por el Bolson -de Mapimí, y se les encuentra cometiendo depredaciones así en Chihuahua +de MapimÃ, y se les encuentra cometiendo depredaciones asà en Chihuahua y en Durango, como en las misiones de Parras, en las demas de Coahuila y -en el Norte de Nuevo Leon.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 308-9, 302, 325. +en el Norte de Nuevo Leon.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 308-9, 302, 325. In Coahuila, 'Un paraje ... que llaman la Cuesta de los muertos, donde -tienen habitacion los Indios Tobosos.' <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. +tienen habitacion los Indios Tobosos.' <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., pp. 296-7, 348-9. 'A un paraje que hoy es la mision del Santo nombre de Jesus.' <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia</i>, p. 519.</p> <p>The Sisimbres, Chizos, Cocoyomes, Coclamas, Tochos, Babos, and Nures -live near the Tobosos. <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 325. 'Valle de San Bartholome, +live near the Tobosos. <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 325. 'Valle de San Bartholome, Presidio de la Provincia de Tepeguana ... antigua residencia de los Indios Infieles Cocoyomes.' <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. i., pp. 222-3.</p> @@ -23997,19 +23957,19 @@ authorities, none of which coincide one with the other. But few nations are definitely located. I therefore first give the different lists of names, and afterwards locate them as far as possible. 'Babeles, Xicocoges, Gueiquizales, Goxicas, Manos Prietas, Bocoras, Escabas, Cocobiptas, Pinanacas, Codames, -Cacastes, Colorados, Cocomates, Jaímamares, Contores, Filifaes, +Cacastes, Colorados, Cocomates, JaÃmamares, Contores, Filifaes, Babiamares, Catujanes, Apes, Pachagues, Bagnames, Isipopolames, Piez de benado. Chancafes, Payaguas, Pachales, Jumes, Johamares, Bapancorapinamacas, Babosarigames, Pauzanes, Paseos, Chahuanes, Mescales, Xarames, -Chachaguares, Hijames, Iedocodamos, Xijames, Cenízos, Pampapas, -Gavilanes. Sean estos nombres verdaderos, ó desfigurados segun la inteligencia, -caprichos, ó voluntariedad de los que se emplearon en la pacificacion -del Pais, ó de los fundadores de las Doctrinas, parece mas creible que los -mencionados Yndios, fuesen pequeñas parcialidades, ó ramos de alguna nacion -cayo nombre genérico no ha podido Saberse.' <i>Revillagigedo</i>, <i>Carta, MS.</i> -'Pacpoles, Coaquites, Zíbolos, Canos, Pachoches, Sicxacames, Siyanguayas, +Chachaguares, Hijames, Iedocodamos, Xijames, CenÃzos, Pampapas, +Gavilanes. Sean estos nombres verdaderos, ó desfigurados segun la inteligencia, +caprichos, ó voluntariedad de los que se emplearon en la pacificacion +del Pais, ó de los fundadores de las Doctrinas, parece mas creible que los +mencionados Yndios, fuesen pequeñas parcialidades, ó ramos de alguna nacion +cayo nombre genérico no ha podido Saberse.' <i>Revillagigedo</i>, <i>Carta, MS.</i> +'Pacpoles, Coaquites, ZÃbolos, Canos, Pachoches, Sicxacames, Siyanguayas, Sandajuanes, Liguaces, Pacuazin, Pajalatames y Carrizos.' <i>Padilla</i>, -cap. lxix., quoted in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 306. 'Negritos, +cap. lxix., quoted in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 306. 'Negritos, Bocalos, Xanambres, Borrados, Guanipas, Pelones, Guisoles, Hualahuises, Alasapas, Guazamoros, Yurguimes, Mazames, Metazures, Quepanos, Coyotes, Bguanas, Zopilotes, Blancos, Amitaguas, Quimis, Ayas, Comocabras, @@ -24024,39 +23984,39 @@ grande de San Pedro or Tlahuelila]. <i>Id.</i>, p. 305.</p> <p>'Pajalates, Orejones, Pacoas, Tilijayas, Alasapas, Pausanes, y otras muchas diferentes, que se hallan en las misiones del rio de San Antonio y rio -grande ... como son; los Pacúaches, Mescales, Pampopas, Tácames, Chayopines, -Venados, Pamaques, y toda la juventud de Pihuiques, Borrados, Sanipáos -y Manos de Perro.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 306; <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 409. 'Á -media legua corta ... [de San Juan Bautista] se fundó la mision de San Bernardo +grande ... como son; los Pacúaches, Mescales, Pampopas, Tácames, Chayopines, +Venados, Pamaques, y toda la juventud de Pihuiques, Borrados, Sanipáos +y Manos de Perro.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 306; <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 409. 'à +media legua corta ... [de San Juan Bautista] se fundó la mision de San Bernardo ... con las naciones de Ocanes, Canuas, Catuxanes, Paxchales, -Pomulumas, Pacuaches, Pastancoyas, Pastalocos y Pamasus, á que se agregaron -despues los Pacuas, Papanacas, Tuancas y otras.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +Pomulumas, Pacuaches, Pastancoyas, Pastalocos y Pamasus, á que se agregaron +despues los Pacuas, Papanacas, Tuancas y otras.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 303.</p> <p>The Gijames are in the mountains near the mission of El Santo Nombre de Jesus de Peyotes. <i>Morfi</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 434.</p> -<p>The Pitas and Pasalves at the Mission of 'Nuestra Señora de los Dolores -de la Punta.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 303.</p> +<p>The Pitas and Pasalves at the Mission of 'Nuestra Señora de los Dolores +de la Punta.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 303.</p> -<p>The Pampopas 'habitaban en el rio de las Nueces, à 22 leguas al Sur de la +<p>The Pampopas 'habitaban en el rio de las Nueces, à 22 leguas al Sur de la mision de San Juan Bautista; los Tilijaes mas abajo de los anteriores; al Sur de estos los Patacales, y los Cachopostales cerca de los Pampopas. Los Pajalaques -vivian en el rio de San Antonio como à 40 leguas de la mision de San +vivian en el rio de San Antonio como à 40 leguas de la mision de San <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_612" id="Page_612">612</a></span> -Bernardo; los Pacos y los Pastancoyas à 15 leguas en el paraje nombrado el -Carrizo; los Panagues à 18 leguas de la mision sobre el rio de las Nueces; -Los Pauzanes sobre el rio de San Antonio, y los Paguachis à 15 leguas del +Bernardo; los Pacos y los Pastancoyas à 15 leguas en el paraje nombrado el +Carrizo; los Panagues à 18 leguas de la mision sobre el rio de las Nueces; +Los Pauzanes sobre el rio de San Antonio, y los Paguachis à 15 leguas del mismo San Bernardo.' ... 'Con Indios de la naciones Mahuames, Pachales, Mescales, Jarames, Ohaguames y Chahuames ... con ellos y con las tribus -de Pampopas, Tilofayas, Pachalocos y Tusanes situó de nuevo la mision de +de Pampopas, Tilofayas, Pachalocos y Tusanes situó de nuevo la mision de San Juan Bautista, junto al presidio del mismo nombre, cerca del rio Bravo.' 'A tiro de escopeta [from Santo Nombre de Jesus Peyotes] se encuentra San Francisco Vizarron de los Pausanes ... con familias de Tinapihuayas, -Pihuiques y Julimeños, aunque la mayor parte fueron Pauzanes.' <i>Orozco y -Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 303-4. 'En el valle de Santo Domingo, á orilla del -rio de Sabinas ... San Juan Bautista ... lo pobló con indios Chahuanes, -Pachales, Mescales y Jarames, à que se agregaron despues algunos Pampopas, +Pihuiques y Julimeños, aunque la mayor parte fueron Pauzanes.' <i>Orozco y +Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 303-4. 'En el valle de Santo Domingo, á orilla del +rio de Sabinas ... San Juan Bautista ... lo pobló con indios Chahuanes, +Pachales, Mescales y Jarames, à que se agregaron despues algunos Pampopas, Tilofayas, Pachalocos y Tusanes.' <i>Morfi</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 440-1.</p> @@ -24065,35 +24025,35 @@ San Buenaventura. <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, p. 530.</p> <p>The Gabilanes and Tripas Blancas roamed over a stretch of country situated north of the Presidio of Mapimi, between the rivers San Pedro and -Conchos to their confluence with the Rio Grande. <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, +Conchos to their confluence with the Rio Grande. <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., pp. 348-9.</p> -<p>The <i>Laguneros</i> 'poblados à las margenes de la laguna que llaman Grande +<p>The <i>Laguneros</i> 'poblados à las margenes de la laguna que llaman Grande de san Pedro, y algunos dellos en las isletas que haze la misma laguna.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 669.</p> <p>Los misioneros franciscanos atrajeron de paz las tribus siguientes, con los cuales fundaron cinco misiones. San Francisco de Coahuila, un cuarto -de legua al Norte de Monclova, con indios Boboles y Obayas, à los cuales +de legua al Norte de Monclova, con indios Boboles y Obayas, à los cuales se agregaron algunos Tobosos y Tlaxcaltecas conducidas de San Esteban -del Saltillo. Santa Rosa de Nadadores, puesta en 1677 à cuarenta leguas al +del Saltillo. Santa Rosa de Nadadores, puesta en 1677 à cuarenta leguas al Noroeste de Coahuila, de indios Cotzales y Manosprietas, trasladada junto al rio de Nadadores para huir de la guerra de los Tobosos, y colocada al fin, -en 1693, à siete leguas al Noroeste de Coahuila: se le agregaron ocho familias +en 1693, à siete leguas al Noroeste de Coahuila: se le agregaron ocho familias Tlaxcaltecas. San Bernardo de la Candela, con indios Catujanes, Tilijais y Milijaes, y cuatro familias Tlaxcaltecas. San Buenaventura de las cuatro -Ciénegas, veinte leguas al Oeste de Coahuila, con indios Cabezas, Contores +Ciénegas, veinte leguas al Oeste de Coahuila, con indios Cabezas, Contores y Bauzarigames: la mision repuesta en 1692 con los Tocas y los Colorados. -<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 302.</p> +<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 302.</p> -<p>The <i>Irritilas</i> occupy 'la parte del partido de Mapimí al Este.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 319.</p> +<p>The <i>Irritilas</i> occupy 'la parte del partido de Mapimà al Este.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 319.</p> -<p>The <i>Pisones</i> and <i>Xanambres</i> roam 'Al Sur del valle de la Purísima y al +<p>The <i>Pisones</i> and <i>Xanambres</i> roam 'Al Sur del valle de la PurÃsima y al Norte hasta Rio Blanco, confinando al Oeste con los Cuachichiles.' <i>Orozco y -Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 298.</p> +Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 298.</p> <p>Other names which cannot be located are: Cadimas, Pelones, Nazas, -Pamoranos, Quedexeños, Palmitos, Pintos, Quinicuanes, Maquiapemes, +Pamoranos, Quedexeños, Palmitos, Pintos, Quinicuanes, Maquiapemes, Seguyones, Ayagua, Zima, Canaina, Comepescados, Aguaceros, Vocarros, Posuamas, Zalaias, Malahuecos, Pitisfiafuiles, Cuchinochis, Talaquichis, Alazapas, Pafaltoes. <i>Id.</i>, pp. 299-300.</p> @@ -24104,7 +24064,7 @@ Alazapas, Pafaltoes. <i>Id.</i>, pp. 299-300.</p> located. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_613" id="Page_613">613</a></span></p> -<p>The <i>Olives</i> live in Horcasitas. <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 293.</p> +<p>The <i>Olives</i> live in Horcasitas. <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 293.</p> <p>The <i>Palagueques</i> are at the Mission of San Francisco Xavier. <i>Ib.</i></p> @@ -24119,29 +24079,29 @@ near the Salinas, which are between the Cerro del Maiz and the sea. <i>Ib.</i></ <p>The <i>Caribays</i>, <i>Comecamotes</i>, <i>Ancasiguais</i>, <i>Tagualilos</i>, and <i>Pasitas</i> are near De Soto la Marina and Santander. <i>Ib.</i></p> -<p>The <i>Moraleños</i> and <i>Panguajes</i> live on the coast between Marina and Altamirano. +<p>The <i>Moraleños</i> and <i>Panguajes</i> live on the coast between Marina and Altamirano. <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>The <i>Martinez</i>, 'en la Sierra de Tamaulipa vieja.' <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>The <i>Mariguanes</i>, <i>Caramariguanes</i>, <i>Aretines</i>, 'habitada desde el cerro de -S. José á la mar.' <i>Ib.</i></p> +S. José á la mar.' <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>The <i>Tumapacanes</i>, 'en el camino para Santander.' <i>Ib.</i></p> -<p>The <i>Inapanames</i>, 'á una y media leguas de la primera villa (Santillana).' +<p>The <i>Inapanames</i>, 'á una y media leguas de la primera villa (Santillana).' <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>The <i>Pintos</i> and <i>Quinicuanes</i> dwell near San Fernando de Austria. <i>Ib.</i></p> -<p>The <i>Tedexeños</i>, 'en las lagunas de la barra.' <i>Ib.</i></p> +<p>The <i>Tedexeños</i>, 'en las lagunas de la barra.' <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>The <i>Comecrudos</i>, 'donde el rio se vacia en sus crecientes.' <i>Ib.</i></p> -<p>The <i>Tamaulipecos</i> and <i>Malincheños</i> live at the mission of S. Pedro Alcántara. +<p>The <i>Tamaulipecos</i> and <i>Malincheños</i> live at the mission of S. Pedro Alcántara. <i>Ib.</i></p> -<p>The <i>Guixolotes</i>, <i>Cadimas</i>, <i>Canaynes</i>, and <i>Borrados</i> are 'al pié de la sierra +<p>The <i>Guixolotes</i>, <i>Cadimas</i>, <i>Canaynes</i>, and <i>Borrados</i> are 'al pié de la sierra de Tamaulipas, teniendo al Sur el terreno que se llama la Tamaulipa Moza.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. 293-4.</p> @@ -24150,8 +24110,8 @@ de Tamaulipas, teniendo al Sur el terreno que se llama la Tamaulipa Moza.' <p>The <i>Tanaquiapemes</i>, <i>Saulapaguemes</i>, <i>Auyapemes</i>, <i>Uscapemes</i>, <i>Comesacapemes</i>, <i>Gummesacapemes</i>, <i>Catanamepaques</i> are 'rumbo al Este y sobre el rio, -à seis leguas de la mision ... se internan à las tierras llegando en sus correrías -únicamente hasta el mar.' <i>Ib.</i></p> +à seis leguas de la mision ... se internan à las tierras llegando en sus correrÃas +únicamente hasta el mar.' <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>The <i>Carrizos</i>, <i>Cotomanes</i>, and <i>Cacalotes</i> are at 'Camargo, situado sobre el rio da S. Juan ... al otro lado del Bravo ... los cuales por fuera del rio @@ -24165,32 +24125,32 @@ Venados, Payzanos, Cuernos quemados. <i>Id.</i>, pp. 295-6.</p> <p>The <i>Tepehuanes</i> inhabit the mountains of southern Chihuahua and the northern portions of Durango, a district commonly called the partido de Tepehuanes. 'Estiende desde la Sierra del Mezquital hasta el Parral ... -hasta adelante de Topia, muy cerca de Caponeta.' <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, +hasta adelante de Topia, muy cerca de Caponeta.' <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, pp. 187-8. 'Se extiende esta region desde la altura misma de Guadiana, -á poco ménos de 25 grados hasta los 27 de latitud septentrional. Sus pueblos -comienzan á las veinticinco leguas de la capital de Nueva-Vizcaya, ácia el -Noroeste en Santiago de Papásquiaro. Al Norte tiene á la provincia de -Taraumara, al Sur la de Chiametlán y costa del seno Californio, al Oriente -los grandes arenales y naciones vecinas á la laguna de S. Pedro, y al Poniente -la Sierra Madre de Topía, que la divide de esta provincia y la de Sinaloa.' +á poco ménos de 25 grados hasta los 27 de latitud septentrional. Sus pueblos +comienzan á las veinticinco leguas de la capital de Nueva-Vizcaya, ácia el +Noroeste en Santiago de Papásquiaro. Al Norte tiene á la provincia de +Taraumara, al Sur la de Chiametlán y costa del seno Californio, al Oriente +los grandes arenales y naciones vecinas á la laguna de S. Pedro, y al Poniente +la Sierra Madre de TopÃa, que la divide de esta provincia y la de Sinaloa.' <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_614" id="Page_614">614</a></span> <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 319. 'Sus pueblos, parte en llanos, y parte en sierra, a las vertientes de la de Topia, y san Andres.... Y por essa parte vezinos a las Naziones Xixime, y Acaxee, y aun a las de la tierra mas adentro de Cinaloa.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 573. For concurrent -testimony see: <i>Zapata</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 310; <i>Villa-Señor +testimony see: <i>Zapata</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 310; <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., pp. 344-5; <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. -43; <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 323; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 318-19.</p> +43; <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 323; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 318-19.</p> -<p>The <i>Acaxées</i> inhabit the valleys of the mountain regions of Topia and S. -Andres in Durango and Sinaloa. 'La principal Nacion, en cuyas tierras está +<p>The <i>Acaxées</i> inhabit the valleys of the mountain regions of Topia and S. +Andres in Durango and Sinaloa. 'La principal Nacion, en cuyas tierras está el Real de Topia, es la Acaxee.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 471. 'Lo limitan al Norte y al Este el Tepehuan, al Sur el Xixime y al Oeste el Sabaibo -y el Tebaca.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 319, 310, 315; <i>Zapata</i>, +y el Tebaca.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 319, 310, 315; <i>Zapata</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. iii., pp. 416-17. 'San Pedro valle de Topia, el mineral de Topia, Asuncion Sianori, San Antonio Tahuahueto y los Dolores de Agua Caliente, las cuales poblaciones marcan los terrenos -habitados por los Acaxees.' <i>Tamaron</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 314.</p> +habitados por los Acaxees.' <i>Tamaron</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 314.</p> <p>The <i>Tebacas</i> lived among the Acaxees in the mountain districts of Topia and S. Andres. <i>Id.</i>, p. 334.</p> @@ -24198,38 +24158,38 @@ and S. Andres. <i>Id.</i>, p. 334.</p> <p>The <i>Sabaibos</i> 'habitaban en el partido de San Ignacio Otatitlan y pueblos de Piaba, Alaya y Quejupa.' <i>Ib.</i></p> -<p>The <i>Cácaris</i> dwell in Cacaria. <i>Id.</i>, p. 319.</p> +<p>The <i>Cácaris</i> dwell in Cacaria. <i>Id.</i>, p. 319.</p> <p>The <i>Papudos</i> and <i>Tecayas</i> were settled in the district of San Andres. <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., pp. 379-80.</p> -<p>The <i>Xiximes</i> inhabited 'en el coraçon desta sierra' de San Andres. +<p>The <i>Xiximes</i> inhabited 'en el coraçon desta sierra' de San Andres. <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 531. 'Ocupan el partido de San Dimas.' -<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 315-17.</p> +<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 315-17.</p> -<p>The <i>Hinas</i> 'Habitan la mayor parte en profundísimas quebradas del centro -de la sierra, y muchos á las márgenes del rio de Humace, que en su embocadura -llaman de Piaxtla, muy cerca de su nacimiento, como á cinco leguas +<p>The <i>Hinas</i> 'Habitan la mayor parte en profundÃsimas quebradas del centro +de la sierra, y muchos á las márgenes del rio de Humace, que en su embocadura +llaman de Piaxtla, muy cerca de su nacimiento, como á cinco leguas de Yamoriba.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. ii., p. 195. 'Habitantes de -las márgenes del rio de Piaztla.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 316.</p> +las márgenes del rio de Piaztla.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 316.</p> <p>The <i>Humes</i> are in the Sierra de San Andres. 'Como nueue leguas del pueblo de Quilitlan, y en lo mas alto de toda esta sierra, caminando al Oriente.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 562. 'Nueve leguas mas adelante -del lugar de Queibos ó de Santiago.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. ii., -p. 199; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 316, 325.</p> +del lugar de Queibos ó de Santiago.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. ii., +p. 199; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 316, 325.</p> <p>The <i>Zacatecos</i> inhabit the like-named State, and particularly near the rio -Nazas. 'Baxò la Sierra, que oy llaman del calabazal, y parò â las orillas de -un rio, que oy llaman de Suchil.' <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, p. 26. 'Los que +Nazas. 'Baxò la Sierra, que oy llaman del calabazal, y parò â las orillas de +un rio, que oy llaman de Suchil.' <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, p. 26. 'Los que habitan en el rio de las Nasas son indios zacatecos.' <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, -serie iv., tom. iii., p. 33. 'Se extendian hasta el rio Nazas. Cuencamé, +serie iv., tom. iii., p. 33. 'Se extendian hasta el rio Nazas. Cuencamé, Cerro Gordo, S. Juan del Rio, Nombre de Dios, quedaban comprendidos en -esta demarcacion.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 319.</p> +esta demarcacion.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 319.</p> <p>The <i>Guachichiles</i>, Cuachichiles, or Huachichiles 'corrian por Zacatecas -hasta San Potosí y Coahuila.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 285. 'La villa -del Saltillo está fundada sobre el terreno que en lo antiguo ocuparon los +hasta San Potosà y Coahuila.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 285. 'La villa +del Saltillo está fundada sobre el terreno que en lo antiguo ocuparon los indios cuachichiles.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. 301, 287; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 281.</p> </div> @@ -24250,7 +24210,7 @@ MEXICAN GROUP</p> <p class="ch_summ"> <span class="smcap">Territorial Aspects—Two Main Divisions; Wild Tribes of Central Mexico, and Wild Tribes of Southern Mexico—The Coras and -others in Jalisco—Descendants of the Aztecs—The Otomís +others in Jalisco—Descendants of the Aztecs—The OtomÃs and Mazahuas adjacent to the Valley of Mexico—The Pames— The Tarascos and Matlaltzincas of Michoacan—The Huaztecs and Totonacs of Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas—The Chontales, Chinantecs, @@ -24262,7 +24222,7 @@ Chochones, and others of Southern Mexico.</span></p> to distinguish this from the other groupal divisions of the Native Races of the Pacific States needs some explanation. The territory embraced under this title extends -from latitude 23° north, to the eighteenth parallel +from latitude 23° north, to the eighteenth parallel on the Atlantic, and the fifteenth on the Pacific; that is to the Central American line, including Yucatan and excluding Guatemala. At the time of the conquest, a @@ -24335,7 +24295,7 @@ property.</p> <p>For the purpose of description, I separate the Wild Tribes of Mexico in two parts,—the <i>Wild Tribes of Central Mexico</i>, and the <i>Wild Tribes of Southern Mexico</i>. The -first of these divisions extends from 23° north latitude +first of these divisions extends from 23° north latitude to the northern boundary of the state of Oajaca, or rather to an imaginary line, taking as its base said boundary and running from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, @@ -24355,9 +24315,9 @@ under which general name were designated a multitude of tribes inhabiting the mountains north of the valley of Mexico, all of which were prominently dependent on the result of the chase for their subsistence; the -ancient <i>Otomís</i> who mostly occupied the mountains +ancient <i>OtomÃs</i> who mostly occupied the mountains which inclose the valley of Mexico; and the <i>Pames</i> in -Querétaro. South of Mexico were numerous other +Querétaro. South of Mexico were numerous other nations who were more or less intermixed with those more civilized. Finally, I shall describe those people <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_618" id="Page_618">618</a></span> @@ -24509,7 +24469,7 @@ The inhabitants of Alzatlan about that time adorned themselves with feathers. In Zacualco, the common dress of the women about the same period, particularly widows, was the <i>huipil</i>, made of fine cotton cloth, generally -black. The natives of the province of Pánuco, +black. The natives of the province of Pánuco, for many years after the Spanish Conquest, continued to go naked; they pulled out the beard, perforated the nose and ears, and, filing their teeth to a sharp point, @@ -24529,7 +24489,7 @@ called <i>tecocavitl</i>, or with some colored stuff, and wear feathers about their arms and legs. The Tlascaltecs in 1568 wore cotton-cloth mantles painted in various fine colors. The inhabitants of Cholula, according to -Cortés, dressed better than the Tlascaltecs; the better +Cortés, dressed better than the Tlascaltecs; the better class wearing over their other clothes a garment resembling the Moorish cloak, yet somewhat different, as that of Cholula had pockets, but in the cloth, the @@ -24601,7 +24561,7 @@ be injurious to their physical development. It has been <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_625" id="Page_625">625</a></span> stated that in former days they used human flesh as food.</p> -<p>The Otomís and tribes of Jalisco cultivated but little +<p>The OtomÃs and tribes of Jalisco cultivated but little grain, and consumed that little before it ripened, trusting for a further supply of food to the natural productions of the soil and to game, such as rabbits, deer, @@ -24619,7 +24579,7 @@ and were eaten fried. These people are also accused by some authors of having eaten human flesh.<a name="FNanchor_905" id="FNanchor_905" href="#Footnote_905" class="fnanchor">[905]</a></p> <p>Other tribes, inhabiting the valley of Mexico, Puebla, -Michoacan, and Querétaro, show a greater inclination to +Michoacan, and Querétaro, show a greater inclination to cultivate the soil, and live almost wholly on the products of their own industry. They plant corn by making a hole in the ground with a sharp-pointed stick, into @@ -24756,7 +24716,7 @@ given to drink the brains and blood of their murdered parents. The Chichimecs carried with them a bone, on which, when they killed an enemy, they marked a notch, as a record of the number each had slain. Mota -Padilla states that when Nuño de Guzman arrived in +Padilla states that when Nuño de Guzman arrived in the valley of Coynan, in Jalisco, the chiefs came out to meet him, and, as a sign of peace and obedience, dropped on one knee; upon being raised up by the Spaniards, @@ -24855,7 +24815,7 @@ chief on going to war.<a name="FNanchor_918" id="FNanchor_918" href="#Footnote_9 seldom found single after they attain fourteen or fifteen years. Gomara, however, says that women in the district of Tamaulipas are not married till they reach the -age of forty. The Otomís marry young, and if, when +age of forty. The OtomÃs marry young, and if, when arrived at the age of puberty, a young girl has not found a mate, her parents or guardians select one for her, so that none shall remain single. Among the Guachichiles, @@ -24911,7 +24871,7 @@ Chichimecs, when a woman goes out of her house, she places her child in a wicker basket, and there leaves it, usually suspending it from the branch of a tree. A child is suckled by the mother until another comes on and -crowds it out. Mühlenpfordt relates that he saw a boy of +crowds it out. Mühlenpfordt relates that he saw a boy of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_634" id="Page_634">634</a></span> seven or eight years of age demanding suck and receiving it from his mother. A woman near her time of @@ -24923,7 +24883,7 @@ soon as the child is born she goes out, meanwhile covering her face with her hands, so that she may not see. Having walked once round the house, she opens her eyes, and the name of the first object she sees is chosen -as the name of the child. Among the Otomís, a young +as the name of the child. Among the OtomÃs, a young woman about to become a mother is the victim of much unnecessary suffering arising from their superstitious practices; loaded with certain amulets and charms, she @@ -24951,7 +24911,7 @@ exception that an old woman officiated, and the figure of a flower was traced over the region of the heart, while on the palm of the right hand a spinning-wheel was pictured, and on the left a piece of wool, thus indicating -the several duties of after life. According to the <i>Apostólicos +the several duties of after life. According to the <i>Apostólicos <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_635" id="Page_635">635</a></span> Afanes</i>, the Coras call the child after one of its uncles or aunts. In twelve months' time a feast is @@ -24976,7 +24936,7 @@ more or less, of these worse than beastly beings, according to the size of the village. It is certain that incest and every species of fornication was commonly practiced, especially in the districts of Vera Cruz, Tamaulipas, -and Querétaro.<a name="FNanchor_921" id="FNanchor_921" href="#Footnote_921" class="fnanchor">[921]</a></p> +and Querétaro.<a name="FNanchor_921" id="FNanchor_921" href="#Footnote_921" class="fnanchor">[921]</a></p> <p class="sidenote">CHILDREN AND AMUSEMENTS.</p> @@ -25012,7 +24972,7 @@ all times very intoxicating.<a name="FNanchor_922" id="FNanchor_922" href="#Foot <p class="sidenote">MAKING AN ALLIANCE.</p> -<p>Father Joseph Arlegui, in his <i>Chrónica de la Provincia +<p>Father Joseph Arlegui, in his <i>Chrónica de la Provincia de Zacatecas</i>, which province then comprised a much larger extent of territory than the present state of Zacatecas, describes a singular ceremony nowhere @@ -25055,7 +25015,7 @@ escort, to wait upon him until far beyond the limits of the settlement. The custom, at the present day, of hiding money in the ground is universal; nothing would induce a native to entrust his savings with another. The -inhabitants of Querétaro spend much of their time basking +inhabitants of Querétaro spend much of their time basking in the sun, and if the sun does not yield sufficient warmth, they scoop out a hole in the ground, burn in it branches and leaves of the maguey, and when properly @@ -25076,7 +25036,7 @@ neglect, or to the barbarous remedies applied to combat them. The Huastecs of Vera Cruz suffer from certain worms that breed in their lips, and highly esteem salt for the curative properties they believe it to possess -against this disorder. At the village of Comalá, in the +against this disorder. At the village of Comalá, in the state of Colima, a considerable number of the children are born deaf and dumb, idiots, or deformed; besides which, when they reach a mature age, if we may believe @@ -25242,7 +25202,7 @@ a sincere gratitude to his benefactors.<a name="FNanchor_928" id="FNanchor_928" <p class="sidenote">CHARACTER IN NORTHERN MEXICO.</p> -<p>The Pames, Otomís, Pintos, and other nations north +<p>The Pames, OtomÃs, Pintos, and other nations north of the Mexican valley were, at the time of the conquest, a barbarous people, fierce and warlike, covetous even of trifles and fond of display. The Michoacaques or Tarascos @@ -25313,7 +25273,7 @@ is of great extent, has in general a bleak and arid appearance, and is little broken except on the north-west, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_645" id="Page_645">645</a></span> where it is indented by the laguna de Terminos, and -on the eastern side by the bays of Ascension, Espíritu +on the eastern side by the bays of Ascension, EspÃritu Santo, and Chetumel. The central part of the Yucatan peninsula is occupied by a low ridge of mountains, of barren aspect. A short distance from the coast the @@ -25382,7 +25342,7 @@ those of Sierra are of a light-yellow complexion, and their women are tolerably white with mild features. Some branches of the Miztecs and Mazatecs carry upon their shoulders very large loads. Father Burgoa writing -of the Miztecs, of Yangüistlan, in the year 1541, +of the Miztecs, of Yangüistlan, in the year 1541, speaks of their beautiful complexion and fine forms. The Mijes are of good height, strongly built, hardy, and active; they wear a beard, and altogether their aspect is @@ -25476,7 +25436,7 @@ interweave flowers with the hair, and also mingle with it a species of shining beetle, called <i>cucullo</i>, which emits a phosphorescent light, and produces a very pretty effect. Among the Zoques who reside at San Miguel and Santa -María Chimalapa, the males shave the crown of the +MarÃa Chimalapa, the males shave the crown of the head, a custom of possible monkish origin peculiar to themselves. Feather tufts and skins of green birds were formerly much used for ornaments; they had also @@ -25486,7 +25446,7 @@ of stone or amber or gold rings or a bit of carved wood inserted. Montanus describes a kind of snake called <i>ibobaca</i>, which he says the inhabitants of Chiapas wore round the neck.<a name="FNanchor_934" id="FNanchor_934" href="#Footnote_934" class="fnanchor">[934]</a> They also painted and stained the -face. When Fernandez de Córdova explored the northern +face. When Fernandez de Córdova explored the northern coast of Yucatan, he found the people clad in cotton garments, and at the present day this forms the principal material from which their clothing is made. Men @@ -25502,7 +25462,7 @@ hang one in front and the other behind; a cloak or mantle of cotton called <i>zugen</i> was thrown over the shoulders. Colonel Galindo mentions that they used the bark of the India-rubber tree for making garments, and Cogolludo -says that when the Spaniards arrived at Aké, in +says that when the Spaniards arrived at Aké, in the year 1527, the army of natives were in a state of nudity, with only their privy parts covered, and the whole body besmeared with clay of different colors. The @@ -25700,7 +25660,7 @@ the most favorable position for resisting attacks. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_656" id="Page_656">656</a></span> To their forts they retired when invaded by a superior force, and from the walls they hurled large rocks with -damaging effect against their foes. Cortés found erected +damaging effect against their foes. Cortés found erected on the bank of the Tabasco River, in front of one of their towns, a strong wooden stockade, with loopholes through which to discharge arrows; and subsequently, @@ -25778,7 +25738,7 @@ of boats.<a name="FNanchor_946" id="FNanchor_946" href="#Footnote_946" class="fn <p>The Zoques make from the ixtle and pita thread and superior hammocks, in which they have quite a -trade. In the neighborhood of Santa María they grow +trade. In the neighborhood of Santa MarÃa they grow excellent oranges, and sell them throughout all the neighboring towns. The Zapotecs have, many of them, a considerable commerce in fruits, vegetables, and seeds. @@ -25869,8 +25829,8 @@ to death.<a name="FNanchor_949" id="FNanchor_949" href="#Footnote_949" class="fn <p class="sidenote">SLAVERY AND MARRIAGE.</p> <p>Slavery existed among the tribes of Goazacoalco and -Tabasco. Doña Marina was one of twenty female slaves -who were presented to Cortés by the cacique of the latter +Tabasco. Doña Marina was one of twenty female slaves +who were presented to Cortés by the cacique of the latter place; and when her mother, who lived in the province of Goazacoalco, gave her away to some traveling merchants, she, to conceal the act, pretended that @@ -26193,7 +26153,7 @@ under favorable circumstances, useful citizens.<a name="FNanchor_959" id="FNanch <div class="tribal"> <p>Under the name <span class="smcap">Wild Tribes of Mexico</span>, I include all the people -inhabiting the Mexican Territory from ocean to ocean, between latitude 23° +inhabiting the Mexican Territory from ocean to ocean, between latitude 23° north and the Central American boundary line south, including Yucatan and Tehuantepec. The southernmost point of this division touches the fifteenth degree of north latitude. A subdivision of this group is made and the parts @@ -26225,49 +26185,49 @@ located here are given in volume v.</p> <p class="p2">The <i>Quinames</i> or Giants are mentioned as the first inhabitants of Mexico. 'Los Quinametin, gigantes que vivian en esta rinconada, que se dice ahora -Nueva España.' <i>Ixtlilxochitl</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq.</i>, vol. +Nueva España.' <i>Ixtlilxochitl</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq.</i>, vol. ix., p. 322; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Hist. Chichimeca</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 205. 'Los que hasta ahora se sabe, aver morado estas Estendidas, y Ampliadisimas Tierras, y Regiones, -de la Nueva España, fueron vnas Gentes mui crecidas de Cuerpo, que llamaron +de la Nueva España, fueron vnas Gentes mui crecidas de Cuerpo, que llamaron despues otros, Qainametin.' <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 34. -'Les Quinamés, la plus ancienne des races connues de ces contrées, étaient -encore en possession de quelques localités de peu d'importance près des +'Les Quinamés, la plus ancienne des races connues de ces contrées, étaient +encore en possession de quelques localités de peu d'importance près des villes de Huitzilapan, de Cuetlaxcohuapan et de Totomihuacan.' <i>Brasseur de -Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. i., p. 196. 'Sa domination s'étendait -sur les provinces intérieures du Mexique et du Guatémala, et, à l'époque du +Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. i., p. 196. 'Sa domination s'étendait +sur les provinces intérieures du Mexique et du Guatémala, et, à l'époque du <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_671" id="Page_671">671</a></span> -débarquement des Olmèques et des Xicalancas, les histoires nous la montrent -encore en possession du plateau aztèque et des contrées voisines du +débarquement des Olmèques et des Xicalancas, les histoires nous la montrent +encore en possession du plateau aztèque et des contrées voisines du fleuve Tabasco.' <i>Id.</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1858, tom. clviii., p. 258. -'Vivian hácia las riberas del rio Atoyac, entre la ciudad de Tlaxcala y la de +'Vivian hácia las riberas del rio Atoyac, entre la ciudad de Tlaxcala y la de la Puebla de los Angeles.' <i>Veytia</i>, <i>Hist. Ant. Mej.</i>, tom. i., pp. 28, 143-4.</p> <p>The <i>Olmecs</i> and <i>Xicalancas</i> were 'los que poseian este Nuevo Mundo, en esta tercera edad.' <i>Ixtlilxochitl</i>, <i>Hist. Chichimeca</i>, in <i>Kingsborough's Mex. -Antiq.</i>, vol. ix., p. 205. 'Olmecas, Vixtoti, y Mixtecas. Estos tales así llamados, -están ácia el nacimiento del sol, y llámanles tambien <i>tenime</i>, porque -hablan lengua bárbara, y dicen que son Tultecas.' <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. -iii., lib. x., p. 136. 'Estos poblaron, donde aora està Edificada, y Poblada la +Antiq.</i>, vol. ix., p. 205. 'Olmecas, Vixtoti, y Mixtecas. Estos tales asà llamados, +están ácia el nacimiento del sol, y llámanles tambien <i>tenime</i>, porque +hablan lengua bárbara, y dicen que son Tultecas.' <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. +iii., lib. x., p. 136. 'Estos poblaron, donde aora està Edificada, y Poblada la Ciudad de los Angeles, y en Totomihuacan.... Los Xicalancas, fueron tambien -Poblando, ácia Cuathazualco (que es ácia la Costa del Norte) y adelante -en la misma Costa, está oi dia vn Pueblo, que se dice Xicalanco.... Otro +Poblando, ácia Cuathazualco (que es ácia la Costa del Norte) y adelante +en la misma Costa, está oi dia vn Pueblo, que se dice Xicalanco.... Otro Pueblo ai del mismo Nombre, en la Provincia de Maxcaltzinco, cerca del Puerto de la Vera-Cruz, que parece averlo tambien Poblado los Xicalancas.' <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 32. 'Atravesando los Puertos del Bolcan, y Sierra-Nevada, y otros rodeandolos por la parte de el Mediodia, hasta -que venieron à salir à vn Lugar, que de presente se llama Tochmilco. De -alli, pasaron á Atlixco, Calpan, y Huexotzinco, hasta llegar al parage, y Tierras +que venieron à salir à vn Lugar, que de presente se llama Tochmilco. De +alli, pasaron á Atlixco, Calpan, y Huexotzinco, hasta llegar al parage, y Tierras de la Provincia de Tlaxcallan; y haciendo asiento en el principio, y entrada de la dicha Tierra, hicieron su Fundacion en el Pueblo, que aora se -llama Nuestra Señora de la Natividad (y en Lengua Mexicana Yancuictlalpan.) -De alli, pasaron à otro Poblado, el referido, llamado Huapalcalco, -junto à vna Hermita, que llaman de Santa Cruz, al qual llaman los Naturales, +llama Nuestra Señora de la Natividad (y en Lengua Mexicana Yancuictlalpan.) +De alli, pasaron à otro Poblado, el referido, llamado Huapalcalco, +junto à vna Hermita, que llaman de Santa Cruz, al qual llaman los Naturales, Texoloc, Mizco, y Xiloxuchitla, donde aora es la Hermita de San Vicente, y -el Cerro de la Xochitecatl, y Tenayacac, donde estàn otras dos Hermitas, -à poco trecho vna de otra, que las llaman de San Miguél, y de San Francisco, +el Cerro de la Xochitecatl, y Tenayacac, donde està n otras dos Hermitas, +à poco trecho vna de otra, que las llaman de San Miguél, y de San Francisco, enmedio de las quales, pasa el Rio, que viene de la Sierra Nevada de Huexotzinco. Y aqui en este Sitio, hicieron los Hulmecas, su Principal -asiento, y Poblaçon.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 257; <i>Mendieta</i>, <i>Hist. Ecles.</i>, pp. 145-6; <i>Motolinia</i>, +asiento, y Poblaçon.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 257; <i>Mendieta</i>, <i>Hist. Ecles.</i>, pp. 145-6; <i>Motolinia</i>, <i>Hist. Indios</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, tom. i., p. 7. 'Vlmecatlh poblo tambien muchos lugares en aquella parte, a do agora esta la ciudad de los Angeles. Y nombro los Totomiuacan, Vicilapan, Cuetlaxcoapan, y otros @@ -26275,29 +26235,29 @@ assi. Xicalancatlh anduuo mas tierra, llego a la mar del norte, y en la costa hizo muchos pueblos. Pero a los dos mas principales llamo de su mesmo nombre. El vn Xicalanco esta en la prouincia de Maxcalcinco, que es cerca de la Vera Cruz, y el otro Xicalanco esta cerca de Tauasco.' <i>Gomara</i>, -<i>Conq. Mex.</i>, fol. 299. 'Hácia Atlisco y Itzucan los xicalancas: y en el territorio +<i>Conq. Mex.</i>, fol. 299. 'Hácia Atlisco y Itzucan los xicalancas: y en el territorio de la Puebla, Chollolan y Tlaxcallan los ulmecas, cuya primitiva y principal poblacion dicen haber sido la ciudad de Chollolan.' <i>Veytia</i>, <i>Hist. Ant. Mej.</i>, tom. i., p. 153; <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. -i., pp. 110-11, 196; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Popol Vuh</i>, introd., p. xxx.; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +i., pp. 110-11, 196; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Popol Vuh</i>, introd., p. xxx.; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 119; <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. iii., p. 374.</p> <p class="p2">The <i>Coras</i> constitute the north-westernmost nation of the <span class="smcap">Central Mexicans</span>, -inhabiting the district of 'Nayarit ó reino de Nuevo Toledo.... Al Oeste +inhabiting the district of 'Nayarit ó reino de Nuevo Toledo.... Al Oeste tiene los pueblos de la antigua provincia de Acaponeta; al Este los de Colotlan, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_672" id="Page_672">672</a></span> -y al Sur quieren algunos que se extienda hasta las orillas del rio Grande ó -Tololotlan ... el Nayarit se extiende entre los 21° 20´ y 23° de lat., y entre los -5° y 6° de long. occidental de México.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 279. +y al Sur quieren algunos que se extienda hasta las orillas del rio Grande ó +Tololotlan ... el Nayarit se extiende entre los 21° 20´ y 23° de lat., y entre los +5° y 6° de long. occidental de México.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 279. 'En la Sierra del Nayarit.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 71. 'Los indios que viven en el centro de la sierra, llamados muutzizti.... Los llamados teakuaeitzizti viven en las faldas de la sierra que mira al Poniente ... los coras -que viven á la orilla del rio Nayarit ó de Jesus María, conocidos por Ateakari.' +que viven á la orilla del rio Nayarit ó de Jesus MarÃa, conocidos por Ateakari.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 83.</p> <p>The <i>Tecoxines</i> 'tenian su principal asiento en el valle de Cactlan ... y se -extendian à la Magdalena, Analco, Hoxtotipaquillo y barrancas de Mochitiltic.' -<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 279.</p> +extendian à la Magdalena, Analco, Hoxtotipaquillo y barrancas de Mochitiltic.' +<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 279.</p> <p>The <i>Cocotlanes</i> were at the missions of 'Apozolco y en Comatlan.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 280.</p> @@ -26307,30 +26267,30 @@ p. 280.</p> <p>The <i>Thorames</i> and <i>Tzayaquecas</i> dwell near the town of Zentipac. 'Dos leguas apartado del mar, la nacion Thorama ... diez leguas de Zentipac habia otros Indios de Nacion Tzayaqueca.' <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, p. 62. -'La gran poblacion y Valle de Tzenticpac, cuyo pueblo principal está situado -punto á la mar del Sur, dos leguas antes á orillas del rio grande, y que la -gente de esta provincia era de la nacion Totorame.' <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, +'La gran poblacion y Valle de Tzenticpac, cuyo pueblo principal está situado +punto á la mar del Sur, dos leguas antes á orillas del rio grande, y que la +gente de esta provincia era de la nacion Totorame.' <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 197.</p> <p>The <i>Corarus</i> 'habitaban ... hacia la parte del Norte, diez leguas del dicho pueblo de Tzenticpac.' <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>The <i>Guicholas</i> 'are settled in the village of San Sebastian, which lies -eighteen leagues to the westward of Bolaños.' <i>Lyon's Journal</i>, vol. i., p. +eighteen leagues to the westward of Bolaños.' <i>Lyon's Journal</i>, vol. i., p. 322; <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1828, tom. xl., p. 239. 'En Santa Catarina, -S. Sebastian, S. Andres Coamiat, Soledad y Tezompan, pertenecientes á -Colotlan.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 282.</p> +S. Sebastian, S. Andres Coamiat, Soledad y Tezompan, pertenecientes á +Colotlan.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 282.</p> <p>The <i>Coronados</i> 'son los del pueblo de Tuito al Sur del valle de Banderas.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 278.</p> <p>The <i>Tiaxomultecs</i> 'habitaban en Tlajomulco.' 'Estos tecuexes ... llaman -à los indios cocas de toda la provincia de Tonalan, que no eran de su lengua, +à los indios cocas de toda la provincia de Tonalan, que no eran de su lengua, tlaxomultecas.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 278.</p> <p>The <i>Cocas</i> and <i>Tecuexes</i> 'eran los de la provincia de Tonalan.... Los tecuexes pasaban del otro lado de Tololotlan hasta ocupar parte de Zacatecas, -derramándose por los pueblos de Tecpatitlan, Teocaltiche, Mitic, Jalostotitlan, +derramándose por los pueblos de Tecpatitlan, Teocaltiche, Mitic, Jalostotitlan, Mesticatan, Yagualica, Tlacotlan, Teocaltitlan, Ixtlahuacan, Cuautla, Ocotic y Acatic.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. 278-9.</p> @@ -26339,81 +26299,81 @@ Ocotic y Acatic.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. 278-9.</p> <p>The <i>Cazcanes</i> 'habitan hasta la comarca de Zacatecas.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. ix., cap. xiii.; <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 281. 'Ocupaba el terreno desde el rio Grande, confinando con los tecuexes y los tepecanos.' -<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 284, 49.</p> +<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 284, 49.</p> -<p>The <i>Mecos</i> live in the pueblo Soledad de las Canoas, in the State of Querétaro. +<p>The <i>Mecos</i> live in the pueblo Soledad de las Canoas, in the State of Querétaro. <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Dicc.</i>, tom. iv., p. 567.</p> -<p>The <i>Pames</i> inhabit the state of Querétaro, 'treinta leguas distante de la -expresada Ciudad de Querétaro, y se estiende á cien leguas de largo, y treinta -de ancho, en cuyas breñas vivian los Indios de la Nacion Pame.' <i>Paiou</i>, +<p>The <i>Pames</i> inhabit the state of Querétaro, 'treinta leguas distante de la +expresada Ciudad de Querétaro, y se estiende á cien leguas de largo, y treinta +de ancho, en cuyas breñas vivian los Indios de la Nacion Pame.' <i>Paiou</i>, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_673" id="Page_673">673</a></span> -<i>Vida de Junípero Serra</i>, p. 23. 'En la mision de Cerro Prieto del Estado -de México, se extiende principalmente por los pueblos de San Luis Potosí, -y tambien se le encuentra en Querétaro y en Guanajuato.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, -<i>Geografía</i>, pp. 48, 256, 262, 264. 'En San Luis de la Paz, territorio de la -Sierra Gorda ... en la ciudad del Maiz, Departamento de San Luis Potosí -... en la Purísima Concepcion de Arnedo, en la Sierra Gorda.' <i>Pimentel</i>, +<i>Vida de JunÃpero Serra</i>, p. 23. 'En la mision de Cerro Prieto del Estado +de México, se extiende principalmente por los pueblos de San Luis PotosÃ, +y tambien se le encuentra en Querétaro y en Guanajuato.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, +<i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 48, 256, 262, 264. 'En San Luis de la Paz, territorio de la +Sierra Gorda ... en la ciudad del Maiz, Departamento de San Luis Potosà +... en la PurÃsima Concepcion de Arnedo, en la Sierra Gorda.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 265.</p> -<p class="sidenote">THE OTOMÍS.</p> +<p class="sidenote">THE OTOMÃS.</p> -<p>The <i>Otomís</i> are one of the most widely dispersed nations of Mexico. -'Todo lo alto de las montañas, ó la mayor parte, á la redonda de México, -están llenas de ellos. La cabeza de su señorío creo que es Xilotepec, que es +<p>The <i>OtomÃs</i> are one of the most widely dispersed nations of Mexico. +'Todo lo alto de las montañas, ó la mayor parte, á la redonda de México, +están llenas de ellos. La cabeza de su señorÃo creo que es Xilotepec, que es una gran provincia, y las provincias de Tollan y Otompa casi todas son de -ellos, sin contar que en lo bueno de la Nueva España hay muchas poblaciones -de estos Otomíes, de los quales proceden los Chichimecas.' <i>Motolinia</i>, +ellos, sin contar que en lo bueno de la Nueva España hay muchas poblaciones +de estos OtomÃes, de los quales proceden los Chichimecas.' <i>Motolinia</i>, <i>Hist. Indios</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, tom. i., p. 9. The above is copied by Torquemada, in his <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 32. 'Estos Teochichimecas son los que aora se llaman Otomies.... Tlaixpan, es de los que hablan esta -Lengua Otomi.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 261. 'La grandisima Provincia, ò Reino de los Otomies, -que coge à Tepexic, Tula, Xilotepec, Cabeça de este Reyno, Chiapa, +Lengua Otomi.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 261. 'La grandisima Provincia, ò Reino de los Otomies, +que coge à Tepexic, Tula, Xilotepec, Cabeça de este Reyno, Chiapa, Xiquipilco, Atocpan, y Queretaro, en cuio medio de estos Pueblos referidos, ai otro inumerables, porque lo eran sus Gentes.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 287. 'Xilotepeque provincia Otomiis habitata.' <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 234. 'La Provincia degli Otomiti cominciava nella parte settentrionale della Valle Messicana, e si continuava per quelle montagne verso tramontana sino a novanta miglia dalla Capitale. Sopra tutti i luoghi abitati, che v'erano ben molti, s'innalzava -l'antica e celebre Città di Tollan [oggidì Tula] e quella di Xilotepec.' +l'antica e celebre Città di Tollan [oggidì Tula] e quella di Xilotepec.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia Ant. del Messico</i>, tom. i., p. 31. In ancient times they -'occuparono un tratto di terra di più di trecento miglia dalle montagne +'occuparono un tratto di terra di più di trecento miglia dalle montagne d'Izmiquilpan verso Maestro, confinando verso Levante, e verso Ponente con altre Nazioni parimente selvaggie.' Later: 'fondarono nel paese d'Anahuac, ed anche nella stessa Valle di Messico infiniti luoghi; la maggior parte -d'essi, e spezialmente i più grandi, come quelli di Xilotopec e di Huitzapan +d'essi, e spezialmente i più grandi, come quelli di Xilotopec e di Huitzapan nelle vicinanze del paese, che innanzi occupavano: altri sparsi fra i Matlatzinchi, ed i Tlascallesi, ed in altre Provincie del Regno.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 148. 'Los -indios de este pais (Querétaro) eran por la mayor parte otomites.' <i>Alegre</i>, +indios de este pais (Querétaro) eran por la mayor parte otomites.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. ii., p. 163; <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. -77. 'Sous le nom d'Othomis, on comprenait généralement les restes des -nations primitives, répandus dans les hautes vallées qui bornent l'Anahuac -à l'occident.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., p. +77. 'Sous le nom d'Othomis, on comprenait généralement les restes des +nations primitives, répandus dans les hautes vallées qui bornent l'Anahuac +à l'occident.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., p. 56. 'Les traditions les plus anciennes du Mexique nous montrent les -Othomis en possession des montagnes et de la vallée d'Anahuac, ainsi -que des vastes contrées qui s'étendent au delà, dans le Michoacan, jusqu'aux -frontières de Xalizco et de Tonalàn; ils étaient également les maîtres +Othomis en possession des montagnes et de la vallée d'Anahuac, ainsi +que des vastes contrées qui s'étendent au delà , dans le Michoacan, jusqu'aux +frontières de Xalizco et de Tonalà n; ils étaient également les maîtres du plateau de Tlaxcallan.' <i>Id.</i>, tom. i., p. 160. 'Ils occupaient la plus -grande partie de la vallée d'Anahuac, avec ses contours jusqu'aux environs -de Cholullan, ainsi que les provinces que s'étendent au nord entre la Michoacan +grande partie de la vallée d'Anahuac, avec ses contours jusqu'aux environs +de Cholullan, ainsi que les provinces que s'étendent au nord entre la Michoacan et Tuilantzinco.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 196. 'Otompan, aujourd'hui Otumba, fut leur capitale.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Popol Vuh</i>, introd., pp. xxx., cx. -Querétaro 'fue siempre domicilio de los esforzados Othomites.... Tienen +Querétaro 'fue siempre domicilio de los esforzados Othomites.... Tienen <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_674" id="Page_674">674</a></span> -poblado todo lo alto de las Montañas, que circundan á Mexico, siendo cabecera -de toda la Provincia Othomí Xilotepec, que la hacen numerosa los +poblado todo lo alto de las Montañas, que circundan á Mexico, siendo cabecera +de toda la Provincia Othomà Xilotepec, que la hacen numerosa los Pueblos de Tepexic, Tula, Huichiapan, Xiquilpo, Atocpan, el Mexquital, S. -Juan del Rio, y Queretaro.' <i>Espinosa</i>, <i>Chrón. Apostólica</i>, pp. 1-2. The Otomí -language 'se le encuentra derramado por el Estado de México, entra en San -Luis Potosí, abraza todo Querétaro y la mayor parte de Guanajuato, limitándose +Juan del Rio, y Queretaro.' <i>Espinosa</i>, <i>Chrón. Apostólica</i>, pp. 1-2. The Otomà +language 'se le encuentra derramado por el Estado de México, entra en San +Luis PotosÃ, abraza todo Querétaro y la mayor parte de Guanajuato, limitándose al O. por los pueblos de los tarascos; reaparece confundido con el -tepehua cerca del totonaco, y salpicado aquí y allá se tropieza con él en -Puebla y en Veracruz.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 17, 216-7, 240, 255-6, -261-4, 272. 'En todo el Estado de Querétaro y en una parte de los de San -Luis, Guanajuato, Michoacan, México, Puebla, Veracruz y Tlaxcala.' <i>Pimentel</i>, +tepehua cerca del totonaco, y salpicado aquà y allá se tropieza con él en +Puebla y en Veracruz.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 17, 216-7, 240, 255-6, +261-4, 272. 'En todo el Estado de Querétaro y en una parte de los de San +Luis, Guanajuato, Michoacan, México, Puebla, Veracruz y Tlaxcala.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. 117. Concurrent authorities: <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 138; <i>Delaporte</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, tom. x., p. 323; <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. ii., p. 345; -<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 477; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. +<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 477; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 36, 188, 196-7; <i>Klemm</i>, <i>Cultur-Geschichte</i>, tom. v., p. 193; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact.</i>, vol. i., p. 2; <i>Gemelli Careri</i>, in <i>Churchill's Col. Voyages</i>, tom. iv., p. 513. 'Habitait les bords du golfe du Mexique, depuis la @@ -26426,43 +26386,43 @@ Corona di Tacuba.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia Ant. del Messico</i>, tom. i., pp copied in <i>Heredia y Sarmiento</i>, <i>Sermon de Guadalupe</i>, p. 83. 'Mazahua, Mazahui, Matzahua, Matlazahua Mozahui, en Mexico y en Michoacan. En tiempos del imperio azteca esta tribu pertenecia al reino de Tlacopan; sus -pueblos marcaban los límites entre su señorío y Michoacan.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, -<i>Geografía</i>, p. 256. 'Parece que solo quedan algunos restos de la nacion -mazahua en el distrito Ixtlahuaca, perteneciente al Departamento de México.' -<i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 193. 'Au nord ils étendaient leurs villages -jusqu'à peu de distance de l'ancien Tollan.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. +pueblos marcaban los lÃmites entre su señorÃo y Michoacan.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, +<i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 256. 'Parece que solo quedan algunos restos de la nacion +mazahua en el distrito Ixtlahuaca, perteneciente al Departamento de México.' +<i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 193. 'Au nord ils étendaient leurs villages +jusqu'à peu de distance de l'ancien Tollan.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., p. 56.</p> <p>The <i>Huastecs</i>, Huaxtecs, Guastecs, or Cuextecas inhabit portions of the -states of Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas. 'A los mismos llamaban Panteca ó +states of Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas. 'A los mismos llamaban Panteca ó Panoteca, que quiere decir hombres del lugar pasadero, los cuales fueron -así llamados, y son los que viven en la provincia de Panuco, que propiamente -se llaman Pantlan, ó Panotlan.' <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., -p. 132. 'El Huaxtecapan se extendió de Veracruz á San Luis Potosí, y -corria á lo largo de la costa del Golfo, hácia el Norte, prolongándose +asà llamados, y son los que viven en la provincia de Panuco, que propiamente +se llaman Pantlan, ó Panotlan.' <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., +p. 132. 'El Huaxtecapan se extendió de Veracruz á San Luis PotosÃ, y +corria á lo largo de la costa del Golfo, hácia el Norte, prolongándose probablemente muy adentro de Tamaulipas, por lugares en donde ahora no -se encuentra ni vestigio suyo.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 206, 19. -'Cuando llegaron los españoles, el lugar que ocupaban era la frontera Norte +se encuentra ni vestigio suyo.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 206, 19. +'Cuando llegaron los españoles, el lugar que ocupaban era la frontera Norte del reino de Texcoco, y parte de la del mexicano.... Hoy se conoce su pais con el nombre de la Huaxteca: comprende la parte Norte del Estado de Veracruz y una fraccion lindante del de San Luis, confinando, al Oriente, con el Golfo -de México, desde la barra de Tuxpan hasta Tampico.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, +de México, desde la barra de Tuxpan hasta Tampico.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. 5. Further mention in <i>Chaves</i>, <i>Rapport</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, -série ii., tom. v., p. 298; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 46; <i>Hassel</i>, -<i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 226; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 35-6; <i>Squier's Cent. Amer.</i>, -p. 316; <i>Villa-Señor</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. i., p. 122. +série ii., tom. v., p. 298; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 46; <i>Hassel</i>, +<i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 226; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 35-6; <i>Squier's Cent. Amer.</i>, +p. 316; <i>Villa-Señor</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. i., p. 122. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_675" id="Page_675">675</a></span></p> <p class="sidenote">TOTONACS AND NAHUATLACS.</p> <p>The <i>Totonacs</i> occupy the country east of the valley of Mexico down to the sea-coast, and particularly the state of Veracruz and a portion of Puebla. -'Estos Totonaques estan poblados á la parte del norte, y se dice ser +'Estos Totonaques estan poblados á la parte del norte, y se dice ser guastemas.' <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 131-4. 'Totonachi. Questa grande Provincia, ch'era per quella parte l'ultima dell' imperio, si stendeva per ben centocinquanta miglia, cominciando dalla frontiera di Zacatlan ... e terminando nel Golfo Messicano. Oltre alla capitale Mizquihuacan, -quindici miglia a Levante da Zacatlan, v'era la bella Città di +quindici miglia a Levante da Zacatlan, v'era la bella Città di Cempoallan sulla costa del Golfo.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia Ant. del Messico</i>, tom. i., p. 34. 'Raccontavano dunque, que essendosi eglino da principio per qualche tempo stabiliti su le rive del lago tezcucano, quindi si portarono a popolare @@ -26470,26 +26430,26 @@ quelle montagne, che da loro presero il nome di Totonacapan.' <i>Id.</i>, tom. iv., p. 51. 'En Puebla y en Veracruz. Los totonacos ocupan la parte Norte del Departamento, formando un solo grupo con sus vecinos de Veracruz; terminan sobre la costa del golfo, en toda la zona que se extiende entre -los rios de Chachalacas y de Cazones ó S. Márcos.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, -pp. 214, 216. 'Están estendidos, y derramados por las Sierras, que le caen, al -Norte, à esta Ciudad de Mexico.' <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 278; +los rios de Chachalacas y de Cazones ó S. Márcos.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, +pp. 214, 216. 'Están estendidos, y derramados por las Sierras, que le caen, al +Norte, à esta Ciudad de Mexico.' <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 278; <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. 223. 'In the districts of Zacatlan, State of -Puebla, and in the State of Vera Cruz.' <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 190; <i>Villa-Señor</i>, -<i>Theatro</i>, tom. i., p. 312; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 208; <i>Gallatin</i>, +Puebla, and in the State of Vera Cruz.' <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 190; <i>Villa-Señor</i>, +<i>Theatro</i>, tom. i., p. 312; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 208; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact.</i>, vol. i., p. 4.</p> <p>The <i>Meztitlanecs</i> inhabited the region north of Tezcuco, between the Sierra Madre and the territory occupied by the Huastecs. 'Al Norte de Tetzcoco -existia el señorío independiente de Meztitlan, que hoy corresponde al Estado -de México.... Obedecian á Meztitlan, cabecera principal, las provincias de +existia el señorÃo independiente de Meztitlan, que hoy corresponde al Estado +de México.... Obedecian á Meztitlan, cabecera principal, las provincias de Molango, Malila, Tlanchinolticpac, Ilamatlan, Atlihuetzian, Suchicoatlan, -Tianguiztengo, Guazalingo, Yagualica. El señorío, pues, se extendia por +Tianguiztengo, Guazalingo, Yagualica. El señorÃo, pues, se extendia por toda la sierra, hasta el limite con los huaxtecos: en Yahualica estaba la -guarnicion contra ellos, por ser la frontera, comenzando desde allí las llanuras +guarnicion contra ellos, por ser la frontera, comenzando desde allà las llanuras de Huaxtecapan. Xelitla era el punto mas avanzado al Oeste y confinaba con -los bárbaros chichimecas: el término al Sur era Zacualtipan y al Norte tenia -á los chichimecas.' <i>Chavez</i>, <i>Relacion de Meztitlan</i>, quoted in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, -<i>Geografía</i>, p. 246.</p> +los bárbaros chichimecas: el término al Sur era Zacualtipan y al Norte tenia +á los chichimecas.' <i>Chavez</i>, <i>Relacion de Meztitlan</i>, quoted in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, +<i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 246.</p> <p>The <i>Nahuatlacs</i> 'se diuiden en siete linajes.... Los primeros fueron los Suchimilcos, que quiere dezir, gente de sementeras de flores. Estos poblaron @@ -26497,75 +26457,75 @@ a la orilla de la gran laguna de Mexico hazia el Mediodia, y fundaron vna ciudad de su nombre, y otros muchos lugares. Mucho despues llegaron los del segundo linage llamados Chalcas, que significa gente de las bocas, y tambien fundaron otra ciudad de su nombre, partiendo terminos con los -Suchimílcos. Los terceros fueron los Tepanecas, que quiere dezir, gente +SuchimÃlcos. Los terceros fueron los Tepanecas, que quiere dezir, gente de la Puente. Y tambien poblaron en la orilla de la laguna al Occidente.... -La cabeça de su provincia la llamaron Azcapuzàlco.... Tras estos vinieron, -los que poblaron a Tezcùco, que son los de Cùlhua, que quiere dezir, gente -corua.... Y assi quedò la laguna cercada de estas quatro naciones, poblando -estos al Oriente, y los Tepanècas al Norte.... Despues llegaron los Tlatluìcas, +La cabeça de su provincia la llamaron Azcapuzà lco.... Tras estos vinieron, +los que poblaron a Tezcùco, que son los de Cùlhua, que quiere dezir, gente +corua.... Y assi quedò la laguna cercada de estas quatro naciones, poblando +estos al Oriente, y los Tepanècas al Norte.... Despues llegaron los Tlatluìcas, que significa gente de la sierra.... Y como hallaron ocupados todos los llanos en contorno de la laguna hasta las sierras, passaron de la otra parte de <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_676" id="Page_676">676</a></span> -la sierra.... Y a la cabeça de su prouincia llamaron Quahunahuàc ... que corrompidamente +la sierra.... Y a la cabeça de su prouincia llamaron Quahunahuà c ... que corrompidamente nuestro vulgo llama Quernauaca, y aquella prouincia es, la que -oy se dize el Marquesado. Los de la sexta generacion, que son los Tlascaltècas, +oy se dize el Marquesado. Los de la sexta generacion, que son los Tlascaltècas, que quiere dezir gente de pan, passaron la serrania hazia el Oriente -atrauessando la sierra neuada, donde està el famoso bolcan entre Mexico y -la ciudad de los Angeles ... la cabeça de su prouincia llamaron de su nombre -Tlascàla.... La septima cueua, o linage, que es la nacion Mexicana, la qual -como las otras, salio de las prouincias de Aztlan, y Teuculhuàcan.' <i>Acosta</i>, +atrauessando la sierra neuada, donde està el famoso bolcan entre Mexico y +la ciudad de los Angeles ... la cabeça de su prouincia llamaron de su nombre +Tlascà la.... La septima cueua, o linage, que es la nacion Mexicana, la qual +como las otras, salio de las prouincias de Aztlan, y Teuculhuà can.' <i>Acosta</i>, <i>Hist. de las Ynd.</i>, pp. 454-8. Repeated in <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iii., lib. ii., cap. x. Also in <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia Ant. del Messico</i>, tom. i., pp. 151-2, and in <i>Heredia y Sarmiento</i>, <i>Sermon de Guadalupe</i>, p. 85; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, -<i>Geografía</i>, pp. 91-2.</p> +<i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 91-2.</p> <p>The <i>Acolhuas</i> inhabited the kingdom of Acolhuacan. 'Su capital era -Tetzcoco, á la orilla del lago de su nombre.... La extension del reino era: -desde el mar del N. á la del Sur, con todo lo que se comprende á la banda del +Tetzcoco, á la orilla del lago de su nombre.... La extension del reino era: +desde el mar del N. á la del Sur, con todo lo que se comprende á la banda del Poniente hasta el puerto de la Veracruz, salvo la cuidad de Tlachcala y Huexotzinco.' -<i>Pomar</i>, <i>Relacion de Texcoco</i>, quoted in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, -pp. 240-2. 'Juan B. Pomar fija los límites del reino con toda la exageracion +<i>Pomar</i>, <i>Relacion de Texcoco</i>, quoted in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, +pp. 240-2. 'Juan B. Pomar fija los lÃmites del reino con toda la exageracion que puede infundir el orgullo de raza. Por nuestra parte, hemos leido con -cuidado las relaciones que á la monarquía corresponden, y hemos estudiado -en el plano los lugares á que se refieren, y ni de las unas ní de los otros -llegamos á sacar jamas que los reyes de Aculhuacan mandaran sobre las tribus -avecindadas en la costa del Pacífico, no ya á la misma altura de México, -sino aun á menores latitudes.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 242-4. See +cuidado las relaciones que á la monarquÃa corresponden, y hemos estudiado +en el plano los lugares á que se refieren, y ni de las unas nà de los otros +llegamos á sacar jamas que los reyes de Aculhuacan mandaran sobre las tribus +avecindadas en la costa del PacÃfico, no ya á la misma altura de México, +sino aun á menores latitudes.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 242-4. See further: <i>Motolinia</i>, <i>Hist. Indios</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, tom. i., p. 11; <i>Ixtlilxochitl</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq.</i>, vol. ix., p. 341.</p> <p>The <i>Ocuiltecs</i> 'viven en el distrito de Toluca, en tierras y terminos suyos.' <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 130.</p> -<p>The <i>Macaoaquez</i> 'viven en una comarca de Toluca, y están poblados en el +<p>The <i>Macaoaquez</i> 'viven en una comarca de Toluca, y están poblados en el pueblo de Xocotitlan. <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>The <i>Tarascos</i> dwell chiefly in the state of Michoacan. 'La provincia de -estos, es la madre de los pescados, que es Michoacan: llámase tambien +estos, es la madre de los pescados, que es Michoacan: llámase tambien Quaochpanme.' <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 137. Repeated in <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia Ant. del Messico</i>, tom. i., p. 148. Their territory is bounded: 'Au nord-est, le royaume de Tonalan et le territoire maritime de -Colima eu sont séparés par le rio Pantla et le fleuve Coahuayana, auquel -s'unit cette rivière, dix lieues avant d'aller tomber dans la mer Pacifique, dont -le rivage continue ensuite à borner le Michoacan, au sud-ouest, jusqu'à Zacatollan. -Là les courbes capricieuses du Mexcala lui constituent d'autres -limites, à l'est et au sud, puis, à l'est encore, les riches provinces de Cohuixco -et de Matlatzinco.... Plus au nord, c'étaient les Mazahuas, dont les -fertiles vallées, ainsi que celles des Matlatzincas, s'étendent dans les régions -les plus froides de la Cordillère; enfin le cour majestueux du Tololotlan et -les rives pittoresques du lac Chapala formaient une barrière naturelle entre -les Tarasques et les nombreuses populations othomies et chichimèques des -états de Guanaxuato et de Queretaro.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, +Colima eu sont séparés par le rio Pantla et le fleuve Coahuayana, auquel +s'unit cette rivière, dix lieues avant d'aller tomber dans la mer Pacifique, dont +le rivage continue ensuite à borner le Michoacan, au sud-ouest, jusqu'à Zacatollan. +Là les courbes capricieuses du Mexcala lui constituent d'autres +limites, à l'est et au sud, puis, à l'est encore, les riches provinces de Cohuixco +et de Matlatzinco.... Plus au nord, c'étaient les Mazahuas, dont les +fertiles vallées, ainsi que celles des Matlatzincas, s'étendent dans les régions +les plus froides de la Cordillère; enfin le cour majestueux du Tololotlan et +les rives pittoresques du lac Chapala formaient une barrière naturelle entre +les Tarasques et les nombreuses populations othomies et chichimèques des +états de Guanaxuato et de Queretaro.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 53, 56. 'El tarasco se habla en el Estado de Michoacan, exceptuando -la parte Sur-Oeste que linda con el Pacífico donde se habla el mexicano, +la parte Sur-Oeste que linda con el PacÃfico donde se habla el mexicano, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_677" id="Page_677">677</a></span> -una pequeña parte al Nor-Este, donde se acostumbra el othomí ó el +una pequeña parte al Nor-Este, donde se acostumbra el othomà ó el mazahua, y otra parte donde se usa el matlatzinca. Tambien se habla en el Estado de Guanajuato, en la parte que linda con Michoacan y Guadalajara, -limitada al Oriente por una línea que puede comenzar en Acámbaro, seguir -á Irapuato y terminar en San Felipe, es decir, en los límites con San Luis -Potosí.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. 271. 'En Michoacan, Guerrero, Guanajuato -y Jalisco.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 58, 238, 264, 271-2, 281. +limitada al Oriente por una lÃnea que puede comenzar en Acámbaro, seguir +á Irapuato y terminar en San Felipe, es decir, en los lÃmites con San Luis +PotosÃ.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. 271. 'En Michoacan, Guerrero, Guanajuato +y Jalisco.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 58, 238, 264, 271-2, 281. Concurrent authorities: <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact.</i>, vol. i., p. 4; <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 182; <i>Figuier's Hum. Race</i>, p. 460; <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. ii., p. 675</p> @@ -26575,7 +26535,7 @@ vol. ii., p. 675</p> <p>The <i>Matlaltzincas</i>, Pirindas, or Tolucas inhabited the valley of Toluca, situated between the valley of Mexico and Michoacan. 'La Provincia dei Matlatzinchi comprendeva, oltre la valle di Tolocan, tutto quello spazio, -che v'è infino a Tlaximaloyan (oggi Taximaroa) frontiera del regno di +che v'è infino a Tlaximaloyan (oggi Taximaroa) frontiera del regno di Michuacan.... Nelle montagne circonvicine v'erano gli stati di Xalatlauhco, di Tzompahuacan, e di Malinalco; in non molta lontananza verso Levante dalla valle quello d'Ocuillan, e verso Ponente quelli di Tozantla, e di Zoltepec.' @@ -26587,141 +26547,141 @@ Ethno. Soc., Transact.</i>, tom. i., p. 4. Also in <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., p. 56.</p> <p>The <i>Chumbias</i> inhabit the pueblos Ciutla, Axalo, Ihuitlan, Vitalata, Guaguayutla -and Coyuquilla in the State of Guerrero. <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +and Coyuquilla in the State of Guerrero. <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 227.</p> <p>The <i>Tlapanecs</i>, Coviscas, Yopes, Yopis, Jopes, Yopimes, Tenimes, Pinomes, Chinquimes, Chochontes, Pinotl-Chochons, Chochos, Chuchones, Popolocas, Tecos, Tecoxines, or Popolucas are one and the same people, who by different writers are described under one or the other of these names. -'Estos Coviscas y Tlapanecas, son unos ... y están poblados en Tepecuacuilco +'Estos Coviscas y Tlapanecas, son unos ... y están poblados en Tepecuacuilco y Tlachmalacac, y en la provincia de Chilapan.' 'Estos Yopimes y Tlapanecas, -son de los de la comarca de Yopitzinco, llámenles Yopes ... son los +son de los de la comarca de Yopitzinco, llámenles Yopes ... son los que llaman propiamente tenimes, pinome, chinquime, chochonti.' <i>Sahagun</i>, -<i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 135; quoted also in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +<i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 135; quoted also in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 235-6, 217, 196. 'La provincia de los Yopes lindaba al Oeste -con los Cuitlateques, al Sur con el Pacífico, al Este con los Mixtecos +con los Cuitlateques, al Sur con el PacÃfico, al Este con los Mixtecos y al Norte con los Cohuixcas: la division por esta parte la representaria una -linea de Este à Oeste, al Sur de Xocolmani y de Amatlan, y comprendiera à +linea de Este à Oeste, al Sur de Xocolmani y de Amatlan, y comprendiera à los actuales tlapanecos.' <i>Montufar</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 235-6. 'Confinava colla costa dei Cohuixchi quella dei Jopi, e con questa quella dei Mixtechi, conosciuta ai nostri tempi col nome di Xicayan.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia Ant. del Messico</i>, tom. i., p. 34; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact.</i>, vol. i., p. 4. 'Tecamachalco era su poblacion principal, y se derramaban al Sur hasta tocar con los -mixtecos. Durante el siglo XVI se encontraban aún popolocos en Tlacotepec -y en San Salvador (unidos con los otomíes), pueblo sujeto á Quecholac.... -Por la parte de Tehuacan, el límite de esta tribu se hallaba en Coxcatlan.' -<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 217-18. The Chochos dwell in sixteen +mixtecos. Durante el siglo XVI se encontraban aún popolocos en Tlacotepec +y en San Salvador (unidos con los otomÃes), pueblo sujeto á Quecholac.... +Por la parte de Tehuacan, el lÃmite de esta tribu se hallaba en Coxcatlan.' +<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 217-18. The Chochos dwell in sixteen pueblos in the department of Huajuapan in the state of Oajaca. <i>Id.</i>, p. 196. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_678" id="Page_678">678</a></span></p> <p>The <i>Cohuixcas</i> dwelt in the province of the same name, which 'confinava a Settentrione coi Matlatzinchi, e coi Tlahuichi, a Ponente coi Cuitlatechi, a Levante coi Jopi e coi Mixtechi, ed a Mezzogiornio si stendeva infino al -Mar Pacifico per quella parte, dove presentemente vi sono il porto e la Città +Mar Pacifico per quella parte, dove presentemente vi sono il porto e la Città d'Acapulco.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia Ant. del Messico</i>, tom. i., p. 32. 'La provincia -comenzaba en Zacualpa, límite con los matlaltzincas, y que, por último, los +comenzaba en Zacualpa, lÃmite con los matlaltzincas, y que, por último, los confines de esa porcion antigua del imperio Mexicano, eran al Norte los matlaltzinques; los tlahuiques, al Este los mixtecos y los tlapanecos, al Sur -los yopes, y al Oeste los cuitlateques.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 227-32. +los yopes, y al Oeste los cuitlateques.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 227-32. Their country lies 'between Tesitzlan and Chilapan.' <i>Ker's Travels</i>, p. 233.</p> <p>The <i>Cuitlatecs</i> inhabit the country between the Cohuixcas and the Pacific -Coast. 'I Cuitlatechi abitavano un paese, che si stendeva più di dugento +Coast. 'I Cuitlatechi abitavano un paese, che si stendeva più di dugento miglia da Maestro a Scirocco dal regno di Michuacan infino al mar Pacifico. -La loro capitale era la grande e popolosa città di Mexcaltepec sulla costa, +La loro capitale era la grande e popolosa città di Mexcaltepec sulla costa, della quale appena sussistono le rovine.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia Ant. del Messico</i>, -tom. i., p. 32. 'En Ajuchitlan, San Cristóbal y Poliutla en la municipalidad +tom. i., p. 32. 'En Ajuchitlan, San Cristóbal y Poliutla en la municipalidad de Ajuchitlan, distrito del mismo nombre, y en Atoyac, distrito y municipalidad -de Tecpan. La provincia de los cuitlateques ó cuitlatecos, sujeta en -lo antiguo á los emperadores de México, quedaba comprendida entre las de -Zacatula y de los cohuixques.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 233-4.</p> +de Tecpan. La provincia de los cuitlateques ó cuitlatecos, sujeta en +lo antiguo á los emperadores de México, quedaba comprendida entre las de +Zacatula y de los cohuixques.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 233-4.</p> <p class="p2">Proceeding southward, among the <span class="smcap">Southern Mexicans</span>, we first encounter the <i>Miztecs</i>, whose province, Miztecapan, was in the present states of Oajaca and Guerrero. 'La Mixtecapan, o sia Provincia dei Mixtechi si stendeva da Acatlan, luogo lontano cento venti miglia dalla corte verso Scirocco, infino -al Mar Pacifico, e conteneva più Città e villaggi ben popolati, e di considerabile +al Mar Pacifico, e conteneva più Città e villaggi ben popolati, e di considerabile commercio.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia Ant. del Messico</i>, tom. i., p. 32. 'Le -Mixtecapan comprenait les régions occidentales de l'état d'Oaxaca, depuis la -frontière septentrionale d'Acatlan, qui le séparait des principautés des Tlahuicas -et de Mazatlan, jusque sur le rivage de l'océan Pacifique. Elles se -divisaient en haute et basse Mixtèque, l'une et l'autre également fertiles, la -première resserrèe entre les montagnes qui lui donnaient son nom; la seconde, +Mixtecapan comprenait les régions occidentales de l'état d'Oaxaca, depuis la +frontière septentrionale d'Acatlan, qui le séparait des principautés des Tlahuicas +et de Mazatlan, jusque sur le rivage de l'océan Pacifique. Elles se +divisaient en haute et basse Mixtèque, l'une et l'autre également fertiles, la +première resserrèe entre les montagnes qui lui donnaient son nom; la seconde, occupant les riches territoires des bords de la mer, ayant pour capitale la -ville de Tututepec (à l'embouchure du rio Verde).' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, -<i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., p. 4. 'Les Mixtèques donnaient eux-mêmes à leur -pays le nom de Gnudzavui-Gnuhu, Terre de pluie, pour le haute Mixtèque, -et Gnuundaa, Côte de la mer, à la basse.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. 5-6. 'En la antigua provincia +ville de Tututepec (à l'embouchure du rio Verde).' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, +<i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., p. 4. 'Les Mixtèques donnaient eux-mêmes à leur +pays le nom de Gnudzavui-Gnuhu, Terre de pluie, pour le haute Mixtèque, +et Gnuundaa, Côte de la mer, à la basse.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. 5-6. 'En la antigua provincia de este nombre, situada sobre la costa del mar Pacifico, que comprende -actualmente, hácia el Norte, una fraccion del Estado de Puebla; -hácia el Este, una del de Oajaca, y al Oeste, parte del Estado de Guerrero. -Divídese la Mixteca en alta y baja, estando la primera en la serranía, y la -segunda en las llanuras contiguas á la costa.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. -37. 'Westlich der Zapotécos, bei San Francisco Huizo im Norden und bei -Santa Cruz Miztepéc im Süden des grossen Thales von Oajáca beginnen die -Mistéken, welche den ganzen westlichen Theil des Staats einnehmen, und -südlich bis an die Küste des Austral-Oceans bei Jamiltepéc und Tututepéc -hinabreichen.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 142, 187, 192-6, 198-9, -201-2. Also in <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 163. +actualmente, hácia el Norte, una fraccion del Estado de Puebla; +hácia el Este, una del de Oajaca, y al Oeste, parte del Estado de Guerrero. +DivÃdese la Mixteca en alta y baja, estando la primera en la serranÃa, y la +segunda en las llanuras contiguas á la costa.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. +37. 'Westlich der Zapotécos, bei San Francisco Huizo im Norden und bei +Santa Cruz Miztepéc im Süden des grossen Thales von Oajáca beginnen die +Mistéken, welche den ganzen westlichen Theil des Staats einnehmen, und +südlich bis an die Küste des Austral-Oceans bei Jamiltepéc und Tututepéc +hinabreichen.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 142, 187, 192-6, 198-9, +201-2. Also in <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 163. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_679" id="Page_679">679</a></span></p> <p class="sidenote">ZAPOTECS AND MIJES.</p> <p>The <i>Zapotecs</i> occupy the large valley of Oajaca. 'Fue la Zapotecapan -Señora, y tan apoderada de las demas de su Orizonte, que ambiciosos sus +Señora, y tan apoderada de las demas de su Orizonte, que ambiciosos sus Reyes, rompieron los terminos de su mando, y se entraron ferozes, y valientes, por Chontales, Mijes, y tierras maritimas de ambos mares del Sur, y del Norte -... y venciendo, hasta Señorear los fertiles llanos de Teguantepeque, y corriendo +... y venciendo, hasta Señorear los fertiles llanos de Teguantepeque, y corriendo hasta Xoconusco.' <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 196, tom. ii., fol. 362. 'Hasta Tepeiac, Techamachalco, Quecholac y Teohuacan, que -por aquí dicen que hicieron sus poblaciones los zapotecas.' <i>Veytia</i>, <i>Hist. -Ant. Mej.</i>, tom. i., p. 153. 'A Levante de' Mixtechi erano i Zapotechi, cosí +por aquà dicen que hicieron sus poblaciones los zapotecas.' <i>Veytia</i>, <i>Hist. +Ant. Mej.</i>, tom. i., p. 153. 'A Levante de' Mixtechi erano i Zapotechi, cosà chiamati dalla loro capitale Teotzapotlan. Nel loro distretto era la Valle di Huaxyacac, dagli Spagnuoli detta Oaxaca o Guaxaca.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia Ant. del Messico</i>, tom. i., p. 32. 'En una parte del Estado de Oajaca, limitada al -Sur por el Pacífico, exceptuando una pequeña fraccion de terreno ocupada +Sur por el PacÃfico, exceptuando una pequeña fraccion de terreno ocupada por los chontales.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. 319. See also: <i>Orozco y -Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 177-87; <i>Murguía y Galardi</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, +Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 177-87; <i>MurguÃa y Galardi</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. vii., pp. 245-6. 'The Zapotecs constitute the greater part of the population of the southern division of the Isthmus (of Tehuantepec).' <i>Barnard's Tehuantepec</i>, p. 226. 'Inhabit the Pacific plains and the elevated table-lands from Tarifa to Petapa.' <i>Shufeldt's Explor. Tehuantepec</i>, pp. 125, 133-4; <i>Garay's -Tehuantepec</i>, p. 59; <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 338, 470. 'Zapotécos, welche die -Mitte des Staates, das grosse Thal von Oajáca bewohnen, sich im Osten über -die Gebirge von Huixázo, Iztlán und Tanétze und die Thäler Los Cajónos -ausbreiten, und im Süden, im Partido Quíechápa (Depart. Tehuantepéc) -mit den Mijes, im Partido von Pochútla (Depart. Ejútla) aber mit den Chontáles, -Nachbaren jener, gränzen.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. -141, 170, 173-6, 183-6, 189, 191, 199, 212-13; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 162. -'Les Zapotèques appelaient leur pays Lachea.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. +Tehuantepec</i>, p. 59; <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 338, 470. 'Zapotécos, welche die +Mitte des Staates, das grosse Thal von Oajáca bewohnen, sich im Osten über +die Gebirge von Huixázo, Iztlán und Tanétze und die Thäler Los Cajónos +ausbreiten, und im Süden, im Partido QuÃechápa (Depart. Tehuantepéc) +mit den Mijes, im Partido von Pochútla (Depart. Ejútla) aber mit den Chontáles, +Nachbaren jener, gränzen.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. +141, 170, 173-6, 183-6, 189, 191, 199, 212-13; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 162. +'Les Zapotèques appelaient leur pays Lachea.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., p. 38; <i>Macgregor's Progress of America</i>, p. 848.</p> <p>The <i>Mijes</i> dwell in the mountains of southern Oajaca and in a small portion -of Tehuantepec. 'Antérieurement à la ruine de l'empire toltèque ... les -Mijes occupaient tout le territoire de l'isthme de Tehuantepec, d'une mer à -l'autre.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Voy. Tehuantepec</i>, pp. 138-9. 'Toute cette région, -comprenant, à l'est, les cimes de la Sierra de Macuilapa que domine le -village actuel de Zanatepec et les montagnes qui s'étendent, du côté opposé, -vers Lachixila, baignées par la rivière de Tehuantepec, au sud, et, au -nord, par celle de la Villa-Alta, jusqu'aux savanes, oú roulent les affluents -de l'Alvarado et du Guazacoalco, appartenait à la même nation des Mixi ou -Mijes ... les Mijes vaincus demeurèrent soumis dès lors aux rois de la Mixtèque -et du Zapotecapan, à l'exception d'un petit nombre qui, jusqu'à l'époque -espagnole, continuérent dans leur résistance dans les cantons austères qui +of Tehuantepec. 'Antérieurement à la ruine de l'empire toltèque ... les +Mijes occupaient tout le territoire de l'isthme de Tehuantepec, d'une mer à +l'autre.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Voy. Tehuantepec</i>, pp. 138-9. 'Toute cette région, +comprenant, à l'est, les cimes de la Sierra de Macuilapa que domine le +village actuel de Zanatepec et les montagnes qui s'étendent, du côté opposé, +vers Lachixila, baignées par la rivière de Tehuantepec, au sud, et, au +nord, par celle de la Villa-Alta, jusqu'aux savanes, oú roulent les affluents +de l'Alvarado et du Guazacoalco, appartenait à la même nation des Mixi ou +Mijes ... les Mijes vaincus demeurèrent soumis dès lors aux rois de la Mixtèque +et du Zapotecapan, à l'exception d'un petit nombre qui, jusqu'à l'époque +espagnole, continuérent dans leur résistance dans les cantons austères qui environnent le Cempoaltepec. Ce qui reste de cette nation sur l'isthme de -Tehuantepec est disséminé actuellement en divers villages de la montagne. -Entre les plus importants est celui de Guichicovi que j'avais laissé à ma +Tehuantepec est disséminé actuellement en divers villages de la montagne. +Entre les plus importants est celui de Guichicovi que j'avais laissé à ma droite en venant de la plaine de Xochiapa au Barrio.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. 105-7. -'Les Mixi avaient possédé anciennement la plus grande partie des royaumes -de Tehuantepec, de Soconusco et du Zapotecapan; peut-être même les rivages -de Tututepec leur devaient-ils leur première civilisation.' <i>Id.</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. +'Les Mixi avaient possédé anciennement la plus grande partie des royaumes +de Tehuantepec, de Soconusco et du Zapotecapan; peut-être même les rivages +de Tututepec leur devaient-ils leur première civilisation.' <i>Id.</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 34-5. 'En algunos lugares del Departamento de Oajaca <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_680" id="Page_680">680</a></span> como Juquila, Quezaltepec y Atilan.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 173. 'Les -Indiens mijes habitent une contrée montagneuse, au sud-ouest du Goatzacoalco -et au nord-ouest de Tehuantepec.... De la chaîne des monts Mijes -descend la rivière de Sarrabia, qui traverse la belle plaine de Boca-del-Monte.' +Indiens mijes habitent une contrée montagneuse, au sud-ouest du Goatzacoalco +et au nord-ouest de Tehuantepec.... De la chaîne des monts Mijes +descend la rivière de Sarrabia, qui traverse la belle plaine de Boca-del-Monte.' <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 49. 'The Mijes, once a powerful tribe, inhabit the mountains to the west, in the central division of the Isthmus, and are now confined to the town of San Juan Guichicovi.' <i>Barnard's Tehuantepec</i>, @@ -26731,14 +26691,14 @@ nation, and they still occupy the land from the Sierra, north of Tehuantepec, to the district of Chiapas. In the Isthmus they only inhabit the village of Guichicovi, and a small portion of the Sierra, which is never visited.' <i>Garay's Tehuantepec</i>, p. 60. Also <i>Macgregor's Progress of America</i>, p. 849; -<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 176-7.</p> +<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 176-7.</p> <p>The <i>Huaves</i>, Huavi, Huabi, Huabes, Guavi, Wabi, etc., live on the Isthmus -of Tehuantepec. 'Les Wabi avaient été, dans les siècles passés, possesseurs -de la province de Tehuantepec.... Ils avaient été les maîtres du riche territoire -de Soconusco (autrefois Xoconochco ... espèce de nopal), et avaient -étendu leurs conquêtes jusqu'au sein même des montagnes, où ils avaient -fondé ou accru la ville de Xalapa la Grande (Xalapa-del-Marques).' <i>Brasseur +of Tehuantepec. 'Les Wabi avaient été, dans les siècles passés, possesseurs +de la province de Tehuantepec.... Ils avaient été les maîtres du riche territoire +de Soconusco (autrefois Xoconochco ... espèce de nopal), et avaient +étendu leurs conquêtes jusqu'au sein même des montagnes, où ils avaient +fondé ou accru la ville de Xalapa la Grande (Xalapa-del-Marques).' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., p. 3. 'The Huaves are in all little more than three thousand, and occupy the four villages of the coast called San Mateo, Santa Maria, San Dionisio, and San Francisco.' <i>Garay's Tehuantepec</i>, @@ -26748,61 +26708,61 @@ San Dionisio, and San Francisco.' <i>Barnard's Tehuantepec</i>, p. 227. 'San Francisco Istaltepec is the last village, inhabited by the descendants of a tribe called Huaves.' <i>Hermesdorf</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., p. 546. 'Habitent les villages du bord de la mer au sud de Guichicovi.' <i>Fossey</i>, -<i>Mexique</i>, p. 467. <i>Shufeldt's Explor. Tehuantepec</i>, p. 126; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, +<i>Mexique</i>, p. 467. <i>Shufeldt's Explor. Tehuantepec</i>, p. 126; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 141. 'Se extienden en Tehuantepec, desde las -playas del Pacífico hasta la cordillera interior.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +playas del PacÃfico hasta la cordillera interior.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 173-6.</p> <p>The <i>Beni-Xonos</i> 'composaient une province nombreuse, occupant en partie les routes qui conduisaient au Mexique et aux montagnes des Mixi.... -Leur ville principale, depuis la conquête, s'appelait San-Francisco, à 15 l. -N. O. de la cité d'Oaxaca.' 'Habitant sur les confins des Mixi et des Zapotêques.' +Leur ville principale, depuis la conquête, s'appelait San-Francisco, à 15 l. +N. O. de la cité d'Oaxaca.' 'Habitant sur les confins des Mixi et des Zapotêques.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 42-3. 'Les -Beni-Xono sont appelés aussi Nexicha et Cajones.' <i>Ib.</i></p> +Beni-Xono sont appelés aussi Nexicha et Cajones.' <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>The <i>Mazatecs</i> live in the state of Oajaca, near the Puebla boundary. 'A Tramontana dei Mixtechi v'era la Provincia di Mazatlan, e a Tramontana, e a Levante dei Zapotechi quella di Chinantla colle loro capitali dello stesso nome, onde furono i loro abitanti Mazatechi e Chinantechi appellati.' <i>Clavigero</i>, -<i>Storia Ant. del Messico</i>, tom. i., p. 33. 'In den Partidos Teutitlán und -Teutíla, Departement Teutitlán del Camíno.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., +<i>Storia Ant. del Messico</i>, tom. i., p. 33. 'In den Partidos Teutitlán und +TeutÃla, Departement Teutitlán del CamÃno.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 141, 206, 210. 'En el Departamento de Teotitlan, formando una -pequeña fraccion en el límite con el Estado de Veracruz.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, -<i>Geografía</i>, p. 188. +pequeña fraccion en el lÃmite con el Estado de Veracruz.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, +<i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 188. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_681" id="Page_681">681</a></span></p> <p class="sidenote">TRIBES OF OAJACA AND CHIAPAS.</p> -<p>The <i>Cuicatecs</i> dwell 'en una pequeña fraccion del Departamento de -Oajaca.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 259. 'In den Partidos Teutitlán und -Teutíla, Departement Teutitlán del Camíno.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., -pt. i., p. 141; repeated in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 188-9; <i>Wappäus</i>, +<p>The <i>Cuicatecs</i> dwell 'en una pequeña fraccion del Departamento de +Oajaca.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 259. 'In den Partidos Teutitlán und +TeutÃla, Departement Teutitlán del CamÃno.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., +pt. i., p. 141; repeated in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 188-9; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 163.</p> <p>The <i>Pabucos</i> live in the 'pueblo de Elotepec, Departamento del Centro.' -<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 197; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., p. +<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 197; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 187.</p> -<p>The <i>Soltecs</i> are in the pueblo de Sola. <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 197.</p> +<p>The <i>Soltecs</i> are in the pueblo de Sola. <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 197.</p> <p>The <i>Pintos</i> are a people inhabiting small portions of Guerrero and Tehuantepec. -'A l'ouest, sur le versant des Cordillères, une grande partie de la -côte baignée par le Pacifique, habitée par les Indiens Pintos.' <i>Kératry</i>, in -<i>Revue des Deux Mondes</i>, Sept. 15, 1866, p. 453. 'On trouve déjà dans la -plaine de Tehuantepec quelques échantillons de cette race toute particulière -au Mexique, appelée pinto, qui appartient principalement à l'état de Guerrero.' -<i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, p. 502.</p> - -<p>The <i>Chiapanecs</i> inhabit the interior of the state of Chiapas. 'Dans l'intérieur -des provinces bordant les rives du Chiapan, à sa sortie des gouffres -d'où il s'élance, en descendant du plateau de Zacatlan.' (Guatemalan name +'A l'ouest, sur le versant des Cordillères, une grande partie de la +côte baignée par le Pacifique, habitée par les Indiens Pintos.' <i>Kératry</i>, in +<i>Revue des Deux Mondes</i>, Sept. 15, 1866, p. 453. 'On trouve déjà dans la +plaine de Tehuantepec quelques échantillons de cette race toute particulière +au Mexique, appelée pinto, qui appartient principalement à l'état de Guerrero.' +<i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, p. 502.</p> + +<p>The <i>Chiapanecs</i> inhabit the interior of the state of Chiapas. 'Dans l'intérieur +des provinces bordant les rives du Chiapan, à sa sortie des gouffres +d'où il s'élance, en descendant du plateau de Zacatlan.' (Guatemalan name for Chiapas,) and they extended over the whole province, later on. <i>Brasseur -de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. ii., p. 87. 'À l'ouest de ce plateau, entre -les Zotziles ou Quélènes du sud et les Zoqui du nord, habitaient les Chiapanèques.' +de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. ii., p. 87. 'À l'ouest de ce plateau, entre +les Zotziles ou Quélènes du sud et les Zoqui du nord, habitaient les Chiapanèques.' <i>Id.</i>, <i>Popol Vuh</i>, introd., pp. 157, 199. Also in <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 325; <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 39. 'En Acala, distrito del Centro, y en la -villa de Chiapa y en Suchiapa, distrito del Oeste.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, -p. 172. 'Le principali Città dei Chiapanechi erano Teochiapan, (chiamata +villa de Chiapa y en Suchiapa, distrito del Oeste.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, +p. 172. 'Le principali Città dei Chiapanechi erano Teochiapan, (chiamata dagli Spagnuoli Chiapa de Indios), Tochtla, Chamolla, e Tzinacantla.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia Ant. del Messico</i>, tom. i., p. 33.</p> @@ -26811,23 +26771,23 @@ dagli Spagnuoli Chiapa de Indios), Tochtla, Chamolla, e Tzinacantla.' of the Zoques, from the North Sea within the continent, running up towards Chiapa and reaches in some parts near to the borders of Comitlan, north-westward.' <i>Gage's New Survey</i>, p. 236. Also in <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 193; -<i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 235; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 169; <i>Herrera</i>, +<i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 235; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 169; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xi.; <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 325.</p> <p>The <i>Zotziles</i> inhabit a small district in Chiapas. 'La ciudad de Tzinacantlan, -que en mexicano significa "lugar de murciélagos," fué la capital -de los quelenes, y despues de los tzotziles quienes la llamaban Zotzilhá, que -significa lo mismo; de zotzil, murciélago.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 245. -Tzinacantan (Quiche Zotzilha) 'doit avoir été le berceau de la nation zotzil, +que en mexicano significa "lugar de murciélagos," fué la capital +de los quelenes, y despues de los tzotziles quienes la llamaban Zotzilhá, que +significa lo mismo; de zotzil, murciélago.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 245. +Tzinacantan (Quiche Zotzilha) 'doit avoir été le berceau de la nation zotzil, l'une des nombreuses populations du Chiapas.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. ii., p. 88.</p> <p>The <i>Chatinos</i> live in the 'Departamentos del Centro y de Jamiltepee.' -<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 189; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. +<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 189; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 196-9.</p> <p>The <i>Chinantecs</i>, or Tenez, are in the 'Departamento de Teotitlan.' <i>Orozco -y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 187; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 214. 'In +y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 187; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 214. 'In the partidos of Quiechapa, Jalalog, and Chuapan.' <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 40. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_682" id="Page_682">682</a></span></p> @@ -26835,10 +26795,10 @@ the partidos of Quiechapa, Jalalog, and Chuapan.' <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. Partido de los Indios Ahualulcos.' <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. iii., p. 366.</p> <p>The <i>Quelenes</i> occupied a district in Chiapas near the Guatemala boundary -line. 'La nation des Quelènes, dont la capitale était Comitan, occupait la -frontière guatémalienne.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., -p. 4. 'Au temps de la conquête, la ville principale des Quelènes était Copanahuaztlan.' -<i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Popol Vuh</i>, introd., p. 157. 'Établies +line. 'La nation des Quelènes, dont la capitale était Comitan, occupait la +frontière guatémalienne.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., +p. 4. 'Au temps de la conquête, la ville principale des Quelènes était Copanahuaztlan.' +<i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Popol Vuh</i>, introd., p. 157. 'Établies entre le haut plateau de Ghovel ou de Ciudad-Real et les montagnes de Soconusco au midi.' <i>Ib.</i>; and <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 271.</p> @@ -26846,18 +26806,18 @@ de Soconusco au midi.' <i>Ib.</i>; and <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p Tehuantepec. 'Se encuentran derramados en Chiapas, Tabasco y Oaxaca; tienen al Norte el mexicano y el chontal, al Este el tzendal, el tzotzil y el chiapaneco, al Sur el mexicano, y al Oeste el huave, el zapoteco y el mixe.' -<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 170. 'Occupy the mountain towns of Santa +<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 170. 'Occupy the mountain towns of Santa Maria and San Miguel, and number altogether about two thousand souls.' <i>Shufeldt's Explor. Tehuantepec</i>, p. 126. 'Les Zotziles et les Zoqui, confinant, au sud-est, avec les Mixi montagnards, au nord avec les Nonohualcas, et les Xicalancas, qui habitaient les territoires fertiles de Tabasco.' <i>Brasseur -de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., p. 5. 'Quorum præcipuum Tecpatlan.' +de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., p. 5. 'Quorum præcipuum Tecpatlan.' <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 325. 'The Soques, who came originally from Chiapas, inhabit in the Isthmus only the villages of San Miguel and -Santa María Chimalapa.' <i>Garay's Tehuantepec</i>, p. 60. 'La mayor de ellas -está situada á tres leguas de Tacotalpa, aguas arriba del rio de la Sierra. -Ocupa un pequeño valle causado por el descenso de varios cerros y -colinas que la circuyen.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., pp. 236-8; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, +Santa MarÃa Chimalapa.' <i>Garay's Tehuantepec</i>, p. 60. 'La mayor de ellas +está situada á tres leguas de Tacotalpa, aguas arriba del rio de la Sierra. +Ocupa un pequeño valle causado por el descenso de varios cerros y +colinas que la circuyen.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., pp. 236-8; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 181-2; <i>Macgregor's Progress of America</i>, pp. 849-50. 'The Zoques inhabit the mountainous region to the east, from the valley of the Chiapa on the south, to the Rio del Corte on the north. Originally @@ -26870,42 +26830,42 @@ shanties, inhabited by Zoques, which is called Tierra Blanca.' <i>Hermesdorf</i> in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., p. 546.</p> <p>The <i>Choles</i>, <i>Manches</i>, and <i>Mopanes</i> are scattered through small portions of -Chiapas and Vera Paz in Guatemala. '23 leagues from Cahbón, in the midst -of inaccessible mountains and morasses, dwell the Chóls and Manchés.' +Chiapas and Vera Paz in Guatemala. '23 leagues from Cahbón, in the midst +of inaccessible mountains and morasses, dwell the Chóls and Manchés.' <i>Escobar</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., pp. 94-5. Residen en la 'Provincia -del Manché.' <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Dicc.</i>, tom. iii., p. 452. Also in <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, -vol. i., preface, p. 14; <i>Dunlop's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 196; <i>Gavarrete</i>, in <i>Panamá +del Manché.' <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Dicc.</i>, tom. iii., p. 452. Also in <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, +vol. i., preface, p. 14; <i>Dunlop's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 196; <i>Gavarrete</i>, in <i>Panamá Star and Herald</i>, <i>Dec. 19, 1867</i>. 'Los Choles forman una tribu establecida desde tiempos remotos en Guatemala; dividos en dos fracciones ... la una se encuentra al Este de Chiapas, y la otra muy retirada en la -Verapaz.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 167. 'Tenia por el Sur la Provincia -del Chòl: Por la Parte del Oriente, y de el Norte, de igual modo, las +Verapaz.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 167. 'Tenia por el Sur la Provincia +del Chòl: Por la Parte del Oriente, y de el Norte, de igual modo, las Naciones de los Itzaex Petenes: Y por el Poniente, las de los Lacandones, -y Xoquinoès.' <i>Villagutierre</i>, <i>Hist. Conq. Itza</i>, pp. 278-9. 'The nation of +y Xoquinoès.' <i>Villagutierre</i>, <i>Hist. Conq. Itza</i>, pp. 278-9. 'The nation of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_683" id="Page_683">683</a></span> the Chol Indians is settled in a country about 25 or 30 leagues distant -from Cahabon, the last village in Verapaz, and far removed from the Manchés.' +from Cahabon, the last village in Verapaz, and far removed from the Manchés.' <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, p. 275.</p> <p class="sidenote">MAYAS AND ITZAS.</p> -<p>The <i>Mayas</i> inhabit the peninsula of Yucatan. 'Avant la conquête des -Espagnols, les Mayas occupaient toute la presque'île d'Yucatan, y compris +<p>The <i>Mayas</i> inhabit the peninsula of Yucatan. 'Avant la conquête des +Espagnols, les Mayas occupaient toute la presque'île d'Yucatan, y compris les districts de Peten, le Honduras anglais, et la partie orientale de Tabasco.... -La seule portion de pure race restant de cette grande nation, se réduit à -quelques tribus èparses, habitant principalement les bords des rivières Usumasinta, -San Pedro et Pacaitun; la totalitè de leur territoire fait, politiquement +La seule portion de pure race restant de cette grande nation, se réduit à +quelques tribus èparses, habitant principalement les bords des rivières Usumasinta, +San Pedro et Pacaitun; la totalitè de leur territoire fait, politiquement parlant, partie du Peten.' <i>Galindo</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1834, tom. lxiii., pp. 148-9, and in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, tom. iii., p. 59. 'En -todo el Estado de Yucatan, Isla del Cármen, pueblo de Montecristo en Tabasco, +todo el Estado de Yucatan, Isla del Cármen, pueblo de Montecristo en Tabasco, y del Palenque en Chiapas.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., p. 3; <i>Crowe's -Cent. America</i>, pp. 46-7; <i>Müller</i>, <i>Amerikanische Urreligionen</i>, p. 453; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, -<i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 208; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 142-3.</p> +Cent. America</i>, pp. 46-7; <i>Müller</i>, <i>Amerikanische Urreligionen</i>, p. 453; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, +<i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 208; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 142-3.</p> <p>The <i>Itzas</i> occupy a like-named district in the centre of Yucatan. 'Los que poblaron a Chicheniza, se llaman los Yzaes.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii. 'Tienen por la parte del Mediodia, la Provincia de la Vera-Paz, -y Reyno de Guatimala; por el Norte, las Provincias de Yucatán; por la +y Reyno de Guatimala; por el Norte, las Provincias de Yucatán; por la parte del Oriente, el Mar; por la de el Occidente, la Provincia de Chiapa; y al Sueste, la Tierra, y Provincia de Honduras.' <i>Villagutierre</i>, <i>Hist. Conq. Itza</i>, p. 489.</p> @@ -26928,8 +26888,8 @@ CENTRAL AMERICAN GROUP</p> <span class="smcap">Physical Geography and Climate—Three Groupal Divisions; First, the nations of Yucatan, Guatemala, Salvador, Western Honduras, and Nicaragua; Second, The Mosquitos of Honduras; Third, the nations -of Costa Rica and the Isthmus of Panamá—The Popolucas, -Pipiles, and Chontales—The Descendants of the Maya-Quiché Races—The +of Costa Rica and the Isthmus of Panamá—The Popolucas, +Pipiles, and Chontales—The Descendants of the Maya-Quiché Races—The Natives of Nicaragua—The Mosquitos, Poyas, Ramas, Lencas, Towkas, Woolwas, and Xicaques of Honduras—The Guatusos of the Rio Frio—The Caimanes, Bayamos, Dorachos, Goajiros, Mandingos, @@ -26943,7 +26903,7 @@ boundaries, namely, the aborigines of Guatemala, Salvador, and Nicaragua, which I call <i>Guatemalans</i>; the people of the Mosquito Coast and Honduras, <i>Mosquitos</i>; and the nations of Costa Rica and the isthmus of -Darien, or Panamá, <i>Isthmians</i>.</p> +Darien, or Panamá, <i>Isthmians</i>.</p> <p class="sidenote">PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL AMERICA.</p> @@ -26973,7 +26933,7 @@ Costa Rica it again becomes a bold, rugged range, capped by the volcano of Cartago. Seemingly exhausted by its wild contortions, it dwindles into a series of low ridges on entering Veragua, and passes in this form through the -isthmus of Panamá, until it unites with the South American +isthmus of Panamá, until it unites with the South American Andes. The scenery of this region is extremely varied, uniting that of most countries of the globe; lakes, rivers, plains, valleys, and bays abound in all forms @@ -27075,12 +27035,12 @@ north-east, where they still live in a certain isolation and independence. The name Lacandones has been applied to a number of tribes, of which the eastern are described to be quite harmless as compared with the -western. The <i>Quichés</i>, a people living in the altos, +western. The <i>Quichés</i>, a people living in the altos, have also surrounded themselves with a certain reserve, and are truer to their ancient customs than the <i>Zutugils</i>, <i>Cakchiquels</i>, and many others related by language <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_688" id="Page_688">688</a></span> -to the Quichés surrounding them. The <i>Pipiles</i>, meaning +to the Quichés surrounding them. The <i>Pipiles</i>, meaning children, according to Molina, are the chief people in Salvador, where their villages are scattered over a large extent of territory. In Nicaragua we find several @@ -27092,7 +27052,7 @@ barbarians) live to the north-east of the lakes, and assimilate more to the barbarous tribes of the Mosquito country adjoining them. The <i>Cholutecs</i> inhabit the north from the gulf of Fonseca towards Honduras. The -<i>Orotiñans</i> occupy the country south of the lake of Nicaragua +<i>Orotiñans</i> occupy the country south of the lake of Nicaragua and around the gulf of Nicoya. Further information about the location of the different nations and tribes of this family will be found at the <a href="#TRIBAL_VII">end of this chapter</a>.<a name="FNanchor_960" id="FNanchor_960" href="#Footnote_960" class="fnanchor">[960]</a></p> @@ -27198,7 +27158,7 @@ different villages, so that it may at once be seen to which tribe the wearer belongs. The hair is plaited into one or two braids, interlaced with bright-colored ribbons, and usually wreathed turban-fashion round the head. -The Quichés, whose red turban-dress is more pronounced +The Quichés, whose red turban-dress is more pronounced than others, sometimes vary it by adding yellow bands and tassels to the braids, which are permitted to hang down to the heels. Thomas Gage, who lived in Guatemala @@ -27648,7 +27608,7 @@ Childbirth is not attended with any difficulties, for it sometimes happens that the woman, after being delivered on the road, will wash the child and herself in the nearest stream, and proceed on her journey, as if nothing -had occurred. The Quichés, among others, still call +had occurred. The Quichés, among others, still call in the sorcerer to take the horoscope of the new-born, and to appeal to the gods in its behalf. He also gives the infant the name of some animal, which becomes @@ -27781,7 +27741,7 @@ naturally strong among them, the evil eye, ominous import of animals and the like being firmly believed in. Nicaraguans gave as a reason for speaking in whispers at night, that loud talking attracts mosquitos. -The Quichés, of Istlávacan, among others, believe in +The Quichés, of Istlávacan, among others, believe in certain evil and certain good days, and arrange their undertakings accordingly. When meeting a stranger, they present the forehead to be touched, thinking that @@ -27886,7 +27846,7 @@ taciturn before strangers, whom they naturally distrust, they are quite voluble and merry among themselves, especially the women; their mirth, however, wants the ring of true happiness. Looking at the darker side, -it is found that drunkenness stands preëminent, and +it is found that drunkenness stands preëminent, and if the native is not oftener drunk, it is because the means for carousing are wanting. Surrounded by a bountiful nature, he is naturally lazy and improvident, @@ -27908,7 +27868,7 @@ for instance, behaved lately in so spirited a manner as to compel the government to treat with them. The Itzas are said to have been warlike and cruel, but their neighbors the Lacandones are not so ferocious as supposed. -The Quichés bear a high character for industry, +The Quichés bear a high character for industry, and intelligence, while those of Rabinal excel in truthfulness, honesty, and morality. The Vera Paz tribes are less active and industrious than those of @@ -27998,7 +27958,7 @@ over the whole northern coast, driving other nations into the interior and southward, appear to be superseding the aborigines, now fast disappearing under the annihilating effect of drink and disease. South of the -Caribs round cape Gracias á Dios are the <i>Sambos</i>, or +Caribs round cape Gracias á Dios are the <i>Sambos</i>, or <i>Mosquitos</i> proper, said to have sprung from the union of native women with negro slaves wrecked on the coast during the seventeenth century. Owing to their geographical @@ -28019,7 +27979,7 @@ numerous offshoot of Smoos and Sambos.<a name="FNanchor_980" id="FNanchor_980" h aboriginal types, which are portrayed as of medium stature, regular form, and varying in color from light brown to dark coppery. The people about cape Gracias -á Dios are represented by the first voyagers to have been +á Dios are represented by the first voyagers to have been nearly as dark as negroes. The face is rather flat and oval, the head smaller than among Europeans; forehead high and cheek-bones not very prominent; hair long, @@ -28452,7 +28412,7 @@ wealth, for with them he obtains his food and the tortoise-shell, the principal article of traffic. The season for catching hawk-bill turtles is from April to August, when fleets of canoes, each manned by about twelve men, proceed -to different parts of the coast, as far south as Chiriquí, +to different parts of the coast, as far south as ChiriquÃ, and bring home ten thousand pounds of shell on an average. Green turtles, which are caught near reefs, also find a good market in Blewfields and elsewhere. @@ -29282,7 +29242,7 @@ appear mean and cowardly.<a name="FNanchor_1003" id="FNanchor_1003" href="#Footn <p class="p2">The <span class="smcap">Isthmians</span>, by which name I designate all the nations occupying the territory lying between the San Juan River and the southern shore of Lake Nicaragua -on the north, and the gulf of Urabá, or Darien, and the +on the north, and the gulf of Urabá, or Darien, and the River Atrato on the south, present several peculiarities when compared with the other nations of Central America. The inhabitants of these regions are a hardy and @@ -29297,7 +29257,7 @@ table-lands and valleys is hot and moist, the soil exceedingly fertile, but the interior and mountainous localities have a milder and more temperate climate with but little variation except that of the dry and wet seasons. -In the lowlands of Panamá, the swampy nature of the +In the lowlands of Panamá, the swampy nature of the surface, with the great humidity of the atmosphere, produces a luxuriant vegetation, and the consequent quantity of decomposed vegetable matter under the influence @@ -29325,37 +29285,37 @@ their origin. Dwelling in the western part of the state are the <i>Terrabas</i> and the <i>Changuenes</i>, fierce and barbarous nations, at constant enmity with their neighbors. In the south-east and extending to the borders -of Chiriquí dwell the <i>Talamancas</i> composed of a number +of Chiriquà dwell the <i>Talamancas</i> composed of a number of different tribes and declared by some to be allied in race with the Guatusos. Besides these are the <i>Buricas</i>, <i>Torresques</i>, <i>Toxas</i>, and others.<a name="FNanchor_1004" id="FNanchor_1004" href="#Footnote_1004" class="fnanchor">[1004]</a> In the mountains of -Chiriquí are the <i>Valientes</i>, so called by the Spaniards from +Chiriquà are the <i>Valientes</i>, so called by the Spaniards from their heroic resistance to the invaders. Many of the warlike nations who occupied the country at the time of the discovery derived their names from the caciques that governed them. The people who dwell along the shore of the Caribbean Sea, between Portobello and -Urabá, and occupy the Limones, Sasardi, and Pinos +Urabá, and occupy the Limones, Sasardi, and Pinos islands are supposed to be a branch of the once powerful <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_749" id="Page_749">749</a></span> Darien nations who to the present day remain unconquered. Their province is situated on the western shore -of the gulf of Urabá, and their town was originally near +of the gulf of Urabá, and their town was originally near the mouth of the River Atrato. The town and the river as well as the province were called by the natives Darien. This town was conquered in 1510 by a little band of shipwrecked Spaniards under the Bachiller Enciso. -Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, Francisco Pizarro, and men of +Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, Francisco Pizarro, and men of like metal were there, and this was the first successful conquest and settlement on Tierra Firme. Whence, as the conquests of the Spaniards widened, the name Darien was at length applied to the greater part of the Isthmus. Still further westward were the once powerful province -of <i>Cueva</i>, and the site of the ancient city of Panamá, discovered +of <i>Cueva</i>, and the site of the ancient city of Panamá, discovered in 1515 by Tello de Guzman. This was a -famous fishing-station, the word Panamá signifying in +famous fishing-station, the word Panamá signifying in the native tongue a place where many fish are taken. -Along the western shore of the bay of Panamá dwelt +Along the western shore of the bay of Panamá dwelt several independent and warlike nations, those of <i>Cutara</i>, <i>Paris</i>, <i>Escoria</i>, besides many others who waged continual war against each other with the object of increasing @@ -29417,7 +29377,7 @@ locality only wrap themselves in a piece of bark, without taking the trouble to fashion a mantle of it. Yet more simple was the dress of the men near Cartago; a few cotton strings wound round the foreskin of their -virile member, sufficed them.<a name="FNanchor_1008" id="FNanchor_1008" href="#Footnote_1008" class="fnanchor">[1008]</a> Near Panamá and Darien, +virile member, sufficed them.<a name="FNanchor_1008" id="FNanchor_1008" href="#Footnote_1008" class="fnanchor">[1008]</a> Near Panamá and Darien, the caciques only wore long cotton mantles thrown over the shoulder and reaching nearly to the feet, the common people going naked, only encasing their privy @@ -29457,7 +29417,7 @@ breasts the richer women also wore gold bars as a support, which were held up by strings passed over the shoulders. <i>Guanines</i>, or figures of animals made of gold, were worn around the neck by the men on the coast of -Veragua, Chiriquí, and Urabá; others again wore on +Veragua, ChiriquÃ, and Urabá; others again wore on their heads fillets or crowns of gold or of the claws of wild beasts, or of feathers. Thus did these naked savages decorate themselves, often to the extent of several @@ -29492,7 +29452,7 @@ life-time he declined to use the distinctive badge of his house, he could, when he became chief, choose any new device he might fancy. A son who did not adopt his father's totem was always hateful to him during his -lifetime. The natives on the northern coast of Chiriquí +lifetime. The natives on the northern coast of Chiriquà painted the body in wavy lines, from the shoulders to the heels; through the cartilage of the nose they stuck a porcupine-quill, and in the chin the tooth of a wild @@ -29517,7 +29477,7 @@ pride themselves on the length of the hair, and most of them allow it to grow to its full length and hang loose over their shoulders, but keep it cut on the forehead as low as the eyebrows. The men of Cariai and some -parts of Chiriquí, bind it with fillets and wind it in rolls +parts of ChiriquÃ, bind it with fillets and wind it in rolls round the head, fastening it with a comb made of the heart of the palm-tree; others wear round their head a band made of bark or certain fibres of plants, and at @@ -29555,7 +29515,7 @@ Unlike most other nations, the Isthmians do not build their villages in squares, but generally form long streets, keeping the houses well apart from each other, probably as a precaution against conflagrations. On many parts of -the coast of Darien and on the gulf of Urabá, the villages +the coast of Darien and on the gulf of Urabá, the villages are built in the water. Others are on the banks of rivers, and many of them are spacious and constructed with great skill and attention to details. The supporting @@ -29602,7 +29562,7 @@ round some of the villages, to protect them from attacks of enemies and wild beasts. During the expedition of Gaspar de Espinosa in 1517, Diego de Albitez, who invaded the province of a cacique named Tabraba, some -distance south-west from Panamá, found the inhabitants +distance south-west from Panamá, found the inhabitants <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_757" id="Page_757">757</a></span> protected by strong fortifications. Their forts are built with much skill. The ground is first enclosed by a deep @@ -29611,12 +29571,12 @@ and the interstices filled up with logs and rocks. In many parts of the country the inhabitants were found living in the tops of trees like birds, laying sticks across from one branch to another, and building their houses -upon them. In 1512, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa surveyed +upon them. In 1512, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa surveyed several channels at the mouth of the River Atrato in quest of gold and plunder. The surrounding country was low and marshy, but the soil sent forth immense palm-trees, in the branches of which the natives built -their houses. Vasco Nuñez, entering an affluent of the +their houses. Vasco Nuñez, entering an affluent of the Rio Negro, discovered a large tree-top village, the name of whose ruler was Abieiba. The houses were divided into several apartments, each of a size sufficient to accommodate @@ -29641,10 +29601,10 @@ out of the reach of reptiles and wild beasts in which that country abounds.<a name="FNanchor_1013" id="FNanchor_1013" href="#Footnote_1013" class="fnanchor">[1013]</a> Some of the Isthmians built <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_758" id="Page_758">758</a></span> large enclosures for the chiefs, which early contemporary -writers call the king's palace. Vasco Nuñez de +writers call the king's palace. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, on his march through the province of Comagre, situated on the northern coast of Darien about thirty -leagues from the gulf of Urabá, relates that he visited +leagues from the gulf of Urabá, relates that he visited the dwelling or palace of the cacique Comagre, which he describes as follows: It was one hundred and fifty by eighty paces in dimension, constructed upon heavy @@ -29695,9 +29655,9 @@ partly absorbed by the bird. It is said that the Caribs ate human flesh whenever they had an opportunity. Herrera says that some of the Isthmians purchased slaves, whom they sold to the Caribs for food, and the -inhabitants of Paria supplied boys to the natives of Tubrabá +inhabitants of Paria supplied boys to the natives of Tubrabá for the same purpose. They cooked the flesh of -their enemies, and ate it seasoned with salt and <i>ají</i> +their enemies, and ate it seasoned with salt and <i>ajÃ</i> (chile).<a name="FNanchor_1016" id="FNanchor_1016" href="#Footnote_1016" class="fnanchor">[1016]</a> When a piece of ground is to be planted, a number of the villagers collect and cut down the brushwood on a selected spot; the seed is then scattered among @@ -29752,11 +29712,11 @@ The arrows are pointed with flint or fish-bone, or are hardened in the fire and barbed; the shaft is of reed having a piece of hard wood eight or ten inches in length inserted in the end. The inhabitants of Coiba and some -of the tribes on the western shore of the gulf of Urabá, +of the tribes on the western shore of the gulf of Urabá, do not use bows and arrows. In this respect, so far as I have observed, they form an exception; as among the almost innumerable tribes situated between the gulf of -Urabá and the Arctic Ocean I know of none others +Urabá and the Arctic Ocean I know of none others where bows and arrows are not used. These people in battle employ a long wooden sword, and wooden spears, the ends of which are hardened in the fire and tipped @@ -29822,7 +29782,7 @@ which will retain its deadly properties for a year while the yellow matter looses its strength after five or six months.<a name="FNanchor_1020" id="FNanchor_1020" href="#Footnote_1020" class="fnanchor">[1020]</a> The javelins used by the Caribs were not made pointed but square at the end, they also have very -long pikes and heavy clubs. When Bartolomé Hurtado +long pikes and heavy clubs. When Bartolomé Hurtado in 1516 visited the island of Caubaco he relates that the cacique presented him with a golden armor valued at one thousand castellanos. At the island of Cabo seven @@ -29901,7 +29861,7 @@ They have nets of different kinds for both fishing and hunting. At night, as a light for their dwellings they use torches made from palm-wood dipped in oil and beeswax. The lords and principal men of the provinces -of Darien and Urabá are reputed to have drunk from +of Darien and Urabá are reputed to have drunk from golden cups of rich and beautiful workmanship. Peter Martyr gives an account of golden trumpets and a great number of bells found by the Spaniards in a town situated @@ -29909,7 +29869,7 @@ on the River Dabaiba (Atrato). The bells were used at ceremonies and festivals, giving forth a sweet and pleasant sound; the tongues or clappers were beautifully made, of fish-bones. In another part of the -country, on the gulf of Urabá, says Peter Martyr, as +country, on the gulf of Urabá, says Peter Martyr, as rendered by the ancient translator: "They founde also a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_766" id="Page_766">766</a></span> great multitude of shetes, made of the silke or cotton of @@ -30001,7 +29961,7 @@ salt, which they barter for gold dust and other products. At Pueblo Nuevo sarsaparilla forms a principal article of trade. The native traders are very shrewd, and as a rule practice fair dealing. On his march through the -country, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa found the people in +country, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa found the people in possession of large quantities of gold, jewelry, and pearls. Everywhere along his route he received presents of gold; indeed, in some places he found this metal in greater @@ -30019,12 +29979,12 @@ and implements of silversmiths. They understand the alloying of gold, from which they make vases and many kinds of ornaments in the shape of birds and different varieties of animals. The relics which from time to -time have been exhumed in Chiriquí and other parts of +time have been exhumed in Chiriquà and other parts of the Isthmus, prove that the natives had an excellent knowledge of the art of working and also of sculpturing in gold and stone. Painting and glazing on jars and other descriptions of pottery was an art in which the -men of Chiriquí were famous.<a name="FNanchor_1027" id="FNanchor_1027" href="#Footnote_1027" class="fnanchor">[1027]</a> The Isthmians possessed +men of Chiriquà were famous.<a name="FNanchor_1027" id="FNanchor_1027" href="#Footnote_1027" class="fnanchor">[1027]</a> The Isthmians possessed only a very slight knowledge of the computation of time. They calculate the hour of the day by the height of the sun in the heavens, and have no division of time @@ -30052,7 +30012,7 @@ and who his enemies. Much wine was consumed and the rejoicing lasted several days. Afterwards ambassadors were dispatched to inform all the neighboring caciques of the new accession, desiring their good will -and friendship for the future. In the province of Panamá +and friendship for the future. In the province of Panamá upon the death of the lord, the eldest brother succeeded him, and if there were no brothers the succession went to a nephew by the sister's side. The chiefs held undisputed @@ -30120,7 +30080,7 @@ on the shoulders of two men at a time, who were relieved at intervals by two others, the change being made without <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_772" id="Page_772">772</a></span> stopping. On his march across the Isthmus in 1513, -Vasco Nuñez found some negro slaves belonging to the +Vasco Nuñez found some negro slaves belonging to the cacique of Quarecas, but the owner could give no information relative to them, except that there were more of that color near the place, with whom they were continually @@ -30135,8 +30095,8 @@ was handed over to her husband. Subsequent wives were not married with ceremonies or rejoicings, but took the place of concubines, and were subject to the orders of the first wife. The number of wives was limited -only by the wealth of the lord. Vasco Nuñez took prisoner -the cacique Tumanamá with all his family, among +only by the wealth of the lord. Vasco Nuñez took prisoner +the cacique Tumanamá with all his family, among which were eighty wives. The children of the first wife were legitimate, while those of others were bastards and could not inherit. Marriage was not contracted with @@ -30255,14 +30215,14 @@ if stored in their houses the liquor became turbid from constant agitation. The cellar of the king Comagre is described as being filled with great vessels of earth and wood, containing wine and cider. Peter Martyr, -in his account of the visit of Vasco Nuñez and his +in his account of the visit of Vasco Nuñez and his company to the king, says "they drunke wines of sundry tastes both white and black." Tobacco is much used by the Isthmians; the natives of Costa Rica roll the leaf up in the form of a cigar, and tie it with grass threads; they inhale the smoke, and, retaining it for a short time, pass it out through the mouth and nostrils. -The cigar used by the natives of the isthmus of Panamá +The cigar used by the natives of the isthmus of Panamá <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_776" id="Page_776">776</a></span> is much larger. Mr Wafer thus describes their manner of making and smoking it: "Laying two or three Leaves @@ -30337,7 +30297,7 @@ evil spirits, and inflicted many ills especially upon children.<a name="FNanchor <p>The Isthmians are a healthful and long-lived race. The ills most common to them are fevers and venereal disease. The latter, as Oviedo affirms, was introduced -into Europe from Hayti, or Española, where it was prevalent +into Europe from Hayti, or Española, where it was prevalent as well as throughout Tierra Firme. This is a subject that has given rise to much contention among authors, but the balance of testimony seems to indicate @@ -30438,7 +30398,7 @@ for the dead; those for plebeians were merely trenches, in which were deposited with the occupant some gourds <span class="sidenote">FUNERAL RITES ON THE ISTHMUS.</span> of maize and wine and the place filled with stones. In -some parts of Panamá and Darien only the chiefs and +some parts of Panamá and Darien only the chiefs and lords received funeral rites. Among the common people a person feeling his end approaching either went himself or was led to the woods by his wife, family, and friends, @@ -30461,7 +30421,7 @@ buried in the grave. The relatives of the deceased shaved the head as a sign of mourning and all his weapons and other property were consumed by fire in order that nothing should remain as a remembrance of him. In -Panamá, Nata, and some other districts, when a cacique +Panamá, Nata, and some other districts, when a cacique died, those of his concubines that loved him enough, those that he loved ardently and so appointed, as well as certain servants, killed themselves and were interred @@ -30568,14 +30528,14 @@ which is the best, or perhaps the worst, that can be said. The Terrabas, also a cruel and warlike nation, are nevertheless spoken of by Fray Juan Domingo Arricivita as endowed with natural docility. The natives of Boca -del Toro are barbarous and averse to change. In Chiriquí +del Toro are barbarous and averse to change. In Chiriquà they are brave and intelligent, their exceeding courage having obtained for them the name of <i>Valientes</i> or <i>Indios Bravos</i> from the early discoverers; they are also noted for honesty and fair dealing. The same warlike and independent spirit and fearlessness of death prevails -among the nations of Veragua, Panamá, and -Darien. The inhabitants of Panamá and Cueba are +among the nations of Veragua, Panamá, and +Darien. The inhabitants of Panamá and Cueba are given to lechery, theft, and lying; with some these qualities are fashionable; others hold them to be crimes. The Mandingos and natives of San Blas are an independent @@ -30597,7 +30557,7 @@ neighbors, the Idibaes, calls them treacherous, inconstant, and false. In the interior and mountain districts the inhabitants are more fierce than those from the coast; the former are shy and retiring, yet given to hospitality. -On the gulf of Urabá the people are warlike, vainglorious, +On the gulf of Urabá the people are warlike, vainglorious, and revengeful.<a name="FNanchor_1040" id="FNanchor_1040" href="#Footnote_1040" class="fnanchor">[1040]</a></p> <p class="p2">Thus from the icy regions of the north to the hot and @@ -30632,159 +30592,159 @@ the <i>Guatemalans</i>, the <i>Mosquitos</i>, and the <i>Isthmians</i>.</p> nations occupying the present states of Guatemala, Salvador, and portions of Nicaragua.</p> -<p>The <i>Lacandones</i> are a wild nation inhabiting the Chammá mountains on -the boundary of Guatemala and Chiapas. 'Mountains of Chammá, inhabited -by the wild Indians of Lacandón ... a distinction ought to be drawn -between the Western and Eastern Lacandónes. All the country lying on the +<p>The <i>Lacandones</i> are a wild nation inhabiting the Chammá mountains on +the boundary of Guatemala and Chiapas. 'Mountains of Chammá, inhabited +by the wild Indians of Lacandón ... a distinction ought to be drawn +between the Western and Eastern Lacandónes. All the country lying on the W., between the bishopric of Ciudad Real and the province of Vera Paz, -was once occupied by the Western Lacandónes.... The country of the Eastern -Lacandónes may be considered as extending from the mountains of Chammá, -a day and a half from Cobán, along the borders of the river de la Pasion to -Petén, or even further.' <i>Escobar</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., pp. 93-4. +was once occupied by the Western Lacandónes.... The country of the Eastern +Lacandónes may be considered as extending from the mountains of Chammá, +a day and a half from Cobán, along the borders of the river de la Pasion to +Petén, or even further.' <i>Escobar</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., pp. 93-4. Upon the margin of the Rio de la Passion. <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, p. -271. 'Un tribu de Mayas sauvages appelés Lacandons, qui habitent un district +271. 'Un tribu de Mayas sauvages appelés Lacandons, qui habitent un district immense dans le centre du continent, embrasse toute la partie occidentale -du Peten; erre sur les bords supérieurs de l'Usumasinta et le pays qui se -trouve au sud de l'endroit d'où j'écris.' <i>Galindo</i>, in <i>Antiq. Mex.</i>, tom. i., div. ii., +du Peten; erre sur les bords supérieurs de l'Usumasinta et le pays qui se +trouve au sud de l'endroit d'où j'écris.' <i>Galindo</i>, in <i>Antiq. Mex.</i>, tom. i., div. ii., p. 67. 'The vast region lying between Chiapa, Tabasco, Yucatan, and the republic of Guatemala ... is still occupied by a considerable body of Indians, the Lacandones and others.' <i>Squier</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. iv., p. 65, 'The vast region embracing not less than from 8000 to 10,000 square miles, surrounding the upper waters of the river Usumasinta, in which exist the indomitable -Lacandones.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 67. 'Mais la contrée qui s'étendait au nord de Cahabon, -siége provisoire des Dominicains, et qui comprenait le pays de Dolores -et celui des Itzas, était encore à peu près inconnue. Là vivaient les Choles, -les belliqueux et féroces Mopans, les Lacandons et quelques tribus plus obscures, -dont l'histoire a négligé les noms.' <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., p. +Lacandones.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 67. 'Mais la contrée qui s'étendait au nord de Cahabon, +siége provisoire des Dominicains, et qui comprenait le pays de Dolores +et celui des Itzas, était encore à peu près inconnue. Là vivaient les Choles, +les belliqueux et féroces Mopans, les Lacandons et quelques tribus plus obscures, +dont l'histoire a négligé les noms.' <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., p. 78, tom. i., p. 318. 'They are reduced to-day to a very insignificant number, living on and near Passion river and its tributaries.' <i>Berendt</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 425. 'In the north of Vera Paz, to the west of Peten, and all along the Usumacinta, dwell numerous and warlike tribes, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_787" id="Page_787">787</a></span> called generally Lacandones.' <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. i., pref., p. xvi.; <i>Fossey</i>, -<i>Mexique</i>, p. 471; <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Mem. sobre la Raza Indígena</i>, p. 197.</p> +<i>Mexique</i>, p. 471; <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Mem. sobre la Raza IndÃgena</i>, p. 197.</p> <p class="sidenote">THE MAMES OF GUATEMALA.</p> -<p>The <i>Mames</i> 'occupied the existing district of Güegüetenango, a part of +<p>The <i>Mames</i> 'occupied the existing district of Güegüetenango, a part of Quezaltenango, and the province of Soconusco, and in all these places the Mam or Pocoman language is vernacular. It is a circumstance not a little remarkable, that this idiom is also peculiar to places very distant from the country of the Mams: viz. in Amatitan, Mixco, and Petapa, in the province of Sacatepeques; Chalchuapa, in St. Salvador; Mita, Jalapa, and Xilotepeque, in Chiquimula.' <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, p. 169. 'El Mame -ó Pocoman le usan los mames ó pocomanes, que parecen no ser mas +ó Pocoman le usan los mames ó pocomanes, que parecen no ser mas que dos tribus de una misma nacion, la cual formaba un estado poderoso -en Guatemala. Se extendió por el distritó de Huehuetenango, en la provincia -de este nombre, y por parte de la de Quetzaltenango, así como por el +en Guatemala. Se extendió por el distritó de Huehuetenango, en la provincia +de este nombre, y por parte de la de Quetzaltenango, asà como por el distrito de Soconusco en Chiapas. En todos estos lugares se hablaba mame -ó pocoman, lo mismo que en Amatitlan, Mixco y Petapa, de la provincia de -Zacatepec ó Guatemala; en Chalchuapa, perteneciente á la de San Salvador; +ó pocoman, lo mismo que en Amatitlan, Mixco y Petapa, de la provincia de +Zacatepec ó Guatemala; en Chalchuapa, perteneciente á la de San Salvador; y en Mita, Jalapa y Jiloltepec, de la de Chiquimula.' <i>Balbi</i>, in <i>Pimentel</i>, -<i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. 81. 'Leur capitale était Gueguetenango, au nord-est de +<i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. 81. 'Leur capitale était Gueguetenango, au nord-est de la ville actuelle de Guatemala, et les villes de Masacatan, Cuilco, Chiantla et -Istaguacan étaient enclavées dans leur territoire.' <i>Squier</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales -des Voy.</i>, 1857, tom. cliii., p. 177. 'A l'ouest, jusqu'aux frontières de -Chiapas, s'étendaient les Mams, proprement dits Mam-Yoc, dans leurs histoires, -partagés en plusieurs familles également puissantes qui gouvernaient -souverainement cette contrée, alors désignée sous le nom commun d'Otzoya -(de otzoy, sortes d'écrevisses d'or): c'étaient d'un côté les Chun-Zak-Yoc, -qui avaient pour capitale Qulaha, que son opulence et son étendue avaient +Istaguacan étaient enclavées dans leur territoire.' <i>Squier</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales +des Voy.</i>, 1857, tom. cliii., p. 177. 'A l'ouest, jusqu'aux frontières de +Chiapas, s'étendaient les Mams, proprement dits Mam-Yoc, dans leurs histoires, +partagés en plusieurs familles également puissantes qui gouvernaient +souverainement cette contrée, alors désignée sous le nom commun d'Otzoya +(de otzoy, sortes d'écrevisses d'or): c'étaient d'un côté les Chun-Zak-Yoc, +qui avaient pour capitale Qulaha, que son opulence et son étendue avaient fait surnommer Nima-Amag ou la Grande-Ville, dite depuis Xelahun-Quieh, -ou Xelahuh, et Quezaltenango; les Tzitzol, dont la capitale était peut-être +ou Xelahuh, et Quezaltenango; les Tzitzol, dont la capitale était peut-être Chinabahul ou Huehuetenango, les Ganchebi (see note below under Ganchebis) -et les Bamaq. Ceux-ci, dont nous avons connu les descendants, étaient +et les Bamaq. Ceux-ci, dont nous avons connu les descendants, étaient seigneurs d'Iztlahuacan (San-Miguel-Iztlahuacan), dont le plateau est encore -aujourd'hui parsemé de ruines au milieu desquelles s'élève l'humble bourgade -de ce nom: au dessus domine, à une hauteur formidable, Xubiltenam -(ville du Souffle).... Ganchebi, écrit alternativement Canchebiz, Canchevez et -Ganchebirse. Rien n'indique d'une manière précise où régnait cette famille: -mais il se pourrait que ce fût à Zipacapan ou à Chivun, dont les ruines -existent à trois lieues au sud de cette dernière localité; là était l'ancien +aujourd'hui parsemé de ruines au milieu desquelles s'élève l'humble bourgade +de ce nom: au dessus domine, à une hauteur formidable, Xubiltenam +(ville du Souffle).... Ganchebi, écrit alternativement Canchebiz, Canchevez et +Ganchebirse. Rien n'indique d'une manière précise où régnait cette famille: +mais il se pourrait que ce fût à Zipacapan ou à Chivun, dont les ruines +existent à trois lieues au sud de cette dernière localité; là était l'ancien Oztoncalco.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Popol Vuh</i>, introd., pp. 264-5. 'Habitaban -el Soconusco, desde tiempos remotos, y era un pueblo autócton; los -olmecas que llegaron de la parto de México, les redujeron á la servidumbre, -y una fraccion de los vencidos emigró hasta Guatemala.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, -<i>Geografía</i>, p. 168. The Mamey, Achi, Cuaahtemalteca, Hutateca, and Chirichota +el Soconusco, desde tiempos remotos, y era un pueblo autócton; los +olmecas que llegaron de la parto de México, les redujeron á la servidumbre, +y una fraccion de los vencidos emigró hasta Guatemala.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, +<i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 168. The Mamey, Achi, Cuaahtemalteca, Hutateca, and Chirichota 'en la de los Suchitepeques y Cuaahtemala.' <i>Palacio</i>, in <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. -Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. vi., p. 7. Mame 'Parlé dans les localités voisines de Huehuetenango.' +Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. vi., p. 7. Mame 'Parlé dans les localités voisines de Huehuetenango.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>MS. Troano</i>, tom. ii., p. viii. 'On retrouve encore aujourd'hui leurs restes parmi les Indiens de la province -de Totonicapan, aux frontières de Chiapas et des Lacandons, an nord-ouest -de l'état de Guatémala. La place forte de Zakuléu (c'est-à-dire, Terre +de Totonicapan, aux frontières de Chiapas et des Lacandons, an nord-ouest +de l'état de Guatémala. La place forte de Zakuléu (c'est-à -dire, Terre <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_788" id="Page_788">788</a></span> -blanche, mal à propos orthographié Socoléo), dont on admire les vastes -débris auprès de la ville de Huéhuétenango, resta, jusqu'au temps de la conquête -espagnole, la capitale des Mems. Cette race avait été antérieurement -la maîtresse de la plus grande partie de l'état de Guatémala.' <i>Brasseur de +blanche, mal à propos orthographié Socoléo), dont on admire les vastes +débris auprès de la ville de Huéhuétenango, resta, jusqu'au temps de la conquête +espagnole, la capitale des Mems. Cette race avait été antérieurement +la maîtresse de la plus grande partie de l'état de Guatémala.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 119-20.</p> <p>The <i>Pokomams</i>, or Pokonchis, lived in the district of Vera Paz in Guatemala, 'sous le nom d'Uxab et de Pokomam, une partie des treize tribus de -Tecpan, dont la capitale était la grande cité de Nimpokom, était maîtresse -de la Verapaz et des provinces situées au sud du Motagua jusqu'à Palin' (2 +Tecpan, dont la capitale était la grande cité de Nimpokom, était maîtresse +de la Verapaz et des provinces situées au sud du Motagua jusqu'à Palin' (2 leagues N. W. of Rabinal). <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Popol Vuh</i>, introd., p. 264. -Ils 'paraissent avoir occupé une grande partie des provinces guatémaliennes.' +Ils 'paraissent avoir occupé une grande partie des provinces guatémaliennes.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 84, 506. 'Toute la rive -droite du Chixoy (Lacandon ou haut Uzumacinta), depuis Coban (écrit -quelquefois Coboan) jusqu'au fleuve Motagua, les montagnes et les vallées +droite du Chixoy (Lacandon ou haut Uzumacinta), depuis Coban (écrit +quelquefois Coboan) jusqu'au fleuve Motagua, les montagnes et les vallées de Gagcoh (San-Cristoval), de Taltic, de Rabinal et d'Urran, une partie -des départements actuels de Zacatépec, de Guatémala et de Chiquimulà, +des départements actuels de Zacatépec, de Guatémala et de Chiquimulà , jusqu'au pied des volcans de Hunahpu (volcans d'Eau et de Feu), devinrent -leur proie.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. 121-2. 'Le pocomchi, le pokoman, le cakchi, semés -d'Amatitan à Coban.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>MS. Troano</i>, tom. ii., introd., +leur proie.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. 121-2. 'Le pocomchi, le pokoman, le cakchi, semés +d'Amatitan à Coban.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>MS. Troano</i>, tom. ii., introd., p. viii. In 'La Verapaz, la poponchi, caechi y colchi.' <i>Palacio</i>, in <i>Pacheco</i>, -<i>Col. Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. vi., p. 7. 'La lengua pocomana se habla en Amatitán, -Petapa, San Chrisobal, Pinula, y Hermita ó Llano de la Culebra de Guatemala.' -<i>Hervás</i>, <i>Catálogo</i>, tom. i., p. 305. 'A la nacion Poconchi pertenecen -los lugares ó misiones ... llamadas Santa Cruz, San Christobal, Taktik, -Tucurú, y Tomasiú.' <i>Ib.</i></p> - -<p>The <i>Quichés</i> inhabit the centre of the state of Guatemala. 'Quiché then -comprehended the present districts of Quiché, Totonicapan, part of Quezaltenango, -and the village of Rabinal; in all these places the Quiché language +<i>Col. Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. vi., p. 7. 'La lengua pocomana se habla en Amatitán, +Petapa, San Chrisobal, Pinula, y Hermita ó Llano de la Culebra de Guatemala.' +<i>Hervás</i>, <i>Catálogo</i>, tom. i., p. 305. 'A la nacion Poconchi pertenecen +los lugares ó misiones ... llamadas Santa Cruz, San Christobal, Taktik, +Tucurú, y Tomasiú.' <i>Ib.</i></p> + +<p>The <i>Quichés</i> inhabit the centre of the state of Guatemala. 'Quiché then +comprehended the present districts of Quiché, Totonicapan, part of Quezaltenango, +and the village of Rabinal; in all these places the Quiché language is spoken. For this reason, it may be inferred with much probability, that the greater part of the province of Sapotitlan, or Suchiltepeques, was a colony -of the Quichées, as the same idiom is made use of nearly throughout the -whole of it.' <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, p. 168. 'Les Quichés, or Utletecas, habitaient -la frontière du sud, les chefs de Sacapulus et Uspatan à l'est, et les -Lacandones indépendants au nord. Ils occupaient probablement la plus +of the Quichées, as the same idiom is made use of nearly throughout the +whole of it.' <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, p. 168. 'Les Quichés, or Utletecas, habitaient +la frontière du sud, les chefs de Sacapulus et Uspatan à l'est, et les +Lacandones indépendants au nord. Ils occupaient probablement la plus grande partie du district actuel de Totonicapan et une portion de celui de Quesaltenango.' <i>Squier</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1857, tom. cliii., p. -177. 'Leurs postes principaux furent établis sur les deux côtés du Chixoy, -depuis Zacapulas jusqu'à Zactzuy.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, -tom. ii., pp. 131-2; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 286, 288, 291.</p> +177. 'Leurs postes principaux furent établis sur les deux côtés du Chixoy, +depuis Zacapulas jusqu'à Zactzuy.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, +tom. ii., pp. 131-2; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 286, 288, 291.</p> -<p>The <i>Cakchiquels</i> are south of the Quichés. 'The territory of the Kachiqueles +<p>The <i>Cakchiquels</i> are south of the Quichés. 'The territory of the Kachiqueles was composed of that which now forms the provinces of Chimaltenango -and Sacatepeques, and the district of Sololá; and as the Kachiquel +and Sacatepeques, and the district of Sololá; and as the Kachiquel language is also spoken in the villages of Patulul, Cotzumalguapan, and others along the same coast, it is a plausible supposition that they were colonies settled by the Kachiquels, for the purpose of cultivating the desirable productions of a warmer climate than their own.' <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, p. -169. 'La capitale fut, en dernier lieu, Iximché ou Tecpan-Guatemala, lors -de la déclaration de l'indépendence de cette nation.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, +169. 'La capitale fut, en dernier lieu, Iximché ou Tecpan-Guatemala, lors +de la déclaration de l'indépendence de cette nation.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_789" id="Page_789">789</a></span> <i>Popol Vuh</i>, introd., p. 270. 'Der westliche Theil der Provinz [Atitan] mit -16 Dörfern in 4 Kirchspielen, von Nachkommen der Kachiquelen und Zutugilen +16 Dörfern in 4 Kirchspielen, von Nachkommen der Kachiquelen und Zutugilen bewohnt.' <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 338. 'Los paises de la nacion Cakchiquila son Chimaltenango, Zumpango, Tejar, Santo Domingo, San Pedro las Huertas, San Gaspar, San Luis de las Carretas, y otros diez lugares, todos -pertenecientes á las misiones de los PP. dominicos; y á las de los PP. observantes +pertenecientes á las misiones de los PP. dominicos; y á las de los PP. observantes de san Francisco pertenecen Isapa, Pason, Tepan-guatemalan -Comalapa, San Antonio, San Juan del Obispo, y otros quince lugares á lo +Comalapa, San Antonio, San Juan del Obispo, y otros quince lugares á lo menos de la misma nacion Cakchiquila, cuyas poblaciones estan al rededor -de Guatemala.' <i>Hervás</i>, <i>Catálogo</i>, tom. i., p. 305.</p> +de Guatemala.' <i>Hervás</i>, <i>Catálogo</i>, tom. i., p. 305.</p> <p>The <i>Zutugils</i> dwelt near the lake of Atitlan. 'The dominion of the Zutugiles extended over the modern district of Atitan, and the village of San Antonio, Suchiltepeques.' <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, p. 169. 'La capital de -los cachiqueles era Patinamit ó Tecpanguatemala, ciudad grande y fuerte; y +los cachiqueles era Patinamit ó Tecpanguatemala, ciudad grande y fuerte; y la de los zutuhiles, Atitan, cerca de la laguna de este nombre y que se tenia por inexpugnable.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. ii., pp. 121-2.</p> <p>The <i>Chortis</i> live on the banks of the Motagua River. The Chiquimula -'Indians belong to the Chorti nation.' <i>Gavarrete</i>, in <i>Panamá Star and Herald</i>, +'Indians belong to the Chorti nation.' <i>Gavarrete</i>, in <i>Panamá Star and Herald</i>, Dec. 19, 1867; <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 48.</p> <p class="sidenote">GUATEMALANS.</p> @@ -30793,59 +30753,59 @@ Dec. 19, 1867; <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 48.</p> nations, of some of which he endeavors to fix the localities, and which I insert here. Dan or Tamub founded a monarchy on the Guatemalan plateau. Their 'capitale, Amag-Dan, existait, suivant toute apparence, -entre les monts Tohil et Mamah, à trois lieues à peine au nord d'Utlatlan.' -<i>Popol Vuh</i>, introd., pp. 148, 262. 'Ilocab étendait sa domination -à l'ouest et au sud de Tamub, et la cité d'Uquincat, siége principale -de cette maison, occupait un plateau étroit, situé entre les mêmes ravins +entre les monts Tohil et Mamah, à trois lieues à peine au nord d'Utlatlan.' +<i>Popol Vuh</i>, introd., pp. 148, 262. 'Ilocab étendait sa domination +à l'ouest et au sud de Tamub, et la cité d'Uquincat, siége principale +de cette maison, occupait un plateau étroit, situé entre les mêmes ravins qui ceignent un peu plus bas les ruines d'Utlatlan.' 'La ville d'Uquincat -(forme antique). Avec le filet (à mettre le maïs), était sur un plateau -au nord-ouest de ceux d'Utlatlan, dont elle n'était séparée que par ses +(forme antique). Avec le filet (à mettre le maïs), était sur un plateau +au nord-ouest de ceux d'Utlatlan, dont elle n'était séparée que par ses ravins; on en voit encore les ruines connues aujourd'hui sous le nom de -P'-Ilocab, en Ilocab.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 263. Agaab, 'dont les possessions s'étendaient -sur les deux rives du Chixoy ou Lacandon.' 'C'était une nation, puissante -dont les principales villes existaient à peu de distance de la rive gauche du -fleuve Chixoy ou Lacandon (Rio Grande de Sacapulas). L'une d'elles était -Carinal, dont j'ai visité le premier, en 1856, les belles ruines, situées sur les -bords du Pacalag, rivière qui se jette dans le Lacandon, presque vis-à-vis -l'embouchure de celle de Rabinal, dans la Vérapaz.' <i>Ib.</i> Cabinal, 'la capitale -était à Zameneb, dans les montagnes de Xoyabah ou Xolabah, [Entre +P'-Ilocab, en Ilocab.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 263. Agaab, 'dont les possessions s'étendaient +sur les deux rives du Chixoy ou Lacandon.' 'C'était une nation, puissante +dont les principales villes existaient à peu de distance de la rive gauche du +fleuve Chixoy ou Lacandon (Rio Grande de Sacapulas). L'une d'elles était +Carinal, dont j'ai visité le premier, en 1856, les belles ruines, situées sur les +bords du Pacalag, rivière qui se jette dans le Lacandon, presque vis-à -vis +l'embouchure de celle de Rabinal, dans la Vérapaz.' <i>Ib.</i> Cabinal, 'la capitale +était à Zameneb, dans les montagnes de Xoyabah ou Xolabah, [Entre les rochers].' <i>Id.</i>, p. 270. Ah-Actulul, 'sept tribus de la nation Ah-Actulul, -qui s'étaient établies sur des territoires dépendants de la souveraineté +qui s'étaient établies sur des territoires dépendants de la souveraineté d'Atitlan.' 'Ces sept tribus sont: Ah-Tzuque, Ah-Oanem, Manacot, Manazaquepet, -Vancoh, Yabacoh et Ah-Tzakol-Quet ou Queh.—Ac-Tulul peut-être +Vancoh, Yabacoh et Ah-Tzakol-Quet ou Queh.—Ac-Tulul peut-être pour Ah-Tulul.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 274. 'Ah-Txiquinaha, ceux ou les habitants de -Tziquinaha (Nid d'oiseau), dont la capitale fut Atitlan, sur le lac du même +Tziquinaha (Nid d'oiseau), dont la capitale fut Atitlan, sur le lac du même nom.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 296. Acutee, 'nom aussi d'une ancienne tribu dont on retrouve le souvenir dans Chuvi-Acutec, au-dessus d'Acutec, sur le territoire -de Chalcitan, près de Malacatan et de Huehuetenango.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. 342-3. -Cohah, 'nom d'une tribu antique dans l'orient des Quichés.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 353. +de Chalcitan, près de Malacatan et de Huehuetenango.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. 342-3. +Cohah, 'nom d'une tribu antique dans l'orient des Quichés.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 353. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_790" id="Page_790">790</a></span></p> <p>The <i>Chontales</i> dwell in the mountain districts N.E. of Lake Nicaragua, besides having miscellaneous villages in Guerrero, Oajaca, Tabasco, Guatemala, and Honduras. 'En el Departamento de Tlacolula ... y se encuentran -chontales en Guerrero, en Tabasco y en Guatemala.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +chontales en Guerrero, en Tabasco y en Guatemala.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 186-7. In San Salvador, Choluteca, Honduras, Nicaragua. -<i>Palacio</i>, in <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. vi., pp. 7, 26, 35. 'Quiéchápa -20 Leguas südöstlich von Oajáca und 10 Leguas südwestlich von Nejápa.... -An den Gränzen des Landes der Chontáles.' ... 'Tlapalcatepéc. Hauptort -im Lande der Chontáles.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 172-3, -175, 192. 'Les Chontáles s'étaient vus en possession de toute la contrée -qui s'étend entre la mer et la chaîne de Quyecolani ... étaient en possession +<i>Palacio</i>, in <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. vi., pp. 7, 26, 35. 'Quiéchápa +20 Leguas südöstlich von Oajáca und 10 Leguas südwestlich von Nejápa.... +An den Gränzen des Landes der Chontáles.' ... 'Tlapalcatepéc. Hauptort +im Lande der Chontáles.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 172-3, +175, 192. 'Les Chontáles s'étaient vus en possession de toute la contrée +qui s'étend entre la mer et la chaîne de Quyecolani ... étaient en possession non seulement de Nexapa, mais encore de la portion la plus importante de la montagne de Quiyecolani.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 3, 47. 'Au nord-ouest du grand lac, les Chondals occupaient -le district montagneux appelé encore aujourd'hui Chontales, d'après eux.' +le district montagneux appelé encore aujourd'hui Chontales, d'après eux.' <i>Holinski</i>, <i>La Californie</i>, p. 290. 'Inhabitants of the mountainous regions to the north-east of the lake of Nicaragua.' <i>Froebel's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 52. 'Au -nord des lacs, les Chontales barbares habitaient la cordillère.' <i>Brasseur de +nord des lacs, les Chontales barbares habitaient la cordillère.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. ii., p. 110. 'The Chontals covered Chontales, northward of Lake Nicaragua, and lying between the tribes already given, and those on the Caribbean Sea.' <i>Stout's Nicaragua</i>, p. 114. 'Bewohner -der Gebirgsgegenden nordöstlich vom See von Nicaragua.' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus +der Gebirgsgegenden nordöstlich vom See von Nicaragua.' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amer.</i>, tom. i., p. 285. 'In Nicaragua die Chontales im Hochlande im N. -des Managua-Sees.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 246. 'Deste lugar [Yztepeque] -comiençan los Chontales.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. +des Managua-Sees.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 246. 'Deste lugar [Yztepeque] +comiençan los Chontales.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. x. 'The Chondals or Chontals, the third great division mentioned by Oviedo, occupied the wide, mountainous region, still bearing the name of Chontales, situated to the northward of Lake Nicaragua, and midway between @@ -30858,21 +30818,21 @@ Comayagua, Choluteca, Tegucigalpa, and parts of Olancho and Yoro in Honduras, including the islands of Roatan, Guanaja, and their dependencies.' <i>Squier's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 252.</p> -<p>The <i>Pipiles</i> 'n'y occupaient guère quelques cantons sur les côtes de -l'océan Pacifique, dans la province d'Itzcuintlan et ne s'internaient que vers -les frontières de l'état de San-Salvador, le long des rives du rio Paxa.' <i>Brasseur +<p>The <i>Pipiles</i> 'n'y occupaient guère quelques cantons sur les côtes de +l'océan Pacifique, dans la province d'Itzcuintlan et ne s'internaient que vers +les frontières de l'état de San-Salvador, le long des rives du rio Paxa.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. ii., p. 120. 'Welche den ganzen -westlichen Theil des heutigen Staates von S. Salvador südlich vom Rio -Lampa, das sogen. Reich Cozcotlan bewohnten.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, +westlichen Theil des heutigen Staates von S. Salvador südlich vom Rio +Lampa, das sogen. Reich Cozcotlan bewohnten.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 322, 326. 'Are settled along the coasts of the Pacific, from the province of Escuintla to that of St. Salvador.... In a short time these Pipiles multiplied immensely, and spread over the provinces of Zonzonate, St. Salvador, and St. Miguel.' <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, pp. 202, 224. Among 'los Izalcos y costa de Guazacapan ... San Salvador ... Honduras ... Nicaragua.' <i>Palacio</i>, -in <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. vi., p. 7. +in <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. vi., p. 7. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_791" id="Page_791">791</a></span></p> -<p><i>Nonohualcas.</i> 'Á la falda de un alto volcan (San Vicente) están cuatro +<p><i>Nonohualcas.</i> 'à la falda de un alto volcan (San Vicente) están cuatro lugares de indios, que llaman los Nunualcos.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 25.</p> <p><i>Tlascaltecs.</i> 'In mehreren Puncten San Salvadors, wie z. B. in Isalco, @@ -30888,8 +30848,8 @@ to the northward of the Nagrandans, and extending along the Gulf of Fonseca, into what is now the territory of Honduras. A town and river in the territory here indicated, still bear the name of Choluteca, which however is a Mexican name.' <i>Squier's Nicaragua</i>, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. -These Soconusco exiles settled 'dans les terres qui s'étendent au nord et à -l'ouest du golfe de Conchagua, aux frontières de Honduras et de Nicaragua.' +These Soconusco exiles settled 'dans les terres qui s'étendent au nord et à +l'ouest du golfe de Conchagua, aux frontières de Honduras et de Nicaragua.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. ii., p. 79. 'Beyond them (Nagrandans) on the gulf of Fonseca, a nation called the Cholutecans had their seats.' <i>Froebel's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 53.</p> @@ -30899,7 +30859,7 @@ seats.' <i>Froebel's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 53.</p> i., p. 333.</p> <p>'Ay en Nicaragua cinco leguajes ... Coribici ... Chorotega ... Chondal -... Orotiña ... Mexicano.' <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 264. 'Hablauan en Nicaragua, +... Orotiña ... Mexicano.' <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 264. 'Hablauan en Nicaragua, cinco lenguas diferentes, Coribizi, que lo hablan mucho en Chuloteca ... Los de Chontal, ... la quarta es Orotina, Mexicana es la quinta.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii. 'In Nicaragua there were fiue @@ -30912,47 +30872,47 @@ extending along the Pacific Ocean, between it and Lake Managua, to the borders, and probably for a distance along the shores of the gulf of Fonseca. They also occupied the country south of the Niquirans, and around the gulf of Nicoya, then called Orotina.' <i>Squier's Nicaragua</i>, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. -'Welche die Gegenden zwischen der Südsee und dem Managua-See von der -Fonseca-Bai südwärts bis zu den aztekisch sprechenden Indianern bewohnen -und auch südlich von den Niquirians bis zur Bai von Nicoya sich ausbreiten.' -<i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 246. 'North of the Mexican inhabitants of +'Welche die Gegenden zwischen der Südsee und dem Managua-See von der +Fonseca-Bai südwärts bis zu den aztekisch sprechenden Indianern bewohnen +und auch südlich von den Niquirians bis zur Bai von Nicoya sich ausbreiten.' +<i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 246. 'North of the Mexican inhabitants of Nicaragua (the Niquirans), between the Pacific Ocean, Lake Managua, and the Gulf of Fonseca.' <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 48. Before the conquest they -occupied 'les régions aujourd'hui à peu près désertes qui s'étendent entre -le territoire de Tehuantepec et celui de Soconusco, sur les bords de l'Océan +occupied 'les régions aujourd'hui à peu près désertes qui s'étendent entre +le territoire de Tehuantepec et celui de Soconusco, sur les bords de l'Océan Pacifique.' ... To escape the Olmec tyranny they emigrated to 'golfe de -Nicoya; de là, ils retournèrent ensuite, en passant les monts, jusqu'au lac de -Nicaragua et se fixèrent sur ses bords.' Driven off by the Nahuas 'les uns, +Nicoya; de là , ils retournèrent ensuite, en passant les monts, jusqu'au lac de +Nicaragua et se fixèrent sur ses bords.' Driven off by the Nahuas 'les uns, se dirigeant au nord-ouest, vont fonder Nagarando, au bord du lac de Managua, tandis que les autres contournaient les rivages du golfe de Nicoya, que -l'on trouve encore aujourd'hui habités par leurs descendants.' <i>Brasseur de +l'on trouve encore aujourd'hui habités par leurs descendants.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Popol Vuh</i>, introd., pp. cc., ccii. 'Als die Spanier nach Nicaragua <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_792" id="Page_792">792</a></span> -kamen, war diess Volk an der Küste verbreitet ... wohnten längs der -Küste des Austroloceans.' <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, pp. 397-8.</p> +kamen, war diess Volk an der Küste verbreitet ... wohnten längs der +Küste des Austroloceans.' <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, pp. 397-8.</p> <p>The <i>Dirians</i> 'occupied the territory lying between the upper extremity of Lake Nicaragua, the river Tipitapa, and the southern half of Lake Managua and the Pacific, whose principal towns were situated where now stand the cities of Granada, (then called Salteba,) Masaya, and Managua, and the villages of Tipitapa, Diriomo and Diriamba.' <i>Squier's Nicaragua</i>, (Ed. 1856,) -vol. ii., p. 310. 'Groupés dans les localités encore connues de Liria, de -Diriomé, de Diriamba, de Monbacho et de Lenderi, sur les hauteurs qui forment +vol. ii., p. 310. 'Groupés dans les localités encore connues de Liria, de +Diriomé, de Diriamba, de Monbacho et de Lenderi, sur les hauteurs qui forment la base du volcan de Mazaya.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. ii., p. 111. 'Occupied Masaya, Managua, Tipitapa, Diriomo, and Diriamba.' <i>Stout's Nicaragua</i>, p. 114; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amer.</i>, tom. i., p. 287.</p> -<p>The <i>Nagrandans</i>. 'Entre les Dirias et la Choluteca était située la province -des Mangnés ou Nagarandas (Torquemada dit que Nagarando est un mot +<p>The <i>Nagrandans</i>. 'Entre les Dirias et la Choluteca était située la province +des Mangnés ou Nagarandas (Torquemada dit que Nagarando est un mot de leur langue. Oviedo les appelle Nagrandas), dont les fertiles campagnes -s'étendaient, au nord et à l'ouest du lac de Managua, jusqu'à la mer; on y -admirait les cités florissantes de Chinandéga, de Chichigalpa, de Pozoltega, de -Telica, de Subtiaba, de Nagarando, appelée aussi Xolotlan, de Matiares et -une foule d'autres, réduites maintenant, pour la plupart, à de misérables +s'étendaient, au nord et à l'ouest du lac de Managua, jusqu'à la mer; on y +admirait les cités florissantes de Chinandéga, de Chichigalpa, de Pozoltega, de +Telica, de Subtiaba, de Nagarando, appelée aussi Xolotlan, de Matiares et +une foule d'autres, réduites maintenant, pour la plupart, à de misérables bourgades.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 111-12. 'The Nagrandans occupied the plain of Leon between the northern extreme of Lake Managua and the Pacific.' <i>Stout's Nicaragua</i>, p. 114. 'An welche -sich weiter nordwestwärts (the last mention was Dirians) die Bewohner der +sich weiter nordwestwärts (the last mention was Dirians) die Bewohner der Gegend von Leon, welche Squier Nagrander nennt ... anschlossen.' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amer.</i>, tom. i., p. 287. 'Chorotega tribe of the plains of Leon, Nicaragua.' <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 130; <i>Squier's Nicaragua</i>, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., @@ -30960,19 +30920,19 @@ p. 310.</p> <p>The <i>Niquirans</i> 'settled in the district of Nicaragua, between the Lake of Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean.' <i>Ludewig's Ab. Lang.</i>, p. 134. 'Au centre -du pays, sur le lac Nicaragua, appelé Cocibolca par les indigènes, vivaient +du pays, sur le lac Nicaragua, appelé Cocibolca par les indigènes, vivaient les Niquirans.' <i>Holinski</i>, <i>La Californie</i>, p. 290. Ometepec. 'This island was occupied by the Niquirans.' <i>Squier's Nicaragua</i>, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 313; <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. i., p. 74.</p> -<p>The <i>Orotiñans</i> occupied 'the country around the Gulf of Nicoya, and to +<p>The <i>Orotiñans</i> occupied 'the country around the Gulf of Nicoya, and to the southward of Lake Nicaragua.' <i>Squier's Nicaragua</i>, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 310. 'Am Golfe von Orotina oder Nicoya.... Unter den geographischen -Namen im Lande der Orotiner stösst man auf den Vulkan Orosi, im jetzigen -Costa Rica, während einer der Vulkane in der Kette der Maribios, bei Leon, +Namen im Lande der Orotiner stösst man auf den Vulkan Orosi, im jetzigen +Costa Rica, während einer der Vulkane in der Kette der Maribios, bei Leon, also im Lande der Nagrander, Orota heisst.' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amer.</i>, tom. i., p. 287. 'Les Orotinas, voisins du golfe de Nicoya, dont les villes principales -étaient Nicoya, Orotina, Cantren et Choroté.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, +étaient Nicoya, Orotina, Cantren et Choroté.' <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 110. 'Settled the country south of Lake Nicaragua around the Gulf of Nicoya.' <i>Stout's Nicaragua</i>, p. 114.</p> @@ -30987,24 +30947,24 @@ Tinto.... It seems probable that the Xicaques were once much more <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_793" id="Page_793">793</a></span> widely diffused, extending over the plains of Olancho, and into the Department of Nueva Segovia, in Nicaragua.' <i>Squier's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 244. 'Se -rencontrent principalement dans le département de Yoro ... (some) à l'embouchure -de la rivière Choloma, et le reste est dispersé dans les montagnes -à l'ouest de la plaine de Sula. Dans le département de Yoro, ils sont répandus -dans le pays depuis la rivière Sulaco jusqu'à la baie de Honduras.' <i>Id.</i>, +rencontrent principalement dans le département de Yoro ... (some) à l'embouchure +de la rivière Choloma, et le reste est dispersé dans les montagnes +à l'ouest de la plaine de Sula. Dans le département de Yoro, ils sont répandus +dans le pays depuis la rivière Sulaco jusqu'à la baie de Honduras.' <i>Id.</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1858, tom. clx., pp. 133-4. Yoro department; -'Welche am oberen Lauf der Flüsse und in dem Berg- und Hügellande -zwischen der Küste und dem Thale von Olancho wohnen.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. +'Welche am oberen Lauf der Flüsse und in dem Berg- und Hügellande +zwischen der Küste und dem Thale von Olancho wohnen.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 317.</p> <p>The <i>Poyas</i>. 'In the triangle between the Tinto, the sea, and the Rio Wanks, or Segovia.' <i>Squier's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 244. 'Inhabit the Poyer mountains, beyond the Embarcadero on the Polyer River.' <i>Young's Narrative</i>, p. 80. 'Den westlichen Theil des Distrikts Taguzgalpa, zwischen den -Flüssen Aguan und Barbo.' <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 389. 'Inhabit the heads +Flüssen Aguan und Barbo.' <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 389. 'Inhabit the heads of the Black and Patook rivers.' <i>Bell</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., p. 258.</p> -<p>The <i>Towkas</i>, 'bewohnen die südlichen Gegenden des Distrikts (Taguzgalpa) +<p>The <i>Towkas</i>, 'bewohnen die südlichen Gegenden des Distrikts (Taguzgalpa) und das Gebirge.' <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, pp. 390-1. 'Their principal residence is at the head of Patook River.' <i>Young's Narrative</i>, p. 87. 'They dwell along the Twaka river which is a branch of the Prinz Awala.' <i>Bell</i>, in @@ -31027,14 +30987,14 @@ land 'in the vicinity of Truxillo, whence they have spread rapidly to the eastward. All along the coast, generally near the mouths of the various rivers with which it is fringed, they have their establishments or towns.' <i>Bard's Waikna</i>, p. 316. 'Now settled along the whole extent of coast from -Cape Gracias à Dios to Belize.' <i>Froebel's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 185. 'Dwell on +Cape Gracias à Dios to Belize.' <i>Froebel's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 185. 'Dwell on the sea coast, their first town, Cape Town, being a few miles to the westward of Black River.' <i>Young's Narrative</i>, pp. 71, 122, 134. In Roatan: 'Die Volksmenge besteht aus Caraiben und Sambos, deren etwa 4,000 auf der Insel -seyn sollen.' <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 386. 'Unter den Caraibendörfern +seyn sollen.' <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 386. 'Unter den Caraibendörfern sind zu nennen: Stanu Creek ... unfern im S. von Belize und von da bis -zur Südgrenze Settee, Lower Stanu Creek, Silver Creek, Seven Hills und -Punta Gorda.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 300. See also: <i>Sivers</i>, <i>Mittelamerika</i>, +zur Südgrenze Settee, Lower Stanu Creek, Silver Creek, Seven Hills und +Punta Gorda.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 300. See also: <i>Sivers</i>, <i>Mittelamerika</i>, pp. 154, 179; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., p. 289.</p> <p>The <i>Ramas</i> extend from Greytown to Blewfields, a region 'uninhabited @@ -31051,18 +31011,18 @@ of the once powerful Rama tribe.' <i>Pim and Seemann's Dottings</i>, p. 278.</p> <p>The <i>Mosquitos</i> inhabit 'the whole coast from Pearl Key Lagoon to Black River, and along the banks of the Wawa and Wanx, or Wanks Rivers for a great distance inland.' <i>Bell</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., p. 250. -'L'intérieur du pays est occupé par la nation sauvage et indomptable des -Mosquitos-Sombos. Les côtes, surtout près le cap Gracias à Dios, sont -habitées par une autre tribu d'Indiens que les navigateurs anglais ont appelés -Mosquitos de la côte.' <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 472. +'L'intérieur du pays est occupé par la nation sauvage et indomptable des +Mosquitos-Sombos. Les côtes, surtout près le cap Gracias à Dios, sont +habitées par une autre tribu d'Indiens que les navigateurs anglais ont appelés +Mosquitos de la côte.' <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 472. 'An dem Ende dieser Provinz (Honduras), nahe bey dem Cap, Gratias-a-Dios, -findet man die berühmte Nation der Mosquiten.' <i>Delaporte</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, +findet man die berühmte Nation der Mosquiten.' <i>Delaporte</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, tom. x., p. 404. 'Nearly the whole coast of Honduras; and their most -numerous tribe exists near the Cape Gracios á Dios.' <i>Bonnycastle's Span. +numerous tribe exists near the Cape Gracios á Dios.' <i>Bonnycastle's Span. Amer.</i>, vol. i., p. 172. 'Ocupan el terreno de mas de sesenta leguas, que corren desde la jurisdiccion de Comaniagua, hasta la de Costa-Rica.' <i>Revista Mex.</i>, tom. i., p. 404. 'Die Sambo, oder eigentlichen Mosquitoindianer -welche den grössten Theil der Seeküste bis zum Black river hinauf und die +welche den grössten Theil der Seeküste bis zum Black river hinauf und die an derselben gelegenen Savannen bewohnen.' <i>Mosquitoland</i>, <i>Bericht</i>, p. 19. 'Inhabiting on the Main, on the North side, near Cape Gratia Dios; between Cape Honduras and Nicaragua.' <i>Dampier's Voyages</i>, vol. i., p. 7. 'Inhabit @@ -31076,20 +31036,20 @@ Mosquito Shore</i>, p. 330. 'The Sambos, or Mosquitians, inhabit the sea coast, and the savannas inland, as far west as Black River.' <i>Young's Narrative</i>, p. 71. 'The increase and expansion of the Caribs has already driven most of the Sambos, who were established to the northward and westward -of Cape Gracias á Dios, into the territory of Nicaragua, southward of +of Cape Gracias á Dios, into the territory of Nicaragua, southward of the Cape.' <i>Squier's Honduras</i> [Lond., 1870,] p. 169; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 228.</p> <p class="sidenote">ISTHMIAN NATIONS.</p> <p class="p2">The <span class="smcap">Isthmians</span>, the last sub-division of this group, embrace the people -of Costa Rica, together with the nations dwelling on the Isthmus of Panamá, -or Darien, as far as the gulf of Urabá, and along the river Atrato to the +of Costa Rica, together with the nations dwelling on the Isthmus of Panamá, +or Darien, as far as the gulf of Urabá, and along the river Atrato to the mouth of the Napipi, thence up the last-named river to the Pacific Ocean. 'The Indian tribes within the territory of Costarrica, distinguished by the name of Parcialidades, are the Valientes, or most eastern people of the state; the Tiribees, who occupy the coast from Bocatoro to the Banana; the Talamancas and Blancos, who inhabit the interior, but frequent the coast -between the Banana and Salt Creek; the Montaños and Cabecares, who are +between the Banana and Salt Creek; the Montaños and Cabecares, who are settled in the neighbourhood of the high lands bounding Veragua, and the Guatusos, inhabiting the mountains and forest between Esparsa and Bagases, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_795" id="Page_795">795</a></span> @@ -31097,26 +31057,26 @@ and towards the north of these places.' <i>Galindo</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. vi., p. 134. From Boca del Toro towards the west coast dwell the Viceitas, Blancos, Valientes, Guatusos, Tiribis, and Talamancas. <i>Wagner and Scherzer</i>, <i>Costa Rica</i>, p. 554. Blancos, Valientes, and Talamancas 'entlang -der Ostküste zwischen dem Rio Zent und Boca del Toro, im Staate +der Ostküste zwischen dem Rio Zent und Boca del Toro, im Staate Costa Rica.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 573.</p> -<p>The <i>Guatusos</i> 'vom Nicaragua-See an den Rio Frio aufwärts und -zwischen diesem und dem San Carlos bis zum Hochlande.' <i>Wappäus</i>, +<p>The <i>Guatusos</i> 'vom Nicaragua-See an den Rio Frio aufwärts und +zwischen diesem und dem San Carlos bis zum Hochlande.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 357. 'Inhabit a territory lying between the Merivales mountains on the west, the lake of Nicaragua and the San Juan river on the north, the Atlantic shore on the east, and the table land of San -José upon the south.' ... The Rio Frio 'head-waters are the favorite haunt +José upon the south.' ... The Rio Frio 'head-waters are the favorite haunt or habitation of the Guatusos ... occupy the north-east corner of Costa Rica.' <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. i., pref., pp. xii., xix., p. 298. They inhabit 'the basin of the Rio Frio.' <i>Squier's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 405; <i>Id.</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1856, tom. cli., p. 5; <i>Id.</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. iv., p. 65; <i>Vigne's Travels</i>, vol. i., p. 77.</p> -<p>The <i>Guetares</i> 'viven ençima de las sierras del puerto de la Herradora é +<p>The <i>Guetares</i> 'viven ençima de las sierras del puerto de la Herradora é se extienden por la costa deste golpho al Poniente de la banda del Norte hasta el confin de los Chorotegas.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. 108.</p> -<p>The <i>Blancos</i> 'welche ungefähr 5 Tagereisen südöstlich von Angostura in +<p>The <i>Blancos</i> 'welche ungefähr 5 Tagereisen südöstlich von Angostura in den Bergen hausen.' <i>Wagner and Scherzer</i>, <i>Costa Rica</i>, pp. 556, 554.</p> <p>The <i>Valientes</i> and <i>Ramas</i>, 'zwischen dem Punta Gorda und der Lagune @@ -31125,62 +31085,62 @@ von Chiriqui.' <i>Mosquitoland</i>, <i>Bericht</i>, p. 9.</p> <p>Inhabiting the Isthmus were numerous tribes speaking different languages, mentioned by early writers only by the name of the chief, which was usually identical with that of both town and province. In the -province of Panamá there were 'quatro señores de lenguas diferentes.... De -alli se baxaua a la prouincia de Natá ... treynta leguas de Panamá ... otro -llamado Escoria, ocho leguas de Natá.... Ocho leguas mas adelante, la buelta -de Panamá, auia otro Cazique dicho Chirú, de lengua diferente: y otras siete -leguas mas adelante, házia Panamá, estaua el de Chamé, que era el remate +province of Panamá there were 'quatro señores de lenguas diferentes.... De +alli se baxaua a la prouincia de Natá ... treynta leguas de Panamá ... otro +llamado Escoria, ocho leguas de Natá.... Ocho leguas mas adelante, la buelta +de Panamá, auia otro Cazique dicho Chirú, de lengua diferente: y otras siete +leguas mas adelante, házia Panamá, estaua el de Chamé, que era el remate de la lengua de Coyba: y la prouincia de Paris se hallaua doze leguas de -Natá, Les hueste.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. vi. Westward -from the gulf of Urabá 'hay una provincia que se dice Careta ... yendo mas +Natá, Les hueste.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. vi. Westward +from the gulf of Urabá 'hay una provincia que se dice Careta ... yendo mas la costa abajo, fasta cuarenta leguas desta villa, entrando la tierra adentro -fasta doce leguas, está un cacique que se dice Comogre y otro que se dice +fasta doce leguas, está un cacique que se dice Comogre y otro que se dice Poborosa.' <i>Balboa</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., p. 366. 'En la primera provincia de los darieles hay las poblaciones siguientes: Seraque, -Surugunti, Queno, Moreri, Agrazenuqua, Occabayanti y Uraba.' <i>Hervás</i>, -<i>Catálogo</i>, tom. i., p. 280. 'Treinta y tantas leguas del Darien habia una +Surugunti, Queno, Moreri, Agrazenuqua, Occabayanti y Uraba.' <i>Hervás</i>, +<i>Catálogo</i>, tom. i., p. 280. 'Treinta y tantas leguas del Darien habia una provincia que se decia Careta, y otra cinco leguas de ella que se dice Acla.... -La primera provincia desde Acla hácia el ueste es Comogre.... En esta tierra -está una provincia que se llama Peruqueta, de una mar á otra, y la isla de las -Perlas, y golfo de S. Miguel, y otra provincia, que llamamos las Behetrías -por no haber en ella ningun señor, se llama Cueva: es toda una gente y de +La primera provincia desde Acla hácia el ueste es Comogre.... En esta tierra +está una provincia que se llama Peruqueta, de una mar á otra, y la isla de las +Perlas, y golfo de S. Miguel, y otra provincia, que llamamos las BehetrÃas +por no haber en ella ningun señor, se llama Cueva: es toda una gente y de una lengua.... Desde esta provincia da Peruqueta hasta Adechame que son -cerca de 40 leguas todavía al ueste, se llama la provincia de Coiba, y la lengua +cerca de 40 leguas todavÃa al ueste, se llama la provincia de Coiba, y la lengua <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_796" id="Page_796">796</a></span> es la de Cueva ... desde Burica hasta esta provincia, que se dice Tobreytrota, -casi que cada señor es diferente de lengua uno de otro.... Desde -aquí tornando á bajar cerca de la mar, venimos á la provincia de Nata ... -está 30 leguas de Panamá ... tenia por contrario á un señor que se decia Escoria, +casi que cada señor es diferente de lengua uno de otro.... Desde +aquà tornando á bajar cerca de la mar, venimos á la provincia de Nata ... +está 30 leguas de Panamá ... tenia por contrario á un señor que se decia Escoria, que tenia sus poblaciones en un rio grande ocho leguas de Meta.... -Esta es lengua por sí. Y ocho leguas de allí hácia Panamá está otro señor -que se dice Chiru, lengua diferente. Siete leguas de Chiru, hácia Panamá, -está la provincia de Chame: es el remate de la lengua de Coiba ... Chiman +Esta es lengua por sÃ. Y ocho leguas de allà hácia Panamá está otro señor +que se dice Chiru, lengua diferente. Siete leguas de Chiru, hácia Panamá, +está la provincia de Chame: es el remate de la lengua de Coiba ... Chiman ... dos leguas de Comogre ... desde esto Chiman ... la provincia de Pocorosa, -y de allí dos leguas la vuelta del ueste ... la de Paruraca, donde comienza -la de Coiba, y de allí la misma via cuatro leguas ... la de Tubanamá, y -de allí á ocho leguas todo á esta via ... la de Chepo, y seis leguas de allí -... la de Chepobar, y dos leguas delante ... la de Pacora, y cuatro de allí -... la de Panamá, y de allí otras cuatro ... la de Periquete, y otras cuatro +y de allà dos leguas la vuelta del ueste ... la de Paruraca, donde comienza +la de Coiba, y de allà la misma via cuatro leguas ... la de Tubanamá, y +de allà á ocho leguas todo á esta via ... la de Chepo, y seis leguas de allà +... la de Chepobar, y dos leguas delante ... la de Pacora, y cuatro de allà +... la de Panamá, y de allà otras cuatro ... la de Periquete, y otras cuatro adelante ... la de Tabore, y otras cuatro adelante ... la de Chame, que es -remate de la lengua y provincia de Coiba ... de Chame á la provincia del -Chiru hay ocho leguas ... y este Chiru es otra lengua por sí.' <i>Andagoya</i>, in +remate de la lengua y provincia de Coiba ... de Chame á la provincia del +Chiru hay ocho leguas ... y este Chiru es otra lengua por sÃ.' <i>Andagoya</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., pp. 397-8, 407-8, 410.</p> -<p>The <i>Guaimies</i>. 'En la provincia de Veraguas, situada á 9 grados de latitud -boreal, está la nacion de los Guaimies ó Huamies.' <i>Hervás</i>, <i>Catálogo</i>, tom. +<p>The <i>Guaimies</i>. 'En la provincia de Veraguas, situada á 9 grados de latitud +boreal, está la nacion de los Guaimies ó Huamies.' <i>Hervás</i>, <i>Catálogo</i>, tom. i., pp. 280-1. 'Los quales indios, segun decian, no eran naturales de -aquella comarca: ántes era en antigua patria la tierra que está junto al rio +aquella comarca: ántes era en antigua patria la tierra que está junto al rio grande de Darien.' <i>Cieza de Leon</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 281.</p> <p>'The Indians who at present inhabit the Isthmus are scattered over Bocas del Toro, the northern portions of Veraguas, the north-eastern shores -of Panamá, and almost the whole of Darien, and consist principally of +of Panamá, and almost the whole of Darien, and consist principally of four tribes, the Savanerics, the San Blas Indians, the Bayanos, and the Cholos. Each tribe speaks a different language.' <i>Seemann's Voy. Herald</i>, vol. i., p. 317. 'Les Goajiros, les Motilones, les Guainetas et les Cocinas, dans les provinces de Rio-Hacha, de Upar et de Santa-Marta; et les Dariens, les Cunas et les Chocoes, sur les rives et les affluents de l'Atrato et -les côtes du Darien.' <i>Roquette</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1855, tom. +les côtes du Darien.' <i>Roquette</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1855, tom. cxlvii., pp. 24-5.</p> <p>'The <i>Savanerics</i> occupy the northern portion of Veraguas.' <i>Ib.</i></p> @@ -31213,11 +31173,11 @@ vol. i., p. 321.</p> and thence with a few interruptions to the northern parts of the Republic of Ecuador.' <i>Seemann's Voy. Herald</i>, vol. i., p. 321. 'Inhabiting part of the Isthmus of Darien, east of the river Chuquanaqua, which is watered by the -river Paya and its branches in and about lat. 8° 15´ N., and long. 77° 20´ W.' +river Paya and its branches in and about lat. 8° 15´ N., and long. 77° 20´ W.' <i>Latham</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xx., p. 189.</p> <p>'The <i>Cunas</i> have established themselves on the shores of the Gulf of -Urabá, near the outlets of the Atrato.' <i>Puydt</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. +Urabá, near the outlets of the Atrato.' <i>Puydt</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxviii., p. 92.</p> <p>The <i>Cunacunas</i>, 'on the south-easterly side of the Isthmus.' <i>Ludewig's Ab. @@ -31230,10 +31190,10 @@ north.' <i>Ib.</i></p> <p>The <i>Caimanes</i>, 'between Punta Arenas and Turbo.' <i>Ib.</i></p> -<p>The <i>Urabás</i>, 'en las selvas y bosques de la Provincia de Urabá.' <i>Alcedo</i>, +<p>The <i>Urabás</i>, 'en las selvas y bosques de la Provincia de Urabá.' <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Dicc.</i>, tom. v., p. 258.</p> -<p>The <i>Idibas</i> 'del Reyno de Tierra-Firme y Gobierno de Panamá, son confinantes +<p>The <i>Idibas</i> 'del Reyno de Tierra-Firme y Gobierno de Panamá, son confinantes con los Chocoes y los Tatabes.' <i>Id.</i>, tom. ii., p. 413.</p> <p>The <i>Payas</i> 'on the river of that name.' <i>Selfridge's Darien Surveys</i>, p. @@ -31251,20 +31211,20 @@ to the peninsula, <i>Aliaska</i>; and to a large island of the Aleutian Archipel first encountered in the narrative of Betsevin, who, in 1761, wintered on the peninsula, supposing it to be an island. The author of <i>Neue Nachrichten von denen neuentdekten Insuln</i>, writes, page 53, 'womit man nach der abgelegensten -Insul <i>Aläksu</i> oder <i>Alachschak</i> über gieng.' Again, at page 57, in giving +Insul <i>Aläksu</i> oder <i>Alachschak</i> über gieng.' Again, at page 57, in giving a description of the animals on the supposed island he calls it 'auf der Insul -<i>Aläsku</i>.' 'This,' says Coxe, <i>Russian Discoveries</i>, p. 72, 'is probably the same +<i>Aläsku</i>.' 'This,' says Coxe, <i>Russian Discoveries</i>, p. 72, 'is probably the same island which is laid down in Krenitzin's chart under the name of <i>Alaxa</i>.' <i>Unalaschka</i> is given by the author of <i>Neue Nachrichten</i>, p. 74, in his narrative of the voyage of Drusinin, who hunted on that island in 1763. At page -115 he again mentions the 'grosse Insul <i>Aläksu</i>.' On page 125, in Glottoff's -log-book, 1764, is the entry: 'Den 28sten May der Wind Ostsüdost; man kam -an die Insul <i>Alaska</i> oder <i>Aläksu</i>.' Still following the author of <i>Neue Nachrichten</i>, +115 he again mentions the 'grosse Insul <i>Aläksu</i>.' On page 125, in Glottoff's +log-book, 1764, is the entry: 'Den 28sten May der Wind Ostsüdost; man kam +an die Insul <i>Alaska</i> oder <i>Aläksu</i>.' Still following the author of <i>Neue Nachrichten</i>, we have on page 166, in an account of the voyages of Otseredin and Popoff, who hunted upon the Aleutian Islands in 1769, mention of a report -by the natives 'that beyond Unimak is said to be a large land <i>Aläschka</i>, the +by the natives 'that beyond Unimak is said to be a large land <i>Aläschka</i>, the extent of which the islanders do not know.' On Cook's Atlas, voyage 1778, -the peninsula is called <i>Alaska</i>, and the island <i>Oonalaska</i>, La Pérouse, in his +the peninsula is called <i>Alaska</i>, and the island <i>Oonalaska</i>, La Pérouse, in his atlas, map No. 15, 1786, calls the peninsula <i>Alaska</i>, and the island <i>Ounalaska</i>. The Spaniards, in the <i>Atlas para el Viage de las goletas Sutil y Mexicana</i>, 1792, write <i>Alasca</i> for the peninsula, and for the island <i>Unalaska</i>. Sauer, in @@ -31289,7 +31249,7 @@ and peninsula and Unalaska for the island.</p> Abenaqui, a tribe of Algonquins in Canada, who border upon them and call them "Esquimantsic."' 'L'origine de leur nom n'est pas certain. Toutefois il y a bien de l'apparence qu'il vient du mot Abenaqui, <i>esquimantsic</i> qui veut -dire "mangeur de viande cruë."' See <i>Prichard's Physical History of Mankind</i>, +dire "mangeur de viande cruë."' See <i>Prichard's Physical History of Mankind</i>, vol. v., pp. 367, 373. 'French writers call them Eskimaux.' 'English authors, in adopting this term, have most generally written it "Esquimaux," but Dr. Latham, and other recent ethnologists, write it "Eskimos," after @@ -31299,7 +31259,7 @@ was probably originally <i>Ceux qui miaux</i> (<i>miaulent</i>).' <i>Richardson' Journal</i>, vol. i., p. 340. 'Said to be a corruption of <i>Eskimantik</i>, <i>i. e.</i> raw-fish-eaters, a nickname given them by their former neighbors, the Mohicans.' <i>Seemann's Voyage of the Herald</i>, vol. ii., p. 49. Eskimo is derived from a -word indicating sorcerer or Shamán. 'The northern Tinneh use the word +word indicating sorcerer or Shamán. 'The northern Tinneh use the word <i>Uskeemi</i>.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, pp. 144, 531. 'Their own national designation is "Keralit."' <i>Morton's Crania Americana</i>, p. 52. They 'call themselves "Innuit," which signifies "man."' <i>Armstrong's Narrative</i>, p. 191.</p> @@ -31313,34 +31273,34 @@ European personal names, however, no matter how long, nor how commonly they may have been erroneously used, should be immediately corrected. Every man who can spell is supposed to be able to give the correct orthography of his own name, and his spelling should in every -instance be followed, when it can be ascertained. Veit Bering, anglicè Vitus +instance be followed, when it can be ascertained. Veit Bering, anglicè Vitus Behring, was of a Danish family, several members of which were well known in literature before his own time. In Danish writings, as well as among the biographies of Russian admirals, where may be found a fac-simile of his autograph, the name is spelled <i>Bering</i>. It is so given by Humboldt, and by the <i>Dictionnaire de la Conversation</i>. The author of the <i>Neue Nachrichten von denen neuentdekten Insuln</i>, one of the oldest printed works on Russian discoveries in America; -as well as Müller, who was the companion of Bering for many years; and +as well as Müller, who was the companion of Bering for many years; and Buschmann,—all write <i>Bering</i>. Baer remarks: 'Ich schreibe ferner Bering, obgleich es jetzt fast allgemein geworden ist, Behring zu schreiben, und auch -die Engländer und Franzosen sich der letztern Schreibart bequemt haben. -Bering war ein Däne und seine Familie war lange vor ihm in der Literatur-Geschichte +die Engländer und Franzosen sich der letztern Schreibart bequemt haben. +Bering war ein Däne und seine Familie war lange vor ihm in der Literatur-Geschichte bekannt. Sie hat ihren Namen auf die von mir angenommene Weise drucken lassen. Derselben Schreibart bediente sich auch der Historiograph -Müller, der längere Zeit unter seinen Befehlen gedient hatte, und +Müller, der längere Zeit unter seinen Befehlen gedient hatte, und Pallas.' <i>Statistische und ethnographische Nachrichten</i>, p. 328. There is no doubt that the famous navigator wrote his name <i>Bering</i>, and that the letter 'h' was subsequently inserted to give the Danish sound to the letter 'e.' To accomplish the same purpose, perhaps, Coxe, Langsdorff, Beechey, and others write <i>Beering</i>.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> 'Die Kadjacker im Gegentheil nähern sich mehr den Amerikanischen -Stämmen und gleichen in ihrem Aeussern gar nicht den Eskimos oder den -Asiatischen Völkern, wahrscheinlich haben sie durch die Vermischung mit -den Stämmen Amerika's ihre ursprüngliche Asiatische äussere Gestalt und +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> 'Die Kadjacker im Gegentheil nähern sich mehr den Amerikanischen +Stämmen und gleichen in ihrem Aeussern gar nicht den Eskimos oder den +Asiatischen Völkern, wahrscheinlich haben sie durch die Vermischung mit +den Stämmen Amerika's ihre ursprüngliche Asiatische äussere Gestalt und Gesichtsbildung verloren und nur die Sprache beibehalten.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. -Ethn. Nachr.</i>, p. 124. 'Ils ressemblent beaucoup aux indigènes des îles -Curiles, dépendantes du Japon.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnavigation de l'Artémise</i>, +Ethn. Nachr.</i>, p. 124. 'Ils ressemblent beaucoup aux indigènes des îles +Curiles, dépendantes du Japon.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnavigation de l'Artémise</i>, vol. vi., p. 45.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> 'The tribes crowded together on the shores of Beering's Sea within a @@ -31356,8 +31316,8 @@ vol. i., p. 363.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> 'Im nordwestlichsten Theile von Amerika fand Franklin den Boden, Mitte August, schon in einer Tiefe von 16 Zoll gefroren. Richardson sah an -einem östlicheren Punkte der Küste, in 71° 12´ Breite, die Eisschicht im -Julius aufgethaut bis 3 Fuss unter der krautbedeckten Oberfläche.' <i>Humboldt</i>, +einem östlicheren Punkte der Küste, in 71° 12´ Breite, die Eisschicht im +Julius aufgethaut bis 3 Fuss unter der krautbedeckten Oberfläche.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Kosmos</i>, tom. iv., p. 47.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <i>Silliman's Journal</i>, vol. xvi., p. 130. <i>Seemann's Voy. Herald</i>, vol. ii., @@ -31365,15 +31325,15 @@ p. 13. <i>Armstrong's Nar.</i>, p. 289.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> 'Characteristic of the Arctic regions.' <i>Silliman's Jour.</i>, vol. xvi., p. 143.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> At Kotzebue Sound, in July, Choris writes: 'Le sol était émaillé de -fleurs de couleurs variées, dans tous les endroits où la neige venait de fondre.' +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> At Kotzebue Sound, in July, Choris writes: 'Le sol était émaillé de +fleurs de couleurs variées, dans tous les endroits où la neige venait de fondre.' <i>Voyage Pittoresque</i>, pt. ii., p. 8.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> 'In der Einöde der Inseln von Neu-Sibirien finden grosse Heerden von -Rennthieren und zahllose Lemminge noch hinlängliche Nahrung.' <i>Humboldt</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> 'In der Einöde der Inseln von Neu-Sibirien finden grosse Heerden von +Rennthieren und zahllose Lemminge noch hinlängliche Nahrung.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Kosmos</i>, vol. iv., p. 42.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> 'Thermometer rises as high as 61° Fahr. With a sun shining throughout +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> 'Thermometer rises as high as 61° Fahr. With a sun shining throughout the twenty-four hours the growth of plants is rapid in the extreme.' <i>Seemann's Voy. Herald</i>, vol. ii., p. 15.</p> @@ -31416,9 +31376,9 @@ vol. i., p. 29. 'Of a middle size, robust make, and healthy appearance.' five feet ten inches.' <i>Richardson's Pol. Reg.</i>, p. 304. 'Women were generally short.' 'Their figure inclines to squat.' <i>Hooper's Tuski</i>, p. 224.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> 'Tous les individus qui appartiennent à la famille des Eskimaux, se +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> 'Tous les individus qui appartiennent à la famille des Eskimaux, se distinguent par la petitesse de leurs pieds et de leurs mains, et la grosseur -énorme de leurs têtes.' <i>De Pauw</i>, <i>Recherches Phil.</i>, tom. i., p. 262. 'The +énorme de leurs têtes.' <i>De Pauw</i>, <i>Recherches Phil.</i>, tom. i., p. 262. 'The hands and feet are delicately small and well formed.' <i>Richardson's Pol. Reg.</i>, p. 304. 'Small and beautifully made.' <i>Seemann's Voy. Herald</i>, vol. ii., p. 50. At Point Barrow, 'their hands, notwithstanding the great amount @@ -31439,10 +31399,10 @@ acutely, and in like manner the chin is a blunt cone.' <i>Richardson's Pol. Reg.</i>, p. 302. Dr Gall, whose observations on the same skulls presented him for phrenological observation are published by M. Louis Choris, thus comments upon the head of a female Eskimo from Kotzebue Sound: 'L'organe -de l'instinct de la propagation se trouve extrêmement développé pour -une tête de femme.' He finds the musical and intellectual organs poorly -developed; while vanity and love of children are well displayed. 'En général,' -sagely concluded the doctor, 'cette tête femme présentait une organization +de l'instinct de la propagation se trouve extrêmement développé pour +une tête de femme.' He finds the musical and intellectual organs poorly +developed; while vanity and love of children are well displayed. 'En général,' +sagely concluded the doctor, 'cette tête femme présentait une organization aussi heureuse que celle de la plupart des femmes d'Europe.' <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, pt. ii., p. 16.</p> @@ -31455,8 +31415,8 @@ the gums at an early age.' <i>Seemann's Voy. Herald</i>, vol. ii., p. 51. At Hudson Strait, broad, flat, pleasing face; small and generally sore eyes; given to bleeding at the nose. <i>Franklin's Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 29. 'Small eyes and very high cheek bones.' <i>Kotzebue's Voy.</i>, vol. i., p. 209. 'La face -platte, la bouche ronde, le nez petit sans être écrasé, le blanc de l'oeil -jaunâtre, l'iris noir et peu brillant.' <i>De Pauw</i>, <i>Recherches Phil.</i>, tom. i., p. 262. +platte, la bouche ronde, le nez petit sans être écrasé, le blanc de l'oeil +jaunâtre, l'iris noir et peu brillant.' <i>De Pauw</i>, <i>Recherches Phil.</i>, tom. i., p. 262. They have 'small, wild-looking eyes, large and very foul teeth, the hair generally black, but sometimes fair, and always in extreme disorder.' <i>Brownell's Ind. Races</i>, p. 467. 'As contrasted with the other native American @@ -31513,7 +31473,7 @@ centre, extending from the lip, with a parallel but narrower one on either side of it, a little apart. Some had two vertical lines protruding from either angle of the mouth; which is a mark of their high position in the tribe.' <i>Armstrong's Nar.</i>, pp. 101, 149. On Bering Isle, men as well as -women tattoo. 'Plusieurs hommes avaient le visage tatoué.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. +women tattoo. 'Plusieurs hommes avaient le visage tatoué.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, pt. ii., p. 5.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> 'Give a particularly disgusting look when the bones are taken out, as @@ -31576,7 +31536,7 @@ put over all, and a pair of watertight sealskin moccasins, with similar mittens for their hands.' <i>Silliman's Journal</i>, vol. xvi., p. 146. The frock at Coppermine River has a tail something like a dress-coat. <i>Simpson's Nar.</i>, p. 350.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> 'Some of them are even half-naked, as a summer heat, even of 10° is +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> 'Some of them are even half-naked, as a summer heat, even of 10° is insupportable to them.' <i>Kotzebue's Voy.</i>, vol. i., p. 205.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> 'Down to the frozen subsoil.' <i>Richardson's Pol. Reg.</i>, p. 310. 'Some @@ -31604,8 +31564,8 @@ ii., p. 58. 'They have no fire-places; but a stone placed in the centre serves for a support to the lamp, by which the little cooking that is required is performed.' <i>Richardson's Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 348.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> 'On trouva plusieurs huttes construites en bois, moitié dans la terre, -moitié en dehors.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, pt. ii., p. 6. At Beaufort Bay are +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> 'On trouva plusieurs huttes construites en bois, moitié dans la terre, +moitié en dehors.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, pt. ii., p. 6. At Beaufort Bay are wooden huts. <i>Simpson's Nar.</i>, p. 177. At Toker Point, 'built of drift-wood and sods of turf or mud.' <i>Hooper's Tuski</i>, p. 343. At Cape Krusenstern the houses 'appeared like little round hills, with fences of whale-bone.' <i>Kotzebue's @@ -31678,11 +31638,11 @@ towards a lake, into which reindeer were driven and killed. <i>Simpson's Nar.</i>, p. 135.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> 'Ce qu'il y a encore de frappant dans la complexion de ces barbares, -c'est l'extrême chaleur de leur estomac et de leur sang; ils échauffent tellement, -par leur haleine ardente, les huttes où ils assemblent en hiver, que les -Européans, s'y sentent étouffés, comme dans une étuve dont la chaleur est -trop graduée: aussi ne font-ils jamais de feu dans leur habitation en aucune -saison, et ils ignorent l'usage des cheminées, sous le climat le plus froid du +c'est l'extrême chaleur de leur estomac et de leur sang; ils échauffent tellement, +par leur haleine ardente, les huttes où ils assemblent en hiver, que les +Européans, s'y sentent étouffés, comme dans une étuve dont la chaleur est +trop graduée: aussi ne font-ils jamais de feu dans leur habitation en aucune +saison, et ils ignorent l'usage des cheminées, sous le climat le plus froid du globe.' <i>De Pauw</i>, <i>Recherches Phil.</i>, tom. i., p. 261.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> 'The voluptuousness and Polygamy of the North American Indians, @@ -31720,7 +31680,7 @@ a central rest, and the umiaks with oars.' Can 'propel their kaiyaks at the rate of seven miles an hour.' <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. i., pp. 238, 358. At Hudson Strait they have canoes of seal-skin, like those of Greenland. <i>Franklin's Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 29. Not a drop of water can penetrate the opening into the -canoe. <i>Müller's Voy.</i>, p. 46. The kyak is like an English wager-boat. +canoe. <i>Müller's Voy.</i>, p. 46. The kyak is like an English wager-boat. They are 'much stronger than their lightness would lead one to suppose.' <i>Hooper's Tuski</i>, pp. 226, 228. <i>Oomiaks</i> or family canoes of skin; float in six inches of water. <i>Simpson's Nar.</i>, p. 148. 'With these boats they make long voyages, @@ -31728,7 +31688,7 @@ frequently visiting St. Lawrence Island.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 380. 'Frame work of wood—when this cannot be procured whalebone is substituted.' <i>Armstrong's Nar.</i>, p. 98. Mackenzie saw boats put together with whalebone; 'sewed in some parts, and tied in others.' <i>Voyages</i>, p. 67. They also use a sail. 'On -découvrit au loin, dans la baie, un bateau qui allait à la voile; elle était en +découvrit au loin, dans la baie, un bateau qui allait à la voile; elle était en cuir.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, pt. ii., p. 6. They 'are the best means yet discovered by mankind to go from place to place.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 43. 'It is wonderful what long voyages they make in these slight boats.' <i>Campbell's @@ -31746,8 +31706,8 @@ Jour.</i>, vol. i., p. 405. If by accident a hole should be made, it is stopped with a piece of the flesh of the sea-dog, or fat of the whale, which they always carry with them. <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 43. They strike 'the water with a quick, regular motion, first on one side, and then on the -other.' <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 516. 'Wiegen nie über 30 Pfund, -und haben ein dünnes mit Leder überzognes Gerippe.' <i>Neue Nachrichten</i>, +other.' <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 516. 'Wiegen nie über 30 Pfund, +und haben ein dünnes mit Leder überzognes Gerippe.' <i>Neue Nachrichten</i>, p. 152. 'The Aleutians put to sea with them in all weathers.' <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 40. At the Shumagin Islands they 'are generally about twelve feet in length, sharp at each end, and about twenty inches broad.' @@ -31852,7 +31812,7 @@ old man, all but naked, jumped into the ring, and was beginning some indecent gesticulations, when his appearance not meeting with our approbation he withdrew.' <i>Beechey's Voy.</i>, vol. i., p. 396.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> 'C'était la plus grande marque d'amitié qu'ils pouvaient nous donner.' +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> 'C'était la plus grande marque d'amitié qu'ils pouvaient nous donner.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, pt. ii., p. 5. 'They came up to me one after the other—each of them embraced me, rubbed his nose hard against mine, and ended his caresses by spitting in his hands and wiping them several times over my @@ -31892,12 +31852,12 @@ the ancient Innuit name.' <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 532. Holmberg thinks that the word Kadiak arose from <i>Kikchtak</i>, which in the language of the Koniagas means a large island. 'Der Name Kadjak ist offenbar eine Verdrehung von Kikchtak, welches Wort in der Sprache der Konjagen "grosse Insel" bedeutet -und daher auch als Benennung der grössten Insel dieser Gruppe -diente.' <i>Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des Russischen Amerika</i>, p. +und daher auch als Benennung der grössten Insel dieser Gruppe +diente.' <i>Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des Russischen Amerika</i>, p. 75. 'A la division <i>Koniagi</i> appartient la partie la plus septentrionale de -l'Alaska, et l'île de Kodiak, que les Russes appellent vulgairement <i>Kichtak</i>, -quoique, dans la langue des naturels, le mot Kightak ne désigne en général -qu'une île.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 347. Coxe affirms that the +l'Alaska, et l'île de Kodiak, que les Russes appellent vulgairement <i>Kichtak</i>, +quoique, dans la langue des naturels, le mot Kightak ne désigne en général +qu'une île.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 347. Coxe affirms that the natives 'call themselves Kanagist.' <i>Russian Dis.</i>, p. 135. And Sauer says, 'the natives call themselves <i>Soo-oo-it</i>.' <i>Billings' Ex.</i>, p. 175. 'Man verstand von ihnen, dass sie sich selbst Kanagist nennen.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 114.</p> @@ -31906,13 +31866,13 @@ von ihnen, dass sie sich selbst Kanagist nennen.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 114.</p says the name is Athabascan, and signifies 'men of the sea.'</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> <i>Kuskoquigmutes</i>, <i>Kuskokwimen</i>, <i>Kuskokwigmjuten</i>, <i>Kusckockwagemuten</i>, -<i>Kuschkukchwakmüten</i>, or <i>Kaskutchewak</i>.</p> +<i>Kuschkukchwakmüten</i>, or <i>Kaskutchewak</i>.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_76" id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> The termination <i>mute</i>, <i>mut</i>, <i>meut</i>, <i>muten</i>, or <i>mjuten</i>, signifies people or village. It is added to the tribal name sometimes as a substantive as well as in an adjective sense.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_77" id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> 'Herr Wassiljew schätzt ihre Zahl auf mindestens 7000 Seelen beiderlei +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_77" id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> 'Herr Wassiljew schätzt ihre Zahl auf mindestens 7000 Seelen beiderlei Geschlechts und jeglichen Alters.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 127.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> 'Es waren wohl einst alle diese Inseln bewohnt.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. @@ -31920,10 +31880,10 @@ Skiz.</i>, p. 76.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_79" id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> The Malemutes are 'a race of tall and stout people.' <i>Whymper's Alaska</i>, p. 159. 'Die Kuskokwimer sind, mittlerer Statur, schlank, -rüstig und oft mit grosser Stärke begabt.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 135. +rüstig und oft mit grosser Stärke begabt.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 135. <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 186. 'Bisweilen fallen sogar riesige Gestalten auf, wie -ich z. B. einen Häuptling in der igatschen Bucht zu sehen Gelegenheit -hatte, dessen Länge 6¾ Fuss betrug.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 80. +ich z. B. einen Häuptling in der igatschen Bucht zu sehen Gelegenheit +hatte, dessen Länge 6¾ Fuss betrug.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 80. The chief at Prince William Sound was a man of low stature, 'with a long beard, and seemed about sixty years of age.' <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 237. A strong, raw-boned race. <i>Meares' Voy.</i>, p. 32. At Cook's Inlet they @@ -31933,30 +31893,30 @@ ii., p. 400. They are of 'middle size and well proportioned.' <i>Dixon's Voy.</i p. 68. 'They emigrated in recent times from the Island of Kadyak, and they claim, as their hereditary possessions, the coast lying between Bristol Bay and Beering's Straits.' <i>Richardson's Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 364. 'Die Tschugatschen -sind Ankömmlinge von der Insel Kadjack, die während innerer +sind Ankömmlinge von der Insel Kadjack, die während innerer Zwistigkeiten von dort vertrieben.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 116.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_80" id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Achkugmjuten, 'Bewohner der warmen Gegend.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 5. 'Copper complexion.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 194.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_81" id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> 'They bore their under lip, where they hang fine bones of beasts and -birds.' <i>Staehlin's North. Arch.</i>, p. 33. 'Setzen sich auch—Zähne von Vögeln -oder Thierknochen in künstliche Oeffnungen der Unterlippe und unter der +birds.' <i>Staehlin's North. Arch.</i>, p. 33. 'Setzen sich auch—Zähne von Vögeln +oder Thierknochen in künstliche Oeffnungen der Unterlippe und unter der Nase ein.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 113.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_82" id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> The people of Kadiak, according to Langsdorff, are similar to those of Unalaska, the men being a little taller. They differ from the Fox Islanders. <i>Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 62. 'Die Insulaner waren hier von den Einwohnern, -der vorhin entdeckten übrigen Fuchsinsuln, in Kleidung und Sprache ziemlich +der vorhin entdeckten übrigen Fuchsinsuln, in Kleidung und Sprache ziemlich verschieden.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 113. 'Ils ressemblent beaucoup aux -indigènes des îles Curiles, dépendantes du Japon.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, +indigènes des îles Curiles, dépendantes du Japon.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, vol. vi., p. 45.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> 'They wore strings of beads suspended from apertures in the lower lip.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 195. 'Their ears are full of holes, from which hang pendants of bone or shell.' <i>Meares' Voy.</i>, p. xxxii. 'Elles portent des perles ordinairement en verre bleu, suspendues au-dessous du nez -à un fil passé dans la cloison nasale.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 573. 'Upon the +à un fil passé dans la cloison nasale.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 573. 'Upon the whole, I have nowhere seen savages who take more pains than these people do to ornament, or rather to disfigure their persons.' At Prince William Sound they are so fond of ornament 'that they stick any thing in their @@ -31969,17 +31929,17 @@ in die Lippen. Der Nasenknorpel ist ebenfalls durchstochen.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Sta Ethn.</i>, p. 135.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_84" id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> The Kadiaks dress like the Aleuts, but their principal garment they call -<i>Konägen</i>; <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 63. Like the Unalaskas, the neck +<i>Konägen</i>; <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 63. Like the Unalaskas, the neck being more exposed, fewer ornamentations. <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Voy.</i>, p. 177. 'Consists wholly of the skins of animals and birds.' <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 249. A coat peculiar to Norton Sound appeared 'to be made of reeds -sewed very closely together.' <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 191. 'Nähen ihre <i>Parken</i> -(Winter-Kleider) aus Vögelhäuten und ihre <i>Kamleien</i> (Sommer-Kleider) aus -den Gedärmen von Wallfischen und Robben.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 117. At +sewed very closely together.' <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 191. 'Nähen ihre <i>Parken</i> +(Winter-Kleider) aus Vögelhäuten und ihre <i>Kamleien</i> (Sommer-Kleider) aus +den Gedärmen von Wallfischen und Robben.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 117. At Norton Sound 'principally of deer-skins.' <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. -484. 'Ihre Kleider sind aus schwarzen und andern Fuchsbälgen, Biber, -Vogelhäuten, auch jungen Rennthier and Jewraschkenfellen, alles mit Sehnen -genäht.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 113. 'The dress of both sexes consists of +484. 'Ihre Kleider sind aus schwarzen und andern Fuchsbälgen, Biber, +Vogelhäuten, auch jungen Rennthier and Jewraschkenfellen, alles mit Sehnen +genäht.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 113. 'The dress of both sexes consists of parkas and camleykas, both of which nearly resemble in form a carter's frock.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 194.</p> @@ -31990,22 +31950,22 @@ they sometimes go naked.' <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 437.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_86" id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> 'Plastered over with mud, which gives it an appearance not very unlike a dung hill.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 214. Sea-dog skin closes the opening. <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 62. The Kuskoquims have 'huttes qu'ils -appellent barabores pour l'été.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 574. 'Mit Erde und Gras -bedeckt, so dass man mit Recht die Wohnungen der Konjagen Erdhütten +appellent barabores pour l'été.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 574. 'Mit Erde und Gras +bedeckt, so dass man mit Recht die Wohnungen der Konjagen Erdhütten nennen kann.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 97. 'A door fronting the east.' <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Voy.</i>, p. 175. At Norton Sound 'they consist simply of a sloping roof, without any side-walls.' <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 484. Build temporary huts of sticks and bark. <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 253.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_87" id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> 'In dem Kashim versammelt sich die männliche Bevölkerung des -ganzen Dorfes zur Berathschlagung über wichtige Angelegenheiten, über +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_87" id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> 'In dem Kashim versammelt sich die männliche Bevölkerung des +ganzen Dorfes zur Berathschlagung über wichtige Angelegenheiten, über Krieg und Frieden, etc.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 129.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_88" id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> 'Le poisson est la principale nourriture.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 574. 'Berries mixed with rancid whale oil.' 'The fat of the whale is the prime -delicacy.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, pp. 178, 195. 'Meistentheils nähren sie sich mit -rohen und trocknen Fischen, die sie theils in der See mit knöchernen Angelhaken, -theils in den Bächen mit Sacknetzen, die sie aus Sehnen flechten, +delicacy.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, pp. 178, 195. 'Meistentheils nähren sie sich mit +rohen und trocknen Fischen, die sie theils in der See mit knöchernen Angelhaken, +theils in den Bächen mit Sacknetzen, die sie aus Sehnen flechten, einfangen.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 114. They generally eat their food raw, but sometimes they boil it in water heated with hot stones. <i>Meares' Voy.</i>, p. xxxv. The method of catching wild geese, is to chase and knock them down immediately @@ -32027,11 +31987,11 @@ on, and some die for want.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, pp. 209, 210.</p> which is excellent.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 188. They eat the larger sort of fern-root baked, and a substance which seemed the inner bark of the pine. <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 374. 'Die Eingebornen essen diese Wurzeln (Lagat) -roh und gekocht; aus der Wurzel, nachdem sie in Mehl verwandelt ist, bäckt -man, mit einer geringen Beimischung von Weizenmehl, süssliche, dünne +roh und gekocht; aus der Wurzel, nachdem sie in Mehl verwandelt ist, bäckt +man, mit einer geringen Beimischung von Weizenmehl, süssliche, dünne Kuchen.' <i>Sagoskin</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, in <i>Denkschr. d. russ. Geog. Gesell.</i>, p. 343.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_92" id="Footnote_92" href="#FNanchor_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> 'Ihre hölzernen Schilde nennen sie Kujaki.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 114.</p> +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_92" id="Footnote_92" href="#FNanchor_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> 'Ihre hölzernen Schilde nennen sie Kujaki.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 114.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_93" id="Footnote_93" href="#FNanchor_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> 'Selecting the roots of such plants as grow alone, these roots are dried and pounded, or grated.' <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Ex.</i>, p. 178.</p> @@ -32039,17 +31999,17 @@ and pounded, or grated.' <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Ex.</i>, p. 178.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_94" id="Footnote_94" href="#FNanchor_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> 'Die Pfeilspitzen sind aus Eisen oder Kupfer, ersteres erhalten sie von den Kenayern, letzteres von den Tutnen.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 118. 'De pedernal en forma de arpon, cortado con tanta delicadeza como pudiera hacerlo -el mas hábil lapidario.' <i>Bodega y Quadra</i>, <i>Nav.</i>, MS. p. 66.</p> +el mas hábil lapidario.' <i>Bodega y Quadra</i>, <i>Nav.</i>, MS. p. 66.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_95" id="Footnote_95" href="#FNanchor_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> At Prince William Sound Cook found the canoes not of wood, as at Nootka. At Bristol Bay they were of skin, but broader. <i>Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 371, 437. 'Die kadjakschen Baidarken unterscheiden sich in der Form -ein wenig von denen der andern Bewohner der amerikanischen Küste, von -denen der Aleuten aber namentlich darin, dass sie kürzer und breiter sind.' +ein wenig von denen der andern Bewohner der amerikanischen Küste, von +denen der Aleuten aber namentlich darin, dass sie kürzer und breiter sind.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 99. At Prince William Sound, 'formada la canoa en esqueleto la forran por fuera con pieles de animales.' <i>Bodega y Quadra</i>, -<i>Nav.</i>, MS. p. 65. 'Qu'on se figure une nacelle de quatre mètres de long -et de soixante centimètres de large tout au plus.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, +<i>Nav.</i>, MS. p. 65. 'Qu'on se figure une nacelle de quatre mètres de long +et de soixante centimètres de large tout au plus.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, vol. vi., p. 48. 'These canoes were covered with skins, the same as we had seen last season in Cook's River. <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 147. 'Safer at sea in bad weather than European boats.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 211.</p> @@ -32064,7 +32024,7 @@ part of the known world.' <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 373, 374. 'If judge by these figures, the inhabitants of Cadiack must have lost much of their skill in carving, their old productions of this kind being greatly superior.' <i>Lisiansky</i>, p. 178. The Ingalik's household furniture is made 'von gebogenem -Holz sehr zierlich gearbeitet und mittelst Erdfarben roth, grün und +Holz sehr zierlich gearbeitet und mittelst Erdfarben roth, grün und blau angestrichen. Zum Kochen der Speisen bedienen sie sich irdener, ausgebrannter Geschirre.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 121.</p> @@ -32077,7 +32037,7 @@ of toyons or chiefs.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 151.</p> Voy.</i>, p. 175.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_101" id="Footnote_101" href="#FNanchor_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> 'Zugleich verschwand auch ihre Benennung; man nannte sie ferner -Kajuren, ein Wort aus Kamtschatka hieher übergesiedelt, welches Tagelöhner +Kajuren, ein Wort aus Kamtschatka hieher übergesiedelt, welches Tagelöhner oder Arbeiter bedeutet.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 79.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_102" id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> 'They will not go a step out of the way for the most necessary purposes @@ -32092,38 +32052,38 @@ parents and children.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 64.</p> most favoured of women is she who has the greatest number of children.' <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Voy.</i>, p. 176.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_105" id="Footnote_105" href="#FNanchor_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> 'Der Vater oder die Mutter bestimmen den Sohn schon in seiner frühsten -Kindheit zum Achnutschik, wenn er ihnen mädchenhaft erscheint.' +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_105" id="Footnote_105" href="#FNanchor_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> 'Der Vater oder die Mutter bestimmen den Sohn schon in seiner frühsten +Kindheit zum Achnutschik, wenn er ihnen mädchenhaft erscheint.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 121. 'Male concubines are much more frequent here than at Oonalashka.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 64. They 'are happy to see them taken by the chiefs, to gratify their unnatural desires. Such youths are dressed like women, and taught all their domestic duties.' <i>Sauer, -Billings' Ex.</i>, p. 176. 'Ces peuples sont très adonnés aux plaisirs des sens -et même à un vice infame.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, pt. vii., p. 8. 'Of all the +Billings' Ex.</i>, p. 176. 'Ces peuples sont très adonnés aux plaisirs des sens +et même à un vice infame.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, pt. vii., p. 8. 'Of all the customs of these islanders, the most disgusting is that of men, called <i>schoopans</i>, living with men, and supplying the place of women.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 199. This shameful custom applies to the Thlinkeets as well. 'Quelques -personnes de l'Equipage du Solide ont rapporté qu'il ne leur est pas possible -de douter que les Tchinkîtânéens ne soient souillés de ce vice honteux que -la Théogonie immorale des Grecs avoit divinisé.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy. aut. du +personnes de l'Equipage du Solide ont rapporté qu'il ne leur est pas possible +de douter que les Tchinkîtânéens ne soient souillés de ce vice honteux que +la Théogonie immorale des Grecs avoit divinisé.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy. aut. du Monde</i>, tom. ii., p. 97.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_106" id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> 'Der Schamane hat seiner Obliegenheit gemäss oder aus besonderem -Wohlwollen sie der Jungferschaft beraubt und sie wäre unwürdig vor der +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_106" id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> 'Der Schamane hat seiner Obliegenheit gemäss oder aus besonderem +Wohlwollen sie der Jungferschaft beraubt und sie wäre unwürdig vor der Versammlung zu erscheinen, wenn sie ihre erste Liebe irgend einem Anderen -und nicht dem Schamanen gezollt hätte.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 133.</p> +und nicht dem Schamanen gezollt hätte.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 133.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_107" id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> 'Their dances are proper tournaments.' <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Ex.</i>, p. 176. They are much addicted to public dances, especially during winter. <i>Whymper's Alaska</i>, p. 165. 'Masks of the most hideous figures are worn.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 210. 'Use a sort of rattle composed of a number of the beaks of the sea-parrot, strung upon a wooden cross,'—sounds like castanets. -<i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 64. 'Die Tänzer erscheinen, eben so, mit Wurfspiessen -oder Messern in den Händen, welche sie über dem Kopfe schwingen.' +<i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 64. 'Die Tänzer erscheinen, eben so, mit Wurfspiessen +oder Messern in den Händen, welche sie über dem Kopfe schwingen.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 118.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> 'Les sorciers et chamans jouissent d'une grande faveur dans cette région -glacée de l'Amérique.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 574. 'Schamane und alte +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> 'Les sorciers et chamans jouissent d'une grande faveur dans cette région +glacée de l'Amérique.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 574. 'Schamane und alte Weiber kennen verschiedene Heilmittel.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 135. 'Next in rank to the shamans are the kaseks, or sages, whose office is to teach children the different dances, and superintend the public amusements and shows, @@ -32147,10 +32107,10 @@ tell whence these appellations are derived; and now begin to call themselves by the general name of <i>Aleyut</i>, given to them by the Russians, and borrowed from some of the Kurile Islands.' <i>Coxe's Russ. Dis.</i>, p. 219.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_112" id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Yet, says D'Orbigny, <i>Voyage</i>, p. 577: 'Si on interroge les Aléoutiens -sur leur origine, ils disent que leurs ancêtres ont habité un grand pays vers -l'ouest, et que de là ils sont avancés de proche en proche sur les îles désertes -jusq'au continent américain.'</p> +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_112" id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Yet, says D'Orbigny, <i>Voyage</i>, p. 577: 'Si on interroge les Aléoutiens +sur leur origine, ils disent que leurs ancêtres ont habité un grand pays vers +l'ouest, et que de là ils sont avancés de proche en proche sur les îles désertes +jusq'au continent américain.'</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Trapesnikoff took from an unknown island in 1753, 1920 sea-otter skins. Durneff returned to Kamchatka in 1754, with 3,000 skins. In 1752 @@ -32167,19 +32127,19 @@ Tolstych in one voyage took 1,780 sea-otter, 720 blue foxes, and 840 sea-bears. necks; swarthy chubby faces; black eyes; small beards, and long, straight, black hair; which the men wear loose behind, and cut before, but the women tie up in a bunch.' <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 510. 'Von Gesicht sind -sie platt und weiss, von guter Statur, durchgängig mit schwarzen Haaren.' +sie platt und weiss, von guter Statur, durchgängig mit schwarzen Haaren.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 150. 'Low in stature, broad in the visage.' <i>Campbell's Voy.</i>, p. 112. Hair 'strong and wiry;' scanty beard, but thick on the upper lip. <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Ex.</i>, p. 154.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_117" id="Footnote_117" href="#FNanchor_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> 'Les femmes aléoutes portaient aux mains et aux pieds des chapelets -de pierres de couleur et préférablement d'ambre.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 579. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_117" id="Footnote_117" href="#FNanchor_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> 'Les femmes aléoutes portaient aux mains et aux pieds des chapelets +de pierres de couleur et préférablement d'ambre.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 579. 'None are so highly esteemed as a sort of long muscle, commonly called sea-teeth, -the <i>dentalium entalis</i> of Linnæus.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 40. +the <i>dentalium entalis</i> of Linnæus.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 40. 'Women have the chin punctured in fine lines rayed from the centre of the lip and covering the whole chin.' They wear bracelets of black seal-skin around the wrists and ankles, and go barefoot. <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Ex.</i>, p. 155. -'Im Nasen-Knorpel und der Unterlippe machen beide Geschlechter Löcher +'Im Nasen-Knorpel und der Unterlippe machen beide Geschlechter Löcher und setzen Knochen ein, welches ihr liebster Schmuck ist. Sie stechen sich auch bunte Figuren im Gesicht aus.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 169. 'They bore the upper lip of the young children of both sexes, under the nostrils, where they @@ -32189,22 +32149,22 @@ animals.' <i>Staehlin's North Arch.</i>, p. 37.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_118" id="Footnote_118" href="#FNanchor_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> 'Leur conformation est robuste et leur permet de supporter des travaux et des fatigues de toute sorte.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 577.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_119" id="Footnote_119" href="#FNanchor_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> At Shumagin Island, their caps were of sea-lion skins. <i>Müller's Voy.</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_119" id="Footnote_119" href="#FNanchor_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> At Shumagin Island, their caps were of sea-lion skins. <i>Müller's Voy.</i>, p. 46. On the front are one or two small images of bone. <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 510. A wooden hat, 'which in front comes out before the eyes like a sort of umbrella, and is rounded off behind.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., -p. 38. 'Einige haben gemeine Mützen von einem bunten Vogelfell, woran -sie etwas von den Flügeln und dem Schwanz sitzen lassen;—sind vorn mit -einem Brettchen wie ein Schirm versehn und mit Bärten von Seebären—geschmücket.' +p. 38. 'Einige haben gemeine Mützen von einem bunten Vogelfell, woran +sie etwas von den Flügeln und dem Schwanz sitzen lassen;—sind vorn mit +einem Brettchen wie ein Schirm versehn und mit Bärten von Seebären—geschmücket.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, pp. 151, 152.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_120" id="Footnote_120" href="#FNanchor_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> On a feather garment, 'a person is sometimes employed a whole year.' 'The women for the most part go bare-footed.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., pp. 36, 39. 'Seams covered with thin slips of skin, very elegantly embroidered with white deer's hair, goat's hair, and the sinews of sea animals, dyed of -different colours.' <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Ex.</i>, p. 156. 'Ihr Pelzkleid wird über den -Kopf angezogen, und ist hinten und vorn ganz zu. Die Männer tragen es aus -Vogelhäuten; die Weiber hingegen von Bibern und jungen Seebären.' <i>Neue +different colours.' <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Ex.</i>, p. 156. 'Ihr Pelzkleid wird über den +Kopf angezogen, und ist hinten und vorn ganz zu. Die Männer tragen es aus +Vogelhäuten; die Weiber hingegen von Bibern und jungen Seebären.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 152. 'Boots and breeches in one piece.' <i>Campbell's Voy.</i>, p. 113.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> 'Round the sides and ends of the huts, the families (for several are @@ -32231,16 +32191,16 @@ everything is eaten raw. <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 520. The sea-dog is caught with nets, killed when asleep, or enticed on shore by a false cap made to resemble a seal's head. <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 205.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_124" id="Footnote_124" href="#FNanchor_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> 'L'Aléoute peut tuer les phoques et les oiseaux, sans être obligé d'en -rendre compte à la compagnie.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, pt. vii., p. 4.</p> +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_124" id="Footnote_124" href="#FNanchor_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> 'L'Aléoute peut tuer les phoques et les oiseaux, sans être obligé d'en +rendre compte à la compagnie.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, pt. vii., p. 4.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_125" id="Footnote_125" href="#FNanchor_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> 'Die Spitze selbst wird theils aus Obsidian oder Lavaglas, theils auch aus Trachyt verfertigt.' <i>Kittlitz</i>, <i>Reise</i>, vol. i., p. 268. Spear-handles are feathered, the points of sharpened flint. <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 102, 'Arrows are thrown from a narrow and pointed board, twenty inches long, which is held by the thumb and three fingers. They are thrown straight from the shoulder with -astonishing velocity.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 205. 'Les armes défensives consistaient -en une cotte de joncs tressés qui leur couvrait tout le corps.' +astonishing velocity.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 205. 'Les armes défensives consistaient +en une cotte de joncs tressés qui leur couvrait tout le corps.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 579. 'No such thing as an offensive, or even defensive weapon was seen amongst the natives of Oonalashka.' Probably they had been disarmed by the Russians. <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 515. @@ -32263,8 +32223,8 @@ Nachr.</i>, p. 173.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_128" id="Footnote_128" href="#FNanchor_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Ex.</i>, p. 159; <i>Campbell's Voy.</i>, p. 59.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> 'Comme les femmes coûtaient cher en présents de fiançailles, la plupart -des Aléoutes n'en avaient qu'une ou deux.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 579. Purchase +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> 'Comme les femmes coûtaient cher en présents de fiançailles, la plupart +des Aléoutes n'en avaient qu'une ou deux.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 579. Purchase as many girls for wives as they can support. <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Ex.</i>, p. 160. 'Objects of unnatural affection.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 160. 'Their beards are carefully plucked out as soon as they begin to appear, and their chins tattooed @@ -32277,8 +32237,8 @@ is not unknown here.' <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 521.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_130" id="Footnote_130" href="#FNanchor_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> 'It often happens that a mother plunges her noisy child into water, even in winter, and keeps it there till it leaves off crying.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 202. -'Schreyt das Kind, so trägt es die Mutter, es sey Winter oder Sommer nakkend -nach der See, und hält es so lange im Wasser bis es still wird.' <i>Neue +'Schreyt das Kind, so trägt es die Mutter, es sey Winter oder Sommer nakkend +nach der See, und hält es so lange im Wasser bis es still wird.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 168.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_131" id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> 'Have their own chiefs in each island.' <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., @@ -32289,7 +32249,7 @@ personal qualities.' <i>Coxe's Russ. Dis.</i>, p. 219.</p> a slave. <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, p. 171. 'In the spring holidays, they wear masks, neatly carved and fancifully ornamented.' <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Ex.</i>, p. 160.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_133" id="Footnote_133" href="#FNanchor_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> 'On avait soin de le disposer de manière à ce qu'il ne touchât pas la terre.' +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_133" id="Footnote_133" href="#FNanchor_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> 'On avait soin de le disposer de manière à ce qu'il ne touchât pas la terre.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 579. 'Embalm the bodies of the men with dried moss and grass.' <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Ex.</i>, p. 161. Slaves sometimes slaughtered. <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 48. 'Bury their dead on the summits of hills.' <i>Cook's Third @@ -32298,11 +32258,11 @@ retires into a dark hole, where she remains forty days. The husband pays the same compliment to his favorite wife upon her death.' <i>Coxe's Russ. Dis.</i>, p. 218. 'Die Todten werden begraben, und man giebt dem Mann seinen Kahn, Pfeile und Kleider mit ins Grab.' 'Die Todten umwinden sie mit Riemen -und hängen sie in einer Art hölzerner Wiege an einen auf zwey Gabelen +und hängen sie in einer Art hölzerner Wiege an einen auf zwey Gabelen ruhenden Querstock in der Luft auf.' <i>Neue Nachr.</i>, pp. 101, 154.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_134" id="Footnote_134" href="#FNanchor_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> 'Naturellement silencieux.' <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 578. 'Sie verrichten -auch die Nothdurft und das Ehegeschäft ohne alle Scheu.' <i>Neue. Nachr.</i>, p. +auch die Nothdurft und das Ehegeschäft ohne alle Scheu.' <i>Neue. Nachr.</i>, p. 150. 'A stupid silence reigns among them.' 'I am persuaded that the simplicity of their character exceeds that of any other people.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, pp. 182, 183. 'Kind-hearted and obliging, submissive and careful; but if @@ -32319,11 +32279,11 @@ Russian hunters 'used not unfrequently to place the men close together, and try through how many the ball of their rifle-barrelled musket would pass.' <i>Sauer</i>, <i>Billings' Ex. App.</i>, p. 56. 'Of a thousand men, who formerly lived in this spot, scarcely more than forty remained.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 235. -'La variole, la syphilis, voire même le choléra depuis quelques années, en emportent -une effrayante quantité.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, vol. ii., p. 51.</p> +'La variole, la syphilis, voire même le choléra depuis quelques années, en emportent +une effrayante quantité.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, vol. ii., p. 51.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_136" id="Footnote_136" href="#FNanchor_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> <i>Kaluga</i>, <i>Kaljush</i>, <i>Koljush</i>, <i>Kalusch</i>, <i>Kolush</i>, <i>Kolosch</i>, <i>Kolosh</i>, <i>Kolosches</i>. -Marchand calls them Tchinkîtâné. <i>Voyage aut. du Monde</i>, tom. ii., p. 3.</p> +Marchand calls them Tchinkîtâné. <i>Voyage aut. du Monde</i>, tom. ii., p. 3.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_137" id="Footnote_137" href="#FNanchor_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> See <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, pp. 15, 16.</p> @@ -32344,13 +32304,13 @@ these tribes is given definitely.</p> once exhibiting the slightest appearance of suffering.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 242.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> 'Leur corps est ramassé, mais assez bien proportionné.' <i>Marchand</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> 'Leur corps est ramassé, mais assez bien proportionné.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 46. 'Very fierce.' <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 291. 'Limbs straight and well shaped.' <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 171. 'Stolze gerade Haltung.' <i>Holmberg</i>, -<i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 16. 'Active and clever.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 237. 'Bigote á +<i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 16. 'Active and clever.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 237. 'Bigote á manera de los Chinos.' <i>Perez</i>, <i>Nav.</i>, MS. p. 14. 'Limbs ill-proportioned.' -<i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 49. 'Très supérieurs en courage et en intelligence.' -<i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. iv., p. 54.</p> +<i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 49. 'Très supérieurs en courage et en intelligence.' +<i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. iv., p. 54.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_144" id="Footnote_144" href="#FNanchor_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> The women 'are pleasing and their carriage modest.' <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 291. When washed, white and fresh. <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 171. 'Dunkle @@ -32359,18 +32319,18 @@ muchos con ojos azules.' <i>Perez</i>, <i>Nav.</i>, MS. p. 14. As fair as many E <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 112. 'Muchos de ellos de un blanco regular.' <i>Bodega y Quadra</i>, <i>Nav.</i>, MS. p. 43.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> 'Leur chevelure, dure, épaisse, mêlée, couverte d'ocre, de duvet d'oiseaux -et de toutes les ordures que la négligence et le temps y ont accumulées, -contribue encore à rendre leur aspect hideux.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> 'Leur chevelure, dure, épaisse, mêlée, couverte d'ocre, de duvet d'oiseaux +et de toutes les ordures que la négligence et le temps y ont accumulées, +contribue encore à rendre leur aspect hideux.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 46. 'A more hideous set of beings, in the form of men and women, I had never before seen.' <i>Cleveland's Voy.</i>, p. 91. The men painted 'a black circle extending from the forehead to the mouth, and a red chin, which gave the face altogether the appearance of a mask.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 146. Pourraient -même passer pour jolies, sans l'horrible habitude qu'elles ont adoptée.' +même passer pour jolies, sans l'horrible habitude qu'elles ont adoptée.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, tom. vi., p. 87. 'That person seems to be reckoned the greatest beau amongst them, whose face is one entire piece of smut and grease.' <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 68. 'Ils se font des cicatrices sur les bras et sur la poitrine.' -<i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 223. 'Um aus dem Gesichte diese fette Farbenmasse +<i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 223. 'Um aus dem Gesichte diese fette Farbenmasse abzuwaschen, gebrauchen sie ihren eignen Urin, und dieser verursacht bei ihnen den widerlichen Geruch, der den sich ihm nahenden Fremdling fast zum Erbrechen bringt.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 20.</p> @@ -32382,7 +32342,7 @@ of another mouth.' Worn only by women. <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 172.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_147" id="Footnote_147" href="#FNanchor_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> 'About three tenths of an inch below the upper part of the under lip.' <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 280. 'In the centre of the under-lip.' <i>Langsdorff's -Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 115. 'Fendue au ras des gencives.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, +Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 115. 'Fendue au ras des gencives.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 224. 'In the thick part near the mouth.' <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 187. 'When the first person having this incision was seen by one of the seamen, who called out, that the man had two mouths.' <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. @@ -32390,45 +32350,45 @@ who called out, that the man had two mouths.' <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii. under lip, and a piece of brass or copper wire is placed in, and left in the wound. This corrodes the lacerated parts, and by consuming the flesh gradually increases the orifice, until it is sufficiently large to admit the wooden -appendage.' <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 408. 'Les femmes de Tchinkîtâné -ont cru devoir ajouter à leur beauté naturelle, par l'emploi d'un ornement +appendage.' <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 408. 'Les femmes de Tchinkîtâné +ont cru devoir ajouter à leur beauté naturelle, par l'emploi d'un ornement labial, aussi bizarre qu'incommode.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 48.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_148" id="Footnote_148" href="#FNanchor_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> 'Simply perforated, and a piece of copper wire introduced.' <i>Dixon's -Voy.</i>, p. 187. 'Les jeunes filles n'ont qu'une aiguille dans la lèvre inférieure.' -<i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 226. 'On y prépare les petites filles -aussitôt qu'elles sont nées.' <i>Id.</i>, tom. iv., p. 54. 'At first a thick wire.' +Voy.</i>, p. 187. 'Les jeunes filles n'ont qu'une aiguille dans la lèvre inférieure.' +<i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 226. 'On y prépare les petites filles +aussitôt qu'elles sont nées.' <i>Id.</i>, tom. iv., p. 54. 'At first a thick wire.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 115. When almost marriageable. <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 51. 'The children have them bored at about two years of age, when a piece of copper-wire is put through the hole; this they wear till the age of about thirteen or fourteen years, when it is taken out, and the wooden ornament introduced.' <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 289. 'Said to denote maturity.' -<i>Whymper's Alaska</i>, p. 100. 'Se percer la lèvre inférieure des l'enfance.' -'D'agrandir peu à peu cette ouverture au point de pouvoir jeune -fille y introduire une coquille, et femme mariée une énorme tasse de bois.' +<i>Whymper's Alaska</i>, p. 100. 'Se percer la lèvre inférieure des l'enfance.' +'D'agrandir peu à peu cette ouverture au point de pouvoir jeune +fille y introduire une coquille, et femme mariée une énorme tasse de bois.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, tom. vi., p. 87. 'Never takes place during their infancy.' <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 187. 'When the event takes place that implies -womanhood.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 243. 'Wenn zum ersten Mal beim Mädchen +womanhood.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 243. 'Wenn zum ersten Mal beim Mädchen sich Spuren der Mannbarkeit zeigen, wird ihre Unterlippe durchstochen -und in diese Oeffnung eine Knochenspitze, gegenwärtig doch häufiger -ein Silberstift gelegt.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 21. 'Pues les pareció +und in diese Oeffnung eine Knochenspitze, gegenwärtig doch häufiger +ein Silberstift gelegt.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 21. 'Pues les pareció que solo lo tenian los casados.' <i>Perez</i>, <i>Nav.</i>, MS. p. 15.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_149" id="Footnote_149" href="#FNanchor_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> 'Concave on both sides.' <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 280. 'So lange -sie unverheirathet ist, trägt sie diesen; erhält sie aber einen Mann, so presst -man einen grösseren Schmuck von Holz oder Knochen in die Oeffnung, welcher -nach innen, d. h. zur Zahnseite etwas trogförmig ausgehöhlt ist.' <i>Holmberg</i>, -<i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 21. 'Une espèce d'écuelle de bois sans anses qui appuie contre -les gencives.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 224. Pieces of shell resembling +sie unverheirathet ist, trägt sie diesen; erhält sie aber einen Mann, so presst +man einen grösseren Schmuck von Holz oder Knochen in die Oeffnung, welcher +nach innen, d. h. zur Zahnseite etwas trogförmig ausgehöhlt ist.' <i>Holmberg</i>, +<i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 21. 'Une espèce d'écuelle de bois sans anses qui appuie contre +les gencives.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 224. Pieces of shell resembling teeth. <i>Meares' Voy.</i>, p. xxxi.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_150" id="Footnote_150" href="#FNanchor_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> 'As large as a large saucer.' <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 289. 'From one corner of the mouth to the other.' <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 280. 'Frequently increased to three, or even four inches in length, and nearly as wide.' <i>Dixon's -Voy.</i>, p. 187. 'A communément un demi-pouce d'épaisseur, deux de diamètre, -et trois pouces de long.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. iv., p. 54. 'At +Voy.</i>, p. 187. 'A communément un demi-pouce d'épaisseur, deux de diamètre, +et trois pouces de long.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. iv., p. 54. 'At least seven inches in circumference.' <i>Meares' Voy.</i>, p. xxxviii. 'Mit den -Jahren wird der Schmuck vergrössert, so dass er bei einem alten Weibe über +Jahren wird der Schmuck vergrössert, so dass er bei einem alten Weibe über 2 Zoll breit angetroffen wird.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 21. From two to five inches long, and from one and a half to three inches broad. Ladies of distinction increase the size. 'I have even seen ladies of very high rank with @@ -32438,20 +32398,20 @@ that by a peculiar motion of her under-lip she could almost conceal her whole face with it.' 'Horrible in its appearance to us Europeans.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 115. 'Es una abertura como de media pulgada debaxo del labio inferior, que representa segunda boca, donde colocan una especie de -roldana elíptica de pino, cuyo diámetro mayor es de dos pulgadas, quatro +roldana elÃptica de pino, cuyo diámetro mayor es de dos pulgadas, quatro lineas, y el menor de una pulgada.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 126.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_151" id="Footnote_151" href="#FNanchor_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> 'Une énorme tasse de bois, destinée à recevoir la salive qui s'en échappe +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_151" id="Footnote_151" href="#FNanchor_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> 'Une énorme tasse de bois, destinée à recevoir la salive qui s'en échappe constamment.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, tom. vi., p. 87. 'L'effet de cet ornement -est de rabattre, par le poids de sa partie saillante la lèvre inférieure sur le -menton, de développer les charmes d'une grande bouche béante, qui prend -la forme de celle d'un four, et de mettre à découvert une rangée de dents +est de rabattre, par le poids de sa partie saillante la lèvre inférieure sur le +menton, de développer les charmes d'une grande bouche béante, qui prend +la forme de celle d'un four, et de mettre à découvert une rangée de dents jaunes et sales.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 49. 'She is obliged to be constantly on the watch, lest it should fall out, which would cover her with confusion.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 244. 'The weight of this trencher or ornament weighs the lip down so as to cover the whole of the chin, leaving all the lower teeth and gum quite naked.' <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 289. 'L'usage le plus -révoltant qui existe peut-être sur la terre.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. +révoltant qui existe peut-être sur la terre.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 226. 'Always in proportion to a person's wealth.' 'Distorts every feature in the lower part of the face.' <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 68, 172. 'In running the lip flaps up and down so as to knock sometimes against the chin and @@ -32461,8 +32421,8 @@ passes for the most perfect beauty,' 'The lips of the women held out like a trough, and always filled with saliva stained with tobacco-juice, of which they are immoderately fond, is the most abominably revolting part of the spectacle.' <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 52. 'Dadurch entsteht eine im -selbigen Maasse ausgedehnte Lippe, die höchst widerlich aussieht, um so -mehr, da sich nun mehr der Mund nicht schliessen kann, sondern unaufhörlich +selbigen Maasse ausgedehnte Lippe, die höchst widerlich aussieht, um so +mehr, da sich nun mehr der Mund nicht schliessen kann, sondern unaufhörlich einen braunen Tabaksspeichel von sich gibt.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 21. 'So distorts the face as to take from it almost the resemblance to the human; yet the privilege of wearing this ornament is not extended to the @@ -32470,16 +32430,16 @@ female slaves, who are prisoners taken in war.' <i>Cleveland's Voy.</i>, p. 91. as if they had large flat wooden spoons growing in the flesh.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 115. 'The sight is hideous. Our men used jocosely to say, this lower lip would make a good slab to lay their trousers on to be scrubbed.' -<i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, p. 277. 'On ne connaît point d'explication plausible de cette +<i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, p. 277. 'On ne connaît point d'explication plausible de cette mutilation, qui, chez les Indiens, passe pour un signe de noblesse.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 336.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152" href="#FNanchor_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> 'Die Männertracht unterscheidet sich in Nichts von der Weiber; sie -besteht nämlich aus einem bis zu den Knieen gehenden Hemde.' <i>Holmberg</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152" href="#FNanchor_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> 'Die Männertracht unterscheidet sich in Nichts von der Weiber; sie +besteht nämlich aus einem bis zu den Knieen gehenden Hemde.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 18. Some of their blankets 'are so curiously worked on one side with the fur of the sea-otter, that they appear as if lined with it.' 'Some dress themselves in short pantaloons.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 238. 'Las mugeres -visten honestamente una especie de túnica interior de piel sobada.' <i>Sutil +visten honestamente una especie de túnica interior de piel sobada.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. cxvii. 'Se vestian las mugeres tunicas de pieles ajustadas al cuerpo con brazaletes de cobre o hierro.' <i>Perez</i>, <i>Nav.</i>, MS. p. 15. 'Usual clothing consists of a little apron.' <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 49. 'Their @@ -32491,8 +32451,8 @@ that a musket-ball, fired at a moderate distance, can hardly penetrate them.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 150.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_154" id="Footnote_154" href="#FNanchor_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Pluck out their beard. <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 112. 'Ils ont de -la barbe, moins à la vérité que les Européens, mais assez cependant pour qu'il -soit impossible d'en douter.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 229. 'The women +la barbe, moins à la vérité que les Européens, mais assez cependant pour qu'il +soit impossible d'en douter.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 229. 'The women in general are hair-dressers for their husbands.' <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 290.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_155" id="Footnote_155" href="#FNanchor_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> 'Der Eingang, ziemlich hoch von der Erde, besteht aus einem kleinen @@ -32500,55 +32460,55 @@ runden Loche.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 25. 'Ils se construisent de bois ou de terre pour l'hiver.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, vol. vi., p. 87. 'The barabaras of the Sitcan people are of a square form, and spacious. The sides are of planks; and the roof resembles that of a Russian house.' <i>Lisiansky's -Voy.</i>, p. 239. 'Habitan estos Indios en chozas ó rancherías de tablas muy +Voy.</i>, p. 239. 'Habitan estos Indios en chozas ó rancherÃas de tablas muy desabrigadas.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. cxvi. At Sitka the roof 'rests upon ten or twelve thick posts driven into the ground, and the sides of the house are composed of broad thick planks fastened to the same posts.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, -pt. ii., p. 129. 'Dans l'intérieur des terres, des habitations bien construites, +pt. ii., p. 129. 'Dans l'intérieur des terres, des habitations bien construites, spacieuses et commodes.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 74. 'Shanties on a large scale.' <i>Whymper's Alaska</i>, p. 100. 'Their huts are made of a few boards, which they take away with them when they go to their winter quarters. It is very surprising to see how well they will shape their boards with the -shocking tools they employ; some of them being full 10 feet long, 2½ feet +shocking tools they employ; some of them being full 10 feet long, 2½ feet broad, and not more than an inch thick.' <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 292. 'High, large, and roomy, built of wood, with the hearth in the middle, and the sides divided into as many compartments as there are families living under the roof.' <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. i., p. 410. 'Lebt in Schoppen aus Balken gebaut, wo -an den Seiten für jede Familie besondere Plätze abgetheilt sind, in der Mitte -aber Feuer für alle zusammen angemacht wird. So pflegen gemeiniglich 2 +an den Seiten für jede Familie besondere Plätze abgetheilt sind, in der Mitte +aber Feuer für alle zusammen angemacht wird. So pflegen gemeiniglich 2 bis 6 Familien eine einzige Scheune einzunehmen.' <i>Baer's Ethn. u. Stat.</i>, p. 97.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_156" id="Footnote_156" href="#FNanchor_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> 'Vingt-cinq pieds de long sur quinze à vingt pieds de large.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_156" id="Footnote_156" href="#FNanchor_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> 'Vingt-cinq pieds de long sur quinze à vingt pieds de large.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 220. 'Roof in the whole with the bark of trees.' <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 53. 'Las casas en que estos habitan en las playas son de poca consideracion y ninguna subsistencia.' <i>Bodega y Quadra</i>, <i>Nav.</i>, MS. p. 49. 'A few poles stuck in the ground, without order or regularity.' <i>Dixon's -Voy.</i>, p. 172. 'Gebäude besteht aus langen, sorgfältig behauenen Brettern, -die kartenhausartig über einander gestellt, an zahlreichen in die Erde gesteckten -Stangen befestigt, recht eigentlich ein hölzernes Zelt bilden. Es -hat die Form einer länglichen Barake mit zwei Giebeln.' <i>Kittlitz</i>, <i>Reise</i>, vol. i., +Voy.</i>, p. 172. 'Gebäude besteht aus langen, sorgfältig behauenen Brettern, +die kartenhausartig über einander gestellt, an zahlreichen in die Erde gesteckten +Stangen befestigt, recht eigentlich ein hölzernes Zelt bilden. Es +hat die Form einer länglichen Barake mit zwei Giebeln.' <i>Kittlitz</i>, <i>Reise</i>, vol. i., pp. 220, 221.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_157" id="Footnote_157" href="#FNanchor_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> All kinds of fish; 'such as salmon, mussels, and various other shell-fish, sea-otters, seals and porpoises; the blubber of the porpoise, they are remarkably fond of, and indeed the flesh of any animal that comes in their way.' <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 290. 'Vom Meere, an dessen Ufern sie sich stets ansiedeln, -erhalten sie ihre hauptsächlichste Nahrung; einige Wurzeln, Gräser u. Beeren -gehören nur zu den Leckerbissen des Sommers.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. +erhalten sie ihre hauptsächlichste Nahrung; einige Wurzeln, Gräser u. Beeren +gehören nur zu den Leckerbissen des Sommers.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 22. Cakes made of bark of spruce-fir, mixed with roots, berries, and train-oil. For salt they use sea-water. Never eat whale-fat. <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 131. At Sitka, summer food consists of berries, fresh fish, and flesh of amphibious animals. Winter food, of dried salmon, train-oil, and the spawn of fish, especially herrings. <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 239. 'Sus alimentos -se reducen á pescado cocido ó asado ya fresco ó ya seco, varias hierbas +se reducen á pescado cocido ó asado ya fresco ó ya seco, varias hierbas y raizes.' <i>Bodega y Quadra</i>, <i>Nav.</i>, MS. p. 50. They chew 'a plant which appears to be a species of tobacco.' <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 175. 'Sont couverts -de vermine; ils font une chasse assidue à ces animaux dévorans, mais pour les -dévorer eux-mêmes.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 52. 'Tägliche Nahrung -der Einwohner—sind hauptsächtlich Fische, doch häufig auch Mollusken und +de vermine; ils font une chasse assidue à ces animaux dévorans, mais pour les +dévorer eux-mêmes.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 52. 'Tägliche Nahrung +der Einwohner—sind hauptsächtlich Fische, doch häufig auch Mollusken und Echinodermen.' <i>Kittlitz</i>, <i>Reise</i>, vol. i., p. 222.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_158" id="Footnote_158" href="#FNanchor_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> 'Le poisson frais ou fumé, les œufs séchés de poisson.' <i>Marchand</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_158" id="Footnote_158" href="#FNanchor_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> 'Le poisson frais ou fumé, les œufs séchés de poisson.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 62. 'Is sometimes cooked upon red-hot stones, but more commonly eaten raw.' <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 53. 'Not so expert in hunting as the Aleutians. Their principal mode is that of shooting the @@ -32556,30 +32516,30 @@ sea animals as they lie asleep.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 242. They boil thei victuals in wooden vessels, by constantly putting red-hot stones into the water. <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 291. 'Das Kochen geschieht jetzt in eisernen Kesseln, vor der Bekanntschaft mit den Russen aber wurden dazu aus Wurzeln -geflochtene Körbe angewandt.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 23.</p> +geflochtene Körbe angewandt.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 23.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_159" id="Footnote_159" href="#FNanchor_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> To their fishing lines, bladders are fastened, 'which float upon the surface of the water, so that one person can attend to fourteen or fifteen lines.' <i>Langsdorff's -Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 134. 'Ils pêchent, comme nous, en barrant les rivières, -ou à la ligne.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 232. 'For taking the spawn, they +Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 134. 'Ils pêchent, comme nous, en barrant les rivières, +ou à la ligne.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 232. 'For taking the spawn, they use the branches of the pine-tree, to which it easily adheres, and on which it is afterwards dried. It is then put into baskets, or holes purposely dug in the ground, till wanted.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 239. 'Su comun alimento es -el salmon, y es ingenioso el método que tienen de pescarle.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, +el salmon, y es ingenioso el método que tienen de pescarle.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. cxvii. 'Their lines are very strong, being made of the sinews or intestines of animals.' <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 174. 'Die Riesenbutte, die in Sitcha bisweilen ein Gewicht von 10 bis 12 Pud erreicht, wird aus der Tiefe mit grossen -hölzernen Angeln, die mit Widerhaken aus Eisen oder Knochen versehen -sind, herausgezogen. Die Angelschnur besteht aus an einander geknüpften -Fucusstängeln.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 32.</p> +hölzernen Angeln, die mit Widerhaken aus Eisen oder Knochen versehen +sind, herausgezogen. Die Angelschnur besteht aus an einander geknüpften +Fucusstängeln.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 32.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_160" id="Footnote_160" href="#FNanchor_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> 'Bows and arrows were formerly their only weapons; now, besides their muskets, they have daggers, and knives half a yard long.' <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 55. Their weapons were bows, arrows, and spears. <i>Dixon's -Voy.</i>, p. 67. 'Leur lances dont l'ancienne forme n'est pas connue, est à -présent composée de deux pièces: de la hampe, longue de quinze ou dix-huit -pieds, et du fer qui ne le cède en rien à celui de la hallebarde de parade -dont étoit armé un Suisse de paroisse.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 68. +Voy.</i>, p. 67. 'Leur lances dont l'ancienne forme n'est pas connue, est à +présent composée de deux pièces: de la hampe, longue de quinze ou dix-huit +pieds, et du fer qui ne le cède en rien à celui de la hallebarde de parade +dont étoit armé un Suisse de paroisse.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 68. Knives, some two feet long, shaped almost like a dagger, with a ridge in the middle. Worn in skin sheaths hung by a thong to the neck under their robe, probably used only as weapons. <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 373. @@ -32589,31 +32549,31 @@ ocho varas de largo con lenguetas de fierro.' <i>Bodega y Quadra</i>, <i>Nav.</i three, four or five inches above the hand tapered to a sharp point; but the upper part of those used in the Sound and River is excurvated.' <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 261. 'Principally bows and arrows.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., -p. 131. 'Sus armas se reducen al arco, la flecha y el puñal que traen siempre -consigo.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. cxvii. 'Comme nous examinions très attentivement +p. 131. 'Sus armas se reducen al arco, la flecha y el puñal que traen siempre +consigo.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. cxvii. 'Comme nous examinions très attentivement tous ces poignards, ils nous firent signe qu'ils n'en faisaient -usage que contre les ours et les autres bêtes des forêts.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, -tom. ii., p. 172. 'Der Dolch ist sehr breit und hat zwei geschliffene Blätter -auf jeder Seite des Griffes, das obere jedoch nur ein Viertel von der Länge -des unteren.' 'Beide Blätter oder Klingen sind mit ledernen Scheiden versehen.' +usage que contre les ours et les autres bêtes des forêts.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, +tom. ii., p. 172. 'Der Dolch ist sehr breit und hat zwei geschliffene Blätter +auf jeder Seite des Griffes, das obere jedoch nur ein Viertel von der Länge +des unteren.' 'Beide Blätter oder Klingen sind mit ledernen Scheiden versehen.' <i>Holmberg</i>, <i>Ethn. Skiz.</i>, p. 28.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_161" id="Footnote_161" href="#FNanchor_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> 'A kind of jacket, or coat of mail, made of thin laths, bound together with sinews, which makes it quite flexible, though so close as not to admit -an arrow or dart.' <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 372. 'Für den Krieg besitzen +an arrow or dart.' <i>Cook's Third Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 372. 'Für den Krieg besitzen die Kaloschen auch von Holz gearbeitete Schutzwaffen: Brustharnische, Sturmhauben und seltsam geschnitzte Visire, mit grellen Farben bemalte Fratzengesichter darstellen.' <i>Kittlitz</i>, <i>Reise</i>, vol. i., p. 216.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_162" id="Footnote_162" href="#FNanchor_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> 'They never attack their enemies openly.' <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. -ii., p. 55. 'Les guerriers tués ou faits prisonniers à la guerre, passent également -sous la dent de leurs vainqueurs qui, en dévorant une proie aussi distinguée, -croient y puiser de nouvelles forces, une nouvelle énergie.' <i>Laplace</i>, +ii., p. 55. 'Les guerriers tués ou faits prisonniers à la guerre, passent également +sous la dent de leurs vainqueurs qui, en dévorant une proie aussi distinguée, +croient y puiser de nouvelles forces, une nouvelle énergie.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, tom. vi., p. 155.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_163" id="Footnote_163" href="#FNanchor_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> 'Bien hechas de una pieza con su falca sobre las bordas.' <i>Perez</i>, <i>Nav., -MS.</i>, p. 17. 'On n'est pas moins étonné de leur stabilité: malgré la légèreté -et le peu de largeur de la coque, elles n'ont pas besoin d'être soutenues par +MS.</i>, p. 17. 'On n'est pas moins étonné de leur stabilité: malgré la légèreté +et le peu de largeur de la coque, elles n'ont pas besoin d'être soutenues par des balanciers, et jamais on ne les accouple.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 72. 'Las regulares canoas de que se sirven son de pino, y no tienen mas capacidad que la que basta para contener una familia, sin embargo que las hay sumamente @@ -32631,8 +32591,8 @@ ends, until they came to a point, and the fore-part somewhat higher than the after-part; indeed, the whole was finished in a neat and very exact manner.' <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 259.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_164" id="Footnote_164" href="#FNanchor_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> 'Ont fait beaucoup plus de progrès dans les arts que dans la morale.' -<i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 233. Thlinkeet women make baskets of bark of +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_164" id="Footnote_164" href="#FNanchor_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> 'Ont fait beaucoup plus de progrès dans les arts que dans la morale.' +<i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 233. Thlinkeet women make baskets of bark of trees, and grass, that will hold water. <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 132. They have tolerable ideas of carving, most utensils having sculptures, representing some animal. <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 294. 'Ces peintures, ces sculptures, telles @@ -32652,15 +32612,15 @@ for money.' <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 54. 'In one place they discovered a considerable hoard of woolen cloth, and as much dried fish as would have loaded 150 bidarkas.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 160.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_166" id="Footnote_166" href="#FNanchor_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> 'Le Gouvernement des Tchinkitânéens paroîtroit donc se rapprocher +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_166" id="Footnote_166" href="#FNanchor_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> 'Le Gouvernement des Tchinkitânéens paroîtroit donc se rapprocher du Gouvernement patriarchal.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 83. 'De su -gobierno pensamos cuando mas, oiendo el modo de someterse á algunos viejos, -seria oligárhico.' <i>Bodega y Quadra</i>, <i>Nav.</i>, MS. p. 50. 'Though the toyons +gobierno pensamos cuando mas, oiendo el modo de someterse á algunos viejos, +seria oligárhico.' <i>Bodega y Quadra</i>, <i>Nav.</i>, MS. p. 50. 'Though the toyons have power over their subjects, it is a very limited power, unless when an individual of extraordinary abilities starts up, who is sure to rule despotically.' -<i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 243. 'Chaque famille semble vivre d'une manière isolée -et avoir un régime particulier.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. iv., p. 61. 'Ces Conseils -composés des vieillards.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, tom. vi., p. 155.</p> +<i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 243. 'Chaque famille semble vivre d'une manière isolée +et avoir un régime particulier.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. iv., p. 61. 'Ces Conseils +composés des vieillards.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, tom. vi., p. 155.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_167" id="Footnote_167" href="#FNanchor_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Tribes are distinguished by the color and character of their paint. <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 51. They 'are divided into tribes; the principal of @@ -32671,7 +32631,7 @@ wolf are called <i>Coquontans</i>, and have many privileges over the other tribe <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_168" id="Footnote_168" href="#FNanchor_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> 'The women possess a predominant influence, and acknowledged superiority over the other sex.' <i>Meares' Voy.</i>, p. 323. 'Parmi eux les femmes -jouissent d'une certaine considération.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, tom. vi., p. 87. +jouissent d'une certaine considération.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, tom. vi., p. 87. They treat their wives and children with much affection and tenderness, and the women keep the treasures. <i>Portlock's Voy.</i>, p. 290. The Kalush 'finds his filthy countrywomen, with their lip-troughs, so charming, that they often @@ -32679,20 +32639,20 @@ awaken in him the most vehement passion.' <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 56. 'It is certain that industry, reserve, modesty, and conjugal fidelity, are the general characteristics of the female sex among these people.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 133. 'Quoiqu'elles vivent sous la domination d'hommes -très-féroces, je n'ai pas vu qu'elles en fussent traitées d'une manière -aussi barbare que le prétendent la plupart des voyageurs.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, +très-féroces, je n'ai pas vu qu'elles en fussent traitées d'une manière +aussi barbare que le prétendent la plupart des voyageurs.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. iv., p. 61.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_169" id="Footnote_169" href="#FNanchor_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> 'Weddings are celebrated merely by a feast, given to the relatives of the bride.' <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 57.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_170" id="Footnote_170" href="#FNanchor_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> 'Ils ne s'écartent jamais de deux pas pour aucun besoin; ils ne cherchent -dans ces occasions ni l'ombre ni le mystère; ils continuent la conversation -qu'ils ont commencée, comme s'ils n'avaient pas un instant à perdre; +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_170" id="Footnote_170" href="#FNanchor_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> 'Ils ne s'écartent jamais de deux pas pour aucun besoin; ils ne cherchent +dans ces occasions ni l'ombre ni le mystère; ils continuent la conversation +qu'ils ont commencée, comme s'ils n'avaient pas un instant à perdre; et lorsque c'est pendant le repas, ils reprennent leur place, dont ils n'ont -jamais été éloignés d'une toise.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 221.</p> +jamais été éloignés d'une toise.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 221.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_171" id="Footnote_171" href="#FNanchor_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> 'Ont un goût décidé pour le chant.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 75. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_171" id="Footnote_171" href="#FNanchor_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> 'Ont un goût décidé pour le chant.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 75. 'The women sit upon the ground at a distance of some paces from the dancers, and sing a not inharmonious melody, which supplies the place of music.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 114. 'They dance and sing continually.' <i>Lisiansky's @@ -32703,7 +32663,7 @@ Alca arctica.' <i>Voy.</i>, vol. i., p. 103.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_172" id="Footnote_172" href="#FNanchor_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> They lose at this game all their possessions, and even their wives and children, who then become the property of the winner.' <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, -vol. ii., p. 62. 'Ce jeu les rend tristes et sérieux.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. +vol. ii., p. 62. 'Ce jeu les rend tristes et sérieux.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 235.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_173" id="Footnote_173" href="#FNanchor_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Upon one tomb, 'formaba una figura grande y horrorosa que tenia @@ -32711,24 +32671,24 @@ entre sus garras una caxa.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. cxviii. 'T frequently decorated with two or three rows of small shells.' <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 176. 'The dead are burned, and their ashes preserved in small wooden boxes, in buildings appropriated to that purpose.' <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, -vol. ii., p. 57. 'Nos voyageurs rencontrèrent aussi un morai qui leur -prouva que ces Indiens étaient dans l'usage de brûler les morts et d'en conserver -la tête.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 205. 'On the death of a toyon, +vol. ii., p. 57. 'Nos voyageurs rencontrèrent aussi un morai qui leur +prouva que ces Indiens étaient dans l'usage de brûler les morts et d'en conserver +la tête.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 205. 'On the death of a toyon, or other distinguished person, one of his slaves is deprived of life, and burned with him.' <i>Lisiansky's Voy.</i>, p. 241.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_174" id="Footnote_174" href="#FNanchor_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Called by Gallatin, in <i>Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact.</i>, vol. ii., p. 17, <i>Athapasca</i>, the name 'first given to the central part of the country they inhabit.' -Sir John Richardson, <i>Jour.</i>, vol. ii., p. 1, calls them 'Tinnè, or 'Dtinnè, Athabascans +Sir John Richardson, <i>Jour.</i>, vol. ii., p. 1, calls them 'Tinnè, or 'Dtinnè, Athabascans or Chepewyans.' 'They style themselves generally Dinneh men, or Indians.' <i>Franklin's Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 241.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_175" id="Footnote_175" href="#FNanchor_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> <i>Richardson's Jour.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 1-33.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_176" id="Footnote_176" href="#FNanchor_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> 'Les Indiens de la côte ou de la Nouvelle Calédonie, les Tokalis, les -Chargeurs (Carriers) les Schouchouaps, les Atnas, appartiennent tous à la -nation des Chipeouaïans dont la langue est en usage dans le nord du Continent -jusqu'à la baie d'Hudson et à la Mer Polaire.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_176" id="Footnote_176" href="#FNanchor_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> 'Les Indiens de la côte ou de la Nouvelle Calédonie, les Tokalis, les +Chargeurs (Carriers) les Schouchouaps, les Atnas, appartiennent tous à la +nation des Chipeouaïans dont la langue est en usage dans le nord du Continent +jusqu'à la baie d'Hudson et à la Mer Polaire.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 337.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_177" id="Footnote_177" href="#FNanchor_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Are 'known under the names of <i>Loucheux</i>, <i>Digothi</i>, and <i>Kutshin</i>.' <i>Latham's @@ -32741,11 +32701,11 @@ of Peel's River. All the tribes inhabiting the valley of the Youkon understand one another.' <i>Hardisty</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1866, p. 311.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_178" id="Footnote_178" href="#FNanchor_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Gallatin, in <i>Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact.</i>, vol. ii., p. 17, erroneously ruled -the Loucheux out of his Athabasca nation. 'Im äussersten Nordosten hat -uns Gallatin aufmerksam gemacht auf das Volk der Loucheux, Zänker-Indianer -oder Digothi: an der Mündung des Mackenzie-Flusses, nach Einigen zu -dessen beiden Seiten (westliche und östliche): dessen Sprache er nach den -Reisenden für fremd den athapaskischen hielt: worüber sich die neuen Nachrichten +the Loucheux out of his Athabasca nation. 'Im äussersten Nordosten hat +uns Gallatin aufmerksam gemacht auf das Volk der Loucheux, Zänker-Indianer +oder Digothi: an der Mündung des Mackenzie-Flusses, nach Einigen zu +dessen beiden Seiten (westliche und östliche): dessen Sprache er nach den +Reisenden für fremd den athapaskischen hielt: worüber sich die neuen Nachrichten noch widersprechen.' <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Sprache</i>, p. 713. Franklin, <i>Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 83, allies the Loucheux to the Eskimos.</p> @@ -32890,7 +32850,7 @@ Kutchins practice blood-letting <i>ad libitum</i>.' <i>Jones</i>, <i>Smithsonian cannibals, casting lots for victims in time of scarcity. <i>Simpson's Nar.</i>, p. 188. 'Instances of suicide, by hanging, frequently occur among the women.' <i>Harmon's Jour.</i>, p. 198. During times of starvation, which occur quite frequently, -the Slavé Indians eat their families. <i>Hooper's Tuski</i>, p. 303. 'These people +the Slavé Indians eat their families. <i>Hooper's Tuski</i>, p. 303. 'These people take their names, in the first instance, from their dogs. A young man is the father of a certain dog, but when he is married, and has a son, he styles himself the father of the boy. The women have a habit of reproving the dogs @@ -32898,7 +32858,7 @@ very tenderly when they observe them fighting. "Are you not ashamed," say they, "to quarrel with your little brother?"' <i>Franklin's Nar.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 85, 86. 'Whether circumcision be practiced among them, I cannot pretend to say, but the appearance of it was general among those whom I saw.' <i>Mackenzie's -Voy.</i>, p. 36. Dog-rib Indians, sometimes also called Slavés, 'a name +Voy.</i>, p. 36. Dog-rib Indians, sometimes also called Slavés, 'a name properly meaning 'strangers.' <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Am. Arch. Soc. Trans.</i>, vol. ii., p. 19.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_202" id="Footnote_202" href="#FNanchor_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> 'Order is maintained in the tribe solely by public opinion.' <i>Richardson's @@ -32939,8 +32899,8 @@ not transcend these bounds, without purchasing the privilege of those who claim the land. Mountains and rivers serve them as boundaries.' <i>Harmon's Jour.</i>, p. 298.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_208" id="Footnote_208" href="#FNanchor_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> Mackenzie, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 238, found on Fraser River, about latitude 55°, a -deserted house, 30 by 20, with three doors, 3 by 3½ feet; three fire-places, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_208" id="Footnote_208" href="#FNanchor_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> Mackenzie, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 238, found on Fraser River, about latitude 55°, a +deserted house, 30 by 20, with three doors, 3 by 3½ feet; three fire-places, and beds on either side; behind the beds was a narrow space, like a manger, somewhat elevated, for keeping fish. 'Their houses are well formed of logs of small trees, buttressed up internally, frequently above seventy feet long @@ -33042,7 +33002,7 @@ the aspin tree, as well as of the bark of the spruce fir.' <i>Harmon's Jour.</i> 291. Rafts are employed on the Mackenzie. <i>Simpson's Nar.</i>, p. 185. 'In shape the Northern Indian canoe bears some resemblance to a weaver's shuttle; covered over with birch bark.' <i>Hearne's Jour.</i>, pp. 97, 98. 'Kanots -aus Birkenrinde, auf denen sie die Flüsse u. Seen befahren.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. +aus Birkenrinde, auf denen sie die Flüsse u. Seen befahren.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 112. The Kutchin canoe 'is flat-bottomed, is about nine feet long and one broad, and the sides nearly straight up and down like a wall.' <i>Jones</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1866, p. 323.</p> @@ -33106,10 +33066,10 @@ which necessity would require a writer to invent.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_230" id="Footnote_230" href="#FNanchor_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, p. 173; <i>Macfie's Vanc. Isl.</i>, p. 441; <i>Catlin's N. Am. Ind.</i>, vol. ii., p. 108; the name being given to the people between the region of the -Columbia and 53° 30´.</p> +Columbia and 53° 30´.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_231" id="Footnote_231" href="#FNanchor_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> The name <i>Nez Percés</i>, 'pierced noses,' is usually pronounced as if English, -<i>Nez Pér-ces</i>.</p> +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_231" id="Footnote_231" href="#FNanchor_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> The name <i>Nez Percés</i>, 'pierced noses,' is usually pronounced as if English, +<i>Nez Pér-ces</i>.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_232" id="Footnote_232" href="#FNanchor_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> For particulars and authorities see <span class="smcap"><a href="#TRIBAL_III">Tribal Boundaries</a></span> at end of this chapter.</p> @@ -33143,7 +33103,7 @@ of external dignity, with a symmetrical figure, and a perfect order of European contour.' <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 279, 251, 283, 285. Mayne says, 'their countenances are decidedly plainer' than the southern Indians. <i>B. C.</i>, p. 250. 'A tall, well-formed people.' <i>Bendel's Alex. Arch.</i>, p. 29. 'No finer men ... -can be found on the American Continent.' <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, p. 23. In 55°, 'Son +can be found on the American Continent.' <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, p. 23. In 55°, 'Son bien corpulentos.' <i>Crespi</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, s. iv., vol. vi., p. 646. 'The best looking Indians we had ever met.' 'Much taller, and in every way superior to the Puget Sound tribes. The women are stouter than the men, but not so @@ -33241,7 +33201,7 @@ puntiaguda.' <i>Crespi</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, s. iv., vol. vi., p. 646. <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_250" id="Footnote_250" href="#FNanchor_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 253, 276-7; <i>Catlin's N. Am. Ind.</i>, vol. ii., p. 113.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_251" id="Footnote_251" href="#FNanchor_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> At Salmon River, 52° 58´, 'their dress consists of a single robe tied +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_251" id="Footnote_251" href="#FNanchor_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> At Salmon River, 52° 58´, 'their dress consists of a single robe tied over the shoulders, falling down behind, to the heels, and before, a little below the knees, with a deep fringe round the bottom. It is generally made of the bark of the cedar tree, which they prepare as fine as hemp; though some of @@ -33264,7 +33224,7 @@ a half asunder.' <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 274. See also pp. 137, 26 272, 284. 'Their summer and winter residences are built of split plank, similar to those of the Chenooks.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 263. 'Ils habitent dans des loges de soixante pieds de long, construites avec des troncs de -sapin et recouvertes d'écorces d'arbres.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 337. +sapin et recouvertes d'écorces d'arbres.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 337. 'Their houses are neatly constructed, standing in a row; having large images, cut out of wood, resembling idols. The dwellings have all painted fronts, showing imitations of men and animals. Attached to their houses @@ -33315,7 +33275,7 @@ ornamented pipe stems and heads, models of houses, stone flutes, adorned with well-carved figures of animals. Their imitative skill is as noticeable as their dexterity in carving.' <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, p. 317. The supporting posts of their probable temples were carved into human figures, and -all painted red and black, 'but the sculpture of these people (52° 40´) is superior +all painted red and black, 'but the sculpture of these people (52° 40´) is superior to their painting.' <i>Mackenzie's Voy.</i>, pp. 330-1; see pp. 333-4. 'One man (near Fort Simpson) known as the Arrowsmith of the north-east coast, had gone far beyond his compeers, having prepared very accurate charts of most @@ -33347,7 +33307,7 @@ character of labor, (carving, etc.) their superstitions will not allow any spect of the operator's work.' <i>Reed's Nar.</i>; <i>Ind. Life</i>, p. 96. 'Of a very fine and hard slate they make cups, plates, pipes, little images, and various ornaments, wrought with surprising elegance and taste.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. -Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 197. 'Ils peignent aussi avec le même goût.' <i>Rossi</i>, <i>Souvenirs</i>, +Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 197. 'Ils peignent aussi avec le même goût.' <i>Rossi</i>, <i>Souvenirs</i>, p. 298; <i>Anderson</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. vii., pp. 74-5.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_256" id="Footnote_256" href="#FNanchor_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> <i>Mackenzie's Voy.</i>, p. 338; <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. i., p. 63; vol. ii., pp. 215-17, @@ -33400,7 +33360,7 @@ though rarely with other tribes.' Poole, spending the night with a chief, was given the place of honor, under the same blanket with the chief's daughter—and her father. <i>Poole's Q. Char. Isl.</i>, pp. 312-15, 115-16, 155. 'The Indians are in general very jealous of their women.' <i>Dixon's Voy.</i>, p. 225-6. 'Tous -les individus d'une famille couchent pêle-mêle sur le sol plancheyé de l'habitation.' +les individus d'une famille couchent pêle-mêle sur le sol plancheyé de l'habitation.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 144. 'Soon after I had retired ... the chief paid me a visit to insist on my going to his bed-companion, and taking my place himself.' <i>Mackenzie's Voy.</i>, p. 331. See pp. 300, 371-2. <i>Parker's Explor. @@ -33439,7 +33399,7 @@ doctor or magician; and he would charm my life away.' <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_267" id="Footnote_267" href="#FNanchor_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> <i>Poole's Q. Char. Isl.</i>, pp. 109-10, 116; <i>Anderson</i>, in <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., p. 242.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_268" id="Footnote_268" href="#FNanchor_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> At about 52° 40´, between the Fraser River and the Pacific, Mackenzie +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_268" id="Footnote_268" href="#FNanchor_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> At about 52° 40´, between the Fraser River and the Pacific, Mackenzie observed the treatment of a man with a bad ulcer on his back. They blew on him and whistled, pressed their fingers on his stomach, put their fists into his mouth, and spouted water into his face. Then he was carried into the @@ -33454,19 +33414,19 @@ appeared from the confused situation of the bones, either to have been cut to pieces, or thrust with great violence into this small space.' ... 'I was inclined to suppose that this mode of depositing their dead is practised only in respect to certain persons of their society.' <i>Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 351. At Cape Northumberland, -in 54° 45´, 'was a kind of vault formed partly by the natural +in 54° 45´, 'was a kind of vault formed partly by the natural cavity of the rocks, and partly by the rude artists of the country. It was lined with boards, and contained some fragments of warlike implements, lying near a square box covered with mats and very curiously corded down.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 370; <i>Cornwallis' New El Dorado</i>, pp. 106-7. On Queen Charlotte Islands, -'Ces monumens sont de deux espèces: les premiers et les plus simples ne -sont composés que d'un seul pilier d'environ dix pieds d'élévation et d'un -pied de diamètre, sur le sommet duquel sont fixées des planches formant un -plateau; et dans quelques-uns ce plateau est supporté par deux piliers. Le -corps, déposé sur cette plate-forme, est recouvert de mousse et de grosses -pierres' ... 'Les mausolées de la seconde espèce sont plus composés: quatre -poteaux plantés en terre, et élevés de deux pieds seulement au-dessus du sol -portent un sarcophage travaillé avec art, et hermétiquement clos.' <i>Marchand</i>, +'Ces monumens sont de deux espèces: les premiers et les plus simples ne +sont composés que d'un seul pilier d'environ dix pieds d'élévation et d'un +pied de diamètre, sur le sommet duquel sont fixées des planches formant un +plateau; et dans quelques-uns ce plateau est supporté par deux piliers. Le +corps, déposé sur cette plate-forme, est recouvert de mousse et de grosses +pierres' ... 'Les mausolées de la seconde espèce sont plus composés: quatre +poteaux plantés en terre, et élevés de deux pieds seulement au-dessus du sol +portent un sarcophage travaillé avec art, et hermétiquement clos.' <i>Marchand</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 135-6. 'According to another account it appeared that they actually bury their dead; and when another of the family dies, the remains of the person who was last interred, are taken from the grave and @@ -33475,8 +33435,8 @@ Journ.</i>, vol. i., pp. 203-4; <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 272, 276, 280; <i>Mayn pp. 272, 293; <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., p. 235; <i>Macfie's Vanc. Isl.</i>, pp. 440-41; <i>Dall's Alaska</i>, p. 417.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_270" id="Footnote_270" href="#FNanchor_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> On the coast, at 52° 12´, Vancouver found them 'civil, good-humoured -and friendly.' At Cascade Canal, about 52° 24´, 'in traffic they proved themselves +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_270" id="Footnote_270" href="#FNanchor_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> On the coast, at 52° 12´, Vancouver found them 'civil, good-humoured +and friendly.' At Cascade Canal, about 52° 24´, 'in traffic they proved themselves to be keen traders, but acted with the strictest honesty;' at Point Hopkins 'they all behaved very civilly and honestly;' while further north, at Observatory Inlet, 'in their countenances was expressed a degree of savage @@ -33520,7 +33480,7 @@ fists. <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, p. 23. Intellectually superior to the Puget Sound tribes. <i>Reed's Nar.</i> 'Mansos y de buena indole.' <i>Crespi</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, s. iv., vol. vi., p. 646. On Skeena River, 'the worst I have seen in all my travels.' <i>Downie</i>, in <i>B. C. Papers</i>, vol. iii., p. 73. 'As rogues, where all are -rogues,' preëminence is awarded them. <i>Anderson</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. vii., +rogues,' preëminence is awarded them. <i>Anderson</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. vii., pp. 74-5.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_271" id="Footnote_271" href="#FNanchor_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> 'On my arrival at this inlet, I had honoured it with the name of King @@ -33616,15 +33576,15 @@ Ledyard</i>, p. 71; <i>Prichard's Researches</i>, vol. v., p. 442. 'Spare muscul <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_280" id="Footnote_280" href="#FNanchor_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> Limbs small, crooked, or ill-made; large feet; badly shaped, and projecting ankles from sitting so much on their hams and knees. <i>Cook's Voy. to Pac.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 301-3. 'Their limbs, though stout and athletic, are -crooked and ill-shaped.' <i>Meares' Voy.</i>, p. 250. 'Ils ont les membres inférieures -légèrement arqués, les chevilles très-saillantes, et la pointe des pieds -tournée en dedans, difformité qui provient de la manière dont ils sont assis +crooked and ill-shaped.' <i>Meares' Voy.</i>, p. 250. 'Ils ont les membres inférieures +légèrement arqués, les chevilles très-saillantes, et la pointe des pieds +tournée en dedans, difformité qui provient de la manière dont ils sont assis dans leurs canots.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 343-4. 'Stunted, and move with a lazy waddling gait.' <i>Macfie's Vanc. Isl.</i>, p. 428. 'Skeleton shanks ... not much physical strength ... bow-legged—defects common to the seaboard tribes.' <i>Poole's Q. Char. Isl.</i>, pp. 73-4. All the females of the Northwest Coast are very short-limbed. 'Raro es el que no tiene muy salientes los tobillos -y las puntas de los pies inclinadas hácia dentro ... y una especie de +y las puntas de los pies inclinadas hácia dentro ... y una especie de entumecimiento que se advierte, particularmente en las mugeres.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, pp. 124, 30, 62-3. They have great strength in the fingers. <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, p. 33. Women, short-limbed, and toe in. <i>Id.</i>, p. 22; <i>Mayne's @@ -33648,8 +33608,8 @@ and full, their cheeks high and prominent, with small black eyes; their noses are broad and flat; their lips thick, and they have generally very fine teeth, and of the most brilliant whiteness.' <i>Meares' Voy.</i>, pp. 249-50; <i>Barrett-Lennard's Trav.</i>, p. 44. 'La fisonomia de estos (Nitinats) era differente de la de -los habitantes de Nutka: tenian el cráneo de figura natural, los ojos chicos -muy próximos, cargados los párpados.' Many have a languid look, but few +los habitantes de Nutka: tenian el cráneo de figura natural, los ojos chicos +muy próximos, cargados los párpados.' Many have a languid look, but few a stupid appearance. <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, pp. 28, 30, 62-3, 124. 'Dull and inexpressive eye.' 'Unprepossessing and stupid countenances.' <i>Poole's Q. Char. Isl.</i>, pp. 74, 80. The Wickinninish have 'a much less open and @@ -33696,8 +33656,8 @@ cast ... of our southern nations.... Their children ... also equalled ours in whiteness.' <i>Cook's Voy. to Pac.</i>, vol. ii., p. 303. 'Their complexion is a dull brown,' darker than the Haidahs. 'Cook and Meares probably mentioned exceptional cases.' <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, pp. 23-4. 'Tan blancos como el -mejor Español.' <i>Perez</i>, <i>Rel. del Viage, MS.</i>, p. 20. 'Por lo que se puede inferir -del (color) de los niños, parece menos obscuro que el de los Mexicanos,' +mejor Español.' <i>Perez</i>, <i>Rel. del Viage, MS.</i>, p. 20. 'Por lo que se puede inferir +del (color) de los niños, parece menos obscuro que el de los Mexicanos,' but judging by the chiefs' daughters they are wholly white. <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 125. 'A dark, swarthy copper-coloured figure.' <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. i., p. 143. They 'have lighter complexions than other aborigines of America.' @@ -33714,11 +33674,11 @@ any tribe. The men's beards and whiskers are deficient, probably from the old alleged custom, now seldom practiced, of extirpating the hairs with small shells. Several of the Nootkah Sound natives (Moouchahts) have large moustaches and whiskers.' <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, pp. 25-7. 'El cabello es largo -lacio y grueso, variando su color entre rubio, obscuro, castaño y negro. La -barba sale á los mozos con la misma regularidad que á los de otros paises, y -llega á ser en los ancianos tan poblada y larga como la de los Turcos; pero -los jóvenes parecen imberbes porque se la arrancan con los dedos, ó mas comunmente -con pinzas formadas de pequeñas conchas.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, +lacio y grueso, variando su color entre rubio, obscuro, castaño y negro. La +barba sale á los mozos con la misma regularidad que á los de otros paises, y +llega á ser en los ancianos tan poblada y larga como la de los Turcos; pero +los jóvenes parecen imberbes porque se la arrancan con los dedos, ó mas comunmente +con pinzas formadas de pequeñas conchas.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, pp. 124-5, 57. 'Hair of the head is in great abundance, very coarse, and strong; and without a single exception, black, straight and lank.' No beards at all, or a small thin one on the chin, not from a natural defect, but from @@ -33745,11 +33705,11 @@ conical, and natural form; <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, p. 241; <i>Jewitt's Nar.</i>, p. Hist. and Geog. Mem.</i>, p. 115.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_286" id="Footnote_286" href="#FNanchor_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> At Valdes Island, 'the faces of some were made intirely white, some -red, black, or lead colour.' <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. i., pp. 307, 341. At Nuñez +red, black, or lead colour.' <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. i., pp. 307, 341. At Nuñez Gaona Bay, 'se pintan de encarnado y negro.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 30. At Nootka Sound, 'Con esta grasa (de ballena) se untan todo el cuerpo, y -despues se pintan con una especie de barniz compuesto de la misma grasa ó -aceyte, y de almagre en términos que parece este su color natural.' Chiefs +despues se pintan con una especie de barniz compuesto de la misma grasa ó +aceyte, y de almagre en términos que parece este su color natural.' Chiefs only may paint in varied colors, plebeians being restricted to one.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. 125-7. 'Many of the females painting their faces on all occasions, but the men only at set periods.' Vermilion is obtained by barter. Black, their @@ -33959,9 +33919,9 @@ begin with the one that pretty well answers to our November. At the same time, as their names are applied to each actual new moon as it appears, they are not, by half a month and more (sometimes), identical with our calendar months.' <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, pp. 121-4. 'Las personas mas cultas dividen el -año en catorce meses, y cada uno de estos en veinte dias, agregando luego +año en catorce meses, y cada uno de estos en veinte dias, agregando luego algunos dias intercalares al fin de cada mes. El de Julio, que ellos llaman -<i>Satz-tzi-mitl</i>, y es el primero de su año, á mas de sus veinte dias ordinarios +<i>Satz-tzi-mitl</i>, y es el primero de su año, á mas de sus veinte dias ordinarios tiene tantos intercalares quantos dura la abundancia de lenguados, atunes, etc.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, pp. 153-4, 148; <i>Grant</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxvii., pp. 295, 304; <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 242-4.</p> @@ -33983,13 +33943,13 @@ people; he must fight his battle like a common man.' <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, pp. but not subordinate in authority to Maquinna, the famous king at Nootka Sound, but the chief at Loughborough's Channel claimed to be under Maquinna. <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. i., pp. 346, 331. 'La dignidad de Tays es hereditaria -de padres á hijos, y pasa regularmente á estos luego que estan en edad -de gobernar, si los padres por ancianidad ú otras causas no pueden seguir +de padres á hijos, y pasa regularmente á estos luego que estan en edad +de gobernar, si los padres por ancianidad ú otras causas no pueden seguir mandando.' 'El gobierno de estos naturales puede llamarse Patriarcal; pues -el Xefe de la nacion hace á un mismo tiempo los oficios de padre de familia, +el Xefe de la nacion hace á un mismo tiempo los oficios de padre de familia, de Rey y de Sumo Sacerdote.' 'Los nobles gozan de tanta consideracion en -Nutka, que ni aun de palabra se atreven los Tayses á reprehenderlos.' 'Todos -consideraban á este (Maquinna) como Soberano de las costas, desde la +Nutka, que ni aun de palabra se atreven los Tayses á reprehenderlos.' 'Todos +consideraban á este (Maquinna) como Soberano de las costas, desde la de Buena Esperanza hasta la punta de Arrecifes, con todos los Canales interiores.' To steal, or to know carnally a girl nine years old, is punished with death. <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, pp. 140, 136, 147, 19, 25. 'There are such @@ -33997,7 +33957,7 @@ men as Chiefs, who are distinguished by the name or title of <i>Acweek</i>, and whom the others are, in some measure, subordinate. But, I should guess, the authority of each of these great men extends no farther than the family to which he belongs.' <i>Cook's Voy. to Pac.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 333-4. 'La forme de -leur gouvernement est toute patriarcale, et la dignité de chef, héréditaire.' +leur gouvernement est toute patriarcale, et la dignité de chef, héréditaire.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 346. Several very populous villages to the northward, included in the territory of Maquilla, the head chief, were entrusted to the government of the principal of his female relations. The whole government @@ -34039,7 +33999,7 @@ tribes, the children go with the mother, p. 96. 'No traces of the existence of polyandry among the Ahts,' p. 99. The personal modesty of the Aht women when young is much greater than that of the men, p. 315. <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, pp. 28-30, 50-2, 93-102, 160, 264, 315. One of the chiefs said that three was -the number of wives permitted: 'como número necesario para no comunicar +the number of wives permitted: 'como número necesario para no comunicar con la que estuviese en cinta.' 'Muchos de ellos mueren sin casarse.' 'El Tays no puede hacer uso de sus mugeres sin ver enteramente iluminado el disco de la luna.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, pp. 141-6. Women treated with @@ -34063,7 +34023,7 @@ days, p. 129. 'Perhaps in no part of the world is virtue more prized,' p. 74. <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_303" id="Footnote_303" href="#FNanchor_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a> 'When relieved from the presence of strangers, they have much easy and social conversation among themselves.' 'The conversation is frequently coarse and indecent.' <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, pp. 50-1. 'Cantando y baylando al -rededor de las hogueras, abandonándose á todos los excesos de la liviandad.' +rededor de las hogueras, abandonándose á todos los excesos de la liviandad.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 133.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_304" id="Footnote_304" href="#FNanchor_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, pp. 55-6; <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 144.</p> @@ -34091,10 +34051,10 @@ together; when the men are dancing the women sing and beat time,' but there is a dance performed by both sexes. <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, pp. 66-7. 'On other occasions a male chief will invite a party of female guests to share his hospitality.' <i>Macfie's Vanc. Isl.</i>, p. 431. 'Las mugeres baylan desayradisimamente; -rara vez se prestan á esta diversion.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 152.</p> +rara vez se prestan á esta diversion.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 152.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_310" id="Footnote_310" href="#FNanchor_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> 'La decencia obliga á pasar en silencio los bayles obscenos de los Mischîmis -(common people), especialmente el del impotente á causa de la edad, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_310" id="Footnote_310" href="#FNanchor_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> 'La decencia obliga á pasar en silencio los bayles obscenos de los Mischîmis +(common people), especialmente el del impotente á causa de la edad, y el del pobre que no ha podido casarse.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, pp. 151-2, 18; <i>Macfie's Vanc. Isl.</i>, pp. 432-7; <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, pp. 65-71; <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, pp. 266-7; <i>Jewitt's Nar.</i>, p. 389; <i>Grant</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxvii., @@ -34147,8 +34107,8 @@ and, indeed, some of them had evident marks that they had been upon the fire.' <i>Cook's Voy. to Pac.</i>, vol. ii., p. 271. Slaves are occasionally sacrificed and feasted upon. <i>Meares' Voy.</i>, p. 255. 'No todos habian comido la carne humana, ni en todo tiempo, sino solamente los guerreros mas animosos quando -se preparaban para salir á campaña.' 'Parece indudable que estos salvages -han sido antropófagos.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 130. 'At Nootka +se preparaban para salir á campaña.' 'Parece indudable que estos salvages +han sido antropófagos.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 130. 'At Nootka Sound, and at the Sandwich Islands, Ledyard witnessed instances of cannibalism. In both places he saw human flesh prepared for food.' <i>Spark's Life of Ledyard</i>, p. 74; <i>Cornwallis' New El Dorado</i>, pp. 104-6. 'Cannibalism, all-though @@ -34158,10 +34118,10 @@ cannibal ceremonies quoted by Macfie and referred to Vancouver Island, probably were intended for the Haidahs farther north. <i>Vanc. Isl.</i>, p. 434. A slave as late as 1850 was drawn up and down a pole by a hook through the skin and tendons of the back, and afterwards devoured. <i>Medicus</i>, in <i>Hutchings' -Cal. Mag.</i>, vol. v., p. 223. 'L'anthropophagie á été longtemps en usage -... et peut-être y existe-t-elle encore.... Le chef Maquina ... tuait un prisonnier -à chaque lune nouvelle. Tous les chefs étaient invités à cette horrible -fête.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 345. 'It is not improbable that the suspicion +Cal. Mag.</i>, vol. v., p. 223. 'L'anthropophagie á été longtemps en usage +... et peut-être y existe-t-elle encore.... Le chef Maquina ... tuait un prisonnier +à chaque lune nouvelle. Tous les chefs étaient invités à cette horrible +fête.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 345. 'It is not improbable that the suspicion that the Nootkans are cannibals may be traced to the practice of some custom analagous to the <i>Tzeet-tzaiak</i> of the Haeel tzuk.' <i>Scouler</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., pp. 223-4. 'The horrid practice of sacrificing @@ -34267,7 +34227,7 @@ Chinooks by fever and ague. <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 231-5. The Clallams speak a kindred language to that of the Ahts. <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, p. 270. 'El gobierno de estos naturales de la entrada y canales de Fuca, la disposicion interior de las habitaciones las manufacturas y vestidos que usan son muy parecidos -á los de los habitantes de Nutka.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 111. The Sound +á los de los habitantes de Nutka.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 111. The Sound Indians live in great dread of the Northern tribes. <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. iv., p. 513. The Makahs deem themselves much superior to the tribes of the interior, because they go out on the ocean. <i>Scammon</i>, in @@ -34375,7 +34335,7 @@ a silky grass,' 'or of the fibres of the roots of trees, or of the inner bark of the white cedar.' <i>Nicolay's Ogn. Ter.</i>, p. 147. 'The line is made either of kelp or the fibre of the cypress, and to it is attached an inflated bladder.' <i>Seemann's Voy. Herald</i>, vol. i., p. 109. At Port Townsend, 'leurs provisions, consistaient -en poisson séché au soleil ou boucané; ... tout rempli de sable.' <i>Rossi</i>, +en poisson séché au soleil ou boucané; ... tout rempli de sable.' <i>Rossi</i>, <i>Souvenirs</i>, pp. 182-3, 299. The Clallams 'live by fishing and hunting around their homes, and never pursue the whale and seal as do the sea-coast tribes.' <i>Scammon</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. vii., p. 278. The Uthlecan or candle-fish @@ -34471,7 +34431,7 @@ Voy. Herald</i>, vol. i., p. 108; <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.< <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 601; <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., p. 26.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_330" id="Footnote_330" href="#FNanchor_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> 'Ils obéissent à un chef, qui n'exerce son pouvoir qu'en temps de guerre.' +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_330" id="Footnote_330" href="#FNanchor_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> 'Ils obéissent à un chef, qui n'exerce son pouvoir qu'en temps de guerre.' <i>Rossi</i>, <i>Souvenirs</i>, p. 299. At Gray Harbor 'they appeared to be divided into three different tribes, or parties, each having one or two chiefs.' <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 84. Wilkes met a squaw chief at Nisqually, who @@ -34514,7 +34474,7 @@ or eat a pheasant.' <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1857, pp. 327-8; <i>Kane's Wand.</i> pp. 23-4; <i>Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle</i>, pp. 21-2.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_335" id="Footnote_335" href="#FNanchor_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> Among the Skagits 'Dr. Holmes saw an old man in the last stage of consumption, shivering from the effects of a cold bath at the temperature of -40° Fahrenheit. A favourite remedy in pulmonary consumption is to tie a +40° Fahrenheit. A favourite remedy in pulmonary consumption is to tie a rope tightly around the thorax, so as to force the diaphram to perform respiration without the aid of the thoracic muscles.' <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. iv., p. 512. Among the Clallams, to cure a girl of a disease of the side, @@ -34550,8 +34510,8 @@ the burial canoes are painted with figures, and gifts are not deposited till several months after the funeral. <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 323, 347-8, 509-10. Among the Nisquallies bodies of relatives are sometimes disinterred at different places, washed, re-wrapped and buried again in one -grave. <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 238-9. 'Ornés de rubans de diverses couleurs, -de dents de poissons, de chapelets et d'autres brimborions du goût des +grave. <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 238-9. 'Ornés de rubans de diverses couleurs, +de dents de poissons, de chapelets et d'autres brimborions du goût des sauvages.' <i>Rossi</i>, <i>Souvenirs</i>, pp. 74-5. On Penn Cove, in a deserted village, were found 'several sepulchres formed exactly like a centry box. Some of them were open, and contained the skeletons of many young children tied @@ -34569,7 +34529,7 @@ Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., p. 32.</p> any public notice or ridicule.' Probably the laziest people in the world. The mails are intrusted with safety to Indian carriers, who are perfectly safe from interference on the part of any Indian they may meet. <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, -p. 209-16, 227-8, 234, 247-8. 'La mémoire locale et personelle du sauvage +p. 209-16, 227-8, 234, 247-8. 'La mémoire locale et personelle du sauvage est admirable; il n'oublie jamais un endroit ni une personne.' Nature seems to have given him memory to supply the want of intelligence. 'Much inclined to vengeance. Those having means may avert vengeance by payments.' @@ -34577,7 +34537,7 @@ to vengeance. Those having means may avert vengeance by payments.' decency has no meaning in their language.' Although always begging, they refuse to accept any article not in good condition, calling it <i>Peeshaaak</i>, a term of contempt. <i>Seemann's Voy. Herald</i>, vol. i., pp. 108-9. Murder of a Spanish -boat's crew in latitude 47° 20´. <i>Maurelle's Jour.</i>, pp. 29, 31. 'Cheerful and well +boat's crew in latitude 47° 20´. <i>Maurelle's Jour.</i>, pp. 29, 31. 'Cheerful and well disposed' at Port Orchard. At Strait of Fuca 'little more elevated in their moral qualities than the Fuegians.' At Nisqually, 'addicted to stealing.' 'Vicious and exceedingly lazy, sleeping all day.' The Skagits are catholics, @@ -34642,7 +34602,7 @@ these are a depraved, licentious, drunken set.' <i>Swan's N. W. Coast</i>, pp. 1 The Willopahs 'may be considered as extinct, a few women only remaining.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 428; <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 351; <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, pp. 239-40; <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. i., p. 354; vol. -ii., p. 217; <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Missions de l'Orégon</i>, pp. 163-4; <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 173-6, +ii., p. 217; <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Missions de l'Orégon</i>, pp. 163-4; <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 173-6, 196-7; <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, pp. 335-6; <i>Fitzgerald's Hud. B. Co.</i>, pp. 170-2; <i>Hines' Oregon</i>, pp. 103-19, 236; <i>Thornton's Ogn. and Cal.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 52-3; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 36; <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, pp. 84, 87; <i>Parker's Explor. @@ -34675,7 +34635,7 @@ pp. 70-73; <i>Hines' Voy.</i>, pp. 88, 91. 'Persons of the men generally are rat symmetrical; their stature is low, with light sinewy limbs, and remarkably small, delicate hands. The women are usually more rotund, and, in some instances, even approach obesity.' <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, p. 178. 'Many not even -five feet.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 240-1. Can endure cold, but not fatigue; +five feet.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 240-1. Can endure cold, but not fatigue; sharp sight and hearing, but obtuse smell and taste. 'The women are uncouth, and from a combination of causes appear old at an early age. <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 244-5. 'The Indians north of the Columbia are, for the @@ -34717,7 +34677,7 @@ Trav.</i>, pp. 425, 436-7. The men carefully eradicate every vestige of a beard. <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, p. 124. 'The features of many are regular, though often devoid of expression.' <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, p. 178. 'Pluck out the beard at its first appearance.' <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, p. 181. Portrait of chief, p. 174. 'A few -of the old men only suffer a tuft to grow upon their chins.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, +of the old men only suffer a tuft to grow upon their chins.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 240. One of the Clatsops 'had the reddest hair I ever saw, and a fair skin, much freckled.' <i>Gass' Jour.</i>, p. 244; <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. i., p. 75. For descriptions and plates of Chinook skulls see <i>Morton's Crania</i>, pp. 202-13; pl. @@ -34775,8 +34735,8 @@ Wand.</i>, pp. 241, 184-5, 256. At Cape Orford 'they seemed to prefer the comfor of cleanliness to the painting of their bodies.' <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. i., p. 204. On the Columbia 'in the decoration of their persons they surpassed all the other tribes with paints of different colours, feathers and other ornaments.' -<i>Id.</i>, vol. ii., p. 77. 'Ils mettent toute leur vanité dans leurs colliers et leurs -pendants d'oreilles.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 45. 'Some of these girls +<i>Id.</i>, vol. ii., p. 77. 'Ils mettent toute leur vanité dans leurs colliers et leurs +pendants d'oreilles.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 45. 'Some of these girls I have seen with the whole rim of their ears bored full of holes, into each of which would be inserted a string of these shells that reached to the floor, and the whole weighing so heavy that to save their ears from being pulled @@ -34784,7 +34744,7 @@ off they were obliged to wear a band across the top of the head.' 'I never have seen either men or women put oil or grease of any kind on their bodies.' <i>Swan's N. W. Coast</i>, pp. 112, 158-9. See <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 115, 123-4; <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, pp. 111-12; <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., p. 25; -<i>Irving's Astoria</i>, pp. 336-8; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 354; <i>Franchère's +<i>Irving's Astoria</i>, pp. 336-8; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 354; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 244.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_347" id="Footnote_347" href="#FNanchor_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> 'These robes are in general, composed of the skins of a small animal, @@ -34794,14 +34754,14 @@ part of the body but the back and shoulders is exposed to view. The Nechecolies had 'larger and longer robes, which are generally of deer skin dressed in the hair.' <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 392, 425-6, 438, 504-9, 522. 'I have often seen them going about, half naked, when the thermometer -ranged between 30° and 40°, and their children barefooted and barelegged in +ranged between 30° and 40°, and their children barefooted and barelegged in the snow.' 'The lower Indians do not dress as well, nor with as good taste, as the upper.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 244-5. The fringed skirt 'is still used by old women, and by all the females when they are at work in the water, and is called by them their <i>siwash coat</i>.' <i>Swan's N. W. Coast</i>, pp. 154-5. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 89-93; <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 123-4; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., pp. 15-16, 281-2, 288; <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, p. 178; <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 184-5; -<i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 242-4. The conical cap reminded Pickering of the +<i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 242-4. The conical cap reminded Pickering of the Siberian tribes. <i>Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., pp. 25, 39; <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 111-12, 126-7; <i>Hines' Voy.</i>, p. 107. Collars of bears' claws, for the men, and elks' tusks for the women and children. <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, pp. @@ -34829,7 +34789,7 @@ and Future</i>, p. 136. 'I never saw more than four fires, or above eighty perso and all—in the largest house.' <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 98-9; <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, pp. 86, 108; <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, p. 322; <i>Nicolay's Ogn.</i>, pp. 144, 148-9; <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., p. 327, from <i>Lewis and Clarke</i>; <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 135-7, from -<i>Lewis and Clarke</i>; <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 144-5, 178-9, 245; <i>Franchère's +<i>Lewis and Clarke</i>; <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 144-5, 178-9, 245; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 247-8; <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. i., p. 65; <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, p. 181; <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 187-8; <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., pp. 204, 216-17; <i>Strickland's Hist. Missions</i>, pp. 136-9.</p> @@ -34867,8 +34827,8 @@ food, see <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 94-5, 97, 112-3; <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, Astoria</i>, pp. 86, 335; <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., p. 329-32; vol. ii., pp. 128-31; <i>Catlin's N. Am. Ind.</i>, vol. ii., p. 113; <i>Abbott</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. vi., p. 89; <i>Ind. Life</i>, p. 165; <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., p. 26; -<i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 185-9; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 235-7; <i>Gass' Jour.</i>, pp. 224, -230-1, 282-3; <i>Fédix</i>, <i>L'Orégon</i>, pp. 44-5; <i>Stanley's Portraits</i>, pp. 59-62.</p> +<i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 185-9; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 235-7; <i>Gass' Jour.</i>, pp. 224, +230-1, 282-3; <i>Fédix</i>, <i>L'Orégon</i>, pp. 44-5; <i>Stanley's Portraits</i>, pp. 59-62.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_350" id="Footnote_350" href="#FNanchor_350"><span class="label">[350]</span></a> For description of the various roots and berries used by the Chinooks as food, see <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 450-5.</p> @@ -34882,14 +34842,14 @@ they claim the right to bite back. <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 183-4.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_352" id="Footnote_352" href="#FNanchor_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 323-4; vol. ii., p. 13; <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, pp. 324, 338; <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, p. 90; <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, p. 189; <i>Catlin's N. Am. Ind.</i>, vol. ii., -p. 113, pl. 210½; <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 124-5; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 429-31, -509; <i>Hines' Ogn.</i>, p. 110; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 253; <i>Emmons</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's +p. 113, pl. 210½; <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 124-5; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 429-31, +509; <i>Hines' Ogn.</i>, p. 110; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 253; <i>Emmons</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 206-7, 215-16, 468.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_353" id="Footnote_353" href="#FNanchor_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> 'When the conflict is postponed till the next day, ... they keep up frightful cries all night long, and, when they are sufficiently near to understand each other, defy one another by menaces, railleries, and sarcasms, like the -heroes of Homer and Virgil.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 251-4; <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. +heroes of Homer and Virgil.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 251-4; <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 322-3; <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, p. 124; <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, pp. 340-1; <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, vol. i., pp. 88, 105-8; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 354; <i>Stanley's Portraits</i>, pp. 61-2; <i>Foster's Pre-Hist. Races</i>, p. 232.</p> @@ -34898,9 +34858,9 @@ Portraits</i>, pp. 61-2; <i>Foster's Pre-Hist. Races</i>, p. 232.</p> square wooden bucket of the straits' the chief difference between this and the Sound Family. <i>Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., p. 25; <i>Emmons</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 206; <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 77; <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, -p. 92; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., pp. 241, 260; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 248-9; +p. 92; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., pp. 241, 260; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 248-9; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 432-5; <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 329-32; <i>Dunn's -Oregon</i>, pp. 138-9; <i>Catlin's N. Am. Ind.</i>, vol. ii., p. 113, pl. 210½, showing +Oregon</i>, pp. 138-9; <i>Catlin's N. Am. Ind.</i>, vol. ii., p. 113, pl. 210½, showing cradle, ladles, Wapato diggers, <i>Pautomaugons</i>, or war clubs and pipes. <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 248-9; <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 184-5, 188-9.</p> @@ -34911,7 +34871,7 @@ fire, and smoothed off with stone axes.' <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, p. 189. At Cape Or 'their shape much resembled that of a butcher's tray.' <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. i., p. 204. 'A human face or a white-headed eagle, as large as life, carved on the prow, and raised high in front.' <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 97-8. 'In landing -they put the canoe round, so as to strike the beach stern on.' <i>Franchère's +they put the canoe round, so as to strike the beach stern on.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 246. 'The larger canoes on the Columbia are sometimes propelled by short oars.' <i>Emmons</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 218. 'Finest canoes in the world.' <i>Wilkes' Hist. Ogn.</i>, p. 107; <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 252; @@ -34925,11 +34885,11 @@ at the falls, formed a prominent article of commerce, both with coast and interior nations. <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 444-7, 413. A fathom of the largest hiaqua shells is worth about ten beaver-skins. A dying man gave his property to his intimate friends 'with a promise on their part to -restore them if he recovered.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 244-5, 137; <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, +restore them if he recovered.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 244-5, 137; <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 87-8, 95-6; <i>Swan's N. W. Coast</i>, p. 166; <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, p. 322; <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 133-4; <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., p. 333; <i>Thornton's Ogn. and Cal.</i>, vol. i., p. 392; <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, p. 185; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 250; <i>Gass' -Jour.</i>, p. 227; <i>Morton's Crania Am.</i>, pp. 202-14; <i>Fédix</i>, <i>l'Orégon</i>, pp. 44-5.</p> +Jour.</i>, p. 227; <i>Morton's Crania Am.</i>, pp. 202-14; <i>Fédix</i>, <i>l'Orégon</i>, pp. 44-5.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_358" id="Footnote_358" href="#FNanchor_358"><span class="label">[358]</span></a> Have no idea of drawing maps on the sand. 'Their powers of computation ... are very limited.' <i>Emmons</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 205, @@ -34939,13 +34899,13 @@ Wand.</i>, p. 185.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_359" id="Footnote_359" href="#FNanchor_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> The Willamette tribes, nine in number, were under four principal chiefs. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 235-6, 88, 216. Casanov, a famous chief at Fort Vancouver employed a hired assassin to remove obnoxious persons. <i>Kane's -Wand.</i>, pp. 173-6; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 250; <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, pp. 88, 340; +Wand.</i>, pp. 173-6; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 250; <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, pp. 88, 340; <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 322-3; <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 253; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, p. 443.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_360" id="Footnote_360" href="#FNanchor_360"><span class="label">[360]</span></a> 'Live in the same dwelling with their masters, and often intermarry with those who are free.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 197, 247. 'Treat them -with humanity while their services are useful.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 241. +with humanity while their services are useful.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 241. Treated with great severity. <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 181-2; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, p. 447; <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 92-3; <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, p. 88; <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 305-6; <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 129-30; <i>Fitzgerald's Hud. B. Co.</i>, pp. @@ -34957,7 +34917,7 @@ impurity becomes less perceptible; beyond this point it entirely ceases.' <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 134, 159; vol. i., pp. 366-7, 318; <i>Wells</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xiii., p. 602; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 439-43. Ceremonies of a widow in her endeavors to obtain a new husband. <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. -Ex.</i>, vol. v., p. 124; <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 88, 92-3; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 245, +Ex.</i>, vol. v., p. 124; <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 88, 92-3; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 245, 254-5; <i>Hunter's Cap.</i>, p. 70; <i>Hines' Voy.</i>, p. 113; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., pp. 16, 294-5; <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, p. 340; <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 132-3; <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 231-2; <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 175-7, 182; <i>Gass' Jour.</i>, p. 275; <i>Strickland's @@ -34967,7 +34927,7 @@ Hist. Missions</i>, pp. 139-40.</p> tribes.' <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., p. 43. 'All extravagantly fond of ardent spirits, and are not particular what kind they have, provided it is strong, and gets them drunk quickly.' <i>Swan's N. W. Coast</i>, pp. -155-8, 197-202. 'Not addicted to intemperance.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 242. +155-8, 197-202. 'Not addicted to intemperance.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 242. At gambling 'they will cheat if they can, and pride themselves on their success.' <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 190, 196. Seldom cheat, and submit to their losses with resignation. <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., p. 332; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. @@ -34994,7 +34954,7 @@ venereal disease even in its worst stage. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 96-9. The uns doctor killed, unless able to buy his life. <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. iv., p. 394. Flatheads more subject to apoplexy than others. <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 87; <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., p. 126-7, 307, 312-15, 335, vol. ii., -pp. 94-5; <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, pp. 158, 178-9; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 250; <i>Dunn's +pp. 94-5; <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, pp. 158, 178-9; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 250; <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 115-9, 127; <i>Thornton's Ogn. and Cal.</i>, vol. ii., p. 53; <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 176, 191-2; <i>Fitzgerald's Hud. B. Co.</i>, pp. 171-2; <i>Strickland's Hist. Missions</i>, pp. 139-40.</p> @@ -35029,7 +34989,7 @@ pp. 124-5, 335-6, vol. ii., p. 157; <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 144, 151-2 <i>Thornton's Ogn. and Cal.</i>, vol. i., pp. 281-2, vol. ii., p. 53; <i>Belcher's Voy.</i>, vol. i., p. 292; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 255; <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 119-20, 131-2; <i>Nicolay's Ogn. Ter.</i>, pp. 149-50; <i>Fremont's Ogn. and Cal.</i>, p. 186; <i>Irving's -Astoria</i>, p. 99; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 106; <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, p. 87; <i>Ind. Life</i>, p. +Astoria</i>, p. 99; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 106; <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, p. 87; <i>Ind. Life</i>, p. 210; <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, p. 180.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_366" id="Footnote_366" href="#FNanchor_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> 'The clumsy thief, who is detected, is scoffed at and despised.' <i>Dunn's @@ -35047,7 +35007,7 @@ Easily irritated, but a trifle will appease him. <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, vol. the qualities opposed to indolence, improvidence, and stupidity: the chiefs above all, are distinguished for their good sense and intelligence. Generally speaking, they have a ready intellect and a tenacious memory.' 'Rarely resist -the temptation of stealing' white men's goods. <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. +the temptation of stealing' white men's goods. <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 241-2, 261. Loquacious, never gay, knavish, impertinent. <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 416, 441-2, 504, 523-4. 'Thorough-bred hypocrites and liars.' 'The Killymucks the most roguish.' Industry, patience, sobriety and ingenuity are their chief virtues; thieving, lying, incontinence, gambling and @@ -35079,7 +35039,7 @@ marked change is at once perceptible.' <i>Anderson</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vo 127. 'Those residing near the Rocky Mountains ... are and always have been superior races to those living on the lower Columbia.' <i>Alvord</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 654. 'I was particularly struck with their -vast superiority (on the Similkameen River, Lat. 49° 30´, Long. 120° 30´) in +vast superiority (on the Similkameen River, Lat. 49° 30´, Long. 120° 30´) in point of intelligence and energy to the Fish Indians on the Fraser River, and in its neighbourhood.' <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>B. C. Papers</i>, vol. iii., p. 84. Striking contrast noted in passing up the Columbia. <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, @@ -35107,8 +35067,8 @@ probable that they once belonged to some more southern tribe, from which they became shut off by the intervention of larger tribes.' <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 297. 'In appearance, character, and customs, they resemble more the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains than those of Lower Oregon.' <i>Hale's -Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 205. 'Les Arcs-à-Plats, et les Koetenais -sont connus dans le pays sous le nom de Skalzi.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, +Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 205. 'Les Arcs-à -Plats, et les Koetenais +sont connus dans le pays sous le nom de Skalzi.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 80.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_371" id="Footnote_371" href="#FNanchor_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> The origin of the name Flathead, as applied to this nation, is not @@ -35124,9 +35084,9 @@ consist of a number of wandering families of Spokanes, Kalispelms proper, and Flatheads. <i>Suckley</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 294; <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 149; <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 210. 'Very similar in manners, etc., to the Flatheads, and form one people with them.' <i>De Smet</i>, -<i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 32.</p> +<i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 32.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_373" id="Footnote_373" href="#FNanchor_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> The native name, according to Hale, is <i>Skitsuish</i>, and Coeur d'Alêne, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_373" id="Footnote_373" href="#FNanchor_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> The native name, according to Hale, is <i>Skitsuish</i>, and Coeur d'Alêne, 'Awl heart,' is a nickname applied from the circumstance that a chief used these words to express his idea of the Canadian traders' meanness. <i>Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 210.</p> @@ -35135,7 +35095,7 @@ in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 210.</p> <i>Skoielpoi</i>, and <i>Lakes</i>, are some of the names applied to these bands.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_375" id="Footnote_375" href="#FNanchor_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> 'Ils s'appellent entre eux les Enfants du Soleil, dans leur langue Spokane.' -<i>De Smet</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 31. 'Differing very little from the +<i>De Smet</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 31. 'Differing very little from the Indians at Colville, either in their appearance, habits, or language.' <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, p. 307.</p> @@ -35159,7 +35119,7 @@ character and appearance, they resemble more the Indians of the Missouri than their neighbors, the Salish.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 212; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 54.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_378" id="Footnote_378" href="#FNanchor_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> 'La tribu Paloose appartient à la nation des Nez-percés et leur ressemble +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_378" id="Footnote_378" href="#FNanchor_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> 'La tribu Paloose appartient à la nation des Nez-percés et leur ressemble sous tous les rapports.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 31.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_379" id="Footnote_379" href="#FNanchor_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> The name comes from that of the river. It should be pronounced @@ -35210,7 +35170,7 @@ both are well formed.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 229. 'Of middle height, <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 199. The inland tribes of British Columbia, compared with those on the coast, 'are of a better cast, being generally of the middle height.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 198. See also p. 206. The -Nez Percés and Cayuses 'are almost universally fine-looking, robust men.' +Nez Percés and Cayuses 'are almost universally fine-looking, robust men.' In criticising the person of one of that tribe 'one was forcibly reminded of the Apollo Belvidere.' <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, pp. 148, 98. The Klikatat 'stature is low, with light, sinewy limbs.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 178; also pp. 158-174. The Walla-Wallas @@ -35242,8 +35202,8 @@ tresses on each side, or down behind.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 229. Com 'a little fairer than other Indians.' <i>Id.</i> The Okanagans are 'better featured and handsomer in their persons, though darker, than the Chinooks or other Indians along the sea-coast.' 'Teeth white as ivory, well set and -regular.' The voices of Walla Wallas, Nez Percés, and Cayuses, are strong -and masculine. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 294, 127. The Flatheads (Nez Percés) are +regular.' The voices of Walla Wallas, Nez Percés, and Cayuses, are strong +and masculine. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 294, 127. The Flatheads (Nez Percés) are 'the whitest Indians I ever saw.' <i>Gass' Jour.</i>, p. 189. The Shushwap 'complexion is darker, and of a more muddy, coppery hue than that of the true Red Indian.' <i>Milton and Cheadle's N. W. Pass.</i>, p. 335. The Nez Perces darker @@ -35273,24 +35233,24 @@ more retreating, which, with the aquiline nose common to these natives, gives to them occasionally, a physiognomy similar to that represented in the hieroglyphical paintings of Central America.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., pp. 214, 205. All the Shushwaps flatten the head more or less. -<i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 303. 'Il est à remarquer que les tribus établies au-dessus -de la jonction de la branche sud de la Colombie, et désignées sous le nom de -Têtes Plates, ont renoncé depuis longtemps à cet usage.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, +<i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 303. 'Il est à remarquer que les tribus établies au-dessus +de la jonction de la branche sud de la Colombie, et désignées sous le nom de +Têtes Plates, ont renoncé depuis longtemps à cet usage.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 349. 'A roundhead Klickatat woman would be a pariah.' <i>Winthrop's -Canoe and Saddle</i>, p. 204. Nez Percés 'seldom known to flatten the +Canoe and Saddle</i>, p. 204. Nez Percés 'seldom known to flatten the head.' <i>Catlin's N. Am. Ind.</i>, vol. ii., p. 108. See <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., pp. 55-6, 64-5; <i>Tolmie</i>, in <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 231-2, 249-51; <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, p. 175; <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, p. 263; <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, pp. 207-8; <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. iv., p. 415, with cut. Walla Wallas, Skyuse, and -Nez Percés flatten the head and perforate the nose. <i>Farnham's Trav.</i>, p. 85; +Nez Percés flatten the head and perforate the nose. <i>Farnham's Trav.</i>, p. 85; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 374, 359; <i>Gass' Jour.</i>, p. 224.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_385" id="Footnote_385" href="#FNanchor_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., pp. 38-9; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 362, 382-3.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_386" id="Footnote_386" href="#FNanchor_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> The Salish 'profuse in the use of paint.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, -1854, pp. 207-8, and in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 309. Nez Percés painted -in colored stripes. <i>Hines' Voy.</i>, p. 173. 'Four Indians (Nez Percés) streaked +1854, pp. 207-8, and in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 309. Nez Percés painted +in colored stripes. <i>Hines' Voy.</i>, p. 173. 'Four Indians (Nez Percés) streaked all over with white mud.' <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, p. 291. Walla Walla 'faces painted red.' The Okanagan 'young of both sexes always paint their faces with red and black bars.' <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 127, 294-8. The inland tribes 'appear @@ -35315,7 +35275,7 @@ Perces not ornamented. <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 341, 321, 351, 377, 532-3; <i>Coke's Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 304; <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, p. 274.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_388" id="Footnote_388" href="#FNanchor_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> The Ootlashoot women wear 'a long shirt of skin, reaching down to -the ancles, and tied round the waist.' Few ornaments. The Nez Percés +the ancles, and tied round the waist.' Few ornaments. The Nez Percés wear 'the buffalo or elk-skin robe decorated with beads, sea-shells, chiefly mother-of-pearl, attached to an otter-skin collar and hung in the hair.' Leggins and moccasins are painted; a plait of twisted grass is worn round @@ -35329,7 +35289,7 @@ of the Pisquitpaws 'have scarcely any robes at all.' The Chilluckittequaws use skins of wolves, deer, elk, and wild cats. 'Round their neck is put a strip of some skin with the tail of the animal hanging down over the breast.' <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 321, 340-1, 351, 359, 361, 377, 526, 528, 532-3. -Many of the Walla Walla, Nez Percé, and Cayuse females wore robes 'richly +Many of the Walla Walla, Nez Percé, and Cayuse females wore robes 'richly garnished with beads, higuas,' etc. The war chief wears as a head-dress the whole skin of a wolf's head, with the ears standing erect. The Okanagans wear in winter long detachable sleeves or mittens of wolf or fox skin, also @@ -35339,7 +35299,7 @@ and are profuse in the use of ornaments. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, p. 127, 294-8; <i> clean it with pipe-clay. They have no regular head-dress. From the Yakima to the Okanagan the men go naked, and the women wear only a belt with a slip passing between the legs. <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 133, 148, -240-1, vol. ii., p. 144. Nez Percés better clad than any others, Cayuses +240-1, vol. ii., p. 144. Nez Percés better clad than any others, Cayuses well clothed, Walla Wallas naked and half starved. <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, pp. 54, 124, 127-8. At the Dalles, women 'go nearly naked, for they wear little else than what may be termed a breech-cloth, of buckskin, which is black @@ -35356,7 +35316,7 @@ wear in wet weather capes of bark trimmed with fur, and reaching to the elbows. Moccasins are more common than on the coast, but they often ride barefoot. <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 301. <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 229-30; <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, p. 264, and cut; <i>Fremont's Ogn. and Cal.</i>, pp. 186-7; <i>Stevens</i>, -in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 222; <i>Nicolay's Ogn. Ter.</i>, p. 153; <i>Franchère's +in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 222; <i>Nicolay's Ogn. Ter.</i>, p. 153; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 268; <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, p. 311; <i>Coke's Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 304; <i>Hunt</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, tom. x., 1821, pp. 74-5, 78.</p> @@ -35364,15 +35324,15 @@ Annales des Voy.</i>, tom. x., 1821, pp. 74-5, 78.</p> length from fifteen to sixty feet, and supported in the inside by poles or forks about six feet high.' The roof is nearly flat. The Echeloot and Chilluckittequaw houses were of the Chinook style, partially sunk in the ground. -The Nez Percés live in houses built 'of straw and mats, in the form of the +The Nez Percés live in houses built 'of straw and mats, in the form of the roof of a house.' One of these 'was one hundred and fifty-six feet long, and about fifteen wide, closed at the ends, and having a number of doors on each side.' <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 340, 351, 369-70, 381-2, 540. Nez -Percé dwellings twenty to seventy feet long and from ten to fifteen feet +Percé dwellings twenty to seventy feet long and from ten to fifteen feet wide; free from vermin. Flathead houses conical but spacious, made of buffalo and moose skins over long poles. Spokane lodges oblong or conical, covered with skins or mats. <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 148, 192, 200. -Nez Percé and Cayuse lodges 'composed of ten long poles, the lower ends +Nez Percé and Cayuse lodges 'composed of ten long poles, the lower ends of which are pointed and driven into the ground; the upper blunt and drawn together at the top by thongs' covered with skins. 'Universally used by the mountain Indians while travelling.' Umatillas live in 'shantys or wigwams @@ -35458,7 +35418,7 @@ Clarke's Trav.</i>, p. 532. Make fishing-nets of flax. <i>Parker's Explor. Tour< 90. 'The Inland, as well as the Coast, tribes, live to a great extent upon salmon.' <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 242; <i>Nicolay's Ogn. Ter.</i>, pp. 152-3. Palouse 'live solely by fishing.' <i>Mullan's Rept.</i>, p. 49. Salmon cannot ascend to -Coeur d'Alêne Lake. <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., pp. 209-10. +Coeur d'Alêne Lake. <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., pp. 209-10. Okanagan food 'consists principally of salmon and a small fish which they call carp.' <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. iv., p. 462. The Walla Wallas 'may well be termed the fishermen of the Skyuse camp.' <i>Farnham's Trav.</i>, @@ -35467,14 +35427,14 @@ p. 82.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_391" id="Footnote_391" href="#FNanchor_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> The Shushwaps formerly crossed the mountains to the Assinniboine territory. The Okanagans when hunting wear wolf or bear skin caps; there is no bird or beast whose voice they cannot imitate. War and hunting were the -Nez Percé occupation; cross the mountains for buffalo. <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, -vol. i., pp. 148, 219, 297-8, 305. The chief game of the Nez Percés is the +Nez Percé occupation; cross the mountains for buffalo. <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, +vol. i., pp. 148, 219, 297-8, 305. The chief game of the Nez Percés is the deer, 'and whenever the ground will permit, the favourite hunt is on horseback.' <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, p. 555. The Salish live by the chase, on elk, moose, deer, big-horn and bears; make two trips annually, spring to fall, and fall to mid-winter, across the mountains, accompanied by other nations. The Pend d'Oreilles hunt deer in the snow with clubs; have distinct localities -for hunting each kind of game. Nez Percés, Flatheads, Coeurs d'Alêne, +for hunting each kind of game. Nez Percés, Flatheads, Coeurs d'Alêne, Spokanes, Pend d'Oreilles, etc., hunt together. Yakimas formerly joined the Flatheads in eastern hunt. <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, pp. 207-8, 212-15, 218, 225-6. 'Two hunts annually across the mountains—one in April, for the bulls, @@ -35487,15 +35447,15 @@ Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 197, vol. ii., pp. 46-7. The Kootenais 'seldom hunt;' there is not much to shoot except wild fowl in fall. Trap beaver and carriboeuf on a tributary of the Kootanie River. <i>Palliser's Explor.</i>, pp. 10, 15, 73. Flatheads 'follow the buffalo upon the headwaters of Clarke and Salmon -rivers.' Nez Percé women accompany the men to the buffalo-hunt. <i>Parker's +rivers.' Nez Percé women accompany the men to the buffalo-hunt. <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 107, 311. Kootenais cross the mountains for buffalo. -<i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 297. Coeurs d'Alêne ditto. <i>Mullan's Rept.</i>, p. 49. Half of -the Nez Percés 'usually make a trip to the buffalo country for three months.' +<i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 297. Coeurs d'Alêne ditto. <i>Mullan's Rept.</i>, p. 49. Half of +the Nez Percés 'usually make a trip to the buffalo country for three months.' <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. iv., p. 494. Shushwaps 'live by hunting the bighorns, mountain goats, and marmots.' <i>Milton and Cheadle's N. W. Pass.</i>, p. 242. Buffalo never pass to west of the Rocky Mountains. <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., p. 179; <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, p. 328; <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 31, 45, 144-5; -<i>Ind. Life</i>, pp. 23-4, 34-41; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 268-9; <i>Hunt</i>, in <i>Nouvelles +<i>Ind. Life</i>, pp. 23-4, 34-41; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 268-9; <i>Hunt</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, tom. x., 1821, pp. 77-82; <i>Stuart</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. xii., pp. 25, 35-6; <i>Joset</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. cxxiii., 1849, pp. 334-40.</p> @@ -35504,15 +35464,15 @@ Annales des Voy.</i>, tom. x., 1821, pp. 77-82; <i>Stuart</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, to cakes; <i>kamass</i>; <i>calz</i>, a kind of wild sunflower. <i>Tolmie</i>, in <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., p. 247. The Flatheads go every spring to Camass Prairie. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 183. The Kootenais eat kamash and an edible moss. <i>Id.</i>, <i>Missions -de l'Orégon</i>, pp. 75-6. 'The Cayooses, Nez Percés, and other warlike tribes +de l'Orégon</i>, pp. 75-6. 'The Cayooses, Nez Percés, and other warlike tribes assemble (in Yakima Valley) every spring to lay in a stock of the favourite kamass and pelua, or sweet potatoes.' <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, vol. i., p. 19. Quamash, -round, onion-shaped, and sweet, eaten by the Nez Percés. <i>Lewis and Clarke's +round, onion-shaped, and sweet, eaten by the Nez Percés. <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, p. 330. Couse root dug in April or May; camas in June and July. <i>Alvord</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 656. The Skyuses 'main subsistence -is however upon roots.' The Nez Percés eat <i>kamash</i>, <i>cowish</i> or biscuit +is however upon roots.' The Nez Percés eat <i>kamash</i>, <i>cowish</i> or biscuit root, <i>jackap</i>, <i>aisish</i>, <i>quako</i>, etc. <i>Irving's Bonneville's Adven.</i>, p. 301, 388. -Okanagans live extensively on moss made into bread. The Nez Percés also +Okanagans live extensively on moss made into bread. The Nez Percés also eat moss. <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 462, 494. Pend d'Oreilles at the last extremity live on pine-tree moss; also collect camash, bitter-roots, and sugar pears. <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 211, 214-15. @@ -35536,18 +35496,18 @@ Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 312.</p> the heads, hearts and offal of the salmon, which they string on sticks, and roast over a small fire.' Besides pine-moss, the Okanagans use the seed of the balsam oriza pounded into meal, called <i>mielito</i>. 'To this is added the -<i>siffleurs</i>.' Berries made into cakes by the Nez Percés. <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. +<i>siffleurs</i>.' Berries made into cakes by the Nez Percés. <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 410, 462, 494. Quamash, 'eaten either in its natural state, or boiled into a kind of soup, or made into a cake, which is then called pasheco.' <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 330, 353, 365, 369. Women's head-dress serves the Flatheads for cooking, etc. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 47, 193-9; -<i>Id.</i>, <i>Missions de l'Orégon</i>, pp. 75-6. 'The dog's tongue is the only dish-cloth +<i>Id.</i>, <i>Missions de l'Orégon</i>, pp. 75-6. 'The dog's tongue is the only dish-cloth known' to the Okanagans. Pine-moss cooked, or <i>squill-ape</i>, will keep for years. 'At their meals they generally eat separately and in succession—man, woman and child.' <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 132-3, 295, 317-18. 'Most of their food is roasted, and they excel in roasting fish.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 231, 107. 'Pine moss, which they boil till it is reduced to a sort of glue or -black paste, of a sufficient consistence to take the form of biscuit.' <i>Franchère's +black paste, of a sufficient consistence to take the form of biscuit.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 279. Couse tastes like parsnips, is dried and pulverized, and sometimes boiled with meat. <i>Alvord</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 656. Root bread on the Clearwater tastes like that made of pumpkins. <i>Gass' Jour.</i>, pp. @@ -35570,7 +35530,7 @@ then go into winter quarters on the small rivers. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 314-1 Further south on the Columbia plains the natives collect and dry roots until May; fish on the north bank of the river till September, burying the fish; dig camas on the plains till snow falls; and retire to the foot of the mountains -to hunt deer and elk through the winter. The Nez Percés catch salmon +to hunt deer and elk through the winter. The Nez Percés catch salmon and dig roots in summer; hunt deer on snow-shoes in winter; and cross the mountains for buffalo in spring. Sokulks live on fish, roots, and antelope. Eneeshur, Echeloots, and Chilluckittequaw, on fish, berries, roots and nuts. @@ -35580,8 +35540,8 @@ have no repugnance to horse-flesh, but never kill horses for food. The Sinapoils live on salmon, camas, and an occasional small deer. The Chaudiere country well stocked with game, fish and fruit. <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., p. 201, vol. ii., p. 145. The Kayuse live on fish, game, and camass bread. <i>De Smet</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, pp. 30-1. 'Ils cultivent avec succès le blé, les patates, les pois et -plusieurs autres légumes et fruits.' <i>Id.</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon.</i>, p. 67. Pend +<i>Voy.</i>, pp. 30-1. 'Ils cultivent avec succès le blé, les patates, les pois et +plusieurs autres légumes et fruits.' <i>Id.</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon.</i>, p. 67. Pend d'Oreilles; fish, Kamash, and pine-tree moss. <i>Id.</i>, <i>West. Missions</i>, p. 284. 'Whole time was occupied in providing for their bellies, which were rarely full.' <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 211. Yakimas and Kliketats; Unis or fresh-water @@ -35591,7 +35551,7 @@ The Okanagans raise some potatoes. <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol cows and oxen. <i>Palliser's Explor.</i>, pp. 10, 72. Palouse; fish, birds, and small animals. Umatillas; fish, sage-cocks, prairie-hares. <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 97, 105-6. Tushepaws would not permit horses or dogs to be eaten. <i>Irving's -Astoria</i>, p. 316. Nez Percés; beaver, elk, deer, white bear, and mountain +Astoria</i>, p. 316. Nez Percés; beaver, elk, deer, white bear, and mountain sheep, also steamed roots. <i>Id.</i>, <i>Bonneville's Adven.</i>, p. 301. Sahaptin; gather cherries and berries on Clarke River. <i>Gass' Jour.</i>, p. 193; <i>Nicolay's Ogn. Ter.</i>, p. 151; <i>Hines' Voy.</i>, p. 167; <i>Brownell's Ind. Races</i>, pp. 533-5; <i>Stanley's Portraits</i>, @@ -35605,7 +35565,7 @@ vol. i., pp. 197-9, 358, vol. ii., pp. 155, 373, 375; <i>Coke's Rocky Mts.</i>, <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, pp. 54, 58, 59.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_396" id="Footnote_396" href="#FNanchor_396"><span class="label">[396]</span></a> The Okanagan weapon is called a <i>Spampt</i>. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 318-19; -<i>Id.</i>, <i>Fur Hunters</i>, vol. i., pp. 306-8. 'Ils ... faire leurs arcs d'un bois très-élastique, +<i>Id.</i>, <i>Fur Hunters</i>, vol. i., pp. 306-8. 'Ils ... faire leurs arcs d'un bois très-élastique, ou de la corne du cerf.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 48; <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. iv., p. 488; <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 405; <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, p. 98; <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, p. 317; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, p. 351; @@ -35620,7 +35580,7 @@ The war chief carries a long whip and secures discipline by flagellation. Except a few feathers and pieces of red cloth, both the Flathead and Kootenai enter battle perfectly naked. <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 232-45, vol. ii., p. 160. The Cayuse and Sahaptin are the most warlike of all the southern -tribes. The Nez Percés good warriors, but do not follow war as a +tribes. The Nez Percés good warriors, but do not follow war as a profession. <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, vol. i., pp. 185-6, 305, 308-12, vol. ii., pp. 93-6, 139. Among the Okanagans 'the hot bath, council, and ceremony of smoking the great pipe before war, is always religiously observed. Their @@ -35661,7 +35621,7 @@ vol. ii., pp. 64, 243. (Undoubtedly an error.) Pend d'Oreilles; 'les femmes <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 199. 'Nearly all (the Shushwaps) use the Spanish wooden saddle, which they make with much skill.' <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, pp. 301-2. 'The saddles for women differ in form, being furnished with the antlers of a deer, -so as to resemble the high pommelled saddle of the Mexican ladies.' <i>Franchère's +so as to resemble the high pommelled saddle of the Mexican ladies.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 269-70; <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, p. 129; <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, p. 317, 365; <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 148-9.</p> @@ -35699,14 +35659,14 @@ thousand in sight of the camp.' <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, p. 127. The Kootanies about Arrow Lake, or Sinatcheggs have no horses, as the country is not suitable for them. <i>Id.</i>, <i>Fur Hunters</i>, vol. ii., pp. 171-2. Of the Spokanes the 'chief riches are their horses, which they generally obtain in barter from the Nez -Percés.' <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., p. 200. A Skyuse is poor who has but fifteen +Percés.' <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., p. 200. A Skyuse is poor who has but fifteen or twenty horses. The horses are a fine race, 'as large and of better form and more activity than most of the horses of the States.' <i>Farnham's Trav.</i>, p. 82. The Flatheads 'are the most northern of the equestrian tribes.' <i>Nicolay's -Ogn. Ter.</i>, p. 153. Many Nez Percés 'have from five to fifteen hundred +Ogn. Ter.</i>, p. 153. Many Nez Percés 'have from five to fifteen hundred head of horses.' <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, pp. 128-9. Indians of the Spokane and Flathead tribes 'own from one thousand to four thousand head of horses -and cattle.' <i>Stevens' Address</i>, p. 12. The Nez Percé horses 'are principally +and cattle.' <i>Stevens' Address</i>, p. 12. The Nez Percé horses 'are principally of the pony breed; but remarkably stout and long-winded.' <i>Irving's Bonneville's Adven.</i>, p. 301; <i>Hastings' Em. Guide</i>, p. 59; <i>Hines' Voy.</i>, p. 344; <i>Gass' Jour.</i>, p. 295; <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 230.</p> @@ -35733,7 +35693,7 @@ Trade conducted in silence between a Flathead and Crow. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.< 56. Kliketats and Yakimas 'have become to the neighboring tribes what the Yankees were to the once Western States, the traveling retailers of notions.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., pp. 403, 406. Cayuses, Walla Wallas, and -Nez Percés meet in Grande Ronde Valley to trade with the Snakes. <i>Thornton's +Nez Percés meet in Grande Ronde Valley to trade with the Snakes. <i>Thornton's Ogn. and Cal.</i>, vol. i., p. 270; <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 208; <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 88-9, 156; <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, pp. 46, 54; <i>Dunniway's Capt. Gray's Comp.</i>, p. 160; <i>Coke's Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 294; <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, @@ -35742,9 +35702,9 @@ p. 299; <i>Gass' Jour.</i>, p. 205.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_402" id="Footnote_402" href="#FNanchor_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> In calculating time the Okanagans use their fingers, each finger standing for ten; some will reckon to a thousand with tolerable accuracy, but most can scarcely count to twenty. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, p. 324. The Flatheads 'font -néanmoins avec précision, sur des écorces d'arbres ou sur des peaux le plan, -des pays qu'ils ont parcourus, marquant les distances par journées, demi-journées -ou quarts de journées.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 205. Count years by +néanmoins avec précision, sur des écorces d'arbres ou sur des peaux le plan, +des pays qu'ils ont parcourus, marquant les distances par journées, demi-journées +ou quarts de journées.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 205. Count years by snows, months by moons, and days by sleeps. Have names for each number up to ten; then add ten to each; and then add a word to multiply by ten. <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 242. Names of the months in the Pisquouse @@ -35752,8 +35712,8 @@ and Salish languages beginning with January;—'cold, a certain herb, snow-g bitter-root, going to root-ground, camass-root, hot, gathering berries, exhausted salmon, dry, house-building, snow.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 211. 'Menses computant lunis, ex spkani, <i>sol</i> vel <i>luna</i> et dies -per ferias. Hebdomadam unicam per splcháskat, <i>septem dies</i>, plures vero -hebdomadas per s'chaxèus, id est, <i>vexillum</i> quod a duce maximo qualibet die +per ferias. Hebdomadam unicam per splcháskat, <i>septem dies</i>, plures vero +hebdomadas per s'chaxèus, id est, <i>vexillum</i> quod a duce maximo qualibet die dominica suspendebatur. Dies antem in novem dividitur partes.' <i>Mengarini</i>, <i>Grammatica Linguae Selicae</i>, p. 120; <i>Sproat's Scenes</i>, p. 270; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, p. 374.</p> @@ -35764,14 +35724,14 @@ descends from father to son; and though merely nominal in authority, the chief is rarely disobeyed. Property pays for all crimes. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 289-94, 322-3, 327. The Chualpays are governed by the 'chief of the earth' and 'chief of the waters,' the latter having exclusive authority in the fishing-season. -<i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 309-13. The Nez Percés offered a Flathead the +<i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 309-13. The Nez Percés offered a Flathead the position of head chief, through admiration of his qualities. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 50, 171. Among the Kalispels the chief appoints his successor, or if he fails to do so, one is elected. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Western Miss.</i>, p. 297. The Flathead war chief carries a long whip, decorated with scalps and feathers to enforce strict discipline. The principal chief is hereditary. <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 241-2, vol. ii., p. 88. The 'camp chief' of the Flatheads as well as the war chief -was chosen for his merits. <i>Ind. Life</i>, pp. 28-9. Among the Nez Percés and +was chosen for his merits. <i>Ind. Life</i>, pp. 28-9. Among the Nez Percés and Wascos 'the form of government is patriarchal. They acknowledge the hereditary principle—blood generally decides who shall be the chief.' <i>Alvord</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., pp. 652-4. No regularly recognized chief among @@ -35810,17 +35770,17 @@ and sit with him for a short time. These visits are several times repeated, and he finally goes in the day-time with friends and his purchase money. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 295-302. The Spokane husband joins his wife's tribe; women are held in great respect; and much affection is shown for children. -Among the Nez Percés both men and women have the power of +Among the Nez Percés both men and women have the power of dissolving the marriage tie at pleasure. <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. -iv., pp. 410, 475-6, 486, 495. The Coeurs d'Alêne 'have abandoned polygamy.' +iv., pp. 410, 475-6, 486, 495. The Coeurs d'Alêne 'have abandoned polygamy.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., pp. 149, 309; <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 406. Pend d'Oreille women less enslaved than in the mountains, but yet have much heavy work, paddle canoes, etc. Generally no marriage among savages. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 198-9, 210. The Nez -Percés generally confine themselves to two wives, and rarely marry cousins. +Percés generally confine themselves to two wives, and rarely marry cousins. No wedding ceremony. <i>Alvord</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 655. Polygamy not general on the Fraser; and unknown to Kootenais. <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, -vol. ii., pp. 155, 379, vol. i., pp. 256-9. Nez Percés have abandoned polygamy. +vol. ii., pp. 155, 379, vol. i., pp. 256-9. Nez Percés have abandoned polygamy. <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, pp. 129, 56. Flathead women do everything but hunt and fight. <i>Ind. Life</i>, p. 41. Flathead women 'by no means treated as slaves, but, on the contrary, have much consideration and authority.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, @@ -35843,11 +35803,11 @@ principles. <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 300. Spokanes 'free from the vice of incont Among the Walla Wallas prostitution is unknown, 'and I believe no inducement would tempt them to commit a breach of chastity.' Prostitution common on the Fraser. <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 145, 199-200. Nez -Percé women remarkable for their chastity. <i>Alvord</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, +Percé women remarkable for their chastity. <i>Alvord</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 655.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_407" id="Footnote_407" href="#FNanchor_407"><span class="label">[407]</span></a> In the Salish family on the birth of a child wealthy relatives make -presents of food and clothing. The Nez Percé mother gives presents but +presents of food and clothing. The Nez Percé mother gives presents but receives none on such an occasion. The Flatheads and Pend d'Oreilles bandage the waist and legs of infants with a view to producing broad-shouldered, small-waisted and straight-limbed adults. <i>Tolmie and Anderson</i>, in @@ -35892,10 +35852,10 @@ vol. i., pp. 72-3.</p> they are not so quarrelsome as the Spokans and other tribes,' disputes being settled by arbitration. <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. ii., p. 88. A young man at Kettle Falls committed suicide, having lost everything at gambling. -<i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 309-10. 'Les Indiens de la Colombie ont porté les jeux -de hasard au dernier excès. Après avoir perdu tout ce qu'ils ont, ils se mettent -eux-mêmes sur le tapis, d'abord une main, ensuite l'autre; s'ils les -perdent, les bras, et ainsi de suite tous les membres du corps; la tête suit, +<i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 309-10. 'Les Indiens de la Colombie ont porté les jeux +de hasard au dernier excès. Après avoir perdu tout ce qu'ils ont, ils se mettent +eux-mêmes sur le tapis, d'abord une main, ensuite l'autre; s'ils les +perdent, les bras, et ainsi de suite tous les membres du corps; la tête suit, et s'ils la perdent, ils deviennent esclaves pour la vie avec leurs femmes et leurs enfants.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 49-50. Many Kooteneais have abandoned gambling. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>West. Miss.</i>, p. 300. 'Whatever the poor Indian can call @@ -35915,7 +35875,7 @@ to be divided among the backers of the winner.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. vol. i., pp. 404, 412. 'Running horses and foot-races by men, women and children, and they have games of chance played with sticks or bones;' do not drink to excess. <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 237, 406. <i>Lewis and Clarke's -Trav.</i>, pp. 557; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 269.</p> +Trav.</i>, pp. 557; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 269.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_412" id="Footnote_412" href="#FNanchor_412"><span class="label">[412]</span></a> <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, pp. 310-11.</p> @@ -35932,7 +35892,7 @@ sing, and after proceeding in this way for some time, the spectators join, and the whole concludes by a promiscuous dance and song.' The Walla Wallas 'were formed into a solid column, round a kind of hollow square, stood on the same place, and merely jumped up at intervals, to keep -time to the music.' <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 526, 531. Nez Percés +time to the music.' <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 526, 531. Nez Percés dance round a pole on Sundays, and the chiefs exhort during the pauses. <i>Irving's Bonneville's Adven.</i>, pp. 101-2, 245. In singing 'they use <i>hi</i>, <i>ah</i>, in constant repetition, ... and instead of several parts harmonizing, they only @@ -35958,10 +35918,10 @@ and rarely stray far. They call this 'caging' them. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, along without fear, grasping the reins with their tiny hands.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. xii., pt. ii., p. 130, with plate; <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., pp. 404-5; <i>Palliser's Rept.</i>, p. 73; <i>Farnham's Trav.</i>, pp. 81-; <i>Domenech's -Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 64; <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, p. 365; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. +Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 64; <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, p. 365; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, pp. 269-71; <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 110-11.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_417" id="Footnote_417" href="#FNanchor_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> 'L'aigle ... est le grand oiseau de médecine.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 46, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_417" id="Footnote_417" href="#FNanchor_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> 'L'aigle ... est le grand oiseau de médecine.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 46, 205; <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 494-5; <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 212, and in <i>De Smet's West. Miss.</i>, pp. 285-6; <i>Suckley</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 297; <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 208-9; @@ -35983,18 +35943,18 @@ Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 87, 133-4, 242. Distance is calculated by time; a day's ride is seventy miles on horseback, thirty-five miles on foot. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, p. 329. Natives can tell by examining arrows to what tribe they belong. <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, vol. ii., p. 167. Kliketats and Yakimas often unwilling to tell -their name. <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 405. 'D'après toutes les -observations que j'ai faites, leur journée équivaut à peu près à cinquante ou -soixante milles anglais lorsqu'ils voyagent seuls, et à quinze ou vingt milles -seulement lorsqu'ils lèvent leur camps.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 205. Among the -Nez Percés everything was promulgated by criers. 'The office of crier is +their name. <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 405. 'D'après toutes les +observations que j'ai faites, leur journée équivaut à peu près à cinquante ou +soixante milles anglais lorsqu'ils voyagent seuls, et à quinze ou vingt milles +seulement lorsqu'ils lèvent leur camps.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 205. Among the +Nez Percés everything was promulgated by criers. 'The office of crier is generally filled by some old man, who is good for little else. A village has generally several.' <i>Irving's Bonneville's Adven.</i>, p. 286. Habits of worship of the Flatheads in the missions. <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 315-6. 'A pack of prick-eared curs, simply tamed prairie wolves, always in attendance.' <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. i., pp. 71-3.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_420" id="Footnote_420" href="#FNanchor_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> The Nez Percés 'are generally healthy, the only disorders which we +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_420" id="Footnote_420" href="#FNanchor_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> The Nez Percés 'are generally healthy, the only disorders which we have had occasion to remark being of scrophulous kind.' With the Sokulks 'a bad soreness of the eyes is a very common disorder.' 'Bad teeth are very general.' The Chilluckittequaws' diseases are sore eyes, decayed teeth, @@ -36032,10 +35992,10 @@ doctor's throat cut by the father of a patient she had failed to cure. <i>Hines' Voy.</i>, p. 190. The office of medicine-men among the Sahaptins is generally hereditary. Men often die from fear of a medicine-man's evil glance. Rival doctors work on the fears of patients to get each other killed. -Murders of doctors somewhat rare among the Nez Percés. <i>Alvord</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's +Murders of doctors somewhat rare among the Nez Percés. <i>Alvord</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., pp. 652-3, 655. Small-pox seems to have come among the Yakimas and Kliketats before direct intercourse with whites. <i>Gibbs</i>, in -<i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., pp. 405, 408. A Nez Percé doctor killed by a +<i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., pp. 405, 408. A Nez Percé doctor killed by a brother of a man who had shot himself in mourning for his dead relative; the brother in turn killed, and several other lives lost. <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, vol. i., p. 239.</p> @@ -36057,7 +36017,7 @@ silence while the body is wrapped in a new garment, brought out, and the lodge torn down. Then alternate mourning and silence, and the deceased is buried in a sitting posture in a round hole. Widows must mourn two years, incessantly for some months, then only morning and evening. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, -pp. 321-2. Frantic mourning, cutting the flesh, etc., by Nez Percés. <i>Ross' +pp. 321-2. Frantic mourning, cutting the flesh, etc., by Nez Percés. <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, vol. i., pp. 234-5, 238-9, vol. ii., p. 139. Destruction of horses and other property by Spokanes. <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 200-1. A Shushwap widow instigates the murder of a victim as a sacrifice to her husband. @@ -36074,7 +36034,7 @@ and young alive when unable to take care of them. <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, p. 157. Shushwaps often deposit dead in trees. If in the ground, always cover grave with stones. <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, p. 304. Killing a slave by Wascos. <i>White's Ogn.</i>, pp. 260-3. Dances and prayers for three -days at Nez Percé chief's burial. <i>Irving's Bonneville's Adven.</i>, p. 283. Burying +days at Nez Percé chief's burial. <i>Irving's Bonneville's Adven.</i>, p. 283. Burying infant with parents by Flatheads. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 173. Light wooden pilings about Shushwap graves. <i>Milton and Cheadle's Northw. Pass.</i>, p. 242; <i>Alvord</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 655; <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, p. 104; @@ -36086,26 +36046,26 @@ Chilluckittequaws 'unusually hospitable and good humoured.' Chopunnish 'the most amiable we have seen. Their character is placid and gentle, rarely moved into passion.' 'They are indeed selfish and avaricious.' Will pilfer small articles. <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 338, 341, 351, 376, 556-8, 564. -The Flatheads 'se distinguent par la civilité, l'honnétété, et la bonté.' <i>De +The Flatheads 'se distinguent par la civilité, l'honnétété, et la bonté.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 31-2, 38-40, 47-50, 166-74, 202-4. Flatheads 'the best Indians of the mountains and the plains,—honest, brave, and docile.' Kootenais 'men of great docility and artlessness of character.' <i>Stevens and Hoecken</i>, -in <i>De Smet's West. Miss.</i>, pp. 281, 284, 290, 300. Coeurs d'Alène selfish and -poor-spirited. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 329. In the Walla Wallas 'an +in <i>De Smet's West. Miss.</i>, pp. 281, 284, 290, 300. Coeurs d'Alène selfish and +poor-spirited. <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Miss. de l'Orégon</i>, p. 329. In the Walla Wallas 'an air of open unsuspecting confidence,' 'natural politeness,' no obtrusive familiarity. Flatheads 'frank and hospitable.' Except cruelty to captives have 'fewer failings than any of the tribes I ever met.' Brave, quiet, and amenable to their chiefs. Spokanes 'quiet, honest, inoffensive,' but rather indolent. 'Thoughtless and improvident.' Okanagans 'Indolent rascals;' 'an honest and quiet tribe.' Sanspoils dirty, slothful, dishonest, quarrelsome, -etc. Coeurs d'Alène 'uniformly honest;' 'more savage than their neighbours.' +etc. Coeurs d'Alène 'uniformly honest;' 'more savage than their neighbours.' Kootenais honest, brave, jealous, truthful. Kamloops 'thieving and quarrelling.' <i>Cox's Adven.</i>, vol. i., pp. 145, 148, 192, 199, 239-40, 262-3, 344, vol. ii., pp. 44, 87-8, 109, 145-60. Okanagans active and industrious, revengeful, generous and brave. <i>Ross' Adven.</i>, pp. 142, 290-5, 327-9. Skeen 'a hardy, brave people.' Cayuses far more vicious and ungovernable than -the Walla Wallas. Nez Percés treacherous and villainous. <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, -pp. 263, 280, 290, 307-8, 315. Nez Percés 'a quiet, civil, people, but proud +the Walla Wallas. Nez Percés treacherous and villainous. <i>Kane's Wand.</i>, +pp. 263, 280, 290, 307-8, 315. Nez Percés 'a quiet, civil, people, but proud and haughty.' <i>Palmer's Jour.</i>, pp. 128, 48, 53, 59, 61, 124-7. 'Kind to each other.' 'Cheerful and often gay, sociable, kind and affectionate, and anxious to receive instruction.' 'Lying scarcely known.' <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. @@ -36119,7 +36079,7 @@ by frequent excitement, live constantly amid war and the chase.' less industrious and less provident than the more sedentary coast Indians. <i>Mayne's B. C.</i>, pp. 301, 297. Sahaptins 'cold, taciturn, high-tempered, warlike, fond of hunting.' Palouse, Yakimas, Kliketats, etc., of -a 'less hardy and active temperament' than the Nez Percés. <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, +a 'less hardy and active temperament' than the Nez Percés. <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., pp. 199, 210-13. Cayuses 'dreaded by their neighbors on account of their courage and warlike spirit.' Walla Wallas 'notorious as thieves since their first intercourse with whites.' 'Indolent, superstitious, @@ -36127,7 +36087,7 @@ drunken and debauched.' Character of Flatheads, Pend d'Oreilles, Umatillas. <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, pp. 207-9, 211, 218, 223, 282, 1861, pp. 164-5. Yakimas and Kliketats 'much superior to the river Indians.' <i>Stevens</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. i., pp. 405, 298, 403, 416, vol. xii., pt. i., p. 139. Wascos 'exceedingly -vicious.' <i>Hines' Voy.</i>, pp. 159, 169. The Nez Percés 'are, certainly, +vicious.' <i>Hines' Voy.</i>, pp. 159, 169. The Nez Percés 'are, certainly, more like a nation of saints than a horde of savages.' Skyuses, Walla Wallas. <i>Irving's Bonneville's Adven.</i>, pp. 101, 287, 289-90, 300. Tushepaws; <i>Irving's Astoria</i>, p. 316. Thompson River Indians rather a superior and clever race. @@ -36135,14 +36095,14 @@ Astoria</i>, p. 316. Thompson River Indians rather a superior and clever race. of Columbia, are an honest, ingenuous, and well disposed people,' but rascals below the falls. <i>Gass' Jour.</i>, p. 304. Flathead 'fierceness and barbarity in war could not be exceeded.' <i>Nicolay's Ogn. Ter.</i>, p. 153. Flatheads, Walla -Wallas and Nez Percés; <i>Gray's Hist. Ogn.</i>, pp. 171, 219. Kootenais; <i>Palliser's +Wallas and Nez Percés; <i>Gray's Hist. Ogn.</i>, pp. 171, 219. Kootenais; <i>Palliser's Explor.</i>, pp. 44, 73. Salish, Walla Wallas; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. -88, vol. ii., p. 64. Walla Wallas, Cayuses, and Nez Percés; <i>White's Oregon</i>, +88, vol. ii., p. 64. Walla Wallas, Cayuses, and Nez Percés; <i>White's Oregon</i>, p. 174. Walla Wallas, Kootenais; <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 85, 178. Flatheads, -Nez Percés; <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 311, 315, 326-8. Nez Percés; <i>Catlin's -N. Am. Ind.</i>, vol. ii., p. 109; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 268. Kayuses, Walla +Nez Percés; <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, pp. 311, 315, 326-8. Nez Percés; <i>Catlin's +N. Am. Ind.</i>, vol. ii., p. 109; <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 268. Kayuses, Walla Wallas; <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, p. 156. Sahaptins; <i>Wilkes' Hist. Ogn.</i>, p. 106. -Nez Percés; <i>Hastings' Emigrants' Guide</i>, p. 59. Flatheads; <i>Ind. Life</i>, pp. ix., +Nez Percés; <i>Hastings' Emigrants' Guide</i>, p. 59. Flatheads; <i>Ind. Life</i>, pp. ix., x., 25. At Dalles; <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. iv., p. 412. Shushwaps; <i>Grant's Ocean to Ocean</i>, pp. 288-304, 313. At Dalles; <i>Hunt</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1821, tom. x., p. 82; <i>Stuart</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1821, tom. xii., p. 43. @@ -36182,7 +36142,7 @@ names is the proper designation of the people in their own language. The second is that by which they are known to the Chinooks, and through them, to the whites.' <i>Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 218.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_427" id="Footnote_427" href="#FNanchor_427"><span class="label">[427]</span></a> 'There true name is <i>Moüdoc</i>—a word which originated with the Shasteecas, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_427" id="Footnote_427" href="#FNanchor_427"><span class="label">[427]</span></a> 'There true name is <i>Moüdoc</i>—a word which originated with the Shasteecas, who applied it indefinitely to all wild Indians or enemies.' <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, 1873, vol. x., p. 535. 'Also called Moahtockna.' <i>Taylor</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>June 22, 1860</i>. 'The word Modoc is a Shasta Indian word, @@ -36278,14 +36238,14 @@ Meyer names the Indians he saw at Trinidad Bay, <i>Allequas</i>, or Wood-Indians (Holzindianer). I do not find the name anywhere else, and judging by his description, they appear to differ considerably from the natives seen in the same vicinity by Vancouver or Mr Powers; he, Meyer, says; 'Sie sind von -unserm Wuchse, starke und beleibte, kräftige Gestalten. Ihre Haut ist wenig +unserm Wuchse, starke und beleibte, kräftige Gestalten. Ihre Haut ist wenig zimmet oder lohfarbig, eher weisslich, wie die der antisischen Inkas gewesen sein soll; bei der Jugend und besonders beim weiblichen Geschlechte schimmert oft ein sanftes Roth auf den Wangen hervor. Ihr Kopf ist wenig -gedrückt, die Stirn hoch, der Gesichtswinkel gegen 80 Grad, die Nase römisch -gekrümmt, das Auge gross in wenig quadratisch erweiterten Augenhöhlen -und intelligent, die Lippen nicht aufgetrieben, das Kinn oval, und Hände -und Füsse klein.' <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, p. 215.</p> +gedrückt, die Stirn hoch, der Gesichtswinkel gegen 80 Grad, die Nase römisch +gekrümmt, das Auge gross in wenig quadratisch erweiterten Augenhöhlen +und intelligent, die Lippen nicht aufgetrieben, das Kinn oval, und Hände +und Füsse klein.' <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, p. 215.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_436" id="Footnote_436" href="#FNanchor_436"><span class="label">[436]</span></a> At Pitt River they 'have no dress except a buckskin thrown around them.' <i>The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.</i> Near Mount Shasta 'they @@ -36315,10 +36275,10 @@ Lake Indians 'wear little more than the breech-cloth.' <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. 277. 'They were all well dressed in blankets and buckskin.' <i>Abbott</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. vi., p. 70. Carl Meyer, speaking of a tribe he names Allequas, at Trinidad Bay, says: 'der Mann geht im Sommer ganz nackt, im -Winter trägt er eine selbst gegerbte Hirsch- oder Rehdecke über die Schultern.' -'Die Allequas-Weiber tragen im Sommer von Bast-Schnüren oder -von Rehfellstreifen, im Winter von Pelzwerk oder Gänseflaum verfertigte -Schürzen, die bis auf die Knie reichen.' <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, p. 217, 219. +Winter trägt er eine selbst gegerbte Hirsch- oder Rehdecke über die Schultern.' +'Die Allequas-Weiber tragen im Sommer von Bast-Schnüren oder +von Rehfellstreifen, im Winter von Pelzwerk oder Gänseflaum verfertigte +Schürzen, die bis auf die Knie reichen.' <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, p. 217, 219. 'The Klamaths, during the summer go naked, in winter they use the skins of rabbits and wild fowl for a covering.' <i>Thompson</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 283.</p> @@ -36336,11 +36296,11 @@ robes, making it double, with fur inside and out.' <i>Powers' Pomo, MS.</i></p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_441" id="Footnote_441" href="#FNanchor_441"><span class="label">[441]</span></a> <i>Maurelle's Jour.</i>, p. 17; <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 127, 142; <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. viii., p. 329; <i>Pfeiffer's Second Journ.</i>, p. 317. 'Die Allequas (Trinidad Bay) haben starkes, ziemlich geschmeidiges -Haar, das der Männer und der Kinder wird bis auf einen Zoll -Länge regelmässig abgebrannt, so dass sie das Aussehen von Titusköpfen -erhalten. Zuweilen sieht man die Männer auch mit einem ziemlich langen, -durch eine harzige Flüssigkeit gesteiften, aufgerichteten Zopf, der als Schmuck -betrachtet, bei festlichen Anlässen, oder im Kriege mit rothen oder weissen +Haar, das der Männer und der Kinder wird bis auf einen Zoll +Länge regelmässig abgebrannt, so dass sie das Aussehen von Titusköpfen +erhalten. Zuweilen sieht man die Männer auch mit einem ziemlich langen, +durch eine harzige Flüssigkeit gesteiften, aufgerichteten Zopf, der als Schmuck +betrachtet, bei festlichen Anlässen, oder im Kriege mit rothen oder weissen Federn geziert wird, und alsdann dem Schopf eines Wiedehopfs gleicht.' <i>Meyer</i>, <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, p. 215. 'Both men and women part their hair in the middle, the men cut it square on the neck and wear it rather long, @@ -36377,14 +36337,14 @@ fern-leaves, perpendicularly on the chin.' 'For this purpose they are said to employ soot, gathered from a stove, mingled with the juice of a certain plant.' <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. viii., p. 329. Among the Shastys the women 'are tattooed in lines from the mouth to the chin.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. -Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 218. Among the Allequas at Trinidad bay: 'Die Mädchen -werden im fünften Jahre mit einem schwarzen Streifen von beiden Mundwinkeln -bis unter das Kinn tättowirt, welchem Striche dann alle fünf Jahre -ein parallellaufender beigefügt wird, so dass man an diesen Zeichnungen -leicht das Alter jeder Indianerin übersehen kann.... Die Männer bemalen -sich bei besondern Anlässen mit einem Tannenfirniss, den sie selbst bereiten, +Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 218. Among the Allequas at Trinidad bay: 'Die Mädchen +werden im fünften Jahre mit einem schwarzen Streifen von beiden Mundwinkeln +bis unter das Kinn tättowirt, welchem Striche dann alle fünf Jahre +ein parallellaufender beigefügt wird, so dass man an diesen Zeichnungen +leicht das Alter jeder Indianerin übersehen kann.... Die Männer bemalen +sich bei besondern Anlässen mit einem Tannenfirniss, den sie selbst bereiten, das Gesicht, und zeichnen allerlei geheimnissvolle Figuren und Verzierungen -auf Wange, Nase und Stirn, indem sie mit einem hölzernen Stäbchen den +auf Wange, Nase und Stirn, indem sie mit einem hölzernen Stäbchen den noch weichen Firniss auf den einzelnen Stellen von der Haut wegheben.' <i>Meyer</i>, <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, p. 216.</p> @@ -36405,9 +36365,9 @@ a pattern.' <i>Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs</i>, p. 361.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_445" id="Footnote_445" href="#FNanchor_445"><span class="label">[445]</span></a> 'No taste in bead work.' <i>The Shastas and their Neighbors</i>, <i>MS</i>. 'In den Ohren tragen die Allequas (at Trinidad bay) Schmucksachen, welche sie theils von den Weissen erhalten, theils aus Holz nachahmen; auch -sind diese Gegenstände zuweilen durch Steinchen ersetzt, die talismanische -Kräfte besitzen sollen. Nur die in den fernen Bergen wohnenden tragen -hölzerne oder auch eiserne Ringe in den Nasenwandungen.' <i>Meyer</i>, <i>Nach dem +sind diese Gegenstände zuweilen durch Steinchen ersetzt, die talismanische +Kräfte besitzen sollen. Nur die in den fernen Bergen wohnenden tragen +hölzerne oder auch eiserne Ringe in den Nasenwandungen.' <i>Meyer</i>, <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, p. 216; <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 142; <i>Pfeiffer's Second Journ.</i>, p. 317; <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. x., p. 537; <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., plate xiv.</p> @@ -36441,7 +36401,7 @@ those at Nootka, but rise with a small degree of elevation to a ridge in the mid feet square; roof pitched over a ridge-pole; ground usually excavated 3 or 4 feet; some cellars floored and walled with stone. <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 140. 'The dwellings of the Hoopas were built of large planks, -about 1½ inches thick, from two to four feet wide, and from six to twelve +about 1½ inches thick, from two to four feet wide, and from six to twelve feet in length.' <i>Trinity Journal</i>, <i>April, 1857</i>. 'The floors of these huts are perfectly smooth and clean, with a square hole two feet deep in the centre, in which they make their fire.' <i>Maurelle's Jour.</i>, p. 17. 'The huts have @@ -36476,11 +36436,11 @@ elk they usually take in snares.' <i>Pfeiffer's Second Journ.</i>, p. 317. 'The mountain Indians subsisted largely on game, which of every variety was very abundant, and was killed with their bows and arrows, in the use of which they were very expert.' <i>Wiley</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 497. 'Die -Indianer am Pittflusse machen Graben oder Löcher von circa 5 Kubikfuss, +Indianer am Pittflusse machen Graben oder Löcher von circa 5 Kubikfuss, bedecken diese mit Zweigen und Gras ganz leicht, sodass die Thiere, wenn -sie darüber gejagt werden, hinein fallen und nicht wieder herauskönnen. -Wilde Gänse fangen sie mit Netzen ... Nur selten mögen Indianer den grauen -Bär jagen.' <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, p. 181; <i>The Shastas and their Neighbors, +sie darüber gejagt werden, hinein fallen und nicht wieder herauskönnen. +Wilde Gänse fangen sie mit Netzen ... Nur selten mögen Indianer den grauen +Bär jagen.' <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, p. 181; <i>The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.</i></p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_454" id="Footnote_454" href="#FNanchor_454"><span class="label">[454]</span></a> Schumacher, <i>Oregon Antiquities, MS.</i>, classifies their ancient arrow @@ -36532,8 +36492,8 @@ and plunge into the river.' <i>Hubbard</i>, in <i>Golden Era</i>, <i>March, 1856 persons are unusually clean, as they use both the sweat-house and the cold-bath constantly.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 142. 'Mit Tagesanbruch begibt sich der Allequa (Trinidad Bay) in jeder Jahreszeit zur -nahen Quelle, wo er sich am ganzen Leibe wäscht und in den Strahlen der -aufsteigenden Sonne trocknen lässt.' <i>Meyer</i>, <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, p. 221; +nahen Quelle, wo er sich am ganzen Leibe wäscht und in den Strahlen der +aufsteigenden Sonne trocknen lässt.' <i>Meyer</i>, <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, p. 221; <i>Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.</i></p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_462" id="Footnote_462" href="#FNanchor_462"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> Carl Meyer, after describing the bow, adds: 'Fernere Waffen der Allequas @@ -36556,18 +36516,18 @@ carried in quivers of wood or bone, and hang from their wrist or neck.' tipped with copper or iron.' <i>Greenhow's Hist. Ogn.</i>, p. 110. The Pit River 'arrows are made in three parts.' <i>Abbott</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. vi., p. 61. The Allequas at Trinidad Bay, described by Carl Meyer, carried their arrows -either 'schussfertig in der Hand oder in einem über die Schultern geworfenen -Köcher aus Fuchs- oder Biberpelz. Der Bogen ist aus einer starken, -elastischen Rothtannenwurzel verfertigt, etwa 3½ Fuss lang und auf der -Rückseite mit einer Bärensehne überklebt.' <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, p. 217. See +either 'schussfertig in der Hand oder in einem über die Schultern geworfenen +Köcher aus Fuchs- oder Biberpelz. Der Bogen ist aus einer starken, +elastischen Rothtannenwurzel verfertigt, etwa 3½ Fuss lang und auf der +Rückseite mit einer Bärensehne überklebt.' <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, p. 217. See <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, <i>Atlas</i>, plate xxv. Speaking of the quiver, Mr Powers says: 'in the animal's head they stuff a quantity of grass or moss, as a cushion for the arrow-heads to rest in, which prevents them from being broken.' <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. viii., p. 532. 'Their arrows can only be extracted from the flesh with the knife.' <i>Cutts' Conquest of Cal.</i>, p. 170. 'Am oberen Theile -(California) ist der Bogen von einer Lage von Hirsch-Sehnen verstärkt und -elastisch gemacht. Die Pfeile bestehen aus einem rohrartigen Gewächse -von mässiger Länge, an der Spitze mit Obsidian ... versehen, ihre Länge ist +(California) ist der Bogen von einer Lage von Hirsch-Sehnen verstärkt und +elastisch gemacht. Die Pfeile bestehen aus einem rohrartigen Gewächse +von mässiger Länge, an der Spitze mit Obsidian ... versehen, ihre Länge ist 2 Zoll, ihre Breite 1 Zoll und die Dicke <sup><span class="s08">1</span></sup>/<sub><span class="s08">3</span></sub> Zoll, scharfkantig und spitz zulaufend.' <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, p. 180.</p> @@ -36579,10 +36539,10 @@ and their Neighbors, MS.</i></p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_466" id="Footnote_466" href="#FNanchor_466"><span class="label">[466]</span></a> <i>Johnson</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. ii., p. 536. At Trinidad Bay 'zuweilen werden die Pfeile mit dem Safte des Sumachbaumes vergiftet, und alsdann nur zum Erlegen wilder Raubthiere gebraucht.' <i>Meyer</i>, <i>Nach dem -Sacramento</i>, p. 218. 'Einige Stämme vergiften die Spitzen ihrer Pfeile auf -folgende Weise: Sie reizen nämlich eine Klapperschlange mit einer vorgehaltenen +Sacramento</i>, p. 218. 'Einige Stämme vergiften die Spitzen ihrer Pfeile auf +folgende Weise: Sie reizen nämlich eine Klapperschlange mit einer vorgehaltenen Hirschleber, worin sie beisst, und nachdem nun die Leber mit dem -Gifte vollständig imprägnirt ist, wird sie vergraben und muss verfaulen; hierin +Gifte vollständig imprägnirt ist, wird sie vergraben und muss verfaulen; hierin wird nun die Spitze eingetaucht und dann getrocknet.' <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, p. 180. The Pitt River Indians 'use the poison of the rattle-snake, by grinding the head of that reptile into an impalpable powder, which is then applied @@ -36592,7 +36552,7 @@ their arrows in a putrid deer's liver. This is a slow poison, however, and sometimes will not poison at all.' <i>The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.</i>; <i>Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS.</i></p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_467" id="Footnote_467" href="#FNanchor_467"><span class="label">[467]</span></a> Among other things seen by Meyer were, 'noch grössere Bogen, die +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_467" id="Footnote_467" href="#FNanchor_467"><span class="label">[467]</span></a> Among other things seen by Meyer were, 'noch grössere Bogen, die ihnen als bedeutende Ferngeschosse dienen. Ein solcher ist 6 Fuss lang, und der Indianer legt sich auf die Erde, um denselben zu spannen, indem er das rechte Knie in den Bogen einstemmt und mit beiden Armen nachhilft.' @@ -36679,8 +36639,8 @@ individual does as he likes. Among the Tolewas in Del Norte County, money makes the chief. The Modocs and Patawats have an hereditary chieftainship. <i>Powers' Pomo, MS.</i> At Trinidad Bay they were 'governed by a ruler, who directs where they shall go both to hunt and fish.' <i>Maurelle's -Jour.</i>, p. 18. 'Der Häuptling ist sehr geachtet; er hat über Handel und -Wandel, Leben und Tod seiner Unterthanen zu verfügen, und seine Macht +Jour.</i>, p. 18. 'Der Häuptling ist sehr geachtet; er hat über Handel und +Wandel, Leben und Tod seiner Unterthanen zu verfügen, und seine Macht vererbt sich auf seinen Erstgebornen.' <i>Meyer</i>, <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, p. 223. The chief 'obtains his position from his wealth, and usually manages to transmit his effects and with them his honors, to his posterity.' <i>Hubbard</i>, @@ -36705,8 +36665,8 @@ and their Neighbors, MS.</i></p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_482" id="Footnote_482" href="#FNanchor_482"><span class="label">[482]</span></a> The Cahrocs, Eurocs, Hoopahs, and Patawats, all acquire their wives by purchase. <i>The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.</i>; <i>Powers' Pomo, MS.</i> -'Wenn ein Allequa seine künftige Lebensgefährtin unter den Schönen -seines Stammes erwählt hat und sich verheirathen will, muss er dem Mauhemi +'Wenn ein Allequa seine künftige Lebensgefährtin unter den Schönen +seines Stammes erwählt hat und sich verheirathen will, muss er dem Mauhemi (chief) eine armslange Muschelschnur vorzeigen.' <i>Meyer</i>, <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, p. 223. The mountain Indians seldom, if ever, intermarry with those on the coast. <i>Wiley</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept. Joint Spec. Com.</i>, 1867, p. 497; @@ -36783,7 +36743,7 @@ vol. iii., p. 175.</p> p. 261; <i>Ostrander</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1857, p. 369; <i>Miller</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 361.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_495" id="Footnote_495" href="#FNanchor_495"><span class="label">[495]</span></a> <i>Temescal</i> is an Aztec word defined by Molina, <i>Vocabulario</i>, 'Temazcalli, -casilla como estufa, adonde se bañan y sudan.' The word was brought to +casilla como estufa, adonde se bañan y sudan.' The word was brought to this region and applied to the native sweat-houses by the Franciscan Fathers. <i>Turner</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 72, gives 'sweat-house' in the Chemehuevi language, as <i>pahcaba</i>.</p> @@ -36867,15 +36827,15 @@ County.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_505" id="Footnote_505" href="#FNanchor_505"><span class="label">[505]</span></a> In the vicinity of Fort Ross, 'Die Indianer sind von mittlerem Wuchse, doch trifft man auch hohe Gestalten unter ihnen an; sie sind ziemlich wohl -proportionirt, die Farbe der Haut ist bräunlich, doch ist diese Farbe mehr +proportionirt, die Farbe der Haut ist bräunlich, doch ist diese Farbe mehr eine Wirkung der Sonne als angeboren; die Augen und Haare sind schwarz, -die letzteren stehen straff.... Beide Geschlechter sind von kräftigem Körperbau.' +die letzteren stehen straff.... Beide Geschlechter sind von kräftigem Körperbau.' <i>Kostromitonow</i>, in <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethn.</i>, p. 81. 'Quoique surpris dans un -très-grand négligé, ces hommes me parurent beaux, de haute taille, robustes -et parfaitement découplés ... traits réguliers ... yeux noirs ... nez aquilin -surmonté d'un front élevé, les pommettes des joues arrondies, ... fortes lèvres -... dents blanches et bien rangées ... peau jaune cuivré, un cou annonçant -la vigueur et soutenu par de larges épaules ... un air intelligent et fier à la +très-grand négligé, ces hommes me parurent beaux, de haute taille, robustes +et parfaitement découplés ... traits réguliers ... yeux noirs ... nez aquilin +surmonté d'un front élevé, les pommettes des joues arrondies, ... fortes lèvres +... dents blanches et bien rangées ... peau jaune cuivré, un cou annonçant +la vigueur et soutenu par de larges épaules ... un air intelligent et fier à la fois.... Je trouvai toutes les femmes horriblement laides.' <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, tom. vi., 145-6. At the head of the Eel River 'the average height of these men was not over five feet four or five inches. They were lightly built, with no @@ -36916,9 +36876,9 @@ the men are 'commonly so strong of body, that that which two or three of our men could hardly beare, one of them would take vpon his backe, and without grudging carrie it easily away, vp hill and downe hill an English mile together.' <i>Drake's World Encomp.</i>, p. 131. 'Los Naturales de este sitio y -Puerto son algo trigueños, por lo quemados del Sol, aunque los venidos de la +Puerto son algo trigueños, por lo quemados del Sol, aunque los venidos de la otra banda del Puerto y del Estero ... son mas blancos y corpulentos.' <i>Palou</i>, -<i>Vida de Junípero Serra</i>, p. 215. 'Ugly, stupid, and savage; otherwise they +<i>Vida de JunÃpero Serra</i>, p. 215. 'Ugly, stupid, and savage; otherwise they are well formed, tolerably tall, and of a dark brown complexion. The women are short, and very ugly; they have much of the negro in their countenance.... Very long, smooth, and coal-black hair.' <i>Kotzebue's Voy.</i>, vol. i., pp. 282-3. @@ -36926,7 +36886,7 @@ long, smooth, and coal-black hair.' <i>Kotzebue's Voy.</i>, vol. i., pp. 282-3. in <i>Kotzebue's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 47. 'Ill made; their faces ugly, presenting a dull, heavy, and stupid countenance.' <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 13. The Tcholovoni tribe 'differe beaucoup de toutes les autres par les traits du visage -par sa physionomie, par un extèrieur assez agréable.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, part +par sa physionomie, par un extèrieur assez agréable.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, part iii., p. 6., plate vi., vii., xii. 'The Alchones are of good height, and the Tuluraios were thought to be, generally, above the standard of Englishmen. Their complexion is much darker than that of the South-sea Islanders, and @@ -36941,21 +36901,21 @@ are very dark colored,' and 'the women are perfectly hideous.' <i>Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite</i>, p. 52. The Monos on the east side of the Sierra are 'a fine looking race, straight, and of good height, and appear to be active.' <i>Von Schmidt</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1856, p. 2-3. At Monterey 'ils sont -en général bien faits, mais faibles d'esprit et de corps.' In the vicinity -of San Miguel, they are 'généralement d'une couleur foncée, sales et mal -faits ... à l'exception tout fois des Indiens qui habitent sur les bords de la -rivière des tremblements de terre, et sur la côte voisine. Ceux-ci sont blancs, +en général bien faits, mais faibles d'esprit et de corps.' In the vicinity +of San Miguel, they are 'généralement d'une couleur foncée, sales et mal +faits ... à l'exception tout fois des Indiens qui habitent sur les bords de la +rivière des tremblements de terre, et sur la côte voisine. Ceux-ci sont blancs, d'une joli figure, et leurs cheveux tirent sur le roux.' <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 332, 163; also quoted in <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice -sur les Indiens</i>, p. 236. 'Sont généralement petits, faibles ... leur couleur -est très-approchante de celle des nègres dont les cheveux ne sont point -laineux: ceux de ces peuples sont longs et très-forts.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. +sur les Indiens</i>, p. 236. 'Sont généralement petits, faibles ... leur couleur +est très-approchante de celle des nègres dont les cheveux ne sont point +laineux: ceux de ces peuples sont longs et très-forts.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 281. 'La taille des hommes est plus haute (than that of the Chilians), -et leurs muscles mieux prononcés.' The figure of the women 'est plus -élevée (than that of the Chilian women), et la forme de leurs membres est -plus régulière; elles sont en général d'une stature mieux développée et -d'une physionomie moins repoussante.' <i>Rollin</i>, in <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. iv., -p. 52. At San José 'the men are almost all rather above the middling stature, +et leurs muscles mieux prononcés.' The figure of the women 'est plus +élevée (than that of the Chilian women), et la forme de leurs membres est +plus régulière; elles sont en général d'une stature mieux développée et +d'une physionomie moins repoussante.' <i>Rollin</i>, in <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. iv., +p. 52. At San José 'the men are almost all rather above the middling stature, and well built; very few indeed are what may be called undersized. Their complexions are dark but not negro like ... some seemed to possess great muscular strength; they have very coarse black hair.' Some of the @@ -36966,35 +36926,35 @@ lips, and broad, flat, negro-like noses; ... bear a strong resemblance to the negroes.... None of the men we saw were above five feet high ... ill-proportioned ... we had never seen a less pleasing specimen of the human race.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 194-5, 164, see plate. And speaking generally -of the Californian Indians: 'Die Männer sind im Allgemeinen gut gebaut -und von starker Körperbildung,' height 'zwischen fünf Fuss vier Zoll und -fünf Fuss zehn oder eilf Zoll.' Complexion 'die um ein klein wenig heller -als bei den Mulatten, also weit dunkler ist, als bei den übrigen Indianerstämmen.' +of the Californian Indians: 'Die Männer sind im Allgemeinen gut gebaut +und von starker Körperbildung,' height 'zwischen fünf Fuss vier Zoll und +fünf Fuss zehn oder eilf Zoll.' Complexion 'die um ein klein wenig heller +als bei den Mulatten, also weit dunkler ist, als bei den übrigen Indianerstämmen.' <i>Osswald</i>, <i>Californien</i>, p. 62. The coast Indians 'are about five feet and a half in height, and rather slender and feeble,' in the interior they 'are taller and more robust.' <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 364. 'Cubische -Schädelform, niedrige Stirn, breites Gesicht, mit hervorragendem Jochbogen, +Schädelform, niedrige Stirn, breites Gesicht, mit hervorragendem Jochbogen, breite Lippen und grosser Mund, mehr platte Nase und am Innenwinkel herabgezogene Augen.' <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, pp. v, 177. 'Les Californiens sont presque noirs; la disposition de leur yeux et l'ensemble de leur visage -leur donnent avec les européens une ressemblance assez marquée.' <i>Rossi</i>, +leur donnent avec les européens une ressemblance assez marquée.' <i>Rossi</i>, <i>Souvenirs</i>, pp. 279-80. 'They are small in stature; thin, squalid, dirty, and degraded in appearance. In their habits little better than an ourang-outang, they are certainly the worst type of savage I have ever seen.' <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. i., p. 249. 'More swarthy in complexion, and of less stature than those east of the Rocky Mountains ... more of the Asiatic cast of countenance than -the eastern tribe.' <i>Delano's Life on the Plains</i>, p. 304. 'Dépasse rarement la -hauteur de cinq pieds deux ou trois pouces; leur membres sont grêles et -médiocrement musclés. Ils ont de grosses lévres qui se projettent en avant, +the eastern tribe.' <i>Delano's Life on the Plains</i>, p. 304. 'Dépasse rarement la +hauteur de cinq pieds deux ou trois pouces; leur membres sont grêles et +médiocrement musclés. Ils ont de grosses lévres qui se projettent en avant, le nez large et aplati comme les Ethiopiens; leurs cheveux sont noirs, rude et droits.' <i>Auger</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 165. 'Generally of small stature, robust appearance, and not well formed.' <i>Thornton's Ogn. and Cal.</i>, vol. ii., p. 91. -'Schön gewachsen und von schwärtzlich-brauner Farbe.' <i>Mühlenpfordt +'Schön gewachsen und von schwärtzlich-brauner Farbe.' <i>Mühlenpfordt Mejico</i>, tom. ii., part ii., p. 455. 'Low foreheads and skins as black as Guinea negroes.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 85. 'En naissant les enfants sont presque blancs ... mais ils noircissent en grandissant.' 'Depuis -le nord du Rio Sacramento jusqu'au cap San Lucas ... leurs caractères physique, -leurs moeurs et leurs usages sont les mêmes.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. +le nord du Rio Sacramento jusqu'au cap San Lucas ... leurs caractères physique, +leurs moeurs et leurs usages sont les mêmes.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 263, 367. 'Skin of such a deep reddish-brown that it seems almost black.' <i>Figuier's Human Race</i>, p. 493; <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Aztek. Sprache</i>, p. 528; <i>Forbes' Cal.</i>, pp. 180-3; <i>Harper's Monthly</i>, vol. xiii., p. 583. 'A @@ -37011,13 +36971,13 @@ but not much on the cheeks, and they almost all suffer it to grow.' The Clear Lake Indians 'have also considerable beards, and hair on the person.' At the head of South Fork of Eel River, 'they pluck their beards.' Gibbs, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 108-119. At Monterey 'plusieurs -ont de la barbe; d'autres, suivant les pères missionaires, n'en ont jamais eu, -et c'est un question qui n'est pas même décidée dans le pays.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, +ont de la barbe; d'autres, suivant les pères missionaires, n'en ont jamais eu, +et c'est un question qui n'est pas même décidée dans le pays.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 282. 'Les Californiens ont la barbe plus fournie que les -Chiliens, et les parties génitales mieux garnies: cependant j'ai remarqué, -parmi les hommes, un grand nombre d'individus totalement dépourvus de -barbe; les femmes ont aussi peu de poil au pénil et aux aisselles.' <i>Rollin</i>, -in <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, vol. iv., p. 53. 'They have the habit common to all +Chiliens, et les parties génitales mieux garnies: cependant j'ai remarqué, +parmi les hommes, un grand nombre d'individus totalement dépourvus de +barbe; les femmes ont aussi peu de poil au pénil et aux aisselles.' <i>Rollin</i>, +in <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, vol. iv., p. 53. 'They have the habit common to all American Indians of extracting the beard and the hair of other parts of their body.' <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 364. Beards 'short, thin, and stiff.' <i>Bartlett's Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 34. 'In general very scanty, although occasionally a @@ -37029,17 +36989,17 @@ times, before becoming christians, they pulled out their beards.' <i>Taylor</i>, of part iii., draws the Indians with a very slight and scattered beard. 'Pluck out their beard.' <i>Auger</i>, <i>Voy. in Cal.</i>, p. 165. 'Wear whiskers.' <i>Thornton's Ogn. and Cal.</i>, vol. ii., p. 91. 'Les Indiens qui habitent dans la -direction du cap de Nouvel-An (del Año Nuevo) ... ont des moustaches.' -<i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., p. 335. Mühlenpfordt -mentions that at the death of a relation, 'die Männer raufen Haupthaar +direction du cap de Nouvel-An (del Año Nuevo) ... ont des moustaches.' +<i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., p. 335. Mühlenpfordt +mentions that at the death of a relation, 'die Männer raufen Haupthaar und Bart sich aus.' <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., part ii., p. 456.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_507" id="Footnote_507" href="#FNanchor_507"><span class="label">[507]</span></a> At Fort Ross 'Die Männer gehen ganz nackt, die Frauen hingegen bedecken -nur den mittleren Theil des Körpers von vorne und von hinten mit -den Fellen wilder Ziegen; das Haar binden die Männer auf dem Schopfe, -die Frauen am Nacken in Büschel zusammen; bisweilen lassen sie es frei -herunter wallen; die Männer heften die Büschel mit ziemlich künstlich, aus -einer rothen Palme geschnitzten Hölzchen fest.' <i>Kostromitonow</i>, in <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_507" id="Footnote_507" href="#FNanchor_507"><span class="label">[507]</span></a> At Fort Ross 'Die Männer gehen ganz nackt, die Frauen hingegen bedecken +nur den mittleren Theil des Körpers von vorne und von hinten mit +den Fellen wilder Ziegen; das Haar binden die Männer auf dem Schopfe, +die Frauen am Nacken in Büschel zusammen; bisweilen lassen sie es frei +herunter wallen; die Männer heften die Büschel mit ziemlich künstlich, aus +einer rothen Palme geschnitzten Hölzchen fest.' <i>Kostromitonow</i>, in <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethno.</i>, p. 82. At Clear Lake 'the women generally wear a small round, bowl-shaped basket on their heads; and this is frequently interwoven with the red feathers of the woodpecker, and edged with the plume tufts of the @@ -37081,40 +37041,40 @@ these in their order, did follow the naked sort of common people, whose haire being long, was gathered into a bunch behind, in which stucke plumes of feathers; but in the forepart onely single feathers like hornes, every one pleasing himselfe in his owne device.' <i>Drake's World Encomp.</i>, pp. 121, 126. -'Asi como Adamitas se presentan sin el menor rubor ni vergüenza (esto es, los -hombres) y para librarse del frio que todo el año hace en esta Mision (San -Francisco), principalmente las mañanas, se embarran con lodo, diciendo que -les preserva de él, y en quanto empieza á calentar el Sol se lavan: las mugeres +'Asi como Adamitas se presentan sin el menor rubor ni vergüenza (esto es, los +hombres) y para librarse del frio que todo el año hace en esta Mision (San +Francisco), principalmente las mañanas, se embarran con lodo, diciendo que +les preserva de él, y en quanto empieza á calentar el Sol se lavan: las mugeres andan algo honestas, hasta las muchachas chiquitas: usan para la -honestidad de un delantar que hacen de hilos de tule, ó juncia, que no -pasa de la rodilla, y otro atrás amarrados á la cintura que ambos forman +honestidad de un delantar que hacen de hilos de tule, ó juncia, que no +pasa de la rodilla, y otro atrás amarrados á la cintura que ambos forman como unas enaguas, con que se presentan con alguna honestidad, y en las espaldas se ponen otros semejantes para librarse en alguna manera del frio.' -<i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de Junípero Serra</i>, p. 217. At Monterey, and on the coast between +<i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de JunÃpero Serra</i>, p. 217. At Monterey, and on the coast between Monterey and Santa Barbara the dress 'du plus riche consiste en un manteau da peau de loutre qui couvre ses reins et descend au dessous des sines.... L'habillement des femmes est un manteau de peau de cerf mal -tannée.... Les jeunes filles au-dessous de neuf ans n'ont qu'une simple ceinture -et les enfans de l'autre sexe sont tout nus.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., +tannée.... Les jeunes filles au-dessous de neuf ans n'ont qu'une simple ceinture +et les enfans de l'autre sexe sont tout nus.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 304-5. 'Ils se percent aussi les oreilles, et y portent des ornemens d'un -genre et d'un gout trés-variés.' <i>Rollin</i>, in <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 53. +genre et d'un gout trés-variés.' <i>Rollin</i>, in <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 53. 'Those between Monterey and the extreme northern boundary of the Mexican domain, shave their heads close.' <i>Boscana</i>, in <i>Robinson's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 239. On the coast between San Diego and San Francisco 'presque tous ... vont -entierement nus; ceux qui ont quelques vêtements, n'ont autre -chose qu'une casaque faite de courroies de peau de lapins, de lièvres ou de -loutres tressés ensemble, et qui ont conservé le poil. Les femmes ont une espèce -de tablier de roseaux tressés qui s'attache autour de la taille par un cordon, -et pend jusqu'aux genoux; une peau de cerf mal tannée et mal préparée, -jetée sur leurs épaules en guise de manteau, compléte leur toilette.' <i>Fages</i>, in +entierement nus; ceux qui ont quelques vêtements, n'ont autre +chose qu'une casaque faite de courroies de peau de lapins, de lièvres ou de +loutres tressés ensemble, et qui ont conservé le poil. Les femmes ont une espèce +de tablier de roseaux tressés qui s'attache autour de la taille par un cordon, +et pend jusqu'aux genoux; une peau de cerf mal tannée et mal préparée, +jetée sur leurs épaules en guise de manteau, compléte leur toilette.' <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., p. 155; see also <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, -<i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 227. 'Sont tres peu couverts, et en été, la plupart vont tout +<i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 227. 'Sont tres peu couverts, et en été, la plupart vont tout nus. Les femmes font usage de peaux de daim pour se couvrir.... Ces femmes -portent encore comme vêtement des espèces de couvertures sans envers, -faites en plumes tissues ensemble ... il a l'avantage d'être très-chaud.... Elles -portent généralement, au lieu de boucles d'oreilles, des morceaux d'os ou de -bois en forme de cylindre et sculptés de différentes manières. Ces ornements -sont creux et servent également d'étuis pour renfermer leurs aiguilles.' <i>Petit-Thouars</i>, +portent encore comme vêtement des espèces de couvertures sans envers, +faites en plumes tissues ensemble ... il a l'avantage d'être très-chaud.... Elles +portent généralement, au lieu de boucles d'oreilles, des morceaux d'os ou de +bois en forme de cylindre et sculptés de différentes manières. Ces ornements +sont creux et servent également d'étuis pour renfermer leurs aiguilles.' <i>Petit-Thouars</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 135. Speaking generally of the Californian Indians, 'both sexes go nearly naked, excepting a sort of wrapper round the waist, only in the coldest part of the winter they throw over their bodies a @@ -37127,10 +37087,10 @@ strips, which they twist together, and then join them as they do the feathers, so that both sides have the fur alike.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 163-4. See also <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 364, and <i>Forbes' Cal.</i>, p. 183. 'Im Winter selbst tragen sie wenig Bekleidung, vielleicht nur eine Hirschhaut, welche -sie über die Schulter werfen; Männer, Frauen und Kinder gehen selbst im +sie über die Schulter werfen; Männer, Frauen und Kinder gehen selbst im Winter im Schnee barfuss.' <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, p. 177; <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. i., p. 249; <i>Patrick, Gilbert, Heald, and Von Schmidt</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1856, -pp. 240-4; <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, part iii., p. 4, and plate xii.; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, +pp. 240-4; <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, part iii., p. 4, and plate xii.; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., part ii., p. 455; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 239; <i>Shea's Catholic Missions</i>, p. 98; <i>Johnston</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 223; <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 457; <i>Augur</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 100. After having collated the @@ -37163,26 +37123,26 @@ of the eyes to the ends of the mouth, and back from them to the hinge of the jawbone ... some also had their entire foreheads coated over.' <i>Kelly's Excursion to Cal.</i>, vol. ii., p. 111. 'The women are a little tattooed on the chin.' <i>Pfeiffer's Second Journ.</i>, p. 307. At Monterey and vicinity, 'se peignent le -corps en rouge, et en noir lorsqu'ils sont en deuil.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., -p. 305. 'Se peignent la peau pour se parer.' <i>Rollin</i>, in <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. +corps en rouge, et en noir lorsqu'ils sont en deuil.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., +p. 305. 'Se peignent la peau pour se parer.' <i>Rollin</i>, in <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. iv., p. 53. 'This one thing was obserued to bee generall amongst them all, that euery one had his face painted, some with white, some blacke, and some with other colours.' <i>Drake's World Encomp.</i>, p. 126. 'Tattooing is practised in these tribes by both sexes, both to ornament the person and to distinguish one clan from another. It is remarkable that the women mark their chins precisely in the same way as the Esquimaux.' <i>Beechey's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 77. 'Les -indigènes indepéndents de la Haute-Californie sont tatoués ... ces signes -servent d'ornement et de distinction, non seulement d'une tribu à une -autre tribu, mais encore, d'une famille à une autre famille.' <i>Petit-Thouars</i>, +indigènes indepéndents de la Haute-Californie sont tatoués ... ces signes +servent d'ornement et de distinction, non seulement d'une tribu à une +autre tribu, mais encore, d'une famille à une autre famille.' <i>Petit-Thouars</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 134-5. 'Tattooing is also used, but principally among the women. Some have only a double or triple line from each corner of the mouth down to the chin; others have besides a cross stripe extending from one of these stripes to the other; and most have simple long and cross stripes from the chin over the neck down to the breast and upon the shoulders.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 167; see plate, p. 169. When dancing, -'ils se peignent sur le corps des lignes régulières, noires, rouges et -blanches. Quelques-uns ont la moitié du corps, depuis la tête jusqu'en bas, -barbouillée de noir, et l'autre de rouge; le tout croisé par des raies blanches, +'ils se peignent sur le corps des lignes régulières, noires, rouges et +blanches. Quelques-uns ont la moitié du corps, depuis la tête jusqu'en bas, +barbouillée de noir, et l'autre de rouge; le tout croisé par des raies blanches, d'autres se poudrent les cheveux avec du duvet d'oiseaux.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, part iii., p. 4; see also plate xii. 'I have never observed any particular figured designs upon their persons, but the tattooing is generally on the @@ -37191,15 +37151,15 @@ the females. <i>Johnston</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 223. ' seules emploient le tatouage.' <i>Auger</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 165.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_509" id="Footnote_509" href="#FNanchor_509"><span class="label">[509]</span></a> 'Il est bien rare qu'un Indien passe la nuit dans sa maison. Vers le -soir chacun prend son arc et ses flèches et va se réunir aux autres dans de -grandes cavernes, parce-qu'ils craignent d'être attaqués a l'improviste par -leurs ennemis et d'être surpris sans défense au milieu de leurs femmes et de +soir chacun prend son arc et ses flèches et va se réunir aux autres dans de +grandes cavernes, parce-qu'ils craignent d'être attaqués a l'improviste par +leurs ennemis et d'être surpris sans défense au milieu de leurs femmes et de leurs enfants.' <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 316-7.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_510" id="Footnote_510" href="#FNanchor_510"><span class="label">[510]</span></a> Two authors describe their dwellings as being much smaller than I have -stated them to be: 'leur maisons ont quatre pieds de diamètre.' <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, -in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 238. Their wigwams have 'une élévation au-dessus -du sol de cinq à huit pieds et une circonférence de dix à douze.' <i>Holinski</i>, +stated them to be: 'leur maisons ont quatre pieds de diamètre.' <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, +in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 238. Their wigwams have 'une élévation au-dessus +du sol de cinq à huit pieds et une circonférence de dix à douze.' <i>Holinski</i>, <i>La Californie</i>, p. 172. The authorities I have followed, and who agree in essential particulars, are: <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., pp. 103, 106; <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. v., p. 198; <i>Pfeiffer's Second @@ -37208,25 +37168,25 @@ Explor. Ex.</i>, p. 242; <i>Kelly's Excursion to Cal.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 34, 282 <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, part iii., p. 2; <i>Drake's World Encomp.</i>, p. 121; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 30, with cut; <i>Vancouver's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 13, 15; <i>Palou</i>, <i>Noticias</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., vol. vi., pp. 367, 390; <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, -<i>Viage</i>, p. 165; <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 295; <i>Delano's Life on the Plains</i>, -p. 306; <i>Gerstäcker's Journ.</i>, p. 218; <i>Gilbert</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1856, p. 242; +<i>Viage</i>, p. 165; <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 295; <i>Delano's Life on the Plains</i>, +p. 306; <i>Gerstäcker's Journ.</i>, p. 218; <i>Gilbert</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1856, p. 242; <i>Patrick</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 240; <i>Jewett</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 244; <i>Bailey</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1858, p. 299; <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. i., p. 248; <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 163; <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, pp. 177, 179; <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 365; <i>Beechey's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 5; <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. und Ethno.</i>, p. 72; <i>Kostromitonow</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 83; <i>Domenech's -Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 239; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., p. 456; <i>Johnston</i>, in +Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 239; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., p. 456; <i>Johnston</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 223; <i>Thornton's Ogn. and Cal.</i>, vol. ii., p. 91; <i>Roquefeuil's Voy. Round the World</i>, p. 29; <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 316, 343.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_511" id="Footnote_511" href="#FNanchor_511"><span class="label">[511]</span></a> Wilkes, and the majority of writers, assert that the acorns are sweet and palatable in their natural state; Kostromitonow, however, says: 'Nachdem -die Eicheln vom Baume gepflückt sind, werden sie in der Sonne gedörrt, darauf -gereinigt und in Körben mittelst besonders dazu behauener Steine gestossen, +die Eicheln vom Baume gepflückt sind, werden sie in der Sonne gedörrt, darauf +gereinigt und in Körben mittelst besonders dazu behauener Steine gestossen, dann wird im Sande oder sonst wo in lockerer Erde eine Grube gegraben, -die Eicheln werden hineingeschüttet und mit Wasser übergossen, -welches beständig von der Erde eingezogen wird. Dieses Ausspülen wiederholt -man so lange bis die Eicheln alle ihre eigenthümliche Bitterkeit verloren +die Eicheln werden hineingeschüttet und mit Wasser übergossen, +welches beständig von der Erde eingezogen wird. Dieses Ausspülen wiederholt +man so lange bis die Eicheln alle ihre eigenthümliche Bitterkeit verloren haben.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. und Ethno.</i>, p. 84. The acorn bread 'looks and tastes like coarse black clay, strongly resembling the soundings in Hampton roads, and being about as savory and digestible.' <i>Revere's Tour</i>, p. 121. Never @@ -37239,11 +37199,11 @@ parched and ground, before being made into dough. '<i>Pinolli</i>, la harina de mayz y chia, antes que la deslian.' <i>Molina</i>, <i>Vocabulario</i>. The Aztecs made pinole chiefly of maize or Indian corn.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_513" id="Footnote_513" href="#FNanchor_513"><span class="label">[513]</span></a> 'Nos trageron su regalo de tamales grandes de mas de á tercia con su +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_513" id="Footnote_513" href="#FNanchor_513"><span class="label">[513]</span></a> 'Nos trageron su regalo de tamales grandes de mas de á tercia con su correspondiente grueso, amasados de semillas silvestres muy prietas que -parecen brea; los probé y no tienen mal gusto y son muy mantecosos.' <i>Palou</i>, +parecen brea; los probé y no tienen mal gusto y son muy mantecosos.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Noticias</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 68. Among the presents -given to Drake by the Indians was 'a roote which they call Petáh, +given to Drake by the Indians was 'a roote which they call Petáh, whereof they make a kind of meale, and either bake it into bread or eate it raw; broyled fishes, like a pilchard; the seede and downe aforenamed, with such like.' <i>Drake's World Encomp.</i>, p. 126. Catch salmon in baskets. 'They @@ -37252,24 +37212,24 @@ their fertility.' <i>Chamisso</i>, in <i>Kotzebue's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 48. insectes, les serpentes, tout sans exception leur sert de nourriture.... Ils sont trop maladroits et trop paresseux pour chasser.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, part iii., p. 2. 'Entre ellas tienen una especie de semilla negra, y de su harina hacen -unos tamales, á modo de bolas, de tamaño de una naranja, que son muy sabrosos, -que parecen de almendra tostada muy mantecosa.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de Junípero +unos tamales, á modo de bolas, de tamaño de una naranja, que son muy sabrosos, +que parecen de almendra tostada muy mantecosa.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de JunÃpero Serra</i>, p. 216; <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 164; <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 116. 'Their fastidiousness does not prompt them to take the entrails out' of fishes and birds. <i>Delano's Life on the Plains</i>, p. 305. 'Live upon various plants in their several seasons, besides grapes, and even use the Artemesia.' <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. v., pp. 202, 259. 'Ils trouvent -aussi autour d'eux une quantité d'aloès dont ils font un fréquent usage.... Ils -utilisent éncore la racine d'une espèce de roseau.... Ils mangent aussi une fleur -sucrée qui ressemble à celle de l'églantier d'Espagne, et qui croît dans les endroits -marécageux.' <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, pp. 232-3, 237. +aussi autour d'eux une quantité d'aloès dont ils font un fréquent usage.... Ils +utilisent éncore la racine d'une espèce de roseau.... Ils mangent aussi une fleur +sucrée qui ressemble à celle de l'églantier d'Espagne, et qui croît dans les endroits +marécageux.' <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, pp. 232-3, 237. Were cannibals and their sorcerers still eat human flesh. <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 362, 366-9. The Meewocs 'eat all creatures that swim in the waters, all that fly through the air, and all that creep, crawl, or walk upon the earth, with, perhaps a dozen exceptions.' <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. x., p. -324. 'Ils se nourrissent également d'une espèce de gâteaux fabriqués avec -du gland, et qu'ils roulent dans le sable avant de le livrer à la cuisson; de -là vient qu'ils sont, jeunes encore, les dents usées jusqu'à la racine, et ce +324. 'Ils se nourrissent également d'une espèce de gâteaux fabriqués avec +du gland, et qu'ils roulent dans le sable avant de le livrer à la cuisson; de +là vient qu'ils sont, jeunes encore, les dents usées jusqu'à la racine, et ce n'est pas, comme le dit Malte-Brun, parce qu'ils ont l'habitude de les limer.' <i>Auger</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 163. 'While I was standing there a couple of pretty young girls came from the woods, with flat baskets full of flower-seed, emitting @@ -37289,11 +37249,11 @@ Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., p. 103; <i>Petit-Thouars</i>, <i>V <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 222; <i>Placerville Index</i>, <i>Aug., 1859</i>; <i>Henley</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 303; <i>Patrick, McDermott, Gilbert, Benitz, Jannson, Von Schmidt, McAdam, Bowlby, and Jewett</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, -1856, pp. 18, 41-4; <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 282; <i>Helper's Land of Gold</i>, +1856, pp. 18, 41-4; <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 282; <i>Helper's Land of Gold</i>, pp. 269-70; <i>Hutchings' Cal. Mag.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 441-2; <i>Macfie's Vanc. Isl.</i>, pp. 450-1; <i>Thornton's Ogn. and Cal.</i>, pp. 91-2, 152, 316; <i>Yate's Sketch of the Sacramento Valley in 1842, MS.</i>; <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 457; <i>McDaniels' Early Days -of Cal. MS.</i>; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., pp. 339, 346; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, +of Cal. MS.</i>; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., pp. 339, 346; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 455-6; <i>Knight's Pioneer Life, MS.</i></p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_514" id="Footnote_514" href="#FNanchor_514"><span class="label">[514]</span></a> When the Indian finds a tree stocked by the carpenter bird he 'kindles @@ -37312,13 +37272,13 @@ raw.' <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 32-3.</p> curbed up with stone like wells. Over this they build large fires, heat them thoroughly, clean out the coals and ashes, fill them with whale flesh, cover the opening with sticks, leaves, grass and earth, and thus bake their repast.' -<i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 366-7. 'Ils font rôtir cette chair dans des trous -creusés en terre.' <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 237.</p> +<i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 366-7. 'Ils font rôtir cette chair dans des trous +creusés en terre.' <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 237.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_519" id="Footnote_519" href="#FNanchor_519"><span class="label">[519]</span></a> <i>Johnson's Cal. and Ogn.</i>, p. 132; <i>Powers' Account of John A. Sutter, MS.</i>; and <i>Id.</i>, <i>Letter to the author, MS.</i></p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_520" id="Footnote_520" href="#FNanchor_520"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> 'Reinlichkeit kennen sie nicht, und in ihren Hütten sind die diversesten +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_520" id="Footnote_520" href="#FNanchor_520"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> 'Reinlichkeit kennen sie nicht, und in ihren Hütten sind die diversesten Parasiten vertreten.' <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, p. 177. 'I have seen them eating the vermin which they picked from each other's heads, and from their blankets. Although they bathe frequently, they lay for hours in the dirt, @@ -37330,8 +37290,8 @@ vol. iii., p. 106.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_521" id="Footnote_521" href="#FNanchor_521"><span class="label">[521]</span></a> 'Ein Bogen mit Pfeilen und ein Spiess sind ihre Waffen; alles dieses wird meistens aus jungem Tannenholz verfertigt. Die Spitzen der Pfeile und -Spiesse bestehen aus scharfen, künstlich behauenen Steinen, zur Bogensehne -nehmen sie die Sehnen wilder Ziegen; ausserdem führen sie in Kriegszeiten +Spiesse bestehen aus scharfen, künstlich behauenen Steinen, zur Bogensehne +nehmen sie die Sehnen wilder Ziegen; ausserdem führen sie in Kriegszeiten eine Art von Schleuder, mit welcher sie Steine auf eine grosse Entfernung werfen.' <i>Kostromitonow</i>, in <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethno.</i>, p. 89. Bow 'from three to four and a half feet long.' <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 368. 'Their arms are @@ -37348,28 +37308,28 @@ on a playing-card; the edges are very sharp, and are notched to receive the tendons with which it is firmly secured to the arrow.' <i>Borthwick's Three Years in Cal.</i>, p. 131. 'Arrows are pointed with flint, as are also their spears, which are very short. They do not use the tomahawk or scalping knife.' <i>Thornton's -Ogn. and Cal.</i>, vol. ii., p. 91. 'Leurs armes sont l'arc et les flèches -armées d'un silex très-artistement travaillé.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 305. -'Ces arcs sont encore garnis, au milieu, d'une petite lanière de cuir, qui a -pour object d'empêcher la flèche de dévier de la position qu'on lui donne en -la posant sur l'arc.... Ils prétendent que cette précaution rend leurs coups -encore plus sûrs. Les flèches sont moins longues que l'arc, elles ont ordinairement -de 80 à 85 centimètres de long, elles sont faites d'un bois très-léger -et sont égales en grosseur à chaque extrémité ... l'autre extrémité de la -flèche est garnie, sur quatre faces, de barbes en plumes qui ont 10 centimètres -de longueur sur 0,015 millimètres de hauteur.' <i>Petit-Thouars</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, +Ogn. and Cal.</i>, vol. ii., p. 91. 'Leurs armes sont l'arc et les flèches +armées d'un silex très-artistement travaillé.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 305. +'Ces arcs sont encore garnis, au milieu, d'une petite lanière de cuir, qui a +pour object d'empêcher la flèche de dévier de la position qu'on lui donne en +la posant sur l'arc.... Ils prétendent que cette précaution rend leurs coups +encore plus sûrs. Les flèches sont moins longues que l'arc, elles ont ordinairement +de 80 à 85 centimètres de long, elles sont faites d'un bois très-léger +et sont égales en grosseur à chaque extrémité ... l'autre extrémité de la +flèche est garnie, sur quatre faces, de barbes en plumes qui ont 10 centimètres +de longueur sur 0,015 millimètres de hauteur.' <i>Petit-Thouars</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 138. They 'maintain armories to make their bows, and arrows, and lances.' Arrows 'are tipped with barbed obsidian heads ... the shaft is ornamented with rings of the distinguishing paint of the owner's rancheria. Their knives and spear-points are made of obsidian and flint.' Arrows are of two kinds, 'one short and light for killing game, and the other a war-shaft -measuring a cloth-yard in length.' <i>Revere's Tour</i>, pp. 121-2. 'Ces flèches -offrent peu de danger à une certaine distance, à cause de la parabole qu'elles -sont forcées de décrire, et qui donne à celui que les voit venir la temps de les -éviter.' <i>Auger</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 163. 'La corde, faite avec du chanvre sylvestre, -est garnie d'un petit morceau de peau qui en étouffe le sifflement.' <i>Mofras</i>, +measuring a cloth-yard in length.' <i>Revere's Tour</i>, pp. 121-2. 'Ces flèches +offrent peu de danger à une certaine distance, à cause de la parabole qu'elles +sont forcées de décrire, et qui donne à celui que les voit venir la temps de les +éviter.' <i>Auger</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 163. 'La corde, faite avec du chanvre sylvestre, +est garnie d'un petit morceau de peau qui en étouffe le sifflement.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 378; see <i>Atlas</i>, plate 25. 'Ihre Waffen bestehen -nur in Bogen und Pfeil.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., part ii., p. 455. 'They +nur in Bogen und Pfeil.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., part ii., p. 455. 'They have no offensive arms at all, except bows and arrows, and these are small and powerless.... Arrows are about two feet long.' <i>Gerstaecker's Journ.</i>, p. 212. 'Sometimes the bow is merely of wood and rudely made.' <i>Chamisso</i>, in @@ -37381,10 +37341,10 @@ have 'sometimes wooden barbs.' Javelins pointed with flint, or sometimes simply sharpened at the end. <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., p. 109. Arrows were about three feet long, and pointed with flint. Short spears also pointed with flint. <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. v., p. 198. -'Traian unas lanzas cortas con su lengüeta de pedernal tan bien labradas -como si fuesen de hierro ó acero, con solo la diferencia de no estar lisas.' +'Traian unas lanzas cortas con su lengüeta de pedernal tan bien labradas +como si fuesen de hierro ó acero, con solo la diferencia de no estar lisas.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Noticias</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 68. 'Los mas -de ellos traian varas largas en las manos á modo de lanzas.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 61; <i>Lord's +de ellos traian varas largas en las manos á modo de lanzas.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 61; <i>Lord's Nat.</i>, vol. i., p. 249; <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 165; <i>Life of Gov. L. W. Boggs, by his Son, MS.</i></p> @@ -37403,9 +37363,9 @@ farther south that he saw it.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_525" id="Footnote_525" href="#FNanchor_525"><span class="label">[525]</span></a> <i>Butte Record</i>, <i>Aug., 1866.</i></p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_526" id="Footnote_526" href="#FNanchor_526"><span class="label">[526]</span></a> 'Suelen entrar en ella entonando cánticos militares mezclados de extraños +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_526" id="Footnote_526" href="#FNanchor_526"><span class="label">[526]</span></a> 'Suelen entrar en ella entonando cánticos militares mezclados de extraños alaridos; y acostumbran formarse los campeones en dos lineas muy -próximas para empezar disparándose flechazos. Como uno de sus principales +próximas para empezar disparándose flechazos. Como uno de sus principales ardides consiste en intimidar al enemigo, para conseguirlo procura cada partido que oiga el contrario los preparativos de la batalla.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 170. 'On coming in sight of the enemy they form in an extended @@ -37414,7 +37374,7 @@ dance from side to side to prevent the foe from taking deliberate aim.' <i>Rever Tour</i>, p. 122.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_527" id="Footnote_527" href="#FNanchor_527"><span class="label">[527]</span></a> In the vicinity of Fort Ross: 'In ihren Kriegen wird Unerschrockenheit -geachtet; gefangene Feinde tödtet man nicht, sondern wechselt sie nach +geachtet; gefangene Feinde tödtet man nicht, sondern wechselt sie nach beendigtem Kampfe aus; nie verurtheilt man sie zu Sklaven.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethno.</i>, p. 77. Near Feather River 'they carry off their dead to prevent their being scalped, which next after death they are most fearful of.' <i>Kelly's @@ -37423,21 +37383,21 @@ differ from the other North American tribes in the absence of the tomahawk and of the practice of scalping.' <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., p. 108. At Clear Lake, 'they do not scalp the slain.' <i>Revere's Tour</i>, p. 122. In the vicinity of San Francisco 'occasionally, they appear to have eaten pieces -of the bodies of their more distinguished adversaries killed in battle.' <i>Soulé's +of the bodies of their more distinguished adversaries killed in battle.' <i>Soulé's Annals of San Francisco</i>, p. 52. At Monterey, 'lorsqu'ils avaient vaincu et -mis à mort sur le champ de bataille des chefs ou des hommes très-courageux, +mis à mort sur le champ de bataille des chefs ou des hommes très-courageux, ils en mangeaient quelques morceaux, moins en signe de haine et de vengeance, -que comme un hommage qu'ils rendaient à leur valeur, et dans la persuasion -qua cette nourriture était propre à augmenter leur courage.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 306. 'Muchos indios armados de arco y flechas y llamándolos +que comme un hommage qu'ils rendaient à leur valeur, et dans la persuasion +qua cette nourriture était propre à augmenter leur courage.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, +<i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 306. 'Muchos indios armados de arco y flechas y llamándolos vinieron luego y me regularon muchos de ellos flechas, que es entre ellos la mayor demostracion de paz.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Noticias</i>, in <i>Doc. Mex. Hist.</i>, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 53. At Santa Cruz they eat slices of the flesh of a brave fallen enemy, thinking to gain some of his valour. They 'take the scalps of their enemies ... they pluck out the eyes of their enemies.' <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, -p. 370. 'Gefangene werden nicht lange gehalten, sondern gleich getödtet.' +p. 370. 'Gefangene werden nicht lange gehalten, sondern gleich getödtet.' <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, p. 178. In order to intimidate their enemies 'cometen -con el propio fin en las primeras víctimas las crueldades mas horrorosas.' <i>Sutil +con el propio fin en las primeras vÃctimas las crueldades mas horrorosas.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 170.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_528" id="Footnote_528" href="#FNanchor_528"><span class="label">[528]</span></a> <i>Drake's World Encomp.</i>, p. 126.</p> @@ -37445,13 +37405,13 @@ y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 170.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_529" id="Footnote_529" href="#FNanchor_529"><span class="label">[529]</span></a> 'Make baskets of the bark of trees.' <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 368. 'Make a very ingenious straw box for keeping their worm bait alive; burying it in the earth, yet not allowing the worms to escape.' <i>Kneeland's Wonders of -Yosemite</i>, p. 52. 'Die gewöhnlichste Form für den Korb ist halbconisch, 3 Fuss +Yosemite</i>, p. 52. 'Die gewöhnlichste Form für den Korb ist halbconisch, 3 Fuss lang und 18 Zoll breit.' <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, p. 182. 'Their baskets, made of willows, are perfectly water-tight.' <i>Delano's Life on the Plains</i>, p. 305. 'They sometimes ornament the smaller ones with beads, pearl-shell, feathers, &c.' <i>Revere's Tour</i>, p. 122 'Leurs mortiers de pierre et divers autres utensiles -sont artistiquement incrustés de morceaux de nacre de perle ... garnissent -leur calebasses et leur cruches d'ouvrages de vannerie brodés avec des fils-déliés +sont artistiquement incrustés de morceaux de nacre de perle ... garnissent +leur calebasses et leur cruches d'ouvrages de vannerie brodés avec des fils-déliés qu'elles tirent de diverses racines.' <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 233; <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 165; <i>Fremont's Explor. Ex.</i>, p. 243; <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 107; <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 367; @@ -37459,16 +37419,16 @@ Cal.</i>, p. 233; <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 165; <i>Fremont's Explo p. 131; <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 324.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_530" id="Footnote_530" href="#FNanchor_530"><span class="label">[530]</span></a> <i>Maurelle's Jour.</i>, p. 47. At Clear Lake 'their canoes or rather rafts -are made of bundles of the tulé plant.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., +are made of bundles of the tulé plant.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 107. At San Francisco Bay and vicinity 'the only canoes of the Indians are made of plaited reeds.' <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 90. 'They do not possess horses or canoes of any kind; they only know how to fasten together bundles of rushes, which carry them over the water by their comparative lightness.' <i>Chamisso</i>, in <i>Kotzebue's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 48. 'Les Indiens -font leur pirogues à l'instant où ils veulent entreprendre un voyage -par eau; elles sont en roseaux. Lorsque l'on y entre elles s'emplissent à -moitié d'eau; de sorte qu'assis, l'on en a jusqu'au gras de la jambe; on les -fait aller avec des avirons extrêmement longs, et pointus aux deux extremités.' +font leur pirogues à l'instant où ils veulent entreprendre un voyage +par eau; elles sont en roseaux. Lorsque l'on y entre elles s'emplissent à +moitié d'eau; de sorte qu'assis, l'on en a jusqu'au gras de la jambe; on les +fait aller avec des avirons extrêmement longs, et pointus aux deux extremités.' <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, part iii., p. 6. Had no boats, but it was reported that they had previously used boats made of rushes. <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., p. 103. 'The most rude and sorry contrivances for embarcation @@ -37522,42 +37482,42 @@ and daughters of the chiefs are, however, treated with distinction, and are not required to work, as other women. <i>Beechey's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 73. In one case near Clear Lake, when 'the males of a family had become extinct and a female only remained, she appointed a chief.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's -Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 112. At the Port of Sardinas 'durmió dos noches en la -capitana una india anciana, que era señora de estos pueblos, acompañada +Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 112. At the Port of Sardinas 'durmió dos noches en la +capitana una india anciana, que era señora de estos pueblos, acompañada de muchos Indios.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. xxxii.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_537" id="Footnote_537" href="#FNanchor_537"><span class="label">[537]</span></a> The Kainameahs had three hereditary chiefs. <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 103.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_538" id="Footnote_538" href="#FNanchor_538"><span class="label">[538]</span></a> In Russian River Valley and the vicinity: 'Die Achtung die man für -den Vater hegte, geht häufig auf den Sohn über; aber die Gewalt des Oberhauptes +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_538" id="Footnote_538" href="#FNanchor_538"><span class="label">[538]</span></a> In Russian River Valley and the vicinity: 'Die Achtung die man für +den Vater hegte, geht häufig auf den Sohn über; aber die Gewalt des Oberhauptes ist im Allgemeinen sehr nichtig; denn es steht einem jeden frei, -seinen Geburtsort zu verlassen und einen anderen Aufenthalt zu wählen.' +seinen Geburtsort zu verlassen und einen anderen Aufenthalt zu wählen.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethno.</i>, pp. 77-8. 'Derjenige, der am meisten Anverwandte -besitzt, wird als Häuptling oder Tojon anerkannt; in grösseren Wohnsitzen -giebt es mehrere solcher Tojone, aber ihre Autorität ist nichts sagend. Sie -haben weder das Recht zu befehlen, noch den Ungehorsam zu züchtigen.' +besitzt, wird als Häuptling oder Tojon anerkannt; in grösseren Wohnsitzen +giebt es mehrere solcher Tojone, aber ihre Autorität ist nichts sagend. Sie +haben weder das Recht zu befehlen, noch den Ungehorsam zu züchtigen.' <i>Kostromitonow</i>, in <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethno.</i>, p. 86. At Clear Lake chiefdom was hereditary. <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 112. See also pp. 103, 110. Among the Gualalas and Gallinomeros, chieftainship was hereditary. -The Sanéls live in large huts, each containing 20 or 30 persons related to +The Sanéls live in large huts, each containing 20 or 30 persons related to each other, each of these families has its own government. The Comachos paid voluntary tribute for support of chief. <i>Powers' Pomo, MS.</i> In the Sacramento Valley a chief has more authority than that arising merely from his personal character. <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 108. On the coast between San Diego and San Francisco, in the vicinity of San Miguel -'chaque village est gouverné despotiquement par un chef qui est seul arbitre +'chaque village est gouverné despotiquement par un chef qui est seul arbitre de la paix et de la guerre.' <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., p. 163. See also <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 227; <i>Jewett</i>, -in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1856, p. 244; <i>Gerstaecker's Journ.</i>, p. 213; <i>Histoire Chrétienne +in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1856, p. 244; <i>Gerstaecker's Journ.</i>, p. 213; <i>Histoire Chrétienne de la Cal.</i>, p. 52; <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, pp. 177-8.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_539" id="Footnote_539" href="#FNanchor_539"><span class="label">[539]</span></a> 'El robo era un delito casi desconocido en ambas naciones. Entre los -Runsienes se miraba quasi con indiferencia el homicidio; pero no así entre +Runsienes se miraba quasi con indiferencia el homicidio; pero no asà entre los Eslenes, los quales castigaban al delinquente con pena de muerte.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 171. 'Im Fall ein Indianer ein Verbrechen in irgend -einem Stamme verübt hat, und die Häuptlinge sich bestimmt haben ihn zu -tödten, so geschieht dies durch Bogen und Pfeil.' <i>Wimmel, Californien</i>, pp. +einem Stamme verübt hat, und die Häuptlinge sich bestimmt haben ihn zu +tödten, so geschieht dies durch Bogen und Pfeil.' <i>Wimmel, Californien</i>, pp. 177-8; <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. xii., p. 24.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_540" id="Footnote_540" href="#FNanchor_540"><span class="label">[540]</span></a> <i>Drake's World Encomp.</i>, pp. 124-6.</p> @@ -37566,10 +37526,10 @@ tödten, so geschieht dies durch Bogen und Pfeil.' <i>Wimmel, Californien</i>, pp <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_542" id="Footnote_542" href="#FNanchor_542"><span class="label">[542]</span></a> Near San Francisco, 'teniendo muchas mugeres, sin que entre ellas se experimente la menor emulacion.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de Junipero Serra</i>, p. -217. At Monterey 'la polygamie leur était permise.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, +217. At Monterey 'la polygamie leur était permise.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 303. In Tuolumne County 'polygamy is practiced.' <i>Healey</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1856, p. 244. At Clear Lake 'polygamy is practiced only by -the chiefs.' <i>Revere's Tour</i>, p. 125. 'Bei manchen Stämmen wird Vielweiberei +the chiefs.' <i>Revere's Tour</i>, p. 125. 'Bei manchen Stämmen wird Vielweiberei gestattet.' <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, p. 178. 'A man often marries a whole family, the mother and her daughters.... No jealousies ever appear among these families of wives.' <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 367. 'An Indian man may have as @@ -37579,36 +37539,36 @@ vol. iv., p. 224. In the Sacramento Valley 'the men in general have but one wife.' <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., p. 108. 'Of these Indians it is reported that no one has more than one wife.' <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. v., p. 201. 'Entre los Runsienes y Eslenes no era permitido -á cada hombre tener mas de una muger.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. +á cada hombre tener mas de una muger.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 170. At Clear Lake and down the coast to San Francisco Bay 'they have but one wife at a time.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 112. In the vicinity of Fort Ross 'es ist nicht erlaubt mehr als eine Frau zu haben.' <i>Kostromitonow</i>, in <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethno.</i>, p. 88. In the country round San Miguel 'non-seulement ce capitaine a le droit d'avoir deux femmes, tandis que les autres Indiens n'en ont qu'une, mais il peut les renvoyer quand cela -lui plaît, pour en prendre d'autres dans le village.' <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales +lui plaît, pour en prendre d'autres dans le village.' <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., p. 163. See also <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 227.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_543" id="Footnote_543" href="#FNanchor_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> At Monterey, 'ils étaient même dans l'usage d'épouser toutes les sœurs -d'une famille.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 303. Near Fort Ross, 'die Blutsverwandtschaft +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_543" id="Footnote_543" href="#FNanchor_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> At Monterey, 'ils étaient même dans l'usage d'épouser toutes les sœurs +d'une famille.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 303. Near Fort Ross, 'die Blutsverwandtschaft wird streng beachtet und es ist nicht gestattet aus dem ersten oder zweiten Grade der Verwandtschaft zu heirathen; selbst im Falle einer -Scheidung darf der nächste Anverwandte die Frau nicht ehelichen, doch +Scheidung darf der nächste Anverwandte die Frau nicht ehelichen, doch giebt es auch Ausnahmen.' <i>Kostromitonow</i>, in <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethno.</i>, p. 88. At San Francisco 'no conocen para sus casamientos el parentezco de afinidad; -antes bien este los incita á recibir por sus propias mugeres á sus cuñadas, y -aun á las suegras, y la costumbre que observan es, que el que logra una -muger, tiene por suyas á todas sus hermanas.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de Junípero Serra</i>, +antes bien este los incita á recibir por sus propias mugeres á sus cuñadas, y +aun á las suegras, y la costumbre que observan es, que el que logra una +muger, tiene por suyas á todas sus hermanas.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de JunÃpero Serra</i>, p. 217. 'Parentage and other relations of consanguinity are no obstacles to matrimony.' <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 367. 'Souvent une femme presse -son mari d'épouser ses soeurs, et même sa mère, et cette proposition est fréquemment -acceptée.' <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 235. 'Este -método de comprar las mugeres era comun á entrambas naciones (Runsienes +son mari d'épouser ses soeurs, et même sa mère, et cette proposition est fréquemment +acceptée.' <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 235. 'Este +método de comprar las mugeres era comun á entrambas naciones (Runsienes y Eslenes), bien que entre los Runsienes hacia mucho mas solemne el contrato la intervencion de los parientes de los novios, contribuyendo los del varon con su quota, la qual se dividia entre los de la novia al tiempo de entregar -á esta.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 171.</p> +á esta.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 171.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_544" id="Footnote_544" href="#FNanchor_544"><span class="label">[544]</span></a> <i>Johnston</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 223.</p> @@ -37631,7 +37591,7 @@ vol. iii., p. 112.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_549" id="Footnote_549" href="#FNanchor_549"><span class="label">[549]</span></a> 'The Yukas are often brutal and cruel to their women and children, especially to the women.' <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. ix., p. 308. In -the vicinity of Fort Ross, 'sie lieben ihre Kinder mit grosser Zärtlichkeit.' +the vicinity of Fort Ross, 'sie lieben ihre Kinder mit grosser Zärtlichkeit.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethno.</i>, p. 77.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_550" id="Footnote_550" href="#FNanchor_550"><span class="label">[550]</span></a> <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, p. 178. 'The practice of abortion, so common @@ -37642,7 +37602,7 @@ among the Chinooks and some other tribes in Oregon, is unknown here.' states to be reliable authority.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_552" id="Footnote_552" href="#FNanchor_552"><span class="label">[552]</span></a> For a full account of this custom of the couvade, as it existed in various -parts of the world, see <i>Tylor's Researches</i>, pp. 293-302, and <i>Max Müller's +parts of the world, see <i>Tylor's Researches</i>, pp. 293-302, and <i>Max Müller's Chips</i>, vol. ii., pp. 271-9. For its observance in California, see <i>Venagas</i>, <i>Noticias de Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 94, and <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 367.</p> @@ -37652,15 +37612,15 @@ An instance was related to me where a girl had borne her first-born at ten, as nearly as her years could be ascertained, her husband, a White Man, being then sixty-odd.' <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. ix., p. 500.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_554" id="Footnote_554" href="#FNanchor_554"><span class="label">[554]</span></a> For further authorities on family and domestic affairs, see: <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_554" id="Footnote_554" href="#FNanchor_554"><span class="label">[554]</span></a> For further authorities on family and domestic affairs, see: <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 456; <i>Delano's Life on the Plains</i>, pp. 306; <i>Forbes' Cal.</i>, p. 190; <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 317-26. Also quoted in <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, pp. 232-35; <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, p. 178; <i>Johnston</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. -223-4; <i>Comellas' Letter</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>April 5, 1860</i>; <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de Junípero +223-4; <i>Comellas' Letter</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>April 5, 1860</i>; <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de JunÃpero Serra</i>, p. 217; <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. ix., pp. 308, 500-6, vol. x., p. 325; <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. ix., pp. 106-8; <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, -<i>Viage</i>, pp. 170-1; <i>Borthwick's Three Years in Cal.</i>, p. 129; <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, +<i>Viage</i>, pp. 170-1; <i>Borthwick's Three Years in Cal.</i>, p. 129; <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 303; <i>Rollin</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. iv., pp. 57-8; <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, tom. vi., p. 145; <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 112-13; <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. v., pp. 201, 259; <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 457; <i>Gilbert, McAdam, @@ -37703,11 +37663,11 @@ them.' <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>Oct. 26, 1860</i>.</p> for the lime to mix with their tobacco, which they swallowed to make them drunk.' <i>Taylor</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>April 27, 1860</i>. 'A species of tobacco is found on the sandy beaches which the Indians prepare and smoke.' <i>Wilkes' -Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. v., p. 202. 'Se pusieron á chupar y reparé en -ellos la misma ceremonia de esparcir el humo hácia arriba diciendo en cada -bocanada unas palabras; solo entendí una que fué <i>esmen</i> que quiere decir sol; -observé la misma costumbre de chupar primero el mas principal, luego da la -pipa á otro, y da vuelta á otros.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Noticias</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., +Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. v., p. 202. 'Se pusieron á chupar y reparé en +ellos la misma ceremonia de esparcir el humo hácia arriba diciendo en cada +bocanada unas palabras; solo entendà una que fué <i>esmen</i> que quiere decir sol; +observé la misma costumbre de chupar primero el mas principal, luego da la +pipa á otro, y da vuelta á otros.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Noticias</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 69; see also p. 77.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_558" id="Footnote_558" href="#FNanchor_558"><span class="label">[558]</span></a> On the subject of amusements, see <i>Kotzebue's Voy.</i>, vol. i., p. 282. <i>Delano's @@ -37718,9 +37678,9 @@ p. 173; <i>Comellas' Letter</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>Oct. 5, 1860</i>; <i> Bulletin</i>, <i>Oct. 21, 1858</i>, <i>Nov. 29, 1871</i>; <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. ix., pp. 307-8, 501-5, vol. x., pp. 325-7; <i>Power's Pomo, MS.</i>; <i>Laplace</i>, <i>Circumnav.</i>, tom. vi., p. 150; <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 127; <i>Hutchings' Cal. -Mag.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 442-6; <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 367; <i>Hist. Chrétienne</i>, pp. -53-4; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pp. ii., p. 456; <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, pt. iii., -pp. 4-5; <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 306-7.</p> +Mag.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 442-6; <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 367; <i>Hist. Chrétienne</i>, pp. +53-4; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pp. ii., p. 456; <i>Choris</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, pt. iii., +pp. 4-5; <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 306-7.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_559" id="Footnote_559" href="#FNanchor_559"><span class="label">[559]</span></a> The Meewocs 'believe that their male physicians, who are more properly sorcerers, can sit on a mountain top fifty miles distant from a man they @@ -37732,10 +37692,10 @@ above described, and was in a few moments so nearly suffocated with the heat, smoke, and impure air, that I found it difficult to make my way out.' <i>Bryant's Cal.</i>, p. 272.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_561" id="Footnote_561" href="#FNanchor_561"><span class="label">[561]</span></a> 'Zur Heilung bedienen sich die Schamane der Kräuter und Wurzeln, -grösstentheils aber saugen sie mit dem Munde das Blut aus der kranken +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_561" id="Footnote_561" href="#FNanchor_561"><span class="label">[561]</span></a> 'Zur Heilung bedienen sich die Schamane der Kräuter und Wurzeln, +grösstentheils aber saugen sie mit dem Munde das Blut aus der kranken Stelle aus, wobei sie Steinchen oder kleine Schlangen in den Mund nehmen -und darauf versichern, sie hätten dieselben aus der Wunde herausgezogen.' +und darauf versichern, sie hätten dieselben aus der Wunde herausgezogen.' <i>Kostromitonow</i>, in <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethno.</i>, p. 95; see also pp. 83, 91, 94-5. 'Until now it has not been ascertained that the Indians had any remedy for curing the sick or allaying their sufferings. If they meet with an accident they invariably @@ -37747,7 +37707,7 @@ ashes and moist earth spread on the stomach.' <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland Mont vol. x., p. 327. See further: <i>Petit-Thouars</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 140; <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 370; <i>Holinski</i>, <i>La Californie</i>, p. 173; <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 324; <i>Beechey's Voy.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 35, 78; <i>San Joaquin -Republican</i>, <i>Sept., 1858</i>; <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. iv., p. 63; <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's +Republican</i>, <i>Sept., 1858</i>; <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. iv., p. 63; <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 103, 107; <i>Wilkes' Nar.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. v., p. 193; <i>Pickering's Races</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, vol. ix., p. 109; <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., p. 333; also quoted in <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, @@ -37770,24 +37730,24 @@ Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 363. In the vicinity of Clear Lake all the tribes with the exception of the Yubas bury their dead. <i>Geiger</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1858, p. 289.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_563" id="Footnote_563" href="#FNanchor_563"><span class="label">[563]</span></a> 'Los Runsienes dividian últimamente entre los parientes las pocas cosas +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_563" id="Footnote_563" href="#FNanchor_563"><span class="label">[563]</span></a> 'Los Runsienes dividian últimamente entre los parientes las pocas cosas que componian la propiedad del difunto. Los Eslenes, al contrario, no solo no -repartian cosa alguna, sino que todos sus amigos y súbditos debian contribuir -con algunos abalorios que enterraban con el cadáver del fallecido.' <i>Sutil y +repartian cosa alguna, sino que todos sus amigos y súbditos debian contribuir +con algunos abalorios que enterraban con el cadáver del fallecido.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 172. 'If a woman dies in becoming a mother, the child, whether living or dead, is buried with its mother.' <i>Hutchings' Cal. Mag.</i>, vol. iii., p. 437.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_564" id="Footnote_564" href="#FNanchor_564"><span class="label">[564]</span></a> 'Die nächsten Anverwandten schneiden sich das Haar ab und werfen +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_564" id="Footnote_564" href="#FNanchor_564"><span class="label">[564]</span></a> 'Die nächsten Anverwandten schneiden sich das Haar ab und werfen es ins Feuer, wobei sie sich mit Steinen an die Brust schlagen, auf den Boden -stürzen, ja bisweilen aus besonderer Anhänglichkeit zu dem Verstorbenen -sich blutrünstig oder gar zu Tode stossen; doch sind solche Fälle selten.' +stürzen, ja bisweilen aus besonderer Anhänglichkeit zu dem Verstorbenen +sich blutrünstig oder gar zu Tode stossen; doch sind solche Fälle selten.' <i>Kostromitonow</i>, in <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethno.</i>, p. 88. 'The body is consumed upon a scaffold built over a hole, into which the ashes are thrown and covered.' <i>Gibbs</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 112. See also: <i>Tehama Gazette</i>, <i>May, 1859</i>; <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, pp. 171-2; <i>Powers' Pomo, MS.</i>; also in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. ix., p. 502, vol. x., p. 328, vol. xii., p. 28; <i>San Francisco Evening -Bulletin</i>, <i>April 4, 1861</i>; <i>Macfie's Vanc. Isl.</i>, pp. 448-50; <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. +Bulletin</i>, <i>April 4, 1861</i>; <i>Macfie's Vanc. Isl.</i>, pp. 448-50; <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 306; <i>Placerville Index</i>, 1857; <i>Marmier</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, pp. 230, 236; <i>Hutchings' Cal. Mag.</i>, vol. iii., p. 437; <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, p. 178; <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 369; <i>Folsom Dispatch</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>Nov. 9, 1860</i>; @@ -37795,10 +37755,10 @@ Life in Cal.</i>, p. 369; <i>Folsom Dispatch</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>Nov. <i>Henley</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1856, p. 242; <i>Forbes' Cal.</i>, p. 195.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_565" id="Footnote_565" href="#FNanchor_565"><span class="label">[565]</span></a> In the Russian River Valley the Indians 'sind weichherzig, und von -Natur nicht rachsüchtig ... sie erlernen mit Leichtigkeit mancherlei Handarbeiten +Natur nicht rachsüchtig ... sie erlernen mit Leichtigkeit mancherlei Handarbeiten und Gewerbe.' <i>Baer</i>, <i>Stat. u. Ethno.</i>, pp. 77-8. Near Fort Ross 'sind -sie sanft und friedfertig, und sehr fähig, besonders in der Auffassung sinnlicher -Gegenstände. Nur in Folge ihrer unmässigen Trägheit und Sorglosigkeit +sie sanft und friedfertig, und sehr fähig, besonders in der Auffassung sinnlicher +Gegenstände. Nur in Folge ihrer unmässigen Trägheit und Sorglosigkeit scheinen sie sehr dumm zu seyn.' <i>Kostromitonow</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 81-2. 'They appear ... by no means so stupid' as those at the missions. <i>Kotzebue's New Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 26. At Bodega Bay 'their disposition is most liberal.' @@ -37819,11 +37779,11 @@ nature, without guile or treachery.' <i>Drake's World Encomp.</i>, p. 131. 'Bast rancherias de gentiles muy mansos y apacibles.' <i>Crespi</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 497. 'Son muy mansos, afables, de buenas caras y los mas de ellos barbados.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Noticias</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. vii., p. 59. At Monterey -they 'étaient lourds et peu intelligents.' Those living farther from the -missions were not without 'une certaine finesse, commune à tous les hommes -élevés dans l'état de nature.' <i>Petit-Thouars</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 134. 'Ces peuples -sont si peu courageux, qu'ils n'opposent jamais aucune résistance aux trois ou -quatre soldats qui violent si évidement à leur égard le droit des gens.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, +they 'étaient lourds et peu intelligents.' Those living farther from the +missions were not without 'une certaine finesse, commune à tous les hommes +élevés dans l'état de nature.' <i>Petit-Thouars</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 134. 'Ces peuples +sont si peu courageux, qu'ils n'opposent jamais aucune résistance aux trois ou +quatre soldats qui violent si évidement à leur égard le droit des gens.' <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 297. 'The Yukas are a tigerish, truculent, sullen, thievish, and every way bad, but brave race.' <i>Powers</i>, in <i>Overland Monthly</i>, vol. ix., p. 306. The Tahtoos were very cowardly and peace-loving. <i>Powers' Pomo, MS.</i> @@ -37868,36 +37828,36 @@ Excursion to Cal.</i>, vol. ii., p. 284. 'Cowardly, treacherous, filthy and indo timid and of a gentle, submissive temper.' <i>Hale's Ethnog.</i>, in <i>U. S. Ex. Ex.</i>, vol. vi., p. 199. 'In stature no less than in mind are certainly of a very inferior race of human beings.' <i>Langsdorff's Voy.</i>, pt. ii., p. 168. 'Pusillanimous.' <i>Forbes' -Cal.</i>, p. 183. 'Ils sont également extrêmes dans l'expression de la joie et de -la colère.' <i>Rollin</i>, in <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. iv., p. 58. 'Seemed to be almost +Cal.</i>, p. 183. 'Ils sont également extrêmes dans l'expression de la joie et de +la colère.' <i>Rollin</i>, in <i>La Pérouse</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, tom. iv., p. 58. 'Seemed to be almost of the lowest grade of human beings.' <i>King's Rept.</i>, in <i>Bayard Taylor's El Dorado, Appendix</i>, vol. ii., p. 210. 'Die Indianer von Californien sind physisch und moralisch den andern Indianern untergeordnet.' <i>Wimmel</i>, <i>Californien</i>, p. 177. 'Su estupidez mas parece un entorpecimiento de las potencias -por falta de accion y por pereza característica, que limitacion absoluta -de sus facultades intelectuales; y así quando se las pone en movimiento, y se -les dan ideas, no dexan de discernir y de aprender lo que se les enseña.' +por falta de accion y por pereza caracterÃstica, que limitacion absoluta +de sus facultades intelectuales; y asà quando se las pone en movimiento, y se +les dan ideas, no dexan de discernir y de aprender lo que se les enseña.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. 164. 'I noticed that all the Indians from Southern to Northern California were low, shiftless, indolent, and cowardly.' <i>Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs</i>, p. 16. Cowardly and treacherous in the extreme. <i>Life of Gov. L. W. Boggs, by his Son, MS.</i></p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_566" id="Footnote_566" href="#FNanchor_566"><span class="label">[566]</span></a> At Santa Catalina 'las mujeres son muy hermosas y honestas, los niños -son blancos y rubios y muy risueños.' <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, p. 18, in <i>Doc. Hist. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_566" id="Footnote_566" href="#FNanchor_566"><span class="label">[566]</span></a> At Santa Catalina 'las mujeres son muy hermosas y honestas, los niños +son blancos y rubios y muy risueños.' <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, p. 18, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv. See also <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 140; <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 712. At Santa Barbara, 'son mas altos, dispuestos, y membrados, que otros, que antes se avian visto.' <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 714. On the coast from San Diego to San Francisco they are 'd'une -couleur foncée, de petite taille, et assez mal faits.' <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales +couleur foncée, de petite taille, et assez mal faits.' <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., p. 153; see also <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 226. At San Luis Rey, 'sont bien faits et d'une taille moyenne.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 171; quoted in <i>Marmier</i>, p. 229. An Indian seen at Santa Inez Mission 'was about twenty-seven years old, with a black thick beard, iris of the eyes light chocolate-brown, nose small and round, lips not thick, face long and angular.' <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>May 4, 1860</i>. The Noches 'aunque de buena disposicion -son delgados y bastante delicados para andar á pié.' <i>Garces</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. +son delgados y bastante delicados para andar á pié.' <i>Garces</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie ii., tom. i., p. 295. 'Well proportioned in figure, and of noble -appearance.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 45. 'The women (of the Diegeños) +appearance.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 45. 'The women (of the Diegeños) are beautifully developed, and superbly formed, their bodies as straight as an arrow.' <i>Michler</i>, in <i>Emory's U. S. and Mex., Bound. Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 107. The Cahuillas 'are a filthy and miserable-looking set, and @@ -37905,13 +37865,13 @@ great beggars, presenting an unfavorable contrast to the Indian upon the Colorado.' <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 134.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_567" id="Footnote_567" href="#FNanchor_567"><span class="label">[567]</span></a> The ordinary cloak descends to the waist: 'le chef seul en a une qui -lui tombe jusqu'au jarret, et c'est là la seule marque de distinction.' <i>Fages</i>, +lui tombe jusqu'au jarret, et c'est là la seule marque de distinction.' <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., p. 172; see also <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 229.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_568" id="Footnote_568" href="#FNanchor_568"><span class="label">[568]</span></a> These capes Father Crespi describes as being 'unos capotillos hechos de pieles de liebres y conejos de que hacen tiras y tercidas como mecate; -cosen uno con otro y las defienden del frio cubriéndolas por la honestidad.' +cosen uno con otro y las defienden del frio cubriéndolas por la honestidad.' <i>Crespi</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. vi., pp. 291-2; see also <i>Id.</i>, p. 312.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_569" id="Footnote_569" href="#FNanchor_569"><span class="label">[569]</span></a> The lobo marino of the Spanish is the common seal and sea calf of the @@ -37925,28 +37885,28 @@ the Welsh. <i>Knight's Eng. Encyc. Nat. Hist.</i>, vol. iv., p. 299.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_571" id="Footnote_571" href="#FNanchor_571"><span class="label">[571]</span></a> <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_572" id="Footnote_572" href="#FNanchor_572"><span class="label">[572]</span></a> This hair turban or coil 'sirve de bolsa para guardar en la cabeza los -abalorios y demas chucherias que se les dá.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de Junípero Serra</i>, +abalorios y demas chucherias que se les dá.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de JunÃpero Serra</i>, p. 215. The same custom seems to prevail among the Cibolos of New Mexico, as Marmier, in his additional chapter in the French edition of <i>Bryant's Cal.</i>, p. 258, says: 'les hommes du peuple tressent leurs cheveux avec des -cordons, et y placent le peu d'objets qu'ils possèdent, notamment la corne -qui renferme leur tabac à fumer.'</p> +cordons, et y placent le peu d'objets qu'ils possèdent, notamment la corne +qui renferme leur tabac à fumer.'</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_573" id="Footnote_573" href="#FNanchor_573"><span class="label">[573]</span></a> On the subject of dress see also <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Introd.</i>, in <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, -<i>Viage</i>, p. lxiv.; <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de Junípero Serra</i>, p. 79; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. +<i>Viage</i>, p. lxiv.; <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de JunÃpero Serra</i>, p. 79; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 45; <i>Boscana</i>, in <i>Robinson's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 240; <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 138; <i>Garces</i>, in <i>Doc. Mex. Hist.</i>, serie ii., tom. i., p. 294; <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 229.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_574" id="Footnote_574" href="#FNanchor_574"><span class="label">[574]</span></a> On the Los Angeles Coast: 'La ranchería se compone de veinte casas -hechas de zacate de forma esférica á modo de uno media naranja con su respiradero +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_574" id="Footnote_574" href="#FNanchor_574"><span class="label">[574]</span></a> On the Los Angeles Coast: 'La rancherÃa se compone de veinte casas +hechas de zacate de forma esférica á modo de uno media naranja con su respiradero en lo alto por donde les entra la luz y tiene salida el humo.' <i>Crespi</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 314; <i>Hoffmann</i>, in <i>San Francisco Medical Press</i>, vol. v., p. 149.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_575" id="Footnote_575" href="#FNanchor_575"><span class="label">[575]</span></a> 'Partiéron de allí el 9, entráron en una ensenada espaciosa, y siguiendo -la costa viéron en ella un pueblo de Indios junto á la mar con casas grandes -á manera de las de Nueva-España.' <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Introd.</i>, in <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_575" id="Footnote_575" href="#FNanchor_575"><span class="label">[575]</span></a> 'Partiéron de allà el 9, entráron en una ensenada espaciosa, y siguiendo +la costa viéron en ella un pueblo de Indios junto á la mar con casas grandes +á manera de las de Nueva-España.' <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Introd.</i>, in <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, pp. xxix., xxxi., xxxvi. The accounts of Cabrillo's voyage are so confused that it is impossible to know the exact locality in which he saw the people he describes. On this point compare <i>Cabrillo</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in <i>Col. Doc. Hist. @@ -37955,8 +37915,8 @@ Discov.</i>, vol. i., pp. 221-5; <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 329; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, pp. 210-11; <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 306. 'Nur um die Meerenge von Santa Barbara fand man, 1769, -die Bewohner ein wenig gesittigter. Sie bauten grosse Häuser von pyramidaler -Form, in Dörfer vereint.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. +die Bewohner ein wenig gesittigter. Sie bauten grosse Häuser von pyramidaler +Form, in Dörfer vereint.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 454-5.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_576" id="Footnote_576" href="#FNanchor_576"><span class="label">[576]</span></a> <i>Boscana</i>, in <i>Robinson's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 259; <i>Bancroft's Nat. Races</i>, vol. @@ -37976,25 +37936,25 @@ a rabbit, and sucking its blood with eagerness, previous to consuming the flesh in a crude state.' <i>Boscana</i>, in <i>Robinson's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 239. 'Viven muy regalados con varias semillas, y con la pesca que hacen en sus balsas de tule ... y queriendoles dar cosa de comida, solian decir, que de aquello no, -que lo que querian era ropa; y solo con cosa de este género, eran los cambalaches +que lo que querian era ropa; y solo con cosa de este género, eran los cambalaches que hacian de su pescado con los Soldados y Arrieros.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de -Junípero Serra</i>, p. 79. See also <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 712; +JunÃpero Serra</i>, p. 79. See also <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 712; <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 139; <i>Stanley</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1866, p. 102; <i>Id.</i>, 1869, pp. 194-5; <i>Walker</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1872, p. 67; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 125; -<i>Hoffmann</i>, in <i>San Francisco Medical Press</i>, vol. v., p. 149; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen +<i>Hoffmann</i>, in <i>San Francisco Medical Press</i>, vol. v., p. 149; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, vol. i., pp. 82-3.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_579" id="Footnote_579" href="#FNanchor_579"><span class="label">[579]</span></a> <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de Junípero Serra</i>, pp. 83-4.</p> +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_579" id="Footnote_579" href="#FNanchor_579"><span class="label">[579]</span></a> <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de JunÃpero Serra</i>, pp. 83-4.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_580" id="Footnote_580" href="#FNanchor_580"><span class="label">[580]</span></a> <i>Boscana</i>, in <i>Robinson's Life in Cal.</i>, pp. 306-9.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_581" id="Footnote_581" href="#FNanchor_581"><span class="label">[581]</span></a> The baskets, though water-proof, 'were used only for dry purposes. The vessels in use for liquids were roughly made of rushes and plastered outside and in with bitumen or pitch, called by them <i>sanot</i>.' <i>Reid</i>, in <i>Los -Angeles Star</i>; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. 454-5; and <i>Möllhausen</i>, +Angeles Star</i>; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. 454-5; and <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, vol. i., p. 82.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_582" id="Footnote_582" href="#FNanchor_582"><span class="label">[582]</span></a> 'Leurs mortiers de pierre et divers autres ustensiles sont incrustés avec +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_582" id="Footnote_582" href="#FNanchor_582"><span class="label">[582]</span></a> 'Leurs mortiers de pierre et divers autres ustensiles sont incrustés avec beaucoup d'art de morceaux de nacre de perle.' <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., p. 319. 'Mortars and pestles were made of granite, about sixteen inches wide at the top, ten at the bottom, ten inches high and @@ -38014,14 +37974,14 @@ with asphaltum, called by them chapapote.' <i>Taylor</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_585" id="Footnote_585" href="#FNanchor_585"><span class="label">[585]</span></a> At Santa Catalina Vizcaino saw 'vnas Canoguelas, que ellos vsan, de Tablas bien hechas, como Barquillos, con las Popas, y Proas levantadas, y mas -altas, que el Cuerpo de la Barca, ò Canoa.' <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., +altas, que el Cuerpo de la Barca, ò Canoa.' <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 712; see also <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18. On the coast of Los Angeles Father Crespi saw 'canoas hechas de buenas tablas de pino, bien ligadas y de una forma graciosa con dos proas.... Usan remos largos de dos palas y vogan con indecible lijeriza y velocidad.' <i>Crespi</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 315. At San Diego Palou describes 'balsas de tule, en forma de Canoas, con lo que entran muy adentro del mar.' -<i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de Junípero Serra</i>, p. 79; <i>Boscana</i>, in <i>Robinson's Life in Cal.</i>, +<i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de JunÃpero Serra</i>, p. 79; <i>Boscana</i>, in <i>Robinson's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 240; <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 228. Description of balsas, which differ in no respect from those used north.</p> @@ -38038,8 +37998,8 @@ they could not agree, an impartial chief was called in, who heard the statements made by both, and he alone decided. There was no appeal from his decision.' <i>Reid</i>, in <i>Los Angeles Star</i>.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_588" id="Footnote_588" href="#FNanchor_588"><span class="label">[588]</span></a> 'Pour tout ce qui concerne les affaires intérieures, l'influence des -devins est bien supérieure à la leur.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 373. At +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_588" id="Footnote_588" href="#FNanchor_588"><span class="label">[588]</span></a> 'Pour tout ce qui concerne les affaires intérieures, l'influence des +devins est bien supérieure à la leur.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 373. At San Diego 'Chaque village est soumis aux ordres absolus d'un chef.' <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., p. 153; or see <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 226. 'I have found that the captains have very @@ -38051,12 +38011,12 @@ little authority.' <i>Stanley</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. 194.</p> them to keep as many wives as they can support.' <i>San Francisco Medical Press</i>, vol. vi., p. 150. Fages, speaking of the Indians on the coast from San Diego to San Francisco, says: 'Ces Indiens n'ont qu'une seule femme -à la fois, mais ils en changent aussi souvent que cela leur convient.' <i>Nouvelles +à la fois, mais ils en changent aussi souvent que cela leur convient.' <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., p. 153. Of those in the vicinity of San Luis -Rey the same author says: 'Les chefs de ce district ont le privilége de prendre -deux on trois femmes, de les répudier ou de les changer aussi souvent qu'ils +Rey the same author says: 'Les chefs de ce district ont le privilége de prendre +deux on trois femmes, de les répudier ou de les changer aussi souvent qu'ils le veulent; mais les autres habitants n'en ont qu'une seule et ne peuvent les -répudier qu'en cas d'adultère.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 173.</p> +répudier qu'en cas d'adultère.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 173.</p> <p class="footnote"><span class="label">[591]</span> 'Les veufs des deux sexes, qui veulent se remarier, ne peuvent le faire qu'avec d'autres veufs.' <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., @@ -38064,8 +38024,8 @@ p. 173; see also <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_592" id="Footnote_592" href="#FNanchor_592"><span class="label">[592]</span></a> 'The perverse child, invariably, was destroyed, and the parents of such remained dishonored.' <i>Boscana</i>, in <i>Robinson's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 270. 'Ils ne -pensent pas à donner d'autre éducation à leurs enfants qu'à enseigner aux -fils exactement ce que faisait leur père; quant aux filles, elles ont le droit de +pensent pas à donner d'autre éducation à leurs enfants qu'à enseigner aux +fils exactement ce que faisait leur père; quant aux filles, elles ont le droit de choisir l'occupation qui leur convient le mieux.' <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1814, tom. ci., p. 153.</p> @@ -38078,18 +38038,18 @@ observed at age of puberty, see: <i>Hoffman</i>, in <i>San Francisco Medical Pre vol. vi., pp. 150-1; <i>McKinstry</i>, in <i>San Francisco Herald</i>, <i>June, 1853</i>.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_595" id="Footnote_595" href="#FNanchor_595"><span class="label">[595]</span></a> 'Pero en la Mision de S. Antonio se pudo algo averiguar, pues avisando -á los Padres, que en una de las casas de los Neófitos se habian metido +á los Padres, que en una de las casas de los Neófitos se habian metido dos Gentiles, el uno con el traje natural de ellos, y el otro con el trage de -muger, expresándolo con el nombre de Joya (que dicen llamarlos asi en su -lengua nativa) fué luego el P. Misionero con el Cabo y un Soldado á la casa -á ver lo que buscaban, y los hallaron en el acto de pecado nefando. Castigáronlos, +muger, expresándolo con el nombre de Joya (que dicen llamarlos asi en su +lengua nativa) fué luego el P. Misionero con el Cabo y un Soldado á la casa +á ver lo que buscaban, y los hallaron en el acto de pecado nefando. Castigáronlos, aunque no con la pena merecida, y afearonles el hecho tan enorme; -y respondió el Gentil, que aquella Joya era su muger.... Solo en el tramo de -la Canal de Santa Bárbara, se hallan muchos Joyas, pues raro es el Pueblo -donde no se vean dos ó tres.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de Junípero Serra</i>, p. 222. 'Así en -esta ranchería como en otros de la canal, hemos visto algunos gentiles con -traje de muger con sus nagüitas de gamusa, y muy engruesadas y limpias; no -hemos podido entender lo que significa, ni á qué fin.' <i>Crespi</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. +y respondió el Gentil, que aquella Joya era su muger.... Solo en el tramo de +la Canal de Santa Bárbara, se hallan muchos Joyas, pues raro es el Pueblo +donde no se vean dos ó tres.' <i>Palou</i>, <i>Vida de JunÃpero Serra</i>, p. 222. 'Asà en +esta rancherÃa como en otros de la canal, hemos visto algunos gentiles con +traje de muger con sus nagüitas de gamusa, y muy engruesadas y limpias; no +hemos podido entender lo que significa, ni á qué fin.' <i>Crespi</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 325. See also <i>Boscana</i>, in <i>Robinson's Life in Cal.</i>, pp. 283-4; <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. ii., p. 371; <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 427; <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., p. 173.</p> @@ -38101,7 +38061,7 @@ their religious ceremonial dances they differ much. While, in some tribes, all unite to celebrate them, in others, men alone are allowed to dance, while the women assist in singing.' <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 214-15.</p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label">[597]</span> 'La danse est exécutée par deux couples au son d'une espèce de flûte, +<p class="footnote"><span class="label">[597]</span> 'La danse est exécutée par deux couples au son d'une espèce de flûte, les autres restent simples spectateurs et se contentent d'augmenter le bruit en frappant des roseaux secs.' <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., p. 176; <i>Boscana</i>, in <i>Robinson's Life in Cal.</i>, pp. 289-95; <i>Schoolcraft's @@ -38140,7 +38100,7 @@ of their sorrow.' <i>Boscana</i>, in <i>Robinson's Life in Cal.</i>, pp. 314-15. <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_604" id="Footnote_604" href="#FNanchor_604"><span class="label">[604]</span></a> <i>Reid</i>, in <i>Los Angeles Star</i>.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_605" id="Footnote_605" href="#FNanchor_605"><span class="label">[605]</span></a> The latitude of which he fixes at 34° 33´.</p> +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_605" id="Footnote_605" href="#FNanchor_605"><span class="label">[605]</span></a> The latitude of which he fixes at 34° 33´.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_606" id="Footnote_606" href="#FNanchor_606"><span class="label">[606]</span></a> <i>Fages</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 173-4. Quoted almost literally by <i>Marmier</i>, <i>Notice</i>, in <i>Bryant</i>, <i>Voy. en Cal.</i>, p. 230.</p> @@ -38169,10 +38129,10 @@ Ex.</i>, pp. 148, 267; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, p. 312; <i>Figuier's Hum Race</i>, p. 484; <i>Burton's City of the Saints</i>, p. 585. Mention is made by Salmeron of a people living south of Utah Lake, who were 'blancas, y rosadas las mejillas como los franceses.' <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 101. -Escalante, speaking of Indians seen in the same region, lat. 39° 34´ 37´´, says: +Escalante, speaking of Indians seen in the same region, lat. 39° 34´ 37´´, says: 'Eran estos de los barbones, y narices agujeradas, y en su idioma se nombran Tirangapui, Tian los cinco, que con su capitan venieron primero, tan -crecida la barba, que parecian padres capuchinos ó belemitas.' <i>Doc. Hist. +crecida la barba, que parecian padres capuchinos ó belemitas.' <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie ii., tom. i., p. 476. Wilkes writes, 'Southwest of the Youta Lake live a tribe who are known by the name of the Monkey Indians; a term which is not a mark of contempt, but is supposed to be a corruption of @@ -38232,10 +38192,10 @@ the white weasel, but is the genuine ermine.' <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, p <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_614" id="Footnote_614" href="#FNanchor_614"><span class="label">[614]</span></a> <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 312-15.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_615" id="Footnote_615" href="#FNanchor_615"><span class="label">[615]</span></a> 'On y rencontre aussi des terres métalliques de différentes couleurs, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_615" id="Footnote_615" href="#FNanchor_615"><span class="label">[615]</span></a> 'On y rencontre aussi des terres métalliques de différentes couleurs, telles que vertes, bleues, jaunes, noires, blanches, et deux sortes d'ocres, -l'une pâle, l'autre d'un rouge brillant comme du vermillion. Les Indiens -en font très-grand cas; ils s'en servent pour se peindre le corps et le visage.' +l'une pâle, l'autre d'un rouge brillant comme du vermillion. Les Indiens +en font très-grand cas; ils s'en servent pour se peindre le corps et le visage.' <i>Stuart</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1821, tom. xii., p. 83.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_616" id="Footnote_616" href="#FNanchor_616"><span class="label">[616]</span></a> 'They remain in a semi-dormant, inactive state the entire winter, leaving @@ -38282,7 +38242,7 @@ living animal, thing, insect, or worm they eat.' <i>Fremont's Explor. Exp.</i>, p. 142, see also pp. 148, 160, 173-4, 212, 218-19, 267, 273. Inland savages are passionately fond of salt; those living near the sea detest it. <i>Stuart</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1821, tom. xii., p. 85. The Utahs eat 'the cactus -leaf, piñon-nut, and various barks; the seed of the bunch-grass, and of the +leaf, piñon-nut, and various barks; the seed of the bunch-grass, and of the wheat, or yellow grass, somewhat resembling rye, the rabbit-bush twigs, which are chewed, and various roots and tubers; the soft sego bulb, the rootlet of the cat-tail flag, and of the tule, which when sun-dried and powdered @@ -38317,7 +38277,7 @@ the females hunting for the vermin in the heads and on the bodies of their children; finding which they ate the animals with an apparent relish.' <i>Bryant's Cal.</i>, p. 154. The Snakes 'are filthy beyond description.' <i>Townsend's Nar.</i>, p. 137. 'J'ai vu les Sheyennes, les Serpents, les Youts, etc., manger la -vermine les uns des autres à pleins peignes.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 47. 'The +vermine les uns des autres à pleins peignes.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 47. 'The Snakes are rather cleanly in their persons.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 61.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_620" id="Footnote_620" href="#FNanchor_620"><span class="label">[620]</span></a> 'A weapon called by the Chippeways, by whom it was formerly used, @@ -38335,7 +38295,7 @@ back with sinewes and glue, and loading the whole with an unusual quantity of ornaments.' <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, p. 309. At Ogden River, in Utah, they work obsidian splinters 'into the most beautiful and deadly points, with which they arm the end of their arrows.' <i>Thornton's Ogn. and Cal.</i>, vol. -i., p. 343. 'Pour toute arme, un arc, des flèches et un bâton pointu.' <i>De +i., p. 343. 'Pour toute arme, un arc, des flèches et un bâton pointu.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 28. 'Bows and arrows are their (Banattees) only weapons of defence.' <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, vol. i., p. 251. The arrows of the Pa-Utes 'are barbed with a very clear translucent stone, a species of opal, nearly as @@ -38395,7 +38355,7 @@ exquisite finish and neatness of their implements of war and hunting, as well as their ear-rings and waist-bands, made of an amalgam of silver and lead.' <i>Prince</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>Oct. 18, 1861</i>. 'Les Indiens en font des jarres, des pots, des plats de diverses formes. Ces vaisseaux communiquent une -odeur et une saveur très-agréables à tout ce qu'ils renferment; ce qui provient +odeur et une saveur très-agréables à tout ce qu'ils renferment; ce qui provient sans doute de la dissolution de quelque substance bitumineuse contenue dans l'argile.' <i>Stuart</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1821, tom. xii., p. 83. 'The pipes of these Indians are either made of wood or of red earth; sometimes @@ -38461,9 +38421,9 @@ until a companion more congenial is found.' <i>Farley</i>, in <i>San Francisco M Press</i>, vol. iii., p. 155; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 307-8, 315; <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 27.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_631" id="Footnote_631" href="#FNanchor_631"><span class="label">[631]</span></a> The Snakes 'ont une sorte de tabac sauvage qui croît dans les plaines -contiguës aux montagnes du Spanish-River, il a les feuilles plus étroites que -le nôtre, il est plus agréable à fumer, ses effets étant bien moins violens.' +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_631" id="Footnote_631" href="#FNanchor_631"><span class="label">[631]</span></a> The Snakes 'ont une sorte de tabac sauvage qui croît dans les plaines +contiguës aux montagnes du Spanish-River, il a les feuilles plus étroites que +le nôtre, il est plus agréable à fumer, ses effets étant bien moins violens.' <i>Stuart</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1821, tom. xii., pp. 82-3. The Kinik-kinik 'they obtain from three different plants. One is a <i>Cornus</i>, resembling our <i>Cornus sanguinea</i>; after having detached the epidermic cuticle, they scrape @@ -38476,9 +38436,9 @@ also p. 132; <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, vol. i., p. 250; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Tr 306; <i>Fremont's Explor. Ex.</i>, p. 174; <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 25-6; <i>Parker's Explor. Tour</i>, pp. 228-9, 237, 242-3.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_632" id="Footnote_632" href="#FNanchor_632"><span class="label">[632]</span></a> 'En deux occasions diverses, je comptai cinq personnes ainsi montées, -dont deux, certes, paraissaient aussi capables, chacune à elle seule, de -porter la pauvre bête, que le cheval était à même de supporter leurs poids.' +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_632" id="Footnote_632" href="#FNanchor_632"><span class="label">[632]</span></a> 'En deux occasions diverses, je comptai cinq personnes ainsi montées, +dont deux, certes, paraissaient aussi capables, chacune à elle seule, de +porter la pauvre bête, que le cheval était à même de supporter leurs poids.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 127; <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, pp. 266, 309-11, 316; <i>Graves</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 178.</p> @@ -38528,7 +38488,7 @@ p. 288. The Washoes are docile and tractable. <i>Douglas</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 187 The Pi-utes are 'not warlike, rather cowardly, but pilfering and treacherous.' <i>Powell</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1871, p. 562. The Shoshokoes 'are extremely indolent, but a mild, inoffensive race.' <i>Irving's Bonneville's Adven.</i>, p. 257. The Snakes 'are -a thoroughly savage and lazy tribe.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 150. The Shoshones +a thoroughly savage and lazy tribe.' <i>Franchère's Nar.</i>, p. 150. The Shoshones are 'frank and communicative.' <i>Lewis and Clarke's Trav.</i>, p. 306. The Snakes are 'pacific, hospitable and honest.' <i>Dunn's Oregon</i>, p. 325. 'The Snakes are a very intelligent race.' <i>White's Ogn.</i>, p. 379. The Pi-utes @@ -38543,16 +38503,16 @@ give them an air of stupidity. An intimate knowledge of the Snake character will, however, place them on an equal footing with that of other kindred nations, either east or west of the mountains, both in respect to their mental faculties and moral attributes.' <i>Ross' Fur Hunters</i>, vol. ii., p. 151. 'Les -Sampectches, les Pagouts et les Ampayouts sont ... un peuple plus misérable, -plus dégradé et plus pauvre. Les Français les appellent communément -les Dignes-de-pitié, et ce nom leur convient à merveille.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 28. -The Utahs 'pariassent doux et affables, très-polis et hospitaliers pour les -étrangers, et charitables entre eux.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 30. 'The Indians of Utah are +Sampectches, les Pagouts et les Ampayouts sont ... un peuple plus misérable, +plus dégradé et plus pauvre. Les Français les appellent communément +les Dignes-de-pitié, et ce nom leur convient à merveille.' <i>De Smet</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 28. +The Utahs 'pariassent doux et affables, très-polis et hospitaliers pour les +étrangers, et charitables entre eux.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 30. 'The Indians of Utah are the most miserable, if not the most degraded, beings of all the vast American wilderness.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 64. The Utahs 'possess a capacity for improvement whenever circumstances favor them.' <i>Scenes in the Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 180. The Snakes are 'la plus mauvaise des races des -Peaux-Rouges que j'ai fréquentées. Ils sont aussi paresseux que peu prévoyants.' +Peaux-Rouges que j'ai fréquentées. Ils sont aussi paresseux que peu prévoyants.' <i>Saint-Amant</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 325. The Shoshones of Idaho are 'highly intelligent and lively ... the most virtuous and unsophisticated of all the Indians of the United States.' <i>Taylor</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>April 27, 1860</i>. The @@ -38581,21 +38541,21 @@ p. 549. 'The Comanches and the numerous tribes of Chichimecas ... are comprehended by the Spaniards under the vague name of Mecos.' <i>Prichard's Researches</i>, vol. v., p. 422. 'The tribe called themselves Niyuna.' <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 575-6; <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, p. 231; <i>Neighbors</i>, in <i>Ind. -Aff. Rept.</i>, 1856, p. 175; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 115; <i>French's Hist. La.</i>, p. +Aff. Rept.</i>, 1856, p. 175; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 115; <i>French's Hist. La.</i>, p. 155. 'Se divide en cuatro ramas considerables bajo los nombres de Cuchanticas, -Jupes, Yamparicas y Orientales.' <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, +Jupes, Yamparicas y Orientales.' <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 318; see also <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 121. The Jetans or Camanches, as the Spaniards term them, or Padoucas, as they are called by the Pawnees. <i>Pike's Explor. Trav.</i>, p. 214.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_637" id="Footnote_637" href="#FNanchor_637"><span class="label">[637]</span></a> <i>Turner</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 76. 'Los Indios yutas, ... son -los mismos que los comanches ó cumanches, pues yuta eso quiere decir en +los mismos que los comanches ó cumanches, pues yuta eso quiere decir en la lengua de los lipanes. Por consiguente no se pueden distinguir esos nombres, que aunque de dos lenguas diferentes espresan una misma nacion.' <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 251. 'The Comanches are a branch of the Shoshones or Snakes.' <i>Ruxton's Adven.</i>, p. 244. 'The Pawnees are descended from a cousin-germanship of the same stock.' <i>Edward's Hist. Tex.</i>, pp. 108-9. -'Si le sang des Aztéques existe encore sans mélange en Amerique, il doit couler +'Si le sang des Aztéques existe encore sans mélange en Amerique, il doit couler dans les veines des Comanches.' <i>Domenech's Jour.</i>, p. 16; see also <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 24; <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Spuren der Azt. Spr.</i>, p. 391.</p> @@ -38604,100 +38564,100 @@ forests which grow upon the Sierras.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 243.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_639" id="Footnote_639" href="#FNanchor_639"><span class="label">[639]</span></a> Cordero gives the following tribal names, which he says are used among themselves: Vinni ettinenne, Tontos; Segatajenne, Chiricaguis; Tjuiccujenne, -Gileños; Iccujenne, Mimbreños; Yutajenne, Faraones; Sejenne, Mescaleros; +Gileños; Iccujenne, Mimbreños; Yutajenne, Faraones; Sejenne, Mescaleros; Cuelcajenne, Llaneros; Lipajenne and Yutajenne, Lipans and Navajos. -<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 369, 379-385. 'Los pimas gileños llaman -á los yavipais taros ó nifores; los jamajabs les llaman yavipais y nosotros +<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 369, 379-385. 'Los pimas gileños llaman +á los yavipais taros ó nifores; los jamajabs les llaman yavipais y nosotros apaches.' <i>Garces</i>, <i>Diario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie ii., tom. i., pp. 265, 352-3. -'Yavipais Tejua que son los indómitos Apaches.' <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, +'Yavipais Tejua que son los indómitos Apaches.' <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 471. 'Yavapais, or Apache Mohaves, as they are more generally called.' <i>Parker</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. 217. 'Pueden dividirse en nueve tribus -principales ... Tontos, Chirocahues, Gileños, Mimbreños, Faraones, Mezcaleros, +principales ... Tontos, Chirocahues, Gileños, Mimbreños, Faraones, Mezcaleros, Llaneros, Lipanes y Navajoes. Todos hablan un mismo idioma.... No componen una nacion uniforme en sus usos y costumbres, pero coinciden en -la major parte de sus inclinaciones, variando en otras con proporcion á los -terrenos de su residencia, á las necesidades que padecen.' <i>García Conde</i>, in +la major parte de sus inclinaciones, variando en otras con proporcion á los +terrenos de su residencia, á las necesidades que padecen.' <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 314. Apaches, 'their name is said to signify 'men.'' Mescaleros, 'the meaning of the name, probably, is drinkers of mescal.' <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 118-9. <i>Froebel's Central Amer.</i>, pp. 309, 353, 491; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., pp. 161, 223, 425; -<i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., p. 285; <i>Wislizenus' Tour</i>, p. 26; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, +<i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., p. 285; <i>Wislizenus' Tour</i>, p. 26; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 351; <i>Ruxton's Adven.</i>, p. 194; <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 216; -<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., pp. 212-13; <i>Mowry</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1857, p. +<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., pp. 212-13; <i>Mowry</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1857, p. 298; <i>Steck</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 108, and <i>Id.</i>, 1864, p. 182, 1858, p. 197; <i>Bailey</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1858, p. 206; <i>Clum</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1871, p. 42; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 325. Called Coyoteros, because it is believed that 'they feed upon the -flesh of the coyote.' <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 430. 'Les Gileños ... avec les +flesh of the coyote.' <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 430. 'Les Gileños ... avec les Axuas et les Apaches qui viennent de la Sierra Madre sont confondus sous -le nom de Pápagos.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. i., p. 213; <i>Bustamante</i>, in <i>Cavo</i>, +le nom de Pápagos.' <i>Mofras</i>, <i>Explor.</i>, tom. i., p. 213; <i>Bustamante</i>, in <i>Cavo</i>, <i>Tres Siglos</i>, tom. iii., pp. 79-80. 'Tonto, in Spanish means stupid.' 'Tonto is a Spanish corruption of the original Indian name.' <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 460; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., pp. 5-8; <i>Ayers</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1858, p. 175; <i>Collins</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1860, p. 161; <i>Id.</i>, 1861, p. 122; <i>Maxwell</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1863, p. 116; <i>Parker</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1869, p. 23; <i>Walker</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1872, p. -53; <i>Clum</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1871, p. 368; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 214; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. +53; <i>Clum</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1871, p. 368; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 214; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 275; <i>Turner</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 308.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_640" id="Footnote_640" href="#FNanchor_640"><span class="label">[640]</span></a> 'The Apaches and their congeners belong to the Athapascan family.' <i>Turner</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 84, and in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 311; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 10.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_641" id="Footnote_641" href="#FNanchor_641"><span class="label">[641]</span></a> 'The Apaches call the Navajoes Yútahkah. The Navajoes call themselves, -as a tribe, Tenúai (man). The appellation Návajo was unquestionably +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_641" id="Footnote_641" href="#FNanchor_641"><span class="label">[641]</span></a> 'The Apaches call the Navajoes Yútahkah. The Navajoes call themselves, +as a tribe, Tenúai (man). The appellation Návajo was unquestionably given them by the Spaniards.' <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 217, 218. 'The Navajoes and Apaches are identically one people.' <i>Cremony's -Apaches</i>, p. 306; <i>Ruxton's Adven.</i>, p. 194; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 229; <i>Poston</i>, +Apaches</i>, p. 306; <i>Ruxton's Adven.</i>, p. 194; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 229; <i>Poston</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 389. 'Navajoes and Apaches have descended from the same stock.' <i>Carleton</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com.</i>, 1867, p. 134. 'The Navajoes are a Pueblo Indian.' <i>Griner</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 329. 'Allied to the -Crow Indians.' <i>Fitzpatrick</i>, in <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 133; <i>Thümmel</i>, +Crow Indians.' <i>Fitzpatrick</i>, in <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 133; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 348. 'Most civilized of all the wild Indians of North America.' <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>, p. 372. The Navajoes 'are a division of the ancient Mexicans.' <i>Scenes in the Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 180.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_642" id="Footnote_642" href="#FNanchor_642"><span class="label">[642]</span></a> '"Yumah," signifies "Son of the River," and is only applied to the Indians born on the banks of the Colorado. This nation is composed of five -tribes ... among which ... the Yabipaïs (Yampaïs or Yampaos).' <i>Domenech's +tribes ... among which ... the Yabipaïs (Yampaïs or Yampaos).' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 65. 'The Cajuenches and Cuchans ... belong to two different divisions of one tribe, which forms part of the great nation of the Yumas.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 10.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_643" id="Footnote_643" href="#FNanchor_643"><span class="label">[643]</span></a> Cosninos, 'Es ist mehrfach die Ansicht ausgesprochen worden, dass die -meisten derselben zu dem Stamme der Apaches gehören, oder vielmehr mit -ihnen verwandt sind.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 330-1; <i>Figuier's Human +meisten derselben zu dem Stamme der Apaches gehören, oder vielmehr mit +ihnen verwandt sind.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 330-1; <i>Figuier's Human Race</i>, p. 482.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_644" id="Footnote_644" href="#FNanchor_644"><span class="label">[644]</span></a> 'The Yampais form a connecting link between the Gila, Colorado, and Pueblo Indians.' <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 98. Yampais are -related to the Yumas. <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, tom. i., p. 431. Yampais: 'Unable +related to the Yumas. <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, tom. i., p. 431. Yampais: 'Unable to separate them from the Tonto-Apaches.' <i>Mowry</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1857, p. 302.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_645" id="Footnote_645" href="#FNanchor_645"><span class="label">[645]</span></a> 'Llaman á estos indios los cruzados, por unas cruces que todos, chicos -y grandes se atan del copete, que les viene á caer en la frente; y esto hacen -cuando ven á los españoles.' <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_645" id="Footnote_645" href="#FNanchor_645"><span class="label">[645]</span></a> 'Llaman á estos indios los cruzados, por unas cruces que todos, chicos +y grandes se atan del copete, que les viene á caer en la frente; y esto hacen +cuando ven á los españoles.' <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iii., p. 31.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_646" id="Footnote_646" href="#FNanchor_646"><span class="label">[646]</span></a> 'Unos dicen que á un lado de estas naciones (Yutas) para hácia al Poniente -está la nacion de los nijoras, y otros afirman que no hay tal nacion +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_646" id="Footnote_646" href="#FNanchor_646"><span class="label">[646]</span></a> 'Unos dicen que á un lado de estas naciones (Yutas) para hácia al Poniente +está la nacion de los nijoras, y otros afirman que no hay tal nacion Nijora, sino que esta palabra nijor quiere decir cautivo, y que los cocomaricopas -les dan de noche á las naciones mas inmediatas y les quitan sus hijos, -los que cautivan y venden á los pimas y éstos á los españoles; si es asi que -hay tal nacion, está en esta inmediacion del rio Colorado para el rio Salado -ó rio Verde.' <i>Noticias de la Pimeria</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., -p. 838. 'Todos estos cautivos llaman por acá fuera Nijores, aunque hay otra -nacion Hijeras á parte.' <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. +les dan de noche á las naciones mas inmediatas y les quitan sus hijos, +los que cautivan y venden á los pimas y éstos á los españoles; si es asi que +hay tal nacion, está en esta inmediacion del rio Colorado para el rio Salado +ó rio Verde.' <i>Noticias de la Pimeria</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., +p. 838. 'Todos estos cautivos llaman por acá fuera Nijores, aunque hay otra +nacion Hijeras á parte.' <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 852.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_647" id="Footnote_647" href="#FNanchor_647"><span class="label">[647]</span></a> For further particulars as to location of tribes, see notes on <span class="smcap"><a href="#TRIBAL_V">Tribal Boundaries</a></span>, at the end of this chapter.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_648" id="Footnote_648" href="#FNanchor_648"><span class="label">[648]</span></a> 'Besonders fiel uns der Unterschied zwischen den im Gebirge, ähnlich -den Wölfen lebenden Yampays und Tontos ... und den von vegetabilischen -Stoffen sich nährenden Bewohnern des Colorado-Thales auf, indem erstere -nur kleine hässliche Gestalten mit widrigem tückischem Ausdruck der Physiognomie -waren, die anderen dagegen wie lauter Meisterwerke der schöpferischen -Natur erschienen.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 384.</p> +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_648" id="Footnote_648" href="#FNanchor_648"><span class="label">[648]</span></a> 'Besonders fiel uns der Unterschied zwischen den im Gebirge, ähnlich +den Wölfen lebenden Yampays und Tontos ... und den von vegetabilischen +Stoffen sich nährenden Bewohnern des Colorado-Thales auf, indem erstere +nur kleine hässliche Gestalten mit widrigem tückischem Ausdruck der Physiognomie +waren, die anderen dagegen wie lauter Meisterwerke der schöpferischen +Natur erschienen.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 384.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_649" id="Footnote_649" href="#FNanchor_649"><span class="label">[649]</span></a> The Navajos are 'of good size, nearly six feet in height, and well proportioned; cheek-bones high and prominent, nose straight and well shaped; @@ -38715,7 +38675,7 @@ The Navajos are distinguished 'by the fullness and roundness of their eyes.' <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 31. 'The Camanches are small of stature ... wear moustaches and heads of long hair.' <i>Pope</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. ii., p. 15. The Comanches 'que da un -aspecto bien particular á estas naciones, es la falta completa de cejas, pues +aspecto bien particular á estas naciones, es la falta completa de cejas, pues ellos se las arrancan; algunos tienen una poca barba.' <i>Berlandier and Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 253. The Yumas 'if left to their natural state, would be fine looking,' but the Hualpais 'were squalid, wretched-looking creatures, with splay @@ -38724,43 +38684,43 @@ present a remarkable contrast to our tall and athletic Mojaves.' The Navajos are 'a fine looking race with bold features.' 'The Mojaves are perhaps as fine a race of men physically, as there is in existence.' <i>Ives' Colorado River</i>, pp. 44, 54, 97-8, 108, 73, 128, 19, 39, 59, 66, plate p. 66. The Comanches -are 'de buena estatura.' <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crónica de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. +are 'de buena estatura.' <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crónica de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 527. The people between the Colorado and Gila rivers. 'Es gente bien -agestada y corpulenta, trigueños de color.' <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. +agestada y corpulenta, trigueños de color.' <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. The Cruzados are described as 'bien agestados y nobles y ellas hermosas de lindos ojos y amorosas.' <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 31; see also <i>Cordoue</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, serie i., tom. x., p. 446. In New Mexico Allegre describes them as 'corpulentos y briosos, pero mal agestados, las orejas largas ... tienen poco barba.' <i>Allegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 332; and of the same people -Alcedo writes 'son de mejor aspecto, color y proporcion que los demás.' <i>Diccionario</i>, -tom. iii., p. 184. And Lieut. Möllhausen, who frequently goes into +Alcedo writes 'son de mejor aspecto, color y proporcion que los demás.' <i>Diccionario</i>, +tom. iii., p. 184. And Lieut. Möllhausen, who frequently goes into ecstasies over the splendid figures of the lower Colorado people, whom he calls the personification of the ancient gods of the Romans and Greeks, says -further that they are 'grosse, schön gewachsene Leute,' and describes their +further that they are 'grosse, schön gewachsene Leute,' and describes their color as 'dunkelkupferfarbig.' Of the women he adds 'Ganz im Gegensatze -zu den Männern sind die Weiber der Indianer am Colorado durchgängig +zu den Männern sind die Weiber der Indianer am Colorado durchgängig klein, untersetzt und so dick, dass ihr Aussehen mitunter an's komische -gränzt.' Comparing the Hualapais with the Mojaves he writes 'auf der einen +gränzt.' Comparing the Hualapais with the Mojaves he writes 'auf der einen Seite die unbekleideten, riesenhaften und wohlgebildeten Gestalten der Mohaves ... -auf der andern Seite dagegen die im Vergleich mit erstern, zwergähnlichen, +auf der andern Seite dagegen die im Vergleich mit erstern, zwergähnlichen, hagern.... Figuren der Wallpays, mit ihren verwirrten, struppigen -Haaren, den kleinen, geschlitzten Augen undmden falschen, gehässigen -Ausdruck in ihren Zügen.' The Cosninos he calls 'hässlich und verkümmert.' -<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 331, 382-8; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, tom. i., pp. +Haaren, den kleinen, geschlitzten Augen undmden falschen, gehässigen +Ausdruck in ihren Zügen.' The Cosninos he calls 'hässlich und verkümmert.' +<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 331, 382-8; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, tom. i., pp. 123-4, 199, 215, 274, 293, 318, tom. ii., pp. 43, 37, and plate frontispiece. -<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Mormonenmädchen</i>, tom. ii., p. 140. The Comanche 'men are +<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Mormonenmädchen</i>, tom. ii., p. 140. The Comanche 'men are about the medium stature, with bright copper-coloured complexions ... the women are short with crooked legs ... far from being as good looking as the men.' In the Colorado Valley 'are the largest and best-formed men I ever saw, their average height being an inch over six feet.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, -pp. 25, 279. 'Les Comanchés ont la taille haute et élancée, et sont presque -aussi blancs que les Européens.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, serie v., No. 96, p. 192. +pp. 25, 279. 'Les Comanchés ont la taille haute et élancée, et sont presque +aussi blancs que les Européens.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, serie v., No. 96, p. 192. And of the Comanches see further. <i>Dragoon Camp.</i>, p. 153. 'Robust, almost Herculean race.' <i>Foote's Texas</i>, vol. i., p. 298. 'Exceedingly handsome.' <i>Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex.</i>, vol. ii., p. 308; <i>Hartmann and Millard's Texas</i>, p. 109. 'Women are ugly, crooklegged, stoop-shouldered.' <i>Parker's -Notes on Tex.</i>, pp. 189, 232, 194; <i>Mexikanische Zustände</i>, tom. i., p. 373; <i>Froebel's +Notes on Tex.</i>, pp. 189, 232, 194; <i>Mexikanische Zustände</i>, tom. i., p. 373; <i>Froebel's Cent. Am.</i>, p. 267; see also <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 101; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. ii., pp. 37-8; <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Journ.</i>, p. 132. The Yuma 'women are generally fat.' 'The men are large, muscular, and well formed.' <i>Bartlett's @@ -38770,7 +38730,7 @@ and have lighter complexions than the men.' <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, pp. 218- 65, plate 8. The Navajos have 'light flaxen hair, light blue eyes ... their skin is of the most delicate whiteness.' <i>Brownell's Ind. Races</i>, p. 545; <i>Hughes' Doniphan's Ex.</i>, p. 203. On the Mojaves see further, <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, -p. 138; <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18; <i>Cal. Mercantile Jour.</i>, vol. i., p. 227, plate; +p. 138; <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18; <i>Cal. Mercantile Jour.</i>, vol. i., p. 227, plate; <i>Clum</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1871, p. 363. And on the Yumas. <i>Poston</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 387; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, p. 61; <i>Taylor</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>Feb. 22, 1860</i>. Women's 'feet are naturally small.' <i>Emory's Rept.</i>, @@ -38785,95 +38745,95 @@ hair.' <i>Smart</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 418. Their 'features negro-like ... small legged, big-bellied and broad-shouldered.' <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 52. 'More miserable looking objects I never beheld;' legs, 'large and muscular.' <i>Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav.</i>, p. 139. -'Widerliche Physiognomien und Gestalten ... unter mittlerer Grösse ... -grosse Köpfe, vorstehende Stirn und Backenknochen, dicke Nasen, aufgeworfene +'Widerliche Physiognomien und Gestalten ... unter mittlerer Grösse ... +grosse Köpfe, vorstehende Stirn und Backenknochen, dicke Nasen, aufgeworfene Lippen und kleine geschlitzte Augen.... Ihr Gesicht war dunkler -als ich es jemals bei Indianern gefunden.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 360. 'Von -zottigen weit abstehenden Haupthaaren bedeckt.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. +als ich es jemals bei Indianern gefunden.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 360. 'Von +zottigen weit abstehenden Haupthaaren bedeckt.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. iii., p. 49. 'Ill-formed, emaciated, and miserable looking race ... had all a treacherous-fiendish look.' <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 327. 'Physically of a slighter build than any Indians I have seen.' <i>Clum</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1871, p. 47. 'Most wretched looking Indians I have ever seen.' <i>Sitgreaves' -Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 14. 'Small in stature.... Coal-black eye.' <i>Peters' Life of Carson</i>, +Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 14. 'Small in stature.... Coal-black eye.' <i>Peters' Life of Carson</i>, p. 326. 'Hair is very black and straight, much resembling horse hair ... appears to belong to the Asiatic type.' <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 211. 'Gipsy looking with an eye singularly wild and piercing.' <i>Houstoun's Texas</i>, p. 227. 'Have very light complexions.' <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. i., p. 580. -'Die Lipanis haben blondes Haar, und sind schöne Leute.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, +'Die Lipanis haben blondes Haar, und sind schöne Leute.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 215, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 421. 'Sont des beaux hommes.' <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, p. 82. 'Tall, majestic in figure; muscular.' <i>Brantz-Mayer's Mex. Aztec., etc.</i>, vol. ii., p. 123. 'Fine physical conformation.' <i>Foote's Texas</i>, vol. i., p. 298. 'Their skin looked whiter than I have ever seen it in -the Indians.' <i>Wizlizenus' Tour</i>, p. 71. 'Crian pié menor que los otros indios.' +the Indians.' <i>Wizlizenus' Tour</i>, p. 71. 'Crian pié menor que los otros indios.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564. 'Todos -son morenos, cuerpo bien proporcionado, ojos vivos, cabello largo y lampiños.' +son morenos, cuerpo bien proporcionado, ojos vivos, cabello largo y lampiños.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 265. 'Su talla y color diferencian algo en cada tribu, variando este desde el bronceado al moreno. Son todos -bien proporcionados ... y ninguna barba.' <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, -<i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 314; see also <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 370-1. +bien proporcionados ... y ninguna barba.' <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, +<i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 314; see also <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 370-1. 'Though not tall, are admirably formed, with fine features and a bright complexion, inclining to yellow.' <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 117. 'Son altos, rubios -y de bellisimas proporciones.' <i>Revista Científica</i>, tom. i., p. 55. 'Taille ordinaire, -de couleur foncé.' 'Comme ces Indiens ne font leur nourriture que -de chair et principalement de celle de l'âne et du mulet, ils exhalent une -odeur si pénétrante que les chevaux et surtout les mules rebroussent chemin -aussitôt qu'ils les éventent.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 187.</p> +y de bellisimas proporciones.' <i>Revista CientÃfica</i>, tom. i., p. 55. 'Taille ordinaire, +de couleur foncé.' 'Comme ces Indiens ne font leur nourriture que +de chair et principalement de celle de l'âne et du mulet, ils exhalent une +odeur si pénétrante que les chevaux et surtout les mules rebroussent chemin +aussitôt qu'ils les éventent.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 187.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_651" id="Footnote_651" href="#FNanchor_651"><span class="label">[651]</span></a> 'Cut their hair short over the forehead, and let it hang behind.' <i>Domenech's -Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 65. Distinguished 'durch den vollständig gleichmässigen -Schnitt ihrer schwarzen Haare.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, -tom. i., p. 274; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 384; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, 107; -<i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, pp. 15, 18; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., pp. +Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 65. Distinguished 'durch den vollständig gleichmässigen +Schnitt ihrer schwarzen Haare.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, +tom. i., p. 274; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 384; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, 107; +<i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, pp. 15, 18; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., pp. 460, 461; <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 98, 110.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_652" id="Footnote_652" href="#FNanchor_652"><span class="label">[652]</span></a> Mojave girls, after they marry, tattoo the chin 'with vertical blue lines.' <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 463. Yumas: 'Doch ist ihnen das -Tätowiren nicht fremd; dieses wird indessen mehr von den Frauen angewendet +Tätowiren nicht fremd; dieses wird indessen mehr von den Frauen angewendet welche sich die Mundwinkel und das Kinn mit blauen Punkten und -Linien schmücken.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 124; <i>Möllhausen</i>, +Linien schmücken.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 124; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 385; <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, pp. 151-2; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 33, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., and plate; <i>Michler</i>, in <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 110; <i>Soc. -Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 186; <i>Treasury of Trav.</i>, p. 32.</p> +Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 186; <i>Treasury of Trav.</i>, p. 32.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_653" id="Footnote_653" href="#FNanchor_653"><span class="label">[653]</span></a> 'Das Gesicht hatten sich alle Vier (Mojaves) auf gleiche Weise bemalt, -nämlich kohlschwarz mit einem rothen Striche, der sich von der Stirne -über Nase, Mund und Kinn zog.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 383, 385, 388; +nämlich kohlschwarz mit einem rothen Striche, der sich von der Stirne +über Nase, Mund und Kinn zog.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 383, 385, 388; plate, 394. 'Painted perfectly black, excepting a red stripe from the top of his forehead, down the bridge of his nose to his chin.' <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, -p. 67. The Apaches 'Se tiñen el cuerpo y la cara con bastantes colores.' <i>Doc. +p. 67. The Apaches 'Se tiñen el cuerpo y la cara con bastantes colores.' <i>Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS.</i>, p. 5. 'Pintura de greda y almagre con que se untan -la cara, brazos y piernas.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 371; <i>Doc. +la cara, brazos y piernas.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 371; <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 11; <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 266; <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 211; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 337; <i>Smart</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 418; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 33, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., and plate; <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 110; <i>Sedelmair</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., vol. iv., p. 858.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_654" id="Footnote_654" href="#FNanchor_654"><span class="label">[654]</span></a> 'Naked with the exception of the breech-cloth.' <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_654" id="Footnote_654" href="#FNanchor_654"><span class="label">[654]</span></a> 'Naked with the exception of the breech-cloth.' <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, pp. 14, 18; see also plates; Mojave men 'simply a breech-cloth.' <i>Touner</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1871. 'No clothing but a strip of cotton.... The Yumas display 'a ludicrous variety of tawdry colors and dirty finery.' <i>Ives' Colorado Rept.</i>, pp. 54, 59, 66. See colored plates of Yumas, Mojaves, and Hualpais, 'Andan enteramente desnudos.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. iii., p. 111; -<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 383; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 62; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, +<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 383; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 62; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, pp. 336, 342; <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, p. 138; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 149; <i>Walker</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1872, p. 162; <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 124; <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 33; <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, pp. -29, 132; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 93, p. 186; <i>Indian Traits</i>, vol. i., +29, 132; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 93, p. 186; <i>Indian Traits</i>, vol. i., in <i>Hayes Col.</i></p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_655" id="Footnote_655" href="#FNanchor_655"><span class="label">[655]</span></a> 'A few stripes of the inner bark of the willow or acacia tied scantily round their waists.' <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 336. 'Long fringe of strips of willow -bark wound around the waist.' <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18. The men wear +bark wound around the waist.' <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18. The men wear 'a strip of cotton,' the women 'a short petticoat, made of strips of bark.' <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 66. 'Nude, with the exception of a diminutive breech cloth.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 29. 'Las mas se cubren de la cintura hasta -las piernas con la cáscara interior del sauce.' <i>Sedelmair</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, -serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Las mugeres se cubren de la cintura á la rodilla -con la cáscara interior del sauce.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. iii., p. 111; -<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 384; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, vol. i., p. -123; <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, p. 138; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, +las piernas con la cáscara interior del sauce.' <i>Sedelmair</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, +serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Las mugeres se cubren de la cintura á la rodilla +con la cáscara interior del sauce.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. iii., p. 111; +<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 384; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, vol. i., p. +123; <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, p. 138; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 186; <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 114; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 33, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., plate and cuts; <i>Touner</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1871, p. 364; <i>Parker</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1870, p. 130; <i>Michler</i>, @@ -38888,29 +38848,29 @@ dress.' <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., pp. 320, 328. 'Mexican dress and predominated, showing where they had chiefly made up their wardrobe.' <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 61. 'Los hombres, se las acomodan alrededor del cuerpo, dejando desambarazados los brazos. Es en lo general la gamuza -ó piel del venado la que emplean en este servicio. Cubren la cabeza de un -bonete ó gorra de lo mismo, tal vez adornado de plumas de aves, ó cuernos +ó piel del venado la que emplean en este servicio. Cubren la cabeza de un +bonete ó gorra de lo mismo, tal vez adornado de plumas de aves, ó cuernos de animales.... El vestuario de las mujeres es igualmente de pieles.' <i>Cordero</i>, -in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 371. 'Cervinis tergoribus amiciuntur tam -fœminæ quam mares.' <i>Benavides</i>, in <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 316; <i>Alarchon</i>, +in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 371. 'Cervinis tergoribus amiciuntur tam +fœminæ quam mares.' <i>Benavides</i>, in <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 316; <i>Alarchon</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 431, 437; <i>Sonora, Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564; <i>Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS.</i>, p. 5; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 117; <i>Hughes' Doniphan's Ex.</i>, p. 214; <i>Peters' Life of Carson</i>, p. 451; <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., pp. 210, 211; <i>Walker</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1872, p. 174; <i>Parker</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. 248; <i>Roedel</i>, in <i>Ind. -Aff. Rept.</i>, 1871, p. 397; <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., +Aff. Rept.</i>, 1871, p. 397; <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 266, 268; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., pp. 161, 424; see also <i>Froebel's -Cent. Am.</i>, pp. 309, 490; <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., pp. 46, 166, -167; <i>Linati</i>, <i>Costumes</i>, plate xxii.; <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 266; <i>Möllhausen</i>, -<i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. ii., p. 173; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. +Cent. Am.</i>, pp. 309, 490; <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., pp. 46, 166, +167; <i>Linati</i>, <i>Costumes</i>, plate xxii.; <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 266; <i>Möllhausen</i>, +<i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. ii., p. 173; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 417; <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, p. 82.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_657" id="Footnote_657" href="#FNanchor_657"><span class="label">[657]</span></a> The hair of the Mohaves is occasionally 'matted on the top of the head -into a compact mass with mud.' <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18. 'Their pigments +into a compact mass with mud.' <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18. 'Their pigments are ochre, clay, and probably charcoal mingled with oil.' <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, pp. 33, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. 'Ihr Hauptschmuck dagegen sind die langen, starken Haare, die mittelst nasser -Lehmerde in Rollen gedreht.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. +Lehmerde in Rollen gedreht.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 124. The Axuas 'Beplastered their bodies and hair with mud.' <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, pp. 343-4, 356, 368, 370; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, pp. 61, 63.</p> @@ -38922,30 +38882,30 @@ crimson tint ... strings of wampum, made of circular pieces of shell.' <i>Whippl in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 114, 115. 'Shells of the pearl-oyster, and a rough wooden image are the favorite ornaments of both sexes' with the Apaches. <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 210. 'Sus adornos en -el cuello y brazos son sartas de pesuñas de venado y berrendos, conchas, -espinas de pescado y raices de yerbas odoríferas. Las familias mas pudientes +el cuello y brazos son sartas de pesuñas de venado y berrendos, conchas, +espinas de pescado y raices de yerbas odorÃferas. Las familias mas pudientes y aseadas bordan sus trajes y zapatos de la espina del puerco-espin.' -<i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 371. 'Adórnanse con gargantillas de +<i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 371. 'Adórnanse con gargantillas de caracolillos del mar, entreverados de otras cuentas, de conchas coloradas redondas.' <i>Sedelmair</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Las -mugeres por arracadas ó aretes, se cuelgan conchas enteras de nácar, y otras +mugeres por arracadas ó aretes, se cuelgan conchas enteras de nácar, y otras mayores azules en cada oreja.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. iii., p. 111; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 424; <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 61; <i>Cremony's -Apaches</i>, p. 222; <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., pp. 166, 167; <i>Pattie's +Apaches</i>, p. 222; <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., pp. 166, 167; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 149; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 181; <i>Almanza</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 837; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 463; <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 266; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, pp. 60-64; <i>Michler</i>, in <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, pp. 109-110; <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 98; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. -33, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 389, 394, 399; +33, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 389, 394, 399; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 210; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 364; <i>Smart</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1867, pp. 418-19; <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, serie i., tom. ix., pp. -266, 268, 273; <i>Alarchon</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 437; <i>Mexikanische Zustände</i>, +266, 268, 273; <i>Alarchon</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 437; <i>Mexikanische Zustände</i>, tom. i., p. 64.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_659" id="Footnote_659" href="#FNanchor_659"><span class="label">[659]</span></a> The 'hair is worn long and tied up behind' by both sexes; <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 290. 'Langes starkes Haar in einen dicken -Zopf zusammengeknotet.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. iv., p. 36; <i>Bartlett's +Zopf zusammengeknotet.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. iv., p. 36; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 329.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_660" id="Footnote_660" href="#FNanchor_660"><span class="label">[660]</span></a> 'Tolerably well dressed, mostly in buckskin.... They dress with greater @@ -38954,9 +38914,9 @@ comfort than any other tribe, and wear woolen and well-tanned buckskin pp. 406, 411, 412. Leggins made of deer-skin with thick soles ... a leathern cap shaped like a helmet, decorated with cocks', eagles' or vultures' feathers. <i>Figuier's Hum. Race</i>, pp. 481, 482. 'Auf dem Kopfe tragen sie -eine helmartige Lederkappe die gewöhnlich mit einem Busch kurzer, glänzender -Truthahnfedern und einigen Geier oder Adlerfedern geschmückt ist.' -<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 229, 230. 'A close banded cap is worn by the men +eine helmartige Lederkappe die gewöhnlich mit einem Busch kurzer, glänzender +Truthahnfedern und einigen Geier oder Adlerfedern geschmückt ist.' +<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 229, 230. 'A close banded cap is worn by the men which is gracefully ornamented by feathers, and held under the chin by a small throat-latch.' <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 435, and plate vii., Fig. 3, p. 74. 'Their wardrobes are never extravagantly supplied.' <i>Backus</i>, in @@ -38967,87 +38927,87 @@ a blanket, under and sometimes over which is worn a belt, to which are attached oval pieces of silver.' <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 290. The women's dress is 'chiefly composed of skins ... showily corded at the bottom, forming a kind of belt of beads and porcupine quills.' <i>Pattie's Pers. -Nar.</i>, pp. 118-9. <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 329; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die -Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 220, 224, 235; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. iv., pp. 36, +Nar.</i>, pp. 118-9. <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 329; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die +Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 220, 224, 235; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. iv., pp. 36, 37; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 31, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>Bristol</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com.</i>, 1867, p. 344; <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 305.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_661" id="Footnote_661" href="#FNanchor_661"><span class="label">[661]</span></a> 'Tattooed over the body, especially on the chest.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 281. 'Tattoo their faces and breasts.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 25. -'Mares juxta atque fœminæ facies atque artus lineis quibusdam persignant.' +'Mares juxta atque fœminæ facies atque artus lineis quibusdam persignant.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 310; <i>Warden</i>, <i>Recherches</i>, p. 79; <i>Farnham's Trav.</i>, p. 32.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_662" id="Footnote_662" href="#FNanchor_662"><span class="label">[662]</span></a> 'They never cut the hair, but wear it of very great length, and ornament it upon state occasions with silver and beads.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 25. 'Their heads are covered with bits of tin and glass.' <i>Shepard's Land of -the Aztecs</i>, p. 182. 'Der dicke und lang über den Rücken hinabhängende -Zopf mit abwärts immer kleiner werdenden silbernen Scheiben belastet, die, -im Nacken mit der Grösse einer mässigen Untertasse beginnend, an der -Spitze des Zopfes mit der Grösse eines halben Thalers endigten.' <i>Froebel</i>, +the Aztecs</i>, p. 182. 'Der dicke und lang über den Rücken hinabhängende +Zopf mit abwärts immer kleiner werdenden silbernen Scheiben belastet, die, +im Nacken mit der Grösse einer mässigen Untertasse beginnend, an der +Spitze des Zopfes mit der Grösse eines halben Thalers endigten.' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 100, and <i>Froebel's Cent. Am.</i>, p. 266. They 'never cut their hair, which they wear long, mingling with it on particular occasions silver ornaments and pearls.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 24. 'Todos ellos llevan la cabeza trasquilada desde la mitad hasta la frente, y dejan lo demas del -pelo colgando.' <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 527; <i>Revista Cientifica</i>, -tom. i., p. 162; <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, p. 194; <i>Dragoon Camp.</i>, p. 153; <i>Möllhausen</i>, +pelo colgando.' <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 527; <i>Revista Cientifica</i>, +tom. i., p. 162; <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, p. 194; <i>Dragoon Camp.</i>, p. 153; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 115; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 27, in <i>Pac. -R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., p. 299; <i>Combier</i>, +R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., p. 299; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 224.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_663" id="Footnote_663" href="#FNanchor_663"><span class="label">[663]</span></a> 'Im Gesichte mit Zinnober bemalt, auf dem Kopfe mit Adlerfedern geschmückt.' +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_663" id="Footnote_663" href="#FNanchor_663"><span class="label">[663]</span></a> 'Im Gesichte mit Zinnober bemalt, auf dem Kopfe mit Adlerfedern geschmückt.' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 100. 'It takes them a considerable time to dress, and stick feathers and beads in their hair.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 281. 'Fond of decking themselves with paint, beads and feathers.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 25, 26, 30. 'Vederbosschen -op't hoofd.' <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 209. 'En quanto á los colores, +op't hoofd.' <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 209. 'En quanto á los colores, varian mucho, no solamente en ellos, sino tambien en los dibujos que se -hacen en la cara.' <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., p. 299. The Comanches -'de tout sexe portent un miroir attaché au poignet, et se teignent -le visage en rouge.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 192; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, +hacen en la cara.' <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., p. 299. The Comanches +'de tout sexe portent un miroir attaché au poignet, et se teignent +le visage en rouge.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 192; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 27, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 450; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, pp. 35, 36; <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. ii., p. 133; <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, pp. 181, 194, 197, 202; <i>Wislizenus' Tour</i>, p. 71; <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 119; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 332; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 224; <i>Hartmann and Millard</i>, <i>Texas</i>, -p. 110; <i>Larenaudière</i>, <i>Mex. et Guat.</i>, p. 147, plate; <i>Tempsky's Mitla</i>, p. 80; <i>Gilliam's +p. 110; <i>Larenaudière</i>, <i>Mex. et Guat.</i>, p. 147, plate; <i>Tempsky's Mitla</i>, p. 80; <i>Gilliam's Trav.</i>, p. 305; <i>Horn's Captivity</i>, p. 25.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_664" id="Footnote_664" href="#FNanchor_664"><span class="label">[664]</span></a> 'The Camanches prefer dark clothes.' <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, pp. 180, -181, 202. 'Les guerriers portent pour tout vêtement une peau de buffle en -manteau.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'Las mugeres andan +181, 202. 'Les guerriers portent pour tout vêtement une peau de buffle en +manteau.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'Las mugeres andan vestidas de la cintura para abajo con unos cueros de venado adobado en forma de faldellines, y cubren el cuerpo con unos capotillos del mismo cuero.' -<i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 527. 'Vistense galanos ... asi hombres +<i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 527. 'Vistense galanos ... asi hombres como mugeres con mantas pintadas y bordadas.' <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 681. 'Sus vestidos se componen de unas botas, un mediano delantal -que cubre sus vergüenzas, y un coton, todo de pieles: las mugeres +que cubre sus vergüenzas, y un coton, todo de pieles: las mugeres usan una manta cuadrada de lana negra muy estrecha.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. -de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 332. 'Tam mares quam fœminæ gossypinis tunicis et +de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 332. 'Tam mares quam fœminæ gossypinis tunicis et ferarum exuviis vestiebantur ad Mexicanorum normam et quod insolens barbaris, -ideoque Hispanis novum visum, utebantur calceis atque ocreis quæ è +ideoque Hispanis novum visum, utebantur calceis atque ocreis quæ è ferarum tergoribus et taurino corio consuta erant. Fœminis capillus bene -pexus et elegantur erat dispositus, nec ullo præterea velamine caput tegebant.' +pexus et elegantur erat dispositus, nec ullo præterea velamine caput tegebant.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 311; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, pp. 99, 101; <i>Dragoon -Camp.</i>, p. 153; <i>Warden</i>, <i>Recherches</i>, pp. 79, 80; <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, +Camp.</i>, p. 153; <i>Warden</i>, <i>Recherches</i>, pp. 79, 80; <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., p. 299; <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25, 31, 91; <i>Revista Cientifica</i>, tom. i., p. 162; <i>Horn's Captivity</i>, p. 22; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 25, 29, 45; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 450; <i>Cremony's -Apaches</i>, p. 15; <i>Larenaudière</i>, <i>Mex. et Guat.</i>, p. 147, plate; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles +Apaches</i>, p. 15; <i>Larenaudière</i>, <i>Mex. et Guat.</i>, p. 147, plate; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 252, 272, 273; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, -p. 216, and <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, p. 243; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. iv., p. 127; <i>Wislizenus' Tour</i>, p. 71; <i>Parker</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. +p. 216, and <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, p. 243; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, +<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. iv., p. 127; <i>Wislizenus' Tour</i>, p. 71; <i>Parker</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. 109; <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de Chihuahua</i>, p. 230; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. ii., pp. 38, 310, 312; <i>Foster's Pre-Hist. Races</i>, p. 228; <i>Hartmann and Millard</i>, <i>Texas</i>, p. 110; <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Jour.</i>, pp. 134, 135; <i>Maillard</i>, <i>Hist. Tex.</i>, -p. 240, <i>Jaramillo</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 372, 377; -<i>Castaño de Soza</i>, in <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. iv., p. 331; <i>Houstoun's +p. 240, <i>Jaramillo</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 372, 377; +<i>Castaño de Soza</i>, in <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. iv., p. 331; <i>Houstoun's Tex.</i>, p. 227; <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. iii., p. 184; <i>Farnham's Trav.</i>, p. 32; <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. ii., p. 133; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 24.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_665" id="Footnote_665" href="#FNanchor_665"><span class="label">[665]</span></a> The Apaches 'rarely remain more than a week in any one locality.' -<i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 240. 'Cette nation étant nomade et toujours à la poursuite -du gibier.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. p. 133; +<i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 240. 'Cette nation étant nomade et toujours à la poursuite +du gibier.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. p. 133; <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 266; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 44; <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 212; <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 202; <i>Backus</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, vol. iv., p. 213; <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, vol. iv., p. 89; <i>Bailey</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, @@ -39061,23 +39021,23 @@ third gives them a low oval shape.' <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 10 Other tribes make their lodges in a different way, by a knowledge of which circumstance, travelers are able to discover on arriving at a deserted camp whether it belongs to a hostile or friendly tribe. <i>Parker's Notes on Texas</i>, p. -213; <i>Hartmann and Millard</i>, <i>Texas</i>, p. 110; <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, +213; <i>Hartmann and Millard</i>, <i>Texas</i>, p. 110; <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, tom. v., p. 315.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_667" id="Footnote_667" href="#FNanchor_667"><span class="label">[667]</span></a> 'Sus chozas ó jacales son circulares, hechas de ramas de los árboles, cubiertas -con pieles de caballos, vacas, ó cíbolos.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_667" id="Footnote_667" href="#FNanchor_667"><span class="label">[667]</span></a> 'Sus chozas ó jacales son circulares, hechas de ramas de los árboles, cubiertas +con pieles de caballos, vacas, ó cÃbolos.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 371. 'I did expect ... to find that the Navajos had other and better habitations than the conical, pole, brush, and mud lodge.' <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 77. 'The Camanches make their lodges by placing poles in the ground in a circle and tying the tops together.' <i>Parker's Notes on Texas</i>, p. 213. Huts are only temporary, conical, of sticks. <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 289. 'Sie bestanden einfach aus grossen Lauben von Cedernzweigen, -deren Wölbung auf starken Pfählen ruhte, und von Aussen theilweise -mit Erde, Lehm, und Steinen bedeckt war.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die +deren Wölbung auf starken Pfählen ruhte, und von Aussen theilweise +mit Erde, Lehm, und Steinen bedeckt war.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 15, 220-233. 'Un grand nombre de forme ronde.' -<i>Jaramillo</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 379. 'Their lodges -are rectangular.' <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 194; <i>Ives' Colorado River</i>, p. 100; <i>Figuier's Hum. +<i>Jaramillo</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 379. 'Their lodges +are rectangular.' <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, +<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 194; <i>Ives' Colorado River</i>, p. 100; <i>Figuier's Hum. Race</i>, p. 482.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_668" id="Footnote_668" href="#FNanchor_668"><span class="label">[668]</span></a> 'They make them of upright poles a few feet in height ... upon which @@ -39090,23 +39050,23 @@ in diameter at base, the whole being covered with bark or brush and mud. about four or five feet high.' <i>Backus</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 213. 'The Comanches make their lodges ... in a conical shape ... which they cover with buffalo hides.' <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, p. 213. 'Ils habitent sous -des tentes.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., tom. 96, p. 192; <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, p. +des tentes.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., tom. 96, p. 192; <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, p. 414; <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 212; <i>Bent</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, vol. i., p. 243; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., p. 290; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, p. 96; <i>Farnham's -Trav.</i>, p. 32; <i>Mange</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299; <i>Villa-Señor -y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 413; <i>Dufey</i>, <i>Résumé de l'Hist.</i>, tom. i., +Trav.</i>, p. 32; <i>Mange</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299; <i>Villa-Señor +y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 413; <i>Dufey</i>, <i>Résumé de l'Hist.</i>, tom. i., p. 4; <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 279; <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Jour.</i>, p. 131; <i>Dillon</i>, <i>Hist. Mex.</i>, p. 97; <i>Ludecus</i>, <i>Reise</i>, p. 104; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 205; -<i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 352; <i>Emory's Recon.</i>, p. 61; <i>Marcy's Rept.</i>, p. 219; <i>Gallatin</i>, +<i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 352; <i>Emory's Recon.</i>, p. 61; <i>Marcy's Rept.</i>, p. 219; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cli., p. 274; <i>Jaramillo</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 372-9; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan</i>, +<i>Voy.</i>, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 372-9; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan</i>, p. 417; <i>Alarchon</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 431; <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, -p. 239; see also, <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 209; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. +p. 239; see also, <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 209; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 109-115; <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 230; <i>Cordoue</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. x., p. 443; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 301; <i>Brownell's Ind. +<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. x., p. 443; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 301; <i>Brownell's Ind. Races</i>, p. 544; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 336.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_669" id="Footnote_669" href="#FNanchor_669"><span class="label">[669]</span></a> <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18. 'This compels the Navajoes to erect +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_669" id="Footnote_669" href="#FNanchor_669"><span class="label">[669]</span></a> <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18. 'This compels the Navajoes to erect substantial huts of an oval form, the lower portion of the hut being excavated.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 306. 'They live in brush houses, in the winter time, digging a hole in the ground and covering this with a brush @@ -39117,20 +39077,20 @@ roof.' <i>Parker</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1870, p. 130; <i>Hughes' Doniph opening for ingress or egress.' <i>Backus</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 213. The most they do is to build small huts ... with thick poles for the arches and a small door through which a single person can hardly pass. <i>Velasco</i>, -<i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 266. A ranchería of the Cuabajai is described as +<i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 266. A rancherÃa of the Cuabajai is described as 'formada como una grande galeria en una pieza muy larga adornada con arcos de sauz, y cubierta con esteras de tule muy delgadas y bien cocidas; tenia ventanas para la luz y desahogar el humo y dos puertas, una al Oriente -y otra al Poniente, ... á los dos lados de la pieza habia varios cámaras ó -alojamientos para dormir.' <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, pp. 474-5.</p> +y otra al Poniente, ... á los dos lados de la pieza habia varios cámaras ó +alojamientos para dormir.' <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, pp. 474-5.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_671" id="Footnote_671" href="#FNanchor_671"><span class="label">[671]</span></a> 'Some live in caves in the rocks.' <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 289. 'They do not live in houses built of stone as has been repeatedly represented, but in caves, caverns, and fissures of the cliffs.' <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 217. 'Ils habitaient des cavernes et des lieux -souterrains, où ils déposaient leurs récoltes.' <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales +souterrains, où ils déposaient leurs récoltes.' <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 309. Most of the Navajos 'live in houses built -of stone.' <i>Scenes in the Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 180; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 352; <i>Almanza</i>, +of stone.' <i>Scenes in the Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 180; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 352; <i>Almanza</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 825; <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 679; <i>Sanchez</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 93; <i>Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem.</i>, p. 88.</p> @@ -39156,64 +39116,64 @@ and heat them with hot stones.' <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_675" id="Footnote_675" href="#FNanchor_675"><span class="label">[675]</span></a> <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xviii., p. 464; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 23, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_676" id="Footnote_676" href="#FNanchor_676"><span class="label">[676]</span></a> 'Ils sont très-laborieux; ils cultivent les melons, les haricots, et d'autres -légumes; ils récoltent aussi en abondance le maïs.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série -v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Bohnen, Mais, Weizen, feingeriebenes Mehl, Kürbisse -und Melonen.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 385, 396-7. 'The Yumas and other +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_676" id="Footnote_676" href="#FNanchor_676"><span class="label">[676]</span></a> 'Ils sont très-laborieux; ils cultivent les melons, les haricots, et d'autres +légumes; ils récoltent aussi en abondance le maïs.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série +v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Bohnen, Mais, Weizen, feingeriebenes Mehl, Kürbisse +und Melonen.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 385, 396-7. 'The Yumas and other tribes on the Colorado, irrigate their lands, and raise wheat, corn, melons, &c.' <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 263, 180, 181; <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, -p. 81; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 419; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de +p. 81; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 419; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 332; <i>Ives' Colorado River</i>, pp. 60, 67, 70, 73; <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., pp. 117, 128, 129; <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, p. 123; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., pp. 40, 65, 66; <i>Sitgreaves' -Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, pp. 51, 52, 107; <i>Mowry's -Arizona</i>, p. 33; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 91; <i>Mexicanische Zustände</i>, tom. i., p. 64; -<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 111; <i>Champagnac</i>, <i>Voyageur</i>, +Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, pp. 51, 52, 107; <i>Mowry's +Arizona</i>, p. 33; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 91; <i>Mexicanische Zustände</i>, tom. i., p. 64; +<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 111; <i>Champagnac</i>, <i>Voyageur</i>, p. 84; <i>Bent</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. i., p. 243; <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 217; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, pp. 13, 120, in -<i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 349; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles +<i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 349; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 288-9; <i>Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man</i>, vol. ii., p. 567; <i>Farnham's Life in Cal.</i>; <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, p. 411; <i>Clark</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. viii., p. 280; <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25-6.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_677" id="Footnote_677" href="#FNanchor_677"><span class="label">[677]</span></a> 'A small but agreeable nut called the Piñon, grows abundantly in this +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_677" id="Footnote_677" href="#FNanchor_677"><span class="label">[677]</span></a> 'A small but agreeable nut called the Piñon, grows abundantly in this country; and during a period of scarcity, it sometimes constitutes the sole food of the poorer class of natives for many successive weeks.' <i>Backus</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 212. 'Living upon the fruit of the mezquit -and tornilla trees.' <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, pp. 10, 19; <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and +and tornilla trees.' <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, pp. 10, 19; <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 112. 'Tambien tienen para su sustento mescali, que es conserva de raiz de maguey.' <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 31; <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. -212; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, pp. 338; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 147, 331, 350, 396, -397; <i>Cordoue</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. x., p. 446; <i>Castañeda</i>, -in <i>Id.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 53, 54; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 217; <i>Bartlett's +212; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, pp. 338; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 147, 331, 350, 396, +397; <i>Cordoue</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. x., p. 446; <i>Castañeda</i>, +in <i>Id.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 53, 54; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 217; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 234.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_678" id="Footnote_678" href="#FNanchor_678"><span class="label">[678]</span></a> 'The quail and hare of the valley, and the deer and lizards of the plains, together furnish but a scanty supply.' <i>Ehrenberg</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1866, p. 110. 'They ate worms, grasshoppers, and reptiles.' <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman -Girls</i>, pp. 115-116. 'An den dünnen Gurt hatten unsere Besucher noch Ratten, -grosse Eidechsen und Frösche befestigt.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 383. +Girls</i>, pp. 115-116. 'An den dünnen Gurt hatten unsere Besucher noch Ratten, +grosse Eidechsen und Frösche befestigt.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 383. 'Depending upon game and roots for food.' <i>Parker</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1870, -p. 137, and 1869, p. 92. 'Mas para ellos es plato regaladísimo el de ratones -del campo asados ó cocidos y toda especie de insectos.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de -Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 332; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 430; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, pp. +p. 137, and 1869, p. 92. 'Mas para ellos es plato regaladÃsimo el de ratones +del campo asados ó cocidos y toda especie de insectos.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de +Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 332; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 430; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, pp. 419, 473; <i>Figuier's Hum. Race</i>, p. 484; <i>Backus</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 212; <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 297.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_679" id="Footnote_679" href="#FNanchor_679"><span class="label">[679]</span></a> On the Rivers Colorado and Gila. 'Usan de hilo torcido unas redes y otras de varios palitos, que los tuercen y juntan por las puntas, en que forman -á modo de un pequeño barquito para pescar del infinito pescado que +á modo de un pequeño barquito para pescar del infinito pescado que hay en el rio.' <i>Sedelmair</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. The Cajuenches when the produce is insufficient, live on fish. <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 10. The Navajos 'live by raising flocks and herds, instead of hunting and fishing.' <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, p. 411. The Apaches 'no comen pescado alguno, no obstante de lo que abundan sus rios.' <i>Cordero</i>, -in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 375. 'El Apache no come el pescado, +in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 375. 'El Apache no come el pescado, aunque los hay abundantes en sus rios.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 285; <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 123; <i>Stratton's Capt. -Oatman Girls</i>, p. 149; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 373; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, +Oatman Girls</i>, p. 149; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 373; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., pp. 227-8.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_680" id="Footnote_680" href="#FNanchor_680"><span class="label">[680]</span></a> 'They do not make butter and cheese.... Some who own cattle make @@ -39232,8 +39192,8 @@ Spec. Com.</i>, 1867, p. 337; <i>Merriwether</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 185 maize is laid and then reduced to paste.... The paste so formed is then patted between the hands until it assumes a flat, thin and round appearance when it is laid on a hot pan and baked into a tortilla.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, -pp. 145-6. 'Ils récoltent aussi en abondance le maïs dont ils font de tortillas.' -<i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Their meat was boiled with +pp. 145-6. 'Ils récoltent aussi en abondance le maïs dont ils font de tortillas.' +<i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Their meat was boiled with water in a Tusquin (clay kettle) and this meat-mush or soup was the staple of food among them.' <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, pp. 114, 115. 'A large Echino Cactus ... hollowed so as to make a trough. Into this were thrown @@ -39241,10 +39201,10 @@ the soft portions of the pulpy substance which surrounds the heart of the cactus; and to them had been added game and plants gathered from the banks of the creek. Mingled with water, the whole had been cooked by stirring it up with heated stones.' <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 96. -'Ils mangent des pains de maïs cuits sous la cendre, aussi gros que les gros -pains de Castille.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. +'Ils mangent des pains de maïs cuits sous la cendre, aussi gros que les gros +pains de Castille.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 49; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 238; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 63; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. -i., p. 291; <i>Castaño de Soza</i>, in <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. iv., pp. 330-1.</p> +i., p. 291; <i>Castaño de Soza</i>, in <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. iv., pp. 330-1.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_683" id="Footnote_683" href="#FNanchor_683"><span class="label">[683]</span></a> 'The Apaches rely chiefly upon the flesh of the cattle and sheep they can steal ... they are said, however, to be more fond of the meat of the @@ -39253,16 +39213,16 @@ mule than that of any other animal.' <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., pp. Apaches</i>, p. 141. The Jicarilla Apaches: 'the chase is their only means of support.' <i>Carson</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1860, p. 164. 'They live entirely by hunting.' <i>Delgado</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1866, p. 138. 'Die Nahrung der -Apaches besteht hauptsächlich in dem Fleische der Rinder und Schafe ... -doch soll, wie man sagt, Maulthierfleisch ihre Lieblingsspeise sein.' <i>Thümmel</i>, +Apaches besteht hauptsächlich in dem Fleische der Rinder und Schafe ... +doch soll, wie man sagt, Maulthierfleisch ihre Lieblingsspeise sein.' <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 352. 'Ihre besten Leckerbissen sind Pferde und Mauleselfleisch, welches sie braten und dem Rindfleische vorziehen.' <i>Ochs</i>, in <i>Murr</i>, -<i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 289. Their daintiest food is mule and horseflesh. <i>Apostólicos +<i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 289. Their daintiest food is mule and horseflesh. <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, p. 432. 'Anteriormente antes que en la frontera abundase el ganado, uno de sus alimentos era la came del caballo, y la caza de diferentes animales.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, pp. 266-7; <i>Edward's Hist. Texas</i>, p. 95; <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 112; <i>Bartlett's -Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 327; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 187; <i>Stratton's +Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 327; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 187; <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, p. 116; <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. i., p. 580; <i>Armin</i>, <i>Das Heutige Mexiko</i>, p. 282; <i>Stanley's Portraits</i>, p. 57; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 460; <i>Edwards' Campaign</i>, p. 95; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 276; <i>Schoolcraft's @@ -39274,11 +39234,11 @@ p. 452; <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 679.</p> ... who having enveloped himself in an antelope's skin with head, horns and all complete, had gradually crept up to the herd under his disguise.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, pp. 28, 194. 'Se viste de una piel de los mismos -animales, pone sobre su cabeza otra de la clase de los que va á buscar, y armado -de su arco y flechas andando en cuatro piés, procura mezclarse en una -banda da ellos.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 375; <i>García Conde</i>, +animales, pone sobre su cabeza otra de la clase de los que va á buscar, y armado +de su arco y flechas andando en cuatro piés, procura mezclarse en una +banda da ellos.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 375; <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., p. 372; <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 212; <i>Ferry</i>, -<i>Scènes de la Vie Sauvage</i>, p. 262.</p> +<i>Scènes de la Vie Sauvage</i>, p. 262.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_685" id="Footnote_685" href="#FNanchor_685"><span class="label">[685]</span></a> 'They always asked if we had bear on the table, for they wished to avoid it.... I found they had some superstitious prejudice against it.' <i>Bartlett's @@ -39287,10 +39247,10 @@ panther meat, but seldom touch that of the bear.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 2 'Tambien matan para comer osos.' <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 25. The Navajoes 'never kill bears or rattlesnakes unless attacked.' <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 291. 'Sie verehren -den Bären, der nie von ihnen getödtet wird, und dessen Fleisch zu essen sie -sich scheuen. Schweinefleisch verschmähen sie desgleichen; beim iärgsten -Hunger können sie es nicht über sich gewinnen, davon zu kosten.' <i>Armin</i>, -<i>Das Heutige Mexiko</i>, p. 278; <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 370.</p> +den Bären, der nie von ihnen getödtet wird, und dessen Fleisch zu essen sie +sich scheuen. Schweinefleisch verschmähen sie desgleichen; beim iärgsten +Hunger können sie es nicht über sich gewinnen, davon zu kosten.' <i>Armin</i>, +<i>Das Heutige Mexiko</i>, p. 278; <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 370.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_686" id="Footnote_686" href="#FNanchor_686"><span class="label">[686]</span></a> 'The Northern and Middle Comanches ... subsist almost exclusively upon the flesh of the buffalo, and are known among the Indians as buffalo-eaters.' @@ -39302,19 +39262,19 @@ Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 180. 'Acknowledge their entire ignorance of even the rudest methods of agriculture.' <i>Baylor</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1856, p. 177; <i>Bent</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. i., p. 244; <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 575; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 103, and <i>Froebel's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 268; <i>Combier</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, p. 292; <i>French's Hist. Coll. La.</i>, pt. ii., p. 155; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, +<i>Voy.</i>, p. 292; <i>French's Hist. Coll. La.</i>, pt. ii., p. 155; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 115; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, pp. 214-16, 307; <i>Figuier's Hum. Race</i>, p. 480; -<i>Ludecus</i>, <i>Reise</i>, p. 104; <i>Dragoon Camp.</i>, p. 153; <i>Foote's Texas</i>, p. 298; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, -<i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 192; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 21; <i>Domenech</i>, +<i>Ludecus</i>, <i>Reise</i>, p. 104; <i>Dragoon Camp.</i>, p. 153; <i>Foote's Texas</i>, p. 298; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, +<i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 192; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 21; <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Jour.</i>, p. 469; <i>Kennedy's Texas</i>, vol. i., p. 345; <i>Holley's Texas</i>, p. 153; <i>Dufey</i>, -<i>Résumé</i>, tom. i., p. 4; <i>Dewees' Texas</i>, p. 233; <i>Frost's Ind. Battles</i>, p. 385.</p> +<i>Résumé</i>, tom. i., p. 4; <i>Dewees' Texas</i>, p. 233; <i>Frost's Ind. Battles</i>, p. 385.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_687" id="Footnote_687" href="#FNanchor_687"><span class="label">[687]</span></a> 'Luego que los cíbolos echan á huir, los cazadores sin apresurarlos demasiado -los persiguen á un galope corto, que van activando mas y mas hasta +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_687" id="Footnote_687" href="#FNanchor_687"><span class="label">[687]</span></a> 'Luego que los cÃbolos echan á huir, los cazadores sin apresurarlos demasiado +los persiguen á un galope corto, que van activando mas y mas hasta que rompen en carrera ... el indio sin cesar de correr, dispara su arco en todas direcciones, y va sembrando el campo de reses.... Las indias al mismo tiempo van dessollando cada una de aquellas reses, recogiendo la piel y la -carne.' <i>Revista Científica</i>, tom. i., pp. 165-6. 'At a suitable distance from +carne.' <i>Revista CientÃfica</i>, tom. i., pp. 165-6. 'At a suitable distance from their prey they divide into two squadrons, one half taking to the right, and the other to the left, and thus surround it.' <i>Edward's Hist. Tex.</i>, p. 108; <i>French's Hist. Coll. La.</i>, pt. ii., p. 155; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. ii., pp. 214-216. @@ -39324,12 +39284,12 @@ only after capturing it with the lasso.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_688" id="Footnote_688" href="#FNanchor_688"><span class="label">[688]</span></a> 'When any game was killed, the Indians would tear out the heart, liver, and entrails, and eat them raw.' <i>Frost's Ind. Battles</i>, p. 385. 'Ces Indiens se nourissent de viande crue et boivent du sang.... Ils coupent la viande en -tranches très-minces et la font sécher au soleil; ils la réduisent ensuite en -poudre pour la conserver.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., +tranches très-minces et la font sécher au soleil; ils la réduisent ensuite en +poudre pour la conserver.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 190-1. 'They "jerked" or dried the meat and made the pemmican.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 18. 'Comen las criadillas crudas, recogiendo la -sangre que corre del cuerpo con unas tutundas ó jicaras, se la beben caliente.' -<i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 528; <i>Farnham's Trav.</i>, p. 32; <i>Horn's +sangre que corre del cuerpo con unas tutundas ó jicaras, se la beben caliente.' +<i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 528; <i>Farnham's Trav.</i>, p. 32; <i>Horn's Captivity</i>, pp. 16, 23; <i>Kennedy's Texas</i>, vol. i., p. 345.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_689" id="Footnote_689" href="#FNanchor_689"><span class="label">[689]</span></a> 'At one time their larder is overstocked and they gorge themselves to repletion.' @@ -39347,14 +39307,14 @@ cleanliness is universal—a shirt being worn until it will no longer hang t and it would be difficult to tell the original color.' <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 290. 'They are fond of bathing in the summer, ... but nothing can induce them to wash themselves in winter.' <i>Cremony's -Apaches</i>, p. 302. They give off very unpleasant odors. <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen +Apaches</i>, p. 302. They give off very unpleasant odors. <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 307. 'They seem to have a natural antipathy against water, considered as the means of cleansing the body ... water is only used by them in extreme cases; for instance, when the vermin become too thick on their heads, they then go through an operation of covering the head with mud, which after some time is washed out.' <i>Dodt</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1870, p. 130; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, 108; <i>Backus</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, -vol. iv., p. 214; <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, p. 203; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, +vol. iv., p. 214; <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, p. 203; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 470.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_691" id="Footnote_691" href="#FNanchor_691"><span class="label">[691]</span></a> 'They defecate promiscuously near their huts; they leave offal of every @@ -39363,55 +39323,55 @@ character, dead animals and dead skins, close in the vicinity of their huts.' <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 380.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_692" id="Footnote_692" href="#FNanchor_692"><span class="label">[692]</span></a> The Mojave 'arms are the bow and arrow, the spear and the club.' -<i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18. 'Armed with bows and arrows.' <i>Fremont and +<i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18. 'Armed with bows and arrows.' <i>Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav.</i>, p. 39. The Querechos 'use the bow and arrow, lance and shield.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 19, 23. 'The Apache will invariably add his bow and arrows to his personal armament.' <i>Cremony's -Apaches</i>, pp. 15, 75-6, 103, 189. 'Neben Bogen und Pfeilen führen sie noch -sehr lange Lanzen.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 230. 'They use the bow and arrow +Apaches</i>, pp. 15, 75-6, 103, 189. 'Neben Bogen und Pfeilen führen sie noch +sehr lange Lanzen.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 230. 'They use the bow and arrow and spear.' <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 293. 'Armed with bows and arrows, and the lance.' <i>Backus</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 214. For colored lithograph of weapons see <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 50, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. 'El armamento de los apaches se -componen de lanza, arco y flechas.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. -372. 'Las armas de los apaches son fusil, flechas y lanza.' <i>García Conde</i>, +componen de lanza, arco y flechas.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. +372. 'Las armas de los apaches son fusil, flechas y lanza.' <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 315. 'Los Yumas son Indios ... de malas armas, muchos no llevan arco, y si lo llevan es mal dispuesto, y con -dos ó tres flechas.' <i>Garces</i>, in <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 419; <i>Sedelmair</i>, +dos ó tres flechas.' <i>Garces</i>, in <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 419; <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de -Jesus</i>, tom. iii., p. 111; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 399; <i>Parker's +Jesus</i>, tom. iii., p. 111; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 399; <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, p. 190; <i>Drew</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. 105; <i>Odin</i>, in <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Jour.</i>, p. 450; <i>Wislizenus' Tour</i>, p. 71; <i>Dewees' Texas</i>, p. 233; <i>Holley's Texas</i>, p. 153; <i>Brownell's Ind. Races</i>, p. 543; <i>Dragoon Camp.</i>, p. 153; <i>Moore's Texas</i>, -p. 33; <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. ii., p. 602; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., +p. 33; <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. ii., p. 602; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 421; <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, p. 82; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 224; <i>Brantz-Mayer's -Mex., Aztec, etc.</i>, vol. ii., p. 123; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 444; <i>Peters' Life +Mex., Aztec, etc.</i>, vol. ii., p. 123; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 444; <i>Peters' Life of Carson</i>, p. 452; <i>Cutts' Conq. of Cal.</i>, p. 185; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., pp. -328-9, 451; <i>Pagés' Travels</i>, vol. i., p. 107; <i>Linati</i>, <i>Costumes</i>, plate xxii.; <i>Armin</i>, -<i>Das Heutige Mexiko</i>, p. 274; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Mormonenmädchen</i>, tom. ii., p. 152; +328-9, 451; <i>Pagés' Travels</i>, vol. i., p. 107; <i>Linati</i>, <i>Costumes</i>, plate xxii.; <i>Armin</i>, +<i>Das Heutige Mexiko</i>, p. 274; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Mormonenmädchen</i>, tom. ii., p. 152; <i>Figuier's Hum. Race</i>, pp. 480-2, with cut.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_693" id="Footnote_693" href="#FNanchor_693"><span class="label">[693]</span></a> 'Their weapons of war are the spear or lance, the bow, and the laso.' <i>Hughes' Doniphan's Ex.</i>, p. 173.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_694" id="Footnote_694" href="#FNanchor_694"><span class="label">[694]</span></a> Among 'their arms of offence' is 'what is called Macána, a short club, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_694" id="Footnote_694" href="#FNanchor_694"><span class="label">[694]</span></a> Among 'their arms of offence' is 'what is called Macána, a short club, like a round wooden mallet, which is used in close quarters.' <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 373. 'War clubs were prepared in abundance.' <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman -Girls</i>, p. 176. Die Apachen 'nur Bogen, Pfeile und Keulen.' <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, +Girls</i>, p. 176. Die Apachen 'nur Bogen, Pfeile und Keulen.' <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 444. 'Their clubs are of mezquite wood (a species of acacia) three or four feet long.' <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 108. 'Ils n'ont d'autre arme qu'un grand croc et une massue.' -<i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Arma sunt ... oblongi lignei +<i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Arma sunt ... oblongi lignei gladii multis acutis silicibus utrimque muniti.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 311. 'Sus Armas son Flechas, y Macanas.' <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. -681. Among the Comanches: 'Leur massue est une queue de buffle à l'extrémité -de laquelle ils insèrent une boule en pierre on en métal.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, -<i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 193; <i>Mowry</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1857, p. 302.</p> - -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_695" id="Footnote_695" href="#FNanchor_695"><span class="label">[695]</span></a> 'Mit vierstreifigen Strickschleudern bewaffnet.' <i>Mexikanische Zustände</i>, -tom. i., p. 64. 'Sie fechten mit Lanzen, Büchsen, Pfeilen und Tamahaks.' -<i>Ludecus</i>, <i>Reise</i>, p. 104. 'Une petite hache en silex.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série -v., No. 96, p. 193; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., p. 539; <i>Treasury of Trav.</i>, +681. Among the Comanches: 'Leur massue est une queue de buffle à l'extrémité +de laquelle ils insèrent une boule en pierre on en métal.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, +<i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 193; <i>Mowry</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1857, p. 302.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_695" id="Footnote_695" href="#FNanchor_695"><span class="label">[695]</span></a> 'Mit vierstreifigen Strickschleudern bewaffnet.' <i>Mexikanische Zustände</i>, +tom. i., p. 64. 'Sie fechten mit Lanzen, Büchsen, Pfeilen und Tamahaks.' +<i>Ludecus</i>, <i>Reise</i>, p. 104. 'Une petite hache en silex.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série +v., No. 96, p. 193; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., p. 539; <i>Treasury of Trav.</i>, p. 31; <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de Chihuahua</i>, p. 230; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 272.</p> @@ -39425,21 +39385,21 @@ at points by a wrapping of sinew ... which are joined by a sinew string.' feet in length ... and is covered on the back with a kind of fibrous tissue.' <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 293. The Yuma 'bow is made of willow.' <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 108. -'Langen Bogen von Weidenholz.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., +'Langen Bogen von Weidenholz.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 124. Apaches: 'the bow forms two semicircles, with a shoulder in the middle; the back of it is entirely covered with sinews, which are laid on ... by the use of some glutinous substance.' <i>Pike's Explor. Trav.</i>, p. 338. 'Los -tamaños de estas armas son differentes, segun las parcialidades que las usan.' -<i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 372; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 360; -<i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 453; <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, +tamaños de estas armas son differentes, segun las parcialidades que las usan.' +<i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 372; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 360; +<i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 453; <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 98; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, pp. 117, 149; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 450.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_697" id="Footnote_697" href="#FNanchor_697"><span class="label">[697]</span></a> The Apaches: 'Tous portaient au poignet gauche le bracelet de cuir ... -Ce bracelet de cuir est une espèce de paumelle qui entoure la main gauche, ... -Le premier sert à amortir le coup de fouet de la corde de l'arc quand il -se détend, la seconde empêche les pennes de la flèche de déchirer la peau de -la main.' <i>Ferry</i>, <i>Scènes de la vie Sauvage</i>, p. 256. 'With a leather bracelet +Ce bracelet de cuir est une espèce de paumelle qui entoure la main gauche, ... +Le premier sert à amortir le coup de fouet de la corde de l'arc quand il +se détend, la seconde empêche les pennes de la flèche de déchirer la peau de +la main.' <i>Ferry</i>, <i>Scènes de la vie Sauvage</i>, p. 256. 'With a leather bracelet on one wrist and a bow and quiver of arrows form the general outfit.' <i>Smart</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 418.</p> @@ -39453,8 +39413,8 @@ extremity.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 24. The Apache 'arrows are quite long, very rarely pointed with flint, usually with iron. The feather upon the arrow is placed or bound down with fine sinew in threes, instead of twos.... The arrow-shaft is usually made of some pithy wood, generally a species of -yucca.' <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 209. 'Sagittæ acutis silicibus -asperatæ.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 311. 'Arrows were ... pointed with a head +yucca.' <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 209. 'Sagittæ acutis silicibus +asperatæ.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 311. 'Arrows were ... pointed with a head of stone. Some were of white quartz or agate, and others of obsidian.' <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 98. The Tonto 'arrows ... are three feet long ... the cane is winged with four strips of feather, held in place by @@ -39462,28 +39422,28 @@ threads of sinew ... which bears on its free end an elongated triangular piece o quartz, flint, or rarely iron.' <i>Smart</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 418. The Lipan arrows 'have four straight flutings; the Comanches make two straight black flutings and two red spiral ones.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 270; -<i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18; <i>Tempsky's Mitla</i>, p. 82; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 276; -<i>Conder's Mex. Guat.</i>, vol. ii., p. 76; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 360; <i>Möllhausen</i>, -<i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. iv., p. 31; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 149.</p> +<i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. 18; <i>Tempsky's Mitla</i>, p. 82; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 276; +<i>Conder's Mex. Guat.</i>, vol. ii., p. 76; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 360; <i>Möllhausen</i>, +<i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. iv., p. 31; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 149.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_699" id="Footnote_699" href="#FNanchor_699"><span class="label">[699]</span></a> The Apache 'quivers are usually made of deer-skin, with the hair turned inside or outside, and sometimes of the skin of the wild-cat, with the tail appended.' <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 210. 'Quiver of sheep-skin.' <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 461. 'Quiver of fresh-cut -reeds.' <i>Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav.</i>, p. 39. 'Un carcax ó bolsa -de piel de leopardo en lo general.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. +reeds.' <i>Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav.</i>, p. 39. 'Un carcax ó bolsa +de piel de leopardo en lo general.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 373; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 31, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>Tempsky's Mitla</i>, p. 80.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_700" id="Footnote_700" href="#FNanchor_700"><span class="label">[700]</span></a> 'The spear is eight or ten feet in length, including the point, which is about eighteen inches long, and also made of iron.' <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 293. Should the Apaches possess any useless firearms, -'generalmente vienen á darles nuevo uso, haciendo de ellas lanzas, cuchillos, -lengüetas de flechas.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 372. 'La -lanza la usan muy larga.' <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. +'generalmente vienen á darles nuevo uso, haciendo de ellas lanzas, cuchillos, +lengüetas de flechas.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 372. 'La +lanza la usan muy larga.' <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 315. 'Lance of fifteen feet in length.' <i>Pike's Explor. Trav.</i>, p. 338; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 276; <i>Holley's Texas</i>, p. 153; <i>Cutts' Conq. of Cal.</i>, p. 242; <i>Revista -Científica</i>, tom. i., p. 162; <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, p. 195; <i>Pattie's Pers. +CientÃfica</i>, tom. i., p. 162; <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, p. 195; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 298.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_701" id="Footnote_701" href="#FNanchor_701"><span class="label">[701]</span></a> The Comanche 'shield was round ... made of wicker-work, covered @@ -39492,11 +39452,11 @@ first with deer skins and then a tough piece of raw buffalo-hide drawn over, ... for the arm were pieces of cotton cloth twisted into a rope.' <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, p. 195. 'En el brazo izquierdo llevaba el chimal, que es un escudo ovalado, cubierto todo de plumas, espejos, chaquiras y adornos de -paño encarnado.' <i>Revista Científica</i>, tom. i., p. 162. Their shield 'is generally +paño encarnado.' <i>Revista CientÃfica</i>, tom. i., p. 162. Their shield 'is generally painted a bright yellow.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 268. 'Shield of circular form, covered with two thicknesses of hard, undressed buffalo hide, ... stuffed with hair ... a rifle-ball will not penetrate it unless it strikes perpendicular -to the surface.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 24-5; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Flüchtling</i>, +to the surface.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 24-5; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. iv., p. 31; <i>Tempsky's Mitla</i>, p. 80. A 'Navajo shield ... with an image of a demon painted on one side ... border of red cloth, ... trimmed with feathers.' <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 454; <i>Linati</i>, <i>Costumes</i>, @@ -39507,32 +39467,32 @@ with a chance of successful ambush, the Apache never shows himself.' <i>Cremony' Apaches</i>, pp. 79, 189. 'Attacking only when their numbers, and a well-laid ambush, promise a certainty of success.' <i>Smart</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 419. 'Colocan de antemano una emboscada.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y -Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 375; <i>Parker</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, pp. 221-3, 256; +Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 375; <i>Parker</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, pp. 221-3, 256; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 4; <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 47; <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, p. 107; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 276; <i>Soc. -Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 186; <i>Davis</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1868, p. +Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 186; <i>Davis</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1868, p. 161.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_703" id="Footnote_703" href="#FNanchor_703"><span class="label">[703]</span></a> 'Salen ... generalmente divididos en pequeñas partidas para ocultar +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_703" id="Footnote_703" href="#FNanchor_703"><span class="label">[703]</span></a> 'Salen ... generalmente divididos en pequeñas partidas para ocultar mejor sus rastros.... Es imponderable la velocidad con que huyen despues -que han ejecutado un crecido robo ... las montañas que encumbran, los desiertos -sin agua que atraviesan.' <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. +que han ejecutado un crecido robo ... las montañas que encumbran, los desiertos +sin agua que atraviesan.' <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 316. 'They steal upon their enemies under the cover of night.' <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 107; <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, -p. 303; <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, p. 83; <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, p. -434; <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 375-6; <i>Browne's Apache +p. 303; <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, p. 83; <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, p. +434; <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 375-6; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, p. 279; <i>Figuier's Hum. Race</i>, p. 480; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 276.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_704" id="Footnote_704" href="#FNanchor_704"><span class="label">[704]</span></a> 'La practica, que observan para avisarse los unos à los otros ... es levantar -humaredas.' <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 394. 'Smokes are +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_704" id="Footnote_704" href="#FNanchor_704"><span class="label">[704]</span></a> 'La practica, que observan para avisarse los unos à los otros ... es levantar +humaredas.' <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 394. 'Smokes are of various kinds, each one significant of a particular object.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, pp. 183-4. 'In token of retreate sounded on a certaine small trumpet ... made fires, and were answered againe afarre off ... to giue their fellowes vnderstanding, how wee marched and where we arriued.' <i>Coronado</i>, in -<i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, tom. iii., p. 376; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. ii., p. 157; <i>Smart</i>, +<i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, tom. iii., p. 376; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. ii., p. 157; <i>Smart</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 419.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_705" id="Footnote_705" href="#FNanchor_705"><span class="label">[705]</span></a> 'La suma crueldad con que tratan á los vencidos atenaccandolos vivos +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_705" id="Footnote_705" href="#FNanchor_705"><span class="label">[705]</span></a> 'La suma crueldad con que tratan á los vencidos atenaccandolos vivos y comiendose los pedazos de la carne que la arrancan.' <i>Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS.</i>, p. 4. 'Their savage and blood-thirsty natures experience a real pleasure in tormenting their victim.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 266. 'Hang @@ -39540,18 +39500,18 @@ their victims by the heels to a tree and put a slow fire under their head.' <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, pp. 201, 93, 96. Among the Navajos, 'Captives taken in their forays are usually treated kindly.' <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 295. 'Ils scalpent avec la corde de leur arc, en la -tournant rapidement autour de la tête de leur victime.' <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, +tournant rapidement autour de la tête de leur victime.' <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, p. 82; <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 303; <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, pp. 114-118, 138, 149, 218; <i>Farnham's Trav.</i>, p. 32; <i>Graves</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, -1854, p. 180; <i>Labadi</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1862, p. 247; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de -la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 453; <i>Scenes in the Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 180; <i>Stone</i>, in <i>Hist. +1854, p. 180; <i>Labadi</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1862, p. 247; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de +la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 453; <i>Scenes in the Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 180; <i>Stone</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. v., p. 167; <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 212; <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 10; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 118.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_706" id="Footnote_706" href="#FNanchor_706"><span class="label">[706]</span></a> <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 216; <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 114.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_707" id="Footnote_707" href="#FNanchor_707"><span class="label">[707]</span></a> 'Obran en la guerra con mas táctica que los apaches.' <i>García Conde</i>, in +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_707" id="Footnote_707" href="#FNanchor_707"><span class="label">[707]</span></a> 'Obran en la guerra con mas táctica que los apaches.' <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 318. 'A young man is never considered worthy to occupy a seat in council until he has encountered an enemy in battle.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 34; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 22; <i>Domenech</i>, @@ -39572,7 +39532,7 @@ ii., pp. 312-13; <i>Dewees' Texas</i>, p. 234; <i>Shepard's Land of the Aztecs</ <i>Ludecus</i>, <i>Reise</i>, p. 104.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_710" id="Footnote_710" href="#FNanchor_710"><span class="label">[710]</span></a> 'Ils tuent tous les prisonniers adultes, et ne laissent vivre que les enfants, -qu'ils élèvent avec soin pour s'en servir comme d'esclaves.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai +qu'ils élèvent avec soin pour s'en servir comme d'esclaves.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 290. 'Invariably kill such men as offer the slightest impediment to their operations, and take women and children prisoners.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 24, 54. 'Prisoners of war belong to the captors.' <i>Burnet</i>, in @@ -39589,9 +39549,9 @@ received some presents.' <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. ii., p. 39.</p> the preparation of food being shallow basins of closely netted straw. They carried water in pitchers of the same material, but they were matted all over with a pitch.' <i>Smart</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 419. 'Aus Binsen und -Weiden geflochtene Gefässe, mitunter auch einige aus Thon geformte;' ... by +Weiden geflochtene Gefässe, mitunter auch einige aus Thon geformte;' ... by the door stood 'ein breiter Stein ... auf welchem mittelst eines kleineren die -Mehlfrüchte zerrieben wurden.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 396, 404. 'Panniers +Mehlfrüchte zerrieben wurden.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 396, 404. 'Panniers of wicker-work, for holding provisions, are generally carried on the horse by the women.' <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 210; <i>Neighbors</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. ii., p. 129. 'Their only implements are sticks.' <i>Greene</i>, @@ -39602,15 +39562,15 @@ in diameter in the greatest swell; very thin, light, and well formed.' <i>Hardy' Trav.</i>, p. 338. 'Nets wrought with the bark of the willow.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 220; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, p. 200. 'Tienen mucha loza de las coloradas, y pintadas y negras, platos, caxetes, saleros; almofias, -xicaras muy galanas: alguna de la loza está vidriada. Tienen mucho apercibimiento -de leña, é de madera, para hacer sus casas, en tal manera, á lo -que nos dieron á entender, que cuando uno queria hacer casa, tiene aquella -madera allí de puesto para el efecto, y hay mucha cantidad. Tiene dos -guaxexes á los lados del pueblo, que le sirven para se bañar, porque de otros -ojos de agua, á tiro de arcabuz, beben y se sirven. A un cuarto de legua -va el rio Salado, que decimos, por donde fué nuestro camino, aunque el agua -salada se pierde de muchas leguas atrás.' <i>Castaño de Sosa</i>, in <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. -Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. iv., p. 331; <i>Taylor</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>Feb. 14th, 1862</i>; <i>Browne's +xicaras muy galanas: alguna de la loza está vidriada. Tienen mucho apercibimiento +de leña, é de madera, para hacer sus casas, en tal manera, á lo +que nos dieron á entender, que cuando uno queria hacer casa, tiene aquella +madera allà de puesto para el efecto, y hay mucha cantidad. Tiene dos +guaxexes á los lados del pueblo, que le sirven para se bañar, porque de otros +ojos de agua, á tiro de arcabuz, beben y se sirven. A un cuarto de legua +va el rio Salado, que decimos, por donde fué nuestro camino, aunque el agua +salada se pierde de muchas leguas atrás.' <i>Castaño de Sosa</i>, in <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. +Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. iv., p. 331; <i>Taylor</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>Feb. 14th, 1862</i>; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, p. 200. 'Their only means of farming are sharpened sticks.' <i>Colyer</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1871, p. 50.</p> @@ -39635,21 +39595,21 @@ the front than on a Mexican saddle. The bit of the bridle has a ring attached to it, through which the lower jaw is partly thrust, and a powerful pressure is exerted by this means when the reins are tightened.' <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 292. 'Sa selle est faite de deux rouleaux de -paille reliés par une courroie et maintenus par une sangle de cuir.' <i>Lachapelle</i>, +paille reliés par une courroie et maintenus par une sangle de cuir.' <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, p. 82; <i>Tempsky's Mitla</i>, p. 80. The Navajos have -'aus zähem Eschenholz gefertigten Sattelbogen.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. +'aus zähem Eschenholz gefertigten Sattelbogen.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Flüchtling</i>, tom. iv., p. 39.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_716" id="Footnote_716" href="#FNanchor_716"><span class="label">[716]</span></a> 'Das Netz war weitmaschig, aus feinen, aber sehr starken Bastfäden -geflochten, vier Fuss hoch, und ungefähr dreissig Fuss lang. Von vier zu -vier Fuss befanden sich lange Stäbe an demselben, mittelst welcher es im +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_716" id="Footnote_716" href="#FNanchor_716"><span class="label">[716]</span></a> 'Das Netz war weitmaschig, aus feinen, aber sehr starken Bastfäden +geflochten, vier Fuss hoch, und ungefähr dreissig Fuss lang. Von vier zu +vier Fuss befanden sich lange Stäbe an demselben, mittelst welcher es im Wasser, zugleich aber auch auf dem Boden und aufrecht gehalten wurde.' -<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 227; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., +<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 227; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 220.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_717" id="Footnote_717" href="#FNanchor_717"><span class="label">[717]</span></a> 'El apache para sacar lumbre, usa ... un pedazo de sosole y otro de lechuguilla bien secos. Al primero le forman una punta, lo que frotan con -la segunda con cuanta velocidad pueden á la manera del ejercicio de nuestros +la segunda con cuanta velocidad pueden á la manera del ejercicio de nuestros molinillos para hacer el chocolate: luego que ambos palos se calientan con la frotacion, se encienden y producen el fuego.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 282.</p> @@ -39704,11 +39664,11 @@ of black sheep, blue by dissolving indigo in fermented urine, and yellow is said to be by coloring with a particular flower.' <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 291. The women 'welche sich in der Wahl der Farben und der Zusammenstellung von bunten Streifen und phantastischen Figuren in -dem Gewebe gegenseitig zu übertreffen suchen. Ursprünglich trugen die +dem Gewebe gegenseitig zu übertreffen suchen. Ursprünglich trugen die Decken nur die verschiedenen Farben der Schafe in breiten Streifen, doch -seit die Navahoes farbige, wollene Stoffe von Neu-Mexiko beziehen können, -verschaffen sie sich solche, um sie in Fäden aufzulösen, und diese dann -zu ihrer eigenen Weberei zu verwenden.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, +seit die Navahoes farbige, wollene Stoffe von Neu-Mexiko beziehen können, +verschaffen sie sich solche, um sie in Fäden aufzulösen, und diese dann +zu ihrer eigenen Weberei zu verwenden.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., p. 235; <i>Ruxton's Adven. Mex.</i>, p. 195.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_724" id="Footnote_724" href="#FNanchor_724"><span class="label">[724]</span></a> 'Ils (the Apaches) travaillent bien les cuirs, font de belles brides.' @@ -39724,7 +39684,7 @@ also manufacture ... a coarse woolen cloth with which they clothe themselves.' <i>Clark</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. viii., p. 280; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 403, vol. ii., pp. 244-5. 'The Navajoes raise no cotton.' <i>Backus</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 212. 'Sie sind noch immer in einigen Baumwollengeweben -ausgezeichnet.' <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 349. 'These people (the inhabitants +ausgezeichnet.' <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 349. 'These people (the inhabitants of Arizona in 1540) had cotton, but they were not very carefull to vse the same: because there was none among them that knew the arte of weauing, and to make apparel thereof.' <i>Alarchon</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. @@ -39747,29 +39707,29 @@ gum arabic, and then baking it. Much of the ancient pottery from the Colorado Chiquito is colored, the prevailing tints being white, black, and red.' <i>Foster's Pre-Hist. Races</i>, p. 250; <i>Ruxton's Adven. Mex.</i>, p. 195. The Yampais had 'some admirably made baskets of so close a texture as to hold water; a -wicker jar coated with pine tree gum.' <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi. Ex.</i>, p. 10; <i>Bent</i>, in +wicker jar coated with pine tree gum.' <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi. Ex.</i>, p. 10; <i>Bent</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. i., p. 243.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_726" id="Footnote_726" href="#FNanchor_726"><span class="label">[726]</span></a> <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, p. 286. 'In regard to the manufacture of plumage, or feather-work, they certainly display a greater fondness for decorations of this sort than any Indians we have seen.... I saw no exhibition of -it in the way of embroidery.' <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 79; <i>Thümmel</i>, +it in the way of embroidery.' <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 79; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 349.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_727" id="Footnote_727" href="#FNanchor_727"><span class="label">[727]</span></a> 'Mines d'argent exploitées par les Comanches, qui en tirent des ornements +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_727" id="Footnote_727" href="#FNanchor_727"><span class="label">[727]</span></a> 'Mines d'argent exploitées par les Comanches, qui en tirent des ornements pour eux et pour leurs chevaux, ainsi que des balles pour leurs fusils.' <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Jour.</i>, p. 132.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_728" id="Footnote_728" href="#FNanchor_728"><span class="label">[728]</span></a> The Mescaleros had 'a raft of bulrush or cane, floated and supported by some twenty or thirty hollow pumpkins fastened together.' <i>Hutchings' Cal. Mag.</i>, vol. iii., p. 56. The Yumas had 'batteaus which could hold 200 -or 300 pounds weight.' <i>Id.</i>, vol. iv., p. 546. The Mojaves had 'Flössen, die -von Binsen-Bündeln zusammengefügt waren (die einzige Art von Fahrzeug, -welche ich bei den Bewohnern des Colorado-Thales bemerkte).' <i>Möllhausen</i>, +or 300 pounds weight.' <i>Id.</i>, vol. iv., p. 546. The Mojaves had 'Flössen, die +von Binsen-Bündeln zusammengefügt waren (die einzige Art von Fahrzeug, +welche ich bei den Bewohnern des Colorado-Thales bemerkte).' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 401. 'Merely bundles of rushes placed side by side, and securely bound together with willow twigs ... their owners paddled them about with considerable dexterity.' <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 117, -and plate. <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., pp. 238, 254; <i>Ives' Colorado +and plate. <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., pp. 238, 254; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 69.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_729" id="Footnote_729" href="#FNanchor_729"><span class="label">[729]</span></a> 'Immense numbers of horses and sheep, attesting the wealth of the @@ -39781,7 +39741,7 @@ Arch.</i>, vol. i., p. 243; <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv p. 180; <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, p. 411; <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, pp. 291-2; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 289; <i>Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man</i>, vol. ii., p. 567; <i>Hughes' Doniphan's Ex.</i>, p. 173; -<i>Peters' Life of Carson</i>, p. 124; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 349; <i>Simpson's Jour. +<i>Peters' Life of Carson</i>, p. 124; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 349; <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 79; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 460; <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 254; <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 60.</p> @@ -39789,10 +39749,10 @@ Apaches</i>, p. 254; <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 60.</p> which they exchange for corn and wheat.' <i>Keithly</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 115. <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, p. 123.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_731" id="Footnote_731" href="#FNanchor_731"><span class="label">[731]</span></a> 'Das Eigenthum des Vaters nicht auf den Sohn übergeht, sondern dass -Neffen und Nichten als die rechtmässigen Erben anerkannt werden wenn +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_731" id="Footnote_731" href="#FNanchor_731"><span class="label">[731]</span></a> 'Das Eigenthum des Vaters nicht auf den Sohn übergeht, sondern dass +Neffen und Nichten als die rechtmässigen Erben anerkannt werden wenn nicht der Vater bei Lebzeiten schon seine Habe an die eigenen Kinder geschenkt -hat.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., p. 234. 'The husband +hat.' <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., p. 234. 'The husband has no control over the property of his wife.... Property does not descend from father to son, but goes to the nephew of the decedent, or, in default of a nephew, to the niece ... but if, while living, he distributes his @@ -39807,12 +39767,12 @@ Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 81. Shell beads, which they call 'pook,' are their substitute for money.' <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 115.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_733" id="Footnote_733" href="#FNanchor_733"><span class="label">[733]</span></a> The Querechos encountered by Coronado had with them 'un grand troupeau -de chiens qui portaient tout ce qu'ils possédaient.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 117. 'The only property of these +de chiens qui portaient tout ce qu'ils possédaient.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, +<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 117. 'The only property of these people, with the exception of a few articles belonging to their domestic economy, consists entirely in horses and mules.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 22; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 23; <i>Kennedy's Texas</i>, vol. i., p. 347; <i>Marcy's Rept.</i>, -p. 188; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 116-17.</p> +p. 188; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 116-17.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_734" id="Footnote_734" href="#FNanchor_734"><span class="label">[734]</span></a> 'There are no subdivisions of land acknowledged in their territory, and no exclusive right of game.' <i>Neighbors</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. ii., p. @@ -39820,7 +39780,7 @@ and no exclusive right of game.' <i>Neighbors</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_735" id="Footnote_735" href="#FNanchor_735"><span class="label">[735]</span></a> 'They are sufficiently astute in dealing.' <i>Burnet</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. i., p. 232. 'Le chef des Indiens choisit, parmi ces objets, ceux qui -sont nécessaires à sa tribu.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 193. 'In +sont nécessaires à sa tribu.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 193. 'In Comanche trade the main trouble consists in fixing the price of the first animal. This being settled by the chiefs.' <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. ii., p. 45; <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, pp. 190, 234; <i>Burnet</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. @@ -39846,7 +39806,7 @@ They even make use of the decimal sequences.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 237.< and hot season ... frequently count by the Caddo mode—from one to ten, and by tens to one hundred, &c.... They are ignorant of the elements of figures.' <i>Neighbors</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 129-30. 'Ce qu'ils -savent d'astronomie se borne à la connaissance de l'étoile polaire.... L'arithmétique +savent d'astronomie se borne à la connaissance de l'étoile polaire.... L'arithmétique des sauvages est sur leurs doigts; ... Il leur faut absolument un objet pour nombrer.' <i>Hartmann and Millard</i>, <i>Tex.</i>, pp. 112-13.</p> @@ -39854,7 +39814,7 @@ objet pour nombrer.' <i>Hartmann and Millard</i>, <i>Tex.</i>, pp. 112-13.</p> in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 288. 'Their form of government is so exceedingly primitive as to be hardly worthy the name of a political organization.' <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 412, 413; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 71. 'Ils n'ont -jamais connu de domination.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série. v., No. 96, p. 187. +jamais connu de domination.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série. v., No. 96, p. 187. 'Each is sovereign in his own right as a warrior.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 177.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_740" id="Footnote_740" href="#FNanchor_740"><span class="label">[740]</span></a> 'It is my opinion that the Navajo chiefs have but very little influence @@ -39863,20 +39823,20 @@ with their people.' <i>Bennett</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. 238, and <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_741" id="Footnote_741" href="#FNanchor_741"><span class="label">[741]</span></a> 'Los padres de familia ejercen esta autoridad en tanto que los hijos no salen de la infancia, porque poco antes de salir de la pubertad son como -libres y no reconocen mas superioridad que sus propias fuerzas, ó la del -indio que los manda en la campaña.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, pp. 282-3. +libres y no reconocen mas superioridad que sus propias fuerzas, ó la del +indio que los manda en la campaña.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, pp. 282-3. 'Every rich man has many dependants, and these dependants are obedient to his will, in peace and in war.' <i>Backus</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 211; <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 89. 'Every one who has a few horses and sheep is a "head man."' <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, -1855, p. 288; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., p. 233. The rule +1855, p. 288; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., p. 233. The rule of the Querechos is 'essentially patriarchal.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 20.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_742" id="Footnote_742" href="#FNanchor_742"><span class="label">[742]</span></a> 'When one or more (of the Navajos) are successful in battle or fortunate in their raids to the settlements on the Rio Grande, he is endowed with the title of captain or chief.' <i>Bristol</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 357. 'En cualquiera de estas incorporaciones toma el mando del todo por comun consentimiento -el mas acreditado de valiente.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +el mas acreditado de valiente.' <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 373. The Comanches have 'a right to displace a chief, and elect his successor, at pleasure.' <i>Kennedy's Texas</i>, vol. i., p. 346. A chief of the Comanches is never degraded 'for any private act unconnected with the welfare @@ -39892,12 +39852,12 @@ in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 210.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_744" id="Footnote_744" href="#FNanchor_744"><span class="label">[744]</span></a> The Mescaleros and Apaches 'choose a head-man to direct affairs for the time being.' <i>Carleton</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 315. 'Es gibt auch -Stämme, an deren Spitze ein Kriegs- sowie ein Friedens-Häuptling steht.' -<i>Armin</i>, <i>Das Heutige Mexiko</i>, p. 279; <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, +Stämme, an deren Spitze ein Kriegs- sowie ein Friedens-Häuptling steht.' +<i>Armin</i>, <i>Das Heutige Mexiko</i>, p. 279; <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 315.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_745" id="Footnote_745" href="#FNanchor_745"><span class="label">[745]</span></a> When Col. Langberg visited the Comanches who inhabit the Bolson -de Mapimi, 'wurde dieser Stamm von einer alten Frau angeführt.' <i>Froebel</i>, +de Mapimi, 'wurde dieser Stamm von einer alten Frau angeführt.' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 222; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 352; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 348. 'I have never known them (Comanches) to make a treaty that a portion of the tribe do not violate its stipulations before one year rolls around.' <i>Neighbors</i>, @@ -39905,7 +39865,7 @@ in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1857, p. 267.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_746" id="Footnote_746" href="#FNanchor_746"><span class="label">[746]</span></a> The chiefs of the Comanches 'are in turn subject to the control of a principal chief.' <i>Kennedy's Texas</i>, vol. i., p. 345. 'La autoridad central de -su gobierno reside en un gefe supremo.' <i>Revista Científica</i>, tom. i., p. 57; <i>Escudero</i>, +su gobierno reside en un gefe supremo.' <i>Revista CientÃfica</i>, tom. i., p. 57; <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de Chihuahua</i>, p. 229. The southern Comanches 'do not of late years acknowledge the sovereignty of a common ruler and leader in their united councils nor in war.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 43. The Gila Apaches @@ -39925,14 +39885,14 @@ if not impossibility, of enforcing any act that would not command their approval.' <i>Collins</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1857, p. 274. 'Singulis pagis sui Reguli erant, qui per praecones suos edicta populo denuntiabant.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 311. 'Tienen otra Persona, que llaman Pregonero, y es la segunda -Persona de la República; el oficio de este, es manifestar al Pueblo todas las +Persona de la República; el oficio de este, es manifestar al Pueblo todas las cosas que se han de hacer.' <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. ii., p. 337; <i>Id.</i>, tom. i., p. 680. They recognize 'no law but that of individual caprice.' <i>Steck</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 109. The Comanches 'acknowledge no right but the right of the strongest.' <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 575. 'La loi du talion est la base fondamentale du code politique, civil et criminel de -ces diverses peuplades, et cette loi reçoit une rigoureuse application de nation -à nation, de famille à famille, d'individu à individu.' <i>Hartmann and +ces diverses peuplades, et cette loi reçoit une rigoureuse application de nation +à nation, de famille à famille, d'individu à individu.' <i>Hartmann and Millard</i>, <i>Tex.</i>, p. 114.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_748" id="Footnote_748" href="#FNanchor_748"><span class="label">[748]</span></a> The Comanches punish 'Adultery, theft, murder, and other crimes ... @@ -39969,7 +39929,7 @@ vivre que les enfans.' <i>Dillon</i>, <i>Hist. Mex.</i>, p. 98. The Navajos 'hav possession many prisoners, men, women, and children, ... whom they hold and treat as slaves.' <i>Bent</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. i., p. 244.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_751" id="Footnote_751" href="#FNanchor_751"><span class="label">[751]</span></a> One boy from Mexico taken by the Comanches, said, 'dass sein Geschäft +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_751" id="Footnote_751" href="#FNanchor_751"><span class="label">[751]</span></a> One boy from Mexico taken by the Comanches, said, 'dass sein Geschäft in der Gefangenschaft darin bestehe die Pferde seines Herrn zu weiden.' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 102; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. ii., p. 313. The natives of New Mexico take the women prisoners 'for wives.' @@ -40030,8 +39990,8 @@ some severity, while a tardy one is regarded as the extreme of coquetry.' p. 89; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 30, 51. The Apache 'who can support or keep, or attract by his power to keep, the greatest number of women, is the man who is deemed entitled to the greatest amount of honor and respect.' -<i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, pp. 44, 85. Un Comanche, 'peut épouser autant de -femmes qu'il veut, à la seule condition de donner à chacune un cheval.' +<i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, pp. 44, 85. Un Comanche, 'peut épouser autant de +femmes qu'il veut, à la seule condition de donner à chacune un cheval.' <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Jour.</i>, p. 135. Among the Navajoes, 'The wife last chosen is always mistress of her predecessors.' <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 42, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. They seldom, if ever, marry out of the @@ -40048,29 +40008,29 @@ water, filled with atole or some other food, and partake of it. This simple proceeding makes them husband and wife.' <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, p. 415.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_757" id="Footnote_757" href="#FNanchor_757"><span class="label">[757]</span></a> The Comanche women 'are drudges.' <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. -575; <i>Dufey</i>, <i>Résumé de l'Hist.</i>, tom. i., p. 4; <i>Neighbors</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, +575; <i>Dufey</i>, <i>Résumé de l'Hist.</i>, tom. i., p. 4; <i>Neighbors</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1857, p. 265; <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de Chihuahua</i>, p. 230; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 308. Labor is considered degrading by the Comanches. <i>Kennedy's Texas</i>, vol. i., p. 347. The Apache men 'no cuidan de otras cosas, sino de cazar y divertirse.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 563; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 29, 49, 56. 'La femme (du Comanche) -son esclave absolue, doit tout faire pour lui. Souvent il n'apporte pas même -le gibier qu'il a tué, mais il envoie sa femme le chercher au loin.' <i>Dubuis</i>, +son esclave absolue, doit tout faire pour lui. Souvent il n'apporte pas même +le gibier qu'il a tué, mais il envoie sa femme le chercher au loin.' <i>Dubuis</i>, in <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Jour.</i>, p. 459. The Navajos 'treat their women with great attention, consider them equals, and relieve them from the drudgery of menial work.' <i>Hughes' Doniphan's Ex.</i>, p. 203. The Navajo women 'are the real owners of all the sheep.... They admit women into their councils, who sometimes control their deliberations; and they also eat with them.' <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, p. 412; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 101., in -<i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. 'De aquí proviene que sean árbitros de sus mugeres, -dandoles un trato servilísimo, y algunas veces les quitan hasta la vida +<i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. 'De aquà proviene que sean árbitros de sus mugeres, +dandoles un trato servilÃsimo, y algunas veces les quitan hasta la vida por celos.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 268. 'Les Comanches, obligent le -prisonnier blanc, dont ils ont admiré le valeur dans le combat, á s'unir aux -leurs pour perpétuer sa race.' <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 462.</p> +prisonnier blanc, dont ils ont admiré le valeur dans le combat, á s'unir aux +leurs pour perpétuer sa race.' <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 462.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_758" id="Footnote_758" href="#FNanchor_758"><span class="label">[758]</span></a> Among the Apaches, 'muchas veces suele disolverse el contrato por -unánime consentimiento de los desposados, y volviendo la mujer á su padre, -entrega este lo que recibió por ella.' <i>Cordero</i>. in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +unánime consentimiento de los desposados, y volviendo la mujer á su padre, +entrega este lo que recibió por ella.' <i>Cordero</i>. in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 373. When the Navajo women abandon the husband, the latter 'asks to wipe out the disgrace by killing some one.' <i>Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com.</i>, 1867, p. 334; <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 217.</p> @@ -40082,28 +40042,28 @@ mother leaves her village for some short distance and lives by herself until a month after the child is born; the band to which she belongs then assemble and select a name for the little one, which is given with some trivial ceremony.' <i>Emory's Rept.</i>, vol. i., p. 110; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 31. 'Si el parto -es en marcha, se hacen á un lado del camino debajo de un árbol, en donde +es en marcha, se hacen á un lado del camino debajo de un árbol, en donde salen del lance con la mayor facilidad y sin apuro ninguno, continuando la marcha con la criatura y algun otro de sus chiquillos, dentro de una -especie de red, que á la manera de una canasta cargan en los hombros, pendiente -de la frente con una tira de cuero ó de vaqueta que la contiene, en -donde llevan ademas alunos trastos ó cosas que comer.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de -Sonora</i>, p. 281; <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 462. 'Luego que sale á luz esta, sale la +especie de red, que á la manera de una canasta cargan en los hombros, pendiente +de la frente con una tira de cuero ó de vaqueta que la contiene, en +donde llevan ademas alunos trastos ó cosas que comer.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de +Sonora</i>, p. 281; <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 462. 'Luego que sale á luz esta, sale la vieja de aquel lugar con la mano puesta en los ojos, y no se descubre hasta que no haya dado una vuelta fuera de la casa, y el objeto que primero se le -presenta á la vista, es el nombre que se le pone á la criatura.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. +presenta á la vista, es el nombre que se le pone á la criatura.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 335.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_760" id="Footnote_760" href="#FNanchor_760"><span class="label">[760]</span></a> <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 92; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_760" id="Footnote_760" href="#FNanchor_760"><span class="label">[760]</span></a> <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 92; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 320; <i>Ives' Colorado River</i>, pp. 66, 71; <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 211. 'Quand les Indiennes (Comanches) voyagent avec leurs enfants -en bas âge, elles les suspendent à la selle avec des courroies qu'elles leur +en bas âge, elles les suspendent à la selle avec des courroies qu'elles leur passent entre les jambes et sous les bras. Les soubresauts du cheval, les -branches, les broussailles heurtent ces pauvres petits, les déchirent, les -meurtrissent: peu importe, c'est une façon de les aguerrir.' <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Journ.</i> -p. 135; <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 52. 'A la edad de siete años de los -apaches, ó antes, lo primero que hacen los padres, es poner á sus hijos el -carcax en la mano enseñándoles á tirar bien, cuya táctica empiezan á aprender +branches, les broussailles heurtent ces pauvres petits, les déchirent, les +meurtrissent: peu importe, c'est une façon de les aguerrir.' <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Journ.</i> +p. 135; <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 52. 'A la edad de siete años de los +apaches, ó antes, lo primero que hacen los padres, es poner á sus hijos el +carcax en la mano enseñándoles á tirar bien, cuya táctica empiezan á aprender en la caza.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 283. The Apaches, 'juventutem sedulo instituunt castigant quod aliis barbaris insolitum.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 316. Male children of the Comanches 'are even privileged to @@ -40114,7 +40074,7 @@ wait for a convenient opportunity, and shoot him with an arrow.' <i>Letherman</i in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 294.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_761" id="Footnote_761" href="#FNanchor_761"><span class="label">[761]</span></a> <i>Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com.</i>, 1867, p. 354; <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 367; -<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 399; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 119.</p> +<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 399; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 119.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_762" id="Footnote_762" href="#FNanchor_762"><span class="label">[762]</span></a> 'The Navajo women are very loose, and do not look upon fornication as a crime.' <i>Guyther</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com.</i>, 1867, p. 339; <i>Cremony's @@ -40133,15 +40093,15 @@ into prostitution, with hardly an exception.' <i>Safford</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Re p. 139. 'The Comanche women are, as in many other wild tribes, the slaves of their lords, and it is a common practice for their husbands to lend or sell them to a visitor for one, two, or three days at a time.' <i>Marcy's Rept.</i>, p. -187; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 419. 'Las faltas conyugales no se castigan -por la primera vez; pero á la segunda el marido corta la punta de la nariz -á su infiel esposa, y la despide de su lado.' <i>Revista Científica</i>, vol. i., p. 57; <i>Soc. -Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'The squaw who has been mutilated for +187; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 419. 'Las faltas conyugales no se castigan +por la primera vez; pero á la segunda el marido corta la punta de la nariz +á su infiel esposa, y la despide de su lado.' <i>Revista CientÃfica</i>, vol. i., p. 57; <i>Soc. +Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'The squaw who has been mutilated for such a cause, is <i>ipso facto</i> divorced, and, it is said, for ever precluded from marrying again. The consequence is, that she becomes a confirmed harlot in the tribe.' <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. ii., pp. 43, 308-10, 313. 'El culpable, segun dicen, jamas es castigado por el marido con la muerte; solamente -se abroga el derecho de darle algunos golpes y cogerse sus mulas ó caballos.' +se abroga el derecho de darle algunos golpes y cogerse sus mulas ó caballos.' <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 253; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 49. 'These yung men may not haue carnall copulation with any woman: but all the yung men of the countrey which are to marrie, may company with them.... I saw likewise @@ -40151,8 +40111,8 @@ Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 436.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_763" id="Footnote_763" href="#FNanchor_763"><span class="label">[763]</span></a> 'They tolde mey that ... such as remayned widowes, stayed halfe a yeere, or a whole yeere before they married.' <i>Alarchon</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 431; <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. -110; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 54; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., -p. 234; <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 315.</p> +110; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 54; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., +p. 234; <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 315.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_764" id="Footnote_764" href="#FNanchor_764"><span class="label">[764]</span></a> 'En las referidas reuniones los bailes son sus diversiones favoritas. Los hacen de noche al son de una olla cubierta la boca con una piel tirante, @@ -40160,10 +40120,10 @@ que suenan con un palo, en cuya estremidad lian un boton de trapos. Se interpolan ambos secsos, saltan todos a un mismo tiempo, dando alaridos y haciendo miles de ademanes, en que mueven todos los miembros del cuerpo con una destreza extraordinaria, arremedando al coyote y al venado. Desta -manera forman diferentes grupos simétricamente.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, +manera forman diferentes grupos simétricamente.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 269; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 177; <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 285. 'Este lo forma una junta de truhanes vestidos de ridiculo y autorizados por los -viejos del pueblo para cometer los mayores desórdenes, y gusten tanto de +viejos del pueblo para cometer los mayores desórdenes, y gusten tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos reparan las infamias que cometen con sus mugeres, ni las que resultan en perjuicio de las hijas.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 335. 'The females (of the Apaches) do the principal part @@ -40171,9 +40131,9 @@ of the dancing.' <i>Henry</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 212. ' Abenakis, Chactas, Comanches, and other Indian tribes, the women dance the same dances, but after the men, and far out of their sight ... they are seldom admitted to share any amusement, their lot being to work.' <i>Domenech's -Deserts</i>, vol. ii., pp. 199, 214. 'De éstos vinieron cinco danzas, cada una -compuesta de treinta indias; de éstas, veintiseis como de 15 à 20 años, y las -cuatro restantes de mas edad, que eran las que cuidaban y dirigian à las jóvenes.' +Deserts</i>, vol. ii., pp. 199, 214. 'De éstos vinieron cinco danzas, cada una +compuesta de treinta indias; de éstas, veintiseis como de 15 à 20 años, y las +cuatro restantes de mas edad, que eran las que cuidaban y dirigian à las jóvenes.' <i>Museo Mex.</i>, tom. i., p. 288. 'The dance (of the Tontos) is similar to that of the California Indians; a stamp around, with clapping of hands and slapping of thighs in time to a drawl of monotones.' <i>Smart</i>, in <i>Smithsonian @@ -40182,15 +40142,15 @@ Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 419.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_765" id="Footnote_765" href="#FNanchor_765"><span class="label">[765]</span></a> <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, p. 180. The Yumas 'sing some few monotonous songs, and the beaux captivate the hearts of their lady-loves by playing on a flute made of cane.' <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary -Survey</i>, vol. i., p. iii. 'No tienen mas orquesta que sus voces y una olla ó -casco de calabazo à que se amarra una piel tirante y se toca con un palo.' -<i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 373-4; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, -p. 419; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, pp. 71-2; <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., +Survey</i>, vol. i., p. iii. 'No tienen mas orquesta que sus voces y una olla ó +casco de calabazo à que se amarra una piel tirante y se toca con un palo.' +<i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 373-4; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, +p. 419; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, pp. 71-2; <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., pp. 166, 168.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_766" id="Footnote_766" href="#FNanchor_766"><span class="label">[766]</span></a> <i>Stanley's Portraits</i>, p. 55; <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. ii., p. 133. 'Y el vicio que tienen estos Indios, es jugar en las Estufas las Mantas, y otras -Preseas con vnas Cañuelas, que hechan en alto (el qual Juego vsaban estos +Preseas con vnas Cañuelas, que hechan en alto (el qual Juego vsaban estos Indios Mexicanos) y al que no tiene mas que vna Manta, y la pierde, se la buelven; con condicion, que ha de andar desnudo por todo el Pueblo, pintado, y embijado todo el cuerpo, y los Muchachos dandole grita.' <i>Torquemada</i>, @@ -40214,22 +40174,22 @@ end of the course toward the other, two of the players chase it half-way, and at the same time throw their poles. He who succeeds in piercing the hoop wins the game.' <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 463; <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. iii.; <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, -vol. iii., p. 114; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., pp. 216, 223; <i>Möllhausen</i>, +vol. iii., p. 114; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., pp. 216, 223; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 395; <i>Backus</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 214. 'Tienen unas pelotas de materia negra como pez, embutidas en ella varias conchuelas -pequeñas del mar, con que juegan y apuestan arrojándola con el pié.' +pequeñas del mar, con que juegan y apuestan arrojándola con el pié.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. iii., p. 111; <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., vol. iv., p. 851.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_769" id="Footnote_769" href="#FNanchor_769"><span class="label">[769]</span></a> 'Los salvages recogen sus hojas generalmente en el Otoño, las que entónces -están rojas y muy oxidadas: para hacer su provision, la secan al fuego -ó al sol, y para fumarlas, las mezclan con tabaco.' <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_769" id="Footnote_769" href="#FNanchor_769"><span class="label">[769]</span></a> 'Los salvages recogen sus hojas generalmente en el Otoño, las que entónces +están rojas y muy oxidadas: para hacer su provision, la secan al fuego +ó al sol, y para fumarlas, las mezclan con tabaco.' <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 257. The Comanches smoke tobacco, 'mixed with the dried leaves of the sumach, inhaling the smoke into their lungs, and giving it out through their nostrils.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 29, 32; <i>Alarchon</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 432; <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 285.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_770" id="Footnote_770" href="#FNanchor_770"><span class="label">[770]</span></a> <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 352. The Comanches 'avoid the use of ardent +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_770" id="Footnote_770" href="#FNanchor_770"><span class="label">[770]</span></a> <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 352. The Comanches 'avoid the use of ardent spirits, which they call "fool's water."' <i>Kennedy's Texas</i>, vol. i., p. 347; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. ii., p. 307. <i>Dubuis</i>, in <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Jour.</i>, p. 469. 'In order to make an intoxicating beverage of the mescal, the roasted root is @@ -40245,9 +40205,9 @@ Rept. Spec. Com.</i>, 1867, p. 347; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, pp. 334, 337.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_771" id="Footnote_771" href="#FNanchor_771"><span class="label">[771]</span></a> <i>Jones</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. 223; <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 108; <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Jour.</i>, p. 137; <i>Turner</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1852, tom. 135, p. 307; <i>Backus</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., -p. 212; <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, 1849, tom. i., p. 165; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, -p. 277; <i>Shepard's Land of the Aztecs</i>, p. 182; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 114-6; -<i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 61; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 399. +p. 212; <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, 1849, tom. i., p. 165; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, +p. 277; <i>Shepard's Land of the Aztecs</i>, p. 182; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 114-6; +<i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 61; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 399. The Apache women, 'Son tan buenas ginetas, que brincan en un potro, y sin mas riendas que un cabrestillo, saben arrendarlo.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 298; @@ -40260,31 +40220,31 @@ upper arm. Into this loop the rider drops suddenly and fearlessly, leaving his heel to hang over the back of the horse, to steady him, and also to restore him when he wishes to regain his upright position on the horse's back.' <i>Brownell's Ind. Races</i>, p. 540; <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, p. 412. Les Comanches -'regardent comme un déshonneur d'aller à pied.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série +'regardent comme un déshonneur d'aller à pied.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 192; <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 282. The Comanches, for hardening the hoofs of horses and mules, have a custom of making a fire of the wild rosemary—artemisia—and exposing their hoofs to the vapor and smoke by leading them slowly through it. <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, p. 203.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_772" id="Footnote_772" href="#FNanchor_772"><span class="label">[772]</span></a> <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 18; <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 290; <i>Cordoue</i>, -in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. x., p. 443; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis -de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 454; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 209. 'Les Teyas +in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. x., p. 443; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis +de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 454; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 209. 'Les Teyas et Querechos ont de grands troupeaux de chiens qui portent leur bagage; ils l'attachent sur le dos de ces animaux au moyen d'une sangle et d'un petit -bât. Quand la charge se dérange les chiens se mettent à hurler, pour avertir -leur maître de l'arranger.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., +bât. Quand la charge se dérange les chiens se mettent à hurler, pour avertir +leur maître de l'arranger.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 117, 125, 190. 'On the top of the bank we struck a Camanche trail, very broad, and made by the lodge poles, which they transport from place to place ... by fastening them on each side of their pack horses, leaving the long ends trailing upon the ground.' <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, p. 154. 'Si carecen de cabalgaduras, cargan los muebles las mujeres igualmente que -sus criaturas.' <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 317; <i>Ives' +sus criaturas.' <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 317; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 128.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_773" id="Footnote_773" href="#FNanchor_773"><span class="label">[773]</span></a> <i>Neighbors</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. ii., p. 132; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_773" id="Footnote_773" href="#FNanchor_773"><span class="label">[773]</span></a> <i>Neighbors</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. ii., p. 132; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, p. 234; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 29, 33, 189; <i>Marcy's Rept.</i>, p. -187; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. ii., pp. 38, 46; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, -pp. 473, 475; <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 378. When the Yampais +187; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. ii., pp. 38, 46; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, +pp. 473, 475; <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 378. When the Yampais 'wish to parley they raise a firebrand in the air as a sign of friendship.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 218.</p> @@ -40295,18 +40255,18 @@ criers would meet with promptness, and by word of mouth, each would deposit his store of news with his fellow expressman, and then each would return to his own tribe with the news.' <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, pp. 220, 283. 'El modo de darse sus avisos para reunirse en casos de urgencia -de ser perseguidos, es por medio de sus telégrafos de humos que forman en +de ser perseguidos, es por medio de sus telégrafos de humos que forman en los cerros mas elevados formando hogueras de los palos mas humientos que ellos conocen muy bien.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 281. <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 5. 'Para no detenerse en hacer los humos, llevan los mas de los hombres y mujeres, los instrumentos necessarios para sacar lumbre; prefieren -la piedra, el eslabon, y la yesca; pero si no tienen estos útiles, suplen +la piedra, el eslabon, y la yesca; pero si no tienen estos útiles, suplen su falta con palos preparados al efecto bien secos, que frotados se inflaman.' -<i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 317.</p> +<i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., p. 317.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_775" id="Footnote_775" href="#FNanchor_775"><span class="label">[775]</span></a> <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 217; <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. -18. 'Su frazada en tiempo de frio es un tizon encendido que aplicándolo á -la boca del estómago caminan por los mañanas, y calentando ya el sol como +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_775" id="Footnote_775" href="#FNanchor_775"><span class="label">[775]</span></a> <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 217; <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, p. +18. 'Su frazada en tiempo de frio es un tizon encendido que aplicándolo á +la boca del estómago caminan por los mañanas, y calentando ya el sol como a las ocho tiran los tizones, que por muchos que hayan tirado por los caminos, pueden ser guias de los caminantes.' <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., vol. iv., p. 851.</p> @@ -40321,17 +40281,17 @@ water, knows no woman, and bathes frequently during the day to purify the flesh.' <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 110. 'It was their (Mojaves,) custom never to eat salted meat for the next moon after the coming of a captive among them.' <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, p. 180; -<i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 402; <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Jour.</i>, p. 13; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, +<i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 402; <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Jour.</i>, p. 13; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 125-6.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_777" id="Footnote_777" href="#FNanchor_777"><span class="label">[777]</span></a> 'Entre cuyas tribus hay algunas que se comen á sus enemigos.' <i>Alegre</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_777" id="Footnote_777" href="#FNanchor_777"><span class="label">[777]</span></a> 'Entre cuyas tribus hay algunas que se comen á sus enemigos.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 332. 'Los chirumas, que me parecen ser los yumas, no se que coman carne humana como dijo el indio cosnina.' <i>Garces</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie ii., tom. i., p. 363. 'Among the spoil which we took from these Camanches, we found large portions of human flesh evidently prepared for cooking.' <i>Dewees' Texas</i>, p. 232-3. Certain Europeans have represented the Comanches 'as a race of cannibals; but according to -the Spaniards ... they are merely a cruel, dastardly race of savages.' <i>Pagés' +the Spaniards ... they are merely a cruel, dastardly race of savages.' <i>Pagés' Travels</i>, vol. i., p. 107.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_778" id="Footnote_778" href="#FNanchor_778"><span class="label">[778]</span></a> <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 451; <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, @@ -40342,17 +40302,17 @@ are not at all rare' among the Navajos. <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept 1855, p. 290; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 31.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_780" id="Footnote_780" href="#FNanchor_780"><span class="label">[780]</span></a> <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 442-3. 'Los comanches la llaman Puip; y cuando -uno de entre ellos está herido, mascan la raiz (que es muy larga) y esprimen +uno de entre ellos está herido, mascan la raiz (que es muy larga) y esprimen el yugo y la saliva en la llaga.' <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 257; <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 290; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 118; <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, p. 156; <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 289; <i>Browne's -Apache Country</i>, p. 63; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 142; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, +Apache Country</i>, p. 63; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 142; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 118; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 335; <i>Neighbors</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. ii., p. 130; <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, p. 193. The Apaches: -'Cuando se enferma alguno á quien no han podido hacer efecto favorable la -aplicacion de las yerbas, único antidoto con que se curan, lo abandonan, sin -mas diligencia ulterior que ponerle un monton de brasas á la cabecera y una -poca de agua, sin saberse hasta hoy qué significa ésto ó con qué fin la hacen.' +'Cuando se enferma alguno á quien no han podido hacer efecto favorable la +aplicacion de las yerbas, único antidoto con que se curan, lo abandonan, sin +mas diligencia ulterior que ponerle un monton de brasas á la cabecera y una +poca de agua, sin saberse hasta hoy qué significa ésto ó con qué fin la hacen.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 280.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_781" id="Footnote_781" href="#FNanchor_781"><span class="label">[781]</span></a> <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 217; <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Jour.</i>, pp. 13, @@ -40363,20 +40323,20 @@ who profess to have the power of communicating with the unseen world, and of propitiating the malevolence of evil spirits, are performing various incantations, accompanied by music on the outside.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 60; <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 576; <i>Bristol</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com.</i>, 1867, -p. 358. 'De aquí ha sucedido que algunos indios naturalmente astutos, se -han convertido en adivinos, que han llegado á sostener como á sus oràculos. -Estos mismos adivinos hacen de médicos, que por darse importancía -á la aplicacion de ciertas yerbas, agregan porcion de ceremonias supersticiosas -y ridiculas, con cánticos estraños, en que hablan á sus enfermos miles -de embustes y patrañas.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 280.</p> +p. 358. 'De aquà ha sucedido que algunos indios naturalmente astutos, se +han convertido en adivinos, que han llegado á sostener como á sus orà culos. +Estos mismos adivinos hacen de médicos, que por darse importancÃa +á la aplicacion de ciertas yerbas, agregan porcion de ceremonias supersticiosas +y ridiculas, con cánticos estraños, en que hablan á sus enfermos miles +de embustes y patrañas.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 280.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_782" id="Footnote_782" href="#FNanchor_782"><span class="label">[782]</span></a> At the Colorado river they 'burned those which dyed.' <i>Alarchon</i>, in -<i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 432; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 404; <i>Browne's Apache +<i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 432; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 404; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, p. 97; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 467; <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, p. 240-1. 'It is the custom of the Mojaves to burn their property when a relation dies to whose memory they wish to pay especial honor.' -<i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 69. 'Die Comanches tödteten früher das Lieblingsweib -des gestorbenen Häuptlings.' <i>Müller</i>, <i>Amerikanische Urreligionen</i>, p. 88. +<i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 69. 'Die Comanches tödteten früher das Lieblingsweib +des gestorbenen Häuptlings.' <i>Müller</i>, <i>Amerikanische Urreligionen</i>, p. 88. 'No Navajo will ever occupy a lodge in which a person has died. The lodge is burned.' <i>Backus</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 213; <i>Letherman</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1855, p. 289. 'When a death occurs they (Yumas) move @@ -40388,7 +40348,7 @@ vol. i., p. 110.</p> or robes, and interred with most of his "jewelry," and other articles of esteem.' <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. ii., pp. 317, 243. 'Cuando muere algun indio, ... juntando sus deudos todas las alhajas de su peculio, se las ponen -y de esta manera lo envuelven en una piel de cíbolo y lo llevan á enterrar.' +y de esta manera lo envuelven en una piel de cÃbolo y lo llevan á enterrar.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 336; <i>Kennedy's Texas</i>, vol. i., p. 347; <i>Wislizenus' Tour</i>, p. 69. The Comanches cover their tombs 'with grass and plants to keep them concealed.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 363; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Jour.</i>, @@ -40399,7 +40359,7 @@ hill, was a Comanche grave, marked by a pile of stones and some remnants of scanty clothing.' <i>Parker's Notes on Tex.</i>, pp. 137, 151. The custom of the Mescalero Apaches 'heretofore has been to leave their dead unburied in some secluded spot.' <i>Curtis</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1871, p. 402; <i>Cremony's -Apaches</i>, p. 50; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., p. 233; <i>Pattie's +Apaches</i>, p. 50; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., p. 233; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 119.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_784" id="Footnote_784" href="#FNanchor_784"><span class="label">[784]</span></a> Among the Navajos 'Immediately after a death occurs a vessel containing @@ -40412,12 +40372,12 @@ Com.</i>, 1867, p. 358. The Navajos 'all walked in solemn procession round it (the grave) singing their funeral songs. As they left it, every one left a present on the grave; some an arrow, others meat, moccasins, tobacco, war-feathers, and the like, all articles of value to them.' <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. -119; <i>Revista Científica</i>, tom. i., p. 57. 'A los niños y niñas de pecho les llevan +119; <i>Revista CientÃfica</i>, tom. i., p. 57. 'A los niños y niñas de pecho les llevan en una jicara la leche ordenada de sus pechos las mismas madres, y se las echan en la sepultura; y esto lo hacen por algunos dias continuos.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 543; <i>Neighbors</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. ii., p. 133; <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 280; <i>Froebel</i>, -<i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 100; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. +<i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 100; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 304; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 56. 'When a young warrior dies, they mourn a long time, but when an old person dies, they mourn but little, saying that they cannot live forever, and it was time they should go.' <i>Parker's Notes on @@ -40429,28 +40389,28 @@ Tex.</i>, pp. 192, 236.</p> Apaches</i>, pp. 33-4, 193, 215-16, 227-8. 'Perfectly lawless, savage, and brave.' <i>Marcy's Rept.</i>, p. 197. 'For the sake of the booty, also take life.' <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 202. 'Inclined to intemperance in strong drinks.' <i>Henry</i>, -in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 211. 'Ferocísimos de condicion, de naturaleza +in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. v., p. 211. 'FerocÃsimos de condicion, de naturaleza sangrientos.' <i>Almanza</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 824. 'Sumamente vengativo.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 283. 'Alevoso y vengativo caracte ... rastutos ladrones, y sanguinarios.' <i>Bustamante</i>, in <i>Cavo</i>, <i>Tres Siglos</i>, tom. iii., p. 78. 'I have not seen a more intelligent, cheerful, and grateful tribe of Indians than the roving Apaches.' <i>Colyer</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. -Rept.</i>, 1871, pp. 15, 47, 51; <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. +Rept.</i>, 1871, pp. 15, 47, 51; <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Soc. Mex. Geog.</i>, <i>Boletin</i>, tom. v., pp. 314-15, 317; <i>Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS.</i>, p. 4; <i>Cordero</i>, in <i>Orozco -y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 371; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., pp. 322, 326-7; -<i>Smart</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 419; <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, p. 430; <i>Lachapelle</i>, +y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 371; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., pp. 322, 326-7; +<i>Smart</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 419; <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, p. 430; <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, p. 83; <i>Turner</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1852, -tom. cxxxv., pp. 307, 314; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., pp. 5, 6, 8; <i>Möllhausen</i>, -<i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 294; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 330, 361; +tom. cxxxv., pp. 307, 314; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., pp. 5, 6, 8; <i>Möllhausen</i>, +<i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. i., p. 294; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 330, 361; <i>Bent</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. i., p. 243; <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. i., p. 580; <i>Mowry's Arizona</i>, pp. 31-2; <i>Pope</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. ii., p. 13; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 14, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 273; <i>Gregg's Com. -Prairies</i>, vol. i., pp. 291, 295; <i>Hist. Chrétienne de la Cal.</i>, p. 99; <i>Edward's -Hist. Tex.</i>, p. 95; <i>Peters' Life of Carson</i>, p. 323; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., +Prairies</i>, vol. i., pp. 291, 295; <i>Hist. Chrétienne de la Cal.</i>, p. 99; <i>Edward's +Hist. Tex.</i>, p. 95; <i>Peters' Life of Carson</i>, p. 323; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 187; <i>Pike's Explor. Trav.</i>, p. 341; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 276; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., pp. 462-3; <i>Figuier's Hum. Race</i>, pp. -482, 484; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 419; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, +482, 484; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 419; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. ii., p. 404; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 44; <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 111; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., pp. 475-6, and <i>Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 527; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 117; <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. @@ -40465,39 +40425,39 @@ unreliable.' <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 56. The Mojaves: 'They are lazy, cruel, selfish; ... there is one good quality in them, the exactitude with which they fulfil an agreement.' <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, pp. 20, 71-2; <i>Backus</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 211; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 329; -<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., p. 234; <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's -Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 217-18; <i>Hughes' Doniphan's Ex.</i>, p. 203; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, +<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., p. 234; <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's +Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 217-18; <i>Hughes' Doniphan's Ex.</i>, p. 203; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 384.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_788" id="Footnote_788" href="#FNanchor_788"><span class="label">[788]</span></a> <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 124. 'Estos indios se aventajan -en muchas circunstancias á los yumas y demas naciones del Rio Colorado; +en muchas circunstancias á los yumas y demas naciones del Rio Colorado; son menos molestos y nada ladrones.' <i>Garces</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie -ii., tom. i., p. 273; also in <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 472; <i>Domenech's +ii., tom. i., p. 273; also in <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 472; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 62.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_789" id="Footnote_789" href="#FNanchor_789"><span class="label">[789]</span></a> 'Grave and dignified ... implacable and unrelenting ... hospitable, and kind ... affectionate to each other ... jealous of their own freedom.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 25, 30-1, 34, 36-9, 41, 60. 'Alta estima hacen del -valor estas razas nomadas.' <i>Museo Mex.</i>, tom. ii., p. 34. 'Loin d'être cruels, -ils-sont très-doux et très-fidèles dans leurs amitiés.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, serie i., tom. ix., p. 191; <i>Payno</i>, in <i>Revista Científica</i>, tom. i., +valor estas razas nomadas.' <i>Museo Mex.</i>, tom. ii., p. 34. 'Loin d'être cruels, +ils-sont très-doux et très-fidèles dans leurs amitiés.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, +<i>Voy.</i>, serie i., tom. ix., p. 191; <i>Payno</i>, in <i>Revista CientÃfica</i>, tom. i., p. 57; <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de Chihuahua</i>, pp. 229-30; <i>Domenech</i>, <i>Jour.</i>, pp. 13, -137, 469; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, tom. v., No. 96, p. 193; <i>Neighbors</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's +137, 469; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, tom. v., No. 96, p. 193; <i>Neighbors</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 132-3; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., pp. 293, 295; vol. ii., pp. 307, 313; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., -p. 273; <i>Shepard's Land of the Aztecs</i>, p. 182; <i>Pagés' Travels</i>, vol. i., p. 107; +p. 273; <i>Shepard's Land of the Aztecs</i>, p. 182; <i>Pagés' Travels</i>, vol. i., p. 107; <i>Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex.</i>, vol. ii., p. 308.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_790" id="Footnote_790" href="#FNanchor_790"><span class="label">[790]</span></a> 'Tiguex est situé vers le nord, à environ quarante lieues,' from Cíbola. -<i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 165. 'La province +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_790" id="Footnote_790" href="#FNanchor_790"><span class="label">[790]</span></a> 'Tiguex est situé vers le nord, à environ quarante lieues,' from CÃbola. +<i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 165. 'La province de Cibola contient sept villages; le plus grand se nomme Muzaque.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 163. Of two provinces north of Tiguex, 'l'une se nommait Hemes, et renfermait sept villages; l'autre Yuque-Yunque.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 138. 'Plus au nord (of Tiguex) est la province de Quirix ... et celle de Tutahaco.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 168. -From Cicuyé to Quivira, 'On compte sept autres villages.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 179. 'Il -existe aussi, d'après le rapport ... un autre royaume très-vaste, nommé +From Cicuyé to Quivira, 'On compte sept autres villages.' <i>Id.</i>, p. 179. 'Il +existe aussi, d'après le rapport ... un autre royaume très-vaste, nommé villes, et la capitale. Acus sans aspiration est un royaume.' <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 271. 'The kingdome of Totonteac +<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 271. 'The kingdome of Totonteac so much extolled by the Father prouinciall, ... the Indians say is a hotte lake, about which are five or sixe houses; and that there were certaine other, but that they are ruinated by warre. The kingdome of Marata is not to be @@ -40507,10 +40467,10 @@ and I say that this is a towne. For Acus with an aspiration nor without, is no word of they countrey. And because I gesse that they would deriue Acucu of Acus, I say that it is this towne whereinto the kingdom of Acus is conuerted.' <i>Coronado</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 378; <i>Espeio</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. -386-394; <i>Mendoza</i>, <i>Lettre</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. +386-394; <i>Mendoza</i>, <i>Lettre</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 296; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 315; <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 100; <i>Escalante</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 124-5; <i>Pike's Explor. Trav.</i>, -pp. 341-2; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 528-9; <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's +pp. 341-2; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 528-9; <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 220; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 197.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_791" id="Footnote_791" href="#FNanchor_791"><span class="label">[791]</span></a> <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, pp. 10-12, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, @@ -40521,14 +40481,14 @@ Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 633.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_792" id="Footnote_792" href="#FNanchor_792"><span class="label">[792]</span></a> <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 13, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii. 'Los nombres de los pueblos del Moqui son, segun lengua de los Yavipais, -Sesepaulabá, Masagneve, Janogualpa, Muqui, Concabe y Muca á -quien los zuñís llaman Oraive, que es en el que estuve.' <i>Garces</i>, in <i>Doc. +Sesepaulabá, Masagneve, Janogualpa, Muqui, Concabe y Muca á +quien los zuñÃs llaman Oraive, que es en el que estuve.' <i>Garces</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie ii., tom. i., p. 332; <i>Ruxton's Adven. Mex.</i>, p. 195; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 127.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_793" id="Footnote_793" href="#FNanchor_793"><span class="label">[793]</span></a> Affirmations are abundant enough, but they have no foundation whatever in fact, and many are absurd on their face. 'Nous affirmons que les -Indiens Pueblos et les anciens Mexicains sont issus d'une seule et même +Indiens Pueblos et les anciens Mexicains sont issus d'une seule et même souche.' <i>Ruxton</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 44. 'These Indians claim, and are generally supposed, to have descended from the ancient Aztec race.' <i>Merriwether</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 174. 'They @@ -40539,26 +40499,26 @@ by some to be descended from the band of Welsh, which Prince Madoc took with him on a voyage of discovery, in the twelfth century; and it is said that they weave peculiarly and in the same manner as the people of Wales.' <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 81. 'Il est assez singulier que -les Moquis soient désignés par les trappers et les chasseurs américains, qui -pènètrent dans leur pays ... sous le nom d'Indiens Welches.' <i>Ruxton</i>, in +les Moquis soient désignés par les trappers et les chasseurs américains, qui +pènètrent dans leur pays ... sous le nom d'Indiens Welches.' <i>Ruxton</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 55. 'Moques, supposed to be vestiges of Aztecs.' <i>Amer. Quart. Register</i>, vol. i., p. 173; <i>Prichard's Researches</i>, vol. v., p. 431.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_794" id="Footnote_794" href="#FNanchor_794"><span class="label">[794]</span></a> 'Les hommes sont petits.' <i>Mendoza</i>, <i>Lettre</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, -série i., tom. ix., p. 294. The Moquis are 'of medium size and indifferently +série i., tom. ix., p. 294. The Moquis are 'of medium size and indifferently proportioned, their features strongly marked and homely, with an expression generally bright and good-natured.' <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, pp. 120-2, 123-7. -The Keres 'sind hohen Wuchses.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. -528; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 453; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, -p. 197; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., p. 240; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus -Orbis</i>, p. 301; <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 93; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 67-8; <i>Ruxton</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des +The Keres 'sind hohen Wuchses.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. +528; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 453; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, +p. 197; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., p. 240; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus +Orbis</i>, p. 301; <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 93; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, +<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 67-8; <i>Ruxton</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 52-3; <i>Pike's Explor. Trav.</i>, p. 342.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_795" id="Footnote_795" href="#FNanchor_795"><span class="label">[795]</span></a> 'The people are somewhat white.' <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 372. 'Much fairer in complexion than other tribes.' <i>Ruxton's Adven. Mex.</i>, -p. 195; <i>Kendall's Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 379; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 230; <i>Prichard's +p. 195; <i>Kendall's Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 379; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 230; <i>Prichard's Researches</i>, vol. v., pp. 423, 431; <i>Walker</i>, in <i>S. F. Herald</i>, <i>Oct. 15, 1853</i>; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 41.</p> @@ -40568,11 +40528,11 @@ looking and symmetrical. <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 421-2.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_797" id="Footnote_797" href="#FNanchor_797"><span class="label">[797]</span></a> <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 81. 'Many of the inhabitants have white skin, fair hair, and blue eyes.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 210, vol. ii., p. 66; <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 220-1; -<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 285; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 456.</p> +<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 285; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 456.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_798" id="Footnote_798" href="#FNanchor_798"><span class="label">[798]</span></a> 'A robust and well-formed race.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, pp. 90, 103. 'Well built, generally tall and bony.' <i>Walker's Pimas, MS.</i> The Maricopas 'sont -de stature plus haute et plus athlétique que les Pijmos.' <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles +de stature plus haute et plus athlétique que les Pijmos.' <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 290; see also <i>Emory</i>, in <i>Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav.</i>, pp. 49, 50; <i>Id.</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. ii., p. 12; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 19; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. iii., p. @@ -40586,15 +40546,15 @@ pp. 298, 364. 'Rather too much inclined to embonpoint.' <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, pp. 31, 33, 39; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 229.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_800" id="Footnote_800" href="#FNanchor_800"><span class="label">[800]</span></a> 'Ambos secsos ... no mal parecidos y muy melenudos.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias -de Sonora</i>, pp. 116, 161. 'Trigueños de color.' <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in -<i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Die Masse, Dicke und Länge +de Sonora</i>, pp. 116, 161. 'Trigueños de color.' <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in +<i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Die Masse, Dicke und Länge ihres Haupthaares grenzt an das Unglaubliche.' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 455; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 513; <i>Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man</i>, vol. ii., p. 557; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, pp. 143-5, 149; <i>Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls</i>, p. 180.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_801" id="Footnote_801" href="#FNanchor_801a"><span class="label">[801]</span></a> 'Heads are uncovered.' <i>Ruxton's Adven. Mex.</i>, p. 196. 'Los hombres -visten, y calçan de cuero, y las mugeres, que se precian de largos cabellos, -cubren sus cabeças y verguenças con lo mesmo.' <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 275. +visten, y calçan de cuero, y las mugeres, que se precian de largos cabellos, +cubren sus cabeças y verguenças con lo mesmo.' <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 275. 'De kleeding bestond uit kotoene mantels, huiden tot broeken, genaeyt, schoenen en laerzen van goed leder.' <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, pp. 209, 217-18. The women 'having the calves of their legs wrapped or stuffed in @@ -40604,31 +40564,31 @@ in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 377, 380; <i>Espejo</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 368, 370; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 457; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, pp. 30, 122, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., pp. 197, 203, vol. ii., pp. 213, 281; <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's -Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 73-88; <i>Wizlizenus' Tour</i>, p. 26; <i>Larenaudière</i>, <i>Mex. +Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 73-88; <i>Wizlizenus' Tour</i>, p. 26; <i>Larenaudière</i>, <i>Mex. et Gaut.</i>, p. 147; <i>Warden</i>, <i>Recherches</i>, p. 79; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 99-100, -105-6; <i>Foster's Pre-Hist. Races</i>, p. 394; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, -série i., tom. ix., pp. 61-68, 76, 163, 173, 177; <i>Jaramillo</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 369-371; +105-6; <i>Foster's Pre-Hist. Races</i>, p. 394; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, +série i., tom. ix., pp. 61-68, 76, 163, 173, 177; <i>Jaramillo</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 369-371; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, pp. 119-127; <i>Ruxton</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 53; <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 220; <i>Abert</i>, in -<i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 471; <i>Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc.</i>, vol. ii., p. 359; <i>Möllhausen</i>, +<i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 471; <i>Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc.</i>, vol. ii., p. 359; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 217, 283; <i>Kendall's Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 379; <i>Revilla-Gigedo</i>, -<i>Carta, MS.</i>; <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. iv., p. 388; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, -p. 479; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., pp. 248, 279-80; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in +<i>Carta, MS.</i>; <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. iv., p. 388; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, +p. 479; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., pp. 248, 279-80; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 195, 239.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_802" id="Footnote_802" href="#FNanchor_802"><span class="label">[802]</span></a> Both sexes go bareheaded. 'The hair is worn long, and is done up in a great queue that falls down behind.' <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 147, 154-5, 421. -The women 'trençan los cabellos, y rodeanse los à la cabeça, por sobre las +The women 'trençan los cabellos, y rodeanse los à la cabeça, por sobre las orejas.' <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 273. 'Llevan las viejas el pelo hecho dos -trenzas y las mozas un moño sobre cada oreja.' <i>Garces</i>, <i>Diario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. +trenzas y las mozas un moño sobre cada oreja.' <i>Garces</i>, <i>Diario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie ii., tom. i., pp. 328-9; <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 220.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_803" id="Footnote_803" href="#FNanchor_803"><span class="label">[803]</span></a> 'Van vestidos estos indios con frazadas de algodon, que ellos fabrican, y otras de lana.' <i>Garces</i>, <i>Diario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie ii., tom. i., p. 235. Their dress is cotton of domestic manufacture. <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. -132. 'Kunstreich dagegen sind die bunten Gürtel gewebt, mit denen die -Mädchen ein Stück Zeug als Rock um die Hüften binden.' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus +132. 'Kunstreich dagegen sind die bunten Gürtel gewebt, mit denen die +Mädchen ein Stück Zeug als Rock um die Hüften binden.' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., pp. 440, 447; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, p. 68; <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 123; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 452, vol. ii., pp. 216-7, 219; <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 104; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. @@ -40664,58 +40624,58 @@ thatched cottages, thirty or forty feet in diameter, made of the twigs of cotton-wood trees, interwoven with the straw of wheat, corn-stalks, and cane.' <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 132; <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i., p. 117; <i>Mange</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., pp. -277, 365-6. 'Leurs (Pápagos) maisons sont de formes coniques et construites -en jonc et en bois.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 188; <i>Walker's -Pimas, MS.</i>; <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 395; <i>Sedelmair</i>, +277, 365-6. 'Leurs (Pápagos) maisons sont de formes coniques et construites +en jonc et en bois.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 188; <i>Walker's +Pimas, MS.</i>; <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 395; <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851; <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, pp. 115, 161. 'Andere, besonders die dummen Papagos, machten -Löcher und schliefen des Nachts hierinnen; ja im Winter machten sie in -ihren Dachslöchern zuvor Feuer, und hitzten dieselben.' <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, +Löcher und schliefen des Nachts hierinnen; ja im Winter machten sie in +ihren Dachslöchern zuvor Feuer, und hitzten dieselben.' <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 245. 'Their summer shelters are of a much more temporary nature, being constructed after the manner of a common arbor, covered with willow rods, to obstruct the rays of the vertical sun.' <i>Hughes' Doniphan's Ex.</i>, p. 222. In front of the Pimo house is usually 'a large arbor, on top of which is piled the cotton in the pod, for drying.' <i>Emory</i>, in <i>Fremont and Emory's Notes -of Trav.</i>, p. 48. The Pápagos' huts were 'fermées par des peaux de buffles.' -<i>Ferry</i>, <i>Scènes de la Vie Sauvage</i>, p. 107. Granary built like the Mexican <i>jakals</i>. +of Trav.</i>, p. 48. The Pápagos' huts were 'fermées par des peaux de buffles.' +<i>Ferry</i>, <i>Scènes de la Vie Sauvage</i>, p. 107. Granary built like the Mexican <i>jakals</i>. They are better structures than their dwellings, more open, in order to give a free circulation of air through the grain deposited in them. <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 382, vol. ii., pp. 233-5.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_808" id="Footnote_808" href="#FNanchor_808"><span class="label">[808]</span></a> <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 412; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_808" id="Footnote_808" href="#FNanchor_808"><span class="label">[808]</span></a> <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 412; <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, pp. 21, 23, 122, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. ii.; <i>Scenes in the Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 177; <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25, 30-1. 'Ellas son las que hacen, y edifican las Casas, assi de Piedra, como de Adove, y Tierra amasada; y con no tener la Pared mas de vn pie de -ancho, suben las Casas dos, y tres, y quatro, y cinco Sobrados, ó Altos; y -á cada Alto, corresponde vn Corredor por de fuera; si sobre esta altura hechan -mas altos, ó Sobrados (porque ay Casas que llegan á siete) son los demás, +ancho, suben las Casas dos, y tres, y quatro, y cinco Sobrados, ó Altos; y +á cada Alto, corresponde vn Corredor por de fuera; si sobre esta altura hechan +mas altos, ó Sobrados (porque ay Casas que llegan á siete) son los demás, no de Barro, sino de Madera.' <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 681. -For further particulars, see <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., +For further particulars, see <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 42, 58, 69, 71, 76, 80, 138, 163, 167, 169; <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 261, 269, 270, 279; <i>Diaz</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 293, 296; <i>Jaramillo</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 369, <i>Cordoue</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. x., pp. 438-9; <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, pp. 13, 90, 114; <i>Bent</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. i., p. 244; <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 76, 80, and plates, pp. 24, 72; <i>Warden</i>, <i>Recherches</i>, p. 79; <i>Ruxton's Adven. Mex.</i>, p. 191; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 455; -<i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 453; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 278; +<i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 453; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 278; <i>Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc.</i>, vol. ii., p. 359; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., pp. 268, 276; <i>Hughes' Doniphan's Ex.</i>, p. 195; <i>Garces</i>, <i>Diario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie ii., tom. i., p. 322; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, pp. 119, 121, 126; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 97, 99, 104, 105; <i>Ruxton</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 42, 45, 52, 57; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 248, 257, 267, 270, 277, 278, 288; <i>Espejo</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 385, 392, 394-6; <i>Coronado</i>, -in <i>Id.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 377, 379; <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 367, 372; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, -<i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, +in <i>Id.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 377, 379; <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 367, 372; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, +<i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., p. 238; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 217-18, 285; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, -pp. 209, 215, 217. The town of Cíbola 'domos è lapidibus et caemento affabre +pp. 209, 215, 217. The town of CÃbola 'domos è lapidibus et caemento affabre constructas et conjunctim dispositas esse, superliminaria portarum cyaneis gemmis, (Turcoides vocant) ornata.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, pp. 297, 311-14; -<i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 480. 'The houses are well distributed and very +<i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 480. 'The houses are well distributed and very neat. One room is designed for the kitchen, and another to grind the grain. This last is apart, and contains a furnace and three stones made fast in masonry.' -<i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 118-20, 141, 311, 313, 318, 420, 422; <i>Castaño de -Sosa</i>, in <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. iv., pp. 329-30; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, +<i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 118-20, 141, 311, 313, 318, 420, 422; <i>Castaño de +Sosa</i>, in <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. iv., pp. 329-30; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 178; <i>Foster's Pre-Hist. Races</i>, p. 394.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_809" id="Footnote_809" href="#FNanchor_809"><span class="label">[809]</span></a> In the province of Tucayan, 'domiciliis inter se junctis et affabre constructis, @@ -40724,14 +40684,14 @@ adversus hyemis vehementiam.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 301. 'In th centre was a small square box of stone, in which was a fire of guava bushes, and around this a few old men were smoking.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 110. 'Estufas, que mas propiamente deberian llamar sinagogas. En estas hacen -sus juntas, forman sus conciliábulos, y ensayan sus bailes á puerta cerrada.' -<i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 333; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, +sus juntas, forman sus conciliábulos, y ensayan sus bailes á puerta cerrada.' +<i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 333; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 418; <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 273; <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, pp. -13, 21; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 139, 165, +13, 21; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 139, 165, 169-70, 176; <i>Espejo</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 392-3; <i>Niel</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 90-1.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_810" id="Footnote_810" href="#FNanchor_810"><span class="label">[810]</span></a> 'Magna ipsis Mayzü copia et leguminum.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, pp. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_810" id="Footnote_810" href="#FNanchor_810"><span class="label">[810]</span></a> 'Magna ipsis Mayzü copia et leguminum.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, pp. 298, 302, 310-13, 315. 'Hallaron en los pueblos y casas muchos mantenimientos, y gran infinidad de gallinas de la tierra.' <i>Espejo</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 386, 393. 'Criaban las Indias muchas Gallinas de la Tierra.' @@ -40739,13 +40699,13 @@ vol. iii., pp. 386, 393. 'Criaban las Indias muchas Gallinas de la Tierra.' haesen, konynen en vorder wild-braed.' <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 215, and <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, p. 242. Compare <i>Scenes in the Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 177; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 97-8, 104, 108; <i>Cortez</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., -p. 122; <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, pp. 5-6; <i>Jaramillo</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, -série i., tom. ix., pp. 369-71; <i>Diaz</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 294-5; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, +p. 122; <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, pp. 5-6; <i>Jaramillo</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, +série i., tom. ix., pp. 369-71; <i>Diaz</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 294-5; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., pp. 268, 281; <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 86; <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, pp. 16, 82, 91, 113; <i>Wislizenus' Tour</i>, p. 26; <i>Bent</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. i., p. 244; Ruxton, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 52; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 270-1, 279, -288-9, 292, 297; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., pp. 439, 445, 453; <i>Möllhausen</i>, +288-9, 292, 297; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., pp. 439, 445, 453; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in the Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 239, 284; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 178, 214-18, 233-7; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, pp. 78, 94, 107-10, 141-2, 276-7; <i>Sedelmair</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 848, 850; @@ -40754,12 +40714,12 @@ p. 30; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 278; <i>Hughes' Doniphan's Ex.</i>, <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 221; <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 273; <i>Ind. Aff. Repts.</i>, from 1857 to 1872.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_811" id="Footnote_811" href="#FNanchor_811"><span class="label">[811]</span></a> 'Para su sustento no reusa animal, por inmundo que sea.' <i>Villa-Señor -y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 395. 'Los pápagos se mantienen de los frutos +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_811" id="Footnote_811" href="#FNanchor_811"><span class="label">[811]</span></a> 'Para su sustento no reusa animal, por inmundo que sea.' <i>Villa-Señor +y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 395. 'Los pápagos se mantienen de los frutos silvestres.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, pp. 160-1. 'Hatten grossen Appetit zu Pferd- und Mauleselfleisch.' <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, pp. 247-9, 267, 282-92; <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. -837-8; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 188; <i>Stone</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. +837-8; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 188; <i>Stone</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. v., p. 166.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_812" id="Footnote_812" href="#FNanchor_812"><span class="label">[812]</span></a> The Pimas 'Hacen grandes siembras ... para cuyo riego tienen formadas @@ -40776,7 +40736,7 @@ tom. i., p. 299. 'Usan de hilo torcido unas redes y otras de varios palitos, que los tuercen y juntan por las puntas.' <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 851-2.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_814" id="Footnote_814" href="#FNanchor_814"><span class="label">[814]</span></a> 'Hacen de la Masa de Ma'z por la mañana Atole.... Tambien hacen +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_814" id="Footnote_814" href="#FNanchor_814"><span class="label">[814]</span></a> 'Hacen de la Masa de Ma'z por la mañana Atole.... Tambien hacen Tamales, y Tortillas.' <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 679. 'The fruit of the petajaya ... is dried in the sun.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, pp. 89, 91, 106, 111-12. 'From the suwarrow (Cereus Giganteus) and pitaya they make an @@ -40784,24 +40744,24 @@ excellent preserve.' <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey</i>, vol. i p. 123. See also <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, pp. 31, 45, 121, 123, 126; <i>Carleton</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 308; <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 8, 76; <i>Coronado</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, tom. iii., p. 378; <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. -Recon.</i>, pp. 113, 115; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., -pp. 61, 71, 164, 170-2; <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 114, 119, 121-2, 147-8; <i>Möllhausen</i>, +Recon.</i>, pp. 113, 115; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., +pp. 61, 71, 164, 170-2; <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 114, 119, 121-2, 147-8; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 218-9, 285.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_815" id="Footnote_815" href="#FNanchor_815"><span class="label">[815]</span></a> <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, pp. 119-20, 124. 'Ils vont faire leurs odeurs au loin, et rassemblent les urines dans de grands vases de terre que l'on va -vider hors du village.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. +vider hors du village.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 171.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_816" id="Footnote_816" href="#FNanchor_816"><span class="label">[816]</span></a> 'The only defensive armor they use is a rude shield made of raw bull-hide.' <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 145-6. 'Bows and arrows, and the wooden boomerang.' <i>Colyer</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. 91. The Papagos 'armes sont la massue, la lance et l'arc; ils portent aussi une cuirasse et un bouclier en -peau de buffle.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 188. For further +peau de buffle.' <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 188. For further comparisons see <i>Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept.</i>, p. 30, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii.; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., p. 280; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, -p. 300; <i>Larenaudière</i>, <i>Mex. et Guat.</i>, p. 147; <i>Pike's Explor. Trav.</i>, p. 342; <i>Niza</i>, -in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, tom. iii., p. 372; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. +p. 300; <i>Larenaudière</i>, <i>Mex. et Guat.</i>, p. 147; <i>Pike's Explor. Trav.</i>, p. 342; <i>Niza</i>, +in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, tom. iii., p. 372; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528.; <i>Mange</i>, <i>Itinerario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299; <i>Sedelmair</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851; <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 106; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 217, 237.</p> @@ -40815,27 +40775,27 @@ only two feathers.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 103. 'War arrows have stone points and three feathers; hunting arrows, two feathers and a wooden point.' <i>Walker's Pimas, MS.</i>; <i>Coronado</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, tom. iii., p. 380.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_819" id="Footnote_819" href="#FNanchor_819"><span class="label">[819]</span></a> The Pimas: 'Flechas, ennervadas con el eficaz mortífero veneno que -componen de varias ponzoñas, y el zumo de la yerba llamada en pima <i>Usap</i>.' +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_819" id="Footnote_819" href="#FNanchor_819"><span class="label">[819]</span></a> The Pimas: 'Flechas, ennervadas con el eficaz mortÃfero veneno que +componen de varias ponzoñas, y el zumo de la yerba llamada en pima <i>Usap</i>.' <i>Mange</i>, <i>Itinerario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 307. 'Die Spitzen -ihrer Pfeile ... welche mit einer dunklen Substanz überzogen waren. Sie +ihrer Pfeile ... welche mit einer dunklen Substanz überzogen waren. Sie behaupteten, dass diese aus Schlangengift bestehe, was mir indess unwahrscheinlich -ist.' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 438; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 59, 107, 126.</p> +ist.' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 438; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, +<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 59, 107, 126.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_820" id="Footnote_820" href="#FNanchor_820"><span class="label">[820]</span></a> 'Una macana, como clava ó porra.... Estas son de un palo muy duro +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_820" id="Footnote_820" href="#FNanchor_820"><span class="label">[820]</span></a> 'Una macana, como clava ó porra.... Estas son de un palo muy duro y pesado.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 556. 'Macanas, que son vnas palos de media vara de largo, y llanos todos de pedernales agudos, que bastan a partir por medio vn hombre.' <i>Espejo</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 386, 393.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_821" id="Footnote_821" href="#FNanchor_821"><span class="label">[821]</span></a> 'De grosses pierres avaient été rassemblées au sommet, pour les rouler +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_821" id="Footnote_821" href="#FNanchor_821"><span class="label">[821]</span></a> 'De grosses pierres avaient été rassemblées au sommet, pour les rouler sur quiconque attaquerait la place.' <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 270. 'They have placed around all the trails leading to the town, pits, ten feet deep.' <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 81. See further, <i>Coronado</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 376; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, p. 279; <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., -tom. iv., p. 840; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. +tom. iv., p. 840; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 179.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_822" id="Footnote_822" href="#FNanchor_822"><span class="label">[822]</span></a> 'Painted to the eyes, their own heads and their horses covered with @@ -40850,7 +40810,7 @@ his horse's belly, at full speed.' <i>Emory's Reconnoissance</i>, p. 37.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_825" id="Footnote_825" href="#FNanchor_825"><span class="label">[825]</span></a> <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 106.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_826" id="Footnote_826" href="#FNanchor_826"><span class="label">[826]</span></a> <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., pp. 274-5; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, p. -104; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, pp. 93, 148; <i>Cutts' Conq. of Cal.</i>, p. 223; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, +104; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, pp. 93, 148; <i>Cutts' Conq. of Cal.</i>, p. 223; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, serie v., No. 96, p. 188.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_827" id="Footnote_827" href="#FNanchor_827"><span class="label">[827]</span></a> <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 78-9; <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, @@ -40860,42 +40820,42 @@ p. 206; <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, pp. 108-9.</p> tom. cxxxi., pp. 292-4.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_829" id="Footnote_829" href="#FNanchor_829"><span class="label">[829]</span></a> Baskets and pottery 'are ornamented with geometrical figures.' <i>Bartlett's -Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 382, vol. ii., pp. 227-8, 236. 'Schüsselförmige -runde Körbe (Coritas), diese flechten sie aus einem hornförmigen, gleich +Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 382, vol. ii., pp. 227-8, 236. 'Schüsselförmige +runde Körbe (Coritas), diese flechten sie aus einem hornförmigen, gleich einer Ahle spitzigen Unkraute.' <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 193. The Pueblos had -'de la vaiselle de terre très-belle, bien vernie et avec beaucoup d'ornements. -On y vit aussi de grands jarres remplies d'un métal brillant qui servait à faire -le vernis de cette faïence.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., +'de la vaiselle de terre très-belle, bien vernie et avec beaucoup d'ornements. +On y vit aussi de grands jarres remplies d'un métal brillant qui servait à faire +le vernis de cette faïence.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 138, 173, 185; see also <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 259. 'They (Pueblos) vse vessels of gold and siluer.' <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 372; -<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 216, 271, 273, 279; <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., +<i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, pp. 216, 271, 273, 279; <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 435; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 97, 111; <i>Carleton</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1854, p. 308; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., pp. 457, 459; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., p. 278; <i>Foster's Pre-Hist. Races</i>, p. 393; <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. -Recon.</i>, p. 97; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 425; <i>Coronado</i>, in +Recon.</i>, p. 97; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 425; <i>Coronado</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 380; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, pp. 68, 109, 112, 276.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_830" id="Footnote_830" href="#FNanchor_830"><span class="label">[830]</span></a> 'All the inhabitants of the Citie (Cíbola) lie vpon beddes raysed a +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_830" id="Footnote_830" href="#FNanchor_830"><span class="label">[830]</span></a> 'All the inhabitants of the Citie (CÃbola) lie vpon beddes raysed a good height from the ground, with quilts and canopies ouer them, which couer the sayde Beds.' <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 370; <i>Id.</i>, in -<i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 271. The Quires had 'umbracula -(vulgo Tirazoles) quibus Sinenses utuntur Solis, Lunæ, et Stellarum imaginibus +<i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 271. The Quires had 'umbracula +(vulgo Tirazoles) quibus Sinenses utuntur Solis, Lunæ, et Stellarum imaginibus eleganter picta.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 312; <i>Espejo</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 393. The Moquis' chief men have pipes made of smooth polished stone. <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., p. 87; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 121.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_831" id="Footnote_831" href="#FNanchor_831"><span class="label">[831]</span></a> <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 72, 76, 87. 'Sie flechten -von zartgeschlitzten Palmen auf Damastart die schönsten ganz leichten -Hüthe, aus einem Stücke.' <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 192. The Maricopa blankets +von zartgeschlitzten Palmen auf Damastart die schönsten ganz leichten +Hüthe, aus einem Stücke.' <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 192. The Maricopa blankets will turn rain. <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, pp. 106, 90. The Moquis wove blankets from the wool of their sheep, and made cotton cloth from the indigenous staple. <i>Poston</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 388. The Maricopas make a heavy cloth of wool and cotton, 'used by the women to put around their loins; and an article from 3 to 4 inches wide, used as a band for the head, or a girdle for the waist.' <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 224. 'Rupicaprarum -tergora eminebant (among the Yumanes) tam industriè præparata ut +tergora eminebant (among the Yumanes) tam industriè præparata ut cum Belgicis certarent.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 310.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_832" id="Footnote_832" href="#FNanchor_832"><span class="label">[832]</span></a> <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 301; <i>Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary @@ -40911,8 +40871,8 @@ and 1860, p. 168. 'Many Pimas had jars of the molasses expressed from the fruit of the Cereus Giganteus.' <i>Emory</i>, in <i>Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav.</i>, p. 48.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_833" id="Footnote_833" href="#FNanchor_833"><span class="label">[833]</span></a> 'Die Vernichtung des Eigenthums eines Verstorbenen,—einen unglücklichen -Gebrauch der jeden materiellen Fortschritt unmöglich macht.' <i>Froebel</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_833" id="Footnote_833" href="#FNanchor_833"><span class="label">[833]</span></a> 'Die Vernichtung des Eigenthums eines Verstorbenen,—einen unglücklichen +Gebrauch der jeden materiellen Fortschritt unmöglich macht.' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. i., p. 437. 'The right of inheritance is held by the females generally, but it is often claimed by the men also.' <i>Gorman</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1858, p. 200. 'All the effects of the deceased (Pima) become common @@ -40920,35 +40880,35 @@ property: his grain is distributed; his fields shared out to those who need land; his chickens and dogs divided up among the tribe.' <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, pp. 69, 112; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 121; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 262; <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, -série i., tom. ix., pp. 264, 265, 267, 268; <i>Id.</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. -372. The Zuñis 'will sell nothing for money, but dispose of their commodities +série i., tom. ix., pp. 264, 265, 267, 268; <i>Id.</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. +372. The Zuñis 'will sell nothing for money, but dispose of their commodities entirely in barter.' <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 91. The Pimos 'wanted white beads for what they had to sell, and knew the value of money.' -<i>Cutts' Conq. of Cal.</i>, p. 188; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., -tom. xi., pp. 164, 72. 'Ils apportèrent des coquillages, des turquoises et des +<i>Cutts' Conq. of Cal.</i>, p. 188; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., +tom. xi., pp. 164, 72. 'Ils apportèrent des coquillages, des turquoises et des plumes.' <i>Cabeza de Vaca</i>, <i>Relation</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. vii., p. 274; <i>Diaz</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. xi., p. 294; <i>Coronado</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 377. Many of the Pueblo Indians are rich, 'one family being worth over one hundred thousand dollars. They have large flocks.' <i>Colyer</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, -p. 89; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 144.</p> +p. 89; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 144.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_834" id="Footnote_834" href="#FNanchor_834"><span class="label">[834]</span></a> <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., p. 278; <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, p. 147; <i>Scenes in the Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 177; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 458; <i>Coronado</i>, -in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, tom. iii., p. 380; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 284.</p> +in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, tom. iii., p. 380; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 284.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_835" id="Footnote_835" href="#FNanchor_835"><span class="label">[835]</span></a> 'Estos ahijados tienen mucho oro y lo benefician.' <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. i., p. 28. 'They vse vessels of gold and siluer, for they have no other mettal.' <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 372; -<i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 133; <i>Espejo</i>, +<i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 133; <i>Espejo</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 386-8, 393-5; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. -217; <i>Diaz</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 294.</p> +217; <i>Diaz</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 294.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_836" id="Footnote_836" href="#FNanchor_836"><span class="label">[836]</span></a> Pueblo government purely democratic; election held once a year. 'Besides the officers elected by universal suffrage, the principal chiefs compose a "council of wise men."' <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 142-4. 'One of their regulations is to appoint a secret watch for the purpose of keeping down disorders and vices of every description.' <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., p. -274. See further: <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., +274. See further: <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 61, 168; <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 269; <i>Palmer</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 455; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 298; <i>Wislizenus' Tour</i>, p. 26; <i>Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc.</i>, vol. ii., p. 359; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxi., @@ -40957,19 +40917,19 @@ p. 277; <i>Stanley's Portraits</i>, p. 55.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_837" id="Footnote_837" href="#FNanchor_837"><span class="label">[837]</span></a> <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 85, 76; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, p. 108.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_838" id="Footnote_838" href="#FNanchor_838"><span class="label">[838]</span></a> 'Gobierno no tienen alguno, ni leyes, tradiciones ó costumbres con +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_838" id="Footnote_838" href="#FNanchor_838"><span class="label">[838]</span></a> 'Gobierno no tienen alguno, ni leyes, tradiciones ó costumbres con que gobernarse.' <i>Mange</i>, <i>Itinerario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 366. 'Cada cual gobernado por un anciano, y todas por el general de la nacion.' <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa</i>, p. 142; <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 267. Compare: <i>Grossman</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1870, p. 124; <i>Mowry</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1859, p. 356; <i>Walker's Pimas, MS.</i></p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_839" id="Footnote_839" href="#FNanchor_839"><span class="label">[839]</span></a> 'Un homme n'épouse jamais plus d'une seule femme.' <i>Castañeda</i>, -in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 164; <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_839" id="Footnote_839" href="#FNanchor_839"><span class="label">[839]</span></a> 'Un homme n'épouse jamais plus d'une seule femme.' <i>Castañeda</i>, +in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 164; <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 86-7; <i>Ward</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1864, p. 190.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_840" id="Footnote_840" href="#FNanchor_840"><span class="label">[840]</span></a> 'Ils traitent bien leurs femmes.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, -série i., tom. ix., p. 126. 'Desde que maman los Niños, los laban sus Madres +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_840" id="Footnote_840" href="#FNanchor_840"><span class="label">[840]</span></a> 'Ils traitent bien leurs femmes.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, +série i., tom. ix., p. 126. 'Desde que maman los Niños, los laban sus Madres con Nieve todo el cuerpo.' <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., p. 679; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 123; <i>Scenes in the Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 178.</p> @@ -40979,9 +40939,9 @@ against her will, however eligible her parents may consider the match.' <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. ii., p. 222-4; <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, p. 146; <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, p. 105; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, p. 112.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_842" id="Footnote_842" href="#FNanchor_842"><span class="label">[842]</span></a> 'Si el marido y mujer se desavienen y los hijos non pequeños, se arriman -á cualquiera de los dos y cada uno gana por su lado.' <i>Mange</i>, <i>Itinerario</i>, -in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 369. 'Tanto los pápagos occidentales, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_842" id="Footnote_842" href="#FNanchor_842"><span class="label">[842]</span></a> 'Si el marido y mujer se desavienen y los hijos non pequeños, se arriman +á cualquiera de los dos y cada uno gana por su lado.' <i>Mange</i>, <i>Itinerario</i>, +in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 369. 'Tanto los pápagos occidentales, como los citados gilas desconocen la poligamia.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 161. 'Among the Pimas loose women are tolerated.' <i>Cremony's Apaches</i>, pp. 102-4; <i>Ruxton</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 59; @@ -41022,13 +40982,13 @@ llegada con un esquisito baile en forma circular, en cuyo centro figaraba una prolongada asta donde pendian trece cabelleras, arcos, flechas y demas despojos de otros tantos enemigos apaches que habian muerto.' <i>Mange</i>, <i>Itinerario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 277. 'Este lo forma una junta de -truhanes vestidos de ridículo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo para cometer -los mayores desórdenes, y gustan tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos +truhanes vestidos de ridÃculo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo para cometer +los mayores desórdenes, y gustan tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos reparan las infamias que cometen con sus mugeres, ni las que resultan en perjuicio de las hijas.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., pp. 333-5. For further particulars see <i>Kendall's Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 378; <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. -104-8; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 244; <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 154-5; <i>Espejo</i>, -in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 394; <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, plates 1, 2, 3; +104-8; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 244; <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 154-5; <i>Espejo</i>, +in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 394; <i>Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex.</i>, plates 1, 2, 3; <i>Whipple</i>, in <i>Pac. R. R. Rept.</i>, vol. iii., p. 67; <i>Pike's Explor. Trav.</i>, p. 343.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_845" id="Footnote_845" href="#FNanchor_845"><span class="label">[845]</span></a> <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 73-4; <i>Johnson's Hist. @@ -41039,20 +40999,20 @@ upon it, in a sawing manner, a notched one.' <i>Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 17. 'I noticed, among other things, a reed musical instrument with a bell-shaped end like a clarionet, and a pair of painted drumsticks tipped with gaudy feathers.' <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 121. 'Les Indiens (Pueblos) accompagnent -leurs danses et leur chants avec des flûtes, où sont marqués les -endroits où il faut placer les doigts.... Ils disent que ces gens se réunissent -cinq ou six pour jouer de la flûte; que ces instruments sont d'inégales grandeurs.' -<i>Diaz</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 295; <i>Castañeda</i>, +leurs danses et leur chants avec des flûtes, où sont marqués les +endroits où il faut placer les doigts.... Ils disent que ces gens se réunissent +cinq ou six pour jouer de la flûte; que ces instruments sont d'inégales grandeurs.' +<i>Diaz</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 295; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 72, 172; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 455; <i>Garces</i>, <i>Diario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie ii., tom. i., p. 331. 'While they are at work, a man, seated at the door, plays on a bagpipe, so that they work keeping time: they sing in three voices.' <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, p. 119.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_846" id="Footnote_846" href="#FNanchor_846"><span class="label">[846]</span></a> The Cocomaricopas, 'componen unas bolas redondas del tamaño de +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_846" id="Footnote_846" href="#FNanchor_846"><span class="label">[846]</span></a> The Cocomaricopas, 'componen unas bolas redondas del tamaño de una pelota de materia negra como pez, y embutidas en ellas varias conchitas -pequeñas del mar con que hacen labores y con que juegan y apuestan, tirándola -con la punta del pié corren tres ó cuatro leguas y la particularidad es que -el que da vuelta y llega al puesto donde comenzaron y salieron á la par ese +pequeñas del mar con que hacen labores y con que juegan y apuestan, tirándola +con la punta del pié corren tres ó cuatro leguas y la particularidad es que +el que da vuelta y llega al puesto donde comenzaron y salieron á la par ese gana.' <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'It is a favorite amusement with both men [Maricopas] and boys to try their skill at hitting the pitahaya, which presents a fine object on the plain. @@ -41065,16 +41025,16 @@ and drinking.' <i>Ward</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1864, p. 192; <i>Mange</i <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 299, 365.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_847" id="Footnote_847" href="#FNanchor_847"><span class="label">[847]</span></a> <i>Walker's Pimas, MS.</i> 'The Papago of to-day will on no account -kill a coyote.' <i>Davidson</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1865, p. 132. 'Eben so abergläubischen +kill a coyote.' <i>Davidson</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1865, p. 132. 'Eben so abergläubischen Gebrauch hatten sie bey drohenden Kieselwetter, da sie den -Hagel abzuwenden ein Stück von einem Palmteppiche an einem Stecken anhefteten +Hagel abzuwenden ein Stück von einem Palmteppiche an einem Stecken anhefteten und gegen die Wolken richteten.' <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, pp. 203, 207; <i>Arny</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1871, pp. 385, 389. 'A sentinel ascends every morning at sunrise to the roof of the highest house, and, with eyes directed towards the east, looks out for the arrival of the divine chieftain, who is to give the sign of deliverance.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., p. 165, 197, 390, -210, and vol. ii., p. 54. 'On a dit que la coutume singulière de conserver -perpétuellement un feu sacré près duquel les anciens Mexicains attendaient +210, and vol. ii., p. 54. 'On a dit que la coutume singulière de conserver +perpétuellement un feu sacré près duquel les anciens Mexicains attendaient le retour du dieu Quetzacoatl, existe aussi chez les Pueblos.' <i>Ruxton</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 58; <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv.. p. 851; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des @@ -41083,25 +41043,25 @@ Mil. Recon.</i>, p. 93. 'I, however, one night, at San Felipe, clandestinely wit a portion of their secret worship. One of their secret night dances is called Tocina, which is too horrible to write about.' <i>Arny</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1871, p. 385; <i>Ward</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1864, p. 192; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, p. 121; <i>Ten -Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 73, 77; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. -278. 'Ils ont des prêtres ... ils montent sur la terrasse la plus élevée du -village et font un sermon au moment où le soleil se lève.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in -<i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 133, 164, 239.</p> +Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 73, 77; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. +278. 'Ils ont des prêtres ... ils montent sur la terrasse la plus élevée du +village et font un sermon au moment où le soleil se lève.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in +<i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 133, 164, 239.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_848" id="Footnote_848" href="#FNanchor_848"><span class="label">[848]</span></a> <i>Walker's Pimas, MS.</i>; <i>Mowry</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1857, p. 361; <i>Ruggles</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1869, p. 209; <i>Andrews</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1870, p. 117; <i>Ward</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1864, p. 188; <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 119, 311. The cause of the decrease of the Pecos Indians is 'owing to the fact that they seldom if ever marry outside of their respective pueblos.' <i>Parker</i>, in <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, 1869, p. 251; <i>Murr</i>, -<i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 273. 'Au milieu [of the estufa] est un foyer allumé, sur -lequel on jette de temps en temps une poignée de thym, ce qui suffit pour -entretenir la chaleur, de sorte qu'on y est comme dans un bain.' <i>Castañeda</i>, -in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 170.</p> +<i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 273. 'Au milieu [of the estufa] est un foyer allumé, sur +lequel on jette de temps en temps une poignée de thym, ce qui suffit pour +entretenir la chaleur, de sorte qu'on y est comme dans un bain.' <i>Castañeda</i>, +in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 170.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_849" id="Footnote_849" href="#FNanchor_849"><span class="label">[849]</span></a> <i>Walker's Pimas, MS.</i> The Pimas, 'usan enterrar sus varones con -su arco y flechas, y algun bastimento y calabazo de agua, señal que alcanzan -vislumbre de la immortalidad, aunque no con la distincion de prémio -ó castigo.' <i>Mange</i>, <i>Itinerario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 369. +su arco y flechas, y algun bastimento y calabazo de agua, señal que alcanzan +vislumbre de la immortalidad, aunque no con la distincion de prémio +ó castigo.' <i>Mange</i>, <i>Itinerario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 369. 'The Maricopas invariably bury their dead, and mock the ceremony of cremation.' ... 'sacrifice at the grave of a warrior all the property of which he died possessed, together with all in possession of his various relatives.' <i>Cremony's @@ -41123,14 +41083,14 @@ grave they hold a grand festival. The women weep and the men howl, and they go into a profound mourning of tar. Soon the cattle are driven up and slaughtered, and every body heavily-laden with sorrow, loads his squaw with beef, and feasts for many days.' <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, pp. 112-13; -<i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, pp. 204, 210, 281; <i>Ferry</i>, <i>Scènes de la vie Sauvage</i>, p. 115; -<i>Froebel's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 500; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 437; <i>Castañeda</i>, -in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 165.</p> +<i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, pp. 204, 210, 281; <i>Ferry</i>, <i>Scènes de la vie Sauvage</i>, p. 115; +<i>Froebel's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 500; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 437; <i>Castañeda</i>, +in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 165.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_850" id="Footnote_850" href="#FNanchor_850"><span class="label">[850]</span></a> 'Though naturally disposed to peaceful pursuits, the Papagoes are not deficient in courage.' <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, pp. 142, 107, 110-11, 140, 277; <i>Johnson's Hist. Arizona</i>, p. 10; <i>Stone</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. v., p. 166; -<i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 188; <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora y +<i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 188; <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa</i>, p. 142; <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, pp. 116, 160; <i>Froebel's Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 500, 506, 512; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., pp. 437, 447, 454; <i>Garces</i>, <i>Diario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie ii., tom. i., p. 238; <i>Sedelmair</i>, <i>Relacion</i>, @@ -41140,25 +41100,25 @@ are at all times enabled to meet, and vanquish the Apaches in battle.' <i>Emory</i>, in <i>Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav.</i>, p. 49; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. iii., pp. 62, 103; <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 282; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, pp. 440, 443; <i>Mange</i>, <i>Itinerario</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 365-6; -<i>Mowry's Arizona</i>, p. 30; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, pp. 397, 412; <i>Sonora</i>, +<i>Mowry's Arizona</i>, p. 30; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, pp. 397, 412; <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 553-5, 838. 'The Pueblos were industrious and unwarlike in their habits.' <i>Marcy's Army Life</i>, pp. 98, 110. The Moquis 'are a mild and peaceful race of people, almost unacquainted with the use of arms, and not given to war. They are strictly honest.... They are kind and hospitable to strangers.' <i>Davis' El Gringo</i>, pp. 421, 145. 'C'est une race (Pueblos) remarquablement sobre -et industrieuse, qui se distingue par sa moralité.' <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales +et industrieuse, qui se distingue par sa moralité.' <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 277, 288, 290; <i>Ruxton</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 45, 47, 60; <i>Ruxton's Adven. Mex.</i>, p. 191; <i>Ives' Colorado Riv.</i>, pp. 31, 36, 45, 122, 124-7; <i>Gregg's Com. Prairies</i>, vol. i., p. 120, 268, 274; <i>Pike's Explor. Trav.</i>, p. 342; <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 241; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, -<i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. iv., p. 453; <i>Champagnac</i>, <i>Voyageur</i>, p. 84; +<i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. iv., p. 453; <i>Champagnac</i>, <i>Voyageur</i>, p. 84; <i>Hughes' Doniphan's Ex.</i>, pp. 196, 221; <i>Espejo</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 392; <i>Wislizenus' Tour</i>, p. 26; <i>Pattie's Pers. Nar.</i>, p. 91; <i>Ten Broeck</i>, in <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iv., pp. 72, 87; <i>Eaton</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 220; <i>Bent</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, -vol. i., p. 244; <i>Kendall's Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 378; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 126, 163; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. -ii., p. 528; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 144; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, +vol. i., p. 244; <i>Kendall's Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 378; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, +<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 126, 163; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. +ii., p. 528; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Tagebuch</i>, p. 144; <i>Möllhausen</i>, <i>Reisen in die Felsengeb.</i>, tom. ii., p. 240. The Pueblos 'are passionately fond of dancing, and give themselves up to this diversion with a kind of frenzy.' <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. i., pp. 198, 185, 203, 206, and vol. ii., pp. 19, 51-2; <i>Cutts' Conq. of Cal.</i>, @@ -41168,24 +41128,24 @@ in the Rocky Mts.</i>, p. 177; <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. i., further: <i>Ind. Aff. Rept.</i>, from 1854 to 1872.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_851" id="Footnote_851" href="#FNanchor_851"><span class="label">[851]</span></a> <i>Baegert</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 359; <i>Forbes' Cal.</i>, pp. 20-2; <i>Mofras</i>, -<i>Explor.</i>, tom. i., p. 239; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 451; +<i>Explor.</i>, tom. i., p. 239; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 451; <i>Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church</i>, vol. i., pp. 95-6; <i>Prichard's Researches</i>, vol. v., -p. 446. 'Esse sono tre nella California Cristiana, cioè quelle de' Pericui, -de' Guaicuri, e de' Cochimì.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 109. -Venegas, in giving the opinion of Father Taravàl, says: 'Tres son (dice este -habil Missionero) las Lenguas: la Cochimi, la Pericù, y la de Loreto. De -esta ultima salen dos ramos, y son: la Guaycùra, y la Uchiti; verdad es, que +p. 446. 'Esse sono tre nella California Cristiana, cioè quelle de' Pericui, +de' Guaicuri, e de' Cochimì.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 109. +Venegas, in giving the opinion of Father Taravà l, says: 'Tres son (dice este +habil Missionero) las Lenguas: la Cochimi, la Pericù, y la de Loreto. De +esta ultima salen dos ramos, y son: la Guaycùra, y la Uchiti; verdad es, que es la variacion tanta, que el que no tuviere connocimiento de las tres Lenguas, -juzgara, no solo que hay quatro Lenguas, sino que hay cinco.... Està poblada -la primera àzia el Medioda, desde el Cabo de San Lucas, hasta mas acá del -Puerto de la Paz de la Nacion Pericú, ó siguiendo la terminacion Castellana -de los Pericúes: la segunda desde la Paz, hasta mas arriba del Presidio Real +juzgara, no solo que hay quatro Lenguas, sino que hay cinco.... Està poblada +la primera à zia el Medioda, desde el Cabo de San Lucas, hasta mas acá del +Puerto de la Paz de la Nacion Pericú, ó siguiendo la terminacion Castellana +de los Pericúes: la segunda desde la Paz, hasta mas arriba del Presidio Real de Loreto, es de los Monquis; la tercera desde el territorio de Loreto, por -todo lo descubierto al Norte de la nacion Cochimi, ó de los Cochimíes.' +todo lo descubierto al Norte de la nacion Cochimi, ó de los CochimÃes.' <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 63-6. 'Auf der Halbinsel Alt-Californien -wohnen: an der Südspitze die Perícues, dann die Monquis oder Menguis, -zu welchen die Familien der Guaycúras und Coras gehören, die Cochímas -oder Colímiës, die Laimónes, die Utschítas oder Vehítis, und die Icas.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, +wohnen: an der Südspitze die PerÃcues, dann die Monquis oder Menguis, +zu welchen die Familien der Guaycúras und Coras gehören, die CochÃmas +oder ColÃmiës, die Laimónes, die UtschÃtas oder VehÃtis, und die Icas.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 212. 'All the Indian tribes of the Peninsula seem to be affiliated with the Yumas of the Colorado and with the Coras below La Paz ... in no case do they differ in intellect, habits, customs, dress, @@ -41199,7 +41159,7 @@ barba ni nada de vello en el cuerpo.' <i>Californias, Noticias</i>, carta i., pp carta ii., p. 12. Compare: <i>Kino</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 407; <i>Crespi</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 135; <i>Ulloa</i>, in <i>Ramusio</i>, <i>Navigationi</i>, tom. iii., fol. 345, 351; <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 68; <i>Baegert</i>, in -<i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 357; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. +<i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 357; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 443-4; <i>Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church</i>, p. 99.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_853" id="Footnote_853" href="#FNanchor_853"><span class="label">[853]</span></a> 'Siendo de gran deshonra en los varones el vestido.' <i>Salvatierra</i>, @@ -41211,12 +41171,12 @@ della Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 120-3, 133, 144; <i>Gemelli Careri</i>, in <i>Churc vol. iv., p. 469, and in <i>Berenger</i>, <i>Col. de Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 371.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_854" id="Footnote_854" href="#FNanchor_854"><span class="label">[854]</span></a> 'Unos se cortan un pedazo de oreja, otros las dos; otros agugerean el -labio inferior, otros las narizes, y es cosa de risa, pues allí llevan colgando +labio inferior, otros las narizes, y es cosa de risa, pues allà llevan colgando ratoncillos, lagartijitas, conchitas. &c.' <i>Californias, Noticias</i>, carta i., pp. 48, 22. 'It has been asserted that they also pierce the nose. I can only say that I saw no one disfigured in that particular manner.' <i>Baegert</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 362. 'Nudi agunt, genas quadratis quibusdam -notis signati.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 306. Further reference: <i>Villa-Señor +notis signati.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 306. Further reference: <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., pp. 279, 282; <i>Ulloa</i>, in <i>Ramusio</i>, <i>Navigationi</i>, tom. iii., fol. 347-8, and in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 412; <i>Delaporte</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, tom. x., p. 428.</p> @@ -41224,7 +41184,7 @@ tom. x., p. 428.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_855" id="Footnote_855" href="#FNanchor_855"><span class="label">[855]</span></a> <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 88; <i>Campbell's Hist. Span. Amer.</i>, p. 86; <i>Ulloa</i>, in <i>Ramusio</i>, <i>Navigationi</i>, tom. iii., fol. 347, 350; <i>Californias, Noticias</i>, carta i., p. 45; <i>Lockman's Trav. Jesuits</i>, vol. i., p. 403. 'Le abitazioncelle -più comuni sono certe chiuse circolari di sassi sciolti, ed ammucchiati, le +più comuni sono certe chiuse circolari di sassi sciolti, ed ammucchiati, le quali hanno cinque piedi di diametro, e meno di due d'altezza.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 119. 'I am certainly not much mistaken in saying that many of them change their night-quarters more than a hundred @@ -41232,14 +41192,14 @@ times in a year.' <i>Baegert</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 361.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_856" id="Footnote_856" href="#FNanchor_856"><span class="label">[856]</span></a> 'Twenty-four pounds of meat in twenty-four hours is not deemed an extraordinary ration for a single person.' <i>Baegert</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1863, -pp. 364-7. 'No tienen horas señaladas para saciar su apetito: comen cuanto -hallan por delante; hasta las cosas mas sucias sirven á su gula.' <i>Californias, +pp. 364-7. 'No tienen horas señaladas para saciar su apetito: comen cuanto +hallan por delante; hasta las cosas mas sucias sirven á su gula.' <i>Californias, Noticias</i>, carta i., pp. 46-7, 21; see also: <i>Salmeron</i>, <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 13; <i>Salvatierra</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, serie iv., tom. v., p. 116; <i>Crespi</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, serie iv., tom. vii., pp. 106, 135, 143; <i>Delaporte</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, tom. -x., pp. 423-4; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 153; +x., pp. 423-4; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 153; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. iii., p. 106; <i>Ulloa</i>, in <i>Ramusio</i>, <i>Navigationi</i>, -tom. iii., fol. 350; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 451; <i>Alcedo</i>, +tom. iii., fol. 350; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 451; <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. i., p. 318.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_857" id="Footnote_857" href="#FNanchor_857"><span class="label">[857]</span></a> 'La pesca si fa da loro in due maniere, o con reti nella spiaggia, o @@ -41248,36 +41208,36 @@ della Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 111, 125-6; 'Use neither nets nor hooks, but a kind of lance.' <i>Baegert</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 364. 'Forman los Indios redes para pescar, y para otros usos.' <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 52.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_858" id="Footnote_858" href="#FNanchor_858"><span class="label">[858]</span></a> 'Poichè le stesse donne si lavavano, e si lavano anche oggidì con essa +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_858" id="Footnote_858" href="#FNanchor_858"><span class="label">[858]</span></a> 'Poichè le stesse donne si lavavano, e si lavano anche oggidì con essa (orina) la faccia.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 133.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_859" id="Footnote_859" href="#FNanchor_859"><span class="label">[859]</span></a> <i>Gemelli Careri</i>, in <i>Churchill's Col. Voyages</i>, vol. iv., p. 469; <i>Ramusio</i>, <i>Navigationi</i>, tom. iii., fol. 346, 351; <i>Baegert</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 362; <i>Kino</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. i., p. 407; <i>Crespi</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 143. 'Si trovarono altre spezie d'armi per ferir da vicino, -ma tutte di legno. La prima è un mazzapicchio, simile nella forma a una -girella col suo manico tutta d'un pezzo. La seconda è a foggia d'un ascia +ma tutte di legno. La prima è un mazzapicchio, simile nella forma a una +girella col suo manico tutta d'un pezzo. La seconda è a foggia d'un ascia di legnajuolo tutta anch'essa d'un sol pezzo. La terza ha la forma d'una piccola scimitara.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 124, 127.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_860" id="Footnote_860" href="#FNanchor_860"><span class="label">[860]</span></a> 'El modo de publicar la guerra era, hacer con mucho estruendo gran -provision de cañas, y pedernales para sus flechas, y procurar, que por varios -caminos llegassen las assonadas à oídos de sus contrarios.' <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia +provision de cañas, y pedernales para sus flechas, y procurar, que por varios +caminos llegassen las assonadas à oÃdos de sus contrarios.' <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 97-8. Referring to Venegas' work, Baegert, <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1864, p. 385, says: 'All that is said in reference to the warfare of the Californians is wrong. In their former wars they merely attacked the enemy unexpectedly during the night, or from an ambush, and killed as many as they could, without order, previous declaration of war, or any ceremonies -whatever.' See also: <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, pp. 424-5, and <i>Clavigero</i>, +whatever.' See also: <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, pp. 424-5, and <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 127.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_861" id="Footnote_861" href="#FNanchor_861"><span class="label">[861]</span></a> 'In lieu of knives and scissors they use sharp flints for cutting almost -everything—cane, wood, aloë, and even their hair.' <i>Baegert</i>, in <i>Smithsonian +everything—cane, wood, aloë, and even their hair.' <i>Baegert</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1863, p. 363. 'Le loro reti, tanto quelle da pescare, quanto quelle, che servono a portare checchessia, le fanno col filo, che tirano dalle foglie del Mezcal.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 124. Further notice in <i>Ulloa</i>, in <i>Ramusio</i>, <i>Navigationi</i>, tom. iii., fol. 350; <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, -tom. i., p. 90; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 447.</p> +tom. i., p. 90; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 447.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_862" id="Footnote_862" href="#FNanchor_862"><span class="label">[862]</span></a> Vancouver, <i>Voy.</i>, vol. ii., p. 482, speaking of Lower California says: 'We were visited by one of the natives in a straw canoe.' 'Vedemmo che vsci @@ -41291,8 +41251,8 @@ Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 371.</p> <i>Relaciones</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 17; also, <i>Ulloa</i>, in <i>Ramusio</i>, <i>Navigationi</i>, tom. iii., fol. 347-8.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_864" id="Footnote_864" href="#FNanchor_864"><span class="label">[864]</span></a> 'Su modo de contar es muy diminuto y corto, pues apénas llegan á -cinco, y otros á diez, y van multiplicando segun pueden.' <i>Californias, Noticias</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_864" id="Footnote_864" href="#FNanchor_864"><span class="label">[864]</span></a> 'Su modo de contar es muy diminuto y corto, pues apénas llegan á +cinco, y otros á diez, y van multiplicando segun pueden.' <i>Californias, Noticias</i>, carta i., p. 103. 'Non dividevano l'Anno in Mesi, ma solamente in sei stagioni.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 110-11.</p> @@ -41300,21 +41260,21 @@ sei stagioni.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 110-11.< la Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 79. 'Entre ellos siempre hay alguno mas desahogado y atrevido, que se reviste con el caracter de Capitan: pero ni este tiene jurisdiccion alguna, ni le obedecen, y en estando algo viejo lo suelen quitar del -mando: solo en los lances que les tiene cuenta siguen sus dictámenes.' +mando: solo en los lances que les tiene cuenta siguen sus dictámenes.' <i>Californias, Noticias</i>, carta i., pp. 40, 45.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_866" id="Footnote_866" href="#FNanchor_866"><span class="label">[866]</span></a> <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 130-4; <i>Ulloa</i>, in <i>Ramusio</i>, -<i>Navigationi</i> tom. iii., fol. 348; <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. +<i>Navigationi</i> tom. iii., fol. 348; <i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 284; <i>Baegert</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1863, pp. 367-9. 'Sus casamientos son -muy ridiculos: unos para casarse enseñan sus cuerpos á las mugeres, y estas -á ellos; y adoptándose á su gusto, se casan: otros en fin, que es lo mas +muy ridiculos: unos para casarse enseñan sus cuerpos á las mugeres, y estas +á ellos; y adoptándose á su gusto, se casan: otros en fin, que es lo mas comun, se casan sin ceremonia.' <i>Californias, Noticias</i>, carta i., pp. 50, 40-1. 'El adulterio era mirado como delito, que por lo menos daba justo motivo -á la venganza, á excepción de dos ocasiones: una la de sus fiestas, y bayles: +á la venganza, á excepción de dos ocasiones: una la de sus fiestas, y bayles: y otra la de las luchas.' <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, tom. i., p. 93. 'Les hommes s'approchaient des femmes comme des animaux, et les femmes se -mettaient publiquement à quatre pattes pour les recevoir.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in -<i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 153. This method of copulation +mettaient publiquement à quatre pattes pour les recevoir.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in +<i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 153. This method of copulation is by no means peculiar to the Lower Californians, but is practiced almost universally by the wild tribes of the Pacific States. Writers naturally do not mention this custom, but travellers are unanimous in their verbal @@ -41323,8 +41283,8 @@ accounts respecting it.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_867" id="Footnote_867" href="#FNanchor_867"><span class="label">[867]</span></a> 'Fiesta entre los Indios Gentiles no es mas que una concurrencia de hombres y mugeres de todas partes para desahogar los apetitos de luxuria y gula.' <i>Californias, Noticias</i>, carta i., pp. 60-75. 'Una de las fiestas mas -celebres de los Cochimies era la del dia, en que repartian las pieles à las mugeres -una vez al año.' <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 85-6, 96; <i>Baegert</i>, +celebres de los Cochimies era la del dia, en que repartian las pieles à las mugeres +una vez al año.' <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 85-6, 96; <i>Baegert</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1864, p. 389; <i>Salvatierra</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. v., pp. 103, 116.</p> @@ -41338,7 +41298,7 @@ to possess the power of exorcising the devil.' <i>Baegert</i>, in <i>Smithsonian peleas y otras trabajos voluntarios les ocasionan muchos dolores de pecho y otros accidentes.' <i>Californias, Noticias</i>, carta i., pp. 85-99.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_870" id="Footnote_870" href="#FNanchor_870"><span class="label">[870]</span></a> <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 112-13, 142-5; <i>Apostólicos +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_870" id="Footnote_870" href="#FNanchor_870"><span class="label">[870]</span></a> <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 112-13, 142-5; <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, pp. 426-7; <i>Salvatierra</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. v., p. 23; <i>Delaporte</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, tom. x., pp. 433-4. 'Rogaba el enfermo, que le chupassen, y soplassen de el modo mismo, que lo hacian los Curanderos. Executaban @@ -41355,64 +41315,64 @@ burial.' <i>Baegert</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1864, p. 387.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_872" id="Footnote_872" href="#FNanchor_872"><span class="label">[872]</span></a> 'Solevano essi onorar la memoria d'alcuni defunti ponendo sopra un' alta pertica la loro figura gossamente formata di rami, presso alla quale si metteva un Guama a predicar le loro lodi.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della Cal.</i>, tom. -i., p. 144; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 184.</p> +i., p. 144; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 184.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_873" id="Footnote_873" href="#FNanchor_873"><span class="label">[873]</span></a> 'La estupidèz è insensibilidad: la falta de conocimiento, y reflexion: +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_873" id="Footnote_873" href="#FNanchor_873"><span class="label">[873]</span></a> 'La estupidèz è insensibilidad: la falta de conocimiento, y reflexion: la inconstancia, y volubilidad de una voluntad, y apetitos sin freno, sin luz, -y aun sin objeto: la pereza, y horror à todo trabajo, y fatiga à la adhesion perpetua -à todo linage de placer, y entretenimiento puerìl, y brutàl: la pusilanimidad, +y aun sin objeto: la pereza, y horror à todo trabajo, y fatiga à la adhesion perpetua +à todo linage de placer, y entretenimiento puerìl, y brutà l: la pusilanimidad, y flaqueza de animo; y finalmente, la falta miserable de todo lo que -forma à los hombres esto es racionales, politicos, y utiles para sì, y +forma à los hombres esto es racionales, politicos, y utiles para sì, y para la sociedad.' <i>Venegas</i>, <i>Noticia de la Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 74-9, 87-8. 'Las -naciones del Norte eran mas despiertas, dóciles y fieles, ménos viciosas y +naciones del Norte eran mas despiertas, dóciles y fieles, ménos viciosas y libres, y por tanto mejor dispuestas para recibir el cristianismo que las que habitaban al Sur.' <i>Sutil y Mexicana</i>, <i>Viage</i>, p. lxxxix. 'Eran los coras y pericues, y generalmente las rancherias del Sur de California, mas ladinos y -capaces; pero tambien mas viciosos é inquietos que las demas naciones de -la península.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. iii., p. 252. 'Ces peuples -sont d'une tres-grande docilité, ils se laissent instruire.' <i>Californie, Nouvelle +capaces; pero tambien mas viciosos é inquietos que las demas naciones de +la penÃnsula.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. iii., p. 252. 'Ces peuples +sont d'une tres-grande docilité, ils se laissent instruire.' <i>Californie, Nouvelle Descente</i>, in <i>Voy. de l'Empereur de la Chine</i>, p. 104. Other allusions to their character may be found in <i>Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex.</i>, vol. i., p. 330; -<i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 292; <i>Baegert</i>, in <i>Smithsonian +<i>Villa-Señor y Sanchez</i>, <i>Theatro</i>, tom. ii., p. 292; <i>Baegert</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1864, pp. 378-85; <i>Crespi</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. vii., pp. 135, 143-6; <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 442; <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia della -Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 113-14; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 451.</p> +Cal.</i>, tom. i., pp. 113-14; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 451.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_874" id="Footnote_874" href="#FNanchor_874"><span class="label">[874]</span></a> Father Ribas, the first priest who visited the Yaquis, was surprised at the loud rough tone in which they spoke. When he remonstrated with them -for doing so, their reply was, 'No vés que soy Hiaqui: y dezianlo, porque +for doing so, their reply was, 'No vés que soy Hiaqui: y dezianlo, porque essa palabra, y nombre, significa, el que habla a gritos.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 285. Mayos: 'Their name comes from their position, and means in their own language boundary, they having been bounded on both sides by hostile tribes.' <i>Stone</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. v., p. 165. 'Segun parece, -la palabra <i>talahumali ó tarahumari</i> significa, "<i>corredor de a pié</i>;" de <i>tala ó tara</i>, -pié, <i>y huma</i>, correr'. <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. 364. 'La palabra <i>tepehuan</i> -creen algunos que es Mexicana, y corrupcion de <i>tepehuani</i>, conquistador; ó +la palabra <i>talahumali ó tarahumari</i> significa, "<i>corredor de a pié</i>;" de <i>tala ó tara</i>, +pié, <i>y huma</i>, correr'. <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. 364. 'La palabra <i>tepehuan</i> +creen algunos que es Mexicana, y corrupcion de <i>tepehuani</i>, conquistador; ó bien un compuesto de <i>tepetl</i>, monte, y <i>hua</i>, desinencia que en Mexicano -indica posesion, como si dijéramos señor ó dueño del monte. Otros, acaso -con mas exactitud, dicen que <i>tepchuan</i> es voz tarahumar, derivada de <i>pehua</i> ó -pegua, que significa <i>duro</i>, lo cual conviene con el carácter de la nacion.' <i>Id.</i>, +indica posesion, como si dijéramos señor ó dueño del monte. Otros, acaso +con mas exactitud, dicen que <i>tepchuan</i> es voz tarahumar, derivada de <i>pehua</i> ó +pegua, que significa <i>duro</i>, lo cual conviene con el carácter de la nacion.' <i>Id.</i>, tom. ii., p. 45. 'La palabra <i>acaxee</i> parece ser la misma que la de <i>acaxete</i>, nombre de un pueblo perteneciente al estado de <i>Puebla</i>, ambos corrupcion de -la palabra Mexicana <i>acaxitl</i>, compuesta de <i>atl</i> (agua), y de <i>caxitl</i> (cazuela ó +la palabra Mexicana <i>acaxitl</i>, compuesta de <i>atl</i> (agua), y de <i>caxitl</i> (cazuela ó escudilla), hoy tambien corrompida, <i>cajete</i>: el todo significa <i>alberca</i>, nombre -perfectamente adecuado á la cosa, pues que Alcedo, [<i>Diccion. geográf. de -América</i>] dice que en <i>Acaxete</i>, "hay una caja ó arca de agua de piedra de cantería, -en que se recogen las que bajan de la Sierra y se conducen à <i>Tepeaca</i>: -el nombre, pues, nos dice que si no la obra arquitectónica, á lo menos la +perfectamente adecuado á la cosa, pues que Alcedo, [<i>Diccion. geográf. de +América</i>] dice que en <i>Acaxete</i>, "hay una caja ó arca de agua de piedra de canterÃa, +en que se recogen las que bajan de la Sierra y se conducen à <i>Tepeaca</i>: +el nombre, pues, nos dice que si no la obra arquitectónica, á lo menos la idea y la ejecucion, vienen desde los antiguos Mexicanos."' <i>Diccionario Universal de Hist. Geog.</i>, tom. i., p. 31.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_875" id="Footnote_875" href="#FNanchor_875"><span class="label">[875]</span></a> 'Las mugeres son notables por los pechos y piés pequeños.' <i>Velasco</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_875" id="Footnote_875" href="#FNanchor_875"><span class="label">[875]</span></a> 'Las mugeres son notables por los pechos y piés pequeños.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 169. 'Tienen la vista muy aguda.... El oido es tambien -vivissimo.' <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Crón. de Zacatecas</i>, pp. 174-5. See also, <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. -de los Triumphos</i>, pp. 7, 145, 285, 677; <i>Zuñiga</i>, in <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora +vivissimo.' <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Crón. de Zacatecas</i>, pp. 174-5. See also, <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. +de los Triumphos</i>, pp. 7, 145, 285, 677; <i>Zuñiga</i>, in <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa</i>, p. 142; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 416; <i>Soc. -Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, pp. 184, 189; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 44, 49; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, +Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, pp. 184, 189; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, +<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 44, 49; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 242; <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, pp. 79-80; <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, p. 80; <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 69; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, pp. 289, 299; <i>Bartlett's -Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., pp. 444, 446; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., pp. 214-15, +Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., pp. 444, 446; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., pp. 214-15, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 419; <i>Ulloa</i>, in <i>Ramusio</i>, <i>Navigationi</i>, tom. iii., fol. 345; <i>Guzman</i>, <i>Rel. Anon.</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, tom. ii., fol. 296; <i>Sevin</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxx., p. 12; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, pp. 284-5; @@ -41421,44 +41381,44 @@ tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 419; <i>Ulloa</i>, in <i>Ramusio</i>, <i>Navigationi</i>, <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_876" id="Footnote_876" href="#FNanchor_876"><span class="label">[876]</span></a> 'No alcanzan ropa de algodon, si no es algunas pampanillas y alguna manta muy gruesa; porque el vestido de ellos es de cuero de venados adobados, -y el vestido que dellos hacen es coser un cuero con otro y ponérselos por +y el vestido que dellos hacen es coser un cuero con otro y ponérselos por debajo del brazo atados al hombro, y las mujeres traen sus naguas hechas con sus jirones que les llegan hasta los tobillos como faja.' <i>Guzman</i>, <i>Rel. -Anón.</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 296, 290, 481. The Ceri -women wear 'pieles de alcatras por lo general, ó una tosca frazada de lana +Anón.</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 296, 290, 481. The Ceri +women wear 'pieles de alcatras por lo general, ó una tosca frazada de lana envuelta en la cintura.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, pp. 131, 74, 153.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_877" id="Footnote_877" href="#FNanchor_877"><span class="label">[877]</span></a> The Temoris had 'las orejas cercadas de los zarcillos que ellos vsan, adornados de conchas de nacar labradas, y ensartadas en hilos azules, y cercan toda la oreja.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, pp. 226, 286, 472. Near -Culiacan, Nuño de Guzman met about 50,000 warriors who 'traian al cuello -sartas de codornices, pericos pequeños y otros diferentes pajaritos.' <i>Tello</i>, in +Culiacan, Nuño de Guzman met about 50,000 warriors who 'traian al cuello +sartas de codornices, pericos pequeños y otros diferentes pajaritos.' <i>Tello</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, tom. ii., p. 354. The Humes, 'coronadas sus cabezas de diademas de varias plumas de papagayos, guacamayas con algunos penachos de hoja de plata batida.' <i>Ahumada</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 96. 'Los Indios de este nuevo Reyno son de diversas naciones que se distinguen por la diversidad de rayas en el rostro.' <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, -MS.</i>, pp. 472, 531. 'No hemos visto á ningun carrizo pintado con vermellon, +MS.</i>, pp. 472, 531. 'No hemos visto á ningun carrizo pintado con vermellon, tal como lo hacen otros.' <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 69. For further description see <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, pp. 289-90, 298; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., p. 445; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 199-200; <i>Coronado</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 362-4; <i>Espejo</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 384, 390-1; <i>Cabeza de Vaca</i>, <i>Relation</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. vii., p. 250; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. ix., p. 157; -<i>Jaramillo</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 366; <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. i., p. 571; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, -série v., No. 96, pp. 184-5, 190; <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, +<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. vii., p. 250; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. ix., p. 157; +<i>Jaramillo</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 366; <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. i., p. 571; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, +série v., No. 96, pp. 184-5, 190; <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 552; <i>Arnaya</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 63; <i>Descrip. Top.</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, serie iv., tom. iv., pp. 113-14; <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, pp. 79-80; <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 574-6, 609; <i>Sevin</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxx., pp. 12, 25-6; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., pp. 401, 406, and ii., pp. 124, 184; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, pp. 208, 226, 228; and <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, pp. 235, 254-5; <i>Cabeza de Vaca</i>, <i>Relation</i>, pp. 167-8; -<i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., p. 93; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, +<i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., p. 93; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, pp. 241-2; <i>Hazart</i>, <i>Kirchen-Geschichte</i>, tom. ii., p. 539.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_878" id="Footnote_878" href="#FNanchor_878"><span class="label">[878]</span></a> 'Todos los pueblos de los indios cobiertas las casas de esteras, á las -cuales llaman en lengua de México <i>petates</i>, y por esta causa le llamamos -Petatlan.' <i>Guzman</i>, <i>Rel. Anón.</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, tom. ii., p. 296. -Compare <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 49, 156; +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_878" id="Footnote_878" href="#FNanchor_878"><span class="label">[878]</span></a> 'Todos los pueblos de los indios cobiertas las casas de esteras, á las +cuales llaman en lengua de México <i>petates</i>, y por esta causa le llamamos +Petatlan.' <i>Guzman</i>, <i>Rel. Anón.</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, tom. ii., p. 296. +Compare <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 49, 156; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 157, 160, 164, 200; <i>Coronado</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 363; <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 366; <i>Espejo</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 384; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, pp. 206, 216, 227-8; and <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, pp. 232, 255; <i>Ribas</i>, @@ -41469,15 +41429,15 @@ Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 574, 576, 609; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</ <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_879" id="Footnote_879" href="#FNanchor_879"><span class="label">[879]</span></a> 'Comian inmundas carnes sin reservar la humana.' <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, pp. 530, 80, 84, 533. 'Ils mangent tous de la chair -humaine, et vont à la chasse des hommes.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 152, 158-9. See also, <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, +humaine, et vont à la chasse des hommes.' <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, +<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 152, 158-9. See also, <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, pp. 150, 180-2; <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, pp. 3, 6, 7, 11, 14, 175, 217, 385, 671.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_880" id="Footnote_880" href="#FNanchor_880"><span class="label">[880]</span></a> Poçolatl, 'beuida de mayz cozido.' Pinolatl, 'beuida de mayz y chia -tostado.' <i>Molina</i>, <i>Vocabulario</i>. The Batucas 'cuanto siembran es de regadío +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_880" id="Footnote_880" href="#FNanchor_880"><span class="label">[880]</span></a> Poçolatl, 'beuida de mayz cozido.' Pinolatl, 'beuida de mayz y chia +tostado.' <i>Molina</i>, <i>Vocabulario</i>. The Batucas 'cuanto siembran es de regadÃo ... sus milpas parecen todas huertas.' <i>Azpilcueta</i>, in <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de -Jesus</i>, tom. ii., p. 186, see also p. 184; Acaxées, mode of fishing, etc., in <i>Id.</i>, +Jesus</i>, tom. ii., p. 186, see also p. 184; Acaxées, mode of fishing, etc., in <i>Id.</i>, tom. i., pp. 401-5, also 283-4, 399, 402-3; Tarahumaras, mode of fishing, hunting, and cooking. <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, pp. 310, 317, 322-3, 337, 342. The Yaquis 'fields and gardens in the highest state of cultivation.' <i>Ward's @@ -41486,34 +41446,34 @@ cooking, etc., see <i>Revista Mexicana</i>, tom. i., pp. 375-6; <i>Gomara</i>, < fol. 54; <i>Zepeda</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 158; <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, pp. 72, 169-70; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., pp. 465, 469; <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 549-50; -<i>Jaramillo</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 366; <i>Cabeza de +<i>Jaramillo</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 366; <i>Cabeza de Vaca</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. vii., pp. 242-3, 249-50, 265; <i>Espejo</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, tom. iii., p. 384; <i>Coronado</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 363, 374; <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., -p. 609; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 160-2, 169, 198, 200, 312; <i>Guzman</i>, <i>Rel. Anón.</i>, +p. 609; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 160-2, 169, 198, 200, 312; <i>Guzman</i>, <i>Rel. Anón.</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, tom. ii., p. 289; <i>Tello</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 353; <i>De Laet</i>, -<i>Novus Orbis</i>, pp. 286, 310; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 442; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, -<i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 185; <i>Ulloa</i>, in <i>Ramusio</i>, <i>Navigationi</i>, tom. iii., +<i>Novus Orbis</i>, pp. 286, 310; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 442; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, +<i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 185; <i>Ulloa</i>, in <i>Ramusio</i>, <i>Navigationi</i>, tom. iii., fol. 341-2; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. -256, 260; <i>Zuñiga</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1842, tom. xciii., p. 239; <i>Stone</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. +256, 260; <i>Zuñiga</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1842, tom. xciii., p. 239; <i>Stone</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. v., p. 166; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Sonora</i>, pp. 14-5.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_881" id="Footnote_881" href="#FNanchor_881"><span class="label">[881]</span></a> Of the Ceris it is said that 'la ponzoña con que apestan las puntas de -sus flechas, es la mas activa que se ha conocido por acá ... no se ha podido -averiguar cuáles sean á punto fijo los mortíferos materiales de esta pestilencial +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_881" id="Footnote_881" href="#FNanchor_881"><span class="label">[881]</span></a> Of the Ceris it is said that 'la ponzoña con que apestan las puntas de +sus flechas, es la mas activa que se ha conocido por acá ... no se ha podido +averiguar cuáles sean á punto fijo los mortÃferos materiales de esta pestilencial maniobra? Y aunque se dicen muchas cosas, como que lo hacen de -cabezas de víboras irritadas cortadas al tiempo que clavan sus dientes en un +cabezas de vÃboras irritadas cortadas al tiempo que clavan sus dientes en un pedazo de bofes y de carne humana ya medio podrida ... pues no es mas -que adivinar lo que no sabemos. Sin duda su principal ingrediente será -alguna raíz.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., -pp. 560-1, 552. 'El magot es un árbol pequeño muy losano y muy hermoso -á la vista; pero á corta incision de la corteza brota una leche mortal que les -servia en su gentilidad para emponzoñar sus flechas.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. +que adivinar lo que no sabemos. Sin duda su principal ingrediente será +alguna raÃz.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., +pp. 560-1, 552. 'El magot es un árbol pequeño muy losano y muy hermoso +á la vista; pero á corta incision de la corteza brota una leche mortal que les +servia en su gentilidad para emponzoñar sus flechas.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. ii., p. 215. See also <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, pp. 298-9, 391; <i>Stone</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. v., p. 166; <i>Domenech's Deserts</i>, vol. ii., p. 57; <i>Cabeza de -Vaca</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. vii., pp. 250-1; <i>Castañeda</i>, in -<i>Id.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 209, 222-3; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, +Vaca</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. vii., pp. 250-1; <i>Castañeda</i>, in +<i>Id.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 209, 222-3; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, pp. 185-6, 190; <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chron. de Zacatecas</i>, p. 153; <i>Tello</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. -de Doc.</i>, tom. ii., p. 354; <i>Guzman</i>, <i>Rel. Anón.</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 289, 296; <i>Descrip. +de Doc.</i>, tom. ii., p. 354; <i>Guzman</i>, <i>Rel. Anón.</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 289, 296; <i>Descrip. Topog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. iv., p. 114; <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, pp. 10, 110, 473, 677; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, pp. 285, 287, 305, 310; <i>Sevin</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxx., pp. 12, 25; <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, @@ -41523,10 +41483,10 @@ pp. 10, 110, 473, 677; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, pp. 285, 287, 305, 31 <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, pp. 208, 228; and <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, pp. 234, 255; <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, p. 520; <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 55.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_882" id="Footnote_882" href="#FNanchor_882"><span class="label">[882]</span></a> 'El jóven que desea valer por las armas, ántes de ser admitido en toda -forma á esta profesion, debe hacer méritos en algunas campañas ... despues +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_882" id="Footnote_882" href="#FNanchor_882"><span class="label">[882]</span></a> 'El jóven que desea valer por las armas, ántes de ser admitido en toda +forma á esta profesion, debe hacer méritos en algunas campañas ... despues de probado algun tiempo en estas experiencias y tenida la aprobacion de los -ancianos, citan al pretendiente para algun dia en que deba dar la última +ancianos, citan al pretendiente para algun dia en que deba dar la última prueba de su valor.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. ii., pp. 218-9, 396-8, and tom. i., pp. 396-9. Examine <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 544-7; <i>Lizasoin</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 684-5.</p> @@ -41534,11 +41494,11 @@ serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 544-7; <i>Lizasoin</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 684-5.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_883" id="Footnote_883" href="#FNanchor_883"><span class="label">[883]</span></a> As to the Mayos, 'eran estos indios en sus costumbres y modo de guerrear como los de Sinaloa, hacian la centinela cada cuarto de hora, poniendose en fila cincuenta indios, uno delante de otro, con sus arcos y flechas -y con una rodilla en tierra.' <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 241. +y con una rodilla en tierra.' <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 241. See also <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, pp. 9, 18, 76, 473-4; <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. -N. Galicia, MS.</i>, p. 522; <i>Guzman</i>, <i>Rel. Anón.</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, -tom. ii., pp. 301-2; <i>Hazart</i>, <i>Kirchen-Geschichte</i>, tom. ii., p. 539; <i>Ferry</i>, <i>Scènes -de le vie Sauvage</i>, p. 76; <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, p. 150; <i>Coronado</i>, in +N. Galicia, MS.</i>, p. 522; <i>Guzman</i>, <i>Rel. Anón.</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, +tom. ii., pp. 301-2; <i>Hazart</i>, <i>Kirchen-Geschichte</i>, tom. ii., p. 539; <i>Ferry</i>, <i>Scènes +de le vie Sauvage</i>, p. 76; <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, p. 150; <i>Coronado</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 363; <i>Gallatin</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 256.</p> @@ -41546,9 +41506,9 @@ de le vie Sauvage</i>, p. 76; <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, p. 150 <i>Descrip. Topog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iv., tom. iv., p. 114; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 290.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_885" id="Footnote_885" href="#FNanchor_885"><span class="label">[885]</span></a> 'Vsauan el arte de hilar, y texer algodon, ó otras yeruas siluestres, -como el Cañamo de Castilla, o Pita.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, pp. 12, 200. -For the Yaquis, see <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 73; for the Ópatas and +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_885" id="Footnote_885" href="#FNanchor_885"><span class="label">[885]</span></a> 'Vsauan el arte de hilar, y texer algodon, ó otras yeruas siluestres, +como el Cañamo de Castilla, o Pita.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, pp. 12, 200. +For the Yaquis, see <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 73; for the Ópatas and Jovas, <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 550-2; and for the Tarahumares, <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 344; <i>Cabeza de Vaca</i>, <i>Relation</i>, pp. 166, 174; Id., in <i>Ramusio</i>, <i>Navigationi</i>, tom. iii., fol. 327; <i>Lachapelle</i>, @@ -41559,24 +41519,24 @@ y otro lado.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. iii., p. 119. 'An himself ... by means of a long elastic pole of about twelve or fourteen feet in length.' <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, pp. 297, 291. See also <i>Niza</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., pp. 366; <i>Cabeza de Vaca</i>, <i>Relation</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, -série i., tom. vii., p. 250; <i>Ulloa</i>, in <i>Ramusio</i>, <i>Navigationi</i>, tom. iii., fol. 342.</p> +série i., tom. vii., p. 250; <i>Ulloa</i>, in <i>Ramusio</i>, <i>Navigationi</i>, tom. iii., fol. 342.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_887" id="Footnote_887" href="#FNanchor_887"><span class="label">[887]</span></a> The Carrizos 'no tienen caballos, pero en cambio, sus pueblos están +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_887" id="Footnote_887" href="#FNanchor_887"><span class="label">[887]</span></a> The Carrizos 'no tienen caballos, pero en cambio, sus pueblos están llenos de perros.' <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 70. The Tahus 'sacrifiaient -une partie de leurs richesses, qui consistaient en étoffes et en turquoises.' -<i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 150. -Compare further, <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 200-1; <i>Zuñiga</i>, in <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de +une partie de leurs richesses, qui consistaient en étoffes et en turquoises.' +<i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 150. +Compare further, <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 200-1; <i>Zuñiga</i>, in <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa</i>, p. 135; <i>Mex. in 1842</i>, p. 68; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 260; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 380; <i>Cabeza de Vaca</i>, <i>Relation</i>, p. 167.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_888" id="Footnote_888" href="#FNanchor_888"><span class="label">[888]</span></a> 'Son grandes observadores de los Astros, porque como siempre duermen -á Cielo descubierto, y estan hechos â mirarlos, se marabillan de qualquier -nueva impression, que registran en los Cielos.' <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, -p. 175. Among the Yaquis, 'hay asimismo músicos de violin y arpa, todo -por puro ingenio, sin que se pueda decir que se les hayan enseñado las primeras +á Cielo descubierto, y estan hechos â mirarlos, se marabillan de qualquier +nueva impression, que registran en los Cielos.' <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, +p. 175. Among the Yaquis, 'hay asimismo músicos de violin y arpa, todo +por puro ingenio, sin que se pueda decir que se les hayan enseñado las primeras reglas.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, p. 74. See also <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los -Triumphos</i>, p. 12; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 285; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, -<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 152; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 201; <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, +Triumphos</i>, p. 12; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 285; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, +<i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., p. 152; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 201; <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, p. 370; <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, p. 80.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_889" id="Footnote_889" href="#FNanchor_889"><span class="label">[889]</span></a> 'Leyes, ni Reyes que castigassen tales vicios y pecados, no los tuuieron, @@ -41589,97 +41549,97 @@ castigasse.' <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 11; <i>Combier</i>, chiefs and rulers of provinces and towns throughout the West Indies, Central America, Mexico, and Peru, is originally taken from the Cuban language. Oviedo, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iv., p. 595, explains it as follows: -'Cacique: señor, jefe absoluto ó rey de una comarca ó Estado. En nuestros +'Cacique: señor, jefe absoluto ó rey de una comarca ó Estado. En nuestros dias suele emplearse esta voz en algunas poblaciones de la parte oriental de Cuba, para designar al regidor decano de un ayuntamiento. Asi se dice: -Regidor cacique. Metafóricamente tiene aplicacion en nuestra península, -para designar á los que en los pueblos pequeños llevan la voz y gobiernan á +Regidor cacique. Metafóricamente tiene aplicacion en nuestra penÃnsula, +para designar á los que en los pueblos pequeños llevan la voz y gobiernan á su antojo y capricho.'</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_891" id="Footnote_891" href="#FNanchor_891"><span class="label">[891]</span></a> 'Juntos grandes y pequeños ponen á los mocetones y mujeres casaderas -en dos hileras, y dada una seña emprenden á correr éstas; dada otra -siguen la carrera aquellos, y alcanzándolas, ha de cojer cada uno la suya de +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_891" id="Footnote_891" href="#FNanchor_891"><span class="label">[891]</span></a> 'Juntos grandes y pequeños ponen á los mocetones y mujeres casaderas +en dos hileras, y dada una seña emprenden á correr éstas; dada otra +siguen la carrera aquellos, y alcanzándolas, ha de cojer cada uno la suya de la tetilla izquierda; y quedan hechos y confirmados los desposorios.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 542-3. 'Unos se casan con una muger sola, y tienen muchas mancebas.... Otras se casan con quantas mugeres quieren.... Otras naciones tienen las mugeres por comunes.' -<i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, pp. 154-7. For further account of their family +<i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, pp. 154-7. For further account of their family relations and marriage customs, see <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, pp. 11, -145, 171, 201, 242, 475; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 186; <i>Castañeda</i>, -in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 150, 152, 155, 158; +145, 171, 201, 242, 475; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, <i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96, p. 186; <i>Castañeda</i>, +in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, série i., tom. ix., pp. 150, 152, 155, 158; <i>Hazart</i>, <i>Kirchen-Geschichte</i>, tom. ii., p. 541; <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, p. 530; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 452; <i>Arista</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 417; -<i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 70; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 201; <i>Löwenstern</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, +<i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 70; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 201; <i>Löwenstern</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 409.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_892" id="Footnote_892" href="#FNanchor_892"><span class="label">[892]</span></a> Les Yaquis 'aiment surtout une danse appelée <i>tutuli gamuchi</i> ... dans -laquelle ils changent de femmes en se cédant réciproquement tous leurs -droits conjugaux.' <i>Zuñiga</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1842, tom. xciii., pp. -238-9. The Sisibotaris; 'En las danzas ... fué muy de notar que aunque +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_892" id="Footnote_892" href="#FNanchor_892"><span class="label">[892]</span></a> Les Yaquis 'aiment surtout une danse appelée <i>tutuli gamuchi</i> ... dans +laquelle ils changent de femmes en se cédant réciproquement tous leurs +droits conjugaux.' <i>Zuñiga</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1842, tom. xciii., pp. +238-9. The Sisibotaris; 'En las danzas ... fué muy de notar que aunque danzaban juntos hombres y mugeres, ni se hablaban ni se tocaban inmediatamente las manos.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. ii., p. 124, and tom. -i., pp. 405-7. In the province of Pánuco, 'cuando estan en sus borracheras -é fiestas, lo que no pueden beber por la boca, se lo hacen echar por -bajo con un embudo.' <i>Guzman</i>, <i>Rel. Anón.</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, tom. +i., pp. 405-7. In the province of Pánuco, 'cuando estan en sus borracheras +é fiestas, lo que no pueden beber por la boca, se lo hacen echar por +bajo con un embudo.' <i>Guzman</i>, <i>Rel. Anón.</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, tom. ii., p. 295. See further, <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, pp. 9, 15, 256, 672; <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, pp. 321, 343, 345; <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 287; <i>Padilla</i>, -<i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, pp. 519, 530; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, -série i., tom. ix., p. 158; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 440; <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, +<i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, pp. 519, 530; <i>Castañeda</i>, in <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, +série i., tom. ix., p. 158; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 440; <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, pp. 158, 160; <i>Donnavan's Adven.</i>, pp. 46, 48; <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Indias, MS.</i>, -lib. iii., cap. 168; <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., p. 167; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, -<i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96. p. 190; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 261; +lib. iii., cap. 168; <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., p. 167; <i>Soc. Géog.</i>, +<i>Bulletin</i>, série v., No. 96. p. 190; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. ii., p. 261; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 381; <i>Sevin</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxx., p. 25.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_893" id="Footnote_893" href="#FNanchor_893"><span class="label">[893]</span></a> The Ópatas have 'grande respeto y veneracion que hasta hoy tienen -á los hombrecitos pequeños y contrahechos, á quienes temen y franquean su +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_893" id="Footnote_893" href="#FNanchor_893"><span class="label">[893]</span></a> The Ópatas have 'grande respeto y veneracion que hasta hoy tienen +á los hombrecitos pequeños y contrahechos, á quienes temen y franquean su casa y comida.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 628. 'Angulis atque adytis angues complures reperti, peregrinum in modum conglobati, capitibus supra et infra exsertis, terribili rictu, si quis propuis -accessisset, cæterum innocui; quos barbari vel maxime venerabantur, +accessisset, cæterum innocui; quos barbari vel maxime venerabantur, quod diabolus ipsis hac forma apparere consuesset: eosdem tamen et manibus contrectabant et nonnunquam iis vescebantur.' <i>De Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 284. Further reference in <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 472; <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 574-5; <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, p. 79; <i>Cabeza de -Vaca</i>, <i>Relation</i>, p. 169; <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, pp. 166-7; <i>Sevin</i>, in +Vaca</i>, <i>Relation</i>, p. 169; <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, pp. 166-7; <i>Sevin</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxx., p. 26.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_894" id="Footnote_894" href="#FNanchor_894"><span class="label">[894]</span></a> 'Quando entre los Indios ay algun contagio, que es el de viruelas el mas continuo, de que mueren innumerables, mudan cada dia lugares, y -se van á los mas retirados montes, buscando los sitios mas espinosos y enmarañados, +se van á los mas retirados montes, buscando los sitios mas espinosos y enmarañados, para que de miedo de las espinas, no entren (segun juzgan, y -como cierto lo afirman) las viruelas.' <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, pp. 152-3, -182. See also, <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 431; <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, +como cierto lo afirman) las viruelas.' <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, pp. 152-3, +182. See also, <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 431; <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, pp. 70-1; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 399, tom. ii., pp. -213-4, 219-20; <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, pp. 17, 322-3; <i>Löwenstern</i>, +213-4, 219-20; <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, pp. 17, 322-3; <i>Löwenstern</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 411; <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, p. 282; <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 547-8.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_895" id="Footnote_895" href="#FNanchor_895"><span class="label">[895]</span></a> See <i>Schoolcraft's Arch.</i>, vol. iii., p. 516; <i>Villa</i>, in <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, p. 443.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_896" id="Footnote_896" href="#FNanchor_896"><span class="label">[896]</span></a> 'Las mas de las naciones referidas son totalmente barbaras, y de groseros -entendimientos; gente baxa.' <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, p. 149. The +entendimientos; gente baxa.' <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, p. 149. The Yaquis: 'by far the most industrious and useful of all the other tribes in Sonora ... celebrated for the exuberance of their wit.' <i>Hardy's Trav.</i>, pp. -439, 442. 'Los ópatas son tan honrados como valientes ... la nacion ópata es -pacífica, dócil, y hasta cierto punto diferente de todas los demas indígenas -del continente ... son amantes del trabajo.' <i>Zuñiga</i>, in <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de -Sonora y Sinaloa</i>, pp. 139-41. 'La tribu ópata fué la que manifestó un carácter -franco, dócil, y con simpatías á los blancos ... siempre fué inclinada al -órden y la paz.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, pp. 151, 117. The Ópatas 'son -de génio malicioso, disimulados y en sumo grado vengativos; y en esto sobresalen +439, 442. 'Los ópatas son tan honrados como valientes ... la nacion ópata es +pacÃfica, dócil, y hasta cierto punto diferente de todas los demas indÃgenas +del continente ... son amantes del trabajo.' <i>Zuñiga</i>, in <i>Escudero</i>, <i>Noticias de +Sonora y Sinaloa</i>, pp. 139-41. 'La tribu ópata fué la que manifestó un carácter +franco, dócil, y con simpatÃas á los blancos ... siempre fué inclinada al +órden y la paz.' <i>Velasco</i>, <i>Noticias de Sonora</i>, pp. 151, 117. The Ópatas 'son +de génio malicioso, disimulados y en sumo grado vengativos; y en esto sobresalen las mujeres.' <i>Sonora</i>, <i>Descrip. Geog.</i>, in <i>Doc. Hist. Mex.</i>, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 629-30. See also: <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, pp. 237, 285, 358, 369, 385; <i>Bartlett's Pers. Nar.</i>, vol. i., pp. 442-3; <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. i., p. 583, vol. ii., p. 606; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, pp. 198-201; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Sonora</i>, pp. 13-14; <i>Browne's Apache Country</i>, p. 248; <i>Lachapelle</i>, <i>Raousset-Boulbon</i>, p. 79; -<i>Cabeza de Vaca</i>, <i>Relation</i>, pp. 169, 176; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, pp. 405, +<i>Cabeza de Vaca</i>, <i>Relation</i>, pp. 169, 176; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, pp. 405, 442; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., pp. 284, 402-3, 405, 452, and tom. ii., p. 184; <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, pp. 80, 84; <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, -<i>Diario</i>, pp. 69-70; <i>García Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., p. 93.</p> +<i>Diario</i>, pp. 69-70; <i>GarcÃa Conde</i>, in <i>Album Mex.</i>, tom. i., p. 93.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_897" id="Footnote_897" href="#FNanchor_897"><span class="label">[897]</span></a> Otomí;—'<i>Otho</i> en la misma lengua othomí quiere decir <i>nada</i>, y <i>mi</i>, -quieto, ó sentado, de manera que traducida literalmente la palabra, significa -nada-quieto, cuya idea pudiéramos expresar diciendo <i>peregrino ó errante</i>.' +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_897" id="Footnote_897" href="#FNanchor_897"><span class="label">[897]</span></a> OtomÃ;—'<i>Otho</i> en la misma lengua othomà quiere decir <i>nada</i>, y <i>mi</i>, +quieto, ó sentado, de manera que traducida literalmente la palabra, significa +nada-quieto, cuya idea pudiéramos expresar diciendo <i>peregrino ó errante</i>.' <i>Pimentel</i>, <i>Cuadro</i>, tom. i., p. 118. Chichimecs;—'Los demas Indios les llamaban Chichimecos (que hoy lo mismo es chichi que perros altaneros) por la ninguna residencia.' <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, p. 44. Speaking @@ -41689,13 +41649,13 @@ Guamares, Guachichiles, y otros, todos diferentes aunque semejantes en las costumbres.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. viii., lib. vi., cap. xiv. For further etymology of tribes, see <i>Buschmann</i>, <i>Ortsnamen</i>.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_898" id="Footnote_898" href="#FNanchor_898"><span class="label">[898]</span></a> 'Hanno d'altezza più di cinque piedi parigini.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia Ant. -del Messico</i>, tom. iv., p. 161. 'De pequeña estatura [cuatro piés seis pulgadas, -á cinco piés cuando mas.]' <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 229. In Yalisco +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_898" id="Footnote_898" href="#FNanchor_898"><span class="label">[898]</span></a> 'Hanno d'altezza più di cinque piedi parigini.' <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia Ant. +del Messico</i>, tom. iv., p. 161. 'De pequeña estatura [cuatro piés seis pulgadas, +á cinco piés cuando mas.]' <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 229. In Yalisco 'casi en todo este reyno, son grandes, y hermosas.' <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 271. 'Son de estatura alta, bien hechos y fornidos.' <i>Ulloa</i>, <i>Noticias Americanas</i>, p. 308; <i>Tylor's Anahuac</i>, p. 182; <i>Burkart</i>, <i>Mexico</i>, tom. i., p. 49; -<i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. 560; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. +<i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. 560; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 236.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_899" id="Footnote_899" href="#FNanchor_899"><span class="label">[899]</span></a> 'In complexion, feature, hair and eyes, I could trace a very great resemblance @@ -41704,11 +41664,11 @@ i., p. 296, see also vol. ii., pp. 199, 239. 'Son de la frente ancha, y las cabe chatas.' <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 133, 129. See further, <i>Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man</i>, vol. ii., p. 511; <i>Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex.</i>, vol. i., p. 200; <i>Almaraz</i>, <i>Memoria</i>, p. 79; <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., -pp. 82, 86; <i>Rossi</i>, <i>Souvenirs</i>, p. 280; <i>Viollet-Le-Duc.</i>, in <i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, +pp. 82, 86; <i>Rossi</i>, <i>Souvenirs</i>, p. 280; <i>Viollet-Le-Duc.</i>, in <i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, p. 102; <i>Poinsett's Notes on Mex.</i>, pp. 107-8; <i>Ottavio</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1833, tom. lix., pp. 73-4; <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 391; <i>Vigneaux</i>, <i>Souv. Mex.</i>, p. 320; <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 352; <i>Bonnycastle's Span. Am.</i>, vol. i., pp. -49-50; <i>Figuier's Hum. Race</i>, p. 455; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 38-40; <i>Bullock's +49-50; <i>Figuier's Hum. Race</i>, p. 455; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 38-40; <i>Bullock's Mexico</i>, vol. i., pp. 184, 192; <i>Mayer's Mex. as it Was</i>, pp. 142, 167, 291.</p> @@ -41719,58 +41679,58 @@ which is a fine white cotton cloth; to which they add another upon their back.... Their coats are narrow with figures of lions, birds, and other creatures, adorning them with curious ducks' feathers, which they call <i>Xilotepec</i>.' <i>Gemelli Careri</i>, in <i>Churchill's Col. Voyages</i>, vol. iv., p. 491. Dress of a native -girl of Mexico, 'enaguas blanquísimas, el <i>quisquemel</i> que graciosamente cubre -su pecho y espalda ... dos largas trenzas color de ébano caen á los lados del +girl of Mexico, 'enaguas blanquÃsimas, el <i>quisquemel</i> que graciosamente cubre +su pecho y espalda ... dos largas trenzas color de ébano caen á los lados del cuello.' <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, pp. 454, 190-1, 430-1. 'Leur costume varie selon le -terrain et le climat.' <i>Löwenstern</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 176, 339.</p> +terrain et le climat.' <i>Löwenstern</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 176, 339.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_901" id="Footnote_901" href="#FNanchor_901"><span class="label">[901]</span></a> See <i>Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex.</i>, vol. ii., pp. 346-8.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_902" id="Footnote_902" href="#FNanchor_902"><span class="label">[902]</span></a> 'Usan de una especie de gran paño cuadrado, que tiene en el centro una +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_902" id="Footnote_902" href="#FNanchor_902"><span class="label">[902]</span></a> 'Usan de una especie de gran paño cuadrado, que tiene en el centro una abertura por donde pasa la cabeza.' <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 229.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_903" id="Footnote_903" href="#FNanchor_903"><span class="label">[903]</span></a> 'Yuan muy galanes, y empenachados.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. -viii., cap. i. 'Señores ó principales, traían en el labio un bezote de chalchivite -ó esmeralda, ó de caracol, ó de oro, ó de cobre.... Las mugeres cuando -niñas, tambien se rapaban la cabeza, y cuando ya mosas dejaban criar los +viii., cap. i. 'Señores ó principales, traÃan en el labio un bezote de chalchivite +ó esmeralda, ó de caracol, ó de oro, ó de cobre.... Las mugeres cuando +niñas, tambien se rapaban la cabeza, y cuando ya mosas dejaban criar los cabellos ... cuando alguna era ya muger hecha y habia parido, tocabase el -cabello. Tambien traían sarcillos ó orejeras, y se pintaban los pechos y los +cabello. Tambien traÃan sarcillos ó orejeras, y se pintaban los pechos y los brazos, con una labor que quedaba de azul muy fino, pintada en la misma -carne cortándola con una navajuela.' <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., +carne cortándola con una navajuela.' <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 123-5, 133-4. 'En el Pueblo de Juito salieron muchos Yndios de paz con escapularios blancos al pecho, cortado el cabello en modo de cerquillo como Religiosos, todos con unas cruces en las manos que eran de carrizos, y un -Yndio que parecia el principal ó cacique con un vestuario de Tunica talan.' +Yndio que parecia el principal ó cacique con un vestuario de Tunica talan.' <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, p. 73, also, pp. 21, 44, 46, 63, 107, 150. For further description of dress and ornaments see <i>Nebel</i>, <i>Viaje</i>, plates, nos. xxvi., xxxi., xxxvi., xli., xlvi.; <i>Thompson's Recollections Mexico</i>, p. 29; <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, pp. 250, 252, 281; <i>Lafond</i>, <i>Voyages</i>, tom. i., p. 211; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., pp. 90, 279; <i>Lyon's Journal</i>, vol. ii., pp. 64, -198; <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, p. 162; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, -p. 210; <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, pp. 10, 67; <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. iii., p. 299; +198; <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, p. 162; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, +p. 210; <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, pp. 10, 67; <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. iii., p. 299; <i>Vigneaux</i>, <i>Souv. Mex.</i>, pp. 276, 296; <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 55-6; <i>Biart</i>, -in <i>Revue Française</i>, Dec. 1864, pp. 478-9; <i>Ottavio</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des +in <i>Revue Française</i>, Dec. 1864, pp. 478-9; <i>Ottavio</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1833, tom. lix., p. 61; <i>Tylor's Anahuac</i>, p. 302; <i>Burkart</i>, <i>Mexico</i>, tom. i., pp. 50-1.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_904" id="Footnote_904" href="#FNanchor_904"><span class="label">[904]</span></a> 'Les cabanes sont de véritables cages en bambous.' <i>Vigneaux</i>, <i>Souv. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_904" id="Footnote_904" href="#FNanchor_904"><span class="label">[904]</span></a> 'Les cabanes sont de véritables cages en bambous.' <i>Vigneaux</i>, <i>Souv. Mex.</i>, p. 274; <i>Mayer's Mex. as it Was</i>, p. 170; <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. ii., pp. -179, 522; <i>Bustamante</i>, in <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, pp. 192, 195, 373, 437, 447; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, +179, 522; <i>Bustamante</i>, in <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, pp. 192, 195, 373, 437, 447; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., pp. 223-4; -<i>Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr.</i>, p. 258; <i>Pagés Travels</i>, vol. i., p. 159; +<i>Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr.</i>, p. 258; <i>Pagés Travels</i>, vol. i., p. 159; <i>Dillon</i>, <i>Hist. Mex.</i>, p. 47.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_905" id="Footnote_905" href="#FNanchor_905"><span class="label">[905]</span></a> <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 250; and <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, p. 582. 'Estos -Otomies comian los zorrillos que hieden, culebras y lirones, y todo género de +Otomies comian los zorrillos que hieden, culebras y lirones, y todo género de ratones, comadrejas, y otras sabandijas del campo y del monte, lagartijas de todas suertes, y abejones y langostas de todas maneras.' <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 126-7, 123-5. In Jalisco 'Los indios de aquellas provincias -son caribes, que comen carne humana todas las veçes que la pueden +son caribes, que comen carne humana todas las veçes que la pueden aver.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. 568.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_906" id="Footnote_906" href="#FNanchor_906"><span class="label">[906]</span></a> In Puebla 'Los Indios se han aplicado mas al cultivo de la tierra y -plantío de frutas y legumbres.' In Michoacan 'Cultivan mucho maiz, -frixoles y ulgodon.' <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. i., pp. 494, 714. In Querétaro +plantÃo de frutas y legumbres.' In Michoacan 'Cultivan mucho maiz, +frixoles y ulgodon.' <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. i., pp. 494, 714. In Querétaro 'viven del cultivo de las sementeras.' <i>Id.</i>, tom. iii., p. 320.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_907" id="Footnote_907" href="#FNanchor_907"><span class="label">[907]</span></a> 'They boil the Indian wheat with lime, and when it has stood a-while @@ -41779,11 +41739,11 @@ v., pp. 496, 492, 513; <i>Walton's Span. Col.</i>, p. 305. For further account o food see <i>Tylor's Anahuac</i>, pp. 88-9, 156; <i>Sivers</i>, <i>Mittelamerika</i>, p. 295; <i>Klemm</i>, <i>Cultur-Geschichte</i>, p. 102; <i>Delaporte</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, tom. x., p. 323; <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, pp. 31, 44, 53, 73, 127; <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., pp. 79, -87; <i>Larenaudière</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1824, tom. xxiii., p. 67; <i>Prieto</i>, +87; <i>Larenaudière</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1824, tom. xxiii., p. 67; <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, pp. 191-2, 373; <i>Mex. in 1842</i>, pp. 46, 64, 68; <i>Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc.</i>, -vol. ii., p. 32; <i>Albornoz</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, tom. i., p. 488; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, +vol. ii., p. 32; <i>Albornoz</i>, in <i>Icazbalceta</i>, <i>Col. de Doc.</i>, tom. i., p. 488; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., pp. 185, 218-19; <i>Armin</i>, <i>Das Heutige Mexiko</i>, p. 245, -with plate; <i>Mendoza</i>, <i>Hist. de las Cosas</i>, p. 310; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, +with plate; <i>Mendoza</i>, <i>Hist. de las Cosas</i>, p. 310; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 443.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_908" id="Footnote_908" href="#FNanchor_908"><span class="label">[908]</span></a> <i>Ward's Mexico</i>, vol. ii., pp. 268-9. 'One would think the bath would @@ -41791,9 +41751,9 @@ make the Indians cleanly in their persons, but it hardly seems so, for they look rather dirtier after they have been in the <i>temazcalli</i> than before.' <i>Tylor's Anahuac</i>, p. 302.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_909" id="Footnote_909" href="#FNanchor_909"><span class="label">[909]</span></a> <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, pp. 33, 72-3; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_909" id="Footnote_909" href="#FNanchor_909"><span class="label">[909]</span></a> <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, pp. 33, 72-3; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 235. 'El arco y la flecha eran sus armas en la guerra, aunque -para la caza los caciques y señores usaban tambien de cervatanas.' <i>Alegre</i>, +para la caza los caciques y señores usaban tambien de cervatanas.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 279. 'I saw some Indians that kill'd the least birds upon the highest trees with pellets shot out of trunks.' <i>Gemelli Careri</i>, in <i>Churchill's Col. Voyages</i>, vol. iv., p. 512, and in <i>Berenger</i>, <i>Col. de Voy.</i>, @@ -41801,10 +41761,10 @@ tom. ii., p. 397.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_910" id="Footnote_910" href="#FNanchor_910"><span class="label">[910]</span></a> <i>West und Ost Indischer Lustgart</i>, pt. i., p. 102; <i>Clavigero</i>, <i>Storia Ant. del Messico</i>, tom. ii., pp. 141-4, with plate; <i>Cartas al Abate de Pradt</i>, p. 114; <i>Helps' -Span. Conq.</i>, vol. ii., p. 286; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 89; <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. +Span. Conq.</i>, vol. ii., p. 286; <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 89; <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 129, 133; <i>Lyon's Journal</i>, vol. i., pp. 149, 293; -<i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. ii.; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, -tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 378. 'Una macana, á manera de porra, llena de puntas de +<i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. ii.; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, +tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 378. 'Una macana, á manera de porra, llena de puntas de piedras pedernales.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. 568. 'En schilden uit stijve stokjens gevlochten, van welke sick verwonderens-waerdig dienen in den oorlog.' <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, pp. 225-6, and <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, @@ -41812,32 +41772,32 @@ p. 254.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_911" id="Footnote_911" href="#FNanchor_911"><span class="label">[911]</span></a> 'Siempre procuran de acometer en malos pasos, en tierras dobladas y pedregosas.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. vii., lib. ii., cap. xii. 'Tres mil -Yndios formaban en solo una fila haciendo frente á nuestro campo.' <i>Padilla</i>, +Yndios formaban en solo una fila haciendo frente á nuestro campo.' <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, p. 34; see further, <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. -572; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 235.</p> +572; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, MS.</i>, p. 235.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_912" id="Footnote_912" href="#FNanchor_912"><span class="label">[912]</span></a> The Chichimecs 'Flea their heads, and fit that skin upon their own heads with all the hair, and so wear it as a token of valour, till it rots off in bits.' <i>Gemelli Careri</i>, in <i>Churchill's Col. Voyages</i>, vol. iv., p. 513, and <i>Berenger</i>, <i>Col. de Voy.</i>, tom. ii., p. 400. 'Quitandoles los cascos con el pelo, se los -llevan á su Pueblo, para baylar el mitote en compañia de sus parientes con las -cabezas de sus enemigos en señal del triunfo.' <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, +llevan á su Pueblo, para baylar el mitote en compañia de sus parientes con las +cabezas de sus enemigos en señal del triunfo.' <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, pp. 179, 159-60. Further reference in <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 133-4; <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 281.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_913" id="Footnote_913" href="#FNanchor_913"><span class="label">[913]</span></a> <i>Cassel</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1830, tom. xlv., p. 338; <i>Vigneaux</i>, <i>Souv. Mex.</i>, p. 274; <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, p. 193; <i>Tylor's Anahuac</i>, pp. 201-2; -<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., pp. 224-6, 241; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. +<i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., pp. 224-6, 241; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 224; and <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, p. 252.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_914" id="Footnote_914" href="#FNanchor_914"><span class="label">[914]</span></a> 'The Indians of this Countrie doe make great store of Woollen Cloth and -Silkes.' <i>Purchas His Pilgrimes</i>, vol. iv., lib. vii., p. 1433. The Otomís +Silkes.' <i>Purchas His Pilgrimes</i>, vol. iv., lib. vii., p. 1433. The OtomÃs 'sabian hacer lindas labores en las mantas, enaguas, y vipiles que tejian muy -curiosamente; pero todas ellas labraban lo dicho de hilo de maguéy que +curiosamente; pero todas ellas labraban lo dicho de hilo de maguéy que sacaban y beneficiaban de las pencas.' <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 127; see also, <i>Tylor's Anahuac</i>, p. 201; <i>Bustamante</i>, in <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, p. -193; <i>Carpenter's Trav. Mex.</i>, p. 243; <i>Mex. in 1842</i>, p. 66; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, -tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 341; <i>Lyon's Journal</i>, vol. ii., p. 43; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, +193; <i>Carpenter's Trav. Mex.</i>, p. 243; <i>Mex. in 1842</i>, p. 66; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, +tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 341; <i>Lyon's Journal</i>, vol. ii., p. 43; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 63.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_915" id="Footnote_915" href="#FNanchor_915"><span class="label">[915]</span></a> <i>Dale's Notes</i>, p. 24.</p> @@ -41848,13 +41808,13 @@ any thing, but onley Salt.' <i>Chilton</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 85.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_917" id="Footnote_917" href="#FNanchor_917"><span class="label">[917]</span></a> <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 98; <i>Tylor's Anahuac</i>, p. 316; <i>Ward's -Mexico</i>, vol. ii., p. 237; <i>Lafond</i>, <i>Voyages</i>, tom. i., p. 131; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, +Mexico</i>, vol. ii., p. 237; <i>Lafond</i>, <i>Voyages</i>, tom. i., p. 131; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 243; <i>Mill's Hist. Mex.</i>, p. 6; <i>Carpenter's Trav. Mex.</i>, p. 243. -'Les Mexicains ont conservé un goût particulier pour la peinture et pour -l'art de sculpter en pierre et en bois.' <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. +'Les Mexicains ont conservé un goût particulier pour la peinture et pour +l'art de sculpter en pierre et en bois.' <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 446. 'Lo particular de Michoacan era el arte de pintar con las plumas de diversos colores.' <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 90. 'Son -muy buenos cantores y tañedores de toda suerte de instrumentos.' <i>Mendoza</i>, +muy buenos cantores y tañedores de toda suerte de instrumentos.' <i>Mendoza</i>, <i>Hist. de las Cosas</i>, p. 308.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_918" id="Footnote_918" href="#FNanchor_918"><span class="label">[918]</span></a> <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., p. 281; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. @@ -41863,49 +41823,49 @@ Galicia, MS.</i>, pp. 31, 68; <i>Ottavio</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</ p. 61.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_919" id="Footnote_919" href="#FNanchor_919"><span class="label">[919]</span></a> <i>Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc.</i>, vol. ii., p. 296; <i>Villa</i>, in <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, pp. -428-30. 'Tenian uso y costumbre los otomíes, de que los varones siendo muy +428-30. 'Tenian uso y costumbre los otomÃes, de que los varones siendo muy muchachos y tiernos se casasen, y lo mismo las mugeres.' <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 127. Chichimecs 'casanse con las parientas mas cercanas, pero no con las hermanas.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. viii., lib. vi., cap. xv.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_920" id="Footnote_920" href="#FNanchor_920"><span class="label">[920]</span></a> <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., pp. 246-8; <i>Bullock's Mexico</i>, vol. i., p. -192; <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, pp. 21-2; <i>Rittner</i>, <i>Guatimozin</i>, p. 81. 'El amancebamiento +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_920" id="Footnote_920" href="#FNanchor_920"><span class="label">[920]</span></a> <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., pp. 246-8; <i>Bullock's Mexico</i>, vol. i., p. +192; <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, pp. 21-2; <i>Rittner</i>, <i>Guatimozin</i>, p. 81. 'El amancebamiento no es deshonra entre ellos.' <i>Zarfate</i>, in <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. i., pp. 281, 335. 'Zlingerden de kinderen in gevlochte korven aen boomtakken.' <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 219; and <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, p. 246.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_921" id="Footnote_921" href="#FNanchor_921"><span class="label">[921]</span></a> 'La mancebía, el incesto, y cuanto tiene de mas asquerosamente repugnante -el desarreglo de la concupiscencia, se ha convertido en hábito.' +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_921" id="Footnote_921" href="#FNanchor_921"><span class="label">[921]</span></a> 'La mancebÃa, el incesto, y cuanto tiene de mas asquerosamente repugnante +el desarreglo de la concupiscencia, se ha convertido en hábito.' <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, p. 379; <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 27; <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 56.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_922" id="Footnote_922" href="#FNanchor_922"><span class="label">[922]</span></a> <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., p. 97; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 160; -<i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 131; <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, p. 12; <i>Padilla</i>, -<i>Conq. N. Galicia</i>, pp. 19, 127; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 80; <i>Thümmel</i>, -<i>Mexiko</i>, p. 61; <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. ii., p. 470; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, +<i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 131; <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, p. 12; <i>Padilla</i>, +<i>Conq. N. Galicia</i>, pp. 19, 127; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 80; <i>Thümmel</i>, +<i>Mexiko</i>, p. 61; <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. ii., p. 470; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 219; <i>Gemelli Careri</i>, in <i>Churchill's Col. Voyages</i>, vol. iv., p. 517.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_923" id="Footnote_923" href="#FNanchor_923"><span class="label">[923]</span></a> <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, pp. 161-2; <i>Mayer's Mex. as it Was</i>, pp. -175-6; <i>Mendoza</i>, <i>Hist. de las Cosas</i>, p. 311; <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, p. 375; <i>Apostólicos +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_923" id="Footnote_923" href="#FNanchor_923"><span class="label">[923]</span></a> <i>Arlegui</i>, <i>Chrón. de Zacatecas</i>, pp. 161-2; <i>Mayer's Mex. as it Was</i>, pp. +175-6; <i>Mendoza</i>, <i>Hist. de las Cosas</i>, p. 311; <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, p. 375; <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, p. 12. 'Los indios, si no todos en su mayor parte, viven ligados -por una especie de masonería.' <i>Bustamante</i>, in <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, p. 199. +por una especie de masonerÃa.' <i>Bustamante</i>, in <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, p. 199. 'Wenn mehrere in Gesellschaft gehen, nie neben, sondern immer hinter einander -und selten ruhig schreitend, sondern fast immer kurz trabend.' <i>Wappäus</i>, +und selten ruhig schreitend, sondern fast immer kurz trabend.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 39. 'L'Indien enterre son argent, et au moment de -sa mort il ne dit pas à son plus proche parent oú il a déposé son trésor, afin +sa mort il ne dit pas à son plus proche parent oú il a déposé son trésor, afin qu'il ne lui fasse pas faute quand il ressuscitera.' <i>Cassel</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1830, tom. xlv., p. 339.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_924" id="Footnote_924" href="#FNanchor_924"><span class="label">[924]</span></a> 'La petite vérole et la rougeole sont deux maladies très communes.' +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_924" id="Footnote_924" href="#FNanchor_924"><span class="label">[924]</span></a> 'La petite vérole et la rougeole sont deux maladies très communes.' <i>Chappe d'Auteroche</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, p. 25. The Pintos 'marked with great daubs of deep blue ... the decoration is natural and cannot be effaced.' <i>Tylor's Anahuac</i>, p. 309. See further: <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 33-4, 395-6. Compare <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., pp. 66, 69-70, 88; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 250; <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, p. 282; <i>Cassel</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1830, -tom. xlv., p. 340; <i>Löwenstern</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 207; <i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, -pp. 502-3; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 443; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. +tom. xlv., p. 340; <i>Löwenstern</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 207; <i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, +pp. 502-3; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 443; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 40.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_925" id="Footnote_925" href="#FNanchor_925"><span class="label">[925]</span></a> 'Los Indios son grandes herbolarios, y curan siempre con ellas.' <i>Mendoza</i>, @@ -41913,35 +41873,35 @@ Stat.</i>, p. 40.</p> poisonous animal, this (the temazcalli) is said to be a certain cure; also for acute rheumatism.' <i>Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex.</i>, vol. i., p. 255; <i>Helps' Span. Conq.</i>, vol. ii., p. 430; <i>Menonville</i>, <i>Reise</i>, p. 124; <i>Murr</i>, <i>Nachrichten</i>, -p. 306; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 250.</p> +p. 306; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 250.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_926" id="Footnote_926" href="#FNanchor_926"><span class="label">[926]</span></a> 'Notant barbari, folia parti affectæ aut dolenti applicata, de eventu -morbi præjudicare: nam si firmiter ad hæreant, certum signum esse ægrum +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_926" id="Footnote_926" href="#FNanchor_926"><span class="label">[926]</span></a> 'Notant barbari, folia parti affectæ aut dolenti applicata, de eventu +morbi præjudicare: nam si firmiter ad hæreant, certum signum esse ægrum convaliturum, sin decidant, contra.' <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 271; <i>Villa</i>, in <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, pp. 438-9.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_927" id="Footnote_927" href="#FNanchor_927"><span class="label">[927]</span></a> The remains of one of their ancient kings found in a cave is thus described; 'estaba cubierto de pedreria texida segun su costumbre en la manta con que se cubria desde los hombros hasta los pies, sentado en la misma silla -que la fingieron el solio, con tahalí, brazaletes, collares, y apretadores de +que la fingieron el solio, con tahalÃ, brazaletes, collares, y apretadores de plata; y en la frente una corona de hermosas plumas, de varios colores mezcladas, la mano izquierda puesta en el brazo de la silla, y en la derecha un alfange con guarnicion de plata.' <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Diccionario</i>, tom. iii., p. 299. See -also: <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., pp. 259-60; <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, p. 22; +also: <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., pp. 259-60; <i>Apostólicos Afanes</i>, p. 22; <i>Armin</i>, <i>Das Heutige Mexiko</i>, p. 249.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_928" id="Footnote_928" href="#FNanchor_928"><span class="label">[928]</span></a> <i>D'Orbigny</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 353; <i>Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex.</i>, vol. i., p. 200; <i>Mayer's Mex. as it Was</i>, pp. 170, 201; <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Voy. -Tehuantepec</i>, pp. 114, 172; <i>Larenaudière</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, +Tehuantepec</i>, pp. 114, 172; <i>Larenaudière</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1824, tom. xxiii., p. 67; <i>Ottavio</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, 1833, tom. lix., p. 71; <i>Rittner</i>, <i>Guatimozin</i>, pp. 81-2; <i>Villa</i>, in <i>Prieto</i>, <i>Viajes</i>, pp. 446-7; <i>Arizcorreta</i>, <i>Respuesta -á</i>, pp. 24, 26; <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 131, 135; <i>Rossi</i>, <i>Souvenirs</i>, -p. 285; <i>Lafond</i>, <i>Voyages</i>, tom. i., p. 213; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, +á</i>, pp. 24, 26; <i>Sahagun</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 131, 135; <i>Rossi</i>, <i>Souvenirs</i>, +p. 285; <i>Lafond</i>, <i>Voyages</i>, tom. i., p. 213; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 40-1; <i>Padilla</i>, <i>Conq. N. Galicia, MS.</i>, p. 10; <i>Poinsett's Notes Mex.</i>, pp. -108, 161; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 445; <i>Gemelli Careri</i>, in +108, 161; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 445; <i>Gemelli Careri</i>, in <i>Churchill's Col. Voyages</i>, vol. iv., p. 492; <i>Berenger</i>, <i>Col. de Voy.</i>, tom. ii., -pp. 383-4; <i>Bonnycastle's Span. Am.</i>, vol. i., pp. 49-50. 'L'indigène mexicain -est grave, mélancolique, silencieux, aussi long-temps que les liqueurs +pp. 383-4; <i>Bonnycastle's Span. Am.</i>, vol. i., pp. 49-50. 'L'indigène mexicain +est grave, mélancolique, silencieux, aussi long-temps que les liqueurs enivrantes n'ont pas agi sur lui.' <i>Humboldt</i>, <i>Essai Pol.</i>, tom. i., pp. 94, 96. 'The most violent passions are never painted in their features.' <i>Mill's Hist. Mex.</i>, pp. 5-6, 10. 'Of a sharpe wit, and good vnderstanding, for what soeuer @@ -41951,26 +41911,26 @@ small instructing.' <i>Purchas His Pilgrimes</i>, vol. iv., p. 1433.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_929" id="Footnote_929" href="#FNanchor_929"><span class="label">[929]</span></a> The Pintos of Guerrero are 'most ferocious savages.' <i>Tylor's Anahuac</i>, p. 309. The Chichimecs are 'los peores de todos y los mayores homicidas y salteadores de toda la tierra.' <i>Zarfate</i>, in <i>Alegre</i>, <i>Hist. Comp. de Jesus</i>, tom. -i., p. 281. See further, <i>Almaraz</i>, <i>Memoria</i>, p. 18; <i>Kératry</i>, in <i>Revue des deux +i., p. 281. See further, <i>Almaraz</i>, <i>Memoria</i>, p. 18; <i>Kératry</i>, in <i>Revue des deux Mondes</i>, Sept., 1866, p. 453; <i>Delaporte</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, tom. x., p. 323; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, -<i>Geografía</i>, p. 284; <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, pp. 269, 280; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 394; -<i>Biart</i>, in <i>Revue Française</i>, Dec., 1864, pp. 479, 485; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. +<i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 284; <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, pp. 269, 280; <i>Combier</i>, <i>Voy.</i>, p. 394; +<i>Biart</i>, in <i>Revue Française</i>, Dec., 1864, pp. 479, 485; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. viii., lib. vi., cap. xvi.; <i>Ribas</i>, <i>Hist. de los Triumphos</i>, p. 721; <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. -Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. 560; <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 271; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, -MS.</i>, pp. 197, 235; <i>Pagés' Travels</i>, vol. i., p. 150.</p> +Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. 560; <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 271; <i>Beaumont</i>, <i>Crón. de Mechoacan, +MS.</i>, pp. 197, 235; <i>Pagés' Travels</i>, vol. i., p. 150.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_930" id="Footnote_930" href="#FNanchor_930"><span class="label">[930]</span></a> The Mayas, 'Sie selbst nennen sich heute noch <i>Macegual</i>, d. h. Eingeborene vom Maya-Lande, nie Yucatanos oder Yucatecos, was spanischer -Ausdruck für die Bewohner des Staates ist.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. -142-3. See also <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 163, 173, 176, 196; <i>Brasseur -de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Popol Vuh</i>, preface, p. clvii.; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 208; +Ausdruck für die Bewohner des Staates ist.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. +142-3. See also <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 163, 173, 176, 196; <i>Brasseur +de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Popol Vuh</i>, preface, p. clvii.; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 208; tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 140-3; <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 396, 400-1; <i>Remesal</i>, <i>Hist. de Chyapa</i>, pp. 264-5; <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, p. 14.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_931" id="Footnote_931" href="#FNanchor_931"><span class="label">[931]</span></a> <i>Barnard's Tehuantepec</i>, pp. 220, 224, 227; <i>Moro</i>, in <i>Garay</i>, <i>Reconocimiento</i>, -pp. 89-94; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 215; <i>Macgregor's Progress of +pp. 89-94; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. i., p. 215; <i>Macgregor's Progress of America</i>, pp. 848, 850; <i>Hermesdorf</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., p. -543; <i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, pp. 287, 500-1; <i>Hutchings' Cal. Mag.</i>, vol. +543; <i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, pp. 287, 500-1; <i>Hutchings' Cal. Mag.</i>, vol. ii., p. 394. Zapotecs 'bien tallados,' Mijes 'Arrogantes, altiuos de condicion, y cuerpo,' Miztecs 'linda tez en el rostro, y buena disposicion en el talle.' <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 202, 271, 354, 401, tom. i., @@ -41982,14 +41942,14 @@ and sharply-marked eyebrows.' <i>Tempsky's Mitla</i>, p. 269. The Soques, have very repulsive countenances.' <i>Shufeldt's Explor. Tehuantepec</i>, p. 126.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_932" id="Footnote_932" href="#FNanchor_932"><span class="label">[932]</span></a> 'Es gente la de Yucatan de buenos cuerpos, bien hechos, y rezios'.... -The women 'bien hechas, y no feas ... no son blancas, sino de color baço.' +The women 'bien hechas, y no feas ... no son blancas, sino de color baço.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. iii., cap. iv. See further: <i>Dampier's Voyages</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 115; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. i., p. 148; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 258; <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, p. 291; <i>Tylor's Anahuac</i>, p. 16.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_933" id="Footnote_933" href="#FNanchor_933"><span class="label">[933]</span></a> <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 285; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 255; <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, p. 288; <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Voy. de Tehuantepec</i>, -p. 194; <i>Palacios</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 166; <i>Leon</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, +p. 194; <i>Palacios</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 166; <i>Leon</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 162; <i>Museo Mex.</i>, tom. ii., p. 555. 'Muchachos ya mayorcillos. Todos desnudos en carnes, como nacieron de sus madres.... Tras ellos venian muchos Indios mayores, casi tan desnudos como sus hijos, con muchos sartales @@ -42003,17 +41963,17 @@ pp. 221-2, 226.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_935" id="Footnote_935" href="#FNanchor_935"><span class="label">[935]</span></a> 'Their apparell was of Cotton in manifold fashions and colours.' <i>Purchas His Pilgrimes</i>, vol. v., p. 885. The Maya woman's dress 'se reduce al -hipil que cubre la parte superior del cuerpo, y al fustan ó enagua, de manta de -algodon.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 158. Of the men 'un calzoncillo +hipil que cubre la parte superior del cuerpo, y al fustan ó enagua, de manta de +algodon.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 158. Of the men 'un calzoncillo ancho y largo hasta media pierna, y tal vez hasta cerca del tobillo, de la -misma manta, un ceñidor blanco ó de colores, un pañuelo, y un sombrero -de paja, y á veces una alpargata de suela, con sus cordones de mecate.' +misma manta, un ceñidor blanco ó de colores, un pañuelo, y un sombrero +de paja, y á veces una alpargata de suela, con sus cordones de mecate.' <i>Registro Yucateco</i>, tom. i., pp. 177-8. See further: <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 267; <i>Galindo</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. iii., p. 59; <i>Wilson's Amer. Hist.</i>, pp. 88, 114; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. i., pp. 147, 179.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_936" id="Footnote_936" href="#FNanchor_936"><span class="label">[936]</span></a> 'Tous portaient les cheveux longs, et les Espagnols ont eu beaucoup de -peine à les leur faire couper; la chevelure longue est encore aujourd'hui le +peine à les leur faire couper; la chevelure longue est encore aujourd'hui le signe distinctif des Indiens insoumis.' <i>Waldeck</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, p. 40. 'Las caras de blanco, negro, y colorado pintadas, que llaman embijarse, y cierto parecen demonios pintados.' <i>Cogolludo</i>, <i>Hist. de Yucathan</i>, p. 6. Compare @@ -42024,7 +41984,7 @@ p. 50; <i>Helps' Span. Conq.</i>, vol. ii., p. 262.</p> form but one piece, without window or chimney.' <i>Hermesdorf</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., p. 544. 'Cubrense las casas de vna cuchilla que los Indios hazen de pajas muy espessas y bien assentadas, que llaman en -esta tierra jacales.' <i>Dávila Padilla</i>, <i>Hist. Fund. Mex.</i>, p. 549. See also: +esta tierra jacales.' <i>Dávila Padilla</i>, <i>Hist. Fund. Mex.</i>, p. 549. See also: <i>Museo Mex.</i>, tom. ii., p. 554; <i>Barnard's Tehuantepec</i>, pp. 221, 225, with cut; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 252; <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 197.</p> @@ -42032,12 +41992,12 @@ esta tierra jacales.' <i>Dávila Padilla</i>, <i>Hist. Fund. Mex.</i>, p. 549. Se estrechas en lo mas escondido de los montes.' <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 336. The Chinantecs lived 'en rancherias entre barrancas, y espessuras de arboles.' <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Palestra</i>, <i>Hist.</i>, pt. i., fol. 102; <i>Charnay</i>, -<i>Ruines Américaines</i>, p. 438.</p> +<i>Ruines Américaines</i>, p. 438.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_939" id="Footnote_939" href="#FNanchor_939"><span class="label">[939]</span></a> Zapotecs; 'Se dan con gran vicio sus sementeras.' Miztecs, 'labradores de mayz, y frizol.' <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 36, 143 and 47, 165-6, 184, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 199-200, 202, 228, 282, 396, 398, 400. -Zapotecs, 'grande inclinacion, y exercicio á la caza, y monteria de animales +Zapotecs, 'grande inclinacion, y exercicio á la caza, y monteria de animales campesinos en especial de venados.' <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Palestra Hist.</i>, pt. i., fol. 110. See further: <i>Barnard's Tehuantepec</i>, pp. 220-2, 225-6; <i>Moro</i>, in <i>Garay</i>, <i>Reconocimiento</i>, pp. 90, 93-4; <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Voy. Tehuantepec</i>, p. 196; @@ -42045,31 +42005,31 @@ pp. 90, 93-4; <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Voy. Tehuantepec</i>, p. 196; Jour.</i>, vol. iii., p. 59.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_940" id="Footnote_940" href="#FNanchor_940"><span class="label">[940]</span></a> Tabasco: 'Comen a sus horas concertadas, carnes de vaca, puerco, y -aues, y beué vna beuida muy sana, hecha de cacao, mayz, y especia de la +aues, y beué vna beuida muy sana, hecha de cacao, mayz, y especia de la tierra, la qual llaman Zocolate.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iii., lib. vii., cap. iii. Tortillas, 'When they are baked brown, they are called "totoposti," and taste like parched corn.' <i>Shufeldt's Explor. Tehuantepec</i>, p. 125. The Chontales, 'su alimento frecuente es el posole ... rara vez comen la carne de res.' -<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 161-2; <i>Dampier's Voyages</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. +<i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 161-2; <i>Dampier's Voyages</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. 112-14; <i>Hermesdorf</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., pp. 543-4.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_941" id="Footnote_941" href="#FNanchor_941"><span class="label">[941]</span></a> Sr Moro, speaking of the chintule, says: 'Una infusion de estas raices comunica su fragancia al agua que los tehuantepecanos emplean como un objeto de lujo sumamente apreciado, tanto para labar la ropa de uso, como -para las abluciones personales.' <i>Moro</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 180. -'Toutes les parties de leur vêtement sont toujours nouvellement blanchies. +para las abluciones personales.' <i>Moro</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 180. +'Toutes les parties de leur vêtement sont toujours nouvellement blanchies. Les femmes se baignent au moins une fois par jour.' <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 24. -At Chiapas, 'Tous ces Indiens, nus ou en chemise, répandaient dans l'atmosphère -une odeur sui <i>generis</i> qui soulevait le cœur.' <i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, +At Chiapas, 'Tous ces Indiens, nus ou en chemise, répandaient dans l'atmosphère +une odeur sui <i>generis</i> qui soulevait le cœur.' <i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, p. 457. The women are 'not very clean in their habits, eating the insects from the bushy heads of their children.' <i>Hermesdorf</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., p. 543. 'No son muy limpias en sus personas, ni en sus casas, con quanto se laban.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iv.; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. i., p. 148.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_942" id="Footnote_942" href="#FNanchor_942"><span class="label">[942]</span></a> 'Peleauan con lanças, armadas las puntas con espinas y huessos muy +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_942" id="Footnote_942" href="#FNanchor_942"><span class="label">[942]</span></a> 'Peleauan con lanças, armadas las puntas con espinas y huessos muy agudos de pescados.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. ii., lib. iv., cap. xi. 'Usaban -de lanzas de desmesurado tamaño para combatir.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +de lanzas de desmesurado tamaño para combatir.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 187. See also: <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. 461; <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 336; <i>Cogolludo</i>, <i>Hist. de Yucathan</i>, pp. 5-6, 11, 77; <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., pp. 58-59; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. i., p. 179.</p> @@ -42079,30 +42039,30 @@ descuella soberviamente, casi entre la Region de las nubes, y coronase con vna muy dilatada muralla de lossas de mas de vn estado de alto, y quentan de las pinturas de sus characteres historiales, que se retiraban alli, para defenderse de sus enemigos.' <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 167. -'Començaron luego á tocar las bozinas, pitos, trompetillas, y atabalejos de +'Començaron luego á tocar las bozinas, pitos, trompetillas, y atabalejos de gente de guerra.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. ii., lib. ii., cap. xvii., and lib. iv., cap. xi. Also see <i>Cogolludo</i>, <i>Hist. de Yucathan</i>, pp. 5, 77-8; <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., pp. 60-3; <i>Helps' Span. Conq.</i>, vol. ii., p. 263.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_944" id="Footnote_944" href="#FNanchor_944"><span class="label">[944]</span></a> <i>Dampier's Voyages</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 115; <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Palestra Hist.</i>, pt. i., fol. 110; <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Voy. Tehuantepec</i>, p. 196; <i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines -Américaines</i>, p. 454. 'Sobre vna estera si la tiene, que son muy pocos los -que duermen en alto, en tapescos de caña ... ollas, ó hornillos de tierra ... -casolones, ò xicaras.' <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 294, 393.</p> +Américaines</i>, p. 454. 'Sobre vna estera si la tiene, que son muy pocos los +que duermen en alto, en tapescos de caña ... ollas, ó hornillos de tierra ... +casolones, ò xicaras.' <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 294, 393.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_945" id="Footnote_945" href="#FNanchor_945"><span class="label">[945]</span></a> 'Los zoques cultivan ... dos plantas pertenecientes á la familia de las +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_945" id="Footnote_945" href="#FNanchor_945"><span class="label">[945]</span></a> 'Los zoques cultivan ... dos plantas pertenecientes á la familia de las <i>bromelias</i>, de las cuales sacan el <i>ixtle</i> y la <i>pita</i> cuyas hebras saben blanquear, -hilar y teñir de varios colores. Sus hilados y las hamacas que tejen con +hilar y teñir de varios colores. Sus hilados y las hamacas que tejen con estas materias, constituyen la parte principal de su industria y de su comercio'.... The Zapotecs, 'los tejidos de seda silvestre y de algodon que labran -las mugeres, son verdaderamente admirables.' <i>Moro</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, +las mugeres, son verdaderamente admirables.' <i>Moro</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 170, 180. Of the Miztecs it is said that 'las mugeres se han dado -á texer con primor paños, y huepiles, assi de algodon como de seda, y hilo +á texer con primor paños, y huepiles, assi de algodon como de seda, y hilo de oro, muy costosos.' <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 143, and tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 400. Further reference in <i>Barnard's Tehuantepec</i>, pp. 226-7; <i>Chilton</i>, in <i>Hakluyt's Voy.</i>, vol. iii., p. 459; <i>Hutchings' Cal. Mag.</i>, vol. -ii., p. 394; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 163; <i>Waldeck</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, p. 49; <i>Gage's -New Survey</i>, p. 236; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 198, 209.</p> +ii., p. 394; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, p. 163; <i>Waldeck</i>, <i>Voy. Pitt.</i>, p. 49; <i>Gage's +New Survey</i>, p. 236; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., pp. 198, 209.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_946" id="Footnote_946" href="#FNanchor_946"><span class="label">[946]</span></a> <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. ii., lib. iv., cap. xi.; <i>Cogolludo</i>, <i>Hist. de Yucathan</i>, p. 2; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. i., pp. 179, 214; <i>Shufeldt's @@ -42114,28 +42074,28 @@ de algun fondo, y desconociendo hasta el uso de los remos, no frecuentan mas que los puntos que por su poca profundidad no ofrecen mayor peligro.' <i>Moro</i>, in <i>Garay</i>, <i>Reconocimiento</i>, p. 90.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_947" id="Footnote_947" href="#FNanchor_947"><span class="label">[947]</span></a> <i>Mill's Hist. Mex.</i>, p. 158; <i>Palacios</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 166; +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_947" id="Footnote_947" href="#FNanchor_947"><span class="label">[947]</span></a> <i>Mill's Hist. Mex.</i>, p. 158; <i>Palacios</i>, in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 166; <i>Hermesdorf</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., p. 547; <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Voy. Tehuantepec</i>, p. 108; <i>Hutchings' Cal. Mag.</i>, vol. ii., p. 394; <i>Macgregor's Progress of America</i>, vol. i., p. 849; <i>Moro</i>, in <i>Garay</i>, <i>Reconocimiento</i>, p. 93; <i>Stephens' Yucatan</i>, vol. ii., p. 14.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_948" id="Footnote_948" href="#FNanchor_948"><span class="label">[948]</span></a> 'Les seigneurs de Cuicatlan étaient, au temps de la conquête très-riches -et très-puissants, et leurs descendants en ligne directe, décorés encore du titre +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_948" id="Footnote_948" href="#FNanchor_948"><span class="label">[948]</span></a> 'Les seigneurs de Cuicatlan étaient, au temps de la conquête très-riches +et très-puissants, et leurs descendants en ligne directe, décorés encore du titre de caciques.' <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 338-9. At Etla 'Herren des Ortes waren -Caziken, welche ihn als eine Art von Mannlehen besassen, und dem Könige -einen gewissen Tribut bezahlen mussten.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. -i., p. 188. The Miztecs 'tenian señalados como pregoneros, officiales que -elegian por año, para que todas las mañanas al despuntar el Sol, subidos en lo +Caziken, welche ihn als eine Art von Mannlehen besassen, und dem Könige +einen gewissen Tribut bezahlen mussten.' <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. +i., p. 188. The Miztecs 'tenian señalados como pregoneros, officiales que +elegian por año, para que todas las mañanas al despuntar el Sol, subidos en lo mas alto de la casa de su Republica, con grandes vozes, llamasen, y exitasen -á todos, diziendo salid, salid á trabajar, á trabajar, y con rigor executivo +á todos, diziendo salid, salid á trabajar, á trabajar, y con rigor executivo castigaban al que faltaba de su tarea.' <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 151, also <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xi.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_949" id="Footnote_949" href="#FNanchor_949"><span class="label">[949]</span></a> 'Estava sujeta á diuersos Señores, que como Reyezuelos dominaban -diuersos territorios ... pero antes auia sido toda sujeta á vn Señor, y Rey +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_949" id="Footnote_949" href="#FNanchor_949"><span class="label">[949]</span></a> 'Estava sujeta á diuersos Señores, que como Reyezuelos dominaban +diuersos territorios ... pero antes auia sido toda sujeta á vn Señor, y Rey Supremo, y asi gouernada con gouierno Monarquico.' <i>Cogolludo</i>, <i>Hist. de Yucathan</i>, -p. 60. 'En cada pueblo tenian señalados Capitanes a quienes obedecian.' +p. 60. 'En cada pueblo tenian señalados Capitanes a quienes obedecian.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii.-iv. For old customs and new, compare above with <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. i., p. 168, and <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 267.</p> @@ -42144,11 +42104,11 @@ Guat.</i>, p. 267.</p> female slaves.' <i>Helps' Span. Conq.</i>, vol. ii., p. 264.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_951" id="Footnote_951" href="#FNanchor_951"><span class="label">[951]</span></a> 'Vbo en esta juridicion grandes errores, y ritos con las paridas, y -niños recien nacidos, lleuandolos á los rios, y sumergiendolos en el agua, hazian -deprecacion á todos los animales aquatiles, y luego á los de tierra le +niños recien nacidos, lleuandolos á los rios, y sumergiendolos en el agua, hazian +deprecacion á todos los animales aquatiles, y luego á los de tierra le fueran fauorables, y no le ofendieran.' <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. ii., pt. -ii., fol. 329. 'Consérvase entre ellos la creencia de que su vida está -unida á la de un animal, y que es forzoso que mueran ellos cuando éste muere.' +ii., fol. 329. 'Consérvase entre ellos la creencia de que su vida está +unida á la de un animal, y que es forzoso que mueran ellos cuando éste muere.' <i>Museo Mex.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 554-5. 'Between husband and wife cases of infidelity are rare.... To the credit of the Indians be it also said, that their progeny is legitimate, and that the vows of marriage are as faithfully cherished @@ -42158,12 +42118,12 @@ of the Japateco race: 'their manners in regard to morals are most blameable.' <i>Hermesdorf</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., p. 543. Moro, referring to the women of Jaltipan, says: 'Son de costumbres sumamente libres: suele decirse ademas que los jaltipanos no solo no las celan, sino que -llevan las ideas de hospitalidad á un raro exceso.' <i>Garay</i>, <i>Reconocimiento</i>, p. +llevan las ideas de hospitalidad á un raro exceso.' <i>Garay</i>, <i>Reconocimiento</i>, p. 116; <i>Ferry</i>, <i>Costal L'Indien</i>, pp. 6-7; <i>Registro Yucateco</i>, tom. i., p. 166.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_952" id="Footnote_952" href="#FNanchor_952"><span class="label">[952]</span></a> 'Iuntauanse en el Capul, que es vna casa del comun, en cada barrio, para hazer casamientos, el Cazique, el Papa, los desposados, los parientes: -estando sentados el señor, y el Papa, llegauan los contrayentes, y el Papa les +estando sentados el señor, y el Papa, llegauan los contrayentes, y el Papa les amonestaua que dixessen las cosas que auian hecho hasta aquella hora.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xi.</p> @@ -42175,20 +42135,20 @@ xcvii., p. 50; <i>Stephens' Yucatan</i>, vol. ii., pp. 15-16; <i>Laet</i>, <i>No <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_954" id="Footnote_954" href="#FNanchor_954"><span class="label">[954]</span></a> 'Their amusements are scarcely worthy of note ... their liveliest songs are sad, and their merriest music melancholy.' <i>Barnard's Tehuantepec</i>, p. -222. 'Afectos á las bebidas embriagantes, conocen dos particulares, el <i>chorote</i>, -y el <i>balché ó guarapo</i>, compuesto de agua, caña de azúcar, palo-guarapo -y maiz quemado.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 162. See also: <i>Fossey</i>, +222. 'Afectos á las bebidas embriagantes, conocen dos particulares, el <i>chorote</i>, +y el <i>balché ó guarapo</i>, compuesto de agua, caña de azúcar, palo-guarapo +y maiz quemado.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 162. See also: <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 343, 364; <i>Dampier's Voyages</i>, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 115; <i>Stephens' -Yucatan</i>, vol. i., pp. 144-5; <i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, pp. 496-7.</p> +Yucatan</i>, vol. i., pp. 144-5; <i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, pp. 496-7.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_955" id="Footnote_955" href="#FNanchor_955"><span class="label">[955]</span></a> 'Provinciæ Guazacualco atque Ylutæ nec non et Cueztxatlæ indiginæ, -multas ceremonias Iudæorum usurpabant, nam et circumcidebantur, more à +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_955" id="Footnote_955" href="#FNanchor_955"><span class="label">[955]</span></a> 'Provinciæ Guazacualco atque Ylutæ nec non et Cueztxatlæ indiginæ, +multas ceremonias Iudæorum usurpabant, nam et circumcidebantur, more à majoribus (ut ferebant) accepto, quod alibi in hisce regionibus ab Hispanis hactenus non fuit observatum.' <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 261. 'They appear to regard with horror and avoid with superstitious fear all those places reputed to contain remains or evidences of their former religion.' <i>Shufeldt's Explor. Tehuantepec</i>, p. 125. See further: <i>Museo Mex.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 554-5; -<i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, pp. 265, 286; <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. ii., +<i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, pp. 265, 286; <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 281-2, 290, 313, 332, 335-6, 397; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Palestra Hist.</i>, fol. 110; <i>Moro</i>, in <i>Garay</i>, <i>Reconocimiento</i>, pp. 90, 93; <i>Dicc. Univ.</i>, tom. iv., p. 257.</p> @@ -42197,57 +42157,57 @@ tom. i., p. 168; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. i., p. 313; <i>Hermesdorf</ Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., p. 543. 'Ay en esta tierra mucha diuersidad de yeruas medicinales, con que se curan los naturales.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iii., lib. vii., cap. iii. The Maya 'sabe las virtudes de todas las -plantas como si hubiese estudiado botánica, conoce los venenos, los antídotos, -y no se lo ocultan los calmantes.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 158, +plantas como si hubiese estudiado botánica, conoce los venenos, los antÃdotos, +y no se lo ocultan los calmantes.' <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 158, 162, 178.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_957" id="Footnote_957" href="#FNanchor_957"><span class="label">[957]</span></a> <i>Ternaux-Compans</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1843, tom. xcvii., p. 51; <i>Museo Mex.</i>, tom. ii., p. 554. 'En Tamiltepec, los indios usan de ceremonias supersticiosas en sus sepulturas. Se les ve hacer en los cementerios -pequeños montones de tierra, en los que mezclan víveres cada vez que entierran +pequeños montones de tierra, en los que mezclan vÃveres cada vez que entierran alguno de ellos.' <i>Berlandier y Thovel</i>, <i>Diario</i>, p. 231.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_958" id="Footnote_958" href="#FNanchor_958"><span class="label">[958]</span></a> The Miztecs 'siempre de mayor reputacion, y mas políticos.' Zapotecs +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_958" id="Footnote_958" href="#FNanchor_958"><span class="label">[958]</span></a> The Miztecs 'siempre de mayor reputacion, y mas polÃticos.' Zapotecs 'naturalmente apazibles, limpios, lucidos, y liberales.' Nexitzas 'astutos, -maliciosos, inclinados á robos, y desacatos, con otros Cerranos supersticiosos, -acostumbrados á aleuosias, y hechizeros.' <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. i., +maliciosos, inclinados á robos, y desacatos, con otros Cerranos supersticiosos, +acostumbrados á aleuosias, y hechizeros.' <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Geog. Descrip.</i>, tom. i., pt. ii., fol. 151, tom. ii., pt. ii., fol. 202, 312, also fol. 204, 211, 228, 271, 282, -294, 335, 400. Choles, 'nacion ... feroz, guerrera é independiente.' <i>Balbi</i>, -in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 167. 'Siendo los Indios Mixes de natural -feroz, barbaro, y duro, que quieren ser tratados con aspereza, y rigor.' <i>Dávila</i>, +294, 335, 400. Choles, 'nacion ... feroz, guerrera é independiente.' <i>Balbi</i>, +in <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 167. 'Siendo los Indios Mixes de natural +feroz, barbaro, y duro, que quieren ser tratados con aspereza, y rigor.' <i>Dávila</i>, <i>Teatro Ecles.</i>, tom. i., p. 224. See further: <i>Burgoa</i>, <i>Palestra Hist.</i>, pt. i., fol. -101; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, pp. 161-2, 186-7; <i>Torres</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 179; <i>Museo +101; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, pp. 161-2, 186-7; <i>Torres</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 179; <i>Museo Mex.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 554-5; <i>Tempsky's Mitla</i>, p. 269; <i>Hermesdorf</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., p. 543; <i>Barnard's Tehuantepec</i>, pp. 220-7; -<i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, pp. 258-9, 287; <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., -p. 439; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 200; <i>Dampier's Voyages</i>, vol. -ii., pt. ii., pp. 115-16; <i>Dávila Padilla</i>, <i>Hist. Fund. Mex.</i>, p. 294; <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus +<i>Charnay</i>, <i>Ruines Américaines</i>, pp. 258-9, 287; <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., +p. 439; <i>Mühlenpfordt</i>, <i>Mejico</i>, tom. ii., pt. i., p. 200; <i>Dampier's Voyages</i>, vol. +ii., pt. ii., pp. 115-16; <i>Dávila Padilla</i>, <i>Hist. Fund. Mex.</i>, p. 294; <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 325.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_959" id="Footnote_959" href="#FNanchor_959"><span class="label">[959]</span></a> 'Es el indio yucateco un monstruoso conjunto de religion é impiedad, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_959" id="Footnote_959" href="#FNanchor_959"><span class="label">[959]</span></a> 'Es el indio yucateco un monstruoso conjunto de religion é impiedad, de virtudes y vicios, de sagacidad y estupidez ... tiene ideas exactas precisas de lo bueno y de lo malo.... Es incapaz de robar un peso, y roba cuatro veces dos reales.... Siendo honrado en casi todas sus acciones ... se puede -decir que el único vicie que le domina es el de la embriaguez.' <i>Registro +decir que el único vicie que le domina es el de la embriaguez.' <i>Registro Yucateco</i>, tom. i., pp. 291-3; <i>Baeza</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. i., pp. 166-8, 174; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. i., p. 148; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iv.; <i>Mill's -Hist. Mex.</i>, p. 158; <i>Moro</i>, in <i>Garay</i>, <i>Reconocimiento</i>, pp. 89-34; <i>Müller</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, +Hist. Mex.</i>, p. 158; <i>Moro</i>, in <i>Garay</i>, <i>Reconocimiento</i>, pp. 89-34; <i>Müller</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, tom. ii., p. 371.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_960" id="Footnote_960" href="#FNanchor_960"><span class="label">[960]</span></a> The Lacandones are of one stock with the Manches, and very numerous. They were highly civilized only one hundred and fifty years ago. <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. i., preface, pp. 14-17. 'The old Chontals were certainly in a condition more civilised.' <i>Id.</i>, pp. 286-95, 265-70. 'Die Chontales werden -auch Caraiben genannt.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 243-8, 265, 283-90, +auch Caraiben genannt.' <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 243-8, 265, 283-90, 311, 321, 326, 330, 335. It seems there existed in Nicaragua: Chorotegans, -comprising Dirians, Nagrandans, and Orotiñans; Cholutecans and Niquirans, +comprising Dirians, Nagrandans, and Orotiñans; Cholutecans and Niquirans, Mexican colonies; and Chondals. <i>Squier's Nicaragua</i>, vol. ii., pp. 309-12. -Examine further: <i>Müller</i>, <i>Amerikanische Urreligionen</i>, p. 454; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus -Amerika</i>, tom. i., pp. 285-92; <i>Puydt</i>, <i>Rapport</i>, in <i>Amérique Centrale</i>, p. 69; +Examine further: <i>Müller</i>, <i>Amerikanische Urreligionen</i>, p. 454; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus +Amerika</i>, tom. i., pp. 285-92; <i>Puydt</i>, <i>Rapport</i>, in <i>Amérique Centrale</i>, p. 69; <i>Benzoni</i>, <i>Hist. del Mondo Nuovo</i>, fol. 104; <i>Malte-Brun</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1858, tom. clviii., p. 200; <i>Berendt</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 425; <i>Crowe's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 40; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, pp. 357-8, 370; <i>Dollfus and -Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 18-19; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. i., pp. 202, +Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 18-19; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. i., pp. 202, 208, 272, tom. ii., pp. 49, 125, 313; <i>Brasseur de Bourbourg</i>, <i>Hist. Nat. Civ.</i>, tom. ii., pp. 79, 110-11; <i>Valois</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 288, 299-300; <i>Escobar</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., pp. 89-97.</p> @@ -42258,13 +42218,13 @@ pp. 106-7; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 272; <i>Lafond</i>, <i>Voy p. 338; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. i., p. 260, tom. ii., pp. 126, 197; <i>Andagoya</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., p. 414; <i>Belly</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, tom. i., pp. 200-1; <i>Scherzer</i>, <i>Wanderungen</i>, pp. 52-3; <i>Foote's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 104. Round Leon -'hay más indios tuertos ... y es la causa el contínuo polvo.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. +'hay más indios tuertos ... y es la causa el contÃnuo polvo.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iv., p. 64. In Guatemala, 'los hombres muy gruessos.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iii., lib. v., caps. xi., xii., dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xiv. -'Ceux de la tierra fria sont petits, trapus, bien membrés, susceptibles de +'Ceux de la tierra fria sont petits, trapus, bien membrés, susceptibles de grandes fatigues ... ceux de la tierra caliente sont grands, maigres, paresseux.' -<i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 47, 21. 'Kurze Schenkel, -langen Oberleib, kurze Stirne und langes struppiges Haar.' <i>Bülow</i>, +<i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 47, 21. 'Kurze Schenkel, +langen Oberleib, kurze Stirne und langes struppiges Haar.' <i>Bülow</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, p. 78. 'The disproportionate size of the head, the coarse harsh hair, and the dwarfish stature,' of the Masayas. <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. ii., pp. 8-9.</p> @@ -42274,17 +42234,17 @@ Salvador, the women's 'only garment being a long straight piece of cotton cloth without a seam.' <i>Foote's Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 103-4. The Nicaraguans 'se rasent la barbe, les cheueux, et tout le poil du corps, et ne laissent que quelques cheueux sur le sommet de la teste.... Ils portent des gabans, et -des chemises sans manches.' <i>D'Avity</i>, <i>L'Amérique</i>, tom. ii., p. 93. 'The +des chemises sans manches.' <i>D'Avity</i>, <i>L'Amérique</i>, tom. ii., p. 93. 'The custom of tattooing, it seems, was practiced to a certain extent, at least so far as to designate, by peculiarities in the marks, the several tribes or caziques ... they flattened their heads.' <i>Squier's Nicaragua</i>, vol. ii., pp. 341, 345; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, pp. 273-4; <i>Valenzuela</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, <i>Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 566; <i>Tempsky's -Mitla</i>, pp. 363-5, 368; <i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 19-20, +Mitla</i>, pp. 363-5, 368; <i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 19-20, 46-9, 56-60; <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, pp. 193-5; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, pp. 302-5; <i>Valois</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 278-9; <i>Gage's New Survey</i>, pp. 316-8; <i>Montgomery's Guatemala</i>, pp. 98-9; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii.; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., pp. 102, 126, 145, 171, 227, 245, 253; <i>Galindo</i>, in <i>Nouvelles -Annales des Voy.</i>, 1834, tom. lxiii., p. 149; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>Geografía</i>, p. 166; +Annales des Voy.</i>, 1834, tom. lxiii., p. 149; <i>Orozco y Berra</i>, <i>GeografÃa</i>, p. 166; <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 263.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_963" id="Footnote_963" href="#FNanchor_963"><span class="label">[963]</span></a> The Lacandones have 'floating gardens which can navigate the lagoons @@ -42296,21 +42256,21 @@ did not construct any large temples or other stone buildings.' <i>Pim and Seeman Dottings</i>, pp. 126-7. They live like their forefathers 'in buildings precisely similar ... some huts of a single room will monopolise an acre of land.' <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. ii., pp. 6-8; <i>Gage's New Survey</i>, pp. 318-19; <i>Scherzer</i>, -<i>Wanderungen</i>, pp. 75, 430, 496; <i>Puydt</i>, <i>Rapport</i>, in <i>Amérique Centrale</i>, +<i>Wanderungen</i>, pp. 75, 430, 496; <i>Puydt</i>, <i>Rapport</i>, in <i>Amérique Centrale</i>, pp. 69-70; <i>Valois</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 278; <i>Benzoni</i>, <i>Hist. Mondo Nuovo</i>, fol. 86, -102; <i>Froebel's Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 89, 96; <i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, +102; <i>Froebel's Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 89, 96; <i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 19, 55; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii.; <i>Berendt</i>, in <i>Smithsonian Rept.</i>, 1867, p. 425; <i>West und Ost Indischer Lustgart</i>, pt. ii., pp. 380, 390; <i>Valenzuela</i>, in <i>Squier's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 566.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_964" id="Footnote_964" href="#FNanchor_964"><span class="label">[964]</span></a> They 'vivent le plus souvent de fruits et de racines.' <i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, -<i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 47, 20-2, 69. 'Tout en faisant maigre chère, ils +<i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 47, 20-2, 69. 'Tout en faisant maigre chère, ils mangent et boivent continuellement, comme les animaux.' <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., pp. 104, 92, 102, 132, 134, 145, 240, tom. i., pp. 205-6. Nicaraguans 'essen auch Menschenfleisch ... alle Tag machet nur ein Nachbar ein Fewer an, dabei sie alle kochen, vnd dann ein anderer.' <i>West und Ost Indischer -Lustgart</i>, pt. i., p. 390. 'Perritos pequeños que tambien los comian, -y muchos venados y pesquerías.' <i>Andagoya</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, +Lustgart</i>, pt. i., p. 390. 'Perritos pequeños que tambien los comian, +y muchos venados y pesquerÃas.' <i>Andagoya</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., pp. 413-14, 407. Hunting alligators: a man dives under, and fastens a noose round the leg of the sleeping monster; his companions then haul it on shore and kill it. <i>Sivers</i>, <i>Mittelamerika</i>, pp. 139, 130. Compare @@ -42322,8 +42282,8 @@ cap. vii.-ix., lib. x., cap. xiv.; <i>Escobar</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour. <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_965" id="Footnote_965" href="#FNanchor_965"><span class="label">[965]</span></a> <i>Dunlop's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 337; <i>Scherzer</i>, <i>Wanderungen</i>, p. 173.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_966" id="Footnote_966" href="#FNanchor_966"><span class="label">[966]</span></a> The Lacandones 'emploient des flèches de canne ayant des têtes de cailloux.' -<i>Galindo</i>, in <i>Antiq. Mex.</i>, tom. i., div. ii., p. 67. See also, <i>Bülow</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_966" id="Footnote_966" href="#FNanchor_966"><span class="label">[966]</span></a> The Lacandones 'emploient des flèches de canne ayant des têtes de cailloux.' +<i>Galindo</i>, in <i>Antiq. Mex.</i>, tom. i., div. ii., p. 67. See also, <i>Bülow</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, pp. 79-80; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 305; <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, pp. 195, 278; <i>Scherzer</i>, <i>Wanderungen</i>, pp. 413, 430; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. i., p. 358.</p> @@ -42333,97 +42293,97 @@ pp. 79-80; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 305; <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_968" id="Footnote_968" href="#FNanchor_968"><span class="label">[968]</span></a> <i>Valois</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 278, 287; <i>Sivers</i>, <i>Mittelamerika</i>, p. 130; <i>Scherzer</i>, <i>Wanderungen</i>, p. 430; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 279; <i>Squier's Nicaragua</i>, pp. 272-3; <i>Valenzuela</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, <i>Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 567. The Lacandon hut contained -'des métiers à tisser, des sarbacanes, des haches et d'autres outils en +'des métiers à tisser, des sarbacanes, des haches et d'autres outils en silex.' <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., pp. 79, 104, 197, 211. 'Duermen en vna -red, que se les entra por las costillas, o en vn cañizo, y por cabecera vn madero: +red, que se les entra por las costillas, o en vn cañizo, y por cabecera vn madero: ya se alumbran con teas.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xiv., dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. vi. At Masaya, 'Leur mobilier se compose de nattes par terre, de hamacs suspendus, d'un lit de cuir et d'une caisse en -cèdre, quelquefois ornée d'incrustations de cuivre.' <i>Belly</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, tom. +cèdre, quelquefois ornée d'incrustations de cuivre.' <i>Belly</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, tom. i., pp. 197-8.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_969" id="Footnote_969" href="#FNanchor_969"><span class="label">[969]</span></a> 'Le principe colorant est fixé an moyen d'une substance grasse que l'on -obtient par l'ébullition d'un insecte nommé age.' <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_969" id="Footnote_969" href="#FNanchor_969"><span class="label">[969]</span></a> 'Le principe colorant est fixé an moyen d'une substance grasse que l'on +obtient par l'ébullition d'un insecte nommé age.' <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., pp. 130, 197. Consult further, <i>Squier's Nicaragua</i>, pp. 269-73; <i>Baily's Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 124-5; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. vii., ix., lib. x., cap. xiv.; <i>Crowe's Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 44; <i>Squier</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. v., -p. 215; <i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, p. 47; <i>Dunlop's Cent. Amer.</i>, +p. 215; <i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, p. 47; <i>Dunlop's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 338; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 274.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_970" id="Footnote_970" href="#FNanchor_970"><span class="label">[970]</span></a> <i>Pim and Seemann's Dottings</i>, pp. 241-2; <i>Lafond</i>, <i>Voyages</i>, tom. i., p. -317; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., p. 31; <i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, +317; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., p. 31; <i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 47-8. In their trade, the Lacandones 'are said to have employed not less than 424 canoes.' <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, p. 271.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_971" id="Footnote_971" href="#FNanchor_971"><span class="label">[971]</span></a> The Quichés 'portent jusqu'au Nicaragua des hamacs en fil d'agave.' +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_971" id="Footnote_971" href="#FNanchor_971"><span class="label">[971]</span></a> The Quichés 'portent jusqu'au Nicaragua des hamacs en fil d'agave.' <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., pp. 145, 92, 130-1, 198, tom. i., pp. 260, 318, 320; -<i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 18, 60; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. -iii., lib. v., cap. xii.; <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, pp. 68, 271, 475; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. +<i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 18, 60; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. +iii., lib. v., cap. xii.; <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, pp. 68, 271, 475; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 248, 345; <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 319; <i>Hardcastle</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. vi., p. 153; <i>Gage's New Survey</i>, p. 319.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_972" id="Footnote_972" href="#FNanchor_972"><span class="label">[972]</span></a> Among the Nahuatls 'mechanical arts are little understood, and, of course, the fine arts still less practiced.' <i>Squier's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 320; <i>Id.</i>, -<i>Nicaragua</i>, pp. 270-3. The Masayans have 'une caisse en cèdre, quelquefois -ornée d'incrustations de cuivre.' <i>Belly</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, pp. 197-8. See -also, <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., p. 130; <i>Puydt</i>, <i>Rapport</i>, in <i>Amérique Centrale</i>, +<i>Nicaragua</i>, pp. 270-3. The Masayans have 'une caisse en cèdre, quelquefois +ornée d'incrustations de cuivre.' <i>Belly</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, pp. 197-8. See +also, <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., p. 130; <i>Puydt</i>, <i>Rapport</i>, in <i>Amérique Centrale</i>, p. 134; <i>Gage's New Survey</i>, p. 329; <i>Valois</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 287, 420-6; <i>Sivers</i>, <i>Mittelamerika</i>, pp. 127, 295; <i>Funnell's Voy.</i>, p. 113; <i>Dunn's Guatemala</i>, p. 281; <i>Pontelli</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>Nov. 7, 1862</i>.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_973" id="Footnote_973" href="#FNanchor_973"><span class="label">[973]</span></a> <i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 20, 49-51; <i>Puydt</i>, <i>Rapport</i>, -in <i>Amérique Centrale</i>, p. 134; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 398; <i>Gage's New +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_973" id="Footnote_973" href="#FNanchor_973"><span class="label">[973]</span></a> <i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 20, 49-51; <i>Puydt</i>, <i>Rapport</i>, +in <i>Amérique Centrale</i>, p. 134; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 398; <i>Gage's New Survey</i>, pp. 318-9, 417; <i>Pontelli</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>Nov. 7, 1862</i>. 'Chacun -d'eux vint ensuite baiser la main du chef, hommage qu'il reçut avec une dignité +d'eux vint ensuite baiser la main du chef, hommage qu'il reçut avec une dignité imperturbable.' <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., pp. 245-6, 134.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_974" id="Footnote_974" href="#FNanchor_974"><span class="label">[974]</span></a> 'Leur dernier-né suspendu à leurs flancs.' <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., pp. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_974" id="Footnote_974" href="#FNanchor_974"><span class="label">[974]</span></a> 'Leur dernier-né suspendu à leurs flancs.' <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., pp. 198, 126, tom. i., pp. 204-5, 318. In Salvador, the 'bridegroom makes his wife's trousseau himself, the women, strange to say, being entirely ignorant of needlework.' <i>Foote's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 103. Further reference in <i>Valois</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 280, 288; <i>Belly</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, pp. 200-1, 253; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, -pp. 303-4; <i>Revue Brit.</i>, 1825, in <i>Amérique Centrale</i>, p. 23; <i>Bülow</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, +pp. 303-4; <i>Revue Brit.</i>, 1825, in <i>Amérique Centrale</i>, p. 23; <i>Bülow</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, p. 80; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 272; <i>Gage's New Survey</i>, p. 319; <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, pp. 195-6; <i>Tempsky's Mitla</i>, p. 365; <i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, -<i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 20, 47; <i>Scherzer</i>, <i>Wanderungen</i>, p. 66; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Die Indianer -von Istlávacan</i>, p. 11.</p> +<i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 20, 47; <i>Scherzer</i>, <i>Wanderungen</i>, p. 66; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Die Indianer +von Istlávacan</i>, p. 11.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_975" id="Footnote_975" href="#FNanchor_975"><span class="label">[975]</span></a> <i>Gage's New Survey</i>, pp. 323, 347-50; <i>Andagoya</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., p. 415; <i>Valois</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 279-80, 420-6; <i>Dollfus and -Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, p. 48; <i>Froebel's Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 78-81; <i>Dapper</i>, +Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, p. 48; <i>Froebel's Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 78-81; <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, pp. 306, 312; <i>Valenzuela</i>, in <i>Squier's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 567; <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, pp. 447-9; <i>Coreal</i>, <i>Voyages</i>, tom. i., pp. 88-9; <i>Arricivita</i>, -<i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 34; <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 320-2; <i>Pontelli</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, +<i>Crónica Seráfica</i>, p. 34; <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 320-2; <i>Pontelli</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>Nov. 14, 1862</i>. 'Les Indiens ne fument pas.' <i>Belly</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, p. 164. 'Ihr -gewöhnliches Getränke ist Wasser.' <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 304. 'Je n'ai -entendu qu'à Flores, pendant le cours de mon voyage, des chœurs exécutés +gewöhnliches Getränke ist Wasser.' <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 304. 'Je n'ai +entendu qu'à Flores, pendant le cours de mon voyage, des chœurs exécutés avec justesse.' <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., pp. 42-4, 325, tom. i., p. 196.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_976" id="Footnote_976" href="#FNanchor_976"><span class="label">[976]</span></a> The Lacandon chief received me with 'the emblem of friendship (which is a leaf of the fan-palm).' <i>Pontelli</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>Nov. 14, 1862</i>. See <i>Tempsky's Mitla</i>, pp. 364-5; <i>Valois</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 407-8; <i>Escobar</i>, in <i>Lond. -Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 91; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 394; <i>Juarros' Hist. +Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 91; <i>Thümmel</i>, <i>Mexiko</i>, p. 394; <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, p. 197; <i>Foote's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 122; <i>Dollfus and Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. -Géologique</i>, pp. 48-9; <i>Scherzer</i>, <i>Die Indianer von Istlávacan</i>, pp. 7-15; <i>Reichardt</i>, +Géologique</i>, pp. 48-9; <i>Scherzer</i>, <i>Die Indianer von Istlávacan</i>, pp. 7-15; <i>Reichardt</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, pp. 106, 234; <i>Valenzuela</i>, in <i>Squier's Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 566-7; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. i., p. 206, tom. ii., pp. 58, 101-2, 104, 197; <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. i., pp. 293-4, vol. ii., pp. 11-12, 48.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_977" id="Footnote_977" href="#FNanchor_977"><span class="label">[977]</span></a> At Masaya, 'The death-rate among children is said to be excessive.' -<i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. ii., p. 10. 'Alle Glieder der Familie hatten ein äusserst +<i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. ii., p. 10. 'Alle Glieder der Familie hatten ein äusserst ungesundes Aussehen und namentlich die Kinder, im Gesicht bleich und -mager, hatten dicke, aufgeschwollene Bäuche,' caused by yucca-roots. +mager, hatten dicke, aufgeschwollene Bäuche,' caused by yucca-roots. <i>Scherzer</i>, <i>Wanderungen</i>, pp. 494, 173-4; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., pp. 109-10, -152; <i>Gage's New Survey</i>, p. 318; <i>Puydt</i>, <i>Rapport</i>, in <i>Amérique Centrale</i>, p. 49; +152; <i>Gage's New Survey</i>, p. 318; <i>Puydt</i>, <i>Rapport</i>, in <i>Amérique Centrale</i>, p. 49; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. i., pp. 345-6; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, pp. 302, 398; <i>Escobar</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xi., p. 91; <i>Scherzer</i>, <i>Die Indianer von -Istlávacan</i>, pp. 10-11.</p> +Istlávacan</i>, pp. 10-11.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_978" id="Footnote_978" href="#FNanchor_978"><span class="label">[978]</span></a> <i>Scherzer</i>, <i>Die Indianer von Istlávacan</i>, pp. 11-12; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_978" id="Footnote_978" href="#FNanchor_978"><span class="label">[978]</span></a> <i>Scherzer</i>, <i>Die Indianer von Istlávacan</i>, pp. 11-12; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., p. 63; <i>Valois</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 408.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_979" id="Footnote_979" href="#FNanchor_979"><span class="label">[979]</span></a> 'La somme des peines est donc limitée comme celle des jouissances; ils -ne ressentent ni les unes ni les autres avec beaucoup de vivacité.' <i>Morelet</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_979" id="Footnote_979" href="#FNanchor_979"><span class="label">[979]</span></a> 'La somme des peines est donc limitée comme celle des jouissances; ils +ne ressentent ni les unes ni les autres avec beaucoup de vivacité.' <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. i., pp. 205-7, 196, tom. ii., pp. 104, 132, 198, 200, 253. 'When aroused, however, they are fierce, cruel, and implacable ... shrewd ... cringing servility and low cunning ... extreme teachableness.' <i>Crowe's @@ -42432,12 +42392,12 @@ Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 42-3. 'Melancholy ... silent ... pusillanimous ... timid.' but are a gentler and less warlike race.' <i>Foote's Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 104-5. Nicaraguans 'are singularly docile and industrious ... not warlike but brave.' <i>Squier's Nicaragua</i>, p. 268. For further reference concerning these people -see <i>Squier's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 555; <i>Bülow</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, pp. 79-81; <i>Juarros' +see <i>Squier's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 555; <i>Bülow</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, pp. 79-81; <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, pp. 197-8; <i>Belly</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, pp. 109, 160; <i>Puydt</i>, <i>Rapport</i>, in -<i>Amérique Centrale</i>, pp. 70, 135-6; <i>T' Kint</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 157-8; <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, +<i>Amérique Centrale</i>, pp. 70, 135-6; <i>T' Kint</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 157-8; <i>Fossey</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, p. 471; <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. i., pref., p. xiv., and p. 75; <i>Gage's New Survey</i>, pp. 311-12, 333; <i>Valois</i>, <i>Mexique</i>, pp. 238-9, 277, 288, 299, 430; <i>Dollfus and -Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 47-9, 69; <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iv., p. 35; +Mont-Serrat</i>, <i>Voy. Géologique</i>, pp. 47-9, 69; <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iv., p. 35; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii.; <i>Scherzer</i>, <i>Wanderungen</i>, pp. 53, 61, 455, 464-5; <i>Dunlop's Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 211, 337-8. The Lacandones are very laconic, sober, temperate and strict. <i>Pontelli</i>, in <i>Cal. Farmer</i>, <i>Nov. @@ -42451,23 +42411,23 @@ of an aboriginal term, and to substantiate this opinion it is said that the natives call themselves distinctly Misskitos. <i>Mosquitoland</i>, <i>Bericht</i>, pp. 134, 19-23. The Carib name is pronounced "Kharibees" on the coast. <i>Macgregor's Progress of America</i>, vol. i., pp. 770, 775. 'Il existe chez eux des -langues très différentes, et nous avons remarqué qu'à cent lieues de distance +langues très différentes, et nous avons remarqué qu'à cent lieues de distance ils ne se comprennent plus les uns les autres.' <i>Varnhagen</i>, <i>Prem. Voy. de Amerigo Vespucci</i>, p. 40. See further: <i>Stout's Nicaragua</i>, p. 113; <i>Squier's -Nicaragua</i>, vol. ii., p. 308; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 241, 244-7; 252-3; <i>Bülow</i>, +Nicaragua</i>, vol. ii., p. 308; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 241, 244-7; 252-3; <i>Bülow</i>, <i>Nicaragua</i>, p. 77; <i>Juarros' Hist. Guat.</i>, p. 346; <i>Galindo</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. iii., p. 290; <i>Bell</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, vol. xxxii., pp. 258-9; <i>Bard's Waikna</i>, pp. 123, 201-2, 243; <i>Pim and Seemann's Dottings</i>, pp. 395-6; <i>Young's -Narrative</i>, pp. 36, 86; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 243-7, 303, 347-50; <i>Henderson's +Narrative</i>, pp. 36, 86; <i>Wappäus</i>, <i>Geog. u. Stat.</i>, pp. 243-7, 303, 347-50; <i>Henderson's Honduras</i>, p. 216; <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. i., pp. xii-xiii., 269, 287; <i>Sivers</i>, <i>Mittelamerika</i>, pp. 179-80, 287-8.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_981" id="Footnote_981" href="#FNanchor_981"><span class="label">[981]</span></a> 'Die Backenknochen treten nicht, wie bei andern amerikanischen -Stämmen, auffallend hervor ... starke Oberlippe.' <i>Mosquitoland</i>, <i>Bericht</i>, pp. +Stämmen, auffallend hervor ... starke Oberlippe.' <i>Mosquitoland</i>, <i>Bericht</i>, pp. 134-6, 59, 70, 151. Consult also: <i>Squier's Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 230, 251, 597-8; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, pp. 388-9; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. i., pp. 397-8; <i>Varnhagen</i>, <i>Prem. Voy. de Amerigo Vespucci</i>, pp. 40-1. The pure type has -'schlichte, gröbere, schwarze Haare und feinere Lippen.' <i>Sivers</i>, <i>Mittelamerika</i>, +'schlichte, gröbere, schwarze Haare und feinere Lippen.' <i>Sivers</i>, <i>Mittelamerika</i>, pp. 74, 177, 180, 287-8; <i>Young's Narrative</i>, pp. 26, 28-9, 72, 75, 79, 82, 87, 123; <i>Uring's Hist. Voy.</i>, p. 226; <i>Bell</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., pp. 256-9; <i>Pim and Seemann's Dottings</i>, pp. 248, 305, 403; <i>Colon</i>, <i>Hist. Almirante</i>, @@ -42533,9 +42493,9 @@ irgend eine Zubereitung (of skins) verstehen sich die Indianer nicht.' <i>Mosqui will hold ten Gallons, and not weigh one Pound.' <i>Cockburn's Journey</i>, p. 83.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_990" id="Footnote_990" href="#FNanchor_990"><span class="label">[990]</span></a> <i>Young's Narrative</i>, pp. 11, 19, 76, 160-1; <i>Martin's West Indies</i>, vol. i., pp. -155-6; <i>Dampier's Voyages</i>, vol. i., pp. 35, 85. 'Der Tuberose tree der Engländer -liefert die stärksten Baumstämme, deren die Indianer sich zur Anfertigung -ihrer grössten Wasserfahrzeuge bedienen.' <i>Mosquitoland</i>, <i>Bericht</i>, pp. +155-6; <i>Dampier's Voyages</i>, vol. i., pp. 35, 85. 'Der Tuberose tree der Engländer +liefert die stärksten Baumstämme, deren die Indianer sich zur Anfertigung +ihrer grössten Wasserfahrzeuge bedienen.' <i>Mosquitoland</i>, <i>Bericht</i>, pp. 116, 70, 147.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_991" id="Footnote_991" href="#FNanchor_991"><span class="label">[991]</span></a> The Mosquitos have 'little trade except in tortoise-shells and sarsaparilla.' @@ -42544,16 +42504,16 @@ in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., p. 252; <i>Strangeways' Mosquito p. 337; <i>Young's Narrative</i>, pp. 16, 82, 86-7, 91, 126; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii., v.; <i>Mosquitoland</i>, <i>Bericht</i>, pp. 148, 171-4, 190.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_992" id="Footnote_992" href="#FNanchor_992"><span class="label">[992]</span></a> The Mosquitos 'divisaient l'année en 18 mois de 20 jours, et ils appellaient -les mois <i>Ioalar</i>.' <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 472. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_992" id="Footnote_992" href="#FNanchor_992"><span class="label">[992]</span></a> The Mosquitos 'divisaient l'année en 18 mois de 20 jours, et ils appellaient +les mois <i>Ioalar</i>.' <i>Malte-Brun</i>, <i>Précis de la Géog.</i>, tom. vi., p. 472. 'Dit konense reeckenen by de Maen, daer van sy vyftien voor een jaer -reeckenen.' <i>Esquemelin</i>, <i>Zee-Roovers</i>, p. 152. 'Für die Berechnung der Jahre +reeckenen.' <i>Esquemelin</i>, <i>Zee-Roovers</i>, p. 152. 'Für die Berechnung der Jahre existirt keine Aera. Daher weiss Niemand sein Alter.' <i>Mosquitoland</i>, <i>Bericht</i>, pp. 142, 267-8. See also <i>Bard's Waikna</i>, pp. 244-5; <i>Young's Narrative</i>, p. 76; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. vi.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_993" id="Footnote_993" href="#FNanchor_993"><span class="label">[993]</span></a> <i>Bard's Waikna</i>, pp. 292-3; <i>Cockburn's Journey</i>, p. 37; <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. -Ind.</i>, fol. 63. The natives of Honduras had 'pedaços de Tierra, llamada +Ind.</i>, fol. 63. The natives of Honduras had 'pedaços de Tierra, llamada <i>Calcide</i>, con la qual se funde el Metal.' <i>Colon</i>, <i>Hist. Almirante</i>, in <i>Barcia</i>, <i>Historiadores</i>, tom. i., p. 104.</p> @@ -42564,7 +42524,7 @@ Amer.</i>, p. 49; <i>Winterfeldt</i>, <i>Mosquito-Staat</i>, p. 22; <i>Bard's Wa 297-8; <i>Bell</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, pp. 258-9; <i>Squier</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xix., p. 614; <i>Id.</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1858, tom. clx., p. 134; <i>Young's Narrative</i>, pp. 71, 98; <i>Mosquitoland</i>, <i>Bericht</i>, pp. 171-2. 'Sie -stehen unter eignen Kaziken, die ihre Anführer im Kriege machen und +stehen unter eignen Kaziken, die ihre Anführer im Kriege machen und welchen sie unbedingt gehorchen.' Poyas, 'Ihre Regierungsform ist aristokratisch.' <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, pp. 388, 390. Mosquito 'conjurers are in fact the priests, the lawyers and the judges ... the king is a despotic monarch.' @@ -42576,7 +42536,7 @@ the priests, the lawyers and the judges ... the king is a despotic monarch.' <i>Strangeways' Mosquito Shore</i>, pp. 332, 336; <i>Froebel's Cent. Amer.</i>, p. 137; <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. 216. 'They marry but one Wife, with whom they live till death separates them.' <i>Dampier's Voyages</i>, vol. i., p. 9. 'Doch -besitzen in der That die meisten Männer nur ein Weib.' <i>Mosquitoland</i>, <i>Bericht</i>, +besitzen in der That die meisten Männer nur ein Weib.' <i>Mosquitoland</i>, <i>Bericht</i>, pp. 144-6, 133-9; <i>Salazar y Olarte</i>, <i>Hist. Conq. Mex.</i>, tom. ii., p. 312.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_997" id="Footnote_997" href="#FNanchor_997"><span class="label">[997]</span></a> Esquemelin relates that the natives on the Belize coast and adjacent @@ -42594,8 +42554,8 @@ p. 335; <i>Delaporte</i>, <i>Reisen</i>, tom. x., p. 409; <i>Crowe's Cent. Amer. <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_998" id="Footnote_998" href="#FNanchor_998"><span class="label">[998]</span></a> <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii., vi.; <i>Bell</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., p. 255-6. The Woolwas 'haben gewisse Jahresfeste bei welchen weder ein Fremder noch Weiber und Kinder des eignen Stammes -zugelassen werden. Bei diesen Festen führen sie mit lautem Geschrei -ihre Tänze auf, "wobei ihnen ihr Gott Gesellschaft leistet."' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus +zugelassen werden. Bei diesen Festen führen sie mit lautem Geschrei +ihre Tänze auf, "wobei ihnen ihr Gott Gesellschaft leistet."' <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amerika</i>, tom. i., pp. 407-8.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_999" id="Footnote_999" href="#FNanchor_999"><span class="label">[999]</span></a> <i>Squier</i>, in <i>Harper's Mag.</i>, vol. xix., pp. 603-6, 613; <i>Sivers</i>, <i>Mittelamerika</i>, @@ -42634,7 +42594,7 @@ tom. i., p. 407; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. v lib. viii., cap. iii., v.; <i>Young's Narrative</i>, pp. 78-82, 85, 87, 122, 133; <i>Bell</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxii., pp. 250-2, 257-8; <i>Bard's Waikna</i>, pp. 245, 317, 324; <i>Mosquitoland</i>, <i>Bericht</i>, pp. 135, 139-40, 144-5, 236; <i>Strangeways' -Mosquito Shore</i>, p. 329; <i>Puydt</i>, <i>Rapport</i>, in <i>Amérique Centrale</i>, p. 71; <i>Pim +Mosquito Shore</i>, p. 329; <i>Puydt</i>, <i>Rapport</i>, in <i>Amérique Centrale</i>, p. 71; <i>Pim and Seemann's Dottings</i>, pp. 248-9, 279, 308-9; <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. i., pref., pp. 13, 18; <i>Morelet</i>, <i>Voyage</i>, tom. ii., pp. 240, 289, 302; <i>Crowe's Cent. Amer.</i>, pp. 49, 243.</p> @@ -42673,14 +42633,14 @@ iii., p. 406; <i>Macgregor's Progress of Amer.</i>, vol. i., p. 823; <i>Brasseur Bourbourg</i>, <i>Popol Vuh</i>, introd., p. ccii. See <a href="#TRIBAL_VII">Tribal Boundaries</a>.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1006" id="Footnote_1006" href="#FNanchor_1006"><span class="label">[1006]</span></a> Savanerics, 'a fine athletic race.' <i>Seemann's Voy. Herald</i>, vol. i., p. 318. -'Tienen los cascos de la cabeça gruessos.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. -138. 'The Chocós are not tall nor remarkable in appearance, but always -look well conditioned.' <i>Michler's Darien</i>, p. 65. 'Son apersonados.' <i>Dávila</i>, +'Tienen los cascos de la cabeça gruessos.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. +138. 'The Chocós are not tall nor remarkable in appearance, but always +look well conditioned.' <i>Michler's Darien</i>, p. 65. 'Son apersonados.' <i>Dávila</i>, <i>Teatro Ecles.</i>, tom. ii., fol. 56; <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 77, 87; <i>Selfridge's Darien Surveys</i>, pp. 10, 36; <i>Colon</i>, <i>Hist. Almirante</i>, in <i>Barcia</i>, <i>Historiadores</i>, tom. i., p. 107; <i>Puydt</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxviii., pp. 95-7; <i>Peter Martyr</i>, dec. viii., lib. vi; <i>Gisborne's Darien</i>, p. 155; <i>Cockburn's Journey</i>, p. 235; -<i>D'Avity</i>, <i>L'Amérique</i>, tom. ii., p. 98; <i>Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle</i>, p. 365; +<i>D'Avity</i>, <i>L'Amérique</i>, tom. ii., p. 98; <i>Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle</i>, p. 365; <i>Macgregor's Progress of Amer.</i>, vol. i., p. 823; <i>Fransham's World in Miniature</i>, p. 25. 'Afirmaua Pasqual de Andagoya, auer visto algunos tan grandes, que los otros hombres eran enanos con ellos, y que tenian buenas caras, y cuerpos.' @@ -42688,7 +42648,7 @@ los otros hombres eran enanos con ellos, y que tenian buenas caras, y cuerpos.' <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., p. 412; <i>Gage's New Survey</i>, p. 174; <i>Darien</i>, <i>Defence of the Scots' Settlement</i>, pp. 69-70; <i>Cullen's Darien</i>, pp. 65, 67.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1007" id="Footnote_1007" href="#FNanchor_1007"><span class="label">[1007]</span></a> Golfo Dulce. 'Modicæ sunt staturæ, bene compositis membris, moribus +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1007" id="Footnote_1007" href="#FNanchor_1007"><span class="label">[1007]</span></a> Golfo Dulce. 'Modicæ sunt staturæ, bene compositis membris, moribus blandis et non invenustis.' <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 329. 'It is a universal belief along the Atlantic coast, from Belize to Aspinwall, that the Frio tribe have white complexions, fair hair, and grey eyes.' <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. i., @@ -42696,16 +42656,16 @@ pp. 20, 236, and pref., pp. xxi-xxii.; <i>Squier</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales de 1856, tom. cli., pp. 6, 12; <i>Id.</i>, in <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. iv., p. 62; <i>Wafer's New Voy.</i>, pp. 131-7.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1008" id="Footnote_1008" href="#FNanchor_1008"><span class="label">[1008]</span></a> 'El miembro generativo traen atado por el capullo, haçiéndole entrar -tanto adentro, que á algunos no se les paresçe de tal arma sino la atadura, -que es unos hilos de algodon allí revueltos.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1008" id="Footnote_1008" href="#FNanchor_1008"><span class="label">[1008]</span></a> 'El miembro generativo traen atado por el capullo, haçiéndole entrar +tanto adentro, que á algunos no se les paresçe de tal arma sino la atadura, +que es unos hilos de algodon allà revueltos.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 109-11, 179. See also: <i>Cockburn's Journey</i>, pp. 181-3, 188; <i>Wagner and Scherzer</i>, <i>Costa Rica</i>, pp. 557-9; <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. i., p. 251. Referring to Vasco -Nuñez de Balboa, 'La gente que hallo andaua en cueros, sino eran señores, -cortesanos, y mugeres.' <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 82, 66, 87. Urabá; 'Ex +Nuñez de Balboa, 'La gente que hallo andaua en cueros, sino eran señores, +cortesanos, y mugeres.' <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 82, 66, 87. Urabá; 'Ex gentibus ijs mares nudos penitus, fœminas uero ab umbilico gossampina contectas multitia repererunt.' <i>Peter Martyr</i>, dec. ii., lib. i., also dec. iii., lib. -iv., dec. vii., lib. x., dec. viii., lib. vi., viii.; <i>Quintana</i>, <i>Vidas de Españoles</i> +iv., dec. vii., lib. x., dec. viii., lib. vi., viii.; <i>Quintana</i>, <i>Vidas de Españoles</i> (<i>Balboa</i>), p. 9; <i>Wafer's New Voy.</i>, pp. 37, 87, 102, plate, 132-4, 138-48, plate; <i>Wallace</i>, in <i>Miscellanea Curiosa</i>, vol. iii., p. 418; <i>Warburton's Darien</i>, p. 322; <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., p. 26; <i>Andagoya</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, pp. 307-8, 407, @@ -42717,25 +42677,25 @@ de Viages</i>, tom. i., p. 285; <i>Colon</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, p. 298; <i>Cockburn 240-1; <i>Gage's New Survey</i>, p. 191; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, pp. 88, 284; and <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, pp. 99, 319; <i>Puydt</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxviii., pp. 95-8; <i>Selfridge's Darien Surveys</i>, p. 10; <i>Cullen's Darien</i>, pp. 67-8; -<i>Esquemelin</i>, <i>Zee-Roovers</i>, p. 142; <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. +<i>Esquemelin</i>, <i>Zee-Roovers</i>, p. 142; <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. ccxlii.-ccxliv. The women of Cueba 'se ponian una barra de oro atravessada -en los pechos, debaxo de las tetas, que se las levanta, y en ella algunos páxaros -é otras figuras de relieve, todo de oro fino: que por lo menos pessaba çiento -é çinqüenta é aun dosiçentos pessos una barreta destas.... Destos caracoles -grandes se haçen unas conteçicas blancas de muchas maneras, é otras coloradas, -é otras negras, é otras moradas, é cañuticos de lo mesmo: é haçen -braçaletes en que con estas qüentas mezclan otras, é olivetas de oro que se -ponen en las muñecas y ençima de los tobillos é debaxo de las rodillas por -gentileça: en espeçial las mugeres.... Traen assimesmo çarçillos de oro en las -orejas, é horádanse las nariçes hecho un agugero entre las ventanas, é cuelgan -de allí sobre el labio alto otro çarçillo.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. +en los pechos, debaxo de las tetas, que se las levanta, y en ella algunos páxaros +é otras figuras de relieve, todo de oro fino: que por lo menos pessaba çiento +é çinqüenta é aun dosiçentos pessos una barreta destas.... Destos caracoles +grandes se haçen unas conteçicas blancas de muchas maneras, é otras coloradas, +é otras negras, é otras moradas, é cañuticos de lo mesmo: é haçen +braçaletes en que con estas qüentas mezclan otras, é olivetas de oro que se +ponen en las muñecas y ençima de los tobillos é debaxo de las rodillas por +gentileça: en espeçial las mugeres.... Traen assimesmo çarçillos de oro en las +orejas, é horádanse las nariçes hecho un agugero entre las ventanas, é cuelgan +de allà sobre el labio alto otro çarçillo.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 126, 138.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1010" id="Footnote_1010" href="#FNanchor_1010"><span class="label">[1010]</span></a> Their hair 'they wear usually down to the middle of the Back, or lower, hanging loose at its full length.... All other Hair, except that of their Eye-brows and Eye-lids, they eradicate.' <i>Wafer's New Voy.</i>, pp. 132-3; <i>Gisborne's Darien</i>, p. 155; <i>Macgregor's Progress of Amer.</i>, p. 824; <i>D'Avity</i>, -<i>L'Amérique</i>, tom. i., p. 98.</p> +<i>L'Amérique</i>, tom. i., p. 98.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1011" id="Footnote_1011" href="#FNanchor_1011"><span class="label">[1011]</span></a> <i>Benzoni</i>, <i>Hist. Mondo Nuovo</i>, fol. 86; <i>Squier</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1836, tom. cli., p. 9; <i>Froebel</i>, <i>Aus Amer.</i>, tom. i., p. 246; <i>Id.</i>, <i>Cent. @@ -42745,13 +42705,13 @@ Amer.</i>, p. 26; <i>Wagner and Scherzer</i>, <i>Costa Rica</i>, p. 253.</p> Herald</i>, vol. i., pp. 319, 321-2; <i>Pim and Seemann's Dottings</i>, p. 151; <i>Michler's Darien</i>, p. 84; <i>Wafer's New Voy.</i>, pp. 149-52; <i>Cockburn's Journey</i>, pp. 234-5. On the banks of the Rio Grande, the Spaniards under Johan de Tavira -found 'muchas poblaçiones en barbacoas ó casas muy altas, fechas é armadas -sobre postes de palmas negras fortíssimas é quassi inexpugnables'.... -'Hay otra manera de buhíos ó casas en Nata redondos, como unos chapiteles +found 'muchas poblaçiones en barbacoas ó casas muy altas, fechas é armadas +sobre postes de palmas negras fortÃssimas é quassi inexpugnables'.... +'Hay otra manera de buhÃos ó casas en Nata redondos, como unos chapiteles muy altos.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 50, 131, 8, 46. 'En otras muchas partes hacian sus casas de madera y de paja de la forma de una campana. Estas eran muy altas y muy capaces que moraban en cada una de ellas diez y -mas vecinos.' <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. 43.</p> +mas vecinos.' <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. 43.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1013" id="Footnote_1013" href="#FNanchor_1013"><span class="label">[1013]</span></a> 'Hallaron muchos pueblos cercados, con palenques de madera.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. ix., dec. i., lib. ix., cap. ii., vi. 'Tengano @@ -42768,10 +42728,10 @@ ii., lib. iii. Compare further: <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, pp. 64-5 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1015" id="Footnote_1015" href="#FNanchor_1015"><span class="label">[1015]</span></a> <i>Squier</i>, in <i>Nouvelles Annales des Voy.</i>, 1856, tom. cli., p. 11; <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vol. i., pref., pp. xii., xxiii.; <i>Hassel</i>, <i>Mex. Guat.</i>, p. 407; <i>Cockburn's Journey</i>, pp. 204, 224-5; <i>Wagner and Scherzer</i>, <i>Costa Rica</i>, pp. 558-9. On the -Chara Islands, 'comen los indios en estas islas muchos venados é puercos, -que los hay en grandissima cantidad, é mahiz, é fésoles muchos é de diversas -maneras, é muchos é buenos pescados, é tambien sapo ... é ninguna -cosa viva dexan de comer por suçia que sea.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., +Chara Islands, 'comen los indios en estas islas muchos venados é puercos, +que los hay en grandissima cantidad, é mahiz, é fésoles muchos é de diversas +maneras, é muchos é buenos pescados, é tambien sapo ... é ninguna +cosa viva dexan de comer por suçia que sea.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. 110.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1016" id="Footnote_1016" href="#FNanchor_1016"><span class="label">[1016]</span></a> 'Hanno la maggior parte di questa costiera per costume di mangiar @@ -42785,8 +42745,8 @@ in <i>Id.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 364-5; <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Dicc.</i>, tom. v., p. 29 pp. 65, 68-9; <i>Colombo</i>, <i>Hist. Ammiraglio</i>, p. 412; <i>Meyer</i>, <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, pp. 20-2.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1017" id="Footnote_1017" href="#FNanchor_1017"><span class="label">[1017]</span></a> 'Cogen dos y tres vezes al año maiz, y por esto no lo engraneran.' <i>Gomara</i>, -<i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 82, 88. 'Seguian mucho la caça de venados, y de +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1017" id="Footnote_1017" href="#FNanchor_1017"><span class="label">[1017]</span></a> 'Cogen dos y tres vezes al año maiz, y por esto no lo engraneran.' <i>Gomara</i>, +<i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 82, 88. 'Seguian mucho la caça de venados, y de aquellos puercos con el ombligo al espinazo.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v., xv. For further details see <i>Michler's Darien</i>, pp. 65, 68, 81; <i>Andagoya</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., pp. 403, 407; <i>Montanus</i>, @@ -42796,22 +42756,22 @@ tom. iii., pp. 132-3, 136, 139; <i>Wafer's New Voy.</i>, pp. 88, 101, 106-7, 129 152-6, 170-7.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1018" id="Footnote_1018" href="#FNanchor_1018"><span class="label">[1018]</span></a> <i>Michler's Darien</i>, p. 65; <i>Cockburn's Journey</i>, p. 236. 'Tienen por costumbre, -assi los indios como las indias, de se bañar tres ó quatro veçes al -dia, por estar limpios é porque diçen que descansan en lavarse.' <i>Oviedo</i>, +assi los indios como las indias, de se bañar tres ó quatro veçes al +dia, por estar limpios é porque diçen que descansan en lavarse.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 135-6.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1019" id="Footnote_1019" href="#FNanchor_1019"><span class="label">[1019]</span></a> In Cueva, 'no son flecheros, é pelean con macanas é con lanças luengas -y con varas que arrojan, como dardos con estóricas (que son cierta manera +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1019" id="Footnote_1019" href="#FNanchor_1019"><span class="label">[1019]</span></a> In Cueva, 'no son flecheros, é pelean con macanas é con lanças luengas +y con varas que arrojan, como dardos con estóricas (que son cierta manera de avientos) de unos bastones bien labrados.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., -pp. 127, 129. 'Sunt autem ipsorum arma, non arcus, non sagittæ uenenatæ, -uti habere indígenas illos trans sinum orientales diximus. Cominus +pp. 127, 129. 'Sunt autem ipsorum arma, non arcus, non sagittæ uenenatæ, +uti habere indÃgenas illos trans sinum orientales diximus. Cominus hi certant ut plurimum, ensibus oblongis, quos macanas ipsi appellant, -ligneis tamen, quia ferrum non assequuntur: et præustis sudibus aut osseis -cuspidibus, missilibus etiam ad præluim utuntur.' <i>Peter Martyr</i>, dec. ii., lib. +ligneis tamen, quia ferrum non assequuntur: et præustis sudibus aut osseis +cuspidibus, missilibus etiam ad præluim utuntur.' <i>Peter Martyr</i>, dec. ii., lib. iii., also, dec. iv., lib. x., dec. v., lib. ix. Compare further, <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. i., lib. ix., cap. vi., lib. x., cap. i.; <i>Andagoya</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., p. 403; <i>Parras</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. i., p. 285; <i>Cockburn's Journey</i>, -p. 225; <i>D'Avity</i>, <i>L'Amérique.</i>, p. 98; <i>Otis' Panamá</i>, pp. 77-8; <i>Puydt</i>, in <i>Lond. +p. 225; <i>D'Avity</i>, <i>L'Amérique.</i>, p. 98; <i>Otis' Panamá</i>, pp. 77-8; <i>Puydt</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxviii., pp. 95, 98.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1020" id="Footnote_1020" href="#FNanchor_1020"><span class="label">[1020]</span></a> 'The pipe was made of two pieces of reed, each forming a half circle; @@ -42839,46 +42799,46 @@ Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xx., p. 164; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. i., l <i>Michler's Darien</i>, p. 77; <i>Dampier's Voyages</i>, vol. i., p. 41.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1021" id="Footnote_1021" href="#FNanchor_1021"><span class="label">[1021]</span></a> <i>Acosta</i>, <i>N. Granada</i>, p. 6; <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 88; <i>Carli</i>, <i>Cartas</i>, -pt. i., p. 17. 'Traian suscoseletes fechos de algodon, que les llegaban é abaxaban -de las espaldas dellos, é les llegaban á las rodillas é dende abaxo, é las -mangas fasta los codos, é tan gruesos como un colchon de cama, son tan -fuertes, que una ballesta no los pasa.' <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. ii., p. 516.</p> +pt. i., p. 17. 'Traian suscoseletes fechos de algodon, que les llegaban é abaxaban +de las espaldas dellos, é les llegaban á las rodillas é dende abaxo, é las +mangas fasta los codos, é tan gruesos como un colchon de cama, son tan +fuertes, que una ballesta no los pasa.' <i>Pacheco</i>, <i>Col. Doc. Inéd.</i>, tom. ii., p. 516.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1022" id="Footnote_1022" href="#FNanchor_1022"><span class="label">[1022]</span></a> 'Cuando iban á la guerra llevaban coronas de oro en las cabezas y unas +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1022" id="Footnote_1022" href="#FNanchor_1022"><span class="label">[1022]</span></a> 'Cuando iban á la guerra llevaban coronas de oro en las cabezas y unas patenas grandes en los pechos y braceletes y otras joyas en otros lugares del -cuerpo.' <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. lxv., ccxliv. 'El herido en +cuerpo.' <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. lxv., ccxliv. 'El herido en la guerra es hidalgo, y goza de grandes franquezas.' <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. -88. 'A los que pueden matar matan, é á los que prenden los hierran é se +88. 'A los que pueden matar matan, é á los que prenden los hierran é se sirven dellos por esclavos.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 129, 126. See -further: <i>Quintana</i>, <i>Vidas Españoles</i> (<i>Balboa</i>), p. 8; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, +further: <i>Quintana</i>, <i>Vidas Españoles</i> (<i>Balboa</i>), p. 8; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v.; <i>Andagoya</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., pp. 399, 403, 412; <i>Peter Martyr</i>, dec. iii., lib. iv., dec. viii., lib. viii.; <i>Wafer's New Voy.</i>, p. 133.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1023" id="Footnote_1023" href="#FNanchor_1023"><span class="label">[1023]</span></a> 'La manta de la hamaca no es hecha red, sino entera é muy gentil tela -delgada é ancha.... Hay otras, que la manta es de paja texida é de colores é +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1023" id="Footnote_1023" href="#FNanchor_1023"><span class="label">[1023]</span></a> 'La manta de la hamaca no es hecha red, sino entera é muy gentil tela +delgada é ancha.... Hay otras, que la manta es de paja texida é de colores é labores.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 131, 136, 138, 142, 181. 'Muy buenas redes con anzuelos de hueso que hacen de concha de tortuga.' <i>Vega</i>, -<i>Hist. Descub. Amer.</i>, p. 145. 'Tenian los Reyes y Señores ricos y señalados -vasos con que bebian.' <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. lxv. Compare +<i>Hist. Descub. Amer.</i>, p. 145. 'Tenian los Reyes y Señores ricos y señalados +vasos con que bebian.' <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. lxv. Compare further: <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., lib. ix., cap. i., dec. ii., lib. ii., cap. i.; <i>Peter Martyr</i>, dec. ii., lib. i., dec. vii., lib. x.; <i>Michler's Darien</i>, pp. 66, 77; <i>Meyer</i>, <i>Nach dem Sacramento</i>, pp. 21-2.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1024" id="Footnote_1024" href="#FNanchor_1024"><span class="label">[1024]</span></a> <i>Laet</i>, <i>Novus Orbis</i>, p. 348; <i>Seemann's Voy. Herald</i>, vol. i., p. 320; <i>Pim and Seemann's Dottings</i>, p. 29; <i>Cockburn's Journey</i>, pp. 172-3, 243-4; <i>Wafer's -New Voy.</i>, pp. 92-4, 160-2. Referring to Chiriquí earthen relics; 'The +New Voy.</i>, pp. 92-4, 160-2. Referring to Chiriquà earthen relics; 'The vessels ... are neatly and sometimes very gracefully formed of clay.... Several bear resemblance to Roman, Grecian, and Etruscan jars.... Dr. Merritt mentioned that the natives of the Isthmus now make their rude earthen utensils of a peculiar black earth, which gives them the appearance of -iron.' <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. iv., p. 176. In Veragua 'vide sábanas grandes de -algodon, labradas de muy sotiles labores; otras pintadas muy sútilmente a +iron.' <i>Hist. Mag.</i>, vol. iv., p. 176. In Veragua 'vide sábanas grandes de +algodon, labradas de muy sotiles labores; otras pintadas muy sútilmente a colores con pinceles.' <i>Colon</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. i., p. 308.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1025" id="Footnote_1025" href="#FNanchor_1025"><span class="label">[1025]</span></a> 'En estas islas de Chara é Pocosi no tienen canoas, sino balsas'.... In -the Province of Cueba 'tienen canoas pequeñas, tambien las usan grandes ... hay -canoa que lleva çinquenta ó sessenta hombres é mas.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1025" id="Footnote_1025" href="#FNanchor_1025"><span class="label">[1025]</span></a> 'En estas islas de Chara é Pocosi no tienen canoas, sino balsas'.... In +the Province of Cueba 'tienen canoas pequeñas, tambien las usan grandes ... hay +canoa que lleva çinquenta ó sessenta hombres é mas.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 110, 159. See also: <i>Michler's Darien</i>, pp. 48, 66-7; <i>Wafer's New Voy.</i>, p. 96; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 67; and <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, p. 75; <i>Puydt</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxviii., p. 99; <i>Acosta</i>, <i>N. @@ -42888,19 +42848,19 @@ Granada</i>, p. 43.</p> tom. iii., pp. 364-5; <i>Peter Martyr</i>, dec. viii., lib. vi.; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., lib. x., cap. iii.; <i>Belcher's Voyage</i>, vol. i., p. 250; <i>Selfridge's Darien Surveys</i>, pp. 10-11; <i>Puydt</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. -xxxviii., p. 99; <i>Gisborne's Darien</i>, p. 154; <i>Otis' Panamá</i>, p. 77; <i>Cullen's Darien</i>, -pp. 65-6. 'Quando los indios no tienen guerra, todo su exerciçio es -tractar é trocar quanto tienen unos con otros ... unos llevan sal, otros mahiz, -otros mantas, otros hamacas, otros algodon hilado ó por hilar, otros pescados +xxxviii., p. 99; <i>Gisborne's Darien</i>, p. 154; <i>Otis' Panamá</i>, p. 77; <i>Cullen's Darien</i>, +pp. 65-6. 'Quando los indios no tienen guerra, todo su exerciçio es +tractar é trocar quanto tienen unos con otros ... unos llevan sal, otros mahiz, +otros mantas, otros hamacas, otros algodon hilado ó por hilar, otros pescados salados; otros llevan oro.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. 140, tom. ii., p. 340.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1027" id="Footnote_1027" href="#FNanchor_1027"><span class="label">[1027]</span></a> 'Este cacique Davaive tiene grand fundicion de oro en su casa; tiene -cient hombres á la contina que labran oro.' <i>Balboa</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de +cient hombres á la contina que labran oro.' <i>Balboa</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., pp. 364-5. 'Hay grandes mineros de cobre: hachas de ello, otras cosas labradas, fundidas, soldadas hube, y fraguas con todo su -aparejo de platero y los crisoles.' <i>Colon</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. i., p. 308. In Panamá, -'grandes Entalladores, y Pintores.' <i>Dávila</i>, <i>Teatro Ecles.</i>, tom. ii., fol. 56. +aparejo de platero y los crisoles.' <i>Colon</i>, in <i>Id.</i>, tom. i., p. 308. In Panamá, +'grandes Entalladores, y Pintores.' <i>Dávila</i>, <i>Teatro Ecles.</i>, tom. ii., fol. 56. Compare further: <i>Benzoni</i>, <i>Hist. Mondo Nuovo</i>, fol. 88; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. ii., lib. ii., cap. x.; <i>Pim and Seemann's Dottings</i>, pp. 29-30; <i>Peter Martyr</i>, dec. iii., lib. iv.; <i>Bidwell's Isthmus</i>, p. 37.</p> @@ -42910,12 +42870,12 @@ in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxviii., p. 99.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1029" id="Footnote_1029" href="#FNanchor_1029"><span class="label">[1029]</span></a> 'Besan los pies al hijo, o sobrino, que hereda, estando en la cama: que vale tanto como juramento, y coronacion.' <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 255-6, -88. 'Todos tenian sus Reies, y Señores, á quien obedecian.' <i>Torquemada</i>, +88. 'Todos tenian sus Reies, y Señores, á quien obedecian.' <i>Torquemada</i>, <i>Monarq. Ind.</i>, tom. ii., p. 346. 'Los hijos heredauan a los padres, siendo -auidos en la principal muger.... Los Caziques y señores eran muy tenidos y +auidos en la principal muger.... Los Caziques y señores eran muy tenidos y obedecidos.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., dec. iv., lib. i., cap. x. See also, <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 129-30, 142, 156-7; <i>Quintana</i>, -<i>Vidas de Españoles</i>, (<i>Balboa</i>), p. 9; <i>Andagoya</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, +<i>Vidas de Españoles</i>, (<i>Balboa</i>), p. 9; <i>Andagoya</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., p. 399; <i>Wafer's New Voy.</i>, p. 163; <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, p. 73; <i>Wallace</i>, in <i>Miscellanea Curiosa</i>, vol. iii., p. 418; <i>Puydt</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxviii., p. 97; <i>Funnell's Voyage</i>, pp. 131-2; <i>Selfridge's Darien @@ -42925,10 +42885,10 @@ Surveys</i>, p. 20.</p> 77; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, p. 66; <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, p. 74.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1031" id="Footnote_1031" href="#FNanchor_1031"><span class="label">[1031]</span></a> <i>Puydt</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxviii., p. 98; <i>Macgregor's -Process of Amer.</i>, pp. 823-5, 829; <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. -ccxliv. 'Casauanse con hijas de sus hermanas: y los señores tenian muchas +Process of Amer.</i>, pp. 823-5, 829; <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. +ccxliv. 'Casauanse con hijas de sus hermanas: y los señores tenian muchas mugeres.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., dec. iv., lib. i., cap. -x. 'De las mugeres principales de sus padres, y hermanas ó hijas guardan +x. 'De las mugeres principales de sus padres, y hermanas ó hijas guardan que no las tomen por mugeres, porque lo tienen por malo.' <i>Andagoya</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., pp. 402-3. Of wives: 'They may haue as many as they please, (excepting their kindred, and allies) vnlesse they be @@ -42942,7 +42902,7 @@ loving to them. I never knew an Indian beat his Wife, or give her any hard Words.... They seem very fond of their Children, both Fathers and Mothers.' <i>Wafer's New Voy.</i>, pp. 156-66. 'Tienen mancebias publicas de mugeres, y aun de hombres en muchos cabos.' <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 87. See also: -<i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 18, 20, 133-4; <i>Quintana</i>, <i>Vidas de Españoles</i>, +<i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 18, 20, 133-4; <i>Quintana</i>, <i>Vidas de Españoles</i>, (<i>Balboa</i>), pp. 9-10.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1033" id="Footnote_1033" href="#FNanchor_1033"><span class="label">[1033]</span></a> 'Pipes, or fluites of sundry pieces, of the bones of Deere, and canes of @@ -42952,7 +42912,7 @@ of timber greater than a mannes arme.' <i>Peter Martyr</i>, dec. viii., lib. vii See also: <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 127, 130, 137, 156; <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 88; <i>Darien</i>, <i>Defence of the Scots' Settlement</i>, pp. 72-3; <i>Macgregor's Progress of Amer.</i>, pp. 825, 832; <i>Warburton's Darien</i>, p. 321; <i>Las Casas</i>, -<i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. ccxliii.</p> +<i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. ccxliii.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1034" id="Footnote_1034" href="#FNanchor_1034"><span class="label">[1034]</span></a> In Comagre, 'vinos blancos y tintos, hechos de mayz, y rayzes de frutas, y de cierta especie de palma, y de otras cosas: los quales vinos loauan los Castellanos @@ -42960,7 +42920,7 @@ quando los beuian.' <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. i., lib. ix., cap. i 'Tenia vna bodega con muchas cubas y tinajas llenas de vino, hecho de grano, y fruta, blanco, tinto, dulce, y agrete de datiles, y arrope.' <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 73. 'Hacian de maiz vino blanco i tinto.... Es de mui buen sabor aunque -como unos vinos bruscos ó de gascuña.' <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Ind., MS.</i>, tom. +como unos vinos bruscos ó de gascuña.' <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Ind., MS.</i>, tom. ii., cap. xxvi. See also: <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 136-7, 141-2; tom. iv., pp. 96-7; <i>Montanus</i>, <i>Nieuwe Weereld</i>, pp. 64, 285; <i>Dapper</i>, <i>Neue Welt</i>, pp. 71, 321; <i>Wafer's New Voy.</i>, pp. 87, 102-3, 153-5, 164, 169-70; <i>Puydt</i>, in @@ -42973,48 +42933,48 @@ Almirante</i>, in <i>Barcia</i>, <i>Historiadores</i>, tom. i., p. 111; <i>Wafer <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1036" id="Footnote_1036" href="#FNanchor_1036"><span class="label">[1036]</span></a> <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 255; <i>Peter Martyr</i>, dec. vii., lib. x., dec. viii., lib. viii.; <i>Wafer's New Voy.</i>, pp. 37-9; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v.; <i>Selfridge's Darien Surveys</i>, pp. 10-11; <i>Vega</i>, <i>Hist. Descub. Amer.</i>, p. -145. 'Deste nombre tequina se haçe mucha diferençia; porque á qualquiera -ques mas hábil y experto en algun arte, ... le llaman tequina, que quiere -deçir lo mesmo que maestro: por manera que al ques maestro de las responsiones -é inteligencias con el diablo, llámenle tequina en aquel arte, porque -aqueste tal es el que administra sus ydolatrías é çerimonias é sacrifiçios, y el -que habla con el diablo.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. 127. 'Tenian ó +145. 'Deste nombre tequina se haçe mucha diferençia; porque á qualquiera +ques mas hábil y experto en algun arte, ... le llaman tequina, que quiere +deçir lo mesmo que maestro: por manera que al ques maestro de las responsiones +é inteligencias con el diablo, llámenle tequina en aquel arte, porque +aqueste tal es el que administra sus ydolatrÃas é çerimonias é sacrifiçios, y el +que habla con el diablo.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., p. 127. 'Tenian ó habia entre estas gentes unos sacerdotes que llamaban en su lengua "Piachas" -muy espertos en el arte mágica, tanto que se revestia en ellos el Diabolo y +muy espertos en el arte mágica, tanto que se revestia en ellos el Diabolo y hablaba por boca de ellos muchas falsedades, conque los tenia cautivos.' <i>Las -Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. ccxlv.</p> +Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. ccxlv.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1037" id="Footnote_1037" href="#FNanchor_1037"><span class="label">[1037]</span></a> The priests 'comunmente eran sus médicos, é conosçian muchas hiervas, -de que usaban, y eran apropriadas á diversas enfermedades.' <i>Oviedo</i>, +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1037" id="Footnote_1037" href="#FNanchor_1037"><span class="label">[1037]</span></a> The priests 'comunmente eran sus médicos, é conosçian muchas hiervas, +de que usaban, y eran apropriadas á diversas enfermedades.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 126, 138-9, 141, tom. i., pp. 56-7. 'According to the diuers nature, or qualitie of the disease, they cure them by diuers superstitions, and they are diuersly rewarded.' <i>Peter Martyr</i>, dec. viii., cap. viii. -Compare further; <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 88; <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, +Compare further; <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 88; <i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. ccxlv.; <i>Wafer's New Voy.</i>, p. 28; <i>Selfridge's Darien Surveys</i>, p. 10; <i>Puydt</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxviii., p. 97; <i>Purchas his Pilgrimes</i>, vol. v., p. 893.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1038" id="Footnote_1038" href="#FNanchor_1038"><span class="label">[1038]</span></a> 'Quédame de deçir que en aquesta lengua de Cueva hay muchos indios -hechiçeros é en espeçial un çierto género de malos, que los chripstianos -en aquella tierra llaman chupadores.... Estos chupan á otros hasta que los -secan é matan, é sin calentura alguna de dia en dia poco á poco se enflaquesçen -tanto, que se les pueden contar los huesos, que se les paresçen solamente +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1038" id="Footnote_1038" href="#FNanchor_1038"><span class="label">[1038]</span></a> 'Quédame de deçir que en aquesta lengua de Cueva hay muchos indios +hechiçeros é en espeçial un çierto género de malos, que los chripstianos +en aquella tierra llaman chupadores.... Estos chupan á otros hasta que los +secan é matan, é sin calentura alguna de dia en dia poco á poco se enflaquesçen +tanto, que se les pueden contar los huesos, que se les paresçen solamente cubiertos con el cuero; y el vientre se les resuelve de manera quel ombligo -traen pegado á los lomos y espinaço, é se tornan de aquella forma que pintan -á la muerte, sin pulpa ni carne. Estos chupadores, de noche, sin ser -sentidos, van á haçer mal por las casas agenas: é ponen la boca en el ombligo -de aquel que chupan, y están en aquel exerçiçio una ó dos horas -ó lo que les paresçe, teniendo en aquel trabaxo al paçiente, sin que sea poderoso -de se valer ni defender, no dexando de sufrir su daño con silençio. É -conosçe el assi ofendido, é vee al malhechor, y aun les hablan: lo qual, assi -los que haçen este mal como los que le padesçen, han confessado algunos -dellos; é diçen questos chupadores son criados é naborias del tuyra, y quél -se los manda assi haçer, y el tuyra es, como está dicho, el diablo.' <i>Oviedo</i>, +traen pegado á los lomos y espinaço, é se tornan de aquella forma que pintan +á la muerte, sin pulpa ni carne. Estos chupadores, de noche, sin ser +sentidos, van á haçer mal por las casas agenas: é ponen la boca en el ombligo +de aquel que chupan, y están en aquel exerçiçio una ó dos horas +ó lo que les paresçe, teniendo en aquel trabaxo al paçiente, sin que sea poderoso +de se valer ni defender, no dexando de sufrir su daño con silençio. É +conosçe el assi ofendido, é vee al malhechor, y aun les hablan: lo qual, assi +los que haçen este mal como los que le padesçen, han confessado algunos +dellos; é diçen questos chupadores son criados é naborias del tuyra, y quél +se los manda assi haçer, y el tuyra es, como está dicho, el diablo.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 159-60.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1039" id="Footnote_1039" href="#FNanchor_1039"><span class="label">[1039]</span></a> 'Ay muchos, que piensan, que no ay mas de nacer, y morir: y aquellos -tales no se entierran con pan, y vino, ni con mugeres, ni moços. Los que -creen la immortalidad del alma, se entierra: si son Señores, con oro, armas, +tales no se entierran con pan, y vino, ni con mugeres, ni moços. Los que +creen la immortalidad del alma, se entierra: si son Señores, con oro, armas, plumas, si no lo son, con mayz, vino, y mantas.' <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 255, 88. 'Huius reguli penetrale ingressi cameram reperiunt pensilibus repletam cadaueribus, gossampinis funibus appensis. Interrogati quid sibi @@ -43023,22 +42983,22 @@ cadauera, inquiunt. De quibus seruandis maximam esse apud eos curami et pro religione eam pietatem haberi recensent: pro cuiusque gradu indu, menta cuique cadaueri imposita, auro gemmisque superintexta.' <i>Peter Martyr</i>, dec. ii., lib. iii., dec. iii., lib. iv., dec. vii., lib. x., dec. viii., lib. ix. -'Viendo la cantidad é número de los muertos, se conosçe qué tantos señores -ha avido en aquel Estado, é quál fué hijo del otro ó le subçedió en el señorio -segund la órden subçesiva en que están puestos.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. +'Viendo la cantidad é número de los muertos, se conosçe qué tantos señores +ha avido en aquel Estado, é quál fué hijo del otro ó le subçedió en el señorio +segund la órden subçesiva en que están puestos.' <i>Oviedo</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, tom. iii., pp. 155-6, 142. For further accounts see <i>Wagner and Scherzer</i>, <i>Costa Rica</i>, pp. 556, 560; <i>Cockburn's Journey</i>, p. 183; <i>Seemann's Voy. Herald</i>, vol. i., pp. 314, 316, 319; <i>Pim and Seemann's Dottings</i>, p. 30; <i>Herrera</i>, <i>Hist. Gen.</i>, dec. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., lib. ix., cap. ii., dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. v., dec. iv., -lib. i., cap. xi.; <i>Quintana</i>, <i>Vidas de Españoles</i>, (<i>Balboa</i>), p. 10; <i>Andagoya</i>, in +lib. i., cap. xi.; <i>Quintana</i>, <i>Vidas de Españoles</i>, (<i>Balboa</i>), p. 10; <i>Andagoya</i>, in <i>Navarrete</i>, <i>Col. de Viages</i>, tom. iii., pp. 401-2; <i>Carli</i>, <i>Cartas</i>, pt. i., pp. 105-6; -<i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. ccxlii., ccxlvii.; <i>Purchas His Pilgrimes</i>, +<i>Las Casas</i>, <i>Hist. Apologética, MS.</i>, cap. ccxlii., ccxlvii.; <i>Purchas His Pilgrimes</i>, vol. v., p. 894.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1040" id="Footnote_1040" href="#FNanchor_1040"><span class="label">[1040]</span></a> The Terrabas 'naciones ... las mas braves é indómitas de todas ... -Indios dotados de natural docilidad y dulzura de genio.' <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica -Seráfica</i>, p. 19. Speaking of the natives of Panamá; 'muy deuotos del trabajo, -y enemigos de la ociosidad.' <i>Dávila</i>, <i>Teatro Ecles.</i>, tom. ii., p. 56. +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1040" id="Footnote_1040" href="#FNanchor_1040"><span class="label">[1040]</span></a> The Terrabas 'naciones ... las mas braves é indómitas de todas ... +Indios dotados de natural docilidad y dulzura de genio.' <i>Arricivita</i>, <i>Crónica +Seráfica</i>, p. 19. Speaking of the natives of Panamá; 'muy deuotos del trabajo, +y enemigos de la ociosidad.' <i>Dávila</i>, <i>Teatro Ecles.</i>, tom. ii., p. 56. Darien: 'Son inclinados a juegos y hurtos, son muy haraganes.' <i>Gomara</i>, <i>Hist. Ind.</i>, fol. 88. San Blas tribes: 'They are very peaceable in their natures'.... Chucunas and Navigandis: 'The most warlike' ... Coast tribes, @@ -43049,388 +43009,10 @@ in <i>Nouvelles Annales Voy.</i>, 1856, tom. cli., p. 6; <i>Boyle's Ride</i>, vo p. xii.; <i>Wagner and Scherzer</i>, <i>Costa Rica</i>, p. 557; <i>Gage's New Survey</i>, p. 426; <i>Michler's Darien</i>, p. 26; <i>Alcedo</i>, <i>Dicc.</i>, tom. ii., p. 413; <i>Puydt</i>, in <i>Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour.</i>, vol. xxxviii., p. 96; <i>Macgregor's Progress of Amer.</i>, p. 830; <i>Otis' -Panamá</i>, p. 77; <i>Cullen's Darien</i>, pp. 65-6, 68-9.</p> +Panamá</i>, p. 77; <i>Cullen's Darien</i>, pp. 65-6, 68-9.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, -Volume 1, by Hubert Howe Bancroft - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WORKS OF BANCROFT *** - -***** This file should be named 41070-h.htm or 41070-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/0/7/41070/ - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by -1st-hand-history.org) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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