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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-08 09:13:50 -0800 |
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diff --git a/41920-h/41920-h.htm b/41920-h/41920-h.htm index 67f8527..e89120f 100644 --- a/41920-h/41920-h.htm +++ b/41920-h/41920-h.htm @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> The Moths of the British Isles Series II </title> @@ -57,47 +57,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Moths of the British Isles, Second -Series, by Richard South - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Moths of the British Isles, Second Series - Comprising the Families Noctuidæ to Hepialidæ - -Author: Richard South - -Release Date: January 26, 2013 [EBook #41920] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOTHS--BRITISH ISLES, 2ND SERIES *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41920 ***</div> <p><a name="plate1"></a></p> @@ -111,7 +71,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </td></tr> <tr><td class="pl0"><i>2 Pl. 1.</i></td></tr> <tr><td class="pd0"><table style="width:100%"><tr><td class="ar pr025 pl0" style="width:20%"> 1.</td><td class="pl0" style="width:35%"><b>Orange-tailed Clearwing.</b></td> -<td class="ar pr025 pl0" style="width:10%">2, 3, 5.</td><td class="pl0" style="width:35%"><b><i>Zygæna achilleæ</i>.</b></td></tr></table></td></tr> +<td class="ar pr025 pl0" style="width:10%">2, 3, 5.</td><td class="pl0" style="width:35%"><b><i>Zygæna achilleæ</i>.</b></td></tr></table></td></tr> <tr><td class="pd0"><table style="width:100%"><tr><td class="ar pr025 pl0" style="width:20%">4, 6, 8.</td><td class="pl0" style="width:80%"><b>Brindled Beauty, variety;</b> 7. <b>Caterpillar of do.</b></td></tr></table></td></tr> </table> @@ -131,7 +91,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <h5 class="scac">COMPRISING</h5> -<h5><i>THE FAMILIES NOCTUIDÆ TO HEPIALIDÆ</i></h5> +<h5><i>THE FAMILIES NOCTUIDÆ TO HEPIALIDÆ</i></h5> <h5>WITH<br /> ACCURATELY COLOURED FIGURES<br /> @@ -191,9 +151,9 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> further beautiful coloured drawings by Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S. These figures have been most accurately reproduced in black and white by Mr. Horace Knight, to whom I am greatly indebted for his able assistance in - connection with the numerous drawings of ova, larvæ, and pupæ. In some + connection with the numerous drawings of ova, larvæ, and pupæ. In some cases the preserved skin of a caterpillar had to serve as a model, and - where this occurs the fact is mentioned. A few figures of larvæ have been + where this occurs the fact is mentioned. A few figures of larvæ have been copied from Dr. G. Hofmann's <i>Die Raupen der Schmetterlinge Europas</i>, 2nd edit., by Professor Dr. Arnold Spuler. All such reproductions are duly noted in the text.</p> @@ -204,7 +164,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> href="#plate96">96</a>, <a href="#plate98">98</a>, <a href="#plate100">100</a>, <a href="#plate104">104</a>, <a href="#plate134">134</a>, and <a href="#plate148">148</a>; the figures on - which, except that of <i>Zygæna filipendulæ ab. chrysanthemi</i>, are + which, except that of <i>Zygæna filipendulæ ab. chrysanthemi</i>, are from specimens.</p> <p>"A Forester," Mr. H. Main, F.E.S., and Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., @@ -225,9 +185,9 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5 class="lg200">THE MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES.</h5> -<h5 class="lg150">NOCTUIDÆ.</h5> +<h5 class="lg150">NOCTUIDÆ.</h5> -<h5 class="lg125">TRIFINÆ (<i>continued</i>).</h5> +<h5 class="lg125">TRIFINÆ (<i>continued</i>).</h5> <h5><b>The Heart Moth</b> (<i>Dicycla oo</i>).</h5> @@ -236,7 +196,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> between the central shade and the submarginal line more or less suffused with dusky or reddish grey. An intermediate form (Fig. 2) has a transverse band of darker colour between the second and submarginal lines - of the fore wings (ab. <i>ferruginago</i>, Hübn.). The ground colour + of the fore wings (ab. <i>ferruginago</i>, Hübn.). The ground colour varies from a whitish or straw-yellow to reddish yellow (ab. <i>rufescens</i>, Tutt), and the markings are more distinct in some specimens than in others.</p> @@ -406,7 +366,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> the area of the black spiracles; head, green, tinged with dark brown or black about the jaws. It feeds, from April to June, on the foliage of elm, oak, sallow, and other trees and shrubs; also, be it noted, on other - caterpillars. The larvæ hunter should therefore get to know this cannibal + caterpillars. The larvæ hunter should therefore get to know this cannibal on sight, so that he may exclude it from the common receptacle.</p> <p>The moth, which frequents woods and woody country generally, is out in @@ -445,7 +405,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> 1870. One or two specimens have occurred in Essex, Somersetshire, and Gloucestershire. From its headquarters in Notts and Yorks. it seems to find its way occasionally into some of the adjoining and other counties. - Forsythe states that he bred the moth from larvæ obtained from oak at + Forsythe states that he bred the moth from larvæ obtained from oak at Methop, Lancs., and it has been reared from a caterpillar taken in North Shropshire. It has occurred on Cannock Chase, Staffs., and rarely in Worcestershire.</p> @@ -509,7 +469,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> is ab. <i>nigrescens</i>, Tutt, which has the fore wings blackish red; a brighter red form is ab. <i>rufa</i>, Tutt. Of the variegated sections three forms have been named, but the most important of these is var. - <i>congener</i>, Hübn., with the inner and the outer marginal areas of + <i>congener</i>, Hübn., with the inner and the outer marginal areas of the reddish fore wings ochreous; two other modifications have the ground colour redder or dark purplish inclining to blackish.</p> @@ -557,7 +517,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> freckled with darker brown. It feeds in April and May on willows, chiefly the narrow-leaved kind, and also, although less frequently perhaps, on poplar. These caterpillars may often be found in the daytime under loose - bark of the willow, or lurking among grass roots or <i>débris</i> around + bark of the willow, or lurking among grass roots or <i>débris</i> around the trunk. (Fig. 1 on Plate <a href="#plate3">3</a> is from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich.)</p> @@ -574,7 +534,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p> </p> - <p><i>Mesogona acetosellæ</i>, Fabricius.—Mr. R. Adkin has a + <p><i>Mesogona acetosellæ</i>, Fabricius.—Mr. R. Adkin has a specimen of this Central and South European species. It was taken at sugar on the evening of October 26th, 1895, by Mr. T. Salvage, in his garden at Arlington, Sussex (<i>Entomologist</i>, xxviii. p. 316).</p> @@ -716,7 +676,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> red brown (ab. <i>brunnea</i>, Tutt); in another (Fig. 2) the colour is ochreous brown, the veins pale, and the other markings distinct (ab. <i>humilis</i>, Humph. and Westw.). Of the greyish forms, var. - <i>agrotoïdes</i>, Guenée, is the darkest (Fig. 4).</p> + <i>agrotoïdes</i>, Guenée, is the darkest (Fig. 4).</p> <p>The caterpillar is brownish, inclining to greenish beneath; there are three whitish lines along the back, the outer edged below with blackish; @@ -796,10 +756,10 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>The Brick</b> (<i>Amathes</i> (<i>Orthosia</i>) <i>circellaris</i>).</h5> <p>Yellow or ochreous is the typical coloration, but the most frequent - form of this common species in Britain is ab. <i>ferruginea</i>, Hübn., + form of this common species in Britain is ab. <i>ferruginea</i>, Hübn., which is ochreous tinged with rust colour. Sometimes, the fore wings are more or less suffused with blackish, and with the markings black, such - specimens are referable to <i>macilenta</i> as figured by Hübner, Noct., + specimens are referable to <i>macilenta</i> as figured by Hübner, Noct., Fig. 688. The more usual form is shown on Plate <a href="#plate7">7</a>, Figs. 9, 10.</p> @@ -862,7 +822,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> the fore wings is ochreous with a greenish tinge, and so it differs from the type, in which the ground colour is reddish. In another ochreous form the cross bands are of a purplish tint (ab. <i>punica</i>, Borkhausen), - and in ab. <i>rufina</i>, Hübner, the bands are also purplish, but the + and in ab. <i>rufina</i>, Hübner, the bands are also purplish, but the ground colour is of a somewhat brighter red than in the type. Ab. <i>unicolor</i>, Tutt, is dull reddish with indistinct cross markings, and seems to be a modification of the almost unicolorous form of a bright @@ -1041,7 +1001,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> href="#plate10">10</a>, Figs. 7, 8; Fig. 6 on the same plate represents ab. <i>flavescens</i>, Esper. Sometimes the fore wings are orange-tinged, and such examples having the typical markings well defined are referable - to ab. <i>aurantia</i>, Tutt. In <i>cerago</i>, Hübner, the markings are + to ab. <i>aurantia</i>, Tutt. In <i>cerago</i>, Hübner, the markings are fainter than in the type, and the orange-yellow modification of this form has been named <i>imperfecta</i>, Tutt.</p> @@ -1114,7 +1074,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> outlines of the reniform are as in the type, and the series of blackish points on the submarginal line, usually present in the type, are more conspicuous, owing to absence of the other usual dark markings; this - seems to be the <i>palleago</i> of Hübner, which has been considered a + seems to be the <i>palleago</i> of Hübner, which has been considered a distinct species; I think, however, that it is only a form of <i>gilvago</i>. The earliest recorded British specimen of this form was taken at Brighton in 1856, and it and others captured in the same @@ -1199,7 +1159,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The portraits of this species on Plate <a href="#plate11">11</a> are from Austrian specimens. Fig. 1 is typical and Fig. 2 is ab. - <i>glabra</i>, Hübner.</p> + <i>glabra</i>, Hübner.</p> <p>A specimen was captured at Marlow, Bucks, in October, 1859, by Mr. A. H. Clarke, who presented it to the British Museum in 1903; but perhaps @@ -1221,7 +1181,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <i>rufa</i>, Tutt; while another assuming the blacker hue of <i>O. ligula</i> has been described as ab. <i>unicolor</i>, Tutt. In some of the redder forms the cross lines are dark and conspicuous, thus - approaching ab. <i>spadicea</i>, Hübner, which has distinct black lines + approaching ab. <i>spadicea</i>, Hübner, which has distinct black lines as seen in Fig. 6. It should be noted that the figure just referred to is from a German specimen, as I was unable to obtain a suitable British example of the form. Another far more frequent form of this variable @@ -1260,10 +1220,10 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> area of the fore wings (Fig. 7); sometimes this band is ochreous (ab. <i>subnigra</i>, Haworth), and a modification of this, in which the outlines of the stigmata and the veins are pale, is var. <i>ochrea</i>, - Tutt. Ab. <i>polita</i>, Hübner (Fig. 9), has a whitish-grey submarginal + Tutt. Ab. <i>polita</i>, Hübner (Fig. 9), has a whitish-grey submarginal band and greyish cross lines, and ab. <i>spadicea</i>, Haworth (Fig. 10), is a dark form without any distinct markings. This species has long been - incorrectly known as <i>spadicea</i>, Hübner, which, as noted above, is a + incorrectly known as <i>spadicea</i>, Hübner, which, as noted above, is a form of <i>vaccinii</i>, L. Staudinger, probably to prevent confusion, deposed <i>spadicea</i>, Haworth, and set up <i>subspadicea</i> in its place.</p> @@ -1701,7 +1661,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> may be found in June and July quite exposed on mullein (<i>Verbascum thapsus</i>, and <i>V. pulverulentum</i>); also figwort (<i>Scrophularia nodosa</i>, and <i>S. aquatica</i>). Barrett states that it has been - noted on <i>Buddlæa globosa</i>, an American plant sometimes grown in + noted on <i>Buddlæa globosa</i>, an American plant sometimes grown in gardens. These caterpillars are certainly attacked by parasitical flies, but do not seem to be quite so frequently "stung" as those of some other species of the "Sharks." The caterpillar figured on Plate <a @@ -1752,13 +1712,13 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><!-- Page 37 --><span class="pagenum" title="061.png"><a name="page37"></a>{37}</span></p> -<h5><b>The Water Betony</b> (<i>Cucullia scrophulariæ</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>The Water Betony</b> (<i>Cucullia scrophulariæ</i>).</h5> <p>A good deal of confusion exists both in Britain and on the Continent as to the identity of the <i>Cucullia</i> figured and described by Capieux in 1789, and by most authors since that time. I have received over twenty specimens from Austria, Germany, and other parts of Europe, - sent to me as <i>scrophulariæ</i>. As I have been unable to separate the + sent to me as <i>scrophulariæ</i>. As I have been unable to separate the majority of these specimens from <i>C. lychnitis</i>, and the others from <i>C. verbasci</i>, Mr. F. N. Pierce has been good enough to examine the genitalia of six of the males, and of these he reports four are <i>C. @@ -1770,17 +1730,17 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <i>Scrophularia nodosa</i> in July. It is, however, very local, and is found chiefly in North Kent, and occasionally in the Eastern Counties. Mr. Pierce finds that the male genitalia of a North Kent - <i>scrophulariæ</i> sent to him do not differ from these parts in <i>C. + <i>scrophulariæ</i> sent to him do not differ from these parts in <i>C. verbasci</i>, but Dr. Chapman informs me that he detects a slight difference in one that he examined.</p> <p>It must be admitted that the identity of the North Kent and East - Anglian <i>Cucullia</i> with the <i>scrophulariæ</i> of Capieux is very + Anglian <i>Cucullia</i> with the <i>scrophulariæ</i> of Capieux is very doubtful, but we evidently shall not be greatly opposed to Continental methods if we continue to allow April and May moths resulting from - Scrophularia nodosa caterpillars to do duty for <i>C. scrophulariæ</i>. I + Scrophularia nodosa caterpillars to do duty for <i>C. scrophulariæ</i>. I have therefore figured as this species a specimen that was reared, with - others, in April and May, 1877, from larvæ obtained in the Dartford + others, in April and May, 1877, from larvæ obtained in the Dartford marshes. (Plate <a href="#plate15">15</a>, Fig. 3.) <!-- Page 38 --><span class="pagenum" title="062.png"><a name="page38"></a>{38}</span></p> @@ -1885,7 +1845,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> seemingly more plentiful and regular in occurrence in the south of England than in the north.</p> -<h5><b>The Chamomile Shark</b> (<i>Cucullia chamomillæ</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>The Chamomile Shark</b> (<i>Cucullia chamomillæ</i>).</h5> <p>Although somewhat similar to the last species, this moth may be distinguished by the more brownish tinge of its grey fore wings. The hind @@ -1895,7 +1855,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Sometimes the central area of the fore wings is clouded with blackish from the front to the inner margin; such specimens are referable to ab. - <i>chrysanthemi</i>, Hübn. (Plate <a href="#plate16">16</a>, Figs. 1 + <i>chrysanthemi</i>, Hübn. (Plate <a href="#plate16">16</a>, Figs. 1 typical, 2 ab.)</p> <p>The caterpillar, which may be found in the summer months, is greenish @@ -1985,7 +1945,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> and more recently two specimens of the moth, and also some caterpillars, were obtained at Timoleague, Cork.</p> -<h5><i>Cucullia artemisiæ (abrotani)</i>.</h5> +<h5><i>Cucullia artemisiæ (abrotani)</i>.</h5> <p>This species, of which a Continental example is represented on Plate <a href="#plate16">16</a>, Fig. 3, is apparently exceedingly rare in this @@ -2036,7 +1996,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> 7, is only found in the British Isles, on the mountains of Scotland, chiefly in Perthshire and Aberdeenshire. Sometimes the basal area of the fore wings is suffused with black, and to a lesser extent the outer area - also (var. <i>æthiops</i>, Hoffm. = <i>suffusa</i>, Tutt); on the other + also (var. <i>æthiops</i>, Hoffm. = <i>suffusa</i>, Tutt); on the other hand, typical examples have both basal and outer areas silvery grey, and the central area black. A form, which I have not seen, is described as having the black central area broken by an ashy cross band passing @@ -2055,7 +2015,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <tr><td class="pl0"><i>2 Pl. 16.</i></td></tr> <tr><td class="pd0"><table style="width:100%"><tr><td class="ar pr025 pl0" style="width:20%">1, 2.</td><td class="pl0" style="width:30%"><b>Chamomile Shark.</b></td> <td class="ar pr025 pl0" style="width:10%"> 4.</td><td class="pl0" style="width:40%"><b>The Wormwood.</b></td></tr></table></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pd0"><table style="width:100%"><tr><td class="ar pr025 pl0" style="width:20%"> 3.</td><td class="pl0" style="width:30%"><b><i>Cucullia artemisiæ</i>.</b></td> +<tr><td class="pd0"><table style="width:100%"><tr><td class="ar pr025 pl0" style="width:20%"> 3.</td><td class="pl0" style="width:30%"><b><i>Cucullia artemisiæ</i>.</b></td> <td class="ar pr025 pl0" style="width:10%">5, 6.</td><td class="pl0" style="width:40%"><b>The Shark.</b></td></tr></table></td></tr> </table> @@ -2100,7 +2060,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>The Broad-bordered White Underwing</b> (<i>Anarta melanopa</i>).</h5> <p>This species has the ground colour of the fore wings greyish in the - type and brownish in var. <i>wiströmi</i>, Lampa. Specimens with the fore + type and brownish in var. <i>wiströmi</i>, Lampa. Specimens with the fore wings more or less typical, but with the normally white area of hind wings dark greyish, are referable to ab. <i>rupestralis.</i> I remember seeing a specimen of the last-named form in the collection of the late @@ -2117,7 +2077,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> above the stripe are flecked with reddish, and above them is a yellowish-white line and some black marks. Head, brownish, freckled with darker. It feeds at night, in July, on bilberry (<i>Vaccinium - myrtillus</i>), cowberry (<i>V. vitis-idæa</i>), and can also be reared + myrtillus</i>), cowberry (<i>V. vitis-idæa</i>), and can also be reared on strawberry tree, sallow, knotgrass, etc. In the daytime it must be searched for under the leaves.</p> @@ -2272,7 +2232,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> northwards, and has not been recorded from other parts of the British Isles.</p> - <p>Distribution abroad: the whole Palæarctic region less the extreme + <p>Distribution abroad: the whole Palæarctic region less the extreme north; also represented in North America by <i>phlogophagus</i>, Grote and Robinson.</p> @@ -2393,7 +2353,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> imported with tomatoes from Spain; twenty-three years later Mr. Arkle referred to the arrival here of <i>H. armigera</i> in the larval state with consignments of tomatoes, from Valencia, landed at Liverpool in the - months of June and July. The late Mr. Tugwell reared larvæ, from eggs + months of June and July. The late Mr. Tugwell reared larvæ, from eggs deposited by a captured female moth, on scarlet geranium; and there is a record of the finding of caterpillars on such plants, in the autumn of 1876, in the Isle of Wight. Specimens of the moth found at large in @@ -2591,7 +2551,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> September. A reddish form of this caterpillar has been noted. Buckler, from whose description the above has been condensed, states that the food-plant is blue moor-grass, or purple melic-grass (<i>Molinia - cærulea</i>), and this is confirmed by Bignell, who remarks that in + cærulea</i>), and this is confirmed by Bignell, who remarks that in Devonshire he easily finds the caterpillars "feeding about half way up the blades" of this grass.</p> @@ -2771,7 +2731,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The fore wings of this species (Plate <a href="#plate21">21</a>, Figs. 10 ♂, 11 ♀) range in colour from olive grey to olive brown, and are frequently adorned with two rosy-red (typical) or purplish bands - (<i>ænea</i>, Haw.). In some specimens the bands are of a dusky hue and + (<i>ænea</i>, Haw.). In some specimens the bands are of a dusky hue and not very distinct, whilst in others the wings are of a uniform dingy brown tint (ab. <i>fusca</i>, Tutt).</p> @@ -2831,7 +2791,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Syria, and through Asia to Japan. <!-- Page 63 --><span class="pagenum" title="095.png" ><a name="page63"></a>{63}</span></p> -<h5 class="lg125">GONOPTERINÆ.</h5> +<h5 class="lg125">GONOPTERINÆ.</h5> <h5><b>The Herald</b> (<i>Scoliopteryx libatrix</i>).</h5> @@ -2869,7 +2829,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> been frequently used, only dates from 1825. <!-- Page 64 --><span class="pagenum" title="096.png"><a name="page64"></a>{64}</span></p> -<h5 class="lg125">QUADRIFINÆ.</h5> +<h5 class="lg125">QUADRIFINÆ.</h5> <h5><b>The Golden Plusia</b> (<i>Plusia moneta</i>).</h5> @@ -2955,7 +2915,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>According to Duponchel this species occurred in Normandy, Central and Northern Europe, as far back as 1829. A much paler form inclining to - silvery, var. <i>esmeralda</i>, Oberthür, is found in Ussuri, North + silvery, var. <i>esmeralda</i>, Oberthür, is found in Ussuri, North China, and other parts of East Asia.</p> <h5><b>The Burnished Brass</b> (<i>Plusia chrysitis</i>).</h5> @@ -2964,7 +2924,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> href="#plate22">22</a>); 5 is typical and 6 shows the ab. <i>juncta</i>, Tutt. Between these are various intermediate stages leading to the complete division of the central band. The broken central band is a - character of var. <i>nadeja</i>, Oberthür, from Amurland and <!-- Page 66 + character of var. <i>nadeja</i>, Oberthür, from Amurland and <!-- Page 66 --><span class="pagenum" title="100.png"><a name="page66"></a>{66}</span>Japan, but that form has also a more or less complete series of ochreous-brown dots on the outer area. The metallic @@ -3047,7 +3007,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Abroad, its range extends to Central Asia; and in Amurland and Japan it is represented by P. excelsa, Kretschmar.</p> -<h5><b>The Gold Spot</b> (<i>Plusia festucæ</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>The Gold Spot</b> (<i>Plusia festucæ</i>).</h5> <p>In this species (Plate <a href="#plate24">24</a>, Figs. 3 and 4) the fore wings are golden brown, clouded with purplish brown; sometimes the @@ -3136,7 +3096,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> spiracles. It hatches from the egg in the late summer, hibernates when quite small, and feeds up in the spring. The food plants comprise the dead nettles (<i>Lamium</i>), woundwort (<i>Stachys</i>), mint, stinging - nettle, honeysuckle, hawthorn, etc. There is a record of sixteen larvæ + nettle, honeysuckle, hawthorn, etc. There is a record of sixteen larvæ which hibernated among dead leaves of <i>Lamium album</i>, resumed feeding on February 18, spun up April 23-25, and produced moths May 27-June 4. Usually the moth is on the wing in June and July.</p> @@ -3189,7 +3149,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> letter U, and an oval or round spot, the latter very close to and sometimes, as in the example figured, united with the former.</p> - <p>The caterpillar, which feeds on cabbage and other Cruciferæ, also on + <p>The caterpillar, which feeds on cabbage and other Cruciferæ, also on lettuce, tomato, etc., is green, inclining to yellowish green and dotted with white; three white lines along the back, and a white stripe along the sides. It is said to be more slender in form than the caterpillar of @@ -3211,7 +3171,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><i>Plusia ni</i> ranges through south-east and southern Europe, to Asia Minor, North Africa, and the Canaries. In the Isle of Capri it is - said to be almost as common as <i>P. gamma</i>. <i>Brassicæ</i>, Riley + said to be almost as common as <i>P. gamma</i>. <i>Brassicæ</i>, Riley (1870), is a well-known <i>Plusia</i> in America, where it is classed among noxious insects. It is somewhat larger and browner in colour than European <i>ni</i>, but in every other respect it seems to agree so @@ -3241,7 +3201,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> the yellowish spiracular line and the dark green line along the middle of the back; head, marked with black on each cheek. It will eat almost every kind of low-growing vegetation, either wild or cultivated, and in some - years may be found throughout the summer. Small larvæ were recorded as + years may be found throughout the summer. Small larvæ were recorded as seen at the end of October, 1901. The blackish chrysalis is enclosed in a whitish cocoon, often placed under leaves of thistle, burdock, etc.</p> @@ -3251,7 +3211,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>This well-known migrating species has been observed in greater or lesser numbers over the whole of the British Isles. Its distribution - abroad embraces the Palæarctic Region, North Africa, and North America. + abroad embraces the Palæarctic Region, North Africa, and North America. <!-- Page 73 --><span class="pagenum" title="109.png"><a name="page73"></a>{73}</span></p> @@ -3315,7 +3275,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>The Spectacle</b> (<i>Abrostola tripartita</i>).</h5> - <p>This species, known also as <i>urticæ</i>, Hübner, has the basal and + <p>This species, known also as <i>urticæ</i>, Hübner, has the basal and outer marginal areas of the fore wings whitish grey, finely mottled with darker grey; the central area is greyish brown, mottled with darker brown. The spectacle mark in front of the thorax is whitish grey, ringed @@ -3439,7 +3399,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><i>Leucanitis</i> (<i>Ophiusa</i>) <i>stolida</i>, Fab.—An example of this species, which is a native of Africa and South Europe, - was captured by Mr. J. Jäger in the neighbourhood of Dartmouth, S. Devon. + was captured by Mr. J. Jäger in the neighbourhood of Dartmouth, S. Devon. It was in fine condition, and came to sugar on September 23, 1903.</p> <h5><b>The Lunar Double Stripe</b> (<i>Pseudophia lunaris</i>).</h5> @@ -3557,7 +3517,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> 1896 (dusky black-brown), and a fourth at Brondesbury in 1897. At a meeting of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society, held on January 10, 1889, a coloured sketch of a specimen with blue hind - wings, taken at Colchester, was exhibited (ab. <i>cærulescens</i>, + wings, taken at Colchester, was exhibited (ab. <i>cærulescens</i>, Cockerell). Sometimes the hind wings are a dingy red, or they may incline to an orange tint; the central black band usually terminates just beyond the middle, but there is often a detached blackish cloud on the inner @@ -3619,7 +3579,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> 16, 1906, at Passage West, co. Cork; but Kane mentions two others.</p> <p>Represented in North India by var. <i>unicuba</i>, Walker, and in - Amurland by var. <i>obscurata</i>, Oberthür. <!-- Page 82 --><span + Amurland by var. <i>obscurata</i>, Oberthür. <!-- Page 82 --><span class="pagenum" title="122.png"><a name="page82"></a>{82}</span></p> <h5><b>The Dark Crimson Underwing</b> (<i>Catocala sponsa</i>).</h5> @@ -3655,7 +3615,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> blackish; on the hind wings the central black band is straighter, and the upper half, although sometimes slightly expanded, is not angled; in some examples the band does not quite reach the inner margin, and such - specimens have been referred to ab. <i>mneste</i>, Hübner. (Plate <a + specimens have been referred to ab. <i>mneste</i>, Hübner. (Plate <a href="#plate32">32</a>, Fig. 2.) <!-- Page 83 --><span class="pagenum" title="123.png" ><a name="page83"></a>{83}</span></p> @@ -3701,7 +3661,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The range abroad extends to Amurland.</p> -<h5><b>The Scarce Blackneck</b> (<i>Toxocampa craccæ</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>The Scarce Blackneck</b> (<i>Toxocampa craccæ</i>).</h5> <p>This species (Plate <a href="#plate32">32</a>, Fig. 4) is similar to the last, but the wings are rather less ample, the tint is slightly more @@ -3762,7 +3722,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><!-- Page 85 --><span class="pagenum" title="127.png"><a name="page85"></a>{85}</span></p> -<h5 class="lg125">HYPENINÆ.</h5> +<h5 class="lg125">HYPENINÆ.</h5> <h5><b>The Beautiful Hook-tip</b> (<i>Laspeyria flexula</i>).</h5> @@ -3799,7 +3759,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>In the shape of its wings and general appearance the dingy insect represented on Plate <a href="#plate36">36</a>, Fig. 2, would seem to - belong to the Geometridæ rather than to the present group, and, indeed, + belong to the Geometridæ rather than to the present group, and, indeed, has been mistaken for a dark form of <i>Ematurga atomaria</i>. However, the long, projecting palpi are evidence of its being a member of this sub-family.</p> @@ -3906,7 +3866,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> which one was in his collection, from Devonshire. Wood's figure (768) of <i>emortualis</i>, in the Westwood edition of the <i>Index Entomologicus</i>, does not represent this species, but is far more like - <i>Herminia derivalis</i>, Hübner.</p> + <i>Herminia derivalis</i>, Hübner.</p> <p>Abroad, the range extends to Amurland.</p> @@ -4139,7 +4099,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> href="#plate35">35</a>. The typical one is represented by Fig. 12, and Fig. 11 shows ab. <i>palpalis</i>, Tutt (?), Fabr. and Stephens. The front margin of the fore wings is often streaked with a pale colour, and - in ab. <i>radiatalis</i>, Hübner (134), which is otherwise similar to the + in ab. <i>radiatalis</i>, Hübner (134), which is otherwise similar to the last-named form, this is pale or ochreous brown. A uniform pale greyish form has been named ab. <i>unicolor</i>, Tutt, and one almost entirely ochreous or greyish-ochreous, ab. <i>ochrea</i>, Tutt.</p> @@ -4157,7 +4117,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The range abroad extends to East Siberia.</p> -<h5><b>The White-line Snout</b> (<i>Hypenodes tænialis</i> (<i>albistrigalis</i>)).</h5> +<h5><b>The White-line Snout</b> (<i>Hypenodes tænialis</i> (<i>albistrigalis</i>)).</h5> <p>This species, and also the two immediately following, are so small in size, and so obscure in appearance, that they are <!-- Page 95 --><span @@ -4186,7 +4146,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Abroad, the species is found in Holland, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Armenia, and the Canaries; also recorded from south Sweden and Corea.</p> -<h5><b>The Pinion-streaked Snout</b> (<i>Hypenodes costæstrigalis</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>The Pinion-streaked Snout</b> (<i>Hypenodes costæstrigalis</i>).</h5> <p>Although somewhat similar in the general colour of the forewings, this species (Plate <a href="#plate36">36</a>) may be distinguished from the @@ -4284,16 +4244,16 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The range abroad extends to Amurland.</p> -<h5 class="lg150">BREPHIDÆ.</h5> +<h5 class="lg150">BREPHIDÆ.</h5> <p>By some systematists this small group of moths is treated as a - subfamily of the Geometridæ. <i>Brephos</i>, however, which is typical of - the family, does not seem to have any close affinities with the Noctuidæ + subfamily of the Geometridæ. <i>Brephos</i>, however, which is typical of + the family, does not seem to have any close affinities with the Noctuidæ or with the Geometers, and is therefore better considered as apart from both those families. Meyrick includes <i>Brephos</i> with <i>Aplasta</i>, - <i>Erannis</i>, and <i>Baptria</i>, in his family Monocteniadæ.</p> + <i>Erannis</i>, and <i>Baptria</i>, in his family Monocteniadæ.</p> - <p>Only five species are known to inhabit the Palæarctic Region, and two + <p>Only five species are known to inhabit the Palæarctic Region, and two of these occur in Britain.</p> <h5><b>The Orange Underwing</b> (<i>Brephos parthenias</i>).</h5> @@ -4332,7 +4292,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>The Light Orange Underwing</b> (<i>Brephos notha</i>).</h5> <p>Very similar to the last species, but rather smaller in size, and the - fore wings are much less variegated. The antennæ of the male of this + fore wings are much less variegated. The antennæ of the male of this species are bipectinated, whilst those of <i>parthenias</i> are finely serrated. (Plate <a href="#plate38">38</a>, Figs. 4 ♂ and 5 ♀.)</p> @@ -4395,7 +4355,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The range abroad extends to Amurland.</p> -<h5 class="lg150">GEOMETRIDÆ.</h5> +<h5 class="lg150">GEOMETRIDÆ.</h5> <p>Caterpillars of this family of moths, with very few exceptions, have only two pairs of claspers or prolegs; when there are more than four @@ -4410,7 +4370,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> British entomologists the caterpillars are called <!-- Page 100 --><span class="pagenum" title="148.png"><a name="page100"></a>{100}</span>"geometers" or "loopers," but to our - American confrères they are known as "measuring-worms" or + American confrères they are known as "measuring-worms" or "span-worms."</p> <p>Most of the caterpillars feed openly on the foliage of trees, shrubs, @@ -4423,7 +4383,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> etc., where they are sometimes conspicuous, but more frequently not easy to distinguish from their surroundings. On the whole, members of this family are more available to the day collector than are those of the - Noctuidæ. Although several species occasionally visit the sugar patch, + Noctuidæ. Although several species occasionally visit the sugar patch, such species are, as a rule, obtained more readily and in larger numbers by other methods. Brilliant light has a great attraction for many of the moths, some are more often captured at gas or electric lamps than in any @@ -4434,27 +4394,27 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> - <p>Geometrinæ (= Geometridæ, Meyrick).</p> - <p>Acidaliinæ (= Sterrhidæ, Meyrick).</p> - <p>Larentiinæ (= Hydriomenidæ, Meyrick).</p> - <p>Orthostixinæ (not represented in Britain).</p> - <p>Boarmiinæ (= Selidosemidæ, Meyrick).</p> + <p>Geometrinæ (= Geometridæ, Meyrick).</p> + <p>Acidaliinæ (= Sterrhidæ, Meyrick).</p> + <p>Larentiinæ (= Hydriomenidæ, Meyrick).</p> + <p>Orthostixinæ (not represented in Britain).</p> + <p>Boarmiinæ (= Selidosemidæ, Meyrick).</p> </div> </div> - <p>Except as regards the Larentiinæ, I have largely adhered to + <p>Except as regards the Larentiinæ, I have largely adhered to Staudinger's arrangement of genera in each of the above subfamilies.</p> - <p>The typical genus of Larentiinæ would be <i>Larentia</i>, Treit, to + <p>The typical genus of Larentiinæ would be <i>Larentia</i>, Treit, to which something over two hundred species are referred by Staudinger, among which are upwards of sixty that occur in the British Isles. Following some of the later generic changes, I find that none of our species are left in <i>Larentia</i>, but a few fall into - <i>Hydriomena</i>, Hübner, and therefore Hydriomeninæ has been adopted + <i>Hydriomena</i>, Hübner, and therefore Hydriomeninæ has been adopted for this subfamily. <!-- Page 101 --><span class="pagenum" title="149.png" ><a name="page101"></a>{101}</span></p> -<h5 class="lg125">GEOMETRINÆ.</h5> +<h5 class="lg125">GEOMETRINÆ.</h5> <h5><b>The Rest Harrow</b> (<i>Aplasta ononaria</i>).</h5> @@ -4598,7 +4558,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> to Amurland. <!-- Page 104 --><span class="pagenum" title="154.png"><a name="page104"></a>{104}</span></p> -<h5><b>The Blotched Emerald</b> (<i>Euchloris</i> (<i>Comibæna</i>) <i>pustulata</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>The Blotched Emerald</b> (<i>Euchloris</i> (<i>Comibæna</i>) <i>pustulata</i>).</h5> <p>When quite fresh, this moth (Plate <a href="#plate43">43</a>, Fig. 1) is exceedingly pretty; the pale blotches vary a little in size, as also @@ -4611,7 +4571,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> along the back; hooded bristles arising from raised brownish spots afford means for the attachment of the masquerading outfit, each moiety of which is covered with silk on one side before being placed in the required - position. When beating oaks for larvæ in May and June, the contents of + position. When beating oaks for larvæ in May and June, the contents of the umbrella or beating tray should not be too hastily thrown away, but allowed to remain therein for awhile, and closely watched for any movement among the litter. The spectacle of a cluster of oak bracts @@ -4653,7 +4613,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> the garden <i>Artemisia abrotanum</i>, locally known as "Southernwood," "Old man," or "Lad's love," or, where available, wormwood (<i>A. absinthium</i>) will suit it admirably. Upon either of these plants the - larvæ will hibernate, feed up in the spring, and become full grown about + larvæ will hibernate, feed up in the spring, and become full grown about May. The early stages are figured on Plate <a href="#plate42">42</a>, larva and pupa from photos by Mr. H. Main.</p> @@ -4775,8 +4735,8 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> href="#plate43">43</a>, Figs. 8 and 9) is darkish green, but it soon fades to a greyish <!-- Page 108 --><span class="pagenum" title="160.png" ><a name="page108"></a>{108}</span>tint. Easily distinguished by its - shape, and by the chequered fringes. It is the <i>æstivaria</i> of - Hübner, and <i>thymiaria</i> of Guenée. The long, thin, green caterpillar + shape, and by the chequered fringes. It is the <i>æstivaria</i> of + Hübner, and <i>thymiaria</i> of Guenée. The long, thin, green caterpillar is ornamented with reddish brown, the V-shaped marks on rings 5 to 8 are sometimes whitish; head, deeply notched, brown; the first ring of the body is also notched. It hatches from the egg in August, when it is said @@ -4806,11 +4766,11 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Beachy Head, Sussex. The species is somewhat similar in appearance to <i>H. strigata</i>, but is larger; the hind wings are notched above the angle on the outer margin; the fringes of all the wings are chequered - with red, and the antennæ of the male are bipectinated.] <!-- Page 109 + with red, and the antennæ of the male are bipectinated.] <!-- Page 109 --><span class="pagenum" title="161.png"><a name="page109"></a>{109}</span></p> -<h5 class="lg125">ACIDALIINÆ.</h5> +<h5 class="lg125">ACIDALIINÆ.</h5> <h5><b>Purple-bordered Gold</b> (<i>Hyria muricata</i>).</h5> @@ -4951,7 +4911,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <i>Acidalia</i> were brought forward as new to the British list. One of these has been referred to under <i>A. contiguaria</i>, the other was the present species, which at the time was wrongly referred to - <i>circuitaria</i>, Hübner. The specimens depicted on Plate <a + <i>circuitaria</i>, Hübner. The specimens depicted on Plate <a href="#plate45">45</a>, Figs. 7 and 10, are of continental origin.</p> <p>Although other specimens were then known to exist in at least two @@ -4969,7 +4929,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The eggs are laid on dry or withered plants, upon which the long brownish or greenish caterpillars feed throughout the autumn, winter, and following spring. They pupate towards mid-May, and the moths appear in - June and July. According to Guenée, caterpillars seem to have been found + June and July. According to Guenée, caterpillars seem to have been found only in herb or drug stores, and the moths occur in gardens and houses in July and August.</p> @@ -5009,7 +4969,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> 9, 12) is greyish white, sometimes with a tinge of brown, especially on the fore wings; the darker cross lines are slightly wavy; each wing has a central black dot, and there is a more or less distinct series of black - dots on their outer margins. Ab. <i>circellata</i>, Guenée (Plate <a + dots on their outer margins. Ab. <i>circellata</i>, Guenée (Plate <a href="#plate61">61</a>, Fig. 3), has the first and second lines of the fore wings strongly defined and deep brown, and the first is united with the central shade above the inner margin; the corresponding lines on the @@ -5047,10 +5007,10 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>This moth (Plate <a href="#plate45">45</a>, Figs. 15, 18) is said to be referable to <i>fuscovenosa</i>, Goeze, and as this is an earlier name - than <i>interjectaria</i>, Guenée, it may have to be adopted. For many + than <i>interjectaria</i>, Guenée, it may have to be adopted. For many years it was known in England as <i>osseata</i>, and was described by Haworth, Stephens, and others, under this name. It is also the - <i>dilutaria</i> of some authors, but not of Hübner. Hübner's dilutaria + <i>dilutaria</i> of some authors, but not of Hübner. Hübner's dilutaria is considered by some writers to be the <i>holosericata</i> of Duponchel, and therefore an earlier name for the species generally known by the latter name. <!-- Page 115 --><span class="pagenum" title="169.png"><a @@ -5111,7 +5071,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Here, again, we have an ancient name brought forward to supplant that which the species has borne for years, and by which it is well known to - entomologists. As I am not quite certain that Hübner's (Fig. 100) + entomologists. As I am not quite certain that Hübner's (Fig. 100) <i>dilataria</i> does represent this species, Duponchel's name is here retained.</p> @@ -5178,8 +5138,8 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> V-shaped marks. The natural food plant is not known, but it may be reared from the egg on bramble, traveller's joy (<i>Clematis</i>), and, of course, knotgrass and dandelion, both of these plants being generally - acceptable to larvæ of the Acidaliinæ, as well as to those of many other - species of Geometridæ.</p> + acceptable to larvæ of the Acidaliinæ, as well as to those of many other + species of Geometridæ.</p> <p>The moth is out in June and July in the open, but has been bred as early as June 2. Some of the caterpillars from eggs laid in June will @@ -5477,7 +5437,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The long caterpillar is pale greyish-brown, with three dusky lines on the back; the black spiracles are set in a pale stripe, and below this is a dusky line; head small and round (Barrett). August to May. The natural - food appears to be <i>Valeriana officinalis</i>, and <i>Spiræa</i>, but + food appears to be <i>Valeriana officinalis</i>, and <i>Spiræa</i>, but it has been reared from the egg on groundsel, knotgrass, etc., also hawthorn, and moths obtained the same year, about September.</p> @@ -5644,7 +5604,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> easy to rear, and if, as sometimes happens, they refuse to feed up and get through to the moth state in <!-- Page 130 --><span class="pagenum" title="188.png" ><a name="page130"></a>{130}</span>September of the same year, they do - not die off during the winter or early spring, as do so many larvæ of + not die off during the winter or early spring, as do so many larvæ of other hibernating species. Enclosed in a suitable receptacle, such as a roomy glass cylinder, with some twigs of privet plugged in a bottle of water, the caterpillars may be left in any odd corner until spring, when @@ -5744,7 +5704,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> were at first supplied with flowering sprays of yellow bedstraw (<i>Galium verum</i>), and later on with the flowers of golden rod (<i>Solidago</i>). Instead of hibernating, which is no doubt the normal - habit in the species, some larvæ reared from the egg in confinement and + habit in the species, some larvæ reared from the egg in confinement and subjected to fostering warmth will grow very quickly and produce moths the same year.</p> @@ -5784,7 +5744,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><!-- Page 133 --><span class="pagenum" title="193.png"><a name="page133"></a>{133}</span></p> - <p>This species has been referred to the genus <i>Sterrha</i>, Hübner, + <p>This species has been referred to the genus <i>Sterrha</i>, Hübner, but authorities are not agreed as to the validity of this.</p> <h5><i>Acidalia perochraria.</i></h5> @@ -5803,7 +5763,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> portrait of a Continental specimen will be found (Fig. 6), the general colour is much brighter than that of <i>ochrata</i>. It will be noted, also, that there are four darker cross lines on the fore wings, and three - on the hind wings. The antennæ, too, of the male are toothed, and + on the hind wings. The antennæ, too, of the male are toothed, and therefore differ from these organs in <i>ochrata</i>.</p> <h5><b>The Small Scallop</b> (<i>Ania emarginata</i>).</h5> @@ -5952,7 +5912,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> recorded from Co. Galway, and one from Co. Cork, in Ireland.</p> <p><span class="sc">Note.</span>—Nearly fifty years ago, at - Brighton, a single specimen was reared from one of eight larvæ that + Brighton, a single specimen was reared from one of eight larvæ that hatched from the same number of eggs deposited by a female <i>E. linearia</i> that had paired with a male <i>E. orbicularia</i>. This hybrid has been named <i>brightoni</i>, Tutt. <!-- Page 138 --><span @@ -6101,7 +6061,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><!-- Page 141 --><span class="pagenum" title="203.png"><a name="page141"></a>{141}</span></p> -<h5 class="lg125">HYDRIOMENINÆ.</h5> +<h5 class="lg125">HYDRIOMENINÆ.</h5> <h5><b>The Vestal</b> (<i>Sterrha sacraria</i>).</h5> @@ -6150,10 +6110,10 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> casual event.</p> <p><span class="sc">Note.</span>—It is possibly incorrect to assign - this species to <i>Sterrha</i>, Hübner, which is adopted by some authors + this species to <i>Sterrha</i>, Hübner, which is adopted by some authors for the Acidaliid <i>ochraria</i>. There is, however, considerable doubt - among authorities about accepting the Hübnerian genus, but - Herrich-Schäffer's genus <i>Sterrha</i> appears to be valid and is here + among authorities about accepting the Hübnerian genus, but + Herrich-Schäffer's genus <i>Sterrha</i> appears to be valid and is here employed. If it has to give way, <i>Pseudosterrha</i>, Warren, or <i>Rhodometra</i>, Meyrick, may have to be used.</p> @@ -6392,7 +6352,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> name="page148"></a>{148}</span>fore wings rather than the tip itself that is white, and this sometimes extends for a short distance along the fringe of the outer margin. Haworth's English name for this insect (his - <i>chærophyllata</i>) was "The Looping Chimney Sweeper" in reference to + <i>chærophyllata</i>) was "The Looping Chimney Sweeper" in reference to its caterpillar, and to distinguish it from his "Chimney Sweeper," "Chimney Sweeper's Boy," and other oddities in the vernacular among the Psychids.</p> @@ -6426,7 +6386,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The slender, dark-lined, greenish caterpillar feeds on the seed pods of flixweed (<i>Sisymbrium</i>), and treacle mustard (<i>Erysimum</i>), in July and August. When reared in captivity it will thrive on other - kinds of Cruciferæ. <!-- Page 149 --><span class="pagenum" title="213.png" + kinds of Cruciferæ. <!-- Page 149 --><span class="pagenum" title="213.png" ><a name="page149"></a>{149}</span></p> <p>The moth is out in June, sometimes late May; it is exceedingly local @@ -6480,7 +6440,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> along the sides, the latter edged above with black on the front three rings, and blotched with pinkish on the middle rings; the head is rather paler than the body, and the dots on the latter are yellow. It feeds on - cowberry (<i>Vaccinium vitis-idæa</i>) and cranberry (<i>V. + cowberry (<i>Vaccinium vitis-idæa</i>) and cranberry (<i>V. oxycoccos</i>), and seems to have a preference for the flowers of these plants: April to June.</p> @@ -7034,7 +6994,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><span class="sc">Note</span>.—This species has been referred to <i>transversata</i>, Hufnagel, and as this is an earlier name it may have to be adopted. According to Prout, both this and the preceding species - should be placed in the genus <i>Philereme</i>, Hübner.</p> + should be placed in the genus <i>Philereme</i>, Hübner.</p> <h5><b>Small Phœnix</b> (<i>Eustroma silaceata</i>).</h5> @@ -7087,7 +7047,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> back; this is broken up into spots, except on the first three rings; there are some reddish-brown spots on the sides. It feeds on various kinds of willow herb (<i>Epilobium</i>), and enchanter's nightshade - (<i>Circæa lutetiana</i>) in July, and sometimes in August and + (<i>Circæa lutetiana</i>) in July, and sometimes in August and September.</p> <p>The moth should be looked for in beech and other woods amongst the @@ -7132,7 +7092,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Corea, and Japan; but in the three last-named countries it is chiefly represented by - var. <i>ærosa</i>, Butt., a large form.</p> + var. <i>ærosa</i>, Butt., a large form.</p> <h5><b>The Phœnix</b> (<i>Lygris prunata</i>).</h5> @@ -7470,7 +7430,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> name="page172"></a>{172}</span>typical form, and Figs. 9 and 10 show the form <i>marmorata</i>, Haworth (Marbled Carpet); while Figs. 11 and 12 represent specimens from Shetland, and are referable to the island race - known as <i>pythonissata</i>, Millière; neither of the specimens figured, + known as <i>pythonissata</i>, Millière; neither of the specimens figured, however, quite agrees with the type of this form, but Fig. 12 does so fairly well. In some specimens the general colour of the fore wings is tawny or rust-colour, or they are strongly suffused with that tint (ab. @@ -7619,7 +7579,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><span class="sc">Note.</span>—According to Prout, <i>sagittata</i> is not a <i>Cidaria</i>, as its larva is of a very different form; and <i>siterata</i> and <i>miata</i> are referred to - <i>Chloroclysta</i>, Hübner.</p> + <i>Chloroclysta</i>, Hübner.</p> <h5><b>Grey Pine Carpet</b> (<i>Thera variata</i>).</h5> @@ -7633,7 +7593,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> represented by a small angular spot near the front margin.</p> <p>Four examples are shown on Plate <a href="#plate70">70</a>, and of - these 1 and 2 represent our ordinary form <i>obeliscata</i>, Hübner + these 1 and 2 represent our ordinary form <i>obeliscata</i>, Hübner (Shaded Broad Bar, of Newman). Fig. 6 is a blackish banded specimen of the <i>obeliscata</i> form, and Fig. 3 is the almost entirely blackish form <i>obliterata</i>, White (<i>scotica</i>, Staud.), which is not @@ -7678,7 +7638,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> the hilly and maritime haunts of the species in North England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.</p> - <p>This species, long known as <i>simulata</i>, Hübner, has been referred + <p>This species, long known as <i>simulata</i>, Hübner, has been referred to <i>cognata</i>, Thunberg, and as this is an earlier name it will have to be used.</p> @@ -7743,7 +7703,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Spring caterpillars. As adverted to, the pale reddish forms of <i>T. variata</i> are sometimes confused with <i>T. firmata</i>, but in addition to other differences indicated above, it may be noted that in - the male of the latter the antennæ are bipectinated except towards the + the male of the latter the antennæ are bipectinated except towards the tips. Most of the pine woods throughout England seem to produce this delicate insect more or less frequently; the same remark applies to Wales. In Scotland it is found up to Aberdeen, and also in the Hebrides. @@ -8001,7 +7961,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> name="page184"></a>{184}</span>brownish, freckled with black. It feeds, in June and July, probably, in a wild state, on some kind of "cress," growing in the moister parts of woods; in confinement, it will eat - cabbage, horseradish, and wallflower, among other kinds of Cruciferæ. + cabbage, horseradish, and wallflower, among other kinds of Cruciferæ. There is a second brood in August and September. (Plate <a href="#plate74">74</a>, Fig. 3, after Hofmann.)</p> @@ -8163,7 +8123,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The more usual forms of this common autumnal species are those represented by Figs. 1 and 2, Plate <a href="#plate78">78</a>. Fig. 3 is a small example of the pale form, ab. <i>christyi</i>, Prout, which, in - many respects, is very similar to <i>autumnata</i>, Guenée, a form of the + many respects, is very similar to <i>autumnata</i>, Guenée, a form of the next species. Fig. 4 is a female approaching ab. <i>obscurata</i>, Staud., and Fig. 5 shows the uniformly blackish ab. <i>melana</i>, Prout. In some pale-coloured specimens the only conspicuous marking is a broad @@ -8233,7 +8193,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> the ground colour of the fore wings, and the cross bands more distinctly separated. Fig. 8, also a female, is very close to ab. <i>sandbergi</i>, Lampa, in the character of the central cross bands of the fore wings. Ab. - <i>gueneata</i>, Prout (<i>autumnata</i>, Guenée, not Borkhausen), is a + <i>gueneata</i>, Prout (<i>autumnata</i>, Guenée, not Borkhausen), is a form with the typical coloration, but with fainter cross bands.</p> <p>The caterpillar is somewhat similar to that of the last species, but @@ -8312,7 +8272,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> mountain ash, through Clydesdale to Inverness. It is widely distributed in Ireland. The range abroad extends to Japan and North America.</p> -<h5><b>Grey Mountain Carpet</b> (<i>Entephria cæsiata</i>)</h5> +<h5><b>Grey Mountain Carpet</b> (<i>Entephria cæsiata</i>)</h5> <p>The typical greyish form, with blackish wavy cross lines and dark central band, is shown on Plate <a href="#plate80">80</a>, Fig. 1 @@ -8412,7 +8372,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> the Orkneys. In Ireland, it is found in Co. Antrim; and Mr. Thomas Greer informs me that it is common at Murlough Bay, Fair Head.</p> -<h5><b>Silver-ground Carpet</b> (<i>Xanthorhoë montanata</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Silver-ground Carpet</b> (<i>Xanthorhoë montanata</i>).</h5> <p>Figs. 7 and 8 on Plate <a href="#plate80">80</a> represent the most usual form of this species, which is variable in the amount of clouding @@ -8442,7 +8402,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> is generally distributed, and, as a rule, common, in woodlands, lanes, etc., throughout the British Isles.</p> -<h5><b>Garden Carpet</b> (<i>Xanthorhoë fluctuata</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Garden Carpet</b> (<i>Xanthorhoë fluctuata</i>).</h5> <p>Of this common frequenter of our gardens four examples are depicted on Plate <a href="#plate80">80</a>. Figs. 11 and 13 are the more frequent @@ -8450,7 +8410,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> not uncommon. Chiefly, but by no means exclusively, in Southern localities, some examples have the ground colour almost pure white; often the wings are more or less suffused with dark grey (ab. - <i>neapolisata</i>, Millière), and this is especially the case in + <i>neapolisata</i>, Millière), and this is especially the case in Scotland, where, in Aberdeenshire and in Shetland, a blackish form, ab. <i>thules</i>, Prout, occurs. Fig. 14 represents a specimen of this form from Aberdeen. Somewhat rarely, the central band is only indicated by a @@ -8510,7 +8470,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> there is a series of pale blotches, and some black spots on the middle rings; the head is rather paler than the general colour, and marked with black. It feeds, at night, on cabbage, horseradish, wallflower, white - arabis, and many other kinds of Cruciferæ; and it is said to eat the + arabis, and many other kinds of Cruciferæ; and it is said to eat the foliage of gooseberry and currant. June—October.</p> <p>There are certainly two broods, and possibly more, as the moths occur @@ -8521,7 +8481,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Generally distributed over the British Isles. It is also an inhabitant of North America.</p> -<h5><b>The Galium Carpet</b> (<i>Xanthorhoë galiata</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>The Galium Carpet</b> (<i>Xanthorhoë galiata</i>).</h5> <p>The more usual forms of this species are represented on Plate <a href="#plate81">81</a>, Figs. 1, 2. Fig. 3 is the portrait of a form @@ -8557,7 +8517,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Abroad, the range extends to Eastern Siberia.</p> -<h5><b>Wood Carpet</b> (<i>Xanthorhoë (Epirrhoë) rivata</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Wood Carpet</b> (<i>Xanthorhoë (Epirrhoë) rivata</i>).</h5> <p>The broad, clear white borders of both edges of the dark central band of the fore wings, coupled with the clearer white of the hind wings, and @@ -8628,7 +8588,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Roxburghshire and rare in Clydesdale and Arran. Kane states that in Ireland it is "very rare and local."</p> -<h5><b>Common Carpet</b> (<i>Xanthorhoë</i> (<i>Epirrhoë</i>) <i>sociata</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Common Carpet</b> (<i>Xanthorhoë</i> (<i>Epirrhoë</i>) <i>sociata</i>).</h5> <p>The white ground colour of this species is nearly always obscured, to a greater or lesser extent, by greyish markings and suffusions on the @@ -8665,9 +8625,9 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia and Amurland.</p> <p>According to Prout, the earliest name for this species is - <i>alternata</i> (Müller).</p> + <i>alternata</i> (Müller).</p> -<h5><b>Small Argent and Sable</b> (<i>Xanthorhoë</i> (<i>Epirrhoë</i>) <i>tristata</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Small Argent and Sable</b> (<i>Xanthorhoë</i> (<i>Epirrhoë</i>) <i>tristata</i>).</h5> <p>On Plate <a href="#plate81">81</a> are shown three examples of this variable species. Fig. 10 represents the typical form from N. Devon. Fig. @@ -8697,14 +8657,14 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> more plentiful; and has been recorded from the Shetlands. In Ireland it is local, but common where it occurs.</p> -<h5><b>Sharp-angled Carpet</b> (<i>Xanthorhoë</i> (<i>Euphyia</i>) <i>unangulata</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Sharp-angled Carpet</b> (<i>Xanthorhoë</i> (<i>Euphyia</i>) <i>unangulata</i>).</h5> <p>This species (Plate <a href="#plate82">82</a>, Figs. 1, 2) may be recognized by the distinctly angled outer edge of the blackish central band, which is thrown into strong relief by the usually broad white stripe following it. Wilkes, who figured the moth in 1742, called it the "White Stripe." By some authors the species is referred to - <i>amniculata</i>, Hübner.</p> + <i>amniculata</i>, Hübner.</p> <p>The caterpillar is pale whity brown, with a slightly darker but indistinct line along the centre of the back, and a black spot on the @@ -8770,7 +8730,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> "The Mottled Beauty," but Harris in 1778 gave it its present English name. On Plate <a href="#plate82">82</a> are shown two examples of the typical form (Figs. 7, 8), also two specimens of the small form (Figs. - 10, 11), var. <i>subhastata</i>, Nolcken (= <i>hastulata</i>, Hübner); + 10, 11), var. <i>subhastata</i>, Nolcken (= <i>hastulata</i>, Hübner); the latter form in Britain occurs chiefly in Sutherlandshire and the Isle of Lewis. As regards variation there is, in the small form, a tendency to an increase of black; whilst in the typical form there is a considerable @@ -8864,7 +8824,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The more usual form of this pretty little species is shown on Plate <a href="#plate82">82</a>, Figs. 3 and 6. In the type the central band is only represented by a spot on the front margin of the fore wings; in - ab.<i>parvula</i>, Retz = <i>rubiginata</i>, Hübner, there is also a + ab.<i>parvula</i>, Retz = <i>rubiginata</i>, Hübner, there is also a portion of the band showing on the inner margin. Ab. <i>plumbata</i>, Curtis, from Scotland has the central band entire and the ground colour inclining to creamy white. In ab. <i>fumosa</i>, Prout, the usual white @@ -9055,7 +9015,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> this species readily distinguish it from either of its allies. Variable in size, and also in the brownish tint of the markings; the central band is usually contracted below the middle, and not infrequently it is - completely severed at this point. It is the <i>decolorata</i> of Hübner, + completely severed at this point. It is the <i>decolorata</i> of Hübner, and although more generally known by that name, the earlier <i>flavofasciata</i>, Thunberg, will have to be adopted for this species. (Plate <a href="#plate85">85</a>, Figs. 1 ♂, 2 ♀.)</p> @@ -9174,7 +9134,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>Pretty Pinion</b> (<i>Perizoma blandiata</i>).</h5> <p>This species (Plate <a href="#plate83">83</a>, Figs. 7, 8) is also - known as <i>adæquata</i>, Borkhausen, the name under which it is + known as <i>adæquata</i>, Borkhausen, the name under which it is catalogued by Staudinger. As a rule the central band on the whitish fore wings is only represented by a round, or sometimes triangular, blackish spot on the front margin, a smaller blackish mark on the inner margin, @@ -9200,7 +9160,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> in the locality. It is widely distributed throughout Kerry and Galway, and also recorded from Cork and Derry, in Ireland.</p> -<h5><b>The Barred Carpet</b> (<i>Perizoma tæniata</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>The Barred Carpet</b> (<i>Perizoma tæniata</i>).</h5> <p>This species is shown on Plate <a href="#plate85">85</a>, Fig. 3. There are two forms of the central band of the fore wings, which in the @@ -9306,7 +9266,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>July Highflyer</b> (<i>Hydriomena furcata</i>).</h5> <p>Some idea of the variable character of this species (<i>sordidata</i>, - Fab., and <i>elutata</i>, Hübner) may be formed from the selection of + Fab., and <i>elutata</i>, Hübner) may be formed from the selection of half a dozen examples shown on Plate <a href="#plate86">86</a>. The typical form has the fore wings greyish, with dark bands as in Fig. 1, and a modification without the dark bands seems to be ab. @@ -9448,7 +9408,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>Royal Mantle</b> (<i>Anticlea cucullata</i>).</h5> <p>This species (Plate <a href="#plate88">88</a>, Fig. 1) is also known - as <i>sinuata</i>, Hübner. The white fore wings have a blackish patch at + as <i>sinuata</i>, Hübner. The white fore wings have a blackish patch at the base and a blackish mark on the front margins beyond the middle; the former is separated into two parts by a pale reddish-brown band, and there is a reddish band, most distinct on the front area, beyond the @@ -9473,7 +9433,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> wall in co. Clare, and another has been recorded from Galway.</p> <p>The range of the species abroad extends to Siberia and Amurland; and - it is represented in Corea and Japan by <i>A. yokohamæ</i>, Butler.</p> + it is represented in Corea and Japan by <i>A. yokohamæ</i>, Butler.</p> <h5><b>The Shoulder Stripe</b> (<i>Anticlea badiata</i>).</h5> @@ -9961,11 +9921,11 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Other counties in England from which the species has been recorded are—Worcester (Birchwood), Gloucester, Somerset, Wilts., Hants (Hayling Island), Sussex, Surrey, Kent, Berks., Bucks., Huntingdon, - Cambridge (once bred from mixed larvæ beaten from hawthorn on the + Cambridge (once bred from mixed larvæ beaten from hawthorn on the "Gogs"), Suffolk (beaten from hawthorn at Brandon, Tuddenham, etc.), and Norfolk.</p> - <p>As <i>insigniata</i>, Hübner, is claimed to be at least two years + <p>As <i>insigniata</i>, Hübner, is claimed to be at least two years older than <i>consignata</i>, Borkhausen, the former name will have to be adopted for this species.</p> @@ -9975,13 +9935,13 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Moth." On Plate <a href="#plate93">93</a> are shown four examples; the typical form (Fig. 2), in which the fore wings are pale greyish, with black cross lines, two of which are edged with whitish; var. - <i>fumosæ</i>, Gregson = <i>nubilata</i>, Bohatsch (Fig. 5)—the + <i>fumosæ</i>, Gregson = <i>nubilata</i>, Bohatsch (Fig. 5)—the Shetland race—is brownish grey, with the markings obscure; Fig. 8 <!-- Page 228 --><span class="pagenum" title="332.png"><a name="page228"></a>{228}</span>represents a variegated modification of - the last form, for which the name <i>bandanæ</i> was proposed by Gregson; + the last form, for which the name <i>bandanæ</i> was proposed by Gregson; Fig. 11 depicts another specimen, which in its light-brown colour closely - approaches the Orkney form var. <i>ochracæ</i>, Gregson = + approaches the Orkney form var. <i>ochracæ</i>, Gregson = <i>orcadensis</i>, Prout.</p> <p>Specimens from North Devon have a rather darker tone of the typical @@ -10028,7 +9988,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>Thyme Pug</b> (<i>Eupithecia distinctaria</i>).</h5> <p>This delicately marked species, better known, perhaps, as - <i>constrictata</i>, Guenée (Plate <a href="#plate95">95</a>, Fig. 4), + <i>constrictata</i>, Guenée (Plate <a href="#plate95">95</a>, Fig. 4), has the fore wings whitish grey, with three slender blackish curved cross lines, and some less distinct greyish ones; the outer margin is slightly darker, and traversed by a wavy whitish line; discal spot black and @@ -10190,7 +10150,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland, it is obtained freely in some parts of the south, and its range extends to the Orkneys.</p> - <p>This species is the minutata of Guenée and other authors, but this + <p>This species is the minutata of Guenée and other authors, but this name, being a synonym of <i>absinthiata</i>, will have to be discarded in favour of <i>goossensiata</i>, Mabille (1869).</p> @@ -10224,7 +10184,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Possibly this insect, which is regarded as purely British, may eventually be reduced to varietal rank. As pointed out by Mr. Prout, it is in its paler form not easily separable from <i>atraria</i>, Herrich-Schaeffer, a - mountain form of <i>denotata</i>, Hübner. Whether species or variety, it + mountain form of <i>denotata</i>, Hübner. Whether species or variety, it is equally interesting to the student of British Lepidoptera from the fact that, up to the year 1878, it seems to have been unknown to entomologists. From its close allies, it stands out more distinctly than @@ -10257,7 +10217,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> marks on the sides. Variable in general colour, and the markings sometimes absent. It feeds on the flowers of angelica (<i>Angelica sylvestris</i>), hogweed (<i>Heracleum sphondylium</i>), and other - Umbelliferæ. It has also been reared on a diet of elder leaves: August, + Umbelliferæ. It has also been reared on a diet of elder leaves: August, September, or even later. Our figure (Plate <a href="#plate92">92</a>, Fig. 5) is from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich. The moth emerges in May and June, sometimes earlier in confinement, and then a second @@ -10499,7 +10459,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The two examples of this species on Plate <a href="#plate96">96</a>, Figs. 3, 4, are from the Pentland Hills, Scotland, and are referable to - <i>anglicata</i>, Millière. In this form, which is smaller than the type, + <i>anglicata</i>, Millière. In this form, which is smaller than the type, the fore wings are grey brown, more or less tinged with reddish, and sometimes inclining to purplish; the whitish edged dark cross lines, especially the basal first and second, are usually distinct, and the @@ -10528,7 +10488,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Figs. 7 and 8 depict two forms of the Shetland race, known as var. <i>curzoni</i>, Gregson. A much rarer form than <!-- Page 240 --><span class="pagenum" title="350.png"><a name="page240"></a>{240}</span>any of - the above is the pale brownish ab. <i>pernotata</i>, Guenée + the above is the pale brownish ab. <i>pernotata</i>, Guenée (<i>cauchyata</i>, Meyrick).</p> <p>The caterpillar is greenish with a series of purplish-brown edged, @@ -10547,7 +10507,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The fore wings are white, clouded and suffused with dark grey on all the margins. The greyish clouding sometimes covers the whole area of the wings, except a very limited space under the black discal spot (ab. - <i>disparata</i>, Hübner). Plate <a href="#plate97">97</a>, Figs. 2, a + <i>disparata</i>, Hübner). Plate <a href="#plate97">97</a>, Figs. 2, a specimen from Lancs., 5, one from Surrey.</p> <p>The caterpillar is reddish brown, paler in some specimens than in @@ -10613,7 +10573,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <i>piperata</i> (The Speckled Pug), from a specimen, or specimens, taken at Riddlesdown, near Croydon, Surrey; later, it was supposed to be the <i>subumbrata</i>, of the <i>Vienna Catalogue</i> (1776), and certainly - of Guenée. The name given to it by Borkhausen, in 1794, appears to be the + of Guenée. The name given to it by Borkhausen, in 1794, appears to be the correct one, and is here adopted.</p> <p>Crewe describes the caterpillar as yellowish green, with three dark @@ -10709,7 +10669,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The range abroad extends to Amurland.</p> -<h5><b>Marsh Pug</b> (<i>Eupithecia pygmæata</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Marsh Pug</b> (<i>Eupithecia pygmæata</i>).</h5> <p>This species (Plate <a href="#plate98">98</a>, Fig. 4) may be distinguished from <i>haworthiata</i>, which it approaches in size and @@ -10739,7 +10699,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> latter with dusky clouds upon it; the cross lines are dark grey brown and fairly distinct, and the discal spot is black (Plate <a href="#plate98">98</a>, Fig. 5). A large grey form from Moray, in - Scotland, has been named <i>cineræ</i>, Gregson.</p> + Scotland, has been named <i>cineræ</i>, Gregson.</p> <p>Caterpillar, rather stumpy, and dingy yellowish green in colour, the sides and middle of the back rosy; a series of dusky spots, edged by @@ -10760,8 +10720,8 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The fore wings are greyish brown, with many darker cross lines; the outer margin is darker and traversed by a pale line; discal dot, dark grey and not very distinct (Plate <a href="#plate98">98</a>, Fig. 6). - This species was long known as <i>subciliata</i>, Guenée, but is now - referred to <i>inturbata</i>, Hübner.</p> + This species was long known as <i>subciliata</i>, Guenée, but is now + referred to <i>inturbata</i>, Hübner.</p> <p>In May and June the caterpillars may be beaten from maple, which is apparently the only food plant, and of which they have a decided @@ -10812,7 +10772,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Scotland, and Ireland. <i>Tamarisciata</i>, Freyer, is also considered by some authorities to be a form of <i>E. innotata</i>.</p> - <p>Some moths reared from larvæ obtained, in 1905, from Tamarisk, in + <p>Some moths reared from larvæ obtained, in 1905, from Tamarisk, in Cornwall, have been referred to <i>tamarisciata</i>.</p> <h5><b>Narrow-winged Pug</b> (<i>Eupithecia nanata</i>).</h5> @@ -10974,7 +10934,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>V-Pug</b> (<i>Chloroclystis coronata</i>).</h5> - <p>This is "<i>Phalæna</i>" <i>v-ata</i>, Haworth, and also the V-Pug of + <p>This is "<i>Phalæna</i>" <i>v-ata</i>, Haworth, and also the V-Pug of that author. A later English name for the species is "The Coronet Pug," an Anglicism for the Latin specific name, and has reference to the black upper part of the outer cross line which is twice angled and bears a @@ -11009,7 +10969,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Of this variable species five examples are shown on Plate <a href="#plate100">100</a>. Figs. 2 and 3 represent the typical and more - usual forms; 3 varies in the direction of ab. <i>subaerata</i>, Hübn., + usual forms; 3 varies in the direction of ab. <i>subaerata</i>, Hübn., and Fig. 4 is the greyish ab. <i>cydoniata</i>, Bork. Ab. <i>nigrosericeata</i>, Haworth (Fig. 6), is blackish with white submarginal line; and an intermediate form (Fig. 5) may be referable to @@ -11154,7 +11114,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> abruptaria</i>), but it will be noted that the dark stripe on the fore wings starts from the middle of the inner margin, and runs to just below the tips of the wings; the outer margin of the hind wings is not wavy, - and the antennæ of the male are not pectinated.</p> + and the antennæ of the male are not pectinated.</p> <p>The caterpillar, which feeds on traveller's joy (<i>Clematis vitalba</i>), in June-July, and in September-October, is greyish <!-- @@ -11189,7 +11149,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>Oblique Carpet</b> (<i>Coenocalpe vittata</i>).</h5> - <p>This species, also known as <i>lignata</i>, Hübner, is usually pale + <p>This species, also known as <i>lignata</i>, Hübner, is usually pale brown in ground colour, tinged with ochreous or pinkish; the darker oblique stripes vary in width and in intensity. (Plate <a href="#plate102">102</a>, Figs. 9 ♂, gen. 1; 10 ♂, gen. @@ -11284,7 +11244,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> counties, but it has been recorded from Lancashire and Yorkshire; also from Wales, and from several parts of Ireland: April to November.</p> -<h5 class="lg125">BOARMIINÆ.</h5> +<h5 class="lg125">BOARMIINÆ.</h5> <h5><b>Clouded Magpie</b> (<i>Abraxas sylvata</i>).</h5> @@ -11394,7 +11354,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> usual forms, in both sexes, of this rather common, but pretty, little moth. Occasionally, specimens are obtained in which, with the exception of a dark patch or two on the front margin, the wings are entirely white - or slightly tinged with pale yellowish (ab. <i>pollutaria</i>, Hübner); a + or slightly tinged with pale yellowish (ab. <i>pollutaria</i>, Hübner); a modification of this form is shown in Fig. 3.</p> <p><a name="plate104"></a></p> @@ -11430,7 +11390,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><!-- Page 263 --><span class="pagenum" title="377.png"><a name="page263"></a>{263}</span></p> - <p>Ab. <i>nigrofasciaria</i>, Schöyen, has a rather broad blackish band + <p>Ab. <i>nigrofasciaria</i>, Schöyen, has a rather broad blackish band across the central area of each wing, and indications of such bands, in the shape of spots or dots, are seen in many examples of the species; occasionally, the irregular dark border of the outer margin of the wings @@ -11459,7 +11419,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> English names refer. (Plate <a href="#plate107">107</a>, Figs. 4 ♂ and 5 ♀.) In June and early July, and again in late August and September, the red-spotted, bright-green caterpillar may be beaten from - the spindle bushes (<i>Euonymus europæus</i>) in hedgerows. (Fig. 1, + the spindle bushes (<i>Euonymus europæus</i>) in hedgerows. (Fig. 1, Plate <a href="#plate105">105</a>, is from a coloured drawing by Mr. Sich.) <!-- Page 264 --><span class="pagenum" title="378.png"><a name="page264"></a>{264}</span></p> @@ -11650,7 +11610,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> for moist places.</p> <p>The distribution abroad extends eastward to Amurland, and a form known - as ab. <i>schæfferi</i>, Bremer, occurs in the last-named country, and + as ab. <i>schæfferi</i>, Bremer, occurs in the last-named country, and also in Corea and Japan.</p> <h5><b>Barred Umber</b> (<i>Numeria pulveraria</i>).</h5> @@ -11660,8 +11620,8 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> only the edges of the band are dark, the enclosed space being but little darker than the ground colour, or occasionally tinged with greenish; one example of the latter and two of the former were reared this year (1908) - from larvæ received in July, 1907, from Mr. F. Pope of Exeter; a male - specimen bred from the same batch of larvæ, but which emerged in August + from larvæ received in July, 1907, from Mr. F. Pope of Exeter; a male + specimen bred from the same batch of larvæ, but which emerged in August of the year last mentioned, is distinctly tinged with rosy over all the wings; the narrow band on the hind wings, not usually extended to the front edge, is in this specimen entire, whilst the greenish-banded @@ -11672,7 +11632,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Plate <a href="#plate108">108</a>. The eggs (Plate <!-- Page 269 --><span class="pagenum" title="385.png"><a name="page269"></a>{269}</span><a href="#plate106">106</a>, Fig. 2<i>a</i>) were pale greenish yellow when - laid, May 17 to 20; the larvæ hatched out from May 31 to June 2.</p> + laid, May 17 to 20; the larvæ hatched out from May 31 to June 2.</p> <p>The caterpillar, which is also depicted on the plate, is reddish brown, mottled with yellowish brown. It feeds on birch, sallow, ash, @@ -11689,7 +11649,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The typical form of this species is depicted on Plate <a href="#plate108">108</a>, Figs. 4 ♂, 5 ♀, and Fig. 3 on the - same plate represents ab. <i>prasinaria</i>, Hübner, a form not uncommon + same plate represents ab. <i>prasinaria</i>, Hübner, a form not uncommon in Germany (whence came the example figured), Switzerland, and other parts of the continent, but which is very rare in Britain, and has been recorded from Kent and Suffolk. Sometimes, but chiefly in Scotland, the @@ -11808,7 +11768,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> entirely dull reddish brown. Two other examples of the type form showing modification of the cross lines will be found on Plate <a href="#plate111">111</a>, Figs. 5 ♂, 6 ♀. In ab. - <i>carpinaria</i>, Hübner, the wings are of a reddish ochreous colour. A + <i>carpinaria</i>, Hübner, the wings are of a reddish ochreous colour. A hybrid resulting from a crossing of <i>E. alniaria</i> ♂ and <i>E. quercinaria</i> ♀ has been named <i>dartfordi</i>, Tutt.</p> @@ -11998,7 +11958,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>A female of this species is shown on Plate <a href="#plate112">112</a>, Fig. 4; the male is usually more clouded with reddish. A second generation is sometimes raised in captivity, and the - males of this brood (var. <i>delunaria</i>, Hübner) are somewhat paler, + males of this brood (var. <i>delunaria</i>, Hübner) are somewhat paler, whilst the females incline to a yellowish tint. In Scotch specimens, the reddish markings are tinged with purple; and ab. <i>sublunaria</i>, Stephens, from Derbyshire, has the coloration very similar to that of the @@ -12020,12 +11980,12 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>Purple Thorn</b> (<i>Selenia tetralunaria</i>).</h5> <p>On Plate <a href="#plate112">112</a>, Fig. 5 represents a specimen of - the spring brood, and Fig. 6 one of the summer brood (var. <i>æstiva</i>, + the spring brood, and Fig. 6 one of the summer brood (var. <i>æstiva</i>, Staudinger). The ground colour of the typical form is whitish, sometimes tinged with grey, and sometimes with pinkish; the patch at the tip, and the basal two-thirds of the fore wings, also the basal half of the hind wings, are purplish brown, varying almost to blackish; or they may be - rich red brown. Var. <i>æstiva</i> is rarely whitish in ground colour, + rich red brown. Var. <i>æstiva</i> is rarely whitish in ground colour, but this is frequently of a pinkish tinge, and the darker portions of the wings are brownish, inclining to olive; sometimes the general colour is ochreous brown with dark brown cross lines, and a rust-coloured lunule at @@ -12292,7 +12252,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> 1904.</p> <p>The species is represented in Amurland and Japan by the smaller and - whiter var. <i>persica</i>, Ménetries.</p> + whiter var. <i>persica</i>, Ménetries.</p> <h5><b>Scorched Wing</b> (<i>Eurymene dolabraria</i>).</h5> @@ -12361,7 +12321,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <i>lacticolor</i>, Harrison, have been recorded from Cheshire and Durham, and probably have occurred elsewhere, since I have a specimen said to have been taken in Staffordshire; an orange-yellow form has occurred in - the last-named county. (Also known as <i>Rumia cratægata</i>.)</p> + the last-named county. (Also known as <i>Rumia cratægata</i>.)</p> <p>The twig-like caterpillar is brownish tinged with greenish or purplish; there is a double-pointed hump on the back of ring 6 and @@ -12482,7 +12442,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> whitish marks on the sides; head, black, white dotted. It feeds, in July and August, or even later, on dogwood, bilberry, sallow, etc. Mr. A. J. Scollick, who kindly provided the caterpillar figured on Plate <a - href="#plate121">121</a>, Fig. 3, informs me that in rearing larvæ from + href="#plate121">121</a>, Fig. 3, informs me that in rearing larvæ from the egg he finds that they prefer dogwood as a pabulum, and that in the locality where he takes the moth in June there is no bilberry, but plenty of <i>Cornus sanguinea</i>. This local species, which is out from late @@ -12658,7 +12618,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> ><a name="page290"></a>{290}</span>more striking. It feeds, in April and May, on hawthorn, sloe, plum, and bilberry.</p> -<h5><b>Spring Usher</b> (<i>Hybernia leucophæaria</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Spring Usher</b> (<i>Hybernia leucophæaria</i>).</h5> <div class="figleft" style="width:23%;"> <a href="images/fig09.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig09.jpg" @@ -12860,7 +12820,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> and often common in Ireland; not uncommon in the south of Scotland, but becoming less frequent northwards to Perthshire and Aberdeen.</p> -<h5><b>March Moth</b> (<i>Anisopteryx æscularia</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>March Moth</b> (<i>Anisopteryx æscularia</i>).</h5> <table class="mc" style="width:50%"> <tr> @@ -13046,7 +13006,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> href="#plate134">134</a>, where Fig. 3 represents the male, and Fig. 5 the female. It was not known to occur in the British Isles until 1871, when a male specimen was captured in Perthshire, on April 20 of that - year. Mr. William M. Christy, in 1895, bred some moths from larvæ + year. Mr. William M. Christy, in 1895, bred some moths from larvæ obtained in the Highlands of Scotland, and he sent eggs to Mr. F. W. Frohawk, who worked out the life history, and described and figured all the stages from egg to perfect insect (<i>Entom.</i> xxviii. 237). In @@ -13181,7 +13141,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Fig. 2) is usually some shade of brown—greyish, violet, or purplish—mottled and freckled with a darker hue. It feeds on oak, birch, and elm, will also eat sloe, plum, rose, etc., and is found from - May to July. In confinement, larvæ hatched in early May have gone down to + May to July. In confinement, larvæ hatched in early May have gone down to pupate during the second week in June.</p> <p>The moth is out in March and April as a rule, but has been noted in @@ -13189,7 +13149,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> day on trunks of trees, palings, etc., generally near the ground; when on the wing at night the male will come to light. Although not generally common it is widely distributed over England and Wales. In Ireland it has - occurred in Wicklow, Westmeath, and Cork, and has been reared from pupæ + occurred in Wicklow, Westmeath, and Cork, and has been reared from pupæ obtained at Glenmalure in the former county.</p> <p>Hybrids resulting from a cross between <i>strataria</i> ♂ and @@ -13235,7 +13195,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> amount, in some examples it is almost absent, whilst in others it is so dense that the wings appear to be black sprinkled with white. Specimens of the last form are intermediate between the type and the melanic ab. - <i>doubledayaria</i>, Millière (Fig. 2). This black form, which seems to + <i>doubledayaria</i>, Millière (Fig. 2). This black form, which seems to have been unknown about sixty years ago, is now much commoner than the type in the South-west Riding of Yorkshire, and has spread into Lancashire, Cheshire, and southwards to Lincolnshire. On the wolds of the @@ -13427,8 +13387,8 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> class="pagenum" title="446.png"><a name="page306"></a>{306}</span></p> <p>This species is the <i>gemmaria</i> of Brahm (1791), but - <i>rhomboidaria</i>, Schiffermüller (1776), although only a catalogue - name until figured by Hübner, about 1797, is adopted by some authors.</p> + <i>rhomboidaria</i>, Schiffermüller (1776), although only a catalogue + name until figured by Hübner, about 1797, is adopted by some authors.</p> <h5><b>Satin Carpet</b> (<i>Boarmia abietaria</i>).</h5> @@ -13513,7 +13473,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Plate <a href="#plate134">134</a>, Fig. 4, and, it may be added, these melanic forms are referable to ab. <i>nigricata</i>, Fuchs.</p> - <p>Two forms of ab. <i>conversaria</i>, Hübner, will be found on Plate <a + <p>Two forms of ab. <i>conversaria</i>, Hübner, will be found on Plate <a href="#plate134">134</a>, where Fig. 1 depicts a specimen from the New Forest, and Fig. 8 represents an extreme example from North Devon. The <i>conversaria</i> form occurs chiefly in the south and west of England, @@ -13690,7 +13650,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>The Dotted Carpet</b> (<i>Cleora jubata</i>).</h5> <p>This species (Plate <a href="#plate136">136</a>, Figs. 3, 4) has long - been known as <i>glabraria</i>, Hübner, but as authorities are agreed + been known as <i>glabraria</i>, Hübner, but as authorities are agreed that <i>jubata</i>, Thunberg, is an earlier name, it must be adopted. The general colour is whitish, powdered with dark grey and black; there are four black spots on the front margin and from these blackish markings @@ -13726,7 +13686,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>In the following brief remarks on <i>T. bistortata</i>, Goeze (= <i>biundularia</i>, Borkhausen), I have included reference to - <i>crepuscularia</i>, Hübner (= <i>biundularia</i>, Esper). The former + <i>crepuscularia</i>, Hübner (= <i>biundularia</i>, Esper). The former (which is also named <i>abietaria</i>, Haworth, and <i>laricaria</i>, Doubleday) appears on the wing in March and April, and there is a second flight in July and August. Moths of the second generation are few in @@ -13794,7 +13754,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>Brindled White-spot</b> (<i>Tephrosia luridata</i>).</h5> - <p>Two examples of this species (also known as <i>extersaria</i>, Hübner) + <p>Two examples of this species (also known as <i>extersaria</i>, Hübner) are depicted on Plate <a href="#plate137">137</a>, Figs. 1 ♂, 2 ♀. There is variation in the amount of black speckling and in the strength of the cross lines.</p> @@ -13944,7 +13904,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><span class="sc">Note.</span>—Staudinger places the last four species in <i>Boarmia</i>, Treitschke; but Prout and others refer them to - the genus <i>Ectropis</i>, Hübner. The latter will probably have to be + the genus <i>Ectropis</i>, Hübner. The latter will probably have to be adopted. <!-- Page 318 --><span class="pagenum" title="464.png"><a name="page318"></a>{318}</span></p> @@ -14016,7 +13976,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>The Annulet</b> (<i>Gnophos</i> (<i>Sciadion</i>) <i>obscurata</i>).</h5> <p>In a general way, all the grey specimens of this species are referable - to the type form <i>obscurata</i>, Schiffermüller; the true type, + to the type form <i>obscurata</i>, Schiffermüller; the true type, however, appears to be rare in Britain, even if it occurs at all. It is, perhaps, best represented by well-marked dark specimens from limestone districts, or the lighter ones from peaty ground. At Folkestone and in @@ -14034,7 +13994,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> pure whitish, with virtually no markings, excepting the annulets." On heaths in Surrey and Hampshire, and on the mountains of Aberdeen and Perthshire, a blackish form occurs (ab. <i>obscuriorata</i>, Prout = - <i>obscuraria</i>, Hübner, 146); and sometimes specimens are found in + <i>obscuraria</i>, Hübner, 146); and sometimes specimens are found in which the wings are of "an intense and almost uniform black" (ab. <i>saturata</i>, Prout). In Devonshire and Cornwall, the species is darkish grey inclining to brownish (ab. <i>anthracinaria</i>, Esper); @@ -14054,7 +14014,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> white, and there is a pair of white-capped warts on the last ring (adapted from Barrett). It feeds on rock rose (<i>Helianthemum</i>), cinquefoil (<i>Potentilla</i>), salad burnet (<i>Poterium</i>), etc.; or - the larvæ may be reared on groundsel, chickweed, and strawberry, both + the larvæ may be reared on groundsel, chickweed, and strawberry, both wild and cultivated: September to May. (Plate <a href="#plate140">140</a>, Fig. 2.)</p> @@ -14076,13 +14036,13 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> ♀) was introduced, as a species new to Britain, by Curtis, who described and figured it as <i>Charissa operaria</i> in 1826, from specimens captured in Scotland. Subsequently, it was found to be the - <i>obfuscaria</i>, of Hübner, and also the <i>obfuscata</i> of the Vienna + <i>obfuscaria</i>, of Hübner, and also the <i>obfuscata</i> of the Vienna Catalogue (1776). The latter, however, being only a bare name without description, was not generally accepted, although, if valid, it would be - prior to Hübner. Still later the species was ascertained to be the + prior to Hübner. Still later the species was ascertained to be the <i>myrtillata</i> of Thunberg (1792), and as this name is much earlier than <i>obfuscaria</i> it is here adopted. As a matter of fact, both - names are in use, as that of Hübner applies to our ashy grey form of the + names are in use, as that of Hübner applies to our ashy grey form of the species, whilst that given by Thunberg belongs to the typical fuscous grey form.</p> @@ -14165,10 +14125,10 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Wales, can only be regarded as an "accidental." The specimen, which is in the Natural History Museum, at South Kensington, appears to be <i>Tephronia sepiaria</i>, Hufnagel, which is the <i>cineraria</i> of - Hübner.</p> + Hübner.</p> <p>A moth, supposed to be a specimen of <i>Dasydia tenebraria</i>, Esper - = <i>torvaria</i>, Hübner, was reported as taken in Ireland "many years" + = <i>torvaria</i>, Hübner, was reported as taken in Ireland "many years" before 1843, but at the present time that specimen, apparently, does not exist, and there is no exact description of it extant.</p> @@ -14211,7 +14171,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The caterpillar is greenish with grey-edged yellowish lines along the back, and a black-edged yellow one along the sides. The ground colour is sometimes purplish brown. It feeds on broom chiefly, but will eat other - Genisteæ. There appears to be two broods, one in June, and the other in + Genisteæ. There appears to be two broods, one in June, and the other in September, or earlier sometimes. The moth is out in May and early June, and again in July and August, but it has been known to remain in the chrysalis for four years. It flies in the sunshine, and when resting, it @@ -14246,7 +14206,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> confused with that species by Haworth and other entomologists in the past. An abnormal specimen with six wings has been recorded, and Barrett mentions a gynandrous example—the right side like a small dark - female, and the left an ordinary male; both antennæ shortly + female, and the left an ordinary male; both antennæ shortly pectinated.</p> <p>The caterpillar, according to Fenn, is variable in colour and @@ -14380,7 +14340,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>All the wings are of a rusty ochreous colour, sometimes, chiefly in the male, inclining to a purplish tint on the fore wings; the brownish - cross lines are usually most distinct in the female, which sex Hübner + cross lines are usually most distinct in the female, which sex Hübner figured as <i>pinetaria</i>. (Plate <a href="#plate143">143</a>, Figs. 4 ♂, 5 ♀.)</p> @@ -14435,7 +14395,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> ground colour (ab. <i>radiata</i>, Haworth). A less frequent aberration has the wings dark brown or blackish all over, except a row of whitish or ochreous spots on the outer margins (ab. <i>nocturnata</i>, Fuchs = - <i>nigricans</i>, Oberthür).</p> + <i>nigricans</i>, Oberthür).</p> <p>The caterpillar, which feeds on clovers and trefoils, is green, with white lines along the back and sides; the slightly notched head is rather @@ -14456,7 +14416,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>Grey Scalloped Bar</b> (<i>Scodiona fagaria</i>).</h5> <p>In its typical form this species (also known as <i>belgiaria</i>, - Hübner) is grey, more or less tinged with ochreous, speckled with + Hübner) is grey, more or less tinged with ochreous, speckled with brownish grey, and crossed by black-marked brownish-grey lines. The bulk of British specimens, especially those from southern localities, are whitish grey, thinly sprinkled with darker grey scales in the male, and @@ -14493,7 +14453,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> fore wings. A male specimen is shown on Plate <a href="#plate144">144</a>, Fig. 3; the wings of the female are slightly smaller, and the body is stouter and shorter. This species is the - <i>dealbata</i> of Linnæus, but <i>lineata</i>, Scopoli, is older by four + <i>dealbata</i> of Linnæus, but <i>lineata</i>, Scopoli, is older by four years. The long caterpillar is greyish inclining to ochreous or brownish; several irregular darker lines on the back and sides. It feeds, in confinement, on knot-grass, dock, bird's-foot trefoil, etc., but in the @@ -14629,7 +14589,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The range abroad extends to Scandinavia and eastward to Asia Minor.</p> -<h5 class="lg150">ZYGÆNIDÆ.</h5> +<h5 class="lg150">ZYGÆNIDÆ.</h5> <p>The moths belonging to this family are popularly known in Britain as Burnets and Foresters. Of the former seven kinds occur in the British @@ -14640,24 +14600,24 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> same spot. The caterpillars bear a close resemblance to each other, and are not always easily distinguished.</p> - <p>Over thirty species of <i>Zygæna</i> are found in Europe, and about - thirty-six more have been described from other parts of the Palæarctic - Region. There are at least twenty-five Palæarctic species referred to the + <p>Over thirty species of <i>Zygæna</i> are found in Europe, and about + thirty-six more have been described from other parts of the Palæarctic + Region. There are at least twenty-five Palæarctic species referred to the genus Ino, and about ten of these are European.</p> - <p>By most authors <i>filipendulæ</i> is regarded as the type of the - genus <i>Zygæna</i>, Fabricius; but others refer this species, and its + <p>By most authors <i>filipendulæ</i> is regarded as the type of the + genus <i>Zygæna</i>, Fabricius; but others refer this species, and its allies, to the genus <i>Anthrocera</i>, Scopoli, using the Fabrician - genus for <i>phegea</i>, Linnæus. The latter species and its allies are + genus for <i>phegea</i>, Linnæus. The latter species and its allies are perhaps more frequently referred to <i>Syntomis</i>, Ochsenheimer, the - typical genus of the family Syntomidæ, the systematic position of which - is near the Arctiidæ. It may be added that <i>S. phegea</i>, and also + typical genus of the family Syntomidæ, the systematic position of which + is near the Arctiidæ. It may be added that <i>S. phegea</i>, and also <i>Naclia ancilla</i>, have been reported as British. There does not seem, however, to be any reason to suppose that the occurrence of either species in Britain could be other than accidental. <!-- Page 334 --><span class="pagenum" title="488.png"><a name="page334"></a>{334}</span></p> -<h5><b>The Transparent Burnet</b> (<i>Zygæna purpuralis</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>The Transparent Burnet</b> (<i>Zygæna purpuralis</i>).</h5> <p>Two Welsh specimens are depicted on Plate <a href="#plate146">146</a>, Figs. 1 and 2; these are of the typical form. A rare aberration has the @@ -14665,7 +14625,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <i>obscura</i>, Tutt), but a still rarer variety has the crimson of spots and hind wings replaced by yellow (ab. <i>lutescens</i>, Tutt).</p> - <p>Newman in 1861 referred an Irish specimen to <i>achilleæ</i>, but a + <p>Newman in 1861 referred an Irish specimen to <i>achilleæ</i>, but a little later, after seeing other examples, in the same year he changed the name to <i>nubiginea</i>. Birchall (<i>Ent. Mo. Mag.</i>, iii. pt. i.) figured four forms of the species from Ireland; his <i>minos</i> @@ -14685,18 +14645,18 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> the spring. The moth flies in June, and is locally common in Ireland (Clare and Galway), Wales (Abersoch), and Scotland (Oban, Loch Etive). It has been reported from Tintagel, Cornwall, and possibly, as suggested by - Tutt, these Cornish specimens may turn out to be <i>Z. achilleæ</i>, the + Tutt, these Cornish specimens may turn out to be <i>Z. achilleæ</i>, the latest addition to our small band of Burnets. Perhaps the Scottish specimens recorded as <i>purpuralis</i>, or at least some of them, may - prove to be <i>achilleæ</i>.</p> + prove to be <i>achilleæ</i>.</p> - <p>This species was figured by Brünnich, in 1763, as <i>purpuralis</i>, + <p>This species was figured by Brünnich, in 1763, as <i>purpuralis</i>, and authorities are now agreed that this name must be adopted in place of - <i>pilosellæ</i>, Esper (1781), or <i>minos</i>, Fuessly (1782). <!-- + <i>pilosellæ</i>, Esper (1781), or <i>minos</i>, Fuessly (1782). <!-- Page 335 --><span class="pagenum" title="489.png"><a name="page335"></a>{335}</span></p> -<h5><b>Scotch or Mountain Burnet</b> (<i>Zygæna exulans</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Scotch or Mountain Burnet</b> (<i>Zygæna exulans</i>).</h5> <p>This semi-transparent and rather greyish moth has five reddish spots on the fore wings. (Plate <a href="#plate146">146</a>, Fig. 3.) So far as @@ -14719,12 +14679,12 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> out in July, and, like the rest of its kindred, delights in the sunshine.</p> -<h5><i>Zygæna achilleæ</i>.</h5> +<h5><i>Zygæna achilleæ</i>.</h5> <p>A specimen of this species, quite recently introduced as British, has been kindly lent by Mr. B. Adkin. It was taken, with others, in the vicinity of Oban, Argyllshire. Mr. Sheldon informs me that he believes - that a worn Zygænid he captured in 1898, in the Glencoe district, was + that a worn Zygænid he captured in 1898, in the Glencoe district, was this species.</p> <p>On Plate <a href="#plate1">1</a>, with the Scottish example (Fig. 2) @@ -14732,19 +14692,19 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> will be noted that the former is very like the latter. In some <!-- Page 336 --><span class="pagenum" title="490.png"><a name="page336"></a>{336}</span>respects this species is not unlike some - confluent-spot forms of <i>filipendulæ</i>, but it is a more + confluent-spot forms of <i>filipendulæ</i>, but it is a more slender-looking insect, and the body is more hairy. Further, the upper basal spot of the fore wings is lengthened almost to the upper spot of the middle pair, and the fifth and sixth spots together form an almost oval mark. Both specimens depicted seem to be referable to var. - <i>viciæ</i>, Hübner. In the typical forms the spots are larger. A yellow - form ab. <i>flava</i>, Oberthür, is known on the continent.</p> + <i>viciæ</i>, Hübner. In the typical forms the spots are larger. A yellow + form ab. <i>flava</i>, Oberthür, is known on the continent.</p> <p>The caterpillar, after Hofmann, is figured on Plate <a href="#plate1">1</a>, Fig. 5. It is said to feed on <i>Astragalus</i> and <i>Coronilla</i>.</p> -<h5><b>New Forest Burnet</b> (<i>Zygæna meliloti</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>New Forest Burnet</b> (<i>Zygæna meliloti</i>).</h5> <p>Two examples of this, normally, five-spotted little species are shown on Plate <a href="#plate146">146</a>, Figs. 4 ♂, 5 ♀; a @@ -14780,23 +14740,23 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> formerly, although it still occurs there; in other spots around, I believe, it is not uncommon in some years.</p> - <p>Some authorities refer this species to <i>viciæ</i>, Schranck.</p> + <p>Some authorities refer this species to <i>viciæ</i>, Schranck.</p> -<h5><b>Five-spot Burnet</b> (<i>Zygæna trifolii</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Five-spot Burnet</b> (<i>Zygæna trifolii</i>).</h5> <p>Four specimens of this species are portrayed on Plate <a href="#plate146">146</a>. In the typical form (Figs. 7 ♂, 8 ♀) the central pair of crimson spots are united and often form a - large blotch; ab. <i>orobi</i>, Hübner (Figs. 6 ♂, 9 ♀), + large blotch; ab. <i>orobi</i>, Hübner (Figs. 6 ♂, 9 ♀), has the spots placed well apart. Other more or less frequent aberrations are depicted by Mr. Horace Knight on Plate <a href="#plate148">148</a> - where Fig. 2 represents ab. <i>glycirrhizæ</i>, Hübner (spots 3, 4, and 5 + where Fig. 2 represents ab. <i>glycirrhizæ</i>, Hübner (spots 3, 4, and 5 united); Fig. 3, ab. <i>basalis</i>, Selys (spots 3 and 4 united with the basal pair); and Fig. 4, ab. <i>minoides</i>, Selys (all the spots united, forming an irregular patch). An extreme development of the last-mentioned form has been named ab. <i>extrema</i>, Tutt (see <i>Entom.</i> xxix., p. 341, Fig. 2). Specimens with a sixth spot as in - <i>Z. filipendulæ</i> have been occasionally recorded, and an example + <i>Z. filipendulæ</i> have been occasionally recorded, and an example with the lower spot of the central pair absent has been taken in West Sussex by Mr. W. M. Christy, who has also obtained a number of specimens of a yellow form (ab. <i>lutescens</i>, Cockerell) in the same locality. @@ -14815,14 +14775,14 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> when seen at a distance seemed to be wholly black. Dr. Hodgson has recently obtained several of these melanic specimens in Sussex. A form with the spots and hind wings suffused with brownish has been named ab. - <i>obscura</i>, Oberthür.</p> + <i>obscura</i>, Oberthür.</p> <p>With regard to six-spot examples referred to this species, I am inclined to suppose that they may be the offspring of a chance pairing of - <i>trifolii</i> and <i>filipendulæ</i>. That such crossing does occur in + <i>trifolii</i> and <i>filipendulæ</i>. That such crossing does occur in nature I have evidence, as on one occasion I found four mixed pairs, the male being <i>trifolii</i> in each case, and the female typical - <i>filipendulæ</i>. This was in the Weybridge district, where I had come + <i>filipendulæ</i>. This was in the Weybridge district, where I had come across a colony of the latter species and was closely examining the specimens for aberrations.</p> @@ -14835,7 +14795,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>In damp meadows the moth is out in May and June, but in marshes it does not appear, as a rule, until July, and may be found in early August. The marsh specimens, which are sometimes rather large in size, have been - referred to <i>palustris</i>, Oberthür, and are treated by Tutt (<i>Nat. + referred to <i>palustris</i>, Oberthür, and are treated by Tutt (<i>Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep.</i>, vol. i.) as a sub-species.</p> <p><a name="plate146"></a></p> @@ -14885,7 +14845,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <i>trifolii</i> in the British Isles has probably not been fully ascertained.</p> -<h5><b>Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet</b> (<i>Zygæna loniceræ</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet</b> (<i>Zygæna loniceræ</i>).</h5> <p>As will be seen from the two specimens represented by Figs. 1 ♂ and 2 ♀ on Plate <a href="#plate147">147</a>, this species bears @@ -14893,13 +14853,13 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> chief differences are in the rather longer fore wings and the more pointed tips of the hind pair; the borders of the hind wings are often narrower. In a broad way, it may be stated that the general tone of - colour in the male of <i>loniceræ</i> is bluer than that of + colour in the male of <i>loniceræ</i> is bluer than that of <i>trifolii</i>. The union of any two or more spots is rarely seen in this species in Britain, but specimens with all the spots joined together have certainly been noted. A yellow form, ab. <i>citrina</i>, Speyer (= - <i>flava</i>, Oberthür), is known on the continent, and Barrett states + <i>flava</i>, Oberthür), is known on the continent, and Barrett states that it has occurred in England. In ab. <i>lutescens</i>, Hewett, the - hind wings are orange. Ab. <i>eboraceæ</i>, Prest, is semi-transparent, + hind wings are orange. Ab. <i>eboraceæ</i>, Prest, is semi-transparent, steel blue; the spots and the hind wings are pink, the border of the hind wings brown, and the fringes of all the wings are whitish.</p> @@ -14918,13 +14878,13 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> last species, but it is plentiful in East Yorkshire, and the range extends to Cumberland and Northumberland.</p> -<h5><b>Six-spot Burnet</b> (<i>Zygæna filipendulæ</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Six-spot Burnet</b> (<i>Zygæna filipendulæ</i>).</h5> <p>This species (Plate <a href="#plate147">147</a>, Figs. 3-5) is the most generally common of our Burnets. Perhaps the most frequent form of variation in the spots of the fore wings is that in which the outer pair run together, and so form a blotch; but union of the middle pair is not - an uncommon occurrence. In ab. <i>cytisi</i>, Hübner, the three pairs of + an uncommon occurrence. In ab. <i>cytisi</i>, Hübner, the three pairs of spots are each united, so that the fore wings have three separate blotches, and when these are of a dull scarlet instead of the usual crimson, ab. <i>ramburi</i>, Lederer, is represented. Occasionally, all @@ -14941,11 +14901,11 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> forms have been noted from various parts of England, but they seem to occur, or have been found, more especially in Cambridge and the north-east corner of Essex. Fig. 7, Plate <a href="#plate148">148</a>, - represents an example of ab. <i>chrysanthemi</i>, Hübner, and is copied - from Oberthür's <i>Etudes d'Entom.</i>, xx., Plate <a + represents an example of ab. <i>chrysanthemi</i>, Hübner, and is copied + from Oberthür's <i>Etudes d'Entom.</i>, xx., Plate <a href="#plate8">8</a>, Fig. 134. A few specimens referable to this form, probably not exceeding half a dozen altogether, have been recorded as - taken in England. In typical <i>filipendulæ</i> the dark blue border of + taken in England. In typical <i>filipendulæ</i> the dark blue border of the hind wings is narrow, but in ab. <i>hippocrepidis</i>, Stephens (<i>tutti</i>, Rebel), the borders are rather broad. Another character of this form is that the nervule upon which the sixth spot is placed is here @@ -14954,10 +14914,10 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> this form in May and June, and also in the Weybridge district, Surrey, in late July; and, it may be added, there was a flourishing colony of <i>Z. trifolii</i> hard by in each locality. For this reason, plus the fact - that <i>trifolii</i> ♂ is known to pair with <i>filipendulæ</i> + that <i>trifolii</i> ♂ is known to pair with <i>filipendulæ</i> ♀, I hold the opinion that <i>hippocrepidis</i> is a hybrid. It may be noted here that hybrids have been raised from the crossing of - <i>filipendulæ</i> and <i>loniceræ</i>; the sexes of <i>loniceræ</i> and + <i>filipendulæ</i> and <i>loniceræ</i>; the sexes of <i>loniceræ</i> and <i>trifolii</i> pair somewhat readily, and the hybrid offspring of such pairings are fertile.</p> @@ -14994,16 +14954,16 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><!-- Page 341 --><span class="pagenum" title="499.png"><a name="page341"></a>{341}</span></p> - <p>It seems, then, that <i>trifolii</i>, <i>loniceræ</i>, and - <i>filipendulæ</i> have not, so far, lost the power of fertile + <p>It seems, then, that <i>trifolii</i>, <i>loniceræ</i>, and + <i>filipendulæ</i> have not, so far, lost the power of fertile cross-pairing. Wherever colonies of two of the kind exist within visiting distance of each other, there, it appears, we may reasonably expect to find hybrids.</p> <p>From a number of cocoons collected in a Yorkshire locality for - <i>loniceræ</i>, I reared, in 1907, a good many examples of that species, + <i>loniceræ</i>, I reared, in 1907, a good many examples of that species, and also about a dozen six-spot specimens, which agree in colour with - <i>filipendulæ</i>, but they have the vein-interrupted sixth spot and + <i>filipendulæ</i>, but they have the vein-interrupted sixth spot and broad border to hind wings, as in <i>hippocrepidis</i>.</p> <p>The caterpillar (Plate <a href="#plate145">145</a>, Fig. 4) is @@ -15018,14 +14978,14 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <!-- Page 342 --><span class="pagenum" title="500.png"><a name="page342"></a>{342}</span></p> -<h5><b>Scarce Forester</b> (<i>Ino</i> (<i>Rhagades</i>) <i>globulariæ</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Scarce Forester</b> (<i>Ino</i> (<i>Rhagades</i>) <i>globulariæ</i>).</h5> <p>Of the three species occurring in Britain this is slightly the larger, at least in the male. The fore wings are green, sometimes with a slightly golden sheen; fringes, greyish. The male is best distinguished from <i>statices</i> by its more slender body, and by the pectinated and - rather pointed antennæ. The female is a good deal smaller than the male; - the antennæ are simple, and somewhat thread-like, compared with those of + rather pointed antennæ. The female is a good deal smaller than the male; + the antennæ are simple, and somewhat thread-like, compared with those of the females of <i>statices</i> and <i>geryon</i>. (Plate <a href="#plate147">147</a>, Figs. 6 ♂, 7 ♀.)</p> @@ -15049,8 +15009,8 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>In its most frequent form in Britain, this species is bronzy green (ab. <i>viridis</i>, Tutt); the typical bluish green type is much less frequent. The female is smaller than the male, but the difference in size - is hardly ever so marked as in the sexes of <i>globulariæ</i>. The - antennæ of the male are pectinated, but the tips are thickened. (Plate <a + is hardly ever so marked as in the sexes of <i>globulariæ</i>. The + antennæ of the male are pectinated, but the tips are thickened. (Plate <a href="#plate147">147</a>, Figs. 8 ♂, 9 ♀.) <!-- Page 343 --><span class="pagenum" title="501.png"><a name="page343"></a>{343}</span></p> @@ -15093,7 +15053,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> class="pagenum" title="502.png"><a name="page344"></a>{344}</span>along the sides; head and plate on first ring of the body black, the latter edged in front with yellowish. It feeds on rock rose (<i>Helianthemum - chamæcistus</i>). At first it attacks the leaf from the upper side, and + chamæcistus</i>). At first it attacks the leaf from the upper side, and partly burrows therein; when older it clears away patches from the under surface, leaving the upper skin of the leaf more or less transparent; as it approaches full growth it likes to take its meals in the sunshine, and @@ -15115,18 +15075,18 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> and Durham (banks on the coast). In Wales, it is sometimes common on Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire.</p> -<h5 class="lg150">COCHLIDIDÆ.</h5> +<h5 class="lg150">COCHLIDIDÆ.</h5> <p>This family of moths mainly comprises tropical species, and is but - poorly represented in the Palæarctic Region. Only two species are + poorly represented in the Palæarctic Region. Only two species are European, and both occur in Britain.</p> - <p>As <i>Cochlidion</i>, Hübner, supersedes <i>Limacodes</i>, Latrielle, - the name of the family so long known as Limacodidæ, will have to <!-- + <p>As <i>Cochlidion</i>, Hübner, supersedes <i>Limacodes</i>, Latrielle, + the name of the family so long known as Limacodidæ, will have to <!-- Page 345 --><span class="pagenum" title="503.png"><a name="page345"></a>{345}</span>be changed to that here adopted. Meyrick, who sinks <i>Limacodes</i> in favour of <i>Apoda</i>, Haworth, uses - Heterogeneidæ as the family name.</p> + Heterogeneidæ as the family name.</p> <h5><b>The Festoon</b> (<i>Cochlidion</i> (<i>Heterogenea</i>) <i>limacodes</i>).</h5> @@ -15160,7 +15120,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> ><a name="page346"></a>{346}</span></p> <p>This species, often referred to as <i>Limacodes testudo</i>, and said - to be the <i>avellana</i> of Linnæus, is an inhabitant of oak woods, and + to be the <i>avellana</i> of Linnæus, is an inhabitant of oak woods, and occurs in Hampshire, Sussex, Kent, Essex, Suffolk, Oxfordshire, Bucks, Gloucestershire, and Worcestershire. A male and two females have been reported from Clonbrock, Co. Galway, Ireland.</p> @@ -15230,7 +15190,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The range abroad extends to Amurland.</p> -<h5 class="lg150">COSSIDÆ.</h5> +<h5 class="lg150">COSSIDÆ.</h5> <div class="figright" style="width:26%;"> <a href="images/fig20.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig20.jpg" @@ -15242,14 +15202,14 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p style="text-align:center">(Photo by Hugh Main.)</p> </div> - <p>Of the eighty-six Palæarctic species referred to this family, by far + <p>Of the eighty-six Palæarctic species referred to this family, by far the larger number are eastern, only about eight appear to be found in Europe, and but three of these occur in Britain.</p> <p>Meyrick separates <i>Cossus cossus</i> (<i>ligniperda</i>) from our other two species, adopts <i>Trypanus</i>, Rambur, as the generic name, and removes it to the Tortricina as a family of that group under the name - Trypanidæ.</p> + Trypanidæ.</p> <h5><b>The Goat Moth</b> (<i>Cossus cossus</i> (<i>ligniperda</i>)).</h5> @@ -15284,8 +15244,8 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>As will be seen from the portraits of this blue-black spotted white species on Plate <a href="#plate153">153</a>, the male (Fig. 6) is smaller than the female (Fig. 7); it will be further noted that the - antennæ of the male are bi-pectinated on the basal half, and thread-like - on the outer half; the antennæ of the female are thread-like + antennæ of the male are bi-pectinated on the basal half, and thread-like + on the outer half; the antennæ of the female are thread-like throughout.</p> <p><a name="plate152"></a></p> @@ -15342,11 +15302,11 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Abroad, the range extends to Corea and Japan. In America it seems to be established in parts of the State of New York.</p> -<h5><b>The Reed Leopard</b> (<i>Phragmatæcia castaneæ</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>The Reed Leopard</b> (<i>Phragmatæcia castaneæ</i>).</h5> <p>A male of this species (<i>Macrogaster arundinis</i> of some authors) is shown on Plate <a href="#plate153">153</a>, Fig. 3. The female is - rather larger, with longer body, and the antennæ are without + rather larger, with longer body, and the antennæ are without pectinations.</p> <p>The wrinkled and rather shining caterpillar is ochreous white with @@ -15370,10 +15330,10 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The range abroad extends to China and Japan.</p> -<h5 class="lg150">SESIIDÆ.</h5> +<h5 class="lg150">SESIIDÆ.</h5> - <p>This family—the Ægeriadæ of some authors—has over one - hundred Palæarctic species assigned to it; these are distributed among + <p>This family—the Ægeriadæ of some authors—has over one + hundred Palæarctic species assigned to it; these are distributed among five genera, two of which are not represented in Britain. Fourteen species are found in the British Isles, but to obtain fine specimens of most of them the mature caterpillars or the chrysalids will have to be @@ -15462,7 +15422,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> moth is on the wing, and may occasionally be seen at rest on leaves or stems of sallow, etc.</p> - <p>The species, known also as <i>bembeciformis</i>, Hübner, is generally + <p>The species, known also as <i>bembeciformis</i>, Hübner, is generally distributed throughout England, Wales, and Ireland; in Scotland its range extends into Perthshire.</p> @@ -15472,7 +15432,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>Clear Underwing</b> (<i>Sciapteron tabaniformis</i>).</h5> <p>This species is the <i>Trochelium vespiforme</i> of some British - authors, and the <i>Ægeria asiliformis</i> of Stephens and others.</p> + authors, and the <i>Ægeria asiliformis</i> of Stephens and others.</p> <p>Another English name for it is the Dusky Clearwing, and this refers to the cloudy fore wings. <!-- Page 352 --><span class="pagenum" title="516.png" @@ -15493,7 +15453,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>The caterpillar lives under the bark of poplar trunks, and the moth flies in June and July.</p> -<h5><b>Welsh Clearwing</b> (<i>Sesia scoliæformis</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Welsh Clearwing</b> (<i>Sesia scoliæformis</i>).</h5> <p>As a British species this insect was first noted from Llangollen, in North Wales, somewhere about fifty years ago. In 1867 it was found to @@ -15536,7 +15496,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> on sunny mornings at rest on alder leaves, or flying over and around the bushes.</p> -<h5><b>Orange-tailed Clearwing</b> (<i>Sesia andrenæformis</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Orange-tailed Clearwing</b> (<i>Sesia andrenæformis</i>).</h5> <p>Although known to be a British species since 1829, when a specimen was taken in a wood near Greenhithe, Kent, this insect continued to be very @@ -15607,7 +15567,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>This species (Plate <a href="#plate155">155</a>, Fig. 1), known also as <i>asiliformis</i>, Rottemburg (1775), and <i>cynipiformis</i>, Esper (1782), is now held to be correctly referred to <i>vespiformis</i>, - Linnæus (1761). The crossbar of the fore wings is orange red in both + Linnæus (1761). The crossbar of the fore wings is orange red in both sexes; the body of the male has two more or less united yellow spots at the junction with the thorax, four yellow belts, and the tail tuft is black above, mixed with yellow below; in the female the body belts are @@ -15627,7 +15587,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Essex (Epping), Suffolk, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Leicestershire, Staffordshire, and Yorkshire (Doncaster).</p> -<h5><b>Red-belted Clearwing</b> (<i>Sesia myopæformis</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Red-belted Clearwing</b> (<i>Sesia myopæformis</i>).</h5> <p>One example of each sex is shown on Plate <a href="#plate155">155</a>, where Fig. 2 represents the male and Fig. 3 the female; both have a @@ -15707,7 +15667,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> north, as it is found in Scotland (Clydesdale, Perthshire, and Aberdeen). The Irish localities are Killarney, Ballinasloe, and Derry.</p> -<h5><b>Red-tipped Clearwing</b> (<i>Sesia formicæformis</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Red-tipped Clearwing</b> (<i>Sesia formicæformis</i>).</h5> <p>This is another red-belted species, but it differs from either of the two immediately preceding in having the fore wings tipped with red. @@ -15754,7 +15714,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> in South Wales. <!-- Page 359 --><span class="pagenum" title="525.png"><a name="page359"></a>{359}</span></p> -<h5><b>Thrift Clearwing</b> (<i>Sesia muscæformis</i>).</h5> +<h5><b>Thrift Clearwing</b> (<i>Sesia muscæformis</i>).</h5> <p>This is our smallest species of the genus, and it is further distinguished by narrow clear spaces on the blackish, or bronzy, fore @@ -15780,7 +15740,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> body has two pale-yellow belts, but in the male the lower one is often double. As a rule, the body of the female is stouter than that of the male, but the bodies of some males appear quite as thick as those of the - females, and the true sex is only disclosed by the ciliated antennæ, + females, and the true sex is only disclosed by the ciliated antennæ, which is a character of the male alone.</p> <p>The caterpillar feeds on the roots of dock and sorrel, and it is full @@ -15797,9 +15757,9 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> Eastbourne, Sussex (1874), and from the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire (1902).</p> -<h5 class="lg150"><b>HEPIALIDÆ.</b></h5> +<h5 class="lg150"><b>HEPIALIDÆ.</b></h5> - <p>Of the twenty-two Palæarctic species belonging to this family, nine + <p>Of the twenty-two Palæarctic species belonging to this family, nine appear to occur in Europe, and the range of five of these extends to the British Isles.</p> @@ -15899,7 +15859,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <h5><b>Map-winged Swift</b> (<i>Hepialus fusconebulosa</i>).</h5> - <p>At one time this species (the <i>velleda</i> of Hübner) was known as + <p>At one time this species (the <i>velleda</i> of Hübner) was known as the "Northern Swift," but as it is plentiful in North Devonshire and Somersetshire, and occurs less commonly in other southern English counties, that name is hardly suitable. Haworth's English name for @@ -16020,7 +15980,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p class="i2"><i>subsericeata</i>, <a href="#page117">117</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate45">45</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>trigeminata</i>, <a href="#page122">122</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate46">46</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>virgularia</i>, <a href="#page112">112</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate45">45</a></p> - <p>Acidaliinæ, <a href="#page109">109</a></p> + <p>Acidaliinæ, <a href="#page109">109</a></p> <p><i>Acontia lucida</i>, var. <i>albicollis</i>, <a href="#page53">53</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate19">19</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>luctuosa</i>, <a href="#page54">54</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate19">19</a>, <a href="#plate23">23</a></p> <p><i>Adscita geryon</i>, <a href="#page343">343</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate147">147</a>;</p> @@ -16045,7 +16005,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Angle-barred Pug, <a href="#page246">246</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate98">98</a></p> <p>Angle-striped Sallow, <a href="#page5">5</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate4">4</a></p> <p><i>Ania emarginata</i>, <a href="#page133">133</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate50">50</a></p> - <p><i>Anisopteryx æscularia</i>, <a href="#page294">294</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate122">122</a>, <a href="#plate125">125</a></p> + <p><i>Anisopteryx æscularia</i>, <a href="#page294">294</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate122">122</a>, <a href="#plate125">125</a></p> <p>Annulet, <a href="#page319">319</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate139">139</a>, <a href="#plate140">140</a></p> <p><i>Anticlea badiata</i>, <a href="#page217">217</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate88">88</a>, <a href="#plate89">89</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>berberata</i>, <a href="#page218">218</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate88">88</a>;</p> @@ -16108,7 +16068,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p class="i2"><i>gemmaria</i>, <a href="#page305">305</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate130">130</a>, <a href="#plate131">131</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>repandata</i>, <a href="#page307">307</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate131">131</a>, <a href="#plate132">132</a>, <a href="#plate134">134</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>roboraria</i>, <a href="#page308">308</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate135">135</a></p> - <p>Boarmiinæ, <a href="#page259">259</a></p> + <p>Boarmiinæ, <a href="#page259">259</a></p> <p><i>Bomolocha fontis</i>, <a href="#page92">92</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate35">35</a>, <a href="#plate37">37</a></p> <p>Bordered Beauty, <a href="#page284">284</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate119">119</a>, <a href="#plate121">121</a></p> <p>Bordered Grey, <a href="#page325">325</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate142">142</a>, <a href="#plate143">143</a></p> @@ -16116,7 +16076,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Bordered Sallow, <a href="#page47">47</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate17">17</a>, <a href="#plate20">20</a></p> <p>Bordered Straw, <a href="#page50">50</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate19">19</a>, <a href="#plate20">20</a></p> <p>Bordered White, <a href="#page325">325</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate140">140</a>, <a href="#plate141">141</a></p> - <p>Brephidæ, <a href="#page97">97</a></p> + <p>Brephidæ, <a href="#page97">97</a></p> <p><i>Brephos notha</i>, <a href="#page98">98</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate38">38</a>, <a href="#plate39">39</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>parthenias</i>, <a href="#page97">97</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate38">38</a>, <a href="#plate39">39</a></p> <p>Brick, <a href="#page14">14</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate5">5</a>, <a href="#plate7">7</a></p> @@ -16197,7 +16157,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Clouded Border, <a href="#page262">262</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate105">105</a>, <a href="#plate107">107</a></p> <p>Clouded Magpie, <a href="#page259">259</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate101">101</a>, <a href="#plate103">103</a>, <a href="#plate104">104</a></p> <p>Clouded Silver, <a href="#page266">266</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate107">107</a></p> - <p>Cochlididæ, <a href="#page344">344</a></p> + <p>Cochlididæ, <a href="#page344">344</a></p> <p><i>Cochlidion limacodes</i>, <a href="#page345">345</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate149">149</a>, <a href="#plate153">153</a></p> <p><i>Cœnocalpe tersata</i>, <a href="#page257">257</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate102">102</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>vitalbata</i>, <a href="#page256">256</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate102">102</a>;</p> @@ -16220,19 +16180,19 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p class="i2"><i>quadrifasciaria</i>, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate72">72</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>unidentaria</i>, <a href="#page181">181</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate75">75</a></p> <p><i>Cosmia paleacea</i>, <a href="#page5">5</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate4">4</a></p> - <p>Cossidæ, <a href="#page347">347</a></p> + <p>Cossidæ, <a href="#page347">347</a></p> <p><i>Cossus cossus</i> (<i>ligniperda</i>), <a href="#page347">347</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate150">150</a>, <a href="#plate151">151</a></p> <p><i>Craspedia</i>. See <i>Acidalia</i>.</p> <p>Cream Wave, <a href="#page124">124</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate49">49</a></p> <p><i>Crocallis elinguaria</i>, <a href="#page280">280</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate114">114</a>, <a href="#plate116">116</a></p> <p><i>Cucullia abrotani</i>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate16">16</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>absinthii</i>, <a href="#page42">42</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate16">16</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>artemisiæ</i>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate16">16</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>artemisiæ</i>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate16">16</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>asteris</i>, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate15">15</a>, <a href="#plate18">18</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>chamomillæ</i>, <a href="#page40">40</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate16">16</a>, <a href="#plate18">18</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>chamomillæ</i>, <a href="#page40">40</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate16">16</a>, <a href="#plate18">18</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>gnaphalii</i>, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate13">13</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>lychnitis</i>, <a href="#page38">38</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate15">15</a>, <a href="#plate18">18</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>scrophulariæ</i>, <a href="#page37">37</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate15">15</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>scrophulariæ</i>, <a href="#page37">37</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate15">15</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>umbratica</i>, <a href="#page40">40</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate16">16</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>verbasci</i>, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate15">15</a>, <a href="#plate18">18</a></p> <p>Cudweed Shark, <a href="#page41">41</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate13">13</a></p> @@ -16287,7 +16247,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p class="i2"><i>erosaria</i>, <a href="#page273">273</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate134">134</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>fuscantaria</i>, <a href="#page273">273</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate110">110</a>, <a href="#plate111">111</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>quercinaria</i>, <a href="#page271">271</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate109">109</a>, <a href="#plate111">111</a>, <a href="#plate113">113</a></p> - <p><i>Entephria cæsiata</i>, <a href="#page191">191</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate80">80</a></p> + <p><i>Entephria cæsiata</i>, <a href="#page191">191</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate80">80</a></p> <p><i>Ephyra annulata</i>, <a href="#page138">138</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate51">51</a>, <a href="#plate53">53</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>linearia</i>, <a href="#page137">137</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate53">53</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>orbicularia</i>, <a href="#page139">139</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate51">51</a>, <a href="#plate53">53</a>;</p> @@ -16297,7 +16257,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><i>Epione advenaria</i>, <a href="#page285">285</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate119">119</a>, <a href="#plate121">121</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>apiciaria</i>, <a href="#page284">284</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate119">119</a>, <a href="#plate121">121</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>parallelaria</i>, <a href="#page284">284</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate119">119</a>, <a href="#plate121">121</a></p> - <p><i>Epirrhoë</i>. See <i>Xanthorhoë</i></p> + <p><i>Epirrhoë</i>. See <i>Xanthorhoë</i></p> <p><i>Epirrita</i>. See <i>Oporabia</i></p> <p><i>Erastria argentula</i>, <a href="#page57">57</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate21">21</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>fasciana</i>, <a href="#page57">57</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate21">21</a>;</p> @@ -16346,7 +16306,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p class="i2"><i>pulchellata</i>, <a href="#page223">223</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate93">93</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>pumilata</i>, <a href="#page250">250</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate99">99</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>pusillata</i>, <a href="#page225">225</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate93">93</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>pygmæata</i>, <a href="#page244">244</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate98">98</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>pygmæata</i>, <a href="#page244">244</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate98">98</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>satyrata</i>, <a href="#page239">239</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate96">96</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>scabiosata</i>, <a href="#page242">242</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate97">97</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>sobrinata</i>, <a href="#page249">249</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate99">99</a>;</p> @@ -16389,8 +16349,8 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Gem, <a href="#page258">258</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate102">102</a></p> <p><i>Geometra papilionaria</i>, <a href="#page102">102</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate40">40</a>, <a href="#plate42">42</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>vernaria</i>, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate40">40</a>, <a href="#plate44">44</a></p> - <p>Geometridæ, <a href="#page99">99</a></p> - <p>Geometrinæ, <a href="#page101">101</a></p> + <p>Geometridæ, <a href="#page99">99</a></p> + <p>Geometrinæ, <a href="#page101">101</a></p> <p>Ghost Moth, <a href="#page360">360</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate157">157</a>, <a href="#plate159">159</a></p> <p><i>Gnophos obscurata</i>, <a href="#page319">319</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate139">139</a>, <a href="#plate140">140</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>myrtillata</i>, <a href="#page320">320</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate139">139</a></p> @@ -16433,7 +16393,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p class="i2"><i>scutosa</i>, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate19">19</a></p> <p><i>Hemerophila abruptaria</i>, <a href="#page303">303</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate130">130</a>, <a href="#plate133">133</a>, <a href="#plate134">134</a></p> <p><i>Hemithea strigata</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate41">41</a>, <a href="#plate43">43</a></p> - <p>Hepialidæ, <a href="#page360">360</a></p> + <p>Hepialidæ, <a href="#page360">360</a></p> <p><i>Hepialus fusconebulosa</i>, <a href="#page362">362</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate158">158</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>hecta</i>, <a href="#page363">363</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate158">158</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>humuli</i>, <a href="#page360">360</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate157">157</a>, <a href="#plate159">159</a>;</p> @@ -16452,7 +16412,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Horse Chestnut, <a href="#page318">318</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate137">137</a>, <a href="#plate140">140</a></p> <p><i>Hybernia aurantiaria</i>, <a href="#page291">291</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate120">120</a>, <a href="#plate125">125</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>defoliaria</i>, <a href="#page293">293</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate122">122</a>, <a href="#plate125">125</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>leucophæaria</i>, <a href="#page290">290</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate120">120</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>leucophæaria</i>, <a href="#page290">290</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate120">120</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>marginaria</i>, <a href="#page292">292</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate120">120</a>, <a href="#plate125">125</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>rupicapraria</i>, <a href="#page289">289</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate120">120</a></p> <p><i>Hydrelia uncula</i>, <a href="#page58">58</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate21">21</a></p> @@ -16460,22 +16420,22 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p class="i2"><i>furcata</i>, <a href="#page213">213</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate86">86</a>, <a href="#plate87">87</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>impluviata</i>, <a href="#page214">214</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate86">86</a>, <a href="#plate87">87</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>ruberata</i>, <a href="#page215">215</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate86">86</a></p> - <p>Hydriomenidæ, <a href="#page141">141</a></p> + <p>Hydriomenidæ, <a href="#page141">141</a></p> <p><i>Hygrochroa syringaria</i>, <a href="#page277">277</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate112">112</a>, <a href="#plate115">115</a></p> <p><i>Hylaea prosapiaria</i>, <a href="#page269">269</a>. <i>Plates</i>, <a href="#plate106">106</a>, <a href="#plate108">108</a></p> <p><i>Hypena obsitalis</i>, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate36">36</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>proboscidalis</i>, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate35">35</a>, <a href="#plate37">37</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>rostralis</i>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate35">35</a>, <a href="#plate37">37</a></p> - <p>Hypeninæ, <a href="#page85">85</a></p> + <p>Hypeninæ, <a href="#page85">85</a></p> <p><i>Hypenodes albistrigalis</i>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate36">36</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>costæstrigalis</i>, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate36">36</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>tænialis</i>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate36">36</a></p> + <p class="i2"><i>costæstrigalis</i>, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate36">36</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>tænialis</i>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate36">36</a></p> <p><i>Hyria muricata</i>, <a href="#page109">109</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate45">45</a></p> </div> <div class="stanza"> <p><i>Ino geryon</i>, <a href="#page343">343</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate147">147</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>globulariæ</i>, <a href="#page342">342</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate147">147</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>globulariæ</i>, <a href="#page342">342</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate147">147</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>statices</i>, <a href="#page342">342</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate145">145</a>, <a href="#plate147">147</a></p> <p><i>Iodis lactearia</i>, <a href="#page107">107</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate43">43</a>, <a href="#plate44">44</a></p> <p>Isle of Wight Wave, <a href="#page115">115</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate45">45</a></p> @@ -16566,7 +16526,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><i>Melantha procellata</i>, <a href="#page204">204</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate82">82</a></p> <p><i>Mellinia gilvago</i>, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate10">10</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>ocellaris</i>, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate10">10</a></p> - <p><i>Mesogona acetosellæ</i>, <a href="#page9">9</a></p> + <p><i>Mesogona acetosellæ</i>, <a href="#page9">9</a></p> <p><i>Mesoleuca albicillata</i>, <a href="#page202">202</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate76">76</a>, <a href="#plate82">82</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>bicolorata</i>, <a href="#page204">204</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate82">82</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>ocellata</i>, <a href="#page203">203</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate82">82</a></p> @@ -16662,7 +16622,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p class="i2"><i>bifasciata</i>, <a href="#page208">208</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate83">83</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>flavofasciata</i>, <a href="#page207">207</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate85">85</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>minorata</i>, <a href="#page209">209</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate83">83</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>tæniata</i>, <a href="#page211">211</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate85">85</a></p> + <p class="i2"><i>tæniata</i>, <a href="#page211">211</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate85">85</a></p> <p><i>Phasiane petraria</i>, <a href="#page327">327</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate143">143</a></p> <p><i>Phibalapteryx lapidata</i>, <a href="#page255">255</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate102">102</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>polygrammata</i>, <a href="#page256">256</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate102">102</a>;</p> @@ -16671,7 +16631,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><i>Phigalia pedaria</i>, <a href="#page295">295</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate122">122</a>, <a href="#plate126">126</a></p> <p><i>Philereme.</i> See <i>Scotosia</i>.</p> <p>Phœnix, <a href="#page164">164</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate63">63</a>, <a href="#plate67">67</a></p> - <p><i>Phragmatæcia castaneæ</i>, <a href="#page349">349</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate153">153</a></p> + <p><i>Phragmatæcia castaneæ</i>, <a href="#page349">349</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate153">153</a></p> <p>Pimpinel Pug, <a href="#page228">228</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate95">95</a></p> <p>Pine Carpet, <a href="#page176">176</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate70">70</a>, <a href="#plate71">71</a></p> <p>Pinion-spotted Pug, <a href="#page226">226</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate96">96</a></p> @@ -16685,7 +16645,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><i>Plusia bractea</i>, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate24">24</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>chrysitis</i>, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate22">22</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>chryson</i>, <a href="#page66">66</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate24">24</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>festucæ</i>, <a href="#page68">68</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate24">24</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>festucæ</i>, <a href="#page68">68</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate24">24</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>gamma</i>, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate26">26</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>interrogationis</i>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate26">26</a>, <a href="#plate28">28</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>iota</i>, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate24">24</a>;</p> @@ -16722,7 +16682,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Red Underwing, <a href="#page80">80</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate31">31</a>, <a href="#plate33">33</a></p> <p>Reed Leopard, <a href="#page349">349</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate153">153</a></p> <p>Rest Harrow Moth, <a href="#page101">101</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate38">38</a></p> - <p><i>Rhagades globulariæ</i>, <a href="#page342">342</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate147">147</a></p> + <p><i>Rhagades globulariæ</i>, <a href="#page342">342</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate147">147</a></p> <p>Riband Wave, <a href="#page120">120</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate46">46</a>, <a href="#plate47">47</a></p> <p>Ringed Carpet, <a href="#page304">304</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate130">130</a></p> <p><i>Rivula sericealis</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate21">21</a>, <a href="#plate23">23</a></p> @@ -16731,7 +16691,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p>Rosy Wave, <a href="#page128">128</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate49">49</a></p> <p>Royal Mantle, <a href="#page216">216</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate88">88</a></p> <p>Ruddy High-flyer, <a href="#page215">215</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate86">86</a></p> - <p><i>Rumia cratægata</i>, <a href="#page283">283</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate117">117</a></p> + <p><i>Rumia cratægata</i>, <a href="#page283">283</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate117">117</a></p> <p>Rusty Wave, <a href="#page111">111</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate45">45</a></p> </div> @@ -16774,18 +16734,18 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p class="i2"><i>notata</i>, <a href="#page287">287</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate119">119</a></p> <p>September Thorn, <a href="#page273">273</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate134">134</a></p> <p>Seraphim, <a href="#page155">155</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate57">57</a></p> - <p><i>Sesia andrenæformis</i>, <a href="#page353">353</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate1">1</a>, <a href="#plate156">156</a>;</p> + <p><i>Sesia andrenæformis</i>, <a href="#page353">353</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate1">1</a>, <a href="#plate156">156</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>chrysidiformis</i>, <a href="#page359">359</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate155">155</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>culiciformis</i>, <a href="#page357">357</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate155">155</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>formiciformis</i>, <a href="#page357">357</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate155">155</a>, <a href="#plate156">156</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>ichneumoniformis</i>, <a href="#page358">358</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate155">155</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>muscæformis</i>, <a href="#page359">359</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate155">155</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>myopæformis</i>, <a href="#page356">356</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate155">155</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>scoliæformis</i>, <a href="#page352">352</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate154">154</a>, <a href="#plate156">156</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>muscæformis</i>, <a href="#page359">359</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate155">155</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>myopæformis</i>, <a href="#page356">356</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate155">155</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>scoliæformis</i>, <a href="#page352">352</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate154">154</a>, <a href="#plate156">156</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>spheciformis</i>, <a href="#page353">353</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate154">154</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>tipuliformis</i>, <a href="#page354">354</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate154">154</a>, <a href="#plate156">156</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>vespiformis</i>, <a href="#page355">355</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate155">155</a></p> - <p>Sesiidæ, <a href="#page350">350</a></p> + <p>Sesiidæ, <a href="#page350">350</a></p> <p>Shaded Broad-bar, <a href="#page144">144</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate52">52</a>, <a href="#plate54">54</a></p> <p>Shaded Pug, <a href="#page242">242</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate97">97</a></p> <p>Shark, <a href="#page40">40</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate16">16</a></p> @@ -16876,7 +16836,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p><i>Timandra amata</i>, <a href="#page134">134</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate50">50</a></p> <p>Tissue, <a href="#page158">158</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate60">60</a>, <a href="#plate62">62</a></p> <p>Toadflax Pug, <a href="#page224">224</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate93">93</a></p> - <p><i>Toxocampa craccæ</i>, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate32">32</a>;</p> + <p><i>Toxocampa craccæ</i>, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate32">32</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>pastinum</i>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate32">32</a></p> <p>Transparent Burnet, <a href="#page334">334</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate145">145</a>, <a href="#plate146">146</a></p> <p>Treble-bar, <a href="#page149">149</a>. <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate55">55</a></p> @@ -16929,7 +16889,7 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p class="i2"><i>lutea</i>, <a href="#page19">19</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate6">6</a>, <a href="#plate10">10</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>ocellaris</i>, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate10">10</a></p> <p><i>Xantholeuca croceago</i>, <a href="#page22">22</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate6">6</a>, <a href="#plate10">10</a></p> - <p><i>Xanthorhoë fluctuata</i>, <a href="#page194">194</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate61">61</a>, <a href="#plate80">80</a>;</p> + <p><i>Xanthorhoë fluctuata</i>, <a href="#page194">194</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate61">61</a>, <a href="#plate80">80</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>galiata</i>, <a href="#page195">195</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate79">79</a>, <a href="#plate81">81</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>montanata</i>, <a href="#page193">193</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate80">80</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>picata</i>, <a href="#page200">200</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate82">82</a>;</p> @@ -16955,14 +16915,14 @@ CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS</h5> <p class="i2"><i>grisealis</i>, <a href="#page88">88</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate34">34</a>, <a href="#plate35">35</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>tarsipennalis</i>, <a href="#page87">87</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate34">34</a>, <a href="#plate35">35</a></p> <p><i>Zeuzera pyrina</i>, <a href="#page348">348</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate152">152</a>, <a href="#plate153">153</a></p> - <p><i>Zygæna achilleæ</i>, <a href="#page335">335</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate1">1</a>;</p> + <p><i>Zygæna achilleæ</i>, <a href="#page335">335</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate1">1</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>exulans</i>, <a href="#page335">335</a>, <i>Plate</i> <a href="#plate146">146</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>filipendulæ</i>, <a href="#page340">340</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate145">145</a>, <a href="#plate147">147</a>, <a href="#plate148">148</a>;</p> - <p class="i2"><i>loniceræ</i>, <a href="#page339">339</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate145">145</a>, <a href="#plate147">147</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>filipendulæ</i>, <a href="#page340">340</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate145">145</a>, <a href="#plate147">147</a>, <a href="#plate148">148</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>loniceræ</i>, <a href="#page339">339</a>. <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate145">145</a>, <a href="#plate147">147</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>meliloti</i>, <a href="#page336">336</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate146">146</a>, <a href="#plate148">148</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>purpuralis</i>, <a href="#page334">334</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate145">145</a>, <a href="#plate146">146</a>;</p> <p class="i2"><i>trifolii</i>, <a href="#page337">337</a>, <i>Plates</i> <a href="#plate145">145</a>, <a href="#plate146">146</a>, <a href="#plate148">148</a></p> - <p>Zygænidæ, <a href="#page333">333</a></p> + <p>Zygænidæ, <a href="#page333">333</a></p> </div> </div> @@ -17012,383 +16972,6 @@ and numerous Black and White Drawings.</h5> <span class="sc">London</span>: 15, Bedford Street, Strand.<br /> <span class="sc">New York</span>: 36, East 22nd Street.</h5> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Moths of the British Isles, Second -Series, by Richard South - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOTHS--BRITISH ISLES, 2ND SERIES *** - -***** This file should be named 41920-h.htm or 41920-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/9/2/41920/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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