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diff --git a/41923-h/41923-h.html b/41923-h/41923-h.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..382f00f --- /dev/null +++ b/41923-h/41923-h.html @@ -0,0 +1,59941 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> +<head> + <meta name="generator" content= + "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 25 March 2009), see www.w3.org" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> + <meta name="DC.Creator" content="James George Frazer" /> + <meta name="DC.Title" content= + "The Golden Bough (Third Edition, Vol. 6 of 12)" /> + <meta name="DC.Date" content="January 26, 2013" /> + <meta name="DC.Language" content="English" /> + <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Project Gutenberg" /> + <meta name="DC.Identifier" content= + "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/41923" /> + <meta name="DC.Rights" content="This text is in the public domain." /> + + <title>The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Golden Bough (Third Edition, Vol. + 6 of 12) by James George Frazer</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[*/ + /* + The Gnutenberg Press - default CSS2 stylesheet + + Any generated element will have a class "tei" and a class "tei-elem" + where elem is the element name in TEI. + The order of statements is important !!! 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use + it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p> + </div> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +Title: The Golden Bough (Third Edition, Vol. 6 of 12) + +Author: James George Frazer + +Release Date: January 26, 2013 [Ebook #41923] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GOLDEN BOUGH (THIRD EDITION, VOL. 6 OF 12)*** +</pre> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"></div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">The Golden Bough</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">A Study in Magic and Religion</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">By</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">James George Frazer, D.C.L., LL.D., + Litt.D.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fellow of Trinity + College, Cambridge</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Professor of Social + Anthropology in the University of Liverpool</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Vol. VI. of XII.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Part IV: Adonis Attis Osiris.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Vol. 2 of 2.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">New York and London</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">MacMillan and Co.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1911</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"> + <li><a href="#toc1">Chapter I. The Myth Of Osiris.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc3">Chapter II. The Official Egyptian + Calendar.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc5">Chapter III. The Calendar of the Egyptian + Farmer.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc7">§ 1. The Rise and Fall + of the Nile.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc9">§ 2. Rites of + Irrigation.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc11">§ 3. Rites of + Sowing.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc13">§ 4. Rites of + Harvest.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc15">Chapter IV. The Official Festivals of + Osiris.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc17">§ 1. The Festival at + Sais.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc19">§ 2. Feasts of All + Souls.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc21">§ 3. The Festival in + the Month of Athyr.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc23">§ 4. The Festival in + the Month of Khoiak.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc25">§ 5. The Resurrection + of Osiris.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc27">§ 6. Readjustment of + Egyptian Festivals.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc29">Chapter V. The Nature of Osiris.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc31">§ 1. Osiris a + Corn-God.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc33">§ 2. Osiris a + Tree-Spirit.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc35">§ 3. Osiris a God of + Fertility.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc37">§ 4. Osiris a God of + the Dead.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc39">Chapter VI. Isis.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc41">Chapter VII. Osiris and the Sun.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc43">Chapter VIII. Osiris and the Moon.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc45">Chapter IX. The Doctrine of Lunar + Sympathy.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc47">Chapter X. The King As Osiris.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc49">Chapter XI. The Origin of Osiris.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc51">Chapter XII. Mother-Kin And Mother + Goddesses.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc53">§ 1. Dying Gods and + Mourning Goddesses.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc55">§ 2. Influence of + Mother-Kin on Religion.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc57">§ 3. Mother-Kin and + Mother Goddesses in the Ancient East.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc59">Notes.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc61">I. Moloch The + King.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc63">II. The Widowed + Flamen.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc65">§ 1. The Pollution of + Death.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc67">§ 2. The Marriage of + the Roman Gods.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc69">§ 3. Children of + Living Parents in Ritual.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc71">III. A Charm To + Protect a Town.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc73">IV. Some Customs Of + The Pelew Islanders.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc75">§ 1. Priests dressed + as Women.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc77">§ 2. Prostitution of + Unmarried Girls.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc79">§ 3. Custom of + slaying Chiefs.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc81">Index.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc83">Footnotes</a></li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-body" style= + "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 40%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cover Art" /></div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[Transcriber's + Note: The above cover image was produced by the submitter at + Distributed Proofreaders, and is being placed into the public + domain.]</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span><a name= + "Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> <a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter I. The Myth Of + Osiris.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Osiris the Egyptian counterpart of + Adonis and Attis.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In ancient Egypt + the god whose death and resurrection were annually celebrated with + alternate sorrow and joy was Osiris, the most popular of all Egyptian + deities; and there are good grounds for classing him in one of his + aspects with Adonis and Attis as a personification of the great + yearly vicissitudes of nature, especially of the corn. But the + immense vogue which he enjoyed for many ages induced his devoted + worshippers to heap upon him the attributes and powers of many other + gods; so that it is not always easy to strip him, so to say, of his + borrowed plumes and to restore them to their proper owners. In the + following pages I do not pretend to enumerate and analyse all the + alien elements which thus gathered round the popular deity. All that + I shall attempt to do is to peel off these accretions and to exhibit + the god, as far as possible, in his primitive simplicity. The + discoveries of recent years in Egypt enable us to do so with more + confidence now than when I first addressed myself to the problem many + years ago.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The myth of Osiris. The Pyramid + Texts.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The story of + Osiris is told in a connected form only by Plutarch, whose narrative + has been confirmed and to some extent amplified in modern times by + the evidence of the monuments.<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" + href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> Of the + monuments which illustrate <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg + 004]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + myth or legend of Osiris the oldest are a long series of hymns, + prayers, incantations, and liturgies, which have been found engraved + in hieroglyphics on the walls, passages, and galleries of five + pyramids at Sakkara. From the place where they were discovered these + ancient religious records are known as the Pyramid Texts. They date + from the fifth and sixth dynasties, and the period of time during + which they were carved on the pyramids is believed to have been + roughly a hundred and fifty years from about the year 2625 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> onward. But from their + contents it appears that many of these documents were drawn up much + earlier; for in some of them there are references to works which have + perished, and in others there are political allusions which seem to + show that the passages containing them must have been composed at a + time when the Northern and Southern Kingdoms were still independent + and hostile states and had not yet coalesced into a single realm + under the sway of one powerful monarch. As the union of the kingdoms + appears to have taken place about three thousand four hundred years + before our era, the whole period covered by the composition of the + Pyramid Texts probably did not fall short of a thousand years. Thus + the documents form the oldest body of religious literature surviving + to us from the ancient world, and occupy a place in the history of + Egyptian language and civilization like that which the Vedic hymns + and incantations occupy in the history of Aryan speech and + culture.<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href= + "#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Pyramid Texts intended to ensure + the blissful immortality of Egyptian kings.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The special + purpose for which these texts were engraved on the pyramids was to + ensure the eternal life and felicity of the dead kings who slept + beneath these colossal monuments. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page005">[pg 005]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Hence the dominant note that sounds through + them all is an insistent, a passionate protest against the reality of + death: indeed the word death never occurs in the Pyramid Texts except + to be scornfully denied or to be applied to an enemy. Again and again + the indomitable assurance is repeated that the dead man did not die + but lives. <span class="tei tei-q">“King Teti has not died the death, + he has become a glorious one in the horizon.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ho! King Unis! Thou didst not depart dead, thou didst + depart living.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou hast departed + that thou mightest live, thou hast not departed that thou mightest + die.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou diest not.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“This King Pepi dies not.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Have ye said that he would die? He dies not; + this King Pepi lives for ever.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Live! + Thou shalt not die.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou livest, + thou livest, raise thee up.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou + diest not, stand up, raise thee up.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“O lofty one among the Imperishable Stars, thou perishest + not eternally.”</span><a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href= + "#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> Thus for + Egyptian kings death was swallowed up in victory; and through their + tears Egyptian mourners might ask, like Christian mourners thousands + of years afterwards, <span class="tei tei-q">“O death, where is thy + sting? O grave, where is thy victory?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The story of Osiris in the Pyramid + Texts.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now it is + significant that in these ancient documents, though the myth or + legend of Osiris is not set forth at length, it is often alluded to + as if it were a matter of common knowledge. Hence we may legitimately + infer the great antiquity of the Osirian tradition in Egypt. Indeed + so numerous are the allusions to it in the Pyramid Texts that by + their help we could reconstruct the story in its main outlines even + without the narrative of Plutarch.<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" + href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> Thus the + discovery of these texts has confirmed our belief in the accuracy and + fidelity of the Greek writer, and we may accept his account with + confidence even when it records incidents or details which have not + yet been verified by a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg + 006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + comparison with original Egyptian sources. The tragic tale runs + thus:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Osiris a son of the earth-god and + the sky-goddess.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Osiris was the + offspring of an intrigue between the earth-god Seb (Keb or Geb, as + the name is sometimes transliterated) and the sky-goddess Nut. The + Greeks identified his parents with their own deities Cronus and Rhea. + When the sun-god Ra perceived that his wife Nut had been unfaithful + to him, he declared with a curse that she should be delivered of the + child in no month and no year. But the goddess had another lover, the + god Thoth or Hermes, as the Greeks called him, and he playing at + draughts with the moon won from her a seventy-second part<a id= + "noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> of every + day, and having compounded five whole days out of these parts he + added them to the Egyptian year of three hundred and sixty days. This + was the mythical origin of the five supplementary days which the + Egyptians annually inserted at the end of every year in order to + establish a harmony between lunar and solar time.<a id="noteref_6" + name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> On these + five days, regarded as outside the year of twelve months, the curse + of the sun-god did not rest, and accordingly Osiris was born on the + first of them. At his nativity a voice rang out proclaiming that the + Lord of All had come into the world. Some say that a certain Pamyles + heard a voice from the temple at Thebes bidding him announce with a + shout that a great king, the beneficent Osiris, was born. But Osiris + was not the only child of his mother. On the second of the + supplementary days she gave birth to the elder Horus, on the third to + the god Set, whom the Greeks called Typhon, on the fourth to the + goddess Isis, and on the fifth to the goddess Nephthys.<a id= + "noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" + id="Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Afterwards Set married his + sister Nephthys, and Osiris married his sister Isis.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Osiris introduces the cultivation of + corn and of the vine. His violent death. Isis searches for his + body.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Reigning as a king + on earth, Osiris reclaimed the Egyptians from savagery, gave them + laws, and taught them to worship the gods. Before his time the + Egyptians had been cannibals. But Isis, the sister and wife of + Osiris, discovered wheat and barley growing wild, and Osiris + introduced the cultivation of these grains amongst his people, who + forthwith abandoned cannibalism and took kindly to a corn diet. + Moreover, Osiris is said to have been the first to gather fruit from + trees, to train the vine to poles, and to tread the grapes. Eager to + communicate these beneficent discoveries to all mankind, he committed + the whole government of Egypt to his wife Isis, and travelled over + the world, diffusing the blessings of civilization and agriculture + wherever he went. In countries where a harsh climate or niggardly + soil forbade the cultivation of the vine, he taught the inhabitants + to console themselves for the want of wine by brewing beer from + barley. Loaded with the wealth that had been showered upon him by + grateful nations, he returned to Egypt, and on account of the + benefits he had conferred on mankind he was unanimously hailed and + worshipped as a deity.<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href= + "#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> But his + brother Set (whom the Greeks called Typhon) with seventy-two others + plotted against him. Having taken the measure of his good brother's + body by stealth, the bad brother Typhon fashioned and highly + decorated a coffer of the same size, and once when they were all + drinking and making merry he brought in the coffer and jestingly + promised to give it to the one whom it should fit exactly. Well, they + all tried one after the other, but it fitted none of them. Last of + all Osiris stepped into it and lay down. On that the conspirators ran + and slammed the lid down on him, nailed it fast, soldered it with + molten lead, and flung the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg + 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + coffer into the Nile. This happened on the seventeenth day of the + month Athyr, when the sun is in the sign of the Scorpion, and in the + eight-and-twentieth year of the reign or the life of Osiris. When + Isis heard of it she sheared off a lock of her hair, put on mourning + attire, and wandered disconsolately up and down, seeking the + body.<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">She takes refuge in the papyrus + swamps. Isis and her infant son Horus.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By the advice of + the god of wisdom she took refuge in the papyrus swamps of the Delta. + Seven scorpions accompanied her in her flight. One evening when she + was weary she came to the house of a woman, who, alarmed at the sight + of the scorpions, shut the door in her face. Then one of the + scorpions crept under the door and stung the child of the woman that + he died. But when Isis heard the mother's lamentation, her heart was + touched, and she laid her hands on the child and uttered her powerful + spells; so the poison was driven out of the child and he lived. + Afterwards Isis herself gave birth to a son in the swamps. She had + conceived him while she fluttered in the form of a hawk over the + corpse of her dead husband. The infant was the younger Horus, who in + his youth bore the name of Harpocrates, that is, the child Horus. Him + Buto, the goddess of the north, hid from the wrath of his wicked + uncle Set. Yet she could not guard him from all mishap; for one day + when Isis came to her little son's hiding-place she found him + stretched lifeless and rigid on the ground: a scorpion had stung him. + Then Isis prayed to the sun-god Ra for help. The god hearkened to her + and staid his bark in the sky, and sent down Thoth to teach her the + spell by which she might restore her son to life. She uttered the + words of power, and straightway the poison flowed from the body of + Horus, air passed into him, and he lived. Then Thoth ascended up into + the sky and took his place once more in the bark of the sun, and the + bright pomp passed onward jubilant.<a id="noteref_10" name= + "noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The body of Osiris floats to Byblus, + where it is recovered by Isis. The body of Osiris dismembered by + Typhon, and the pieces recovered by Isis. Diodorus Siculus on the + burial of Osiris.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meantime the + coffer containing the body of Osiris had floated down the river and + away out to sea, till at last it drifted ashore at Byblus, on the + coast of Syria. Here a fine <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">erica</span></span>-tree + shot up suddenly and enclosed the chest in its trunk. The king of the + country, admiring the growth of the tree, had it cut down and made + into a pillar of his house; but he did not know that the coffer with + the dead Osiris was in it. Word of this came to Isis and she + journeyed to Byblus, and sat down by the well, in humble guise, her + face wet with tears. To none would she speak till the king's + handmaidens came, and them she greeted kindly, and braided their + hair, and breathed on them from her own divine body a wondrous + perfume. But when the queen beheld the braids of her handmaidens' + hair and smelt the sweet smell that emanated from them, she sent for + the stranger woman and took her into her house and made her the nurse + of her child. But Isis gave the babe her finger instead of her breast + to suck, and at night she began to burn all that was mortal of him + away, while she herself in the likeness of a swallow fluttered round + the pillar that contained her dead brother, twittering mournfully. + But the queen spied what she was doing and shrieked out when she saw + her child in flames, and thereby she hindered him from becoming + immortal. Then the goddess revealed herself and begged for the pillar + of the roof, and they gave it her, and she cut the coffer out of it, + and fell upon it and embraced it and lamented so loud that the + younger of the king's children died of fright on the spot. But the + trunk of the tree she wrapped in fine linen, and poured ointment on + it, and gave it to the king and queen, and the wood stands in a + temple of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg + 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Isis and is worshipped by the people of Byblus to this day. And Isis + put the coffer in a boat and took the eldest of the king's children + with her and sailed away. As soon as they were alone, she opened the + chest, and laying her face on the face of her brother she kissed him + and wept. But the child came behind her softly and saw what she was + about, and she turned and looked at him in anger, and the child could + not bear her look and died; but some say that it was not so, but that + he fell into the sea and was drowned. It is he whom the Egyptians + sing of at their banquets under the name of Maneros. But Isis put the + coffer by and went to see her son Horus at the city of Buto, and + Typhon found the coffer as he was hunting a boar one night by the + light of a full moon.<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href= + "#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> And he + knew the body, and rent it into fourteen pieces, and scattered them + abroad. But Isis sailed up and down the marshes in a shallop made of + papyrus, looking for the pieces; and that is why when people sail in + shallops made of papyrus, the crocodiles do not hurt them, for they + fear or respect the goddess. And that is the reason, too, why there + are many graves of Osiris in Egypt, for she buried each limb as she + found it. But others will have it that she buried an image of him in + every city, pretending it was his body, in order that Osiris might be + worshipped in many places, and that if Typhon searched for the real + grave he might not be able to find it.<a id="noteref_12" name= + "noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> However, + the genital member of Osiris had been eaten by the fishes, so Isis + made an image of it instead, and the image is used by the Egyptians + at their festivals to this day.<a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" + href="#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Isis,”</span> writes the historian Diodorus + Siculus, <span class="tei tei-q">“recovered all the parts of the body + except the genitals; and because she wished that her husband's grave + should be unknown and honoured by all who dwell in the land of Egypt, + she resorted to the following device. She moulded human images out of + wax and spices, corresponding to the stature of Osiris, round each + one of the parts of his body. Then she called in the priests + according to their families and took an oath of them all that + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name="Pg011" + id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> they would reveal to no man + the trust she was about to repose in them. So to each of them + privately she said that to them alone she entrusted the burial of the + body, and reminding them of the benefits they had received she + exhorted them to bury the body in their own land and to honour Osiris + as a god. She also besought them to dedicate one of the animals of + their country, whichever they chose, and to honour it in life as they + had formerly honoured Osiris, and when it died to grant it obsequies + like his. And because she would encourage the priests in their own + interest to bestow the aforesaid honours, she gave them a third part + of the land to be used by them in the service and worship of the + gods. Accordingly it is said that the priests, mindful of the + benefits of Osiris, desirous of gratifying the queen, and moved by + the prospect of gain, carried out all the injunctions of Isis. + Wherefore to this day each of the priests imagines that Osiris is + buried in his country, and they honour the beasts that were + consecrated in the beginning, and when the animals die the priests + renew at their burial the mourning for Osiris. But the sacred bulls, + the one called Apis and the other Mnevis, were dedicated to Osiris, + and it was ordained that they should be worshipped as gods in common + by all the Egyptians; since these animals above all others had helped + the discoverers of corn in sowing the seed and procuring the + universal benefits of agriculture.”</span><a id="noteref_14" name= + "noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The various members of Osiris + treasured as relics in various parts of Egypt.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such is the myth + or legend of Osiris, as told by Greek writers and eked out by more or + less fragmentary notices or allusions in native Egyptian literature. + A long inscription in the temple at Denderah has preserved a list of + the god's graves, and other texts mention the parts of his body which + were treasured as holy relics in each of the sanctuaries. Thus his + heart was at Athribis, his backbone at Busiris, his neck at + Letopolis, and his head at Memphis. As often happens in such cases, + some of his divine limbs were miraculously multiplied. His head, for + example, was at Abydos as well as at Memphis, and his legs, which + were remarkably numerous, would have sufficed for several ordinary + mortals.<a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href= + "#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span><a name="Pg012" + id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> In this respect, however, + Osiris was nothing to St. Denys, of whom no less than seven heads, + all equally genuine, are extant.<a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" + href="#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Osiris mourned by Isis and + Nephthys.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to + native Egyptian accounts, which supplement that of Plutarch, when + Isis had found the corpse of her husband Osiris, she and her sister + Nephthys sat down beside it and uttered a lament which in after ages + became the type of all Egyptian lamentations for the dead. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Come to thy house,”</span> they wailed, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Come to thy house. O god On! come to thy + house, thou who hast no foes. O fair youth, come to thy house, that + thou mayest see me. I am thy sister, whom thou lovest; thou shalt not + part from me. O fair boy, come to thy house.... I see thee not, yet + doth my heart yearn after thee and mine eyes desire thee. Come to her + who loves thee, who loves thee, Unnefer, thou blessed one! Come to + thy sister, come to thy wife, to thy wife, thou whose heart stands + still. Come to thy housewife. I am thy sister by the same mother, + thou shalt not be far from me. Gods and men have turned their faces + towards thee and weep for thee together.... I call after thee and + weep, so that my cry is heard to heaven, but thou hearest not my + voice; yet am I thy sister, whom thou didst love on earth; thou didst + love none but me, my brother! my brother!”</span><a id="noteref_17" + name="noteref_17" href="#note_17"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a> This + lament for the fair youth cut off in his prime reminds us of the + laments for Adonis. The title of Unnefer or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Good Being”</span> bestowed on him marks the + beneficence which tradition universally ascribed to Osiris; it was at + once his commonest title and one of his names as king.<a id= + "noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href="#note_18"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Being brought to life again, Osiris + reigns as king and judge of the dead in the other world. The + confession of the dead.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The lamentations + of the two sad sisters were not in vain. In pity for her sorrow the + sun-god Ra sent down from heaven the jackal-headed god Anubis, who, + with the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg + 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> aid + of Isis and Nephthys, of Thoth and Horus, pieced together the broken + body of the murdered god, swathed it in linen bandages, and observed + all the other rites which the Egyptians were wont to perform over the + bodies of the departed. Then Isis fanned the cold clay with her + wings: Osiris revived, and thenceforth reigned as king over the dead + in the other world.<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href= + "#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a> There he + bore the titles of Lord of the Underworld, Lord of Eternity, Ruler of + the Dead.<a id="noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href= + "#note_20"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a> There, + too, in the great Hall of the Two Truths, assisted by forty-two + assessors, one from each of the principal districts of Egypt, he + presided as judge at the trial of the souls of the departed, who made + their solemn confession before him, and, their heart having been + weighed in the balance of justice, received the reward of virtue in a + life eternal or the appropriate punishment of their sins.<a id= + "noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href="#note_21"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a> The + confession or rather profession which the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Book of the + Dead</span></span> puts in the mouth of the deceased at the + judgment-bar of Osiris<a id="noteref_22" name="noteref_22" href= + "#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> sets the + morality of the ancient Egyptians in a very favourable light. In + rendering an account of his life the deceased solemnly protested that + he had not oppressed his fellow-men, that he had made none to weep, + that he had done no murder, neither committed fornication nor borne + false witness, that he had not falsified the balance, that he had not + taken the milk from the mouths of babes, that he had given bread to + the hungry and water to the thirsty, and had clothed the naked. In + harmony <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name= + "Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> with these professions + are the epitaphs on Egyptian graves, which reveal, if not the moral + practice, at least the moral ideals of those who slept beneath them. + Thus, for example, a man says in his epitaph: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I gave bread to the hungry and clothes to the naked, and + ferried across in my own boat him who could not pass the water. I was + a father to the orphan, a husband to the widow, a shelter from the + wind to them that were cold. I am one that spake good and told good. + I earned my substance in righteousness.”</span><a id="noteref_23" + name="noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> Those + who had done thus in their mortal life and had been acquitted at the + Great Assize, were believed to dwell thenceforth at ease in a land + where the corn grew higher than on earth, where harvests never + failed, where trees were always green, and wives for ever young and + fair.<a id="noteref_24" name="noteref_24" href= + "#note_24"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The fate of the wicked.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We are not clearly + informed as to the fate which the Egyptians supposed to befall the + wicked after death. In the scenes which represent the Last Judgment + there is seen crouching beside the scales, in which the heart of the + dead is being weighed, a monstrous animal known as the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Eater of the Dead.”</span> It has the head of a + crocodile, the trunk of a lion, and the hinder parts of a + hippopotamus. Some think that the souls of those whose hearts had + been weighed in the balance and found wanting were delivered over to + this grim monster to be devoured; but this view appears to be + conjectural. <span class="tei tei-q">“Generally the animal seems to + have been placed there simply as guardian of the entrance to the + Fields of the Blessed, but sometimes it is likened to Set. Elsewhere + it is said that the judges of the dead slay the wicked and drink + their blood. In brief, here also we have conflicting statements, and + can only gather that there seems to have been no general agreement + among the dwellers in the Valley of the Nile as to the ultimate lot + of the wicked.”</span><a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href= + "#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In the resurrection of Osiris the + Egyptians saw a pledge of their own immortality.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the + resurrection of Osiris the Egyptians saw the pledge of a life + everlasting for themselves beyond the grave. They believed that every + man would live eternally in the other world if only his surviving + friends did for his body what the gods had done for the body of + Osiris. Hence the ceremonies observed by the Egyptians over the human + dead were an exact copy of those which Anubis, Horus, and the rest + had performed over the dead god. <span class="tei tei-q">“At every + burial there was enacted a representation of the divine mystery which + had been performed of old over Osiris, when his son, his sisters, his + friends were gathered round his mangled remains and succeeded by + their spells and manipulations in converting his broken body into the + first mummy, which they afterwards reanimated and furnished with the + means of entering on a new individual life beyond the grave. The + mummy of the deceased was Osiris; the professional female mourners + were his two sisters Isis and Nephthys; Anubis, Horus, all the gods + of the Osirian legend gathered about the corpse.”</span> In this + solemn drama of death and resurrection the principal part was played + by the celebrant, who represented Horus the son of the dead and + resuscitated Osiris.<a id="noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href= + "#note_26"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a> He + formally opened the eyes and mouth of the dead man by rubbing or + pretending to rub them four times with the bleeding heart and thigh + of a sacrificed bull; after which a pretence was made of actually + opening the mouth of the mummy or of the statue with certain + instruments specially reserved for the purpose. Geese and gazelles + were also sacrificed by being decapitated; they were supposed to + represent the enemies of Osiris, who after the murder of the divine + man had sought to evade the righteous punishment of their crime but + had been detected and beheaded.<a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" + href="#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Every dead Egyptian identified with + Osiris.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus every dead + Egyptian was identified with Osiris and bore his name. From the + Middle Kingdom onwards it was the regular practice to address the + deceased as <span class="tei tei-q">“Osiris So-and-So,”</span> as if + he were the god himself, and to add the standing epithet <span class= + "tei tei-q">“true of speech,”</span> because true speech was + characteristic of Osiris.<a id="noteref_28" name="noteref_28" href= + "#note_28"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a> The + thousands of inscribed and pictured tombs that have been opened in + the valley of the Nile prove that the mystery of the resurrection was + performed for the benefit of every dead Egyptian;<a id="noteref_29" + name="noteref_29" href="#note_29"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> as + Osiris died and rose again from the dead, so all men hoped to arise + like him from death to life eternal. In an Egyptian text it is said + of the departed that <span class="tei tei-q">“as surely as Osiris + lives, so shall he live also; as surely as Osiris did not die, so + shall he not die; as surely as Osiris is not annihilated, so shall he + too not be annihilated.”</span> The dead man, conceived to be lying, + like Osiris, with mangled body, was comforted by being told that the + heavenly goddess Nut, the mother of Osiris, was coming to gather up + his poor scattered limbs and mould them with her own hands into a + form immortal and divine. <span class="tei tei-q">“She gives thee thy + head, she brings thee thy bones, she sets thy limbs together and puts + thy heart in thy body.”</span> Thus the resurrection of the dead was + conceived, like that of Osiris, not merely as spiritual but also as + bodily. <span class="tei tei-q">“They possess their heart, they + possess their senses, they possess their mouth, they possess their + feet, they possess their arms, they possess all their + limbs.”</span><a id="noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href= + "#note_30"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Combat between Set and Horus, the + brother and the son of Osiris, for the crown of Egypt.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If we may trust + Egyptian legend, the trials and contests of the royal house did not + cease with the restoration of Osiris <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page017">[pg 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to life and his elevation to the rank of + presiding deity in the world of the dead. When Horus the younger, the + son of Osiris and Isis, was grown to man's estate, the ghost of his + royal and murdered father appeared to him and urged him, like another + Hamlet, to avenge the foul unnatural murder upon his wicked uncle. + Thus encouraged, the youth attacked the miscreant. The combat was + terrific and lasted many days. Horus lost an eye in the conflict and + Set suffered a still more serious mutilation. At last Thoth parted + the combatants and healed their wounds; the eye of Horus he restored + by spitting on it. According to one account the great battle was + fought on the twenty-sixth day of the month of Thoth. Foiled in open + war, the artful uncle now took the law of his virtuous nephew. He + brought a suit of bastardy against Horus, hoping thus to rob him of + his inheritance and to get possession of it himself; nay, not content + with having murdered his good brother, the unnatural Set carried his + rancour even beyond the grave by accusing the dead Osiris of certain + high crimes and misdemeanours. The case was tried before the supreme + court of the gods in the great hall at Heliopolis. Thoth, the god of + wisdom, pleaded the cause of Osiris, and the august judges decided + that <span class="tei tei-q">“the word of Osiris was true.”</span> + Moreover, they pronounced Horus to be the true-begotten son of his + father. So that prince assumed the crown and mounted the throne of + the lamented Osiris. However, according to another and perhaps later + version of the story, the victory of Horus over his uncle was by no + means so decisive, and their struggles ended in a compromise, by + which Horus reigned over the Delta, while Set became king of the + upper valley of the Nile from near Memphis to the first cataract. Be + that as it may, with the accession of Horus began for the Egyptians + the modern period of the world, for on his throne all the kings of + Egypt sat as his successors.<a id="noteref_31" name="noteref_31" + href="#note_31"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The legend of their contest may be a + reminiscence of dynastic struggles.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These legends of a + contest for the throne of Egypt <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> may perhaps contain a reminiscence of real + dynastical struggles which attended an attempt to change the right of + succession from the female to the male line. For under a rule of + female kinship the heir to the throne is either the late king's + brother, or the son of the late king's sister, while under a rule of + male kinship the heir to the throne is the late king's son. In the + legend of Osiris the rival heirs are Set and Horus, Set being the + late king's brother, and Horus the late king's son; though Horus + indeed united both claims to the crown, being the son of the king's + sister as well as of the king. A similar attempt to shift the line of + succession seems to have given rise to similar contests at + Rome.<a id="noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href= + "#note_32"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Osiris represented as a king in + tradition and art. The tomb of Osiris at Abydos.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus according to + what seems to have been the general native tradition Osiris was a + good and beloved king of Egypt, who suffered a violent death but rose + from the dead and was henceforth worshipped as a deity. In harmony + with this tradition he was regularly represented by sculptors and + painters in human and regal form as a dead king, swathed in the + wrappings of a mummy, but wearing on his head a kingly crown and + grasping in one of his hands, which were left free from the bandages, + a kingly sceptre.<a id="noteref_33" name="noteref_33" href= + "#note_33"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a> Two + cities above all others were associated with his myth or memory. One + of them was Busiris in Lower Egypt, which claimed to possess his + backbone; the other was Abydos in Upper Egypt, which gloried in the + possession of his head.<a id="noteref_34" name="noteref_34" href= + "#note_34"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> + Encircled by the nimbus of the dead yet living god, Abydos, + originally an obscure place, became from the end of the Old Kingdom + the holiest spot in Egypt; his tomb there would seem to have been to + the Egyptians what the Church of the Holy <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page019">[pg 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Sepulchre at Jerusalem is to Christians. It was + the wish of every pious man that his dead body should rest in + hallowed earth near the grave of the glorified Osiris. Few indeed + were rich enough to enjoy this inestimable privilege; for, apart from + the cost of a tomb in the sacred city, the mere transport of mummies + from great distances was both difficult and expensive. Yet so eager + were many to absorb in death the blessed influence which radiated + from the holy sepulchre that they caused their surviving friends to + convey their mortal remains to Abydos, there to tarry for a short + time, and then to be brought back by river and interred in the tombs + which had been made ready for them in their native land. Others had + cenotaphs built or memorial tablets erected for themselves near the + tomb of their dead and risen Lord, that they might share with him the + bliss of a joyful resurrection.<a id="noteref_35" name="noteref_35" + href="#note_35"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The tombs of the old kings at + Abydos. The tomb of King Khent identified with the tomb of + Osiris. The sculptured effigy of Osiris. The hawk the crest of + the earliest dynasties.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hence from the + earliest ages of Egyptian history Abydos would seem to have been a + city of the dead rather than of the living; certainly there is no + evidence that the place was ever of any political importance.<a id= + "noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href="#note_36"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a> No less + than nine of the most ancient kings of Egypt known to us were buried + here, for their tombs have been discovered and explored within recent + years.<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href= + "#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> The + royal necropolis lies on the edge of the desert about a mile and a + half from the temple of Osiris.<a id="noteref_38" name="noteref_38" + href="#note_38"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a> Of the + graves the oldest is that of King Khent, the second or third king of + the first dynasty. His reign, which fell somewhere between three + thousand four hundred <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg + 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and + three thousand two hundred years before our era, seems to have marked + an epoch in the history of Egypt, for under him the costume, the + figure drawing, and the hieroglyphics all assumed the character which + they thenceforth preserved to the very end of Egyptian + nationality.<a id="noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href= + "#note_39"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a> Later + ages identified him with Osiris in a more intimate sense than that in + which the divine title was lavished on every dead king and indeed on + every dead man; for his tomb was actually converted into the tomb of + Osiris and as such received in great profusion the offerings of the + faithful. Somewhere between the twenty-second and the twenty-sixth + dynasty a massive bier of grey granite was placed in the sepulchral + chamber. On it, cut in high relief, reposes a shrouded figure of the + dead Osiris. He lies at full length, with bare and upturned face. On + his head is the White Crown of Upper Egypt; in his hands, which issue + from the shroud, he holds the characteristic emblems of the god, the + sceptre and the scourge. At the four corners of the bier are perched + four hawks, representing the four children of Horus, each with their + father's banner, keeping watch over the dead god, as they kept watch + over the four quarters of the world. A fifth hawk seems to have been + perched on the middle of the body of Osiris, but it had been broken + off before the tomb was discovered in recent years, for only the + bird's claws remain in position. Finely carved heads of lions, one at + each corner of the bier, with the claws to match below, complete the + impressive monument. The scene represented is unquestionably the + impregnation of Isis in the form of a hawk by the dead Osiris; the + Copts who dismantled the shrine appear to have vented their pious + rage on the figure of the hawk Isis by carrying it off or smashing + it. If any doubt could exist as to the meaning of these sculptured + figures, it would be set at rest by the ancient inscriptions attached + to them. Over against the right shoulder of the shrouded figure, who + lies stretched on the bier, are carved in hieroglyphics the words, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Osiris, the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page021">[pg 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Good Being, true of speech”</span>; and over + against the place where the missing hawk perched on the body of the + dead god is carved the symbol of Isis. Two relics of the ancient + human occupants of the tomb escaped alike the fury of the fanatics + and the avarice of the plunderers who pillaged and destroyed it. One + of the relics is a human skull, from which the lower jawbone is + missing; the other is an arm encircled by gorgeous jewelled bracelets + of gold, turquoises, amethysts, and dark purple lapis lazuli. The + former may be the head of King Khent himself; the latter is almost + certainly the arm of his queen. One of the bracelets is composed of + alternate plaques of gold and turquoise, each ornamented with the + figure of a hawk perched on the top of it.<a id="noteref_40" name= + "noteref_40" href="#note_40"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a> The hawk + was the sacred bird or crest of the earliest dynasties of Egyptian + kings. The figure of a hawk was borne before the king as a standard + on solemn occasions: the oldest capital of the country known to us + was called Hawk-town: there the kings of the first dynasty built a + temple to the hawk: there in modern times has been found a splendid + golden head of a hawk dating from the Ancient Empire; and on the + life-like statue of King Chephren of the third dynasty we see a hawk + with out-spread wings protecting the back of the monarch's head. + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" + id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> From the earliest to the + latest times of Egyptian civilization <span class="tei tei-q">“the + Hawk”</span> was the epithet of the king of Egypt and of the king + alone; it took the first place in the list of his titles.<a id= + "noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href="#note_41"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a> The + sanctity of the bird may help us to understand why Isis took the form + of a hawk in order to mate with her dead husband; why the queen of + Egypt wore on her arm a bracelet adorned with golden hawks; and why + in the holy sepulchre the four sons of Horus were represented in the + likeness of hawks keeping watch over the effigy of their divine + grandfather.<a id="noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href= + "#note_42"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The association of Osiris with + Byblus.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The legend + recorded by Plutarch which associated the dead Osiris with Byblus in + Phoenicia<a id="noteref_43" name="noteref_43" href= + "#note_43"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> is + doubtless late and probably untrustworthy. It may have been suggested + by the resemblance which the worship of the Egyptian Osiris bore to + the worship of the Phoenician Adonis in that city. But it is possible + that the story has no deeper foundation than a verbal + misunderstanding. For Byblus is not only the name of a city, it is + the Greek word for papyrus; and as Isis is said after the death of + Osiris to have taken refuge in the papyrus swamps of the Delta, where + she gave birth to and reared her son Horus, a Greek writer may + perhaps have confused the plant with the city of the same name.<a id= + "noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href="#note_44"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a> However + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name="Pg023" + id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that may have been, the + association of Osiris with Adonis at Byblus gave rise to a curious + tale. It is said that every year the people beyond the rivers of + Ethiopia used to write a letter to the women of Byblus informing them + that the lost and lamented Adonis was found. This letter they + enclosed in an earthen pot, which they sealed and sent floating down + the river to the sea. The waves carried the pot to Byblus, where + every year it arrived at the time when the Syrian women were weeping + for their dead Lord. The pot was taken up from the water and opened: + the letter was read; and the weeping women dried their tears, because + the lost Adonis was found.<a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" href= + "#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name= + "Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> <a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter II. The Official Egyptian + Calendar.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The date of a festival sometimes + furnishes a clue to the nature of the god.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A useful clue to + the original nature of a god or goddess is often furnished by the + season at which his or her festival is celebrated. Thus, if the + festival falls at the new or the full moon, there is a certain + presumption that the deity thus honoured either is the moon or at + least has lunar affinities. If the festival is held at the winter or + summer solstice, we naturally surmise that the god is the sun, or at + all events that he stands in some close relation to that luminary. + Again, if the festival coincides with the time of sowing or harvest, + we are inclined to infer that the divinity is an embodiment of the + earth or of the corn. These presumptions or inferences, taken by + themselves, are by no means conclusive; but if they happen to be + confirmed by other indications, the evidence may be regarded as + fairly strong.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The year of the Egyptian calendar a + vague or movable one.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Unfortunately, in + dealing with the Egyptian gods we are in a great measure precluded + from making use of this clue. The reason is not that the dates of the + festivals are always unknown, but that they shifted from year to + year, until after a long interval they had revolved through the whole + course of the seasons. This gradual revolution of the festal Egyptian + cycle resulted from the employment of a calendar year which neither + corresponded exactly to the solar year nor was periodically corrected + by intercalation.<a id="noteref_46" name="noteref_46" href= + "#note_46"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span><a name="Pg025" + id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> The solar year is equivalent + to about three hundred and sixty-five and a quarter days; but the + ancient Egyptians, ignoring the quarter of a day, reckoned the year + at three hundred and sixty-five days only.<a id="noteref_47" name= + "noteref_47" href="#note_47"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a> Thus + each of their calendar years was shorter than the true solar year by + about a quarter of a day. In four years the deficiency amounted to + one whole day; in forty years it amounted to ten days; in four + hundred years it amounted to a hundred days; and so it went on + increasing until after a lapse of four times three hundred and + sixty-five, or one thousand four hundred and sixty solar years, the + deficiency amounted to three hundred and sixty-five days, or a whole + Egyptian year. Hence one thousand four hundred and sixty solar years, + or their equivalent, one thousand four hundred and sixty-one Egyptian + years, formed a period or cycle at the end of which the Egyptian + festivals returned to those points of the solar year at which they + had been celebrated in the beginning.<a id="noteref_48" name= + "noteref_48" href="#note_48"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a> In the + meantime they had been held successively on every day of the solar + year, though always on the same day of the calendar.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Thus the official calendar was + divorced from the natural calendar, which is marked by the course + of the seasons.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the official + calendar was completely divorced, except at rare and long intervals, + from what may be called the natural calendar of the shepherd, the + husbandman, and the sailor—that is, from the course of the seasons in + which the times for the various labours of cattle-breeding, tillage, + and navigation are marked by the position of the sun in the sky, the + rising or setting of the stars, the fall of rain, the growth of + pasture, the ripening of the corn, the blowing of certain winds, and + so forth. Nowhere, perhaps, are the events of this natural calendar + better marked or more regular in their recurrence than in Egypt; + nowhere accordingly could their divergence from the corresponding + dates of the official calendar be more readily observed. The + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" + id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> divergence certainly did not + escape the notice of the Egyptians themselves, and some of them + apparently attempted successfully to correct it. Thus we are told + that the Theban priests, who particularly excelled in astronomy, were + acquainted with the true length of the solar year, and harmonized the + calendar with it by intercalating a day every few, probably every + four, years.<a id="noteref_49" name="noteref_49" href= + "#note_49"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a> But this + scientific improvement was too deeply opposed to the religious + conservatism of the Egyptian nature to win general acceptance. + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Egyptians,”</span> said Geminus, a Greek + astronomer writing about 77 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“are of an opposite opinion and purpose from the Greeks. + For they neither reckon the years by the sun nor the months and days + by the moon, but they observe a peculiar system of their own. They + wish, in fact, that the sacrifices should not always be offered to + the gods at the same time of the year, but that they should pass + through all the seasons of the year, so that the summer festival + should in time be celebrated in winter, in autumn, and in spring. For + that purpose they employ a year of three hundred and sixty-five days, + composed of twelve months of thirty days each, with five + supplementary days added. But they do not add the quarter of a day + for the reason I have given—namely, in order that their festivals may + revolve.”</span><a id="noteref_50" name="noteref_50" href= + "#note_50"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a> So + attached, indeed, were the Egyptians to their old calendar, that the + kings at their consecration were led by the priest of Isis at Memphis + into the holy of holies, and there made to swear that they would + maintain the year of three hundred and sixty-five days without + intercalation.<a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href= + "#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Attempt of Ptolemy III. to reform + the Egyptian calendar by intercalation.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The practical + inconvenience of a calendar which marked true time only once in about + fifteen hundred years might be <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page027">[pg 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> calmly borne by a submissive Oriental race like + the ancient Egyptians, but it naturally proved a stumbling-block to + the less patient temperament of their European conquerors. + Accordingly in the reign of King Ptolemy III. Euergetes a decree was + passed that henceforth the movable Egyptian year should be converted + into a fixed solar year by the intercalation of one day at the end of + every four years, <span class="tei tei-q">“in order that the seasons + may do their duty perpetually according to the present constitution + of the world, and that it may not happen, through the shifting of the + star by one day in four years, that some of the public festivals + which are now held in the winter should ever be celebrated in the + summer, and that other festivals now held in the summer should + hereafter be celebrated in the winter, as has happened before, and + must happen again if the year of three hundred and sixty-five days be + retained.”</span> The decree was passed in the year 239 or 238 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> by the high priests, + scribes, and other dignitaries of the Egyptian church assembled in + convocation at Canopus; but we cannot doubt that the measure, though + it embodied native Egyptian science, was prompted by the king or his + Macedonian advisers.<a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href= + "#note_52"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> This + sage attempt to reform the erratic calendar was not permanently + successful. The change may indeed have been carried out during the + reign of the king who instituted it, but it was abandoned by the year + 196 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> at latest, as we learn + from the celebrated inscription known as the Rosetta stone, in which + a month of the Macedonian calendar is equated to the corresponding + month of the movable Egyptian year.<a id="noteref_53" name= + "noteref_53" href="#note_53"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a> And the + testimony of Geminus, which I have cited, proves that in the + following century the festivals were still revolving in the old + style.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Institution of the fixed Alexandrian + year by the Romans.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reform which + the Macedonian king had vainly attempted to impose upon his people + was accomplished by the practical Romans when they took over the + administration <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg + 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + the country. The expedient by which they effected the change was a + simple one; indeed it was no other than that to which Ptolemy + Euergetes had resorted for the same purpose. They merely intercalated + one day at the end of every four years, thus equalizing within a + small fraction four calendar years to four solar years. Henceforth + the official and the natural calendars were in practical agreement. + The movable Egyptian year had been converted into the fixed + Alexandrian year, as it was called, which agreed with the Julian year + in length and in its system of intercalation, though it differed from + that year in retaining the twelve equal Egyptian months and five + supplementary days.<a id="noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href= + "#note_54"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a> But + while the new calendar received the sanction of law and regulated the + business of government, the ancient calendar was too firmly + established in popular usage to be at once displaced. Accordingly it + survived for ages side by side with its modern rival.<a id= + "noteref_55" name="noteref_55" href="#note_55"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a> The + spread of Christianity, which required a fixed year for the due + observance of its festivals, did much to promote the adoption of the + new Alexandrian style, and by the beginning of the fifth century the + ancient movable year of Egypt appears to have been not only dead but + forgotten.<a id="noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href= + "#note_56"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name= + "Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> <a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter III. The Calendar of the + Egyptian Farmer.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 1. The Rise and Fall of the + Nile.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In Egypt the operations of + husbandry are dependent on the annual rise and fall of the + Nile.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If the Egyptian + farmer of the olden time could thus get no help, except at the + rarest intervals, from the official or sacerdotal calendar, he must + have been compelled to observe for himself those natural signals + which marked the times for the various operations of husbandry. In + all ages of which we possess any records the Egyptians have been an + agricultural people, dependent for their subsistence on the growth + of the corn. The cereals which they cultivated were wheat, barley, + and apparently sorghum (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Holcus + sorghum</span></span>, Linnaeus), the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">doora</span></span> of the modern + fellaheen.<a id="noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href= + "#note_57"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a> Then + as now the whole country, with the exception of a fringe on the + coast of the Mediterranean, was almost rainless, and owed its + immense fertility entirely to the annual inundation of the Nile, + which, regulated by an elaborate system of dams and canals, was + distributed over the fields, renewing the soil year by year with a + fresh deposit of mud washed down from the great equatorial lakes + and the mountains of Abyssinia. Hence the rise of the river has + always been watched by the inhabitants with the utmost anxiety; for + if it either falls short of or exceeds a certain height, dearth and + famine are the inevitable consequences.<a id="noteref_58" name= + "noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a> The + water begins to rise early in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> June, but it is not until the latter half of + July that it swells to a mighty tide. By the end of September the + inundation is at its greatest height. The country is now submerged, + and presents the appearance of a sea of turbid water, from which + the towns and villages, built on higher ground, rise like islands. + For about a month the flood remains nearly stationary, then sinks + more and more rapidly, till by December or January the river has + returned to its ordinary bed. With the approach of summer the level + of the water continues to fall. In the early days of June the Nile + is reduced to half its ordinary breadth; and Egypt, scorched by the + sun, blasted by the wind that has blown from the Sahara for many + days, seems a mere continuation of the desert. The trees are choked + with a thick layer of grey dust. A few meagre patches of + vegetables, watered with difficulty, struggle painfully for + existence in the immediate neighbourhood of the villages. Some + appearance of verdure lingers beside the canals and in the hollows + from which the moisture has not wholly evaporated. The plain + appears to pant in the pitiless sunshine, bare, dusty, + ash-coloured, cracked and seamed as far as the eye can see with a + network of fissures. From the middle of April till the middle of + June the land of Egypt is but half alive, waiting for the new + Nile.<a id="noteref_59" name="noteref_59" href= + "#note_59"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Irrigation, sowing, and harvest in + Egypt.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For countless + ages this cycle of natural events has determined the annual labours + of the Egyptian husbandman. The first work of the agricultural year + is the cutting <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg + 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of the dams which have hitherto prevented the swollen river from + flooding the canals and the fields. This is done, and the pent-up + waters released on their beneficent mission, in the first half of + August.<a id="noteref_60" name="noteref_60" href= + "#note_60"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a> In + November, when the inundation has subsided, wheat, barley, and + sorghum are sown. The time of harvest varies with the district, + falling about a month later in the north than in the south. In + Upper or Southern Egypt barley is reaped at the beginning of March, + wheat at the beginning of April, and sorghum about the end of that + month.<a id="noteref_61" name="noteref_61" href= + "#note_61"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The events of the agricultural + year were probably celebrated with religious rites.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is natural to + suppose that these various events of the agricultural year were + celebrated by the Egyptian farmer with some simple religious rites + designed to secure the blessing of the gods upon his labours. These + rustic ceremonies he would continue to perform year after year at + the same season, while the solemn festivals of the priests + continued to shift, with the shifting calendar, from summer through + spring to winter, and so backward through autumn to summer. The + rites of the husbandman were stable because they rested on direct + observation of nature: the rites of the priest were unstable + because they were based on a false calculation. Yet many of the + priestly festivals may have been nothing but the old rural + festivals disguised in the course of ages by the pomp of + sacerdotalism and severed, by the error of the calendar, from their + roots in the natural cycle of the seasons.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name= + "Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 2. Rites of Irrigation.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Mourning for Osiris at midsummer + when the Nile begins to rise.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These + conjectures are confirmed by the little we know both of the popular + and of the official Egyptian religion. Thus we are told that the + Egyptians held a festival of Isis at the time when the Nile began + to rise. They believed that the goddess was then mourning for the + lost Osiris, and that the tears which dropped from her eyes swelled + the impetuous tide of the river.<a id="noteref_62" name= + "noteref_62" href="#note_62"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a> Hence + in Egyptian inscriptions Isis is spoken of as she <span class= + "tei tei-q">“who maketh the Nile to swell and overflow, who maketh + the Nile to swell in his season.”</span><a id="noteref_63" name= + "noteref_63" href="#note_63"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a> + Similarly the Toradjas of Central Celebes imagine that showers of + rain are the tears shed by the compassionate gods in weeping for + somebody who is about to die; a shower in the morning is to them an + infallible omen of death.<a id="noteref_64" name="noteref_64" href= + "#note_64"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a> + However, an uneasy suspicion would seem to have occurred to the + Egyptians that perhaps after all the tears of the goddess might not + suffice of themselves to raise the water to the proper level; so in + the time of Rameses II. the king used on the first day of the flood + to throw into the Nile a written order commanding the river to do + its duty, and the submissive stream never failed to obey the royal + mandate.<a id="noteref_65" name="noteref_65" href= + "#note_65"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a> Yet + the ancient belief survives in a modified form to this day. For the + Nile, as we saw, begins to rise in June about the time of the + summer solstice, and the people still attribute its increased + volume to a miraculous drop which falls into the river on the night + of the seventeenth of the month. The charms and divinations which + they practise on that mystic night in order to ascertain the length + of their own life and to rid the houses of bugs may well date from + a remote antiquity.<a id="noteref_66" name="noteref_66" href= + "#note_66"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a> Now if + Osiris was in one of his aspects <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> a god of the corn, nothing could be more + natural than that he should be mourned at midsummer. For by that + time the harvest was past, the fields were bare, the river ran low, + life seemed to be suspended, the corn-god was dead. At such a + moment people who saw the handiwork of divine beings in all the + operations of nature might well trace the swelling of the sacred + stream to the tears shed by the goddess at the death of the + beneficent corn-god her husband.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sirius regarded as the star of + Isis. The rising of Sirius marked the beginning of the sacred + Egyptian year. The observation of the gradual displacement of + Sirius in the calendar led to the determination of the true + length of the solar year.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And the sign of + the rising waters on earth was accompanied by a sign in heaven. For + in the early days of Egyptian history, some three or four thousand + years before the beginning of our era, the splendid star of Sirius, + the brightest of all the fixed stars, appeared at dawn in the east + just before sunrise about the time of the summer solstice, when the + Nile begins to rise.<a id="noteref_67" name="noteref_67" href= + "#note_67"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a> The + Egyptians called it Sothis, and regarded it as the star of + Isis,<a id="noteref_68" name="noteref_68" href= + "#note_68"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a> just + as the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg + 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Babylonians deemed the planet Venus the star of Astarte. To both + peoples apparently the brilliant luminary in the morning sky seemed + the goddess of life and love come to mourn her departed lover or + spouse and to wake him from the dead. Hence the rising of Sirius + marked the beginning of the sacred Egyptian year,<a id="noteref_69" + name="noteref_69" href="#note_69"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a> and + was regularly celebrated by a festival which did not shift with the + shifting official year.<a id="noteref_70" name="noteref_70" href= + "#note_70"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a> The + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name= + "Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> first day of the + first month Thoth was theoretically supposed to date from the + heliacal rising of the bright star, and in all probability it + really did so when the official or civil year of three hundred and + sixty-five days was first instituted. But the miscalculation which + has been already explained<a id="noteref_71" name="noteref_71" + href="#note_71"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a> had + the effect of making the star to shift its place in the calendar by + one day in four years. Thus if Sirius rose on the first of Thoth in + one year, it would rise on the second of Thoth four years + afterwards, on the third of Thoth eight years afterwards, and so on + until after the lapse of a Siriac or Sothic period of fourteen + hundred and sixty solar years the first of Thoth again coincided + with the heliacal rising of Sirius.<a id="noteref_72" name= + "noteref_72" href="#note_72"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a> This + observation of the gradual displacement of <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the star in the calendar has been of the + utmost importance for the progress of astronomy, since it led the + Egyptians directly to the determination of the approximately true + length of the solar year and thus laid the basis of our modern + calendar; for the Julian calendar, which we owe to Caesar, was + founded on the Egyptian theory, though not on the Egyptian + practice.<a id="noteref_73" name="noteref_73" href= + "#note_73"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a> It was + therefore a fortunate moment for the world when some pious + Egyptian, thousands of years ago, identified for the first time the + bright star of Sirius with his goddess; for the identification + induced his countrymen to regard the heavenly body with an + attention which they would never have paid to it if they had known + it to be nothing but a world vastly greater than our own and + separated from it by an inconceivable, if not immeasurable, abyss + of space.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Ceremonies observed in Egypt at + the cutting of the dams early in August. The Bride of the Nile. + Sacrifices offered by savages at the cutting of dams.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The cutting of + the dams and the admission of the water <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> into the canals and fields is a great event + in the Egyptian year. At Cairo the operation generally takes place + between the sixth and the sixteenth of August, and till lately was + attended by ceremonies which deserve to be noticed, because they + were probably handed down from antiquity. An ancient canal, known + by the name of the Khalíj, formerly passed through the native town + of Cairo. Near its entrance the canal was crossed by a dam of + earth, very broad at the bottom and diminishing in breadth upwards, + which used to be constructed before or soon after the Nile began to + rise. In front of the dam, on the side of the river, was reared a + truncated cone of earth called the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">'arooseh</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“bride,”</span> on the top of which a little maize or + millet was generally sown. This <span class= + "tei tei-q">“bride”</span> was commonly washed down by the rising + tide a week or a fortnight before the cutting of the dam. Tradition + runs that the old custom was to deck a young virgin in gay apparel + and throw her into the river as a sacrifice to obtain a plentiful + inundation.<a id="noteref_74" name="noteref_74" href= + "#note_74"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a> + Certainly human sacrifices were offered for a similar purpose by + the Wajagga of German East Africa down to recent years. These + people irrigate their fields by means of skilfully constructed + channels, through which they conduct the water of the mountain + brooks and rivers to the thirsty land. They imagine that the + spirits of their forefathers dwell in the rocky basins of these + rushing streams, and that they would resent the withdrawal of the + water to irrigate the fields if compensation were not offered to + them. The water-rate paid to them consisted of a child, + uncircumcised and of unblemished body, who was decked with + ornaments and bells and thrown into the river to drown, before they + ventured to draw off the water into the irrigation channel. Having + thrown him in, his executioners shewed a clean pair of heels, + because they expected the river to rise in flood at once on receipt + of the water-rate.<a id="noteref_75" name="noteref_75" href= + "#note_75"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a> In + similar circumstances the Njamus of British East Africa sacrifice a + sheep before they let the water of the stream flow into the ditch + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name= + "Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> or artificial + channel. The fat, dung, and blood of the animal are sprinkled at + the mouth of the ditch and in the water; thereupon the dam is + broken down and the stream pours into the ditch. The sacrifice may + only be offered by a man of the Il Mayek clan, and for two days + afterwards he wears the skin of the beast tied round his head. No + one may quarrel with this man while the water is irrigating the + crops, else the people believe that the water would cease to flow + in the ditch; more than that, if the men of the Il Mayek clan were + angry and sulked for ten days, the water would dry up permanently + for that season. Hence the Il Mayek clan enjoys great consideration + in the tribe, since the crops are thought to depend on their good + will and good offices. Ten elders assist at the sacrifice of the + sheep, though they may take no part in it. They must all be of a + particular age; and after the ceremony they may not cohabit with + their wives until harvest, and they are obliged to sleep at night + in their granaries. Curiously enough, too, while the water is + irrigating the fields, nobody may kill waterbuck, eland, oryx, + zebra, rhinoceros, or hippopotamus. Anybody caught red-handed in + the act of breaking this game-law would at once be cast out of the + village.<a id="noteref_76" name="noteref_76" href= + "#note_76"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Modern Egyptian ceremony at the + cutting of the dams.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether the + <span class="tei tei-q">“bride”</span> who used to figure at the + ceremony of cutting the dam in Cairo was ever a live woman or not, + the intention of the practice appears to have been to marry the + river, conceived as a male power, to his bride the corn-land, which + was soon to be fertilized by his water. The ceremony was therefore + a charm to ensure the growth of the crops. As such it probably + dated, in one form or another, from ancient times. Dense crowds + assembled to witness the cutting of the dam. The operation was + performed before sunrise, and many people spent the preceding night + on the banks of the canal or in boats lit with lamps on the river, + while fireworks were displayed and guns discharged at frequent + intervals. Before sunrise a great number of workmen began to cut + the dam, and the task was accomplished about an hour before the sun + appeared on the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg + 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + horizon. When only a thin ridge of earth remained, a boat with an + officer on board was propelled against it, and breaking through the + slight barrier descended with the rush of water into the canal. The + Governor of Cairo flung a purse of gold into the boat as it passed. + Formerly the custom was to throw money into the canal. The populace + used to dive after it, and several lives were generally lost in the + scramble.<a id="noteref_77" name="noteref_77" href= + "#note_77"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a> This + practice also would seem to have been ancient, for Seneca tells us + that at a place called the Veins of the Nile, not far from Philae, + the priests used to cast money and offerings of gold into the river + at a festival which apparently took place at the rising of the + water.<a id="noteref_78" name="noteref_78" href= + "#note_78"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a> At + Cairo the time-honoured ceremony came to an end in 1897, when the + old canal was filled up. An electric tramway now runs over the spot + where for countless ages crowds of worshippers or holiday-makers + had annually assembled to witness the marriage of the Nile.<a id= + "noteref_79" name="noteref_79" href="#note_79"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> <a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 3. Rites of Sowing.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The sowing of the seed in + November. Plutarch on the mournful character of the rites of + sowing. The sadness of autumn.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next great + operation of the agricultural year in Egypt is the sowing of the + seed in November, when the water of the inundation has retreated + from the fields. With the Egyptians, as with many peoples of + antiquity, the committing of the seed to the earth assumed the + character of a solemn and mournful rite. On this subject I will let + Plutarch speak for himself. <span class="tei tei-q">“What,”</span> + he asks, <span class="tei tei-q">“are we to make of the gloomy, + joyless, and mournful sacrifices, if it is wrong either to omit the + established rites or to confuse and disturb our conceptions of the + gods by absurd suspicions? For the Greeks also perform many rites + which resemble those of the Egyptians and are observed about the + same time. Thus at the festival of the Thesmophoria in Athens + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span><a name= + "Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> women sit on the + ground and fast. And the Boeotians open the vaults of the Sorrowful + One,<a id="noteref_80" name="noteref_80" href= + "#note_80"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a> naming + that festival sorrowful because Demeter is sorrowing for the + descent of the Maiden. The month is the month of sowing about the + setting of the Pleiades.<a id="noteref_81" name="noteref_81" href= + "#note_81"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a> The + Egyptians call it Athyr, the Athenians Pyanepsion, the Boeotians + the month of Demeter. Theopompus informs us that the western + peoples consider and call the winter Cronus, the summer Aphrodite, + and the spring Persephone, and they believe that all things are + brought into being by Cronus and Aphrodite. The Phrygians imagine + that the god sleeps in winter and wakes in summer, and accordingly + they celebrate with Bacchic rites the putting him to bed in winter + and his awakening in summer. The Paphlagonians allege that he is + bound fast and shut up in winter, but that he stirs and is set free + in spring. And the season furnishes a hint that the sadness is for + the hiding of those fruits of the earth which the ancients + esteemed, not indeed gods, but great and necessary gifts bestowed + by the gods in order that men might not lead the life of savages + and of wild beasts. For it was that time of year when they saw some + of the fruits vanishing and falling from the trees, while they + sowed others grudgingly and with difficulty, scraping the earth + with their hands and huddling it up again, on the uncertain chance + that what they deposited in the ground would ever ripen and come to + maturity. Thus they did in many respects like those who bury and + mourn their dead. And just as we say that a purchaser of Plato's + books purchases Plato, or that an actor who plays the comedies of + Menander plays Menander, so the men of old did not hesitate to call + the gifts and products of the gods by the names of the gods + themselves, thereby honouring and glorifying the things on account + of their utility. But in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg + 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + after ages simple folk in their ignorance applied to the gods + statements which only held true of the fruits of the earth, and so + they came not merely to say but actually to believe that the growth + and decay of plants, on which they subsisted,<a id="noteref_82" + name="noteref_82" href="#note_82"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a> were + the birth and the death of gods. Thus they fell into absurd, + immoral, and confused ways of thinking, though all the while the + absurdity of the fallacy was manifest. Hence Xenophanes of Colophon + declared that if the Egyptians deemed their gods divine they should + not weep for them, and that if they wept for them they should not + deem them divine. <span class="tei tei-q">‘For it is + ridiculous,’</span> said he, <span class="tei tei-q">‘to lament and + pray that the fruits would be good enough to grow and ripen again + in order that they may again be eaten and lamented.’</span> But he + was wrong, for though the lamentations are for the fruits, the + prayers are addressed to the gods, as the causes and givers of + them, that they would be pleased to make fresh fruits to spring up + instead of those that perish.”</span><a id="noteref_83" name= + "noteref_83" href="#note_83"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Plutarch's view that the worship + of the fruits of the earth sprang from a verbal + misunderstanding.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this + interesting passage Plutarch expresses his belief that the worship + of the fruits of the earth was the result of a verbal + misapprehension or disease of language, as it has been called by a + modern school of mythologists, who explain the origin of myths in + general on the same easy principle of metaphors misunderstood. + Primitive man, on Plutarch's theory, firmly believed that the + fruits of the earth on which he subsisted were not themselves gods + but merely the gifts of the gods, who were the real givers of all + good things. Yet at the same time men were in the habit of + bestowing on these divine products the names of their divine + creators, either out of gratitude or merely for the sake of + brevity, as when we say that a man has bought a Shakespeare or + acted Molière, when we mean that he has bought the works of + Shakespeare or acted the plays of Molière. This abbreviated mode of + expression was misunderstood in later times, and so <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> people came to look upon the fruits of + the earth as themselves divine instead of as being the work of + divinities: in short, they mistook the creature for the creator. In + like manner Plutarch would explain the Egyptian worship of animals + as reverence done not so much to the beasts themselves as to the + great god who displays the divine handiwork in sentient organisms + even more than in the most beautiful and wonderful works of + inanimate nature.<a id="noteref_84" name="noteref_84" href= + "#note_84"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">84</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">His theory is an inversion of the + truth: for fetishism is the antecedent, not the corruption, of + theism. Lamentations of the savage for the animals and plants + which he kills and eats.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The comparative + study of religion has proved that these theories of Plutarch are an + inversion of the truth. Fetishism, or the view that the fruits of + the earth and things in general are divine or animated by powerful + spirits, is not, as Plutarch imagined, a late corruption of a pure + and primitive theism, which regarded the gods as the creators and + givers of all good things. On the contrary, fetishism is early and + theism is late in the history of mankind. In this respect + Xenophanes, whom Plutarch attempts to correct, displayed a much + truer insight into the mind of the savage. To weep crocodile tears + over the animals and plants which he kills and eats, and to pray + them to come again in order that they may be again eaten and again + lamented—this may seem absurd to us, but it is precisely what the + savage does. And from his point of view the proceeding is not at + all absurd but perfectly rational and well calculated to answer his + ends. For he sincerely believes that animals and fruits are + tenanted by spirits who can harm him if they please, and who cannot + but be put to considerable inconvenience by that destruction of + their bodies which is unfortunately inseparable from the processes + of mastication and digestion. What more natural, therefore, than + that the savage should offer excuses to the beasts and the fruits + for the painful necessity he is under of consuming them, and that + he should endeavour to alleviate their pangs by soft words and an + air of respectful sympathy, in order that they may bear him no + grudge, and may in due time come again to be again eaten and again + lamented? Judged by the standard of primitive manners the attitude + of the walrus to the oysters was strictly correct:—</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">‘</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">I weep for + you,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">’</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">the Walrus + said:</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">‘</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">I deeply + sympathize.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">’</span></span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + With sobs and tears he sorted out</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + Those of the largest size,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + Holding his pocket-handkerchief</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Before his streaming + eyes.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Respect shown by savages for the + fruits and the animals which they eat.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many examples of + such hypocritical lamentations for animals, drawn not from the + fancy of a playful writer but from the facts of savage life, could + be cited.<a id="noteref_85" name="noteref_85" href= + "#note_85"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">85</span></span></a> Here I + shall quote the general statement of a writer on the Indians of + British Columbia, because it covers the case of vegetable as well + as of animal food. After describing the respectful welcome accorded + by the Stlatlum Indians to the first <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sock-eye”</span> salmon which they have caught in the + season, he goes on: <span class="tei tei-q">“The significance of + these ceremonies is easy to perceive when we remember the attitude + of the Indians towards nature generally, and recall their myths + relating to the salmon, and their coming to their rivers and + streams. Nothing that the Indian of this region eats is regarded by + him as mere food and nothing more. Not a single plant, animal, or + fish, or other object upon which he feeds, is looked upon in this + light, or as something he has secured for himself by his own wit + and skill. He regards it rather as something which has been + voluntarily and compassionately placed in his hands by the goodwill + and consent of the 'spirit' of the object itself, or by the + intercession and magic of his culture-heroes; to be retained and + used by him only upon the fulfilment of certain conditions. These + conditions include respect and reverent care in the killing or + plucking of the animal or plant and proper treatment of the parts + he has no use for, such as the bones, blood, and offal; and the + depositing of the same in some stream or lake, so that the object + may by that means renew its life and physical form. The practices + in connection with the killing of animals and the gathering of + plants and fruits all make this quite clear, and it is only when we + bear this attitude of the savage towards nature in mind that we can + hope to rightly understand the motives and purposes of many of his + strange customs and beliefs.”</span><a id="noteref_86" name= + "noteref_86" href="#note_86"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">86</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Thus the lamentations of the sower + become intelligible.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We can now + understand why among many peoples of antiquity, as Plutarch tells + us, the time of sowing was a time of sorrow. The laying of the seed + in the earth was a burial of the divine element, and it was fitting + that like a human burial it should be performed with gravity and + the semblance, if not the reality, of sorrow. Yet they sorrowed not + without hope, perhaps a sure and certain hope, that the seed which + they thus committed with sighs and tears to the ground would yet + rise from the dust and yield fruit a hundredfold to the reaper. + <span class="tei tei-q">“They that sow in tears shall reap in joy. + He that goeth forth and weepeth, bearing precious seed, shall + doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with + him.”</span><a id="noteref_87" name="noteref_87" href= + "#note_87"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">87</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> <a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 4. Rites of Harvest.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Lamentations of the Egyptian + corn-reapers.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Egyptian + harvest, as we have seen, falls not in autumn but in spring, in the + months of March, April, and May. To the husbandman the time of + harvest, at least in a good year, must necessarily be a season of + joy: in bringing home his sheaves he is requited for his long and + anxious labours. Yet if the old Egyptian farmer felt a secret joy + at reaping and garnering the grain, it was essential that he should + conceal the natural emotion under an air of profound dejection. For + was he not severing the body of the corn-god with his sickle and + trampling it to pieces under the hoofs of his cattle on the + threshing-floor?<a id="noteref_88" name="noteref_88" href= + "#note_88"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">88</span></span></a> + Accordingly we are told that it was an ancient custom of the + Egyptian corn-reapers to beat their breasts and lament over the + first sheaf cut, while at the same time they called upon + Isis.<a id="noteref_89" name="noteref_89" href= + "#note_89"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">89</span></span></a> The + invocation seems to have taken the form of a melancholy chant, to + which the Greeks gave the name of Maneros. Similar plaintive + strains were chanted by corn-reapers in <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Phoenicia and other parts of Western + Asia.<a id="noteref_90" name="noteref_90" href= + "#note_90"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">90</span></span></a> + Probably all these doleful ditties were lamentations for the + corn-god killed by the sickles of the reapers. In Egypt the slain + deity was Osiris, and the name <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maneros</span></span> + applied to the dirge appears to be derived from certain words + meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“Come to thy house,”</span> which + often occur in the lamentations for the dead god.<a id="noteref_91" + name="noteref_91" href="#note_91"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">91</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Similar ceremonies observed by the + Cherokee Indians in the cultivation of the corn. The Old Woman + of the corn and the laments for her death.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ceremonies of + the same sort have been observed by other peoples, probably for the + same purpose. Thus we are told that among all vegetables corn + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">selu</span></span>), by which is apparently + meant maize, holds the first place in the household economy and the + ceremonial observance of the Cherokee Indians, who invoke it under + the name of <span class="tei tei-q">“the Old Woman”</span> in + allusion to a myth that it sprang from the blood of an old woman + killed by her disobedient sons. <span class="tei tei-q">“Much + ceremony accompanied the planting and tending of the crop. Seven + grains, the sacred number, were put into each hill, and these were + not afterwards thinned out. After the last working of the crop, the + priest and an assistant—generally the owner of the field—went into + the field and built a small enclosure in the centre. Then entering + it, they seated themselves upon the ground, with heads bent down, + and while the assistant kept perfect silence the priest, with + rattle in hand, sang songs of invocation to the spirit of the corn. + Soon, according to the orthodox belief, a loud rustling would be + heard outside, which they would know was caused by the <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Old Woman’</span> bringing the corn into the field, + but neither must look up until the song was finished. This ceremony + was repeated on four successive nights, after which no one entered + the field for seven other nights, when the priest himself went in, + and, if all the sacred regulations had been properly observed, was + rewarded by finding young ears upon the stalks. The corn ceremonies + could be performed by the owner of the field himself, provided he + was willing to pay a sufficient fee to the priest in order to learn + the songs and ritual. Care was always taken to keep a <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> clean trail from the field to the + house, so that the corn might be encouraged to stay at home and not + go wandering elsewhere. Most of these customs have now fallen into + disuse excepting among the old people, by many of whom they are + still religiously observed. Another curious ceremony, of which even + the memory is now almost forgotten, was enacted after the first + working of the corn, when the owner or priest stood in succession + at each of the four corners of the field and wept and wailed + loudly. Even the priests are now unable to give a reason for this + performance, which may have been a lament for the bloody death of + Selu,”</span> the Old Woman of the Corn.<a id="noteref_92" name= + "noteref_92" href="#note_92"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">92</span></span></a> In + these Cherokee practices the lamentations and the invocations of + the Old Woman of the Corn resemble the ancient Egyptian customs of + lamenting over the first corn cut and calling upon Isis, herself + probably in one of her aspects an Old Woman of the Corn. Further, + the Cherokee precaution of leaving a clear path from the field to + the house resembles the Egyptian invitation to Osiris, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Come to thy house.”</span> So in the East Indies to + this day people observe elaborate ceremonies for the purpose of + bringing back the Soul of the Rice from the fields to the + barn.<a id="noteref_93" name="noteref_93" href= + "#note_93"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">93</span></span></a> The + Nandi of British East Africa perform a ceremony in September when + the eleusine grain is ripening. Every woman who owns a plantation + goes out with her daughters into the cornfields and makes a bonfire + of the branches and leaves of certain trees (the <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Solanum campylanthum</span></span> and + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lantana salvifolia</span></span>). After that + they pluck some of the eleusine, and each of them puts one grain in + her necklace, chews another and rubs it on her forehead, throat, + and breast. <span class="tei tei-q">“No joy is shown by the + womenfolk on this occasion, and they sorrowfully cut a basketful of + the corn which they take home with them and place in the loft to + dry.”</span><a id="noteref_94" name="noteref_94" href= + "#note_94"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">94</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Lamentations of Indians at cutting + sacred wood.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Just as the + Egyptians lamented at cutting the corn, so the Karok Indians of + California lament at hewing the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> sacred wood for the fire in the + assembly-room. The wood must be cut from a tree on the top of the + highest hill. In lopping off the boughs the Indian weeps and sobs + piteously, shedding real tears, and at the top of the tree he + leaves two branches and a top-knot, resembling a man's head and + outstretched arms. Having descended from the tree, he binds the + wood in a faggot and carries it back to the assembly-room, + blubbering all the way. If he is asked why he thus weeps at cutting + and fetching the sacred fuel, he will either give no answer or say + simply that he does it for luck.<a id="noteref_95" name= + "noteref_95" href="#note_95"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">95</span></span></a> We may + suspect that his real motive is to appease the wrath of the + tree-spirit, many of whose limbs he has amputated, though he took + care to leave him two arms and a head.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Arab ceremony of burying</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 80%">“</span><span style="font-size: 80%">the old + man</span><span style="font-size: 80%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 80%">at harvest.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The conception + of the corn-spirit as old and dead at harvest is very clearly + embodied in a custom observed by the Arabs of Moab. When the + harvesters have nearly finished their task and only a small corner + of the field remains to be reaped, the owner takes a handful of + wheat tied up in a sheaf. A hole is dug in the form of a grave, and + two stones are set upright, one at the head and the other at the + foot, just as in an ordinary burial. Then the sheaf of wheat is + laid at the bottom of the grave, and the sheikh pronounces these + words, <span class="tei tei-q">“The old man is dead.”</span> Earth + is afterwards thrown in to cover the sheaf, with a prayer, + <span class="tei tei-q">“May Allah bring us back the wheat of the + dead.”</span><a id="noteref_96" name="noteref_96" href= + "#note_96"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">96</span></span></a></p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg 049]</span><a name= + "Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> <a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter IV. The Official Festivals of + Osiris.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> <a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 1. The Festival at + Sais.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">With the adoption of the + Alexandrian year in 30</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 80%">the Egyptian festivals ceased to + rotate through the natural year.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such, then, were + the principal events of the farmer's calendar in ancient Egypt, and + such the simple religious rites by which he celebrated them. But we + have still to consider the Osirian festivals of the official + calendar, so far as these are described by Greek writers or + recorded on the monuments. In examining them it is necessary to + bear in mind that on account of the movable year of the old + Egyptian calendar the true or astronomical dates of the official + festivals must have varied from year to year, at least until the + adoption of the fixed Alexandrian year in 30 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> From that time + onward, apparently, the dates of the festivals were determined by + the new calendar, and so ceased to rotate throughout the length of + the solar year. At all events Plutarch, writing about the end of + the first century, implies that they were then fixed, not movable; + for though he does not mention the Alexandrian calendar, he clearly + dates the festivals by it.<a id="noteref_97" name="noteref_97" + href="#note_97"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">97</span></span></a> + Moreover, the long festal calendar of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Esne, an important document of the Imperial + age, is obviously based on the fixed Alexandrian year; for it + assigns the mark for New Year's Day to the day which corresponds to + the twenty-ninth of August, which was the first day of the + Alexandrian year, and its references to the rising of the Nile, the + position of the sun, and the operations of agriculture are all in + harmony with this supposition.<a id="noteref_98" name="noteref_98" + href="#note_98"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">98</span></span></a> Thus + we may take it as fairly certain that from 30 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> onwards the Egyptian + festivals were stationary in the solar year.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The sufferings of Osiris displayed + as a mystery at Sais. The illumination of houses throughout + Egypt on the night of the festival suggests that the rite was a + Feast of All Souls.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herodotus tells + us that the grave of Osiris was at Sais in Lower Egypt, and that + there was a lake there upon which the sufferings of the god were + displayed as a mystery by night.<a id="noteref_99" name= + "noteref_99" href="#note_99"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">99</span></span></a> This + commemoration of the divine passion was held once a year: the + people mourned and beat their breasts at it to testify their sorrow + for the death of the god; and an image of a cow, made of gilt wood + with a golden sun between its horns, was carried out of the chamber + in which it stood the rest of the year.<a id="noteref_100" name= + "noteref_100" href="#note_100"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">100</span></span></a> The + cow no doubt represented Isis herself, for cows were sacred to her, + and she was regularly depicted with the horns of a cow on her + head,<a id="noteref_101" name="noteref_101" href= + "#note_101"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">101</span></span></a> or + even as a woman with the head of a cow.<a id="noteref_102" name= + "noteref_102" href="#note_102"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">102</span></span></a> It is + probable that the carrying out of her cow-shaped image symbolized + the goddess searching for the dead body of Osiris; for this was the + native Egyptian interpretation of a similar ceremony observed in + Plutarch's time about the winter solstice, when the gilt cow was + carried seven times round the temple.<a id="noteref_103" name= + "noteref_103" href="#note_103"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">103</span></span></a> A + great feature of the festival was the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> nocturnal illumination. People fastened rows + of oil-lamps to the outside of their houses, and the lamps burned + all night long. The custom was not confined to Sais, but was + observed throughout the whole of Egypt.<a id="noteref_104" name= + "noteref_104" href="#note_104"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">104</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This universal + illumination of the houses on one night of the year suggests that + the festival may have been a commemoration not merely of the dead + Osiris but of the dead in general, in other words, that it may have + been a night of All Souls.<a id="noteref_105" name="noteref_105" + href="#note_105"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">105</span></span></a> For + it is a widespread belief that the souls of the dead revisit their + old homes on one night of the year; and on that solemn occasion + people prepare for the reception of the ghosts by laying out food + for them to eat, and lighting lamps to guide them on their dark + road from and to the grave. The following instances will illustrate + the custom.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> <a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 2. Feasts of All Souls.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festival of the dead among + the Esquimaux. The lighting of the lamps for the dead. Annual + festivals of the dead among the Indians of California. Annual + festivals of the dead among the Choctaws and Pueblo + Indians.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Esquimaux of + St. Michael and the lower Yukon River in Alaska hold a festival of + the dead every year at the end of November or the beginning of + December, as well as a greater festival at intervals of several + years. At these seasons, food, drink, and clothes are provided for + the returning ghosts in the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kashim</span></span> or clubhouse of the + village, which is illuminated with oil lamps. Every man or woman + who wishes to honour a dead friend sets up a lamp on a stand in + front of the place which the deceased used to occupy in the + clubhouse. These lamps, filled with seal oil, are kept burning day + and night till the festival is over. They are believed to light the + shades on their return to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg + 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + their old home and back again to the land of the dead. If any one + fails to put up a lamp in the clubhouse and to keep it burning, the + shade whom he or she desires to honour could not find its way to + the place and so would miss the feast. On the eve of the festival + the nearest male relation goes to the grave and summons the ghost + by planting there a small model of a seal spear or of a wooden + dish, according as the deceased was a man or a woman. The badges of + the dead are marked on these implements. When all is ready, the + ghosts gather in the fire-pit under the clubhouse, and ascending + through the floor at the proper moment take possession of the + bodies of their namesakes, to whom the offerings of food, drink, + and clothing are made for the benefit of the dead. Thus each shade + obtains the supplies he needs in the other world. The dead who have + none to make offerings to them are believed to suffer great + destitution. Hence the Esquimaux fear to die without leaving behind + them some one who will sacrifice to their spirits, and childless + people generally adopt children lest their shades should be + forgotten at the festivals. When a person has been much disliked, + his ghost is sometimes purposely ignored, and that is deemed the + severest punishment that could be inflicted upon him. After the + songs of invitation to the dead have been sung, the givers of the + feast take a small portion of food from every dish and cast it down + as an offering to the shades; then each pours a little water on the + floor so that it runs through the cracks. In this way they believe + that the spiritual essence of all the food and water is conveyed to + the souls. The remainder of the food is afterwards distributed + among the people present, who eat of it heartily. Then with songs + and dances the feast comes to an end, and the ghosts are dismissed + to their own place. Dances form a conspicuous feature of the great + festival of the dead, which is held every few years. The dancers + dance not only in the clubhouse but also at the graves and on the + ice, if the deceased met their death by drowning.<a id= + "noteref_106" name="noteref_106" href="#note_106"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">106</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Indians of + California used to observe annual ceremonies <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of mourning for the dead,<a id= + "noteref_107" name="noteref_107" href="#note_107"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">107</span></span></a> at + some of which the souls of the departed were represented by living + persons. Ten or more men would prepare themselves to play the part + of the ghosts by fasting for several days, especially by abstaining + from flesh. Disguised with paint and soot, adorned with feathers + and grasses, they danced and sang in the village or rushed about in + the forest by night with burning torches in their hands. After a + time they presented themselves to the relations of the deceased, + who looked upon these maskers as in very truth their departed + friends and received them accordingly with an outburst of + lamentation, the old women scratching their own faces and smiting + their breasts with stones in token of mourning. These masquerades + were generally held in February. During their continuance a strict + fast was observed in the village.<a id="noteref_108" name= + "noteref_108" href="#note_108"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">108</span></span></a> Among + the Konkaus of California the dance of the dead is always held + about the end of August and marks their New Year's Day. They + collect a large quantity of food, clothing, baskets, ornaments, and + whatever else the spirits are supposed to need in the other world. + These they hang on a semicircle of boughs or small trees, cut and + set in the ground leafless. In the centre burns a great fire, and + hard by are the graves. The ceremony begins at evening and lasts + till daybreak. As darkness falls, men and women sit on the graves + and wail for the dead of the year. Then they dance round the fire + with frenzied yells and whoops, casting from time to time the + offerings into the flames. All must be consumed before the first + faint streaks of dawn glimmer in the East.<a id="noteref_109" name= + "noteref_109" href="#note_109"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">109</span></span></a> The + Choctaws used to have a great respect for their dead. They did not + bury their bodies but laid them on biers made of bark and supported + by forked sticks about fifteen feet high. <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> When the worms had consumed the flesh, the + skeleton was dismembered, any remains of muscles and sinews were + buried, and the bones were deposited in a box, the skull being + reddened with ochre. The box containing the bones was then carried + to the common burial ground. In the early days of November the + tribe celebrated a great festival which they called the Festival of + the Dead or of the Souls; every family then gathered in the common + burial ground, and there with weeping and lamentation visited the + boxes which contained the mouldering relics of their dead. On + returning from the graveyard they held a great banquet, which ended + the festival.<a id="noteref_110" name="noteref_110" href= + "#note_110"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">110</span></span></a> Some + of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico <span class= + "tei tei-q">“believe that on a certain day (in August, I think) the + dead rise from their graves and flit about the neighbouring hills, + and on that day all who have lost friends carry out quantities of + corn, bread, meat, and such other good things of this life as they + can obtain, and place them in the haunts frequented by the dead, in + order that the departed spirits may once more enjoy the comforts of + this nether world. They have been encouraged in this belief by the + priests, who were in the habit of sending out and appropriating to + themselves all these things, and then making the poor simple + Indians believe that the dead had eaten them.”</span><a id= + "noteref_111" name="noteref_111" href="#note_111"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">111</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festival of the dead among + the Miztecs of Mexico.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Miztecs of + Mexico believed that the souls of the dead came back in the twelfth + month of every year, which corresponded to our November. On this + day of All Souls the houses were decked out to welcome the spirits. + Jars of food and drink were set on a table in the principal room, + and the family went forth with torches to meet the ghosts and + invite them to enter. Then returning themselves to the house they + knelt around the table, and with eyes bent on the ground prayed the + souls to accept of the offerings and to procure the blessings of + the gods upon the family. Thus they remained on bended knees and + with downcast eyes till the morning, not daring to look at the + table lest they <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg + 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + should offend the spirits by spying on them at their meal. With the + first beams of the sun they rose, glad at heart. The jars of food + which had been presented to the dead were given to the poor or + deposited in a secret place.<a id="noteref_112" name="noteref_112" + href="#note_112"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">112</span></span></a> The + Indians of Santiago Tepehuacan believe that the souls of their dead + return to them on the night of the eighteenth of October, the + festival of St. Luke, and they sweep the roads in order that the + ghosts may find them clean on their passage.<a id="noteref_113" + name="noteref_113" href="#note_113"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">113</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festival of the dead in + Sumba.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again, the + natives of Sumba, an East Indian island, celebrate a New Year's + festival, which is at the same time a festival of the dead. The + graves are in the middle of the village, and at a given moment all + the people repair to them and raise a loud weeping and wailing. + Then after indulging for a short time in the national pastimes they + disperse to their houses, and every family calls upon its dead to + come back. The ghosts are believed to hear and accept the + invitation. Accordingly betel and areca nuts are set out for them. + Victims, too, are sacrificed in front of every house, and their + hearts and livers are offered with rice to the dead. After a decent + interval these portions are distributed amongst the living, who + consume them and banquet gaily on flesh and rice, a rare event in + their frugal lives. Then they play, dance, and sing to their + heart's content, and the festival which began so lugubriously ends + by being the merriest of the year. A little before daybreak the + invisible guests take their departure. All the people turn out of + their houses to escort them a little way. Holding in one hand the + half of a coco-nut, which contains a small packet of provisions for + the dead, and in the other hand a piece of smouldering wood, they + march in procession, singing a drawling song to the accompaniment + of a gong and waving the lighted brands in time to the music. So + they move through the darkness till with the last words of the song + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name= + "Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> they throw away the + coco-nuts and the brands in the direction of the spirit-land, + leaving the ghosts to wend their way thither, while they themselves + return to the village.<a id="noteref_114" name="noteref_114" href= + "#note_114"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">114</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festival of the dead in + Kiriwina. Festival of the dead among the Sea Dyaks of + Borneo.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Kiriwina, one + of the Trobriand Islands, to the east of New Guinea, the spirits of + the ancestors are believed to revisit their native village in a + body once a year after the harvest has been got in. At this time + the men perform special dances, the people openly display their + valuables, spread out on platforms, and great feasts are made for + the spirits. On a certain night, when the moon is at the full, all + the people raise a great shout and so drive away the spirits to the + spirit land.<a id="noteref_115" name="noteref_115" href= + "#note_115"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">115</span></span></a> The + Sea Dyaks of Borneo celebrate a great festival in honour of the + dead at irregular intervals, it may be one or more years after the + death of a particular person. All who have died since the last + feast was held, and have not yet been honoured by such a + celebration, are remembered at this time; hence the number of + persons commemorated may be great, especially if many years have + elapsed since the last commemoration service. The preparations last + many weeks: food and drink and all other necessaries are stored in + plenty, and the whole neighbourhood for miles round is invited to + attend. On the eve of the feast the women take bamboo splints and + fashion out of them little models of various useful articles, and + these models are hung over the graves for the use of the dead in + the other world. If the feast is held in honour of a man, the + things manufactured in his behoof will take the form of a bamboo + gun, a shield, a war-cap, and so on; if it is a woman who is + commemorated, little models of a loom, a fish-basket, a + winnowing-fan and such like things will be provided for her spirit; + and if it is a child for whom the rite is performed, toys of + various kinds will be made ready for the childish ghost. Finally, + to stay the appetite of ghosts who may be too sharp-set to wait for + the formal banquet in the house, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page057">[pg 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> a supply of victuals is very considerately + placed outside the house on which the hungry spirits may fall to + without delay. The dead arrive in a boat from the other world; for + living Dyaks generally travel by river, from which it necessarily + follows that Dyak ghosts do so likewise. The ship in which the + ghostly visitors voyage to the land of the living is not much to + look at, being in appearance nothing but a tiny boat made out of a + bamboo which has been used to cook rice. Even this is not set + floating on the river but is simply thrown away under the house. + Yet through the incantations uttered by the professional + wailing-woman the bark is wafted away to the spirit world and is + there converted into a large war-canoe. Gladly the ghosts embark + and sail away as soon as the final summons comes. It always comes + in the evening, for it is then that the wailer begins to croon her + mournful ditties; but the way is so long that the spirits do not + arrive in the house till the day is breaking. To refresh them after + their weary journey a bamboo full of rice-spirit awaits them; and + this they partake of by deputy, for a brave old man, who does not + fear the face of ghosts, quaffs the beverage in their stead amid + the joyful shouts of the spectators. On the morning after the feast + the living pay the last offices of respect to the dead. Monuments + made of ironwood, the little bamboo articles, and food of all kinds + are set upon the graves. In consideration of these gifts the ghosts + now relinquish all claims on their surviving relatives, and + henceforth earn their own living by the sweat of their brow. Before + they take their final departure they come to eat and drink in the + house for the last time.<a id="noteref_116" name="noteref_116" + href="#note_116"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">116</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festival of the dead among + the Nagas of Manipur.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the Dyak + festival of the dead is not an annual welcome accorded to all the + souls of ancestors; it is a propitiatory ceremony designed to + secure once for all the eternal welfare of the recently departed, + or at least to prevent their ghosts from returning to infest and + importune the living. The same is perhaps the intention of the + <span class="tei tei-q">“soul departure”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kathi + Kasham</span></span>) festival which the Tangkul <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Nagas of Manipur, in Assam, celebrate + every year about the end of January. At this great feast the dead + are represented by living men, chosen on the ground of their + likeness to the departed, who are decked with ornaments and treated + as if they were in truth the deceased persons come to life again. + In that character they dance together in the large open space of + the village, they are fed by the female relations, and they go from + house to house, receiving presents of cloth. The festival lasts ten + days, but the great day is the ninth. Huge torches of pinewood are + made ready to be used that evening when darkness has fallen. The + time of departure of the dead is at hand. Their living + representatives are treated to a last meal in the houses, and they + distribute farewell presents to the sorrowing kinsfolk, who have + come to bid them good-bye. When the sun has set, a procession is + formed. At the head of it march men holding aloft the flaring, + sputtering torches. Then follow the elders armed and in martial + array, and behind them stalk the representatives of the dead, with + the relations of the departed crowding and trooping about them. + Slowly and mournfully the sad procession moves, with loud + lamentations, through the darkness to a spot at the north end of + the village which is overshadowed by a great tree. The light of the + torches is to guide the souls of the dead to their place of rest; + the warlike array of the elders is to guard them from the perils + and dangers of the way. At the village boundary the procession + stops and the torch-bearers throw down their torches. At the same + moment the spirits of the dead are believed to pass into the dying + flambeaux and in that guise to depart to the far country. There is + therefore no further need for their living representatives, who are + accordingly stripped of all their finery on the spot. When the + people return home, each family is careful to light a pine torch + and set it burning on a stone in the house just inside the front + door; this they do as a precaution to prevent their own souls from + following the spirits of the dead to the other world. The expense + of thus despatching the dead to their long home is very great; when + the head of a family dies, debts may be incurred and rice-fields + and houses sold to defray the cost of carriage. Thus <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the living impoverish themselves in + order to enrich the dead.<a id="noteref_117" name="noteref_117" + href="#note_117"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">117</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festival of the dead among + the Oraons of Bengal.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Oraons or + Uraons of Bengal feast their dead every year on a day in January. + This ceremony is called the Great Marriage, because by it the bones + of the deceased are believed to be mysteriously reunited to each + other. The Oraons treat the bones of the dead differently according + to the dates of their death in the agricultural year. The bones of + those who died before the seeds have sprouted in the fields are + burnt, and the few charred bones which have not been reduced to + ashes are gathered in an earthen pot. With the bones in the pot are + placed offerings of rice, native gin, and money, and then they + carry the urn to the river, where the bones of their forefathers + repose. But the bones of all who die after the seeds have sprung up + and before the end of harvest may not be taken to the river, + because the people believe that were that to be done the crops + would suffer. These bones are therefore put away in a pot under a + stone near the house till the harvest is over. Then on the + appointed day in January they are all collected. A banquet is given + in honour of the dead, and then both men and women form a + procession to accompany the bones to their last resting-place in + the sands of the river. But first the relics of mortality are + carried from house to house in the village, and each family pours + rice and gin into the urn which contains the bones of its dead. + Then the procession sets out for the river, men and women dancing, + singing, beating drums, and weeping, while the earthen pots + containing the bones are passed from hand to hand and dance with + the jigging steps of the dancers. When they are yet some way from + the spot, the bearers of the urns run forward and bury them in the + sand of the river. When the rest come up, they all bathe and the + Great Marriage is over.<a id="noteref_118" name="noteref_118" href= + "#note_118"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">118</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festival of the dead in + Bilaspore.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Bilaspore + district of the Central Provinces, India, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the festival known as the Fortnight of the + Manes—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pitr Pāk</span></span>—occurs about September. + It is believed that during this fortnight it is the practice of all + the departed to come and visit their relatives. The homes are + therefore cleaned, and the spaces in front of the house are + plastered and painted in order to be pleasing to those who are + expected. It is believed that the departed will return on the very + date on which they went away. A father who left on the fourth, be + it the fourth of the dark half or the light half of the moon, will + return to visit his family on the fourth of the Fortnight of the + Manes. On that day cakes are prepared, and with certain ceremony + these are offered to the unseen hovering spirit. Their implicit + belief is that the spirit will partake of the essence of the food, + and that which remains—the material portion—may be eaten by members + of the family. The souls of women, it is said, will all come on the + ninth of the fortnight. On the thirteenth come those who have met + with a violent death and who lost their lives by a fall, by + snake-bite, or any other unusual cause. During the Fortnight of the + Manes a woman is not supposed to put on new bangles and a man is + not permitted to shave. In short, this is a season of sad + remembrances, an annual festival for the departed.”</span><a id= + "noteref_119" name="noteref_119" href="#note_119"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">119</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festival of the dead among + the Bghais and Hkamies.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Bghais, a + Karen tribe of Burma, hold an annual feast for the dead at the new + moon which falls near the end of August or the beginning of + September. All the villagers who have lost relatives within the + last three years take part in it. Food and drink are set out on + tables for the ghosts, and new clothes for them are hung up in the + room. All being ready, the people beat gongs and begin to weep. + Each one calls upon the relation whom he has lost to come and eat. + When the dead are thought to have arrived, the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> living address them, saying, + <span class="tei tei-q">“You have come to me, you have returned to + me. It has been raining hard, and you must be wet. Dress + yourselves, clothe yourselves with these new garments, and all the + companions that are with you. Eat betel together with all that + accompany you, all your friends and associates, and the long dead. + Call them all to eat and drink.”</span> The ghosts having finished + their repast, the people dry their tears and sit down to eat what + is left. More food is then prepared and put into a basket, and at + cock-crow next morning the contents of the basket are thrown out of + the house, while the living weep and call upon their dead as + before.<a id="noteref_120" name="noteref_120" href= + "#note_120"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">120</span></span></a> The + Hkamies, a hill tribe of North Aracan, hold an important festival + every year in honour of departed spirits. It falls after harvest + and is called <span class="tei tei-q">“the opening of the house of + the dead.”</span> When a person dies and has been burnt, the ashes + are collected and placed in a small house in the forest together + with his spear or gun, which has first been broken. These little + huts are generally arranged in groups near a village, and are + sometimes large enough to be mistaken for one. After harvest all + the relations of the deceased cook various kinds of food and take + them with pots of liquor distilled from rice to the village of the + dead. There they open the doors of the houses, and having placed + the food and drink inside they shut them again. After that they + weep, eat, drink, and return home.<a id="noteref_121" name= + "noteref_121" href="#note_121"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">121</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festival of the dead in + Cambodia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The great + festival of the dead in Cambodia takes place on the last day of the + month Phatrabot (September-October), but ever since the moon began + to wane everybody has been busy preparing for it. In every house + cakes and sweetmeats are set out, candles burn, incense sticks + smoke, and the whole is offered to the ancestral shades with an + invocation which is thrice repeated: <span class="tei tei-q">“O all + you our ancestors who are departed, deign to come and eat what we + have prepared <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg + 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + for you, and to bless your posterity and make it happy.”</span> + Fifteen days afterwards many little boats are made of bark and + filled with rice, cakes, small coins, smoking incense sticks, and + lighted candles. At evening these are set floating on the river, + and the souls of the dead embark in them to return to their own + place. The living now bid them farewell. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Go to the lands,”</span> they say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“go to the fields you inhabit, to the mountains, under + the stones which are your abodes. Go away! return! In due time your + sons and your grandsons will think of you. Then you will return, + you will return, you will return.”</span> The river is now covered + with twinkling points of fire. But the current soon bears them + away, and as they vanish one by one in the darkness the souls + depart with them to the far country.<a id="noteref_122" name= + "noteref_122" href="#note_122"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">122</span></span></a> In + Tonquin, as in Sumba, the dead revisit their kinsfolk and their old + homes at the New Year. From the hour of midnight, when the New Year + begins, no one dares to shut the door of his house for fear of + excluding the ghosts, who begin to arrive at that time. + Preparations have been made to welcome and refresh them after their + long journey. Beds and mats are ready for their weary bodies to + repose upon, water to wash their dusty feet, slippers to comfort + them, and canes to support their feeble steps. Candles burn on the + domestic altar, and pastilles diffuse a fragrant odour. The people + bow before the unseen visitors and beseech them to remember and + bless their descendants in the coming year. Having discharged this + pious duty they abstain from sweeping the houses for three days + lest the dust should incommode the ghosts.<a id="noteref_123" name= + "noteref_123" href="#note_123"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">123</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festival of the dead in + Annam.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Annam one of + the most important festivals of the year is the festival of Têt, + which falls on the first three days of the New Year. It is devoted + to the worship of ancestors. Everybody, even the poorest, must + provide a good meal for the souls of his dead at this time and must + himself eat and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg + 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + drink heartily. Some families, in order to discharge this pious + duty, run into debt for the whole year. In the houses everything is + put in order, washed, and scoured for the reception of the dear and + distinguished guests. A tall bamboo pole is set up in the front of + every house and allowed to stand there for seven days. A small + basket containing areca, betel, and leaves of gilt paper is + fastened to the pole. The erection of the pole is a sacred rite + which no family omits to perform, though why they do so few people + can say. Some, however, allege that the posts are intended to guide + the ancestral spirits to their old homes. The ceremony of the + reception of the shades takes place at nightfall on the last day of + the year. The house of the head of the family is then decked with + flowers, and in the room which serves as a domestic chapel the + altar of the ancestors is surrounded with flowers, among which the + lotus, the emblem of immortality, is most conspicuous. On a table + are set red candles, perfumes, incense, sandal-wood, and plates + full of bananas, oranges, and other fruits. The relations crouch + before the altar, and kneeling at the foot of it the head of the + house invokes the name of the family which he represents. Then in + solemn tones he recites an incantation, mentioning the names of his + most illustrious ancestors and marking time with the strokes of a + hammer upon a gong, while crackers are exploded outside the room. + After that, he implores the ancestral shades to protect their + descendants and invites them to a repast, which is spread for them + on a table. Round this table he walks, serving the invisible guests + with his own hands. He distributes to them smoking balls of rice in + little china saucers, and pours tea or spirits into each little + cup, while he murmurs words of invitation and compliment. When the + ghosts have eaten and drunk their fill, the head of the family + returns to the altar and salutes them for the last time. Finally, + he takes leaves of yellow paper, covered with gold and silver + spangles, and throws them into a brazier placed at the foot of the + ancestral tablets. These papers represent imaginary bars of gold + and silver which the living send to the dead. Cardboard models of + houses, furniture, jewels, clothes, of everything in short that the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name= + "Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ghosts can need in + the other world, are despatched to them in like manner in the + flames. Then the family sits down to table and feasts on the + remains of the ghostly banquet.<a id="noteref_124" name= + "noteref_124" href="#note_124"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">124</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festival of friendless + ghosts in Annam.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But in Annam it + is not merely the spirits of ancestors who are thus feasted and + supplied with all the necessaries of life. The poor ghosts of those + who died without leaving descendants or whose bodies were left + unburied are not forgotten by the pious Annamites. But these + spirits come round at a different time of year from the others. The + seventh month of the year is set apart for expiatory sacrifices + destined to benefit these unhappy beings, and that is why in Annam + nobody should marry or be betrothed in that month. The great day of + the month is the fifteenth, which is called the Festival of the + Souls. On that day the ghosts in question are set free by the lord + of the underworld, and they come prowling about among the living. + They are exceedingly dangerous, especially to children. Hence in + order to appease their wrath and prevent them from entering the + houses every family takes care to put out offerings for them in the + street. Before every house on that night you may see candles + lighted, paper garments of many colours, paper hats, paper boots, + paper furniture, ingots of gold and silver paper, all hanging in + tempting array from a string, while plates of food and cups of tea + and rice-spirit stand ready for the use of hungry and thirsty + souls. The theory is that the ghosts will be so busy consuming the + victuals, appropriating the deceitful riches, and trying on the + paper coats, hats, and boots that they will have neither the + leisure nor the inclination to intrude upon the domestic circle + indoors. At seven o'clock in the evening fire is put to the + offerings, and the paper wardrobe, furniture, and money soon vanish + crackling in the flames. At the same moment, peeping in at a door + or window, you may see the domestic ancestral altar brilliantly + illuminated. As for the food, it is supposed to be thrown on the + fire or on the ground for the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> use of the ghosts, but practically it is + eaten by vagabonds and beggars, who scuffle for the booty.<a id= + "noteref_125" name="noteref_125" href="#note_125"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">125</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festivals of the dead in + Cochinchina, Siam and Japan.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Cochinchina + the ancestral spirits are similarly propitiated and fed on the + first day of the New Year. The tablets which represent them are + placed on the domestic altar, and the family prostrate themselves + before these emblems of the departed. The head of the family lights + sticks of incense on the altar and prays the shades of his + forefathers to accept the offerings and be favourable to their + descendants. With great gravity he waits upon the ghosts, passing + dishes of food before the ancestral tablets and pouring out wine + and tea to slake the thirst of the spirits. When the dead are + supposed to be satisfied with the shadowy essence of the food, the + living partake of its gross material substance.<a id="noteref_126" + name="noteref_126" href="#note_126"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">126</span></span></a> In + Siam and Japan also the souls of the dead revisit their families + for three days in every year, and the lamps which the Japanese + kindle in multitudes on that occasion to light the spirits on their + way have procured for the festival the name of the Feast of + Lanterns. It is to be observed that in Siam, as in Tonquin and + Sumba, the return of the ghosts takes place at the New Year.<a id= + "noteref_127" name="noteref_127" href="#note_127"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">127</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festivals of the dead among + the Chewsurs and Armenians.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Chewsurs of + the Caucasus believe that the souls of the departed revisit their + old homes on the Saturday night of the second week in Lent. This + gathering of the dead is called the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Assembly of Souls.”</span> The people spare no expense + to treat the unseen guests handsomely. Beer is brewed and loaves of + various shapes baked specially for the occasion.<a id="noteref_128" + name="noteref_128" href="#note_128"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">128</span></span></a> The + Armenians celebrate the memory of the dead on many days of the + year, burning incense and lighting tapers in their honour. One of + their customs is to keep a <span class="tei tei-q">“light of the + dead”</span> burning all night in the house in order that the + ghosts may be able to enter. For if the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> spirits find the house dark, they spit down + the chimney and depart, cursing the churlish inmates.<a id= + "noteref_129" name="noteref_129" href="#note_129"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">129</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festivals of the dead in + Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Early in April + every year the Dahomans of West Africa <span class="tei tei-q">“set + a table, as they term it, and invite friends to eat with the + deceased relatives, whose spirits are supposed to move round and + partake of the good things of this life. Even my interpreter, + Madi-Ki Lemon, who pretends to despise the belief in fetish, sets a + table to his ancestors, and will tell you that his grand- or + great-grandfather, Corporal Lemon, makes a meal on this occasion + which will last him till the next annual feast.”</span><a id= + "noteref_130" name="noteref_130" href="#note_130"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">130</span></span></a> The + Barea and apparently the Kunama, two heathen tribes who lead a + settled agricultural life to the north of Abyssinia, celebrate + every year a festival in the month of November. It is a festival of + thanksgiving for the completion of the harvest, and at the same + time a commemoration and propitiation of the dead. Every house + prepares much beer for the occasion, and a small pot of beer is set + out for each deceased member of the household. After standing for + two days in the house the beer which was devoted to the dead is + drunk by the living. At these festivals all the people of a + district meet in a special place, and there pass the time in games + and dances. Among the Barea the festive gatherings are held in a + sacred grove. We are told that <span class="tei tei-q">“he who owes + another a drubbing on this day can pay his debt with impunity; for + it is a day of peace when all feuds are in abeyance.”</span> Wild + honey may not be gathered till the festival has been held.<a id= + "noteref_131" name="noteref_131" href="#note_131"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">131</span></span></a> + Apparently the festival is a sort of Saturnalia, such as is + celebrated elsewhere at the end of harvest.<a id="noteref_132" + name="noteref_132" href="#note_132"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">132</span></span></a> At + that season there is food and to spare for the dead as well as the + living.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg + 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festivals of the dead among + peoples of the Aryan stock. Annual festival of the dead (the + Fravashis) among the old Iranians. Annual festival of the dead + among the Persians.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among peoples of + the Aryan stock, so far back as we can trace their history, the + worship and propitiation of the dead seem to have formed a + principal element of the popular religion;<a id="noteref_133" name= + "noteref_133" href="#note_133"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">133</span></span></a> and + like so many other races they appear to have believed that once a + year the souls of their departed kinsfolk revisited their old homes + and expected to be refreshed with abundance of good cheer by their + surviving relations. This belief gave rise to the custom of + celebrating an annual Feast of All Souls, which has come down to us + from a dateless antiquity and is still observed year by year, with + rites of primitive simplicity, in some parts of Europe. Such a + festival was held every year in spring by the old Iranians. The + celebration fell at the end of the year and lasted ten days, namely + the last five days of the last month and the five following + supplementary days, which were regularly inserted to make up a year + of three hundred and sixty-five days; for the old Iranian, like the + old Egyptian, year was a vague year of twelve months of thirty days + each, with five supplementary days added at the end for the sake of + bringing it into apparent, though not real, harmony with the sun's + annual course in the sky. According to one calculation the ten days + of the festival corresponded to the last days of February, but + according to another they fell in March; in later ages the Parsees + assigned them to the time of the spring equinox. The name of the + festival was Hamaspathmaedaya.<a id="noteref_134" name= + "noteref_134" href="#note_134"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">134</span></span></a> From + a passage in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zend-Avesta</span></span>, the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ancient sacred book of the Iranians, we + learn that on the ten nights of the festival the souls of the dead + (the Fravashis) were believed to go about the village asking the + people to do them reverence, to pray to them, to meditate on them, + and to furnish them with meat and clothes, while at the same time + they promised that blessings should rest on the pious householder + who complied with their request.<a id="noteref_135" name= + "noteref_135" href="#note_135"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">135</span></span></a> The + Arab geographer Albiruni, who flourished about the year one + thousand of our era, tells us that among the Persians of his time + the last five days of the month Aban were called Farwardajan. + <span class="tei tei-q">“During this time,”</span> he says, + <span class="tei tei-q">“people put food in the halls of the dead + and drink on the roofs of the houses, believing that the spirits of + their dead during these days come out from the places of their + reward or their punishment, that they go to the dishes laid out for + them, imbibe their strength and suck their taste. They fumigate + their houses with juniper, that the dead may enjoy its smell. The + spirits of the pious men dwell among their families, children, and + relations, and occupy themselves with their affairs, although + invisible to them.”</span> He adds that there was a controversy + among the Persians as to the date of this festival of the dead, + some maintaining that the five days during which it lasted were the + last five days of the month Aban, whereas others held that they + were the five supplementary days which were inserted between the + months Aban and Adhar. The dispute, he continues, was settled by + the adoption of all ten days for the celebration of the + feast.<a id="noteref_136" name="noteref_136" href= + "#note_136"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">136</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Feast of All Souls in Brittany and + other parts of France.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Similar beliefs + as to the annual return of the dead survive to this day in many + parts of Europe and find expression in similar customs. The day of + the dead or of All Souls, as we call it, is commonly the second of + November. Thus in Lower Brittany the souls of the departed come to + visit the living on the eve of that day. After vespers are over, + the priests and choir walk in procession, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the procession of the charnel-house,”</span> chanting + a weird dirge in the Breton tongue. Then the people go home, gather + round the fire, and talk of the departed. The housewife covers the + kitchen table with a white cloth, sets out cider, curds, and hot + pancakes on it, and retires with the family to rest. The fire on + the hearth is kept up by a huge log known as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the log of the dead”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">kef ann + Anaon</span></span>). Soon doleful voices outside in the darkness + break the stillness of night. It is the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“singers of death”</span> who go about the streets + waking the sleepers by a wild and melancholy song, in which they + remind the living in their comfortable beds to pray for the poor + souls in pain. All that night the dead warm themselves at the + hearth and feast on the viands prepared for them. Sometimes the + awe-struck listeners hear the stools creaking in the kitchen, or + the dead leaves outside rustling under the ghostly footsteps.<a id= + "noteref_137" name="noteref_137" href="#note_137"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">137</span></span></a> In + the Vosges Mountains on All Souls' Eve the solemn sound of the + church bells invites good Christians to pray for the repose of the + dead. While the bells are ringing, it is customary in some families + to uncover the beds and open the windows, doubtless in order to let + the poor souls enter and rest. No one that evening would dare to + remain deaf to the appeal of the bells. The prayers are prolonged + to a late hour of the night. When the last <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">De + profundis</span></span> has been uttered, the head of the family + gently covers up the beds, sprinkles them with holy water, and + shuts the windows. In some villages fire is kept up on the hearth + and a basket of nuts is placed beside it for the use of the + ghosts.<a id="noteref_138" name="noteref_138" href= + "#note_138"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">138</span></span></a> + Again, in some parts of Saintonge and Aunis a Candlemas candle used + to be lit before the domestic <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> crucifix on All Souls' Day at the very hour + when the last member of the family departed this life; and some + people, just as in Tonquin, refrained from sweeping the house that + day lest they should thereby disturb the ghostly visitors.<a id= + "noteref_139" name="noteref_139" href="#note_139"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">139</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Feast of All Souls in + Belgium.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Bruges, + Dinant, and other towns of Belgium holy candles burn all night in + the houses on the Eve of All Souls, and the bells toll till + midnight, or even till morning. People, too, often set lighted + candles on the graves. At Scherpenheuvel the houses are + illuminated, and the people walk in procession carrying lighted + candles in their hands. A very common custom in Belgium is to eat + <span class="tei tei-q">“soul-cakes”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“soul-bread”</span> on the eve or the day of All Souls. + The eating of them is believed to benefit the dead in some way. + Perhaps originally, as among the Esquimaux of Alaska to this + day,<a id="noteref_140" name="noteref_140" href= + "#note_140"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">140</span></span></a> the + ghosts were thought to enter into the bodies of their relatives and + so to share the victuals which the survivors consumed. Similarly at + festivals in honour of the dead in Northern India it is customary + to feed Brahmans, and the food which these holy men partake of is + believed to pass to the deceased and to refresh their languid + spirits.<a id="noteref_141" name="noteref_141" href= + "#note_141"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">141</span></span></a> The + same idea of eating and drinking by proxy may perhaps partly + explain many other funeral feasts. Be that as it may, at Dixmude + and elsewhere in Belgium they say that you deliver a soul from + Purgatory for every cake you eat. At Antwerp they give a local + colour to the soul-cakes by baking them with plenty of saffron, the + deep yellow tinge being suggestive of the flames of Purgatory. + People in Antwerp at the same season are careful not to slam doors + or windows for fear of hurting the ghosts.<a id="noteref_142" name= + "noteref_142" href="#note_142"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">142</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Feast of All Souls in + Lechrain.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Lechrain, a + district of Southern Bavaria which extends along the valley of the + Lech from its source to near the point where the river flows into + the Danube, the two festivals of All Saints and All Souls, on the + first <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name= + "Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and second of + November, have significantly fused in popular usage into a single + festival of the dead. In fact, the people pay little or no heed to + the saints and give all their thoughts to the souls of their + departed kinsfolk. The Feast of All Souls begins immediately after + vespers on All Saints' Day. Even on the eve of All Saints' Day, + that is, on the thirty-first of October, which we call Hallowe'en, + the graveyard is cleaned and every grave adorned. The decoration + consists in weeding the mounds, sprinkling a layer of charcoal on + the bare earth, and marking out patterns on it in red + service-berries. The marigold, too, is still in bloom at that + season in cottage gardens, and garlands of its orange blooms, + mingled with other late flowers left by the departing summer, are + twined about the grey mossgrown tombstones. The basin of holy water + is filled with fresh water and a branch of box-wood put into it; + for box-wood in the popular mind is associated with death and the + dead. On the eve of All Souls' Day the people begin to visit the + graves and to offer the soul-cakes to the hungry souls. Next + morning, before eight o'clock, commence the vigil, the requiem, and + the solemn visitation of the graves. On that day every household + offers a plate of meal, oats, and spelt on a side-altar in the + church; while in the middle of the sacred edifice a bier is set, + covered with a pall, and surrounded by lighted tapers and vessels + of holy water. The tapers burnt on that day and indeed generally in + services for the departed are red. In the evening people go, + whenever they can do so, to their native village, where their dear + ones lie in the churchyard; and there at the graves they pray for + the poor souls, and leave an offering of soul-cakes also on a + side-altar in the church. The soul-cakes are baked of dough in the + shape of a coil of hair and are made of all sizes up to three feet + long. They form a perquisite of the sexton.<a id="noteref_143" + name="noteref_143" href="#note_143"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">143</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Soul-cakes and All Souls' Day in + Southern Germany.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The custom of + baking soul-cakes, sometimes called simply <span class= + "tei tei-q">“souls,”</span> on All Souls' Day is widespread in + Southern Germany and Austria;<a id="noteref_144" name="noteref_144" + href="#note_144"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">144</span></span></a> + everywhere, we may assume, the cakes were originally intended for + the benefit of the hungry dead, though <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> they are often eaten by the living. In the + Upper Palatinate people throw food into the fire on All Souls' Day + for the poor souls, set lights on the table for them, and pray on + bended knees for their repose. On the graves, too, lights are + kindled, vessels of holy water placed, and food deposited for the + refreshment of the souls. All over the Upper Palatinate on All + Souls' Day it is also customary to bake special cakes of fine bread + and distribute them to the poor,<a id="noteref_145" name= + "noteref_145" href="#note_145"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">145</span></span></a> who + eat them perhaps as the deputies of the dead.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Feast of All Souls in + Bohemia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Germans of + Bohemia observe All Souls' Day with much solemnity. Each family + celebrates the memory of its dead. On the eve of the day it is + customary to eat cakes and to drink cold milk for the purpose of + cooling the poor souls who are roasting in purgatory; from which it + appears that spirits feel the soothing effect of victuals consumed + vicariously by their friends on earth. The ringing of the church + bells to prayer on that evening is believed to be the signal at + which the ghosts, released from the infernal gaol, come trooping to + the old familiar fire-side, there to rest from their pangs for a + single night. So in many places people fill a lamp with butter, + light it, and set it on the hearth, that with the butter the poor + ghosts may anoint the burns they have received from the sulphureous + and tormenting flames of purgatory. Next morning the chime of the + church bells, ringing to early mass, is the knell that bids the + souls return to their place of pain; but such as have completed + their penance take flight to heaven. So on the eve of All Saints' + Day each family gathers in the parlour or the kitchen, speaks + softly of those they have lost, recalls what they said and did in + life, and prays for the repose of their souls. While the prayer is + being said, the children kindle little wax lights which have been + specially bought for the purpose that day. Next morning the + families go to church, where mass is celebrated for the dead; then + they wend their way to the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> churchyard, where they deck the graves of + their kinsfolk with flowers and wreaths and set little lights upon + them. This custom of illumining the graves and decking them with + flowers on the Eve or Day of All Souls is common all over Bohemia; + it is observed in Prague as well as in the country, by Czechs as + well as by Germans. In some Czech villages four-cornered cakes of a + special sort, baked of white wheaten meal with milk, are eaten on + All Souls' Day or given to beggars that they may pray for the + dead.<a id="noteref_146" name="noteref_146" href= + "#note_146"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">146</span></span></a> Among + the Germans of Western Bohemia poor children go from house to house + on All Souls' Day, begging for soul-cakes, and when they receive + them they pray God to bless all poor souls. In the southern + districts every farmer used to grind a great quantity of corn + against the day and to bake it into five or six hundred little + black soul-cakes which he gave away to the poor who came begging + for them.<a id="noteref_147" name="noteref_147" href= + "#note_147"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">147</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Feast of All Souls in + Moravia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All Souls' Day + is celebrated with similar rites by the Germans of Moravia. + <span class="tei tei-q">“The festival of the farewell to + summer,”</span> says a German writer on this subject, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“was held by our heathen forefathers in the beginning + of November, and with the memory of the departed summer they united + the memory of the departed souls, and this last has survived in the + Feast of All Souls, which is everywhere observed with great piety. + On the evening of All Souls the relations of the departed assemble + in the churchyards and adorn the graves of their dear ones with + flowers and lights, while the children kindle little wax tapers, + which have been bought for them, to light the <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘poor souls.’</span> According to the popular belief, + the dead go in procession to the church about midnight, and any + stout-hearted young man can there see all the living men who will + die within the year.”</span><a id="noteref_148" name="noteref_148" + href="#note_148"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">148</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Feast of All Souls in the Tyrol + and Baden.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Tyrol the + beliefs and customs are similar. There, too, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“soul-lights,”</span> that is, lamps filled with lard + or butter are lighted and placed on the hearth on All Souls' Eve in + order that poor souls, escaped from the fires of purgatory, may + smear the melted grease on their burns and so alleviate their + pangs. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg + 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Some people also leave milk and dough-nuts for them on the table + all night. The graves also are illuminated with wax candles and + decked with such a profusion of flowers that you might think it was + springtime.<a id="noteref_149" name="noteref_149" href= + "#note_149"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">149</span></span></a> In + the Italian Tyrol it is customary to give bread or money to the + poor on All Souls' Day; in the Val di Ledro children threaten to + dirty the doors of houses if they do not get the usual dole. Some + rich people treat the poor to bean-soup on that day. Others put + pitchers full of water in the kitchen on All Souls' night that the + poor souls may slake their thirst.<a id="noteref_150" name= + "noteref_150" href="#note_150"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">150</span></span></a> In + Baden it is still customary to deck the graves with flowers and + lights on All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day. The lights are + sometimes kindled in hollow turnips, on the sides of which + inscriptions are carved and shine out in the darkness. If any child + steals a turnip-lantern or anything else from a grave, the + indignant ghost who has been robbed appears to the thief the same + night and reclaims his stolen property. A relic of the old custom + of feeding the dead survives in the practice of giving soul-cakes + to godchildren.<a id="noteref_151" name="noteref_151" href= + "#note_151"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">151</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festivals of the dead among + the Letts and Samagitians.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Letts used + to entertain and feed the souls of the dead for four weeks from + Michaelmas (September 29) to the day of St. Simon and St. Jude + (October 28). They called the season <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Wellalaick</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Semlicka</span></span>, and regarded it as so + holy that while it lasted they would not willingly thresh the corn, + alleging that grain threshed at that time would be useless for + sowing, since the souls of the dead would not allow it to sprout. + But we may suspect that the original motive of the abstinence was a + fear lest the blows of the flails should fall upon the poor ghosts + swarming in the air. At this season the people were wont to prepare + food of all sorts for the spirits and set it on the floor of a + room, which had been well heated and swept for the purpose. Late in + the evening the master of the house went into the room, tended the + fire, and called upon his dead kinsfolk by their names to come and + eat and drink. If he saw the ghosts, he would die within the year; + but if <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page075">[pg + 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + he did not see them he would outlive it. When he thought the souls + had eaten and drunk enough, he took the staff which served as a + poker and laying it on the threshold cut it in two with an axe. At + the same time he bade the spirits go their way, charging them to + keep to the roads and paths and not to tread upon the rye. If the + crops turned out ill next year, the people laid the failure at the + door of the ghosts, who fancied themselves scurvily treated and had + taken their revenge by trampling down the corn.<a id="noteref_152" + name="noteref_152" href="#note_152"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">152</span></span></a> The + Samagitians annually invited the dead to come from their graves and + enjoy a bath and a feast. For their entertainment they prepared a + special hut, in which they set out food and drink, together with a + seat and a napkin for every soul who had been invited. They left + the souls to revel by themselves for three days in the hut; then + they deposited the remains of the banquet on the graves and bade + the ghosts farewell. The good things, however, were usually + consumed by charcoal burners in the forest. This feast of the dead + fell early in November.<a id="noteref_153" name="noteref_153" href= + "#note_153"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">153</span></span></a> The + Esthonians prepare a meal for their dead on All Souls' Day, the + second of November, and invite them by their names to come and + partake of it. The ghosts arrive in the early morning at the first + cock-crow, and depart at the second, being ceremoniously lighted + out of the house by the head of the family, who waves a white cloth + after them and bids them come again next year.<a id="noteref_154" + name="noteref_154" href="#note_154"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">154</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Festival of the dead in + Russia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In some parts of + the Russian Government of Olonets the inhabitants of a village + sometimes celebrate a joint festival in honour of all their dead. + Having chosen a house for the purpose, they spread three tables, + one outside the front door, one in the passage, and one in the room + which is heated by a stove. Then they go out to meet their + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name= + "Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> unseen guests and + usher them into the house with these words, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ye are tired, our own ones; take something to + eat.”</span> The ghosts accordingly refresh themselves at each + table in succession. Then the master of the house bids them warm + themselves at the stove, remarking that they must have grown cold + in the damp earth. After that the living guests sit down to eat at + the tables. Towards the end of the meal the host opens the window + and lets the ghosts gently out of it by means of the shroud in + which they were lowered into the grave. As they slide down it from + the warm room into the outer air, the people tell them, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Now it is time for you to go home, and + your feet must be tired; the way is not a little one for you to + travel. Here it is softer for you. Now, in God's name, + farewell!”</span><a id="noteref_155" name="noteref_155" href= + "#note_155"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">155</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual festivals of the dead among + the Votiaks of Russia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + Votiaks of Russia every family sacrifices to its dead once a year + in the week before Palm Sunday. The sacrifice is offered in the + house about midnight. Flesh, bread, or cakes and beer are set on + the table, and on the floor beside the table stands a trough of + bark with a lighted wax candle stuck on the rim. The master of the + house, having covered his head with his hat, takes a piece of meat + in his hand and says, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ye spirits of the + long departed, guard and preserve us well. Make none of us + cripples. Send no plagues upon us. Cause the corn, the wine, and + the food to prosper with us.”</span><a id="noteref_156" name= + "noteref_156" href="#note_156"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">156</span></span></a> The + Votiaks of the Governments of Wjatka and Kasan celebrate two + memorial festivals of the dead every year, one in autumn and the + other in spring. On a certain day koumiss is distilled, beer + brewed, and potato scones baked in every house. All the members of + a clan, who trace their descent through women from one mythical + ancestress, assemble in a single house, generally in one which lies + at the boundary of the clan land. Here an old man moulds wax + candles; and when the requisite number is made he sticks them on + the shelf of the stove, and begins to mention the dead relations of + the master of the house by name. For each of them he crumbles a + piece of bread, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg + 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + gives each of them a piece of pancake, pours koumiss and beer, and + puts a spoonful of soup into a trough made for the purpose. All + persons present whose parents are dead follow his example. The dogs + are then allowed to eat out of the trough. If they eat quietly, it + is a sign that the dead live at peace; if they do not eat quietly, + it argues the contrary. Then the company sit down to table and + partake of the meal. Next morning both the dead and the living + refresh themselves with a drink, and a fowl is boiled. The + proceedings are the same as on the evening before. But now they + treat the souls for the last time as a preparation for their + journey, saying: <span class="tei tei-q">“Eat, drink, and go home + to your companions. Live at peace, be gracious to us, keep our + children, guard our corn, our beasts and birds.”</span> Then the + people banquet and indulge in all sorts of improprieties. The women + refrain from feasting until the dead have taken their departure; + but when the souls are gone, there is no longer any motive for + abstinence, the koumiss circulates freely among the women, and they + grow wanton. Yet at this, as at every other festival, the men and + women eat in different parts of the room.<a id="noteref_157" name= + "noteref_157" href="#note_157"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">157</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Feast of All Souls in the + Abruzzi.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On All Saints' + Day, the first of November, shops and streets in the Abruzzi are + filled with candles, which people buy in order to kindle them in + the evening on the graves of their relations. For all the dead come + to visit their homes that night, the Eve of All Souls, and they + need lights to show them the way. For their use, too, lights are + kept burning in the houses all night. Before people go to sleep + they place on the table a lighted lamp or candle and a frugal meal + of bread and water. The dead issue from their graves and stalk in + procession through every street of the village. You can see them if + you stand at a cross-road with your chin resting on a forked stick. + First pass the souls of the good, and then the souls of the + murdered and the damned. Once, they say, a man was thus peeping at + the ghastly procession. The good souls told him he had <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> better go home. He did not, and when he + saw the tail of the procession he died of fright.<a id= + "noteref_158" name="noteref_158" href="#note_158"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">158</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Soul-cakes on All-Souls' Day in + England.</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 80%">“</span><span style="font-size: 80%">Souling + Day</span><span style="font-size: 80%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 80%">in Shropshire.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In our own + country the old belief in the annual return of the dead long + lingered in the custom of baking <span class= + "tei tei-q">“soul-cakes”</span> and eating them or distributing + them to the poor on All Souls' Day. Peasant girls used to go from + farmhouse to farmhouse on that day, singing,</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Soul, soul, for a soul + cake,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pray you, good mistress, + a soul cake.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_159" name= + "noteref_159" href="#note_159"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">159</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Shropshire + down to the seventeenth century it was customary on All Souls' Day + to set on the table a high heap of soul-cakes, and most visitors to + the house took one of them. The antiquary John Aubrey, who records + the custom, mentions also the appropriate verses:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">A soul-cake, a + soul-cake,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Have mercy on all + Christen soules for a soule-cake.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_160" name= + "noteref_160" href="#note_160"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">160</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Indeed the + custom of soul-cakes survived in Shropshire down to the latter part + of the nineteenth century and may not be extinct even now. + <span class="tei tei-q">“With us, All Saints' Day is known as + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Souling Day,’</span> and up to the present + time in many places, poor children, and sometimes men, go out + <span class="tei tei-q">‘souling’</span>: which means that they go + round to the houses of all the more well-to-do people within reach, + reciting a ditty peculiar to the day, and looking for a dole of + cakes, broken victuals, ale, apples, or money. The two latter are + now the usual rewards, but there are few old North Salopians who + cannot remember when <span class="tei tei-q">‘soul-cakes’</span> + were made at all the farms and <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘bettermost’</span> houses in readiness for the day, + and were given to all who came for them. We are told of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name= + "Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> liberal housewives + who would provide as many as a clothes-basket full.”</span><a id= + "noteref_161" name="noteref_161" href="#note_161"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">161</span></span></a> The + same custom of going out <span class="tei tei-q">“a-souling”</span> + on All Saints' Day or All Souls' Day used to be observed in the + neighbouring counties of Staffordshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, + Herefordshire, and Monmouthshire. In Herefordshire the soul-cakes + were made of oatmeal, and he or she who received one of them was + bound to say to the giver:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">God have your + saul,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Beens and + all.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_162" name= + "noteref_162" href="#note_162"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">162</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the + practice of <span class="tei tei-q">“souling”</span> appears to + have prevailed especially in the English counties which border on + Wales. In many parts of Wales itself down to the first half of the + nineteenth century poor peasants used to go about begging for bread + on All Souls' Day. The bread bestowed on them was called + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">bara + ran</span></span> or dole-bread. <span class="tei tei-q">“This + custom was a survival of the Middle Ages, when the poor begged + bread for the souls of their departed relatives and + friends.”</span><a id="noteref_163" name="noteref_163" href= + "#note_163"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">163</span></span></a> + However, the custom was not confined to the west of England, for at + Whitby in Yorkshire down to the early part of the nineteenth + century it was usual to make <span class="tei tei-q">“soul mass + loaves”</span> on or about All Souls' Day. They were small round + loaves, sold by bakers at a farthing apiece, chiefly for presents + to children. In former times people used to keep one or two of them + for good luck.<a id="noteref_164" name="noteref_164" href= + "#note_164"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">164</span></span></a> In + Aberdeenshire, also, <span class="tei tei-q">“on All Souls' Day, + baked cakes of a particular sort are given away to those who may + chance to visit the house, where they are <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> made. The cakes are called <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘dirge-loaf.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_165" name= + "noteref_165" href="#note_165"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">165</span></span></a> Even + in the remote island of St. Kilda it was customary on All Saints' + Day to bake a large cake in the form of a triangle, furrowed round; + the cake must be all eaten that night.<a id="noteref_166" name= + "noteref_166" href="#note_166"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">166</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Feast of All Souls among the + Indians of Ecuador.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The same mode of + celebrating All Souls' Day has been transported by Catholicism to + the New World and imparted to the aborigines of that continent. + Thus in Carchi, a province of Ecuador, the Indians prepare foods of + various sorts against All Souls' Day, and when the day has come + they take some of the provisions to the church and there deposit + them on tables set out for the purpose. These good things are the + perquisite of the priest, who celebrates mass for the dead. After + the service the Indians repair to the cemetery, where with burning + candles and pots of holy water they prostrate themselves before the + tombs of their relations, while the priest or the sacristan recites + prayers for the souls of the departed. In the evening the Indians + return to their houses. A table with four lights on it is spread + with food and drink, especially with such things as the dead loved + in their life. The door is left open all night, no doubt to let the + spirits of the dead enter, and the family sits up, keeping the + invisible guests company through the long hours of darkness. From + seven o'clock and onwards troops of children traverse the village + and its neighbourhood. They go from house to house ringing a bell + and crying, <span class="tei tei-q">“We are angels, we descend from + the sky, we ask for bread.”</span> The people go to their doors and + beg the children to recite a <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pater Noster</span></span> or an <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ave Maria</span></span> for the dead whom they + name. When the prayer has been duly said, they give the children a + little of the food from the table. All night long this goes on, + band succeeding band of children. At five o'clock in the morning + the family consumes the remainder of the food of the souls.<a id= + "noteref_167" name="noteref_167" href="#note_167"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">167</span></span></a> Here + the children going from door to door during the night of All Souls + appear to personate the souls of the dead who are also abroad at + that time; hence to give bread to the children is the same thing as + to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg 081]</span><a name= + "Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> give bread to the + poor hungry souls. Probably the same explanation applies to the + giving of soul-cakes to children and the poor on All Souls' Day in + Europe.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The nominally Christian feast of + All Souls on Nov. 2 appears to be an old Celtic festival of the + dead adopted by the Church in 998</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Institution of the Feast of All + Souls by the Abbot of Clugny.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A comparison of + these European customs with the similar heathen rites can leave no + room for doubt that the nominally Christian feast of All Souls is + nothing but an old pagan festival of the dead which the Church, + unable or unwilling to suppress, resolved from motives of policy to + connive at. But whence did it borrow the practice of solemnizing + the festival on that particular day, the second of November? In + order to answer this question we should observe, first, that + celebrations of this sort are often held at the beginning of a New + Year,<a id="noteref_168" name="noteref_168" href= + "#note_168"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">168</span></span></a> and, + second, that the peoples of North-Western Europe, the Celts and the + Teutons, appear to have dated the beginning of their year from the + beginning of winter, the Celts reckoning it from the first of + November<a id="noteref_169" name="noteref_169" href= + "#note_169"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">169</span></span></a> and + the Teutons from the first of October.<a id="noteref_170" name= + "noteref_170" href="#note_170"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">170</span></span></a> The + difference of reckoning may be due to a difference of climate, the + home of the Teutons in Central and Northern Europe being a region + where winter sets in earlier than on the more temperate and humid + coasts of the Atlantic, the home of the Celts. These considerations + suggest that the festival of All Souls on the second of November + originated with the Celts, and spread from them to the rest of the + European peoples, who, while they preserved their old feasts of the + dead practically unchanged, may have transferred them to the second + of November. This conjecture is supported by what we know of the + ecclesiastical institution, or rather recognition, of the festival. + For <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span><a name= + "Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that recognition was + first accorded at the end of the tenth century in France, a Celtic + country, from which the Church festival gradually spread over + Europe. It was Odilo, abbot of the great Benedictine monastery of + Clugny, who initiated the change in 998 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> by ordering that in + all the monasteries over which he ruled, a solemn mass should be + celebrated on the second of November for all the dead who sleep in + Christ. The example thus set was followed by other religious + houses, and the bishops, one after another, introduced the new + celebration into their dioceses. Thus the festival of All Souls + gradually established itself throughout Christendom, though in fact + the Church has never formally sanctioned it by a general edict nor + attached much weight to its observance. Indeed, when objections + were raised to the festival at the Reformation, the ecclesiastical + authorities seemed ready to abandon it.<a id="noteref_171" name= + "noteref_171" href="#note_171"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">171</span></span></a> These + facts are explained very simply by the theory that an old Celtic + commemoration of the dead lingered in France down to the end of the + tenth century, and was then, as a measure of policy and a + concession to ineradicable paganism, at last incorporated in the + Catholic ritual. The consciousness of the heathen origin of the + practice would naturally prevent the supreme authorities from + insisting strongly on its observance. They appear rightly to have + regarded it as an outpost which they could surrender to the forces + of rationalism without endangering the citadel of the faith.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The feast of All Saints on Nov. 1 + seems also to have displaced a heathen festival of the + dead.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Perhaps we may + go a step further and explain in like manner the origin of the + feast of All Saints on the first of November. For the analogy of + similar customs elsewhere would lead us to suppose that the old + Celtic festival of the dead was held on the Celtic New Year's Day, + that is, on the first, not the second, of November. May not then + the institution of the feast of All Saints on that day have been + the first attempt of the Church to give a colour of Christianity to + the ancient heathen rite by substituting the saints for the souls + of the dead as the true object of worship? <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> The facts of history seem to countenance this + hypothesis. For the feast of All Saints was instituted in France + and Germany by order of the Emperor Lewis the Pious in 835 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>, that is, about a + hundred and sixty years before the introduction of the feast of All + Souls. The innovation was made by the advice of the pope, Gregory + IV., whose motive may well have been that of suppressing an old + pagan custom which was still notoriously practised in France and + Germany. The idea, however, was not a novel one, for the testimony + of Bede proves that in Britain, another Celtic country, the feast + of All Saints on the first of November was already celebrated in + the eighth century.<a id="noteref_172" name="noteref_172" href= + "#note_172"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">172</span></span></a> We + may conjecture that this attempt to divert the devotion of the + faithful from the souls of the dead to the saints proved a failure, + and that finally the Church reluctantly decided to sanction the + popular superstition by frankly admitting a feast of All Souls into + the calendar. But it could not assign the new, or rather the old, + festival to the old day, the first of November, since that was + already occupied by the feast of All Saints. Accordingly it placed + the mass for the dead on the next day, the second of November. On + this theory the feasts of All Saints and of All Souls mark two + successive efforts of the Catholic Church to eradicate an old + heathen festival of the dead. Both efforts failed. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“In all Catholic countries the day of All Souls has + preserved the serious character of a festival of the dead which no + worldly gaieties are allowed to disturb. It is then the sacred duty + of the survivors to visit the graves of their loved ones in the + churchyard, to deck them with flowers and lights, and to utter a + devout prayer—a pious custom with which in cities like Paris and + Vienna even the gay and frivolous comply for the sake of + appearance, if not to satisfy an impulse of the + heart.”</span><a id="noteref_173" name="noteref_173" href= + "#note_173"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">173</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name= + "Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> <a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 3. The Festival in the Month of + Athyr.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Festival of the death and + resurrection of Osiris in the month of Athyr. The finding of + Osiris.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The foregoing + evidence lends some support to the conjecture—for it is only a + conjecture—that the great festival of Osiris at Sais, with its + accompanying illumination of the houses, was a night of All Souls, + when the ghosts of the dead swarmed in the streets and revisited + their old homes, which were lit up to welcome them back again. + Herodotus, who briefly describes the festival, omits to mention its + date, but we can determine it with some probability from other + sources. Thus Plutarch tells us that Osiris was murdered on the + seventeenth of the month Athyr, and that the Egyptians accordingly + observed mournful rites for four days from the seventeenth of + Athyr.<a id="noteref_174" name="noteref_174" href= + "#note_174"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">174</span></span></a> Now + in the Alexandrian calendar, which Plutarch used, these four days + corresponded to the thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and + sixteenth of November, and this date answers exactly to the other + indications given by Plutarch, who says that at the time of the + festival the Nile was sinking, the north winds dying away, the + nights lengthening, and the leaves falling from the trees. During + these four days a gilt cow swathed in a black pall was exhibited as + an image of Isis. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg + 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + This, no doubt, was the image mentioned by Herodotus in his account + of the festival.<a id="noteref_175" name="noteref_175" href= + "#note_175"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">175</span></span></a> On + the nineteenth day of the month the people went down to the sea, + the priests carrying a shrine which contained a golden casket. Into + this casket they poured fresh water, and thereupon the spectators + raised a shout that Osiris was found. After that they took some + vegetable mould, moistened it with water, mixed it with precious + spices and incense, and moulded the paste into a small moon-shaped + image, which was then robed and ornamented.<a id="noteref_176" + name="noteref_176" href="#note_176"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">176</span></span></a> Thus + it appears that the purpose of the ceremonies described by Plutarch + was to represent dramatically, first, the search for the dead body + of Osiris, and, second, its joyful discovery, followed by the + resurrection of the dead god who came to life again in the new + image of vegetable mould and spices. Lactantius tells us how on + these occasions the priests, with their shaven bodies, beat their + breasts and lamented, imitating the sorrowful search of Isis for + her lost son Osiris, and how afterwards their sorrow was turned to + joy when the jackal-headed god Anubis, or rather a mummer in his + stead, produced a small boy, the living representative of the god + who was lost and was found.<a id="noteref_177" name="noteref_177" + href="#note_177"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">177</span></span></a> Thus + Lactantius regarded Osiris as the son instead of the husband of + Isis, and he makes no mention of the image of vegetable mould. It + is probable that the boy who figured in the sacred drama played the + part, not of Osiris, but of his son Horus;<a id="noteref_178" name= + "noteref_178" href="#note_178"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">178</span></span></a> but + as the death and resurrection of the god were celebrated in many + cities of Egypt, it is also possible that in some places the part + of the god come to life was played by a living actor instead of by + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name= + "Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> an image. Another + Christian writer describes how the Egyptians, with shorn heads, + annually lamented over a buried idol of Osiris, smiting their + breasts, slashing their shoulders, ripping open their old wounds, + until, after several days of mourning, they professed to find the + mangled remains of the god, at which they rejoiced.<a id= + "noteref_179" name="noteref_179" href="#note_179"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">179</span></span></a> + However the details of the ceremony may have varied in different + places, the pretence of finding the god's body, and probably of + restoring it to life, was a great event in the festal year of the + Egyptians. The shouts of joy which greeted it are described or + alluded to by many ancient writers.<a id="noteref_180" name= + "noteref_180" href="#note_180"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">180</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> <a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 4. The Festival in the Month of + Khoiak.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The great Osirian inscription at + Denderah.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The funeral + rites of Osiris, as they were observed at his great festival in the + sixteen provinces of Egypt, are described in a long inscription of + the Ptolemaic period, which is engraved on the walls of the god's + temple at Denderah, the Tentyra of the Greeks, a town of Upper + Egypt situated on the western bank of the Nile about forty miles + north of Thebes.<a id="noteref_181" name="noteref_181" href= + "#note_181"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">181</span></span></a> + Unfortunately, while the information thus furnished is remarkably + full and minute on many points, the arrangement adopted in the + inscription is so confused and the expression often so obscure that + a clear and consistent account of the ceremonies as a whole can + hardly be extracted from it. Moreover, we learn from the document + that the ceremonies varied somewhat in the several cities, the + ritual of Abydos, for example, differing from that of Busiris. + Without attempting to trace all the particularities of local usage + I shall briefly indicate what seem to have been the leading + features of the festival, so far as these can be ascertained with + tolerable certainty.<a id="noteref_182" name="noteref_182" href= + "#note_182"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">182</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The rites of Osiris in the month + of Khoiak represented the god as dead, dismembered, and then + reconstituted by the union of his scattered limbs.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The rites lasted + eighteen days, from the twelfth to the thirtieth of the month + Khoiak, and set forth the nature of Osiris in his triple aspect as + dead, dismembered, and finally reconstituted by the union of his + scattered limbs. In the first of these aspects he was called + Chent-Ament (Khenti-Amenti), in the second Osiris-Sep, and in the + third Sokari (Seker).<a id="noteref_183" name="noteref_183" href= + "#note_183"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">183</span></span></a> Small + images of the god were moulded of sand or vegetable earth and corn, + to which incense was sometimes added;<a id="noteref_184" name= + "noteref_184" href="#note_184"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">184</span></span></a> his + face was painted yellow and his cheek-bones green.<a id= + "noteref_185" name="noteref_185" href="#note_185"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">185</span></span></a> These + images were cast in a mould of pure gold, which represented the god + in the form of a mummy, with the white crown of Egypt on his + head.<a id="noteref_186" name="noteref_186" href= + "#note_186"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">186</span></span></a> The + festival opened on the twelfth day of Khoiak with a ceremony of + ploughing and sowing. Two black cows were yoked to the plough, + which was made of tamarisk wood, while the share was of black + copper. A boy scattered the seed. One end of the field was sown + with barley, the other with spelt, and the middle with flax. During + the operation the chief celebrant recited the ritual chapter of + <span class="tei tei-q">“the sowing of the fields.”</span><a id= + "noteref_187" name="noteref_187" href="#note_187"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">187</span></span></a> At + Busiris on the twentieth of Khoiak sand and barley were put in the + god's <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name= + "Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“garden,”</span> which appears to have been a sort of + large flower-pot. This was done in the presence of the cow-goddess + Shenty, represented seemingly by the image of a cow made of gilt + sycamore wood with a headless human image in its inside. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Then fresh inundation water was poured out + of a golden vase over both the goddess and the <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘garden’</span> and the barley was allowed to grow as + the emblem of the resurrection of the god after his burial in the + earth, <span class="tei tei-q">‘for the growth of the garden is the + growth of the divine substance.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_188" + name="noteref_188" href="#note_188"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">188</span></span></a> On + the twenty-second of Khoiak, at the eighth hour, the images of + Osiris, attended by thirty-four images of deities, performed a + mysterious voyage in thirty-four tiny boats made of papyrus, which + were illuminated by three hundred and sixty-five lights.<a id= + "noteref_189" name="noteref_189" href="#note_189"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">189</span></span></a> On + the twenty-fourth of Khoiak, after sunset, the effigy of Osiris in + a coffin of mulberry wood was laid in the grave, and at the ninth + hour of the night the effigy which had been made and deposited the + year before was removed and placed upon boughs of sycamore.<a id= + "noteref_190" name="noteref_190" href="#note_190"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">190</span></span></a> + Lastly, on the thirtieth day of Khoiak they repaired to the holy + sepulchre, a subterranean chamber over which appears to have grown + a clump of Persea-trees. Entering the vault by the western door, + they laid the coffined effigy of the dead god reverently on a bed + of sand in the chamber. So they left him to his rest, and departed + from the sepulchre by the eastern door. Thus ended the ceremonies + in the month of Khoiak.<a id="noteref_191" name="noteref_191" href= + "#note_191"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">191</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name= + "Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a> <a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 5. The Resurrection of + Osiris.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The resurrection of Osiris + represented on the monuments.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the foregoing + account of the festival, drawn from the great inscription of + Denderah, the burial of Osiris figures prominently, while his + resurrection is implied rather than expressed. This defect of the + document, however, is amply compensated by a remarkable series of + bas-reliefs which accompany and illustrate the inscription. These + exhibit in a series of scenes the dead god lying swathed as a mummy + on his bier, then gradually raising himself up higher and higher, + until at last he has entirely quitted the bier and is seen erect + between the guardian wings of the faithful Isis, who stands behind + him, while a male figure holds up before his eyes the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">crux + ansata</span></span>, the Egyptian symbol of life.<a id= + "noteref_192" name="noteref_192" href="#note_192"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">192</span></span></a> The + resurrection of the god could hardly be portrayed more graphically. + Even more instructive, however, is another representation of the + same event in a chamber dedicated to Osiris in the great temple of + Isis at Philae. Here we see the dead body of Osiris with stalks of + corn springing from it, while a priest waters the stalks from a + pitcher which he holds in his hand. The accompanying inscription + sets forth that <span class="tei tei-q">“this is the form of him + whom one may not name, Osiris of the mysteries, who springs from + the returning waters.”</span><a id="noteref_193" name="noteref_193" + href="#note_193"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">193</span></span></a> Taken + together, the picture and the words seem to leave no doubt that + Osiris was here conceived and represented as a personification of + the corn which springs from <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page090">[pg 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the fields after they have been fertilized by + the inundation. This, according to the inscription, was the kernel + of the mysteries, the innermost secret revealed to the initiated. + So in the rites of Demeter at Eleusis a reaped ear of corn was + exhibited to the worshippers as the central mystery of their + religion.<a id="noteref_194" name="noteref_194" href= + "#note_194"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">194</span></span></a> We + can now fully understand why at the great festival of sowing in the + month of Khoiak the priests used to bury effigies of Osiris made of + earth and corn. When these effigies were taken up again at the end + of a year or of a shorter interval, the corn would be found to have + sprouted from the body of Osiris, and this sprouting of the grain + would be hailed as an omen, or rather as the cause, of the growth + of the crops.<a id="noteref_195" name="noteref_195" href= + "#note_195"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">195</span></span></a> The + corn-god produced the corn from himself: he gave his own body to + feed the people: he died that they might live.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Corn-stuffed effigies of Osiris + buried with the dead to ensure their resurrection.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And from the + death and resurrection of their great god the Egyptians drew not + only their support and sustenance in this life, but also their hope + of a life eternal beyond the grave. This hope is indicated in the + clearest manner by the very remarkable effigies of Osiris which + have come to light in Egyptian cemeteries. Thus in the Valley of + the Kings at Thebes there was found the tomb of a royal fan-bearer + who lived about 1500 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> Among the rich + contents of the tomb there was a bier on which rested a mattress of + reeds covered with three layers of linen. On the upper side of the + linen was painted a life-size figure of Osiris; and the interior of + the figure, which was waterproof, contained a mixture of vegetable + mould, barley, and a sticky fluid. The barley had sprouted and sent + out shoots two or three inches long.<a id="noteref_196" name= + "noteref_196" href="#note_196"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">196</span></span></a> + Again, in the cemetery at Cynopolis <span class="tei tei-q">“were + numerous burials of Osiris figures. These were made of grain + wrapped up in cloth and roughly shaped like an Osiris, and placed + inside a bricked-up recess at the side of the tomb, sometimes + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg 091]</span><a name= + "Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in small pottery + coffins, sometimes in wooden coffins in the form of a hawk-mummy, + sometimes without any coffins at all.”</span><a id="noteref_197" + name="noteref_197" href="#note_197"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">197</span></span></a> These + corn-stuffed figures were bandaged like mummies with patches of + gilding here and there, as if in imitation of the golden mould in + which the similar figures of Osiris were cast at the festival of + sowing.<a id="noteref_198" name="noteref_198" href= + "#note_198"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">198</span></span></a> + Again, effigies of Osiris, with faces of green wax and their + interior full of grain, were found buried near the necropolis of + Thebes.<a id="noteref_199" name="noteref_199" href= + "#note_199"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">199</span></span></a> + Finally, we are told by Professor Erman that between the legs of + mummies <span class="tei tei-q">“there sometimes lies a figure of + Osiris made of slime; it is filled with grains of corn, the + sprouting of which is intended to signify the resurrection of the + god.”</span><a id="noteref_200" name="noteref_200" href= + "#note_200"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">200</span></span></a> We + cannot doubt that, just as the burial of corn-stuffed images of + Osiris in the earth at the festival of sowing was designed to + quicken the seed, so the burial of similar images in the grave was + meant to quicken the dead, in other words, to ensure their + spiritual immortality.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a> <a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 6. Readjustment of Egyptian + Festivals.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The festivals of Osiris in the + months of Athyr and Khoiak seem to have been substantially the + same.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The festival of + Osiris which Plutarch assigns to the month of Athyr would seem to + be identical in substance with the one which the inscription of + Denderah assigns to the following month, namely, to Khoiak. + Apparently the essence of both festivals was a dramatic + representation of the death and resurrection of the god; in both of + them Isis was figured by a gilt cow, and Osiris by an image moulded + of moist vegetable earth. But if the festivals were the same, why + were they held in different months? It is easy to suggest that + different towns in Egypt celebrated the festival at different + dates. But when we remember that according to the great inscription + of Denderah, the authority of which is indisputable, the festival + fell in the month of Khoiak in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page092">[pg 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> every province of Egypt, we shall be + reluctant to suppose that at some one place, or even at a few + places, it was exceptionally held in the preceding month of Athyr, + and that the usually well-informed Plutarch described the exception + as if it had been the rule, of which on this supposition he must + have been wholly ignorant. More probably the discrepancy is to be + explained by the great change which came over the Egyptian calendar + between the date of the inscription and the lifetime of Plutarch. + For when the inscription was drawn up in the Ptolemaic age the + festivals were dated by the old vague or movable year, and + therefore rotated gradually through the whole circle of the + seasons; whereas at the time when Plutarch wrote, about the end of + the first century, they were seemingly dated by the fixed + Alexandrian year, and accordingly had ceased to rotate.<a id= + "noteref_201" name="noteref_201" href="#note_201"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">201</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The old festival of Khoiak may + have been transferred to Athyr when the Egyptians adopted the + fixed Alexandrian year in 30</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But even if we + grant that in Plutarch's day the festivals had become stationary, + still this would not explain why the old festival of Khoiak had + been transferred to Athyr. In order to understand that transference + it seems necessary to suppose that when the Egyptians gave to their + months fixed places in the solar year by accepting the Alexandrian + system of intercalation, they at the same time transferred the + festivals from what may be called their artificial to their natural + dates. Under the old system a summer festival was sometimes held in + winter and a winter festival in summer; a harvest celebration + sometimes fell at the season of sowing, and a sowing celebration at + the season of harvest. People might reconcile themselves to such + anomalies so long as they knew that they were only temporary, and + that in the course of time the festivals would necessarily return + to their proper seasons. But it must have been otherwise when they + adopted a fixed instead of a movable year, and so arrested the + rotation of the festivals for ever. For they could not but be aware + that every festival would thenceforth continue to occupy for all + time that particular place in the solar year which it chanced to + occupy in the year 30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, when the calendar + became fixed. If in that particular year it happened, as it might + have happened, that the summer <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page093">[pg 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> festivals were held in winter and the winter + festivals in summer, they would always be so held in future; the + absurdity and anomaly would never again be rectified as it had been + before. This consideration, which could not have escaped + intelligent men, must have suggested the advisability of + transferring the festivals from the dates at which they chanced to + be celebrated in 30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> to the dates at which + they ought properly to be celebrated in the course of nature.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The transference would be + intelligible if we suppose that in 30</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 80%">the dates of all the Egyptian + festivals were shifted backward by about a month in order to + restore them to their natural places in the calendar.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now what in the + year 30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> was the actual amount + of discrepancy between the accidental and the natural dates of the + festivals? It was a little more than a month. In that year Thoth, + the first month of the Egyptian calendar, happened to begin on the + twenty-ninth of August,<a id="noteref_202" name="noteref_202" href= + "#note_202"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">202</span></span></a> + whereas according to theory it should have begun with the heliacal + rising of Sirius on the twentieth of July, that is, forty days or, + roughly speaking, a month earlier. From this it follows that in the + year 30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> all the Egyptian + festivals fell about a month later than their natural dates, and + they must have continued to fall a month late for ever if they were + allowed to retain those places in the calendar which they chanced + to occupy in that particular year. In these circumstances it would + be a natural and sensible thing to restore the festivals to their + proper places in the solar year by celebrating them one calendar + month earlier than before.<a id="noteref_203" name="noteref_203" + href="#note_203"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">203</span></span></a> If + this measure were adopted the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> festivals which had hitherto been held, for + example, in the third month Athyr would henceforth be held in the + second month Phaophi; the festivals which had hitherto fallen in + the fourth month Khoiak would thenceforth fall in the third month + Athyr; and so on. Thus the festal calendar would be reduced to + harmony with the seasons instead of being in more or less flagrant + discord with them, as it had generally been before, and must always + have been afterwards if the change which I have indicated had not + been introduced. It is only to credit the native astronomers and + the Roman rulers of Egypt with common sense to suppose that they + actually adopted the measure. On that supposition we can perfectly + understand why the festival of sowing, which had formerly belonged + to the month of Khoiak, was transferred to Athyr. For in the + Alexandrian calendar Khoiak corresponds very nearly to December, + and Athyr to November. But in Egypt the month of November, not the + month of December, is the season of sowing. There was therefore + every reason why the great sowing festival of the corn-god Osiris + should be held in Athyr and not Khoiak, in November and not in + December. In like manner we may suppose that all the Egyptian + festivals were restored to their true places in the solar year, and + that when Plutarch dates a festival both by its calendar month and + by its relation to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg + 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the cycle of the seasons, he is perfectly right in doing so, and we + may accept his evidence with confidence instead of having to accuse + him of ignorantly confounding the movable Egyptian with the fixed + Alexandrian year. Accusations of ignorance levelled at the best + writers of antiquity are apt to recoil on those who make + them.<a id="noteref_204" name="noteref_204" href= + "#note_204"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">204</span></span></a></p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name= + "Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a> <a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter V. The Nature of + Osiris.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a> <a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 1. Osiris a Corn-God.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Osiris in one of his aspects a + personification of the corn. Osiris a child of Sky and Earth. + The legend of the dismemberment of Osiris points to the + dismemberment of human beings, perhaps of the kings, in the + character of the corn-spirit.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The foregoing + survey of the myth and ritual of Osiris may suffice to prove that + in one of his aspects the god was a personification of the corn, + which may be said to die and come to life again every year. Through + all the pomp and glamour with which in later times the priests had + invested his worship, the conception of him as the corn-god comes + clearly out in the festival of his death and resurrection, which + was celebrated in the month of Khoiak and at a later period in the + month of Athyr. That festival appears to have been essentially a + festival of sowing, which properly fell at the time when the + husbandman actually committed the seed to the earth. On that + occasion an effigy of the corn-god, moulded of earth and corn, was + buried with funeral rites in the ground in order that, dying there, + he might come to life again with the new crops. The ceremony was, + in fact, a charm to ensure the growth of the corn by sympathetic + magic, and we may conjecture that as such it was practised in a + simple form by every Egyptian farmer on his fields long before it + was adopted and transfigured by the priests in the stately ritual + of the temple. In the modern, but doubtless ancient, Arab custom of + burying <span class="tei tei-q">“the Old Man,”</span> namely, a + sheaf of wheat, in the harvest-field and praying that he may return + from the dead,<a id="noteref_205" name="noteref_205" href= + "#note_205"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">205</span></span></a> we + see the germ out of which the worship of the corn-god Osiris was + probably developed. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg + 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Earth.<a id="noteref_206" name="noteref_206" href= + "#note_206"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">206</span></span></a> What + more appropriate parentage could be invented for the corn which + springs from the ground that has been fertilized by the water of + heaven? It is true that the land of Egypt owed its fertility + directly to the Nile and not to showers; but the inhabitants must + have known or guessed that the great river in its turn was fed by + the rains which fell in the far interior. Again, the legend that + Osiris was the first to teach men the use of corn<a id= + "noteref_207" name="noteref_207" href="#note_207"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">207</span></span></a> would + be most naturally told of the corn-god himself. Further, the story + that his mangled remains were scattered up and down the land and + buried in different places may be a mythical way of expressing + either the sowing or the winnowing of the grain. The latter + interpretation is supported by the tale that Isis placed the + severed limbs of Osiris on a corn-sieve.<a id="noteref_208" name= + "noteref_208" href="#note_208"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">208</span></span></a> Or + more probably the legend may be a reminiscence of a custom of + slaying a human victim, perhaps a representative of the + corn-spirit, and distributing his flesh or scattering his ashes + over the fields to fertilize them. In modern Europe the figure of + Death is sometimes torn in pieces, and the fragments are then + buried in the ground to make the crops grow well,<a id= + "noteref_209" name="noteref_209" href="#note_209"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">209</span></span></a> and + in other parts of the world human victims are treated in the same + way.<a id="noteref_210" name="noteref_210" href= + "#note_210"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">210</span></span></a> With + regard to the ancient Egyptians we have it on the authority of + Manetho that they used to burn red-haired men and scatter their + ashes with winnowing fans,<a id="noteref_211" name="noteref_211" + href="#note_211"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">211</span></span></a> and + it is highly significant that this barbarous sacrifice was offered + by the kings at the grave of Osiris.<a id="noteref_212" name= + "noteref_212" href="#note_212"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">212</span></span></a> We + may conjecture that the victims represented Osiris himself, who was + annually slain, dismembered, and buried in their persons that he + might quicken the seed in the earth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Roman and Greek traditions of the + dismemberment of kings. Modern Thracian pretence of killing a + man, who is sometimes called a king, for the good of the + crops.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Possibly in + prehistoric times the kings themselves <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> played the part of the god and were slain and + dismembered in that character. Set as well as Osiris is said to + have been torn in pieces after a reign of eighteen days, which was + commemorated by an annual festival of the same length.<a id= + "noteref_213" name="noteref_213" href="#note_213"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">213</span></span></a> + According to one story Romulus, the first king of Rome, was cut in + pieces by the senators, who buried the fragments of him in the + ground;<a id="noteref_214" name="noteref_214" href= + "#note_214"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">214</span></span></a> and + the traditional day of his death, the seventh of July, was + celebrated with certain curious rites, which were apparently + connected with the artificial fertilization of the fig.<a id= + "noteref_215" name="noteref_215" href="#note_215"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">215</span></span></a> + Again, Greek legend told how Pentheus, king of Thebes, and + Lycurgus, king of the Thracian Edonians, opposed the vine-god + Dionysus, and how the impious monarchs were rent in pieces, the one + by the frenzied Bacchanals, the other by horses.<a id="noteref_216" + name="noteref_216" href="#note_216"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">216</span></span></a> These + Greek traditions may well be distorted reminiscences of a custom of + sacrificing human beings, and especially divine kings, in the + character of Dionysus, a god who resembled Osiris in many points + and was said like him to have been torn limb from limb.<a id= + "noteref_217" name="noteref_217" href="#note_217"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">217</span></span></a> We + are told that in Chios men were rent in pieces <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> as a sacrifice to Dionysus;<a id= + "noteref_218" name="noteref_218" href="#note_218"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">218</span></span></a> and + since they died the same death as their god, it is reasonable to + suppose that they personated him. The story that the Thracian + Orpheus was similarly torn limb from limb by the Bacchanals seems + to indicate that he too perished in the character of the god whose + death he died.<a id="noteref_219" name="noteref_219" href= + "#note_219"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">219</span></span></a> It is + significant that the Thracian Lycurgus, king of the Edonians, is + said to have been put to death in order that the ground, which had + ceased to be fruitful, might regain its fertility.<a id= + "noteref_220" name="noteref_220" href="#note_220"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">220</span></span></a> In + some Thracian villages at Carnival time a custom is still annually + observed, which may well be a mitigation of an ancient practice of + putting a man, perhaps a king, to death in the character of + Dionysus for the sake of the crops. A man disguised in goatskins + and fawnskins, the livery of Dionysus, is shot at and falls down as + dead. A pretence is made of flaying his body and of mourning over + him, but afterwards he comes to life again. Further, a plough is + dragged about the village and seed is scattered, while prayers are + said that the wheat, rye, and barley may be plentiful. One town + (Viza), where these customs are observed, was the capital of the + old Thracian kings. In another town (Kosti, near the Black Sea) the + principal masker is called the king. He wears goatskins or + sheepskins, and is attended by a boy who dispenses wine to the + people. The king himself carries seed, which he casts on the ground + before the church, after being invited to throw it on two + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span><a name= + "Pg100" id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> bands of married and + unmarried men respectively. Finally, he is stripped of the skins + and thrown into the river.<a id="noteref_221" name="noteref_221" + href="#note_221"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">221</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Norwegian tradition of the + dismemberment of a king, Halfdan the Black. Frey, the + Scandinavian god of fertility, buried at Upsala.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Further, we read + of a Norwegian king, Halfdan the Black, whose body was cut up and + buried in different parts of his kingdom for the sake of ensuring + the fruitfulness of the earth. He is said to have been drowned at + the age of forty through the breaking of the ice in spring. What + followed his death is thus related by the old Norse historian + Snorri Sturluson: <span class="tei tei-q">“He had been the most + prosperous (literally, blessed with abundance) of all kings. So + greatly did men value him that when the news came that he was dead + and his body removed to Hringariki and intended for burial there, + the chief men from Raumariki and Westfold and Heithmörk came and + all requested that they might take his body with them and bury it + in their various provinces; they thought that it would bring + abundance to those who obtained it. Eventually it was settled that + the body was distributed in four places. The head was laid in a + barrow at Steinn in Hringariki, and each party took away their own + share and buried it. All these barrows are called Halfdan's + barrows.”</span><a id="noteref_222" name="noteref_222" href= + "#note_222"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">222</span></span></a> It + should be remembered that this Halfdan belonged to the family of + the Ynglings, who traced their descent from Frey, the great + Scandinavian god of fertility.<a id="noteref_223" name= + "noteref_223" href="#note_223"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">223</span></span></a> Frey + himself is said to have reigned as king of Sweden at Upsala. The + years of his reign were plenteous, and the people laid the plenty + to his account. So when he <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> died, they would not burn him, as it had been + customary to do with the dead before his time; but they resolved to + preserve his body, believing that, so long as it remained in + Sweden, the land would have abundance and peace. Therefore they + reared a great mound, and put him in it, and sacrificed to him for + plenty and peace ever afterwards. And for three years after his + death they poured the tribute to him into the mound, as if he were + alive; the gold they poured in by one window, the silver by a + second, and the copper by a third.<a id="noteref_224" name= + "noteref_224" href="#note_224"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">224</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Segera, a magician of Kiwai, said + to have been cut up after death and the pieces buried in + gardens to fertilize them.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The natives of + Kiwai, an island lying off the mouth of the Fly River in British + New Guinea, tell of a certain magician named Segera, who had sago + for his totem. When his son died, the death was set down to the + magic of an enemy, and the bereaved father was so angry that by his + spells he caused the whole crop of sago in the country to fail; + only in his own garden the sago grew as luxuriantly as ever. When + many had died of famine, the people went to him and begged him to + remove the spells which he had cast on the sago palms, so that they + might eat food and live. The magician, touched with remorse and + pity, went round planting a sago shoot in every garden, and the + shoots flourished, sago was plentiful once more, and the famine + came to an end. When Segera was old and ill, he told the people + that he would soon die, but that, nevertheless, he would cause + their gardens to thrive. Accordingly, he instructed them that when + he was dead they should cut him up and place pieces of his flesh in + their gardens, but his head was to be buried in his own garden. Of + him it is said that he outlived the ordinary age, and that no man + knew his father, but that he made the sago good and no one was + hungry any more. Old men who were alive a few years ago affirmed + that they had known Segera in their youth, and the general opinion + of the Kiwai people seems to be that Segera died not more than two + generations ago.<a id="noteref_225" name="noteref_225" href= + "#note_225"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">225</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Apparently widespread custom of + dismembering a king or magician and burying the pieces in + different parts of the kingdom.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Taken all + together, these legends point to a widespread practice of + dismembering the body of a king or magician <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and burying the pieces in different + parts of the country in order to ensure the fertility of the ground + and probably also the fecundity of man and beast. Whether regarded + as the descendant of a god, as himself divine, or simply as a + mighty enchanter, the king was believed to radiate magical virtue + for the good of his subjects, quickening the seed in the earth and + in the womb. This radiation of reproductive energy did not cease + with his life; hence the people deemed it essential to preserve his + body as a pledge of the continued prosperity of the country. It + would be natural to imagine that the spot where the dead king was + buried would enjoy a more than ordinary share of his blessed + influence, and accordingly disputes would almost inevitably arise + between different districts for the exclusive possession of so + powerful a talisman. These disputes could be settled and local + jealousies appeased by dividing the precious body between the rival + claimants, in order that all should benefit in equal measure by its + life-giving properties. This was certainly done in Norway with the + body of Halfdan the Black, the descendant of the harvest-god Frey; + it appears to have been done with the body of Segera, the + sago-magician of Kiwai; and we may conjecture that in prehistoric + times it was done with the bodies of Egyptian kings, who personated + Osiris, the god of fertility in general and of the corn in + particular. At least such a practice would account for the legend + of the mangling of the god's body and the distribution of the + pieces throughout Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In this dismemberment a special + virtue seems to have been ascribed to the genital + organs.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this + connexion the story that the genital member of Osiris was missing + when Isis pieced together his mutilated body,<a id="noteref_226" + name="noteref_226" href="#note_226"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">226</span></span></a> may + not be without significance. When a Zulu medicine-man wishes to + make the crops grow well, he will take the body of a man who has + died in full vigour and cut minute portions of tissue from the + foot, the leg, the arm, the face, and the nail of a single finger + in order to compound a fertilizing medicine out of them. But the + most important part of the medicine consists of the dead man's + generative organs, which are removed entire. All these pieces of + the corpse are fried with herbs <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> on a slow fire, then ground to powder, and + sown over the fields.<a id="noteref_227" name="noteref_227" href= + "#note_227"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">227</span></span></a> We + have seen that similarly the Egyptians scattered the ashes of human + victims by means of winnowing-fans;<a id="noteref_228" name= + "noteref_228" href="#note_228"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">228</span></span></a> and + if my explanation of the practice is correct, it may well have been + that they, like the Zulus, attributed a special power of + reproduction to the genital organs, and therefore carefully excised + them from the body of the victim in order to impart their virtue to + the fields. I have conjectured that a similar use was made of the + severed portions of the priests of Attis.<a id="noteref_229" name= + "noteref_229" href="#note_229"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">229</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Egyptian kings probably + opposed the custom and succeeded in abolishing it. Precautions + taken to preserve the bodies of kings from mutilation.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To an ancient + Egyptian, with his firm belief in a personal immortality dependent + on the integrity of the body, the prospect of mutilation after + death must have been very repugnant; and we may suppose that the + kings offered a strenuous resistance to the custom and finally + succeeded in abolishing it. They may have represented to the people + that they would attain their object better by keeping the royal + corpse intact than by frittering it away in small pieces. Their + subjects apparently acquiesced in the argument, or at all events in + the conclusion; yet the mountains of masonry beneath which the old + Egyptian kings lay buried may have been intended to guard them from + the superstitious devotion of their friends quite as much as from + the hostile designs of their enemies, since both alike must have + been under a strong temptation to violate the sanctity of the grave + in order to possess themselves of bodies which were believed to be + endowed with magical virtue of the most tremendous potency. In + antiquity the safety of the state was often believed to depend on + the possession of a talisman, which sometimes consisted of the + bones of a king or hero. Hence the graves of such persons were + sometimes kept secret.<a id="noteref_230" name="noteref_230" href= + "#note_230"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">230</span></span></a> The + violation of royal tombs by a conqueror was not a mere insult: it + was a deadly blow struck at the prosperity of the kingdom. Hence + Ashurbanipal carried off to Assyria the bones of the kings of Elam, + believing that thus he gave their shades no repose and deprived + them of food and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg + 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + drink.<a id="noteref_231" name="noteref_231" href= + "#note_231"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">231</span></span></a> The + Moabites burned the bones of the king of Edom into lime.<a id= + "noteref_232" name="noteref_232" href="#note_232"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">232</span></span></a> + Lysimachus is said to have opened the graves of the kings of Epirus + and scattered the bones of the dead.<a id="noteref_233" name= + "noteref_233" href="#note_233"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">233</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Graves of kings and chiefs in + Africa kept secret. Burial-place of chiefs in Fiji kept secret. + Graves of Melanesian magicians kept secret.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With savage and + barbarous tribes in like manner it is not unusual to violate the + sanctity of the tomb either for the purpose of wreaking vengeance + on the dead or more commonly perhaps for the sake of gaining + possession of the bones and converting them to magical uses. Hence + the Mpongwe kings of the Gaboon region in West Africa are buried + secretly lest their heads should fall into the hands of men of + another tribe, who would make a powerful fetish out of the + brains.<a id="noteref_234" name="noteref_234" href= + "#note_234"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">234</span></span></a> + Again, in Togoland, West Africa, the kings of the Ho tribe are + buried with great secrecy in the forest, and a false grave is made + ostentatiously in the king's house. None but his personal retainers + and a single daughter know where the king's real grave is. The + intention of this secret burial is to prevent enemies from digging + up the corpse and cutting off the head.<a id="noteref_235" name= + "noteref_235" href="#note_235"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">235</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“The heads of important chiefs in the + Calabar districts are usually cut off from the body on burial and + kept secretly for fear the head, and thereby the spirit, of the + dead chief, should be stolen from the town. If it were stolen it + would be not only a great advantage to its new possessor, but a + great danger to the chief's old town, because he would know all the + peculiar ju-ju relating to it. For each town has a peculiar one, + kept exceedingly secret, in addition to the general ju-jus, and + this secret one would then be in the hands of the new owners of the + spirit.”</span><a id="noteref_236" name="noteref_236" href= + "#note_236"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">236</span></span></a> The + graves of Basuto chiefs are kept secret lest certain more or less + imaginary witches and wizards called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baloi</span></span>, who haunt tombs, should + get possession of the bones and work evil magic with them.<a id= + "noteref_237" name="noteref_237" href="#note_237"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">237</span></span></a> In + the Thonga tribe of South Africa, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> when a chief dies, he is buried secretly by + night in a sacred wood, and few people know the place of the grave. + With some clans of the tribe it is customary to level the mound + over the grave so that no sign whatever remains to show where the + body has been buried. This is said to be done lest enemies should + exhume the corpse and cut off the ears, the diaphragm, and other + parts in order to make powerful war-charms out of them.<a id= + "noteref_238" name="noteref_238" href="#note_238"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">238</span></span></a> By + many tribes in Fiji <span class="tei tei-q">“the burial-place of + their chief is kept a profound secret, lest those whom he injured + during his lifetime should revenge themselves by digging up and + insulting or even eating his body. In some places the dead chief is + buried in his own house, and armed warriors of his mother's kin + keep watch night and day over his grave. After a time his bones are + taken up and carried by night to some far-away inaccessible cave in + the mountains, whose position is known only to a few trustworthy + men. Ladders are constructed to enable them to reach the cave, and + are taken down when the bones have been deposited there. Many + frightful stories are told in connection with this custom, and it + is certain that not even decomposition itself avails to baulk the + last revenge of cannibals if they can find the grave. The very + bones of the dead chief are not secure from the revenge of those + whose friends he killed during his lifetime, or whom he otherwise + so exasperated by the tyrannous exercise of his power as to fill + their hearts with a deadly hate. In one instance within my own + knowledge, when the hiding-place was discovered, the bones were + taken away, scraped, and stewed down into a horrible + hell-broth.”</span><a id="noteref_239" name="noteref_239" href= + "#note_239"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">239</span></span></a> When + a Melanesian dies who enjoyed a reputation for magical powers in + his lifetime, his friends will sometimes hold a sham burial and + keep the real grave secret for fear that men might come and dig up + the skull and bones to make charms with them.<a id="noteref_240" + name="noteref_240" href="#note_240"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">240</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Among the Koniags of Alaska the + bodies of dead whalers were cut up and used as + talismans.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Beliefs and + practices of this sort are by no means confined to agricultural + peoples. Among the Koniags of Alaska <span class="tei tei-q">“in + ancient times the pursuit of the whale was accompanied by numerous + superstitious observances kept a secret by the hunters. Lieutenant + Davidof states that the whalers preserved the bodies of brave or + distinguished men in secluded caves, and before proceeding upon a + whale-hunt would carry these dead bodies into a stream and then + drink of the water thus tainted. One famous whaler of Kadiak who + desired to flatter Baranof, the first chief manager of the Russian + colonies, said to him, <span class="tei tei-q">‘When you die I + shall try to steal your body,’</span> intending thus to express his + great respect for Baranof. On the occasion of the death of a whaler + his fellows would cut the body into pieces, each man taking one of + them for the purpose of rubbing his spear-heads therewith. These + pieces were dried or otherwise preserved, and were frequently taken + into the canoes as talismans.”</span><a id="noteref_241" name= + "noteref_241" href="#note_241"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">241</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Assimilation of human victims to + the corn.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To return to the + human victims whose ashes the Egyptians scattered with + winnowing-fans,<a id="noteref_242" name="noteref_242" href= + "#note_242"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">242</span></span></a> the + red hair of these unfortunates was probably significant. If I am + right, the custom of sacrificing such persons was not a mere way of + wreaking a national spite on fair-haired foreigners, whom the + black-haired Egyptians of old, like the black-haired Chinese of + modern times, may have regarded as red-haired devils. For in Egypt + the oxen which were sacrificed had also to be red; a single black + or white hair found on the beast would have disqualified it for the + sacrifice.<a id="noteref_243" name="noteref_243" href= + "#note_243"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">243</span></span></a> If, + as I conjecture, these human sacrifices were intended to promote + the growth of the crops—and the winnowing of their ashes seems to + support this view—red-haired victims were perhaps selected as best + fitted to personate the spirit of the ruddy grain. For when a god + is represented by a living person, it is natural that the human + representative should be chosen on the ground of his supposed + resemblance to the divine original. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Hence the ancient Mexicans, conceiving the + maize as a personal being who went through the whole course of life + between seed-time and harvest, sacrificed new-born babes when the + maize was sown, older children when it had sprouted, and so on till + it was fully ripe, when they sacrificed old men.<a id="noteref_244" + name="noteref_244" href="#note_244"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">244</span></span></a> A + name for Osiris was the <span class="tei tei-q">“crop”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“harvest”</span>;<a id="noteref_245" name= + "noteref_245" href="#note_245"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">245</span></span></a> and + the ancients sometimes explained him as a personification of the + corn.<a id="noteref_246" name="noteref_246" href= + "#note_246"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">246</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a> <a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 2. Osiris a + Tree-Spirit.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Osiris as a tree-spirit. His image + enclosed in a pine-tree.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But Osiris was + more than a spirit of the corn; he was also a tree-spirit, and this + may perhaps have been his primitive character, since the worship of + trees is naturally older in the history of religion than the + worship of the cereals. However that may have been, to an + agricultural people like the Egyptians, who depended almost wholly + on their crops, the corn-god was naturally a far more important + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name= + "Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> personage than the + tree-god, and attracted a larger share of their devotion. The + character of Osiris as a tree-spirit was represented very + graphically in a ceremony described by Firmicus Maternus.<a id= + "noteref_247" name="noteref_247" href="#note_247"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">247</span></span></a> A + pine-tree having been cut down, the centre was hollowed out, and + with the wood thus excavated an image of Osiris was made, which was + then buried like a corpse in the hollow of the tree. It is hard to + imagine how the conception of a tree as tenanted by a personal + being could be more plainly expressed. The image of Osiris thus + made was kept for a year and then burned, exactly as was done with + the image of Attis which was attached to the pine-tree.<a id= + "noteref_248" name="noteref_248" href="#note_248"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">248</span></span></a> The + ceremony of cutting the tree, as described by Firmicus Maternus, + appears to be alluded to by Plutarch.<a id="noteref_249" name= + "noteref_249" href="#note_249"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">249</span></span></a> It + was probably the ritual counterpart of the mythical discovery of + the body of Osiris enclosed in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">erica</span></span>-tree.<a id="noteref_250" + name="noteref_250" href="#note_250"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">250</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The setting up of the</span> + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">ded</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 80%">pillar at the great festival of + Osiris in the month of Khoiak. The setting up of the pillar may + have been an emblem of the god's resurrection.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now we know from + the monuments that at Busiris, Memphis, and elsewhere the great + festival of Osiris closed on the thirtieth of Khoiak with the + setting up of a remarkable pillar known as the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tatu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tat</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tet</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dad</span></span>, or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ded</span></span>. This was a column with four + or five cross-bars, like superposed capitals, at the top. The whole + roughly resembled a telegraph-post with the cross-pieces which + support the wires. Sometimes on the monuments a human form is given + to the pillar by carving a grotesque face on it, robing the lower + part, crowning the top with the symbols of Osiris, and adding two + arms which hold two other characteristic emblems of the god, the + crook and the scourge or flail. On a Theban tomb the king himself, + assisted by his relations and a priest, is represented hauling at + the ropes by which the pillar is being raised, while the queen + looks on and her sixteen daughters accompany the ceremony with the + music of rattles and sistrums. Again, in the hall of the Osirian + mysteries at Abydos the King Sety I. and the goddess Isis are + depicted raising the column between them. In Egyptian theology the + pillar was interpreted as the backbone of Osiris, and whatever its + meaning <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg + 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + may have been, it was one of the holiest symbols of the national + religion. It might very well be a conventional way of representing + a tree stripped of its leaves; and if Osiris was a tree-spirit, the + bare trunk and branches might naturally be described as his + backbone. The setting up of the column would thus, as several + modern scholars believe, shadow forth the resurrection of the god, + and the importance of the occasion would explain and justify the + prominent part which the king appears to have taken in the + ceremony.<a id="noteref_251" name="noteref_251" href= + "#note_251"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">251</span></span></a> It is + to be noted that in the myth of Osiris the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">erica</span></span>-tree which shot up and + enclosed his dead body, was cut down by a king and turned by him + into a pillar of his house.<a id="noteref_252" name="noteref_252" + href="#note_252"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">252</span></span></a> We + can hardly doubt, therefore, that this incident of the legend was + supposed to be dramatically set forth in the erection of the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ded</span></span> column by the king. Like the + similar custom of cutting a pine-tree and fastening an image to it + in the rites of Attis, the ceremony may have belonged to that class + of customs of which the bringing in of the May-pole is among the + most familiar. The association of the king and queen of Egypt with + the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ded</span></span> pillar reminds us of the + association of a King and Queen of May with the May-pole.<a id= + "noteref_253" name="noteref_253" href="#note_253"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">253</span></span></a> The + resemblance may be more than superficial.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Osiris associated with the pine, + the sycamore, the tamarisk, and the acacia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the hall of + Osiris at Denderah the coffin containing the hawk-headed mummy of + the god is clearly depicted as enclosed within a tree, apparently a + conifer, the trunk and branches of which are seen above and below + the coffin.<a id="noteref_254" name="noteref_254" href= + "#note_254"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">254</span></span></a> The + scene thus corresponds closely both to the myth and to the ceremony + described by Firmicus Maternus. In another scene at Denderah a tree + of the same sort is represented growing between the dead and the + reviving Osiris, as if on purpose to indicate that the tree was the + symbol of the divine resurrection.<a id="noteref_255" name= + "noteref_255" href="#note_255"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">255</span></span></a> A + pine-cone often appears on the monuments as an offering presented + to Osiris, and a manuscript of the Louvre speaks of the cedar as + sprung from him.<a id="noteref_256" name="noteref_256" href= + "#note_256"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">256</span></span></a> The + sycamore and the tamarisk were also his trees. In inscriptions he + is spoken of as residing in them;<a id="noteref_257" name= + "noteref_257" href="#note_257"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">257</span></span></a> and + in tombs his mother Nut is often portrayed standing in the midst of + a sycamore-tree and pouring a libation for the benefit of the + dead.<a id="noteref_258" name="noteref_258" href= + "#note_258"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">258</span></span></a> In + one of the Pyramid Texts we read, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hail to + thee, Sycamore, which enclosest the god”</span>;<a id="noteref_259" + name="noteref_259" href="#note_259"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">259</span></span></a> and + in certain temples the statue of Osiris used to be placed for seven + days upon branches of sycamores. The explanation appended in the + sacred texts declares that the placing of the image on the tree was + intended to recall the seven months passed by Osiris in the womb of + his mother Nut, the goddess of the sycamore.<a id="noteref_260" + name="noteref_260" href="#note_260"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">260</span></span></a> The + rite recalls the story that Adonis was born after ten months' + gestation from a myrrh-tree.<a id="noteref_261" name="noteref_261" + href="#note_261"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">261</span></span></a> + Further, in a sepulchre at How (Diospolis Parva) a tamarisk is + depicted overshadowing the tomb of Osiris, while a bird is perched + among the branches with the significant legend <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the soul of Osiris,”</span><a id="noteref_262" name= + "noteref_262" href="#note_262"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">262</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span><a name= + "Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> showing that the + spirit of the dead god was believed to haunt his sacred tree.<a id= + "noteref_263" name="noteref_263" href="#note_263"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">263</span></span></a> + Again, in the series of sculptures which illustrate the mystic + history of Osiris in the great temple of Isis at Philae, a tamarisk + is figured with two men pouring water on it. The accompanying + inscription leaves no doubt, says Brugsch, that the verdure of the + earth was believed to be connected with the verdure of the tree, + and that the sculpture refers to the grave of Osiris at Philae, of + which Plutarch tells us that it was overshadowed by a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">methide</span></span> plant, taller than any + olive-tree. This sculpture, it may be observed, occurs in the same + chamber in which the god is represented as a corpse with ears of + corn springing from him.<a id="noteref_264" name="noteref_264" + href="#note_264"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">264</span></span></a> In + inscriptions he is referred to as <span class="tei tei-q">“the one + in the tree,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“the solitary one in + the acacia,”</span> and so forth.<a id="noteref_265" name= + "noteref_265" href="#note_265"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">265</span></span></a> On + the monuments he sometimes appears as a mummy covered with a tree + or with plants;<a id="noteref_266" name="noteref_266" href= + "#note_266"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">266</span></span></a> and + trees are represented growing from his grave.<a id="noteref_267" + name="noteref_267" href="#note_267"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">267</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Osiris in relation to fruit-trees, + wells, the vine, and ivy.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It accords with + the character of Osiris as a tree-spirit that his worshippers were + forbidden to injure fruit-trees, and with his character as a god of + vegetation in general that they were not allowed to stop up wells + of water, which are so important for the irrigation of hot southern + lands.<a id="noteref_268" name="noteref_268" href= + "#note_268"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">268</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name= + "Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> According to one + legend, he taught men to train the vine to poles, to prune its + superfluous foliage, and to extract the juice of the grape.<a id= + "noteref_269" name="noteref_269" href="#note_269"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">269</span></span></a> In + the papyrus of Nebseni, written about 1550 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, Osiris is depicted + sitting in a shrine, from the roof of which hang clusters of + grapes;<a id="noteref_270" name="noteref_270" href= + "#note_270"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">270</span></span></a> and + in the papyrus of the royal scribe Nekht we see the god enthroned + in front of a pool, from the banks of which a luxuriant vine, with + many bunches of grapes, grows towards the green face of the seated + deity.<a id="noteref_271" name="noteref_271" href= + "#note_271"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">271</span></span></a> The + ivy was sacred to him, and was called his plant because it is + always green.<a id="noteref_272" name="noteref_272" href= + "#note_272"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">272</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc35" id="toc35"></a> <a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 3. Osiris a God of + Fertility.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Osiris perhaps conceived as a god + of fertility in general.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As a god of + vegetation Osiris was naturally conceived as a god of creative + energy in general, since men at a certain stage of evolution fail + to distinguish between the reproductive powers of animals and of + plants. Hence a striking feature in his worship was the coarse but + expressive symbolism by which this aspect of his nature was + presented to the eye not merely of the initiated but of the + multitude. At his festival women used to go about the villages + singing songs in his praise and carrying obscene images of him + which they set in motion by means of strings.<a id="noteref_273" + name="noteref_273" href="#note_273"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">273</span></span></a> The + custom was probably a charm to ensure the growth of the crops. A + similar image of him, decked with all the fruits of the earth, is + said to have stood in a temple before a figure of Isis,<a id= + "noteref_274" name="noteref_274" href="#note_274"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">274</span></span></a> and + in the chambers dedicated to him at Philae the dead god is + portrayed lying on his bier in an attitude which indicates in the + plainest way that even in death his generative virtue was not + extinct but only suspended, ready to prove a source of life and + fertility to the world when the opportunity should offer.<a id= + "noteref_275" name="noteref_275" href="#note_275"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">275</span></span></a> Hymns + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span><a name= + "Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> addressed to Osiris + contain allusions to this important side of his nature. In one of + them it is said that the world waxes green in triumph through him; + and another declares, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou art the father + and mother of mankind, they live on thy breath, they subsist on the + flesh of thy body.”</span><a id="noteref_276" name="noteref_276" + href="#note_276"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">276</span></span></a> We + may conjecture that in this paternal aspect he was supposed, like + other gods of fertility, to bless men and women with offspring, and + that the processions at his festival were intended to promote this + object as well as to quicken the seed in the ground. It would be to + misjudge ancient religion to denounce as lewd and profligate the + emblems and the ceremonies which the Egyptians employed for the + purpose of giving effect to this conception of the divine power. + The ends which they proposed to themselves in these rites were + natural and laudable; only the means they adopted to compass them + were mistaken. A similar fallacy induced the Greeks to adopt a like + symbolism in their Dionysiac festivals, and the superficial but + striking resemblance thus produced between the two religions has + perhaps more than anything else misled inquirers, both ancient and + modern, into identifying worships which, though certainly akin in + nature, are perfectly distinct and independent in origin.<a id= + "noteref_277" name="noteref_277" href="#note_277"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">277</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc37" id="toc37"></a> <a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 4. Osiris a God of the + Dead.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">As god of the corn Osiris came to + be viewed as the god of the resurrection.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have seen + that in one of his aspects Osiris was the ruler and judge of the + dead.<a id="noteref_278" name="noteref_278" href= + "#note_278"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">278</span></span></a> To a + people like the Egyptians, who not only believed in a life beyond + the grave but actually spent much of their time, labour, and money + in preparing for it, this office of the god must have appeared + hardly, if at all, less important than his function of making the + earth to bring forth its fruits in due season. We may assume that + in the faith of his worshippers the two provinces of the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name= + "Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> god were intimately + connected. In laying their dead in the grave they committed them to + his keeping who could raise them from the dust to life eternal, + even as he caused the seed to spring from the ground. Of that faith + the corn-stuffed effigies of Osiris found in Egyptian tombs furnish + an eloquent and unequivocal testimony.<a id="noteref_279" name= + "noteref_279" href="#note_279"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">279</span></span></a> They + were at once an emblem and an instrument of resurrection. Thus from + the sprouting of the grain the ancient Egyptians drew an augury of + human immortality. They are not the only people who have built the + same far-reaching hopes on the same slender foundation. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou fool, that which thou sowest, thou + sowest not that body that shall be, but bare grain, it may chance + of wheat, or of some other grain: but God giveth it a body as it + hath pleased him, and to every seed his own body. So also is the + resurrection of the dead. It is sown in corruption; it is raised in + incorruption: it is sown in weakness; it is raised in power: it is + sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body.”</span><a id= + "noteref_280" name="noteref_280" href="#note_280"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">280</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Great popularity of the worship of + Osiris.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A god who thus + fed his people with his own broken body in this life, and who held + out to them a promise of a blissful eternity in a better world + hereafter, naturally reigned supreme in their affections. We need + not wonder, therefore, that in Egypt the worship of the other gods + was overshadowed by that of Osiris, and that while they were + revered each in his own district, he and his divine partner Isis + were adored in all.<a id="noteref_281" name="noteref_281" href= + "#note_281"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">281</span></span></a></p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name= + "Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc39" id="toc39"></a> <a name="pdf40" id="pdf40"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VI. Isis.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Multifarious attributes of + Isis.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The original + meaning of the goddess Isis is still more difficult to determine than + that of her brother and husband Osiris. Her attributes and epithets + were so numerous that in the hieroglyphics she is called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the many-named,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“the + thousand-named,”</span> and in Greek inscriptions <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the myriad-named.”</span><a id="noteref_282" name= + "noteref_282" href="#note_282"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">282</span></span></a> The + late eminent Dutch scholar C. P. Tiele confessed candidly that + <span class="tei tei-q">“it is now impossible to tell precisely to + what natural phenomena the character of Isis at first + referred.”</span> Yet he adds, <span class="tei tei-q">“Originally + she was a goddess of fecundity.”</span><a id="noteref_283" name= + "noteref_283" href="#note_283"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">283</span></span></a> + Similarly Dr. Budge writes that <span class="tei tei-q">“Isis was the + great and beneficent goddess and mother, whose influence and love + pervaded all heaven and earth and the abode of the dead, and she was + the personification of the great feminine, creative power which + conceived, and brought forth every living creature and thing, from + the gods in heaven to man on the earth, and to the insect on the + ground; what she brought forth she protected, and cared for, and fed, + and nourished, and she employed her life in using her power + graciously and successfully, not only in creating new beings but in + restoring those that were dead. She was, besides these things, the + highest type of a faithful and loving wife <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and mother, and it was in this capacity that + the Egyptians honoured and worshipped her most.”</span><a id= + "noteref_284" name="noteref_284" href="#note_284"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">284</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">How Isis resembled yet differed from + the Mother Goddesses of Asia. Isis perhaps originally a goddess + of the corn.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus in her + character of a goddess of fecundity Isis answered to the great mother + goddesses of Asia, though she differed from them in the chastity and + fidelity of her conjugal life; for while they were unmarried and + dissolute, she had a husband and was a true wife to him as well as an + affectionate mother to their son. Hence her beautiful Madonna-like + figure reflects a more refined state of society and of morals than + the coarse, sensual, cruel figures of Astarte, Anaitis, Cybele, and + the rest of that crew. A clear trace, indeed, of an ethical standard + very different from our own lingers in her double relation of sister + and wife to Osiris; but in most other respects she is rather late + than primitive, the full-blown flower rather than the seed of a long + religious development. The attributes ascribed to her were too + various to be all her own. They were graces borrowed from many lesser + deities, sweets rifled from a thousand humbler plants to feed the + honey of her superb efflorescence. Yet in her complex nature it is + perhaps still possible to detect the original nucleus round which by + a slow process of accretion the other elements gathered. For if her + brother and husband Osiris was in one of his aspects the corn-god, as + we have seen reason to believe, she must surely have been the + corn-goddess. There are at least some grounds for thinking so. For if + we may trust Diodorus Siculus, whose authority appears to have been + the Egyptian historian Manetho, the discovery of wheat and barley was + attributed to Isis, and at her festivals stalks of these grains were + carried in procession to commemorate the boon she had conferred on + men.<a id="noteref_285" name="noteref_285" href= + "#note_285"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">285</span></span></a> A + further detail is added by Augustine. He says that Isis made the + discovery of barley at the moment when she was sacrificing to the + common ancestors of her husband and herself, all of whom had been + kings, and that she showed the newly discovered ears of barley to + Osiris and his councillor Thoth or Mercury, as Roman writers called + him. That is why, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg + 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + adds Augustine, they identify Isis with Ceres.<a id="noteref_286" + name="noteref_286" href="#note_286"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">286</span></span></a> + Further, at harvest-time, when the Egyptian reapers had cut the first + stalks, they laid them down and beat their breasts, wailing and + calling upon Isis.<a id="noteref_287" name="noteref_287" href= + "#note_287"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">287</span></span></a> The + custom has been already explained as a lament for the corn-spirit + slain under the sickle.<a id="noteref_288" name="noteref_288" href= + "#note_288"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">288</span></span></a> Amongst + the epithets by which Isis is designated in the inscriptions are + <span class="tei tei-q">“Creatress of green things,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Green goddess, whose green colour is like + unto the greenness of the earth,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Lady of Bread,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Lady of + Beer,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Lady of + Abundance.”</span><a id="noteref_289" name="noteref_289" href= + "#note_289"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">289</span></span></a> + According to Brugsch she is <span class="tei tei-q">“not only the + creatress of the fresh verdure of vegetation which covers the earth, + but is actually the green corn-field itself, which is personified as + a goddess.”</span><a id="noteref_290" name="noteref_290" href= + "#note_290"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">290</span></span></a> This is + confirmed by her epithet <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sochit</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sochet</span></span>, meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“a corn-field,”</span> a sense which the word still + retains in Coptic.<a id="noteref_291" name="noteref_291" href= + "#note_291"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">291</span></span></a> The + Greeks conceived of Isis as a corn-goddess, for they identified her + with Demeter.<a id="noteref_292" name="noteref_292" href= + "#note_292"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">292</span></span></a> In a + Greek epigram she is described as <span class="tei tei-q">“she who + has given birth to the fruits of the earth,”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the mother of the ears of corn”</span>;<a id= + "noteref_293" name="noteref_293" href="#note_293"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">293</span></span></a> and in + a hymn composed in her honour she speaks of herself as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“queen of the wheat-field,”</span> and is described as + <span class="tei tei-q">“charged with the care of the fruitful + furrow's wheat-rich path.”</span><a id="noteref_294" name= + "noteref_294" href="#note_294"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">294</span></span></a> + Accordingly, Greek or Roman artists often represented her with ears + of corn on her head or in her hand.<a id="noteref_295" name= + "noteref_295" href="#note_295"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">295</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Refinement and spiritualization of + Isis in later times: the popularity of her worship in the Roman + empire. Resemblance of Isis to the Madonna.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such, we may + suppose, was Isis in the olden time, a rustic Corn-Mother adored with + uncouth rites by Egyptian swains. But the homely features of the + clownish goddess could hardly be traced in the refined, the saintly + form which, spiritualized by ages of religious evolution, she + presented to her worshippers of after days as the true wife, the + tender <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name= + "Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> mother, the beneficent + queen of nature, encircled with the nimbus of moral purity, of + immemorial and mysterious sanctity. Thus chastened and transfigured + she won many hearts far beyond the boundaries of her native land. In + that welter of religions which accompanied the decline of national + life in antiquity her worship was one of the most popular at Rome and + throughout the empire. Some of the Roman emperors themselves were + openly addicted to it.<a id="noteref_296" name="noteref_296" href= + "#note_296"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">296</span></span></a> And + however the religion of Isis may, like any other, have been often + worn as a cloak by men and women of loose life, her rites appear on + the whole to have been honourably distinguished by a dignity and + composure, a solemnity and decorum well fitted to soothe the troubled + mind, to ease the burdened heart. They appealed therefore to gentle + spirits, and above all to women, whom the bloody and licentious rites + of other Oriental goddesses only shocked and repelled. We need not + wonder, then, that in a period of decadence, when traditional faiths + were shaken, when systems clashed, when men's minds were disquieted, + when the fabric of empire itself, once deemed eternal, began to show + ominous rents and fissures, the serene figure of Isis with her + spiritual calm, her gracious promise of immortality, should have + appeared to many like a star in a stormy sky, and should have roused + in their breasts a rapture of devotion not unlike that which was paid + in the Middle Ages to the Virgin Mary. Indeed her stately ritual, + with its shaven and tonsured priests, its matins and vespers, its + tinkling music, its baptism and aspersions of holy water, its solemn + processions, its jewelled images of the Mother of God, presented many + points of similarity to the pomps and ceremonies of + Catholicism.<a id="noteref_297" name="noteref_297" href= + "#note_297"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">297</span></span></a> The + resemblance need not be purely accidental. <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ancient Egypt may have contributed its share to + the gorgeous symbolism of the Catholic Church as well as to the pale + abstractions of her theology.<a id="noteref_298" name="noteref_298" + href="#note_298"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">298</span></span></a> + Certainly in art the figure of Isis suckling the infant Horus is so + like that of the Madonna and child that it has sometimes received the + adoration of ignorant Christians.<a id="noteref_299" name= + "noteref_299" href="#note_299"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">299</span></span></a> And to + Isis in her later character of patroness of mariners the Virgin Mary + perhaps owes her beautiful epithet of <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Stella Maris</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Star of the Sea,”</span> under which she is adored by + tempest-tossed sailors.<a id="noteref_300" name="noteref_300" href= + "#note_300"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">300</span></span></a> The + attributes of a marine deity may have been bestowed on Isis by the + sea-faring Greeks of Alexandria. They are quite foreign to her + original character and to the habits of the Egyptians, who had no + love of the sea.<a id="noteref_301" name="noteref_301" href= + "#note_301"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">301</span></span></a> On this + hypothesis Sirius, the bright star of Isis, which on July mornings + rises from the glassy waves of the eastern Mediterranean, a harbinger + of halcyon weather to mariners, was the true <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Stella Maris</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Star of the Sea.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name= + "Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc41" id="toc41"></a> <a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VII. Osiris and the + Sun.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Osiris interpreted as the sun by + many modern writers.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Osiris has been + sometimes interpreted as the sun-god; and in modern times this view + has been held by so many distinguished writers that it deserves a + brief examination. If we inquire on what evidence Osiris has been + identified with the sun or the sun-god, it will be found on analysis + to be minute in quantity and dubious, where it is not absolutely + worthless, in quality. The diligent Jablonski, the first modern + scholar to collect and sift the testimony of classical writers on + Egyptian religion, says that it can be shown in many ways that Osiris + is the sun, and that he could produce a cloud of witnesses to prove + it, but that it is needless to do so, since no learned man is + ignorant of the fact.<a id="noteref_302" name="noteref_302" href= + "#note_302"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">302</span></span></a> Of the + writers whom he condescends to quote, the only two who expressly + identify Osiris with the sun are Diodorus and Macrobius. The passage + in Diodorus runs thus:<a id="noteref_303" name="noteref_303" href= + "#note_303"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">303</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“It is said that the aboriginal inhabitants + of Egypt, looking up to the sky, and smitten with awe and wonder at + the nature of the universe, supposed that there were two gods, + eternal and primaeval, the sun and the moon, of whom they named the + sun Osiris and the moon Isis.”</span> Even if Diodorus's authority + for this statement is Manetho, as there is some ground for + believing,<a id="noteref_304" name="noteref_304" href= + "#note_304"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">304</span></span></a> little + or no weight can be attached to it. For it is plainly a + philosophical, and therefore a late, explanation of the first + beginnings of Egyptian religion, reminding us of Kant's familiar + saying about the starry heavens and the moral law rather than of the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name="Pg121" + id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> rude traditions of a primitive + people. Jablonski's second authority, Macrobius, is no better, but + rather worse. For Macrobius was the father of that large family of + mythologists who resolve all or most gods into the sun. According to + him Mercury was the sun, Mars was the sun, Janus was the sun, Saturn + was the sun, so was Jupiter, also Nemesis, likewise Pan, and so on + through a great part of the pantheon.<a id="noteref_305" name= + "noteref_305" href="#note_305"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">305</span></span></a> It was + natural, therefore, that he should identify Osiris with the + sun,<a id="noteref_306" name="noteref_306" href= + "#note_306"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">306</span></span></a> but his + reasons for doing so are exceedingly slight. He refers to the + ceremonies of alternate lamentation and joy as if they reflected the + vicissitudes of the great luminary in his course through the sky. + Further, he argues that Osiris must be the sun because an eye was one + of his symbols. It is true that an eye was a symbol of Osiris,<a id= + "noteref_307" name="noteref_307" href="#note_307"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">307</span></span></a> and it + is also true that the sun was often called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the eye of Horus”</span>;<a id="noteref_308" name= + "noteref_308" href="#note_308"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">308</span></span></a> yet the + coincidence hardly suffices to establish the identity of the two + deities. The opinion that Osiris was the sun is also mentioned, but + not accepted, by Plutarch,<a id="noteref_309" name="noteref_309" + href="#note_309"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">309</span></span></a> and it + is referred to by Firmicus Maternus.<a id="noteref_310" name= + "noteref_310" href="#note_310"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">310</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The later identification of Osiris + with Ra, the sun-god, does not prove that Osiris was originally + the sun. Such identifications sprang from attempts to unify and + amalgamate the many local cults of Egypt.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Amongst modern + scholars, Lepsius, in identifying Osiris with the sun, appears to + rely mainly on the passage of Diodorus already quoted. But the + monuments, he adds, also show <span class="tei tei-q">“that down to a + late time Osiris was sometimes conceived as <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ra</span></span>. + In this quality he is named <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris-Ra</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" + id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> even in the <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Book of the Dead,’</span> and Isis is often called + <span class="tei tei-q">‘the royal consort of + Ra.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_311" name="noteref_311" href= + "#note_311"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">311</span></span></a> That Ra + was both the physical sun and the sun-god is undisputed; but with + every deference for the authority of so great a scholar as Lepsius, + we may doubt whether the identification of Osiris with Ra can be + accepted as proof that Osiris was originally the sun. For the + religion of ancient Egypt<a id="noteref_312" name="noteref_312" href= + "#note_312"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">312</span></span></a> may be + described as a confederacy of local cults which, while maintaining + against each other a certain measure of jealous and even hostile + independence, were yet constantly subjected to the fusing and + amalgamating influence of political centralization and philosophic + thought. The history of the religion appears to have largely + consisted of a struggle between these opposite forces or tendencies. + On the one side there was the conservative tendency to preserve the + local cults with all their distinctive features, fresh, sharp, and + crisp as they had been handed down from an immemorial past. On the + other side there was the progressive tendency, favoured by the + gradual fusion of the people under a powerful central government, + first to dull the edge of these provincial distinctions, and finally + to break them down completely and merge them in a single national + religion. The conservative party probably mustered in its ranks the + great bulk of the people, their prejudices and affections being + warmly enlisted in favour of the local deity, with whose temple and + rites they had been familiar from childhood; and the popular dislike + of change, based on the endearing effect of old association, must + have been strongly reinforced by the less disinterested opposition of + the local clergy, whose material interests would necessarily suffer + with any decay of their shrines. On the other hand the kings, whose + power and glory rose with the political and ecclesiastical + consolidation of the realm, were the natural champions of religious + unity; and their efforts would be seconded by the refined and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" + id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> thoughtful minority, who could + hardly fail to be shocked by the many barbarous and revolting + elements in the local rites. As usually happens in such cases, the + process of religious unification appears to have been largely + effected by discovering points of similarity, real or imaginary, + between the provincial deities, which were thereupon declared to be + only different names or manifestations of the same god.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Most Egyptian gods were at some time + identified with the sun. Attempt of Amenophis IV. to abolish all + gods except the sun-god. Failure of the attempt.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of the deities who + thus acted as centres of attraction, absorbing in themselves a + multitude of minor divinities, by far the most important was the + sun-god Ra. There appear to have been few gods in Egypt who were not + at one time or other identified with him. Ammon of Thebes, Horus of + the East, Horus of Edfu, Chnum of Elephantine, Tum of Heliopolis, all + were regarded as one god, the sun. Even the water-god Sobk, in spite + of his crocodile shape, did not escape the same fate. Indeed one + king, Amenophis IV., undertook to sweep away all the old gods at a + stroke and replace them by a single god, the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“great living disc of the sun.”</span><a id="noteref_313" + name="noteref_313" href="#note_313"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">313</span></span></a> In the + hymns composed in his honour, this deity is referred to as + <span class="tei tei-q">“the living disc of the sun, besides whom + there is none other.”</span> He is said to have made <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the far heaven”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“men, + beasts, and birds; he strengtheneth the eyes with his beams, and when + he showeth himself, all flowers <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> live and grow, the meadows flourish at his + upgoing and are drunken at his sight, all cattle skip on their feet, + and the birds that are in the marsh flutter for joy.”</span> It is he + <span class="tei tei-q">“who bringeth the years, createth the months, + maketh the days, calculateth the hours, the lord of time, by whom men + reckon.”</span> In his zeal for the unity of god, the king commanded + to erase the names of all other gods from the monuments, and to + destroy their images. His rage was particularly directed against the + god Ammon, whose name and likeness were effaced wherever they were + found; even the sanctity of the tomb was violated in order to destroy + the memorials of the hated deity. In some of the halls of the great + temples at Carnac, Luxor, and other places, all the names of the + gods, with a few chance exceptions, were scratched out. The monarch + even changed his own name, Amenophis, because it was compounded of + Ammon, and took instead the name of Chu-en-aten, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“gleam of the sun's disc.”</span> Thebes itself, the + ancient capital of his glorious ancestors, full of the monuments of + their piety and idolatry, was no longer a fit home for the puritan + king. He deserted it, and built for himself a new capital in Middle + Egypt at the place now known as Tell-el-Amarna. Here in a few years a + city of palaces and gardens rose like an exhalation at his command, + and here the king, his dearly loved wife and children, and his + complaisant courtiers led a merry life. The grave and sombre ritual + of Thebes was discarded. The sun-god was worshipped with songs and + hymns, with the music of harps and flutes, with offerings of cakes + and fruits and flowers. Blood seldom stained his kindly altars. The + king himself celebrated the offices of religion. He preached with + unction, and we may be sure that his courtiers listened with at least + an outward semblance of devotion. From the too-faithful portraits of + himself which he has bequeathed to us we can still picture to + ourselves the heretic king in the pulpit, with his tall, lanky + figure, his bandy legs, his pot-belly, his long, lean, haggard face + aglow with the fever of religious fanaticism. Yet <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the doctrine,”</span> as he loved to call it, which he + proclaimed to his hearers was apparently no stern message of + renunciation in this world, of terrors in the world to <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> come. The thoughts of death, of judgment, + and of a life beyond the grave, which weighed like a nightmare on the + minds of the Egyptians, seem to have been banished for a time. Even + the name of Osiris, the awful judge of the dead, is not once + mentioned in the graves at Tell-el-Amarna. All this lasted only + during the life of the reformer. His death was followed by a violent + reaction. The old gods were reinstated in their rank and privileges: + their names and images were restored, and new temples were built. But + all the shrines and palaces reared by the late king were thrown down: + even the sculptures that referred to him and to his god in rock-tombs + and on the sides of hills were erased or filled up with stucco: his + name appears on no later monument, and was carefully omitted from all + official lists. The new capital was abandoned, never to be inhabited + again. Its plan can still be traced in the sands of the desert.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Identification with the sun is no + evidence of the original character of an Egyptian god.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This attempt of + King Amenophis IV. is only an extreme example of a tendency which + appears to have affected the religion of Egypt as far back as we can + trace it. Therefore, to come back to our point, in attempting to + discover the original character of any Egyptian god, no weight can be + given to the identification of him with other gods, least of all with + the sun-god Ra. Far from helping to follow up the trail, these + identifications only cross and confuse it. The best evidence for the + original character of the Egyptian gods is to be found in their + ritual and myths, so far as these are known, and in the manner in + which they are portrayed on the monuments. It is mainly on evidence + drawn from these sources that I rest my interpretation of Osiris.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The solar theory of Osiris does not + explain his death and resurrection.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ground upon + which some modern writers seem chiefly to rely for the identification + of Osiris with the sun is that the story of his death fits better + with the solar phenomena than with any other in nature. It may + readily be admitted that the daily appearance and disappearance of + the sun might very naturally be expressed by a myth of his death and + resurrection; and writers who regard Osiris as the sun are careful to + indicate that it is the diurnal, and not the annual, course of the + sun to which they understand the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> myth to apply. Thus Renouf, who identified + Osiris with the sun, admitted that the Egyptian sun could not with + any show of reason be described as dead in winter.<a id="noteref_314" + name="noteref_314" href="#note_314"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">314</span></span></a> But if + his daily death was the theme of the legend, why was it celebrated by + an annual ceremony? This fact alone seems fatal to the interpretation + of the myth as descriptive of sunset and sunrise. Again, though the + sun may be said to die daily, in what sense can he be said to be torn + in pieces?<a id="noteref_315" name="noteref_315" href= + "#note_315"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">315</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The death and resurrection of Osiris + are more naturally explained by the annual decay and growth of + vegetation.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the course of + our inquiry it has, I trust, been made clear that there is another + natural phenomenon to which the conception of death and resurrection + is as applicable as to sunset and sunrise, and which, as a matter of + fact, has been so conceived and represented in folk-custom. That + phenomenon is the annual growth and decay of vegetation. A strong + reason for interpreting the death of Osiris as the decay of + vegetation rather than as the sunset is to be found in the general, + though not unanimous, voice of antiquity, which classed together the + worship and myths of Osiris, Adonis, Attis, Dionysus, and Demeter, as + religions of essentially the same type.<a id="noteref_316" name= + "noteref_316" href="#note_316"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">316</span></span></a> The + consensus of ancient <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg + 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + opinion on this subject seems too great to be rejected as a mere + fancy. So closely did the rites of Osiris resemble those of Adonis at + Byblus that some of the people of Byblus themselves maintained that + it was Osiris and not Adonis whose death was mourned by them.<a id= + "noteref_317" name="noteref_317" href="#note_317"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">317</span></span></a> Such a + view could certainly not have been held if the rituals of the two + gods had not been so alike as to be almost indistinguishable. + Herodotus found the similarity between the rites of Osiris and + Dionysus so great, that he thought it impossible the latter could + have arisen independently; they must, he supposed, have been recently + borrowed, with slight alterations, by the Greeks from the + Egyptians.<a id="noteref_318" name="noteref_318" href= + "#note_318"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">318</span></span></a> Again, + Plutarch, a very keen student of comparative religion, insists upon + the detailed resemblance of the rites of Osiris to those of + Dionysus.<a id="noteref_319" name="noteref_319" href= + "#note_319"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">319</span></span></a> We + cannot reject the evidence of such intelligent and trustworthy + witnesses on plain matters of fact which fell under their own + cognizance. Their explanations of the worships it is indeed possible + to reject, for the meaning of religious cults is often open to + question; but resemblances of ritual are matters of observation. + Therefore, those who explain Osiris as the sun are driven to the + alternative of either dismissing as mistaken the testimony of + antiquity to the similarity of the rites of Osiris, Adonis, Attis, + Dionysus, and Demeter, or of interpreting all these rites as + sun-worship. No modern scholar has fairly faced and accepted either + side of this alternative. To accept the former would be to affirm + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" + id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that we know the rites of + these deities better than the men who practised, or at least who + witnessed them. To accept the latter would involve a wrenching, + clipping, mangling, and distorting of myth and ritual from which even + Macrobius shrank.<a id="noteref_320" name="noteref_320" href= + "#note_320"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">320</span></span></a> On the + other hand, the view that the essence of all these rites was the + mimic death and revival of vegetation, explains them separately and + collectively in an easy and natural way, and harmonizes with the + general testimony borne by the ancients to their substantial + similarity.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name= + "Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc43" id="toc43"></a> <a name="pdf44" id="pdf44"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VIII. Osiris and the + Moon.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Osiris was sometimes interpreted by + the ancients as the moon.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before we conclude + this study of Osiris it will be worth while to consider an ancient + view of his nature, which deserves more attention than it has + received in modern times. We are told by Plutarch that among the + philosophers who saw in the gods of Egypt personifications of natural + objects and forces, there were some who interpreted Osiris as the + moon and his enemy Typhon as the sun, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“because the moon, with her humid and generative light, + is favourable to the propagation of animals and the growth of plants; + while the sun with his fierce fire scorches and burns up all growing + things, renders the greater part of the earth uninhabitable by reason + of his blaze, and often overpowers the moon herself.”</span><a id= + "noteref_321" name="noteref_321" href="#note_321"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">321</span></span></a> + Whatever may be thought of the physical qualities here attributed to + the moon, the arguments adduced by the ancients to prove the identity + of Osiris with that luminary carry with them a weight which has at + least not been lightened by the results of modern research. An + examination of them and of other evidence pointing in the same + direction will, perhaps, help to set the original character of the + Egyptian deity in a clearer light.<a id="noteref_322" name= + "noteref_322" href="#note_322"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">322</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. Osiris was said + to have lived or reigned twenty-eight years. This might fairly be + taken as a mythical expression for a lunar month.<a id="noteref_323" + name="noteref_323" href="#note_323"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">323</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">2. His body was + reported to have been rent into fourteen pieces.<a id="noteref_324" + name="noteref_324" href="#note_324"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">324</span></span></a> This + might be interpreted of the waning moon, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> which appears to lose a portion of itself on + each of the fourteen days that make up the second half of a lunar + month. It is expressly said that his enemy Typhon found the body of + Osiris at the full moon;<a id="noteref_325" name="noteref_325" href= + "#note_325"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">325</span></span></a> thus + the dismemberment of the god would begin with the waning of the moon. + To primitive man it seems manifest that the waning moon is actually + dwindling, and he naturally enough explains its diminution by + supposing that the planet is being rent or broken in pieces or eaten + away. The Klamath Indians of Oregon speak of the moon as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the one broken to pieces”</span> with reference to its + changing aspect; they never apply such a term to the sun,<a id= + "noteref_326" name="noteref_326" href="#note_326"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">326</span></span></a> whose + apparent change of bulk at different seasons of the year is far too + insignificant to attract the attention of the savage, or at least to + be described by him in such forcible language. The Dacotas believe + that when the moon is full, a great many little mice begin to nibble + at one side of it and do not cease till they have eaten it all up, + after which a new moon is born and grows to maturity, only to share + the fate of its countless predecessors.<a id="noteref_327" name= + "noteref_327" href="#note_327"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">327</span></span></a> A + similar belief is held by the Huzuls of the Carpathians, except that + they ascribe the destruction of the old moon to wolves instead of to + mice.<a id="noteref_328" name="noteref_328" href= + "#note_328"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">328</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">3. At the new moon + of the month Phamenoth, which was the beginning of spring, the + Egyptians celebrated what they called <span class="tei tei-q">“the + entry of Osiris into the moon.”</span><a id="noteref_329" name= + "noteref_329" href="#note_329"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">329</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">4. At the ceremony + called <span class="tei tei-q">“the burial of Osiris”</span> the + Egyptians made a crescent-shaped chest <span class= + "tei tei-q">“because the moon, when it approaches the sun, assumes + the form of a crescent and vanishes.”</span><a id="noteref_330" name= + "noteref_330" href="#note_330"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">330</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">5. The bull Apis, + held to be an image of the soul of Osiris,<a id="noteref_331" name= + "noteref_331" href="#note_331"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">331</span></span></a> was + born of a cow which was believed to have been <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> impregnated, not in the vulgar way by a + bull, but by a divine influence emanating from the moon.<a id= + "noteref_332" name="noteref_332" href="#note_332"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">332</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">6. Once a year, at + the full moon, pigs were sacrificed simultaneously to the moon and + Osiris.<a id="noteref_333" name="noteref_333" href= + "#note_333"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">333</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">7. In a hymn + supposed to be addressed by Isis to Osiris, it is said that + Thoth—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 7.20em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Placeth thy soul in the + bark Ma-at,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">In that name which is + thine, of</span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">God + Moon</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And again:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Thou who comest to us as a + child each month,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">We do not cease to + contemplate thee.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Thine emanation heightens + the brilliancy</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Of the stars of Orion in + the firmament.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_334" name= + "noteref_334" href="#note_334"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">334</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here then Osiris + is identified with the moon in set terms. If in the same hymn he is + said to <span class="tei tei-q">“illuminate us like Ra”</span> (the + sun), that is obviously no reason for identifying him with the sun, + but quite the contrary. For though the moon may reasonably be + compared to the sun, neither the sun nor anything else can reasonably + be compared to itself.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">8. In art Osiris + is sometimes represented as a human-headed mummy grasping in his + hands his characteristic emblems and wearing on his head, instead of + the usual crown, a full moon within a crescent.<a id="noteref_335" + name="noteref_335" href="#note_335"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">335</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The identification of Osiris with + the moon appears to be based on a comparatively late theory that + all things grow and decay with the waxing and waning of the + moon.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now if in one of + his aspects Osiris was originally a deity of vegetation, we can + easily enough understand why in a later and more philosophic age he + should come to be thus identified or confounded with the moon.<a id= + "noteref_336" name="noteref_336" href="#note_336"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">336</span></span></a> For as + soon as he begins to meditate upon the causes of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> things, the early philosopher is led by + certain obvious, though fallacious, appearances to regard the moon as + the ultimate cause of the growth of plants. In the first place he + associates its apparent growth and decay with the growth and decay of + sublunary things, and imagines that in virtue of a secret sympathy + the celestial phenomena really produce those terrestrial changes + which in point of fact they merely resemble. Thus Pliny says that the + moon may fairly be considered the planet of breath, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“because it saturates the earth and by its approach fills + bodies, while by its departure it empties them. Hence it is,”</span> + he goes on, <span class="tei tei-q">“that shell-fish increase with + the increase of the moon and that bloodless creatures especially feel + breath at that time; even the blood of men grows and diminishes with + the light of the moon, and leaves and herbage also feel the same + influence, since the lunar energy penetrates all + things.”</span><a id="noteref_337" name="noteref_337" href= + "#note_337"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">337</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“There is no doubt,”</span> writes Macrobius, + <span class="tei tei-q">“that the moon is the author and framer of + mortal bodies, so much so that some things expand or shrink as it + waxes or wanes.”</span><a id="noteref_338" name="noteref_338" href= + "#note_338"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">338</span></span></a> Again, + Aulus Gellius puts in the mouth of a friend the remark that + <span class="tei tei-q">“the same things which grow with the waxing, + do dwindle with the waning moon,”</span> and he quotes from a + commentary of Plutarch's on Hesiod a statement that the onion is the + only vegetable which violates this great law of nature by sprouting + in the wane and withering in the increase of the moon.<a id= + "noteref_339" name="noteref_339" href="#note_339"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">339</span></span></a> + Scottish Highlanders allege that in the increase of the moon + everything has a tendency to grow or stick together;<a id= + "noteref_340" name="noteref_340" href="#note_340"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">340</span></span></a> and + they call the second moon of autumn <span class="tei tei-q">“the + ripening moon”</span> (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gealach an abachaidh</span></span>), because + they imagine that crops ripen as much by its light as by day.<a id= + "noteref_341" name="noteref_341" href="#note_341"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">341</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Practical rules founded on this + lunar theory. Supposed influence of the phases of the moon on the + operations of husbandry.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From this supposed + influence of the moon on the life of plants and animals, men in + ancient and modern times have deduced a whole code of rules for the + guidance of the husbandman, the shepherd, and others in the conduct + of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg 133]</span><a name= + "Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> their affairs. Thus an + ancient writer on agriculture lays it down as a maxim, that whatever + is to be sown should be sown while the moon is waxing, and that + whatever is to be cut or gathered should be cut or gathered while it + is waning.<a id="noteref_342" name="noteref_342" href= + "#note_342"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">342</span></span></a> A + modern treatise on superstition describes how the superstitious man + regulates all his conduct by the moon: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Whatever he would have to grow, he sets about it when + she is in her increase; but for what he would have made less he + chooses her wane.”</span><a id="noteref_343" name="noteref_343" href= + "#note_343"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">343</span></span></a> In + Germany the phases of the moon are observed by superstitious people + at all the more or even less important actions of life, such as + tilling the fields, building or changing houses, marriages, + hair-cutting, bleeding, cupping, and so forth. The particular rules + vary in different places, but the principle generally followed is + that whatever is done to increase anything should be done while the + moon is waxing; whatever is done to diminish anything should be done + while the moon is waning. For example, sowing, planting, and grafting + should be done in the first half of the moon, but the felling of + timber and mowing should be done in the second half.<a id= + "noteref_344" name="noteref_344" href="#note_344"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">344</span></span></a> In + various parts of Europe it is believed that plants, nails, hair, and + corns, cut while the moon is on the increase, will grow again fast, + but that if cut while it is on the decrease they will grow slowly or + waste <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name= + "Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> away.<a id= + "noteref_345" name="noteref_345" href="#note_345"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">345</span></span></a> Hence + persons who wish their hair to grow thick and long should cut it in + the first half of the moon.<a id="noteref_346" name="noteref_346" + href="#note_346"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">346</span></span></a> On the + same principle sheep are shorn when the moon is waxing, because it is + supposed that the wool will then be longest and most enduring.<a id= + "noteref_347" name="noteref_347" href="#note_347"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">347</span></span></a> Some + negroes of the Gaboon think that taro and other vegetables never + thrive if they are planted after full moon, but that they grow fast + and strong if they are planted in the first quarter.<a id= + "noteref_348" name="noteref_348" href="#note_348"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">348</span></span></a> The + Highlanders of Scotland used to expect better crops of grain by + sowing their seed in the moon's increase.<a id="noteref_349" name= + "noteref_349" href="#note_349"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">349</span></span></a> On the + other hand they thought that garden vegetables, such as onions and + kail, run to seed if they are sown in the increase, but that they + grow to pot-herbs if they are sown in the wane.<a id="noteref_350" + name="noteref_350" href="#note_350"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">350</span></span></a> So + Thomas Tusser advised the peasant to sow peas and beans in the wane + of the moon <span class="tei tei-q">“that they with the planet may + rest and arise.”</span><a id="noteref_351" name="noteref_351" href= + "#note_351"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">351</span></span></a> The + Zulus welcome <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg + 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + first appearance of the new moon with beating of drums and other + demonstrations of joy; but next day they abstain from all labour, + <span class="tei tei-q">“thinking that if anything is sown on those + days they can never reap the benefit thereof.”</span><a id= + "noteref_352" name="noteref_352" href="#note_352"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">352</span></span></a> But in + this matter of sowing and planting a refined distinction is sometimes + drawn by French, German, and Esthonian peasants; plants which bear + fruit above ground are sown by them when the moon is waxing, but + plants which are cultivated for the sake of their roots, such as + potatoes and turnips, are sown when the moon is waning.<a id= + "noteref_353" name="noteref_353" href="#note_353"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">353</span></span></a> The + reason for this distinction seems to be a vague idea that the waxing + moon is coming up and the waning moon going down, and that + accordingly fruits which grow upwards should be sown in the former + period, and fruits which grow downwards in the latter. Before + beginning to plant their cacao the Pipiles of Central America exposed + the finest seeds for four nights to the moonlight,<a id="noteref_354" + name="noteref_354" href="#note_354"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">354</span></span></a> but + whether they did so at the waxing or waning of the moon is not said. + Even pots, it would seem, are not exempt from this great law of + nature. In Uganda <span class="tei tei-q">“potters waited for the new + moon to appear before baking their pots; when it was some days old, + they prepared their fires and baked the vessels. No potter would bake + pots when the moon was past the full, for he believed that they would + be a failure, and would be sure to crack or break in the burning, if + he did so, and that his labour accordingly would go for + nothing.”</span><a id="noteref_355" name="noteref_355" href= + "#note_355"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">355</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The phases of the moon in relation + to the felling of timber.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again, the waning + of the moon has been commonly recommended both in ancient and modern + times as the proper time for felling trees,<a id="noteref_356" name= + "noteref_356" href="#note_356"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">356</span></span></a> + apparently because it was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg + 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + thought fit and natural that the operation of cutting down should be + performed on earth at the time when the lunar orb was, so to say, + being cut down in the sky. In France before the Revolution the + forestry laws enjoined that trees should only be felled after the + moon had passed the full; and in French bills announcing the sale of + timber you may still read a notice that the wood was cut in the + waning of the moon.<a id="noteref_357" name="noteref_357" href= + "#note_357"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">357</span></span></a> So + among the Shans of Burma, when a house is to be built, it is a rule + that <span class="tei tei-q">“a lucky day should be chosen to + commence the cutting of the bamboos. The day must not only be a + fortunate one for the builder, but it must also be in the second half + of the month, when the moon is waning. Shans believe that if bamboos + are cut during the first half of the month, when the moon is waxing, + they do not last well, as boring insects attack them and they will + soon become rotten. This belief is prevalent all over the + East.”</span><a id="noteref_358" name="noteref_358" href= + "#note_358"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">358</span></span></a> A like + belief obtains in various parts of Mexico. No Mexican will cut timber + while the moon is increasing; they say it must be cut while the moon + is waning or the wood will certainly rot.<a id="noteref_359" name= + "noteref_359" href="#note_359"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">359</span></span></a> In + Colombia, South America, people think that corn should only be sown + and timber felled when the moon is on the wane. They say that the + waxing moon draws the sap up through the trunk and branches, whereas + the sap flows down and leaves the wood dry during the wane of the + moon.<a id="noteref_360" name="noteref_360" href= + "#note_360"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">360</span></span></a> But + sometimes the opposite rule is <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page137">[pg 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> adopted, and equally forcible arguments are + urged in its defence. Thus, when the Wabondei of Eastern Africa are + about to build a house, they take care to cut the posts for it when + the moon is on the increase; for they say that posts cut when the + moon is wasting away would soon rot, whereas posts cut while the moon + is waxing are very durable.<a id="noteref_361" name="noteref_361" + href="#note_361"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">361</span></span></a> The + same rule is observed for the same reason in some parts of + Germany.<a id="noteref_362" name="noteref_362" href= + "#note_362"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">362</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The moon regarded as the source of + moisture.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the partisans + of the ordinarily received opinion have sometimes supported it by + another reason, which introduces us to the second of those fallacious + appearances by which men have been led to regard the moon as the + cause of growth in plants. From observing rightly that dew falls most + thickly on cloudless nights, they inferred wrongly that it was caused + by the moon, a theory which the poet Alcman expressed in mythical + form by saying that dew was a daughter of Zeus and the moon.<a id= + "noteref_363" name="noteref_363" href="#note_363"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">363</span></span></a> Hence + the ancients concluded that the moon is the great source of moisture, + as the sun is the great source of heat.<a id="noteref_364" name= + "noteref_364" href="#note_364"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">364</span></span></a> And as + the humid power of the moon was assumed to be greater when the planet + was waxing than when it was waning, they thought that timber cut + during the increase of the luminary would be saturated with moisture, + whereas timber cut in the wane would be comparatively dry. Hence we + are told that in antiquity carpenters would reject timber felled when + the moon was growing or full, because they believed that such timber + teemed with sap;<a id="noteref_365" name="noteref_365" href= + "#note_365"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">365</span></span></a> and in + the Vosges at the present day people allege that wood cut at the new + moon does not dry.<a id="noteref_366" name="noteref_366" href= + "#note_366"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">366</span></span></a> We have + seen that the same reason is assigned for the same practice in + Colombia.<a id="noteref_367" name="noteref_367" href= + "#note_367"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">367</span></span></a> In the + Hebrides peasants <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg + 138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + give the same reason for cutting their peats when the moon is on the + wane; <span class="tei tei-q">“for they observe that if they are cut + in the increase, they continue still moist and never burn clear, nor + are they without smoke, but the contrary is daily observed of peats + cut in the decrease.”</span><a id="noteref_368" name="noteref_368" + href="#note_368"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">368</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The moon, being viewed as the cause + of vegetable growth, is naturally worshipped by agricultural + peoples.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus misled by a + double fallacy primitive philosophy comes to view the moon as the + great cause of vegetable growth, first, because the planet seems + itself to grow, and second, because it is supposed to be the source + of dew and moisture. It is no wonder, therefore, that agricultural + peoples should adore the planet which they believe to influence so + profoundly the crops on which they depend for subsistence. + Accordingly we find that in the hotter regions of America, where + maize is cultivated and manioc is the staple food, the moon was + recognized as the principal object of worship, and plantations of + manioc were assigned to it as a return for the service it rendered in + the production of the crops. The worship of the moon in preference to + the sun was general among the Caribs, and, perhaps, also among most + of the other Indian tribes who cultivated maize in the tropical + forests to the east of the Andes; and the same thing has been + observed, under the same physical conditions, among the aborigines of + the hottest region of Peru, the northern valleys of Yuncapata. Here + the Indians of Pacasmayu and the neighbouring valleys revered the + moon as their principal divinity. The <span class="tei tei-q">“house + of the moon”</span> at Pacasmayu was the chief temple of the + district; and the same sacrifices of maize-flour, of wine, and of + children which were offered by the mountaineers of the Andes to the + Sun-god, were offered by the lowlanders to the Moon-god in order that + he might cause their crops to thrive.<a id="noteref_369" name= + "noteref_369" href="#note_369"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">369</span></span></a> In + ancient <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name= + "Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Babylonia, where the + population was essentially agricultural, the moon-god took precedence + of the sun-god and was indeed reckoned his father.<a id="noteref_370" + name="noteref_370" href="#note_370"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">370</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Thus Osiris, the old corn-god, was + afterwards identified with the moon.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hence it would be + no matter for surprise if, after worshipping the crops which + furnished them with the means of subsistence, the ancient Egyptians + should in later times have identified the spirit of the corn with the + moon, which a false philosophy had taught them to regard as the + ultimate cause of the growth of vegetation. In this way we can + understand why in their most recent forms the myth and ritual of + Osiris, the old god of trees and corn, should bear many traces of + efforts made to bring them into a superficial conformity with the new + doctrine of his lunar affinity.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name= + "Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc45" id="toc45"></a> <a name="pdf46" id="pdf46"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter IX. The Doctrine of Lunar + Sympathy.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The doctrine of lunar + sympathy.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the preceding + chapter some evidence was adduced of the sympathetic influence which + the waxing or waning moon is popularly supposed to exert on growth, + especially on the growth of vegetation. But the doctrine of lunar + sympathy does not stop there; it is applied also to the affairs of + man, and various customs and rules have been deduced from it which + aim at the amelioration and even the indefinite extension of human + life. To illustrate this application of the popular theory at length + would be out of place here, but a few cases may be mentioned by way + of specimen.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Theory that all things wax or wane + with the moon. The ceremonies observed at new moon are often + magical rather than religious, being intended to renew + sympathetically the life of man.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The natural fact + on which all the customs in question seem to rest is the apparent + monthly increase and decrease of the moon. From this observation men + have inferred that all things simultaneously wax or wane in sympathy + with it.<a id="noteref_371" name="noteref_371" href= + "#note_371"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">371</span></span></a> Thus + the Mentras or Mantras of the Malay Peninsula have a tradition that + in the beginning men did not die but grew thin with the waning of the + moon, and waxed fat as she neared the full.<a id="noteref_372" name= + "noteref_372" href="#note_372"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">372</span></span></a> Of the + Scottish Highlanders we are told that <span class="tei tei-q">“the + moon in her increase, full growth, and in her wane are with them the + emblems of a rising, flourishing, and declining fortune. At the last + period of her revolution they carefully avoid to engage in any + business of importance; but the first and middle they seize with + avidity, presaging the most auspicious issue to their + undertakings.”</span><a id="noteref_373" name="noteref_373" href= + "#note_373"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">373</span></span></a> + Similarly <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg + 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in + some parts of Germany it is commonly believed that whatever is + undertaken when the moon is on the increase succeeds well, and that + the full moon brings everything to perfection; whereas business + undertaken in the wane of the moon is doomed to failure.<a id= + "noteref_374" name="noteref_374" href="#note_374"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">374</span></span></a> This + German belief has come down, as we might have anticipated, from + barbaric times; for Tacitus tells us that the Germans considered the + new or the full moon the most auspicious time for business;<a id= + "noteref_375" name="noteref_375" href="#note_375"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">375</span></span></a> and + Caesar informs us that the Germans despaired of victory if they + joined battle before the new moon.<a id="noteref_376" name= + "noteref_376" href="#note_376"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">376</span></span></a> The + Spartans seem to have been of the same opinion, for it was a rule + with them never to march out to war except when the moon was full. + The rule prevented them from sending troops in time to fight the + Persians at Marathon,<a id="noteref_377" name="noteref_377" href= + "#note_377"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">377</span></span></a> and but + for Athenian valour this paltry superstition might have turned the + scale of battle and decided the destiny of Greece, if not of Europe, + for centuries. The Athenians themselves paid dear for a similar + scruple: an eclipse of the moon cost them the loss of a gallant fleet + and army before Syracuse, and practically sealed the fate of Athens, + for she never recovered from the blow.<a id="noteref_378" name= + "noteref_378" href="#note_378"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">378</span></span></a> So + heavy is the sacrifice which superstition demands of its votaries. In + this respect the Greeks were on a level with the negroes of the + Sudan, among whom, if a march has been decided upon during the last + quarter of the moon, the departure is always deferred until the first + day of the new moon. No chief would dare to undertake an expedition + and lead out his warriors before the appearance of the crescent. + Merchants and private persons observe the same rule on their + journeys.<a id="noteref_379" name="noteref_379" href= + "#note_379"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">379</span></span></a> In like + manner the Mandingoes of Senegambia pay great attention to the + changes of the moon, and think it very unlucky to begin a journey or + any other work of consequence in the last quarter.<a id="noteref_380" + name="noteref_380" href="#note_380"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">380</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is especially + the appearance of the new moon, with <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> its promise of growth and increase, which is + greeted with ceremonies intended to renew and invigorate, by means of + sympathetic magic, the life of man. Observers, ignorant of savage + superstition, have commonly misinterpreted such customs as worship or + adoration paid to the moon. In point of fact the ceremonies of new + moon are probably in many cases rather magical than religious. The + Indians of the Ucayali River in Peru hail the appearance of the new + moon with great joy. They make long speeches to her, accompanied with + vehement gesticulations, imploring her protection and begging that + she will be so good as to invigorate their bodies.<a id="noteref_381" + name="noteref_381" href="#note_381"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">381</span></span></a> On the + day when the new moon first appeared, it was a custom with the + Indians of San Juan Capistrano, in California, to call together all + the young men for the purpose of its celebration. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Correr la luna!</span></span>”</span> shouted + one of the old men, <span class="tei tei-q">“Come, my boys, the moon! + the moon!”</span> Immediately the young men began to run about in a + disorderly fashion as if they were distracted, while the old men + danced in a circle, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“As the moon + dieth, and cometh to life again, so we also having to die will again + live.”</span><a id="noteref_382" name="noteref_382" href= + "#note_382"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">382</span></span></a> An old + traveller tells us that at the appearance of every new moon the + negroes of the Congo clapped their hands and cried out, sometimes + falling on their knees, <span class="tei tei-q">“So may I renew my + life as thou art renewed.”</span> But if the sky happened to be + clouded, they did nothing, alleging that the planet had lost its + virtue.<a id="noteref_383" name="noteref_383" href= + "#note_383"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">383</span></span></a> A + somewhat similar custom prevails among the Ovambo of South-Western + Africa. On the first moonlight night of the new moon, young and old, + their bodies smeared with white earth, perhaps in imitation of the + planet's silvery light, dance to the moon and address to it wishes + which they feel sure will be granted.<a id="noteref_384" name= + "noteref_384" href="#note_384"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">384</span></span></a> We may + conjecture that among these wishes is a prayer for a renewal of life. + When a Masai sees the new moon he throws a twig or stone at it with + his left hand, and says, <span class="tei tei-q">“Give me + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" + id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> long life,”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“Give me strength”</span>; and when a + pregnant woman sees the new moon she milks some milk into a small + gourd, which she covers with green grass. Then she pours the milk + away in the direction of the moon and says, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Moon, give me my child safely.”</span><a id= + "noteref_385" name="noteref_385" href="#note_385"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">385</span></span></a> Among + the Wagogo of German East Africa, at sight of the new moon some + people break a stick in pieces, spit on the pieces, and throw them + towards the moon, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Let all illness go + to the west, where the sun sets.”</span><a id="noteref_386" name= + "noteref_386" href="#note_386"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">386</span></span></a> Among + the Boloki of the Upper Congo there is much shouting and + gesticulation on the appearance of a new moon. Those who have enjoyed + good health pray that it may be continued, and those who have been + sick ascribe their illness to the coming of the luminary and beg her + to take away bad health and give them good health instead.<a id= + "noteref_387" name="noteref_387" href="#note_387"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">387</span></span></a> The + Esthonians think that all the misfortunes which might befall a man in + the course of a month may be forestalled and shifted to the moon, if + a man will only say to the new moon, <span class="tei tei-q">“Good + morrow, new moon. I must grow young, you must grow old. My eyes must + grow bright, yours must grow dark. I must grow light as a bird, you + must grow heavy as iron.”</span><a id="noteref_388" name= + "noteref_388" href="#note_388"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">388</span></span></a> On the + fifteenth day of the moon, that is, at the time when the luminary has + begun to wane, the Coreans take round pieces of paper, either red or + white, which represent the moon, and having fixed them + perpendicularly on split sticks they place them on the tops of the + houses. Then persons who have been forewarned by fortune-tellers of + impending evil pray to the moon to remove it from them.<a id= + "noteref_389" name="noteref_389" href="#note_389"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">389</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page144">[pg 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Attempts to eat or drink the + moonlight.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In India people + attempt to absorb the vital influence of the moon by drinking water + in which the luminary is reflected. Thus the Mohammedans of Oude fill + a silver basin with water and hold it so that the orb of the full + moon is mirrored in it. The person to be benefited must look + steadfastly at the moon in the basin, then shut his eyes and drink + the water at one gulp. Doctors recommend the draught as a remedy for + nervous disorders and palpitation of the heart. Somewhat similar + customs prevail among the Hindoos of Northern India. At the full moon + of the month of Kuar (September-October) people lay out food on the + house-tops, and when it has absorbed the rays of the moon they + distribute it among their relations, who are supposed to lengthen + their life by eating of the food which has thus been saturated with + moonshine. Patients are often made to look at the moon reflected in + melted butter, oil, or milk as a cure for leprosy and the like + diseases.<a id="noteref_390" name="noteref_390" href= + "#note_390"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">390</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The supposed influence of moonlight + on children: presentation of infants to the new moon.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturally enough + the genial influence of moonshine is often supposed to be + particularly beneficial to children; for will not the waxing moon + help them to wax in strength and stature? Hence in the island of + Kiriwina, one of the Trobriands Group to the east of New Guinea, a + mother always lifts up or presents her child to the first full moon + after its birth in order that it may grow fast and talk soon.<a id= + "noteref_391" name="noteref_391" href="#note_391"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">391</span></span></a> So + among the Baganda of Central Africa it was customary for each mother + to take her child out at the first new moon after its birth, and to + point out the moon to the infant; this was thought to make the child + grow healthy and strong.<a id="noteref_392" name="noteref_392" href= + "#note_392"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">392</span></span></a> Among + the Thonga of South Africa the presentation of the baby to the moon + does not take place until the mother has resumed her monthly periods, + which usually happens in the third month after the birth. When the + new moon appears, the mother takes a torch or a burning brand from + the fire and goes to the ash-heap behind the hut. She is followed by + the grandmother carrying the child. At the ash-heap the mother throws + the burning stick towards the moon, while the grandmother tosses the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name="Pg145" + id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> baby into the air, saying, + <span class="tei tei-q">“This is your moon!”</span> The child squalls + and rolls over on the ash-heap. Then the mother snatches up the + infant and nurses it; so they go home.<a id="noteref_393" name= + "noteref_393" href="#note_393"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">393</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Infants presented to the moon by the + Guarayos Indians of Bolivia and the Apinagos Indians of + Brazil.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Guarayos + Indians, who inhabit the gloomy tropical forests of Eastern Bolivia, + lift up their children in the air at new moon in order that they may + grow.<a id="noteref_394" name="noteref_394" href= + "#note_394"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">394</span></span></a> Among + the Apinagos Indians, on the Tocantins River in Brazil, the French + traveller Castelnau witnessed a remarkable dance by moonlight. The + Indians danced in two long ranks which faced each other, the women on + one side, the men on the other. Between the two ranks of dancers + blazed a great fire. The men were painted in brilliant colours, and + for the most part wore white or red skull-caps made of maize-flour + and resin. Their dancing was very monotonous and consisted of a jerky + movement of the body, while the dancer advanced first one leg and + then the other. This dance they accompanied with a melancholy song, + striking the ground with their weapons. Opposite them the women, + naked and unpainted, stood in a single rank, their bodies bent + slightly forward, their knees pressed together, their arms swinging + in measured time, now forward, now backward, so as to join hands. A + remarkable figure in the dance was a personage painted scarlet all + over, who held in his hand a rattle composed of a gourd full of + pebbles. From time to time he leaped across the great fire which + burned between the men and the women. Then he would run rapidly in + front of the women, stopping now and then before one or other and + performing a series of strange gambols, while he shook his rattle + violently. Sometimes he would sink with one knee to the ground, and + then suddenly throw himself backward. Altogether the agility and + endurance which he displayed were remarkable. This dance lasted for + hours. When a woman was tired out she withdrew, and her place was + taken by another; but the same men danced the monotonous dance all + night. Towards midnight the moon attained the zenith and flooded the + scene with her bright rays. A change <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> now took place in the dance. A long line of men + and women advanced to the fire between the ranks of the dancers. Each + of them held one end of a hammock in which lay a new-born infant, + whose squalls could be heard. These babes were now to be presented by + their parents to the moon. On reaching the end of the line each + couple swung the hammock, accompanying the movement by a chant, which + all the Indians sang in chorus. The song seemed to consist of three + words, repeated over and over again. Soon a shrill voice was heard, + and a hideous old hag, like a skeleton, appeared with her arms raised + above her head. She went round and round the assembly several times, + then disappeared in silence. While she was present, the scarlet + dancer with the rattle bounded about more furiously than ever, + stopping only for a moment while he passed in front of the line of + women. His body was contracted and bent towards them, and described + an undulatory movement like that of a worm writhing. He shook his + rattle violently, as if he would fain kindle in the women the fire + which burned in himself. Then rising abruptly he would resume his + wild career. During this time the loud voice of an orator was heard + from the village repeating a curious name without cessation. Then the + speaker approached slowly, carrying on his back some gorgeous bunches + of brilliant feathers and under his arm a stone axe. Behind him + walked a young woman bearing an infant in a loose girdle at her + waist; the child was wrapped in a mat, which protected it against the + chill night air. The couple paced slowly for a minute or two, and + then vanished without speaking a word. At the same moment the curious + name which the orator had shouted was taken up by the whole assembly + and repeated by them again and again. This scene in its turn lasted a + long time, but ceased suddenly with the setting of the moon. The + French traveller who witnessed it fell asleep, and when he awoke all + was calm once more: there was nothing to recall the infernal dances + of the night.<a id="noteref_395" name="noteref_395" href= + "#note_395"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">395</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The presentation of infants to the + moon is probably intended to make them grow.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In explanation of + these dances Castelnau merely observes <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> that the Apinagos, like many other South + American Indians, pay a superstitious respect to the moon. We may + suppose that the ceremonious presentation of the infants to the moon + was intended to ensure their life and growth. The names solemnly + chanted by the whole assembly were probably those which the parents + publicly bestowed on their children. As to the scarlet dancer who + leaped across the fire, we may conjecture that he personated the + moon, and that his strange antics in front of the women were designed + to impart to them the fertilizing virtue of the luminary, and perhaps + to facilitate their delivery.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Baganda ceremonies at new + moon.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the Baganda + of Central Africa there is general rejoicing when the new moon + appears, and no work is done for seven days. When the crescent is + first visible at evening, mothers take out their babies and hold them + at arms' length, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“I want my child to + keep in health till the moon wanes.”</span> At the same time a + ceremony is performed which may be intended to ensure the king's life + and health throughout the ensuing month. It is a custom with the + Baganda to preserve the king's navel-string with great care during + his life. The precious object is called the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Twin”</span> of the king, as if it were his double; and + the ghost of the royal afterbirth is believed to be attached to it. + Enclosed in a pot, which is wrapt in bark cloths, the navel-string is + kept in a temple specially built for it near the king's enclosure, + and a great minister of state acts as its guardian and priest. Every + new moon, at evening, he carries it in state, wrapped in bark cloths, + to the king, who takes it into his hands, examines it, and returns it + to the minister. The keeper of the navel-string then goes back with + it to the house and sets it in the doorway, where it remains all + night. Next morning it is taken from its wrappings and again placed + in the doorway until the evening, when it is once more swathed in + bark cloths and restored to its usual place.<a id="noteref_396" name= + "noteref_396" href="#note_396"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">396</span></span></a> + Apparently the navel-string is conceived as a vital portion, a sort + of external soul, of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg + 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + king; and the attentions bestowed on it at the new moon may be + supposed to refresh and invigorate it, thereby refreshing and + invigorating the king's life.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Baleful influence supposed to be + exercised by the moon on children.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Armenians + appear to think that the moon exercises a baleful influence on little + children. To avert that influence a mother will show the moon to her + child and say, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thine uncle, thine + uncle.”</span> For the same purpose the father and mother will mount + to the roof of the house at new moon on a Wednesday or Friday. The + father then puts the child on a shovel and gives it to the mother, + saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“If it is thine, take it to thee. But + if it is mine, rear it and give it to me back.”</span> The mother + then takes the child and the shovel, and returns them to the father + in like manner.<a id="noteref_397" name="noteref_397" href= + "#note_397"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">397</span></span></a> A + similar opinion as to the noxious influence of moonshine on children + was apparently held by the ancient Greeks; for Greek nurses took + great care never to show their infants to the moon.<a id= + "noteref_398" name="noteref_398" href="#note_398"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">398</span></span></a> Some + Brazilian Indians in like manner guard babies against the moon, + believing that it would make them ill. Immediately after delivery + mothers will hide themselves and their infants in the thickest parts + of the forest in order that the moonlight may not fall on them.<a id= + "noteref_399" name="noteref_399" href="#note_399"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">399</span></span></a> It + would be easy to understand why the waning moon should be deemed + injurious to children; they might be supposed to peak and pine with + its dwindling light. Thus in Angus it is thought that if a child be + weaned during the waning of the moon, it will decay all the time that + the moon continues to wane.<a id="noteref_400" name="noteref_400" + href="#note_400"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">400</span></span></a> But it + is less easy to see why the same deleterious influence on children + should be ascribed to moonlight in general.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Use of the moon to increase money or + decrease sickness.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are many + other ways in which people have sought to turn lunar sympathy to + practical account. Clearly the increase of the moon is the time to + increase your goods, and the decrease of the moon is the time to + diminish your ills. Acting on this imaginary law of nature many + persons in Europe show their money to the new moon or turn it in + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" + id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> their pockets at that season, + in the belief that the money will grow with the growth of the planet; + sometimes, by way of additional precaution, they spit on the coin at + the same time.<a id="noteref_401" name="noteref_401" href= + "#note_401"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">401</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Both Christians and Moslems in Syria turn + their silver money in their pockets at the new moon for luck; and two + persons meeting under the new moon will each take out a silver coin + and embrace, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">‘May you begin and end; + and may it be a good month to us.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_402" + name="noteref_402" href="#note_402"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">402</span></span></a> + Conversely the waning of the moon is the most natural time to get rid + of bodily ailments. In Brittany they think that warts vary with the + phases of the moon, growing as it waxes and vanishing away as it + wanes.<a id="noteref_403" name="noteref_403" href= + "#note_403"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">403</span></span></a> + Accordingly, they say in Germany that if you would rid yourself of + warts you should treat them when the moon is on the decrease.<a id= + "noteref_404" name="noteref_404" href="#note_404"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">404</span></span></a> And a + German cure for toothache, earache, headache, and so forth, is to + look towards the waning moon and say, <span class="tei tei-q">“As the + moon decreases, so may my pains decrease also.”</span><a id= + "noteref_405" name="noteref_405" href="#note_405"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">405</span></span></a> + However, some Germans reverse the rule. They say, for example, that + if you are afflicted with a wen, you should face the waxing moon, lay + your finger on the wen, and say thrice, <span class="tei tei-q">“What + I see waxes; what I touch, let it vanish away.”</span> After each of + these two sentences you should cross yourself thrice. Then go home + without speaking to any one, and repeat three paternosters behind the + kitchen door.<a id="noteref_406" name="noteref_406" href= + "#note_406"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">406</span></span></a> The + Huzuls of the Carpathians recommend a somewhat similar, and no doubt + equally efficacious, cure for waterbrash. They say that at new moon + the patient should run thrice round the house and then say to the + moon, <span class="tei tei-q">“Moon, moon, where wast thou?”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Behind the mountain.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“What hast thou eaten there?”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Horse flesh.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Why hast + thou brought me nothing?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Because I + forgot.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“May the waterbrash + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name="Pg150" + id="Pg150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> forget to burn + me!”</span><a id="noteref_407" name="noteref_407" href= + "#note_407"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">407</span></span></a> Thus a + curative virtue appears to be attributed by some people to the waning + and by others to the waxing moon. There is perhaps just as much, or + as little, to be said for the one attribution as for the other.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span><a name= + "Pg151" id="Pg151" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc47" id="toc47"></a> <a name="pdf48" id="pdf48"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter X. The King As + Osiris.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Osiris personated by the king of + Egypt.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the foregoing + discussion we found reason to believe that the Semitic Adonis and the + Phrygian Attis were at one time personated in the flesh by kings, + princes, or priests who played the part of the god for a time and + then either died a violent death in the divine character or had to + redeem their life in one way or another, whether by performing a + make-believe sacrifice at some expense of pain and danger to + themselves, or by delegating the duty to a substitute.<a id= + "noteref_408" name="noteref_408" href="#note_408"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">408</span></span></a> + Further, we conjectured that in Egypt the part of Osiris may have + been played by the king himself.<a id="noteref_409" name= + "noteref_409" href="#note_409"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">409</span></span></a> It + remains to adduce some positive evidence of this personation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Sed festival celebrated in Egypt + at intervals of thirty years.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A great festival + called the Sed was celebrated by the Egyptians with much solemnity at + intervals of thirty years. Various portions of the ritual are + represented on the ancient monuments of Hieraconpolis and Abydos and + in the oldest decorated temple of Egypt known to us, that of Usirniri + at Busiris, which dates from the fifth dynasty. It appears that the + ceremonies were as old as the Egyptian civilization, and that they + continued to be observed till the end of the Roman period.<a id= + "noteref_410" name="noteref_410" href="#note_410"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">410</span></span></a> The + reason for holding them at intervals of thirty <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> years is uncertain, but we can hardly + doubt that the period was determined by astronomical considerations. + According to one view, it was based on the observation of Saturn's + period of revolution round the sun, which is, roughly speaking, + thirty years, or, more exactly, twenty-nine years and one hundred and + seventy-four days.<a id="noteref_411" name="noteref_411" href= + "#note_411"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">411</span></span></a> + According to another view, the thirty years' period had reference to + Sirius, the star of Isis. We have seen that on account of the vague + character of the old Egyptian year the heliacal rising of Sirius + shifted its place gradually through every month of the + calendar.<a id="noteref_412" name="noteref_412" href= + "#note_412"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">412</span></span></a> In one + hundred and twenty years the star thus passed through one whole month + of thirty days. To speak more precisely, it rose on the first of the + month during the first four years of the period: it rose on the + second of the month in the second four years, on the third of the + month in the third four years; and so on successively, till in the + last four years of the hundred and twenty years it rose on the last + day of the month. As the Egyptians watched the annual summer rising + of the star with attention and associated it with the most popular of + their goddesses, it would be natural that its passage from one month + to another, at intervals of one hundred and twenty years, should be + the occasion of a great festival, and that the long period of one + hundred and twenty years should be divided into four minor periods of + thirty years respectively, each celebrated by a minor festival.<a id= + "noteref_413" name="noteref_413" href="#note_413"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">413</span></span></a> If this + theory of the Sed festivals is correct, we should expect to find that + every fourth celebration was distinguished from the rest by a higher + degree of solemnity, since it marked the completion of a twelfth part + of the star's journey through the twelve <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page153">[pg 153]</span><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> months. Now it appears that in point of fact + every fourth Sed festival was marked off from its fellows by the + adjective <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tep</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“chief,”</span> and that these <span class= + "tei tei-q">“chief”</span> celebrations fell as a rule in the years + when Sirius rose on the first of the month.<a id="noteref_414" name= + "noteref_414" href="#note_414"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">414</span></span></a> These + facts confirm the view that the Sed festival was closely connected + with the star Sirius, and through it with Isis.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Intention of the Sed festival to + renew the king's life.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">However, we are + here concerned rather with the meaning and the rites of the festival + than with the reasons for holding it once every thirty years. The + intention of the festival seems to have been to procure for the king + a new lease of life, a renovation of his divine energies, a + rejuvenescence. In the inscriptions of Abydos we read, after an + account of the rites, the following address to the king: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou dost recommence thy renewal, thou art granted to + flourish again like the infant god Moon, thou dost grow young again, + and that from season to season, like Nun at the beginning of time, + thou art born again in renewing the Sed festivals. All life comes to + thy nostril, and thou art king of the whole earth for + ever.”</span><a id="noteref_415" name="noteref_415" href= + "#note_415"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">415</span></span></a> In + short, on these occasions it appears to have been supposed that the + king was in a manner born again.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The king identified with the dead + Osiris at the Sed festival.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But how was the + new birth effected? Apparently the essence of the rites consisted in + identifying the king with Osiris; for just as Osiris had died and + risen again from the dead, so the king might be thought to die and to + live again with the god whom he personated. The ceremony would thus + be for the king a death as well as a rebirth. Accordingly in pictures + of the Sed festival on the monuments we see the king posing as the + dead Osiris. He sits in a shrine like a god, holding in his hands the + crook and flail of Osiris: he is wrapped in tight bandages like the + mummified Osiris; indeed, there is nothing but his name to prove that + he is not Osiris himself. This enthronement of the king in the + attitude of the dead god seems to have been the principal event of + the festival.<a id="noteref_416" name="noteref_416" href= + "#note_416"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">416</span></span></a> + Further, the queen and the king's daughters figured prominently in + the ceremonies.<a id="noteref_417" name="noteref_417" href= + "#note_417"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">417</span></span></a> A + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" + id="Pg154" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> discharge of arrows formed + part of the rites;<a id="noteref_418" name="noteref_418" href= + "#note_418"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">418</span></span></a> and in + some sculptures at Carnac the queen is portrayed shooting arrows + towards the four quarters of the world, while the king does the same + with rings.<a id="noteref_419" name="noteref_419" href= + "#note_419"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">419</span></span></a> The + oldest illustration of the festival is on the mace of Narmer, which + is believed to date from 5500 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> Here we see the king + seated as Osiris in a shrine at the top of nine steps. Beside the + shrine stand fan-bearers, and in front of it is a figure in a + palanquin, which, according to an inscription in another + representation of the scene, appears to be the royal child. An + enclosure of curtains hung on poles surrounds the dancing-ground, + where three men are performing a sacred dance. A procession of + standards is depicted beside the enclosure; it is headed by the + standard of the jackal-god Up-uat, the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“opener of ways”</span> for the dead.<a id="noteref_420" + name="noteref_420" href="#note_420"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">420</span></span></a> + Similarly on a seal of King Zer, or rather Khent, one of the early + kings of the first dynasty, the monarch appears as Osiris with the + standard of the jackal-god before him. In front of him, too, is the + ostrich feather on which <span class="tei tei-q">“the dead king was + supposed to ascend into heaven. Here, then, the king, identified with + Osiris, king of the dead, has before him the jackal-god, who leads + the dead, and the ostrich feather, which symbolizes his reception + into the sky.”</span><a id="noteref_421" name="noteref_421" href= + "#note_421"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">421</span></span></a> There + are even grounds for thinking that in order to complete the mimic + death of the king at the Sed festival an effigy of him, clad in the + costume of Osiris, was solemnly buried in a cenotaph.<a id= + "noteref_422" name="noteref_422" href="#note_422"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">422</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Professor Flinders Petrie's + explanation of the Sed festival.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to + Professor Flinders Petrie, <span class="tei tei-q">“the conclusion + may be drawn thus. In the savage age of prehistoric times, the + Egyptians, like many other African and Indian peoples, killed their + priest-king at stated intervals, in order that the ruler should, with + unimpaired life and health, be enabled to maintain the kingdom in its + highest condition. The royal daughters were present in order that + they might be married to his successor. The jackal-god went before + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span><a name="Pg155" + id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> him, to open the way to the + unseen world; and the ostrich feather received and bore away the + king's soul in the breeze that blew it out of sight. This was the + celebration of the <span class="tei tei-q">‘end,’</span> the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sed</span></span> feast. The king thus became + the dead king, patron of all those who had died in his reign, who + were his subjects here and hereafter. He was thus one with Osiris, + the king of the dead. This fierce custom became changed, as in other + lands, by appointing a deputy king to die in his stead; which idea + survived in the Coptic Abu Nerūs, with his tall crown of Upper Egypt, + false beard, and sceptre. After the death of the deputy, the real + king renewed his life and reign. Henceforward this became the + greatest of the royal festivals, the apotheosis of the king during + his life, after which he became Osiris upon earth and the patron of + the dead in the underworld.”</span><a id="noteref_423" name= + "noteref_423" href="#note_423"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">423</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Alexandre Moret's theory that at the + Sed festivals the king was supposed to die and to be born + again.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A similar theory + of the Sed festival is maintained by another eminent Egyptologist, M. + Alexandre Moret. He says: <span class="tei tei-q">“In most of the + temples of Egypt, of all periods, pictures set forth for us the + principal scenes of a solemn festival called <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘festival of the tail,’</span> the Sed festival. It + consisted essentially in a representation of the ritual death of the + king followed by his rebirth. In this case the king is identified + with Osiris, the god who in historical times is the hero of the + sacred drama of humanity, he who guides us through the three stages + of life, death, and rebirth in the other world. Hence, clad in the + funeral costume of Osiris, with the tight-fitting garment clinging to + him like a shroud, Pharaoh is conducted to the tomb; and from it he + returns rejuvenated and reborn like Osiris emerging from the dead. + How was this fiction carried out? how was this miracle performed? By + the sacrifice of human or animal victims. On behalf of the king a + priest lay down in the skin of the animal victim: he assumed the + posture characteristic of an embryo in its mother's womb: when he + came forth from the skin he was deemed to be reborn; and Pharaoh, for + whom this rite was celebrated, was himself reborn, or to adopt the + Egyptian expression, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg + 156]</span><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">‘he renewed his births.’</span> And in + testimony of the due performance of the rites the king girt his loins + with the tail, a compendious representative of the skin of the + sacrificed beast, whence the name of <span class="tei tei-q">‘the + festival of the tail.’</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“How are we to explain the rule that at a certain point + of his reign every Pharaoh must undergo this ritual death followed by + fictitious rebirth? Is it simply a renewal of the initiation into the + Osirian mysteries? or does the festival present some more special + features? The ill-defined part played by the royal children in these + rites seems to me to indicate that the Sed festival represents other + episodes which refer to the transmission of the regal office. At the + dawn of civilization in Egypt the people were perhaps familiar with + the alternative either of putting their king to death in his full + vigour in order that his power should be transmitted intact to his + successor, or of attempting to rejuvenate him and to <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘renew his life.’</span> The latter measure was an + invention of the Pharaohs. How could it be carried out more + effectively than by identifying themselves with Osiris, by applying + to themselves the process of resurrection, the funeral rites by which + Isis, according to the priests, had magically saved her husband from + death? Perhaps the fictitious death of the king may be regarded as a + mitigation of the primitive murder of the divine king, a transition + from a barbarous reality to symbolism.”</span><a id="noteref_424" + name="noteref_424" href="#note_424"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">424</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Osiris personated by the king of + Egypt.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether this + interpretation of the Sed festival be accepted in all its details or + not, one thing seems quite certain: on these solemn occasions the god + Osiris was personated by the king of Egypt himself. That is the point + with which we are here chiefly concerned.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span><a name= + "Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc49" id="toc49"></a> <a name="pdf50" id="pdf50"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XI. The Origin of + Osiris.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">How did the conception of Osiris as + a god of vegetation and of the dead originate?</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus far we have + discussed the character of Osiris as he is presented to us in the art + and literature of Egypt and in the testimonies of Greek writers; and + we have found that judged by these indications he was in the main a + god of vegetation and of the dead. But we have still to ask, how did + the conception of such a composite deity originate? Did it arise + simply through observation of the great annual fluctuations of the + seasons and a desire to explain them? Was it a result of brooding + over the mystery of external nature? Was it the attempt of a rude + philosophy to lift the veil and explore the hidden springs that set + the vast machine in motion? That man at a very early stage of his + long history meditated on these things and evolved certain crude + theories which partially satisfied his craving after knowledge is + certain; from such meditations of Babylonian and Phrygian sages + appear to have sprung the pathetic figures of Adonis and Attis; and + from such meditations of Egyptian sages may have sprung the tragic + figure of Osiris.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">While Adonis and Attis were + subordinate figures in their respective pantheons, Osiris was the + greatest and most popular god of Egypt.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet a broad + distinction seems to sever the myth and worship of Osiris from the + kindred myths and worships of Adonis and Attis. For while Adonis and + Attis were minor divinities in the religion of Western Asia, + completely overshadowed by the greater deities of their respective + pantheons, the solemn figure of Osiris towered in solitary grandeur + over all the welter of Egyptian gods, like a pyramid of his native + land lit up by the last rays of the setting sun when all below it is + in shadow. And whereas legend generally represented Adonis and Attis + as simple swains, mere herdsmen <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> or hunters whom the fatal love of a goddess had + elevated above their homely sphere into a brief and melancholy + pre-eminence, Osiris uniformly appears in tradition as a great and + beneficent king. In life, he ruled over his people, beloved and + revered for the benefits he conferred on them and on the world; in + death he reigned in their hearts and memories as lord of the dead, + the awful judge at whose bar every man must one day stand to give an + account of the deeds done in the body and to receive the final award. + In the faith of the Egyptians the cruel death and blessed + resurrection of Osiris occupied the same place as the death and + resurrection of Christ hold in the faith of Christians. As Osiris + died and rose again from the dead, so they hoped through him and in + his dear name to wake triumphant from the sleep of death to a + blissful eternity. That was their sheet-anchor in life's stormy sea; + that was the hope which supported and consoled millions of Egyptian + men and women for a period of time far longer than that during which + Christianity has now existed on earth. In the long history of + religion no two divine figures resemble each other more closely in + the fervour of personal devotion which they have kindled and in the + high hopes which they have inspired than Osiris and Christ. The sad + figure of Buddha indeed has been as deeply loved and revered by + countless millions; but he had no glad tidings of immortality for + men, nothing but the promise of a final release from the burden of + mortality.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The personal devotion of the + Egyptians to Osiris suggests that he may have been a real man; + for all the permanent religious or semi-religious systems of the + world have been founded by individual great men.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And if Osiris and + Christ have been the centres of the like enthusiastic devotion, may + not the secret of their influence have been similar? If Christ lived + the life and died the death of a man on earth, may not Osiris have + done so likewise? The immense and enduring popularity of his worship + speaks in favour of the supposition; for all the other great + religious or semi-religious systems which have won for themselves a + permanent place in the affections of mankind, have been founded by + individual great men, who by their personal life and example exerted + a power of attraction such as no cold abstractions, no pale products + of the collective wisdom or folly could ever exert on the minds and + hearts of humanity. Thus it was with Buddhism, with <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Confucianism, with Christianity, and with + Mohammedanism; and thus it may well have been with the religion of + Osiris. Certainly we shall do less violence to the evidence if we + accept the unanimous tradition of ancient Egypt on this point than if + we resolve the figure of Osiris into a myth pure and simple. And when + we consider that from the earliest to the latest times Egyptian kings + were worshipped as gods both in life and in death, there appears to + be nothing extravagant or improbable in the view that one of them by + his personal qualities excited a larger measure of devotion than + usual during his life and was remembered with fonder affection and + deeper reverence after his death; till in time his beloved memory, + dimmed, transfigured, and encircled with a halo of glory by the mists + of time, grew into the dominant religion of his people. At least this + theory is reasonable enough to deserve a serious consideration. If we + accept it, we may suppose that the mythical elements, which legend + undoubtedly ascribed to Osiris, were later accretions which gathered + about his memory like ivy about a ruin. There is no improbability in + such a supposition; on the contrary, all analogy is in its favour, + for nothing is more certain than that myths grow like weeds round the + great historical figures of the past.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The historical reality of Osiris as + an old king of Egypt can be supported by modern African + analogies.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In recent years + the historical reality of Osiris as a king who once lived and reigned + in Egypt has been maintained by more than one learned scholar;<a id= + "noteref_425" name="noteref_425" href="#note_425"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">425</span></span></a> and + without venturing to pronounce a decided opinion on so obscure and + difficult a question, I think it worth while, following the example + of Dr. Wallis Budge, to indicate certain modern African analogies + which tend to confirm the view that beneath the mythical wrappings of + Osiris there lay the mummy of a dead man. At all events the analogies + which I shall cite suffice to prove that the custom of worshipping + dead kings has not been confined to Egypt, but has been apparently + widespread throughout Africa, though the evidence now at our disposal + only enables us to detect the observance of the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> custom at a few points of the great + continent. But even if the resemblance in this respect between + ancient Egypt and modern Africa should be regarded as established, it + would not justify us in inferring an ethnical affinity between the + fair or ruddy Egyptians and the black aboriginal races who occupy + almost the whole of Africa except a comparatively narrow fringe on + the northern sea-board. Scholars are still divided on the question of + the original home and racial relationship of the ancient Egyptians. + It has been held on the one hand that they belong to an indigenous + white race which has been always in possession of the Mediterranean + coasts of Africa; and on the other hand it has been supposed that + they are akin to the Semites in blood as well as in language, and + that they entered Africa from the East, whether by gradual + infiltration or on a sudden wave of conquest like the Arabs in the + decline of the Roman empire.<a id="noteref_426" name="noteref_426" + href="#note_426"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">426</span></span></a> On + either view a great gulf divided them from the swarthy natives of the + Sudan, with whom they were always in contact on their southern + border; and though a certain admixture may have taken place through + marriage between the two races, it seems unsafe to assume that the + religious and political resemblances which can be traced between them + are based on any closer relationship than the general similarity in + structure and functions of the human mind.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The spirits of dead kings worshipped + by the Shilluks of the White Nile. Sacrifices to the dead + kings.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a former part + of this work we saw that the Shilluks, a pastoral and partially + agricultural people of the White Nile, worship the spirits of their + dead kings.<a id="noteref_427" name="noteref_427" href= + "#note_427"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">427</span></span></a> The + graves of the deceased monarchs form indeed the national or tribal + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" + id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> temples; and as each king is + interred at the village where he was born and where his afterbirth is + buried, these grave-shrines are scattered over the country. Each of + them usually comprises a small group of round huts, resembling the + common houses of the people, the whole being enclosed by a fence; one + of the huts is built over the grave, the others are occupied by the + guardians of the shrine, who at first are generally the widows or old + men-servants of the deceased king. When these women or retainers die, + they are succeeded in office by their descendants, for the tombs are + maintained in perpetuity, so that the number of temples and of gods + is always on the increase. Cattle are dedicated to these royal + shrines and animals sacrificed at them. For example, when the millet + crop threatens to fail or a murrain breaks out among the beasts, one + of the dead kings will appear to somebody in a dream and demand a + sacrifice. The dream is reported to the king, and he immediately + orders a bullock and a cow to be sent to the grave of the dead king + who appeared in a vision of the night to the sleeper. This is done; + the bullock is killed and the cow added to the sacred herd of the + shrine. It is customary, also, though not necessary, at harvest to + offer some of the new millet at the temple-tombs of the kings; and + sick people send animals to be sacrificed there on their behalf. + Special regard is paid to trees that grow near the graves of the + kings; and the spirits of the departed monarchs are believed to + appear from time to time in the form of certain animals. One of them, + for example, always takes the shape of a certain insect, which seems + to be the larva of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mantidae</span></span>. When a Shilluk finds one + of these insects, he will take it up in his hands and deposit it + reverentially at the shrine. Other kings manifest themselves as a + certain species of white birds; others assume the form of giraffes. + When one of these long-legged and long-necked creatures comes + stalking up fearlessly to a village where there is a king's grave, + the people know that the king's soul is in the animal, and the + attendants at the royal tomb testify their joy at the appearance of + their master by sacrificing a sheep or even a bullock.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Worship of Nyakang, the first of the + Shilluk kings.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But of all the + dead kings none is revered so deeply or <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page163">[pg 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> occupies so large a place in the minds of the + people as Nyakang, the traditional founder of the dynasty and the + ancestor of all the kings who have reigned after him to the present + day. Of these kings the Shilluks have preserved the memory and the + genealogy; twenty-six seem to have sat on the throne since Nyakang, + but the period of time covered by their reigns is much shorter than + it would have been under conditions such as now prevail in Europe; + for down to the time when their country came under British rule it + was the regular custom of the Shilluks to put their kings to death as + soon as they showed serious symptoms of bodily or mental decay. The + custom was based on <span class="tei tei-q">“the conviction that the + king must not be allowed to become ill or senile, lest with his + diminishing vigour the cattle should sicken and fail to bear their + increase, the crops should rot in the fields, and man, stricken with + disease, should die in ever-increasing numbers.”</span><a id= + "noteref_428" name="noteref_428" href="#note_428"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">428</span></span></a> It is + said that Nyakang, like Romulus, disappeared in a great storm, which + scattered all the people about him; in their absence the king took a + cloth, tied it tightly round his neck, and strangled himself. + According to one account, that is the death which all his successors + on the throne have died;<a id="noteref_429" name="noteref_429" href= + "#note_429"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">429</span></span></a> but + while tradition appears to be unanimous as to the custom of regicide, + it varies as to the precise mode in which the kings were relieved of + their office and of life. But still the people are convinced that + Nyakang did not really die but only vanished mysteriously away like + the wind. When a missionary asked the Shilluks as to the manner of + Nyakang's death, they were filled with amazement at his ignorance and + stoutly maintained that he never died, for were he to die all the + Shilluks would die also.<a id="noteref_430" name="noteref_430" href= + "#note_430"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">430</span></span></a> The + graves of this deified king are shown in various parts of the + country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The spirit of Nyakang supposed to + manifest itself in certain animals.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From time to time + the spirit of Nyakang manifests itself to his people in the form of + an animal. Any creature of regal port or surpassing beauty may serve + as his temporary incarnation. Such among wild animals are lions, + crocodiles, little yellow snakes that crawl about men's houses, the + finest sorts of antelopes, flamingoes with their rose-pink and + scarlet <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name= + "Pg164" id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> plumage, and + butterflies of all sorts with their brilliant and varied hues. An + unusually fine head of cattle is also recognized as the abode of the + great king's soul; for example he once appeared in the shape of a + white bull, whereupon the living king commanded special sacrifices to + be offered in honour of his deified predecessor. When a bird in which + the royal spirit is known to be lodged lights on a tree, that tree + becomes sacred to Nyakang; beads and cloths are hung on its boughs, + sacrifices and prayers are offered below it. Once when the Turks + unknowingly felled such a tree, fear and horror fell on the Shilluks + who beheld the sacrilege. They filled the air with lamentations and + killed an ox to appease their insulted ancestor.<a id="noteref_431" + name="noteref_431" href="#note_431"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">431</span></span></a> + Particular regard is also paid to trees that grow near the graves of + Nyakang, though they are not regularly worshipped.<a id="noteref_432" + name="noteref_432" href="#note_432"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">432</span></span></a> In one + place two gigantic baobab trees are pointed out as marking the spot + where Nyakang once stood, and sacrifices are now offered under their + spreading shade.<a id="noteref_433" name="noteref_433" href= + "#note_433"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">433</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The deified Nyakang seems to have + been a real man. Relation of Nyakang to the creator Juok.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There seems to be + no doubt that in spite of the mythical elements which have gathered + round his memory, Nyakang was a real man, who led the Shilluks to + their present home on the Nile either from the west or from the + south; for on this point tradition varies. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The first and most important ancestor, who is everywhere + revered, is Nyakang, the first Shilluk king. He always receives the + honourable titles of Father (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">uò</span></span>), + Ancestor (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qua</span></span>), King (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">red</span></span>) + or Kings (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ror</span></span>), Ancestors, and Great Man + Above (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">čal duong mal</span></span>) to distinguish him + from the other great men on earth. Nyakang, as we know, was an + historical personage; he led the Shilluks to the land which they now + occupy; he helped them to victory, made them great and warlike, + regulated marriage and law, distributed the country among them, + divided it into districts, and in order to increase the dependence of + the people on him and to show them his power, became their greatest + benefactor by giving himself out as the bestower of + rain.”</span><a id="noteref_434" name="noteref_434" href= + "#note_434"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">434</span></span></a> Yet + Nyakang is now universally revered by the people as a demi-god; + indeed for all practical purposes <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page165">[pg 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> his worship quite eclipses that of the supreme + god Juok, the creator, who, having ordered the world, committed it to + the care of ancestral spirits and demons, and now, dwelling aloft, + concerns himself no further with human affairs. Hence men pay little + heed to their creator and seldom take his name into their lips except + in a few conventional forms of salutation at meeting and parting like + our <span class="tei tei-q">“Good-bye.”</span> Far otherwise is it + with Nyakang. He <span class="tei tei-q">“is the ancestor of the + Shilluk nation and the founder of the Shilluk dynasty. He is + worshipped, sacrifices and prayers are offered to him; he may be said + to be lifted to the rank of a demi-god, though they never forget that + he has been a real man. He is expressly designated as <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘little’</span> in comparison with God.”</span> Yet + <span class="tei tei-q">“in the political, religious and personal + life Nyakang takes a far more important place than Juok. Nyakang is + the national hero, of whom each Shilluk feels proud, who is praised + in innumerable popular songs and sayings; he is not only a superior + being, but also a man. He is the sublime model for every true + Shilluk; everything they value most in their national and private + life has its origin in him: their kingdom and their fighting as well + as cattle-breeding and farming. While Nyakang is their good father, + who only does them good, Juok is the great, uncontrollable power, + which is to be propitiated, in order to avoid his inflictions of + evil.”</span><a id="noteref_435" name="noteref_435" href= + "#note_435"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">435</span></span></a> Indeed + <span class="tei tei-q">“the whole working religion of the Shilluk is + a cult of Nyakang, the semi-divine ancestor of their kings, in each + of whom his spirit is immanent.”</span><a id="noteref_436" name= + "noteref_436" href="#note_436"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">436</span></span></a> The + transmission of the divine or semi-divine spirit of Nyakang to the + reigning monarch appears to take place at the king's installation and + to be effected by means of a rude wooden effigy of Nyakang, in which + the spirit of that deified man is perhaps supposed to be immanent. + But however the spiritual transmission may be carried out, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the fundamental idea of the cult of the + Shilluk divine kings is the immanence in each of the spirit of + Nyakang.”</span><a id="noteref_437" name="noteref_437" href= + "#note_437"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">437</span></span></a> Thus + the Shilluk kings are encircled with a <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page166">[pg 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> certain halo of divinity because they are + thought to be animated by the divine spirit of their ancestor, the + founder of the dynasty.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The belief in the former humanity of + Nyakang is confirmed by the analogy of his worship to that of the + dead Shilluk kings.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The universal + belief of the Shilluks in the former humanity of Nyakang is strongly + confirmed by the exact parallelism which prevails between his worship + and that of the dead kings his successors. Like them he is worshipped + at his tomb; but unlike them he has not one tomb only, but ten + scattered over the country. Each of these tombs is called + <span class="tei tei-q">“the grave of Nyakang,”</span> though the + people well know that nobody is buried there. Like the grave-shrines + of the other kings, those of Nyakang consist of a small group of + circular huts of the ordinary pattern enclosed by a fence. Only + children under puberty and the few old people whose duty it is to + take care of the shrines may enter these sacred enclosures. The rites + performed at them resemble those observed at the shrines of the + kings. Two great ceremonies are annually performed at the shrines of + Nyakang: one is observed before the beginning of the rainy season in + order to ensure a due supply of rain; the other is a thanksgiving at + harvest, when porridge made from the new grain is poured out on the + threshold of Nyakang's hut and smeared on the outer walls of the + building. Even before the millet is reaped the people cut some of the + ripening ears and thrust them into the thatch of the sacred hut. Thus + it would seem that the Shilluks believe themselves to be dependent on + the favour of Nyakang for the rain and the crops. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“As the giver of rain, Nyakang is the first and greatest + benefactor of the people. In that country rain is everything, without + rain there is nothing. The Shilluk does not trouble his head about + artificial irrigation, he waits for the rain. If the rain falls, then + the millet grows, the cows thrive, man has food and can dance and + marry; for that is the ideal of the Shilluks.”</span><a id= + "noteref_438" name="noteref_438" href="#note_438"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">438</span></span></a> Sick + people also bring or send sheep as an offering to the nearest shrine + of Nyakang in order that they may be healed of their sickness. The + attendants of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg + 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + sanctuary slaughter the animal, consume its flesh, and give the + sufferer the benefit of their prayers.<a id="noteref_439" name= + "noteref_439" href="#note_439"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">439</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Comparison of Nyakang with + Osiris.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The example of + Nyakang seems to show that under favourable circumstances the worship + of a dead king may develop into the dominant religion of a people. + There is, therefore, no intrinsic improbability in the view that in + ancient Egypt the religion of Osiris originated in that way. + Certainly some curious resemblances can be traced between the dead + Nyakang and the dead Osiris. Both died violent and mysterious deaths: + the graves of both were pointed out in many parts of the country: + both were deemed the great sources of fertility for the whole land: + and both were associated with certain sacred trees and animals, + particularly with bulls. And just as Egyptian kings identified + themselves both in life and in death with their deified predecessor + Osiris, so Shilluk kings are still believed to be animated by the + spirit of their deified predecessor Nyakang and to share his + divinity.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The spirits of dead kings worshipped + by the Baganda of Central Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another African + people who regularly worship, or rather used to worship, the spirits + of their dead kings are the Baganda. Their country Uganda lies at the + very source of the Nile, where the great river issues from Lake + Victoria Nyanza. Among them the ghosts of dead kings were placed on + an equality with the gods and received the same honour and worship; + they foretold events which concerned the State, and they advised the + living king, warning him when war was likely to break out. The king + consulted them periodically, visiting first one and then another of + the temples in which the mortal remains of his predecessors were + preserved with religious care. But the temple (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">malolo</span></span>) of a king contained only + his lower jawbone and his navel-string (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mulongo</span></span>); his body was buried + elsewhere.<a id="noteref_440" name="noteref_440" href= + "#note_440"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">440</span></span></a> For + curiously enough the Baganda believed that the part of the body to + which the ghost of a dead man adheres above all others is the lower + jawbone; wherever that portion of his person may be carried, the + ghost, in the opinion of these people, will follow it, even to the + ends of the earth, and will be perfectly content to remain with it so + long as the jawbone is <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg + 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + honoured.<a id="noteref_441" name="noteref_441" href= + "#note_441"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">441</span></span></a> Hence + the jawbones of all the kings of Uganda from the earliest times to + the present day have been preserved with the utmost care, each of + them being deposited, along with the stump of the monarch's + navel-string, in a temple specially dedicated to the worship of the + king's ghost; for it is believed that the ghosts of the deceased + monarchs would quarrel if they shared the same temple, the question + of precedence being one which it would be very difficult for them to + adjust to their mutual satisfaction.<a id="noteref_442" name= + "noteref_442" href="#note_442"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">442</span></span></a> All the + temples of the dead kings stand in the district called Busiro, which + means the place of the graves, because the tombs as well as the + temples of the departed potentates are situated within its + boundaries. The supervision of the temples and of the estates + attached to them was a duty incumbent on the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mugema</span></span> or earl of Busiro, one of + the few hereditary chiefs in the country. His principal office was + that of Prime Minister (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Katikiro</span></span>) to the dead kings.<a id= + "noteref_443" name="noteref_443" href="#note_443"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">443</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Tombs of the dead kings of + Uganda.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When a king dies, + his body is sent to Busiro and there embalmed. Then it is laid to + rest in a large round house, which has been built for its reception + on the top of a hill. This is the king's tomb. It is a conical + structure supported by a central post, with a thatched roof reaching + down to the ground. Round the hut a high strong fence of reeds is + erected, and an outer fence encircles the whole at some distance + lower down the hill. Here the body is placed on a bedstead; the + sepulchral chamber is filled with bark cloths till it can hold no + more, the mainpost is cut down, and the door of the tomb closed, so + that no one can enter it again. When that was done, the wives of the + late king used to be brought, with their arms pinioned, and placed at + intervals round the outer wall of the tomb, where they were clubbed + to death. Hundreds of men were also killed in the space between the + two fences, that their ghosts might wait on the ghost of the dead + king in the other world. None of their bodies were buried; they were + left to rot where they fell. Then the gates in the fences were + closed; and three chiefs <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg + 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + with their men guarded the dead bodies from the wild beasts and the + vultures. But the hut in which the king's body reposed was never + repaired; it was allowed to moulder and fall into decay.<a id= + "noteref_444" name="noteref_444" href="#note_444"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">444</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Ghosts of the dead kings of Uganda + supposed to adhere to their lower jawbones and their + navel-strings, which are accordingly preserved in temples + dedicated to the worship of the kings.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Five months later + the jawbone of the royal corpse was removed in order to be fashioned + into an effigy or representative of the dead king. For this purpose + three chiefs entered the tomb, not through the door, but by cutting a + hole through the wall, and having severed the head from the body they + brought it out, carefully filling up the hole in the wall behind + them, replacing the thatch, and securing the gates in the fence. When + the jawbone had been removed by a chief of the Civet clan, the skull + was sent back to Busiro and buried with honour near the mouldering + tomb. In contrast to the neglect of the tomb where the royal body + lay, the place where the skull was buried was kept in good repair and + guarded by some of the old princesses and widows. As for the jawbone, + it was put in an ant-hill and left there till the ants had eaten away + all the flesh. Then, after it had been washed in beer and milk, it + was decorated with cowry-shells and placed in a wooden vessel; this + vessel was next wrapt in bark cloths till it assumed a conical shape, + about two and a half feet high by a foot and a half broad at the + base. This conical packet, decorated on the outside with beads, was + treated as an image of the deceased king or rather as if it were the + king himself in life, for it was called simply <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The King.”</span> Beside it was placed the stump of the + king's navel-string, similarly wrapt in bark cloths and decorated, + though not made up into a conical shape.<a id="noteref_445" name= + "noteref_445" href="#note_445"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">445</span></span></a> The + reason for preserving both the jawbone and the navel-string was that + the ghost of the king was supposed to attach itself to his jawbone, + and the ghost of his double to his navel-string. For in the belief of + the Baganda every person has a double, namely, the afterbirth or + placenta, which is born immediately after him and is regarded by the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170" + id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> people as a second child. Now + that double has a ghost of its own, which adheres to the + navel-string; and if the person is to remain healthy, it is essential + that the ghost of his double should be carefully preserved. Hence + every Baganda man and woman keeps his or her navel-string wrapt up in + bark cloth as a treasure of great price on which his health and + prosperity are dependent; the precious little bundle is called his + Twin (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mulongo</span></span>), because it contains the + ghost of his double, the afterbirth. If that is deemed necessary for + everybody, much more is it deemed essential for the welfare of the + king; hence during his life the stump of his navel-string is kept, as + we saw,<a id="noteref_446" name="noteref_446" href= + "#note_446"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">446</span></span></a> by one + of the principal ministers of state and is inspected by the king + himself every month. And when his majesty has departed this life, the + unity of his spirit imperatively demands that his own ghost and the + ghost of his double should be kept together in the same place; that + is why the jawbone and the navel-string of every dead king are + carefully preserved in the same temple, because the two ghosts adhere + respectively to these two parts of his person, and it would be + unreasonable and indeed cruel to divide them.<a id="noteref_447" + name="noteref_447" href="#note_447"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">447</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The temples of the dead kings of + Uganda.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The two ghosts + having been thus safely lodged in the two precious parcels, the next + thing was to install them in the temple, where they were to enter on + their career of beneficent activity. A site having been chosen, the + whole country supplied the labour necessary for building the temple; + and ministers were appointed to wait upon the dead king. The officers + of state who had held important posts during his life retained their + titles and continued to discharge their duties towards their old + master in death. Accordingly houses were built for them near the + temple. The dowager queen also took up her residence at the entrance + to the temple enclosure, and became its principal guardian. Many also + of the king's widows of lower rank were drafted off to live inside + the enclosure and keep watch over it. When the queen or any of these + widows died, her place was supplied by another princess or a + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span><a name="Pg171" + id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> woman of the same clan; for + the temple was maintained in perpetuity. However, when the reigning + king died, the temple of his predecessor lost much of its importance, + though it was still kept up in a less magnificent style; indeed no + temple of a dead king was allowed to disappear altogether.<a id= + "noteref_448" name="noteref_448" href="#note_448"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">448</span></span></a> Of all + the attendants at the temple the most important probably was the + prophet or medium (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mandwa</span></span>), whose business it was + from time to time to be inspired by the ghost of the deceased monarch + and to give oracles in his name. To this holy office he dedicated + himself by drinking a draught of beer and a draught of milk out of + the dead king's skull.<a id="noteref_449" name="noteref_449" href= + "#note_449"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">449</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Oracles given by the dead kings of + Uganda by the mouth of an inspired prophet.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The temple + consecrated to the worship of a king regularly stood on a hill. The + site was generally chosen by the king in his life, but sometimes his + choice was set aside by his successor, who gave orders to build the + temple in another place.<a id="noteref_450" name="noteref_450" href= + "#note_450"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">450</span></span></a> The + structure was a large conical or bee-hive-shaped hut of the ordinary + pattern, divided internally into two chambers, an outer and an inner. + Any person might enter the outer chamber, but the inner was sacred + and no profane person might set foot in it; for there the holy relics + of the dead king, his jawbone and his navel-string, were kept for + safety in a cell dug in the floor, and there, in close attendance on + them, the king's ghost was believed to dwell. In front of the + partition which screened this Holy of Holies from the gaze of the + multitude there stood a throne, covered with lion and leopard skins + and fenced off from the rest of the sacred edifice by a glittering + rail of brass spears, shields, and knives. A forest of poles, + supporting the roof, formed a series of aisles in perfect line, and + at the end of the central nave appeared, like the altar of a + Christian church, the throne in all its glory. When the king's ghost + held a reception, the holy relics, the jawbone and the navel-string, + each in its decorated wrappings, were brought forth and set on the + throne; and every person who entered the temple bowed to the ground + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" + id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and greeted the jawbone in an + awestruck voice, for he regarded it as the king in person. Solemn + music played during the reception, the drums rolling and the women + chanting, while they clapped their hands to the rhythm of the songs. + Sometimes the dead king spoke to the congregation by the voice of his + prophet. That was a great event. When the oracle was about to be + given to the expectant throng, the prophet stepped up to the throne, + and addressing the spirit informed him of the business in hand. Then + he smoked one or two pipes, and the fumes bringing on the prophetic + fit, he began to rave and to speak in the very voice and with the + characteristic turns of speech of the departed monarch, for the + king's spirit was now in him. This message from the world beyond the + grave was naturally received with rapt attention. Gradually the fit + of inspiration passed: the voice of the prophet resumed its natural + tones: the spirit had departed from him and returned to its abode in + the inner room. Such a solemn audience used to be announced + beforehand by the beating of the drums in the early morning, and the + worshippers brought with them to the temple offerings of food for the + dead king, as if he were still alive.<a id="noteref_451" name= + "noteref_451" href="#note_451"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">451</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Visit paid by the living king to the + temple of his dead father. Human victims sacrificed in order that + their ghosts might serve the ghost of the dead king.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the greatest + day of all was when the reigning king visited the temple of his + father. This he did as a rule only once during his reign. Nor did the + people approve of the visits being repeated, for each visit was the + signal for the death of many. Yet, attracted by a painful curiosity, + crowds assembled, followed the monarch to the temple, and thronged to + see the great ceremony of the meeting between the king and the ghost + of his royal father. The sacred relics were displayed: an old man + explained them to the monarch and placed them in his hands: the + prophet, inspired by the dead king's spirit, revealed to the living + king his destiny. The interview over, the king was carried back to + his house. It was on the return journey that he always gave, suddenly + and without warning, the signal of death. Obedient to his + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" + id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> orders the guards rushed upon + the crowd, captured hundreds of spectators, pinioned them, marched + them back to the temple, and slaughtered them within the precincts, + that their ghosts might wait on the ghost of the dead king.<a id= + "noteref_452" name="noteref_452" href="#note_452"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">452</span></span></a> But + though the king rarely visited his father's ghost at the temple, he + had a private chapel for the ghost within the vast enclosure of the + royal residence; and here he often paid his devotions to the august + spirit, of whom he stood greatly in awe. He took his wives with him + to sing the departed monarch's praise, and he constantly made + offerings at the shrine. Thither, too, would come the prophet to suck + words of wisdom from the venerable ghost and to impart them to the + king, who thus walked in the counsel of his glorified father.<a id= + "noteref_453" name="noteref_453" href="#note_453"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">453</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The souls of dead kings worshipped + in Kiziba.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Kiziba, a + district of Central Africa on the western side of Lake Victoria + Nyanza, the souls of dead kings become ruling spirits; temples are + built in their honour and priests appointed to serve them. The people + are composed of two different races, the Bairu, who are aboriginals, + and the Bahima, who are immigrants from the north. The royal family + belongs to the Bahima stock. In his lifetime the king's person is + sacred; and all his actions, property, and so forth are described by + special terms appropriated to that purpose. The people are divided + into totemic clans: the totems (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">muziro</span></span>) are mostly animals or + parts of animals: no man may kill or eat his totem animal, nor marry + a woman who has the same totem as himself. The royal family seems to + have serpents for their totem; after death the king's soul lives in a + serpent, while his body is buried in the hut where he died. The + people revere a supreme god named Rugaba, who is believed to have + created man and cattle; but they know little about him, and though + they <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name= + "Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> occasionally pray to + him, particularly in the case of a difficult birth, he has no priests + and receives no sacrifices. The business of the priests is to act as + intermediaries, not between God and man, but between men and the + spirits. The spirits are believed to have been formerly kings of the + world. The highest of them is a certain Wamara, who rules over the + souls of the dead, and who would seem to have been a great king in + his life. Temples are built for him; they are like the houses of men, + but only half as large. A perpetual holy fire is kept up in each + temple, and the priest passes the night in it. He receives white + sheep or goats as victims, and generally acts also as a diviner or + physician. When a man is very ill, he thinks that Wamara, the lord of + the spirits of the dead, is summoning him to the far country; so he + sends a sacrifice to Wamara's priest, who prays to the spirit to let + the sick man live yet a while.<a id="noteref_454" name="noteref_454" + href="#note_454"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">454</span></span></a> This + great spirit of an ancient king, who now rules over the dead, + resembles the Egyptian Osiris.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The worship of ancestral spirits + among the Bantu tribes of Northern Rhodesia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Bantu tribes + who inhabit the great tableland of Northern Rhodesia revere a supreme + being whom they call Leza, but their ideas about him are hazy. + Thunder, lightning, earthquakes, rain, and other natural phenomena + are grouped together under his name as manifestations of his power. + Among the more progressive tribes, such as the Awemba and the Wabisa, + the great god is thought to take some interest in human affairs; and + though they do not pray to him, they nevertheless invoke him by his + names of praise, which set forth his attributes as the protector and + judge of mankind. It is he, too, who receives the souls of the + departed. <span class="tei tei-q">“Yet, as far as the dominant Wemba + tribe is concerned, the cult of Leza is outside their ordinary + religion. There is no direct access to him by prayer or by + sacrifices, which are made to Mulenga and the other great + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name="Pg175" + id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> tribal and ancestral spirits + instead. For upon such animism is founded the whole fabric of Wemba + religion.”</span><a id="noteref_455" name="noteref_455" href= + "#note_455"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">455</span></span></a> The + ancestral spirits whom the Awemba and all other tribes of this region + worship may be divided into two main classes. First come the spirits + of departed chiefs, who are publicly worshipped by the whole tribe; + and second come the spirits of near relations who are worshipped + privately by each head of a family.<a id="noteref_456" name= + "noteref_456" href="#note_456"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">456</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Among the Awemba there is no special shrine + for these purely family spirits, who are worshipped inside the hut, + and to whom family sacrifice of a sheep, a goat, or a fowl is made, + the spirit receiving the blood spilt on the ground, while all the + members of the family partake of the flesh together. For a religious + Wemba man the cult of the spirit of his nearest relations (of his + grandparents, or of his deceased father, mother, elder brother, or + maternal uncle) is considered quite sufficient. Out of these spirit + relatives a man will worship one whom he considers as his special + familiar, for various reasons. For instance, the diviner may have + told him that his last illness was caused because he had not + respected the spirit of his uncle; accordingly he will be careful in + future to adopt his uncle as his tutelary spirit. As a mark of such + respect he may devote a cow or a goat to one of the spirits of his + ancestors. Holding the fowl, for instance, in his hands, he will + dedicate it, asking the spirit to come and abide in it, upon which + the fowl is let go, and is afterwards called by the name of the + spirit. If the necessities, however, of the larder demand that it + should be killed, another animal is taken, and the spirit is asked to + accept it as a substitute! Before beginning any special task, such as + hoeing a new garden, or going on a journey, Wemba men invoke their + tutelary spirits to be with them and to assist their efforts, in + short ejaculatory prayers usually couched in a set formula. Among + many of the tribes in the North Luangwa district longer formal + prayers are still made to all the deceased ancestors of the clan at + the time of harvest, asking them to protect the crops and to drive + away illnesses and evil spirits from <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the family, which honours them with libations + of beer and offerings of the first-fruits.”</span><a id="noteref_457" + name="noteref_457" href="#note_457"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">457</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The worship of ancestral spirits is + apparently the main practical religion of all the Bantu + tribes.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus among these + tribes, who all belong to the great Bantu family, the public worship + which a whole tribe pays to the souls of its dead chiefs is probably + nothing but an extension of the private worship which every family + pays privately to the souls of its dead members. And just as the + members of his family whom a man worships privately are not mythical + beings conjured up by imagination out of a distant past, but were + once real men like himself whom he knew in life, it may be his + father, or uncle, or elder brother, so we may be sure that in like + manner the dead chiefs revered by the whole tribe are not creations + of the mythical fancy, but were once real men of flesh and blood, who + ruled over the tribe, and whose memory has been more or less + faithfully preserved by tradition. In this respect the tribes of + Northern Rhodesia are typical of all the tribes of that great Bantu + family which occupies nearly the whole southern half of Africa, from + the great equatorial lakes to the Cape of Good Hope. The main + practical religion of all these numerous and widespread peoples + appears to be the worship of their ancestors.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The worship of ancestral spirits + among the Bantu tribes of South Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To adduce in full + the evidence which points to this conclusion would lead us too far + from our present subject; it must suffice to cite a few typical + statements of competent authorities which refer to different tribes + of the Bantu stock. Speaking with special reference to the tribes of + South-Eastern Africa, the Rev. James Macdonald tells us that + <span class="tei tei-q">“the religion of the Bantu, which they not + only profess but really regulate their conduct by, is based on the + belief that the spirits of their ancestors interfere constantly in + their affairs. Every man worships his own ancestors and offers + sacrifices to avert their wrath. The clan worships the spirits of the + ancestors of its chiefs, and the tribe worships the spirits of the + ancestors of the paramount chief.”</span><a id="noteref_458" name= + "noteref_458" href="#note_458"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">458</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“The religion of the Bantu was based upon the + supposition of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg + 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + existence of spirits that could interfere with the affairs of this + world. These spirits were those of their ancestors and their deceased + chiefs, the greatest of whom had control over lightning. When the + spirits became offended or hungry they sent a plague or disaster + until sacrifices were offered and their wrath or hunger was appeased. + The head of a family of commoners on such an occasion killed an + animal, and all ate of the meat, as the hungry ghost was supposed to + be satisfied with the smell.”</span><a id="noteref_459" name= + "noteref_459" href="#note_459"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">459</span></span></a> For + example, in the year 1891 the son of a chief of the Pondomisi tribe + was arrested for an assault and sent for trial before a colonial + court. It chanced to be a season of intense heat and severe drought, + and the Pondomisi tribe attributed these calamities to the wrath of a + dead chief named Gwanya, very famous in his lifetime, whose body, + fastened to a log, had been buried under a heap of stones in a deep + pool of the Lina river. This redoubtable chieftain was the seventh + ancestor in the direct line of the man who had committed the assault; + and he warmly resented the indignity which the whites had done to a + noble scion of his house by consigning him to durance vile. To + appease the natural indignation of the ghost, the tribesmen killed + cattle on the banks of the pool which contained his grave, and threw + the flesh into the water along with new dishes full of beer. The + prisoner, however, was convicted of the assault and sentenced by the + ruthless magistrate, who was no respecter of ghosts, to pay a fine. + But the tribe clubbed together and paid the fine for him; and a few + days later rain fell in plenty. The mollified ghost had opened the + celestial sluices.<a id="noteref_460" name="noteref_460" href= + "#note_460"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">460</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sacrifices to the dead among the + Bantu tribes of South Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another writer, + describing the religion of the South <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> African Bantus, tells us that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the ancestral spirits love the very things they loved + before they passed through the flesh; they cherish the same desires + and have the same antipathies. The living cannot add to the number of + the wives of ancestral spirits; but they can kill cattle in their + honour and keep their praise and memory alive on earth. Above all + things, they can give them beef and beer. And if the living do not + give them sufficient of these things the spirits are supposed to give + the people a bad time: they send drought, and sickness, and famine, + until people kill cattle in their honour. When men are alive they + love to be praised and flattered, fed and attended to; after death + they want the very same things, for death does not change + personality.... In time of drought, or sickness, or great trouble, + there would be great searchings of heart as to which ancestor had + been neglected, for the trouble would be supposed to be caused by the + neglected ancestor. Most of the people would get the subject on their + nerves (at least, as far as a Kafir could get anything on the leather + strings which do duty for nerves), and some one would be sure to have + a vivid dream in which an ancestor would complain that the people had + not praised him half enough of late. So an ox would be killed, either + by the head-man of the kraal or by a diviner. Then the man would say + over the ox as it was being killed, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Cry out, + ox of So-and-So; listen to us, So-and-So; this is your ox; we praise + you by all your laud-giving names, and tell of all your deeds; do not + be angry with us any more; do you not see that this is your ox? Do + not accuse us of neglecting you; when, forsooth, have we ceased to + praise you and offer you meat and beer? Take note, then, that here is + another ox we are offering to you.’</span> When the ox is dead some + of the meat is mixed with herbs and medicines and placed in a hut + with a bowlful of blood. This meat is placed in the part of the hut + where the man loved to sit while he was alive, and some one is told + off to guard the sacrifice. The meat is left for a night, or longer, + and the spirits are supposed to come and enjoy the smell, or drink + the serum which oozes from the meat, and to inhale the smell of the + beer. The priest or diviner will then sprinkle the people and the + huts with medicine made from the contents of the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> stomach of the ox. He places a little on + a sherd; when this is dry he burns it and calls on the spirits to + smell the incense. After the meat has been left for a certain time it + is taken out and cooked, and eaten by the men near the cattle kraal + in public.... If the trouble does not vanish after this ceremony the + people get angry and say to the spirits, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘When have we ceased to kill cattle for you, and when + have we ever refused to praise you by your praise-names? Why, then, + do you treat us so shabbily? If you do not behave better we shall + utterly forget your names, and then what will you do when there is no + one to praise you? You will have to go and live on grasshoppers. If + you do not mend your ways we shall forget you. What use is it that we + kill oxen for you and praise you? You do not give us rain or crops, + or cause our cattle to bear well; you show no gratitude in return for + all we do for you. We shall utterly disown you. We shall tell the + people that, as for us, we have no ancestral spirits, and this will + be to your shame. We are disgusted with you.’</span> ”</span><a id= + "noteref_461" name="noteref_461" href="#note_461"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">461</span></span></a> Thus + the sweet savour of beef and beer does not suffice to content Caffre + ghosts; they share the love of praise and flattery with many gods of + higher rank.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Worship of the dead among the + Basutos.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the Basutos, + an important Bantu people of South Africa, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“each family is supposed to be under the direct influence + and protection of its ancestors; but the tribe, taken as a whole, + acknowledges for its national gods the ancestors of the reigning + sovereign. Thus, the Basutos address their prayers to Monaheng and + Motlumi, from whom their chiefs are descended. The Baharutsis and the + Barolongs invoke Tobege and his wife Mampa. Mampa makes known the + will of her husband, announcing each of her revelations by these + words, <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">O re! O + re!</span></span>’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘He has said! he + has said!’</span> They make a distinction between the ancient and + modern divinities. The latter are considered inferior in power, but + more accessible; hence this formula, which is often used: + <span class="tei tei-q">‘New gods! entreat the ancient gods for + us!’</span> In all countries spirits are more the objects of fear + than of love. A deep feeling of terror generally accompanies the idea + that the dead dispose of the lot of the living. <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> The ancients spoke much of incensed + shades. If they sacrificed to the manes, it was generally in order to + appease them. These ideas perfectly correspond to those of the + Basutos. They conjure rather than pray; although they seek to gain + favours, they think more of averting chastisement. Their + predominating idea as to their ancestors is, that they are + continually endeavouring to draw them to themselves. Every disease is + attributed to them; thus medicine among these people is almost + entirely a religious affair. The first thing is to discover, by means + of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">litaola</span></span> (divining bones), under + the influence of what <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">molimo</span></span> the patient is supposed to + be. Is it an ancestor on the father's side or the mother's? According + as fate decides, the paternal or maternal uncle will offer the + purifying sacrifice, but rarely the father or brother. This sacrifice + alone can render efficacious the medicines prescribed by the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ngaka</span></span> (doctor).... As soon as a + person is dead he takes his place among the family gods. His remains + are deposited in the cattle-pen. An ox is immolated over his grave: + this is the first oblation made to the new divinity, and at the same + time an act of intercession in his favour, serving to ensure his + happy reception in the subterranean regions. All those present aid in + sprinkling the grave, and repeat the following prayer: <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Repose in peace with the gods; give us tranquil + nights.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_462" name="noteref_462" href= + "#note_462"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">462</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Worship of the dead among the + Thonga.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Similarly among + the Thonga, another Bantu tribe of South Africa, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“any man, who has departed this earthly life, becomes a + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">shikwembu</span></span>, a god”</span>;<a id= + "noteref_463" name="noteref_463" href="#note_463"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">463</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“when an old decrepit man or woman dies, he + at once becomes a god: he has entered the domain of + infinity.”</span><a id="noteref_464" name="noteref_464" href= + "#note_464"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">464</span></span></a> In this + tribe <span class="tei tei-q">“the spirits of the ancestors are the + main objects of religious worship. They form the principal category + of spirits.”</span><a id="noteref_465" name="noteref_465" href= + "#note_465"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">465</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“On the one hand, the ancestor-gods are truly + gods, endowed with the attributes of divinity; whilst, on the other, + they seem to be nothing but mere human beings, exactly on the same + level as their worshippers.”</span><a id="noteref_466" name= + "noteref_466" href="#note_466"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">466</span></span></a> There + are two great classes <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg + 181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + these ancestor-gods, to wit, <span class="tei tei-q">“those of the + family, and those of the country, the latter being those of the + reigning family. They do not differ as regards their nature. In + national calamities those of the country are invoked, whilst, for + purely family matters, those of the family are called upon. Moreover, + each family has two sets of gods, those on the father's side and + those on the mother's, those of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kweru</span></span> and those of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bakokwana</span></span>. They are equal in + dignity. Both can be invoked, and the divinatory bones are always + asked to which the offering must be made. It seems, however, as if + the gods on the mother's side were more tender-hearted and more + popular than those on the father's. The reason for this is, perhaps, + that relations are easier with the family of the mother than with + that of the father. It is also just possible that it is a relic of + the matriarchal period, when the ancestors of the mother only were + known, and consequently invoked. At any rate, the part played by + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">batukulu</span></span> [uterine] nephews in the + offerings shows that they are the true representatives of the gods, + not of those of their father, but of their mother.”</span><a id= + "noteref_467" name="noteref_467" href="#note_467"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">467</span></span></a> Among + the Thonga <span class="tei tei-q">“the belief in the continuation of + life after death is universal, being at the base of the + ancestrolatry, which is the religion of the tribe.”</span><a id= + "noteref_468" name="noteref_468" href="#note_468"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">468</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“How real is the ancestrolatry, the religion + of the Thonga, of, in fact, all the South African Bantus! How + frequent and manifold are its manifestations! This is the first, and + the most perceptible set of their religious intuitions, and any + European, who has stayed in their villages, learnt their language, + and tried to understand their customs, has had the opportunity of + familiarizing himself with this religion.”</span><a id="noteref_469" + name="noteref_469" href="#note_469"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">469</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sacrifices to dead chiefs among the + Basutos and Bechuanas.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the Basutos + and Bechuanas, who also belong to the great Bantu family, the + sacrificial ritual is not highly developed. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Only in great misfortunes which affect the whole people + or the royal family, a black ox is slaughtered; for in such cases + they always think that the angry spirits of the departed are the + cause of all the suffering. <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Re amogioa ki + badimo</span></span>,’</span> say the people, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘the spirits are robbing us.’</span> The ox is led to the + chiefs grave; there they <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg + 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + pray, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Lord, we are come to call upon thee, + we who are thy children; make not our hearts troubled; take not, + Lord, that which is ours.’</span> The old chief is honoured and + praised in songs, he is invoked by all his praise-names, the ox is + killed and its flesh eaten, but the blood and the contents of the + stomach are poured on the grave, and there the bones of the + sacrificed animal are also deposited.”</span><a id="noteref_470" + name="noteref_470" href="#note_470"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">470</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Worship of the dead among the + Zulus.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Zulus, another + great Bantu tribe of South Africa, believe in the existence of a + being whom they call Unkulunkulu, which means <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Old-Old-one, the most ancient man.”</span> They say + that <span class="tei tei-q">“it is he who was the first man; he + broke off in the beginning. We do not know his wife; and the ancients + do not tell us that he had a wife.”</span><a id="noteref_471" name= + "noteref_471" href="#note_471"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">471</span></span></a> This + Old-Old-one or Great-Great-one <span class="tei tei-q">“is + represented as having made all things—men, cattle, water, fire, the + mountains, and whatever else is seen. He is also said to have + appointed their names. Creation was effected by splitting a reed, + when the first man and other things issued from the + cleft.”</span><a id="noteref_472" name="noteref_472" href= + "#note_472"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">472</span></span></a> + Further, the Zulus and other Caffre tribes of Natal <span class= + "tei tei-q">“believe that, when a person dies, his <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i-hloze</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">isi-tute</span></span> survives. These words are + translated <span class="tei tei-q">‘spirit,’</span> and there seems + no objection to the rendering. They refer to something manifestly + distinguished from the body, and the nature of which the prophets + endeavour to explain by saying that it is identical with the shadow. + The residence of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ama-hloze</span></span>, or spirits, seems to be + beneath; the practice of breaking a man's assagais, before they are + buried with him, shows that he is believed to return to earth through + the grave; while it appears to be generally thought that, if the + earth were removed from the grave, the ghost would return and + frighten his descendants. When spirits have entered the future state, + they are believed to possess great power; prosperity is ascribed to + their favour, and misfortune to their anger; they are elevated in + fact to the rank of deities, and (except where the Great-Great is + worshipped concurrently with them) they are the only objects of a + Kafir's adoration. Their attention <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page183">[pg 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> (or providence) is limited to their own + relatives—a father caring for the family, and a chief for the tribe, + which they respectively left behind them. They are believed to occupy + the same relative position as they did in the body, the departed + spirit of a chief being sometimes invoked to compel a man's ancestors + to bless him.”</span><a id="noteref_473" name="noteref_473" href= + "#note_473"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">473</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sacrifices and prayers to the dead + among the Zulus.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“To these shades of the dead, especially to the ghosts of + their great men, as Jama, Senzangakona, and Chaka, their former + kings, they look for help, and offer sacrifices; that is, slaughter + cattle to them, and offer a sort of prayer, in time of danger and + distress.... When they are sick, they slaughter cattle to the shades, + and say, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Father, look on me, that this + disease may cease from me. Let me have health on the earth, and live + a long time.’</span> They carry the meat into the house, and shut it + up there, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Let the paternal shades + eat, so shall they know that the offering was made for them, and + grant us great wealth, so that both we and our children may + prosper.’</span> In the cattle-fold they talk a long time, praising + the ghosts; they take the contents of the stomach, and strew it upon + all the fold. Again they take it, and strew it within the houses, + saying, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Hail, friend! Thou of such a place, + grant us a blessing, beholding what we have done. You see this + distress; may you remove it, since we have given you our animal. We + know not what more you want, whether you still require anything more + or not.’</span> They say, <span class="tei tei-q">‘May you grant us + grain, that it may be abundant, that we may eat, of course, and not + be in need of anything, since now we have given you what you + want.’</span> They say, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Yes, for a long time + have you preserved me in all my going. Behold, you see, I have just + come to have a kraal. This kraal was built by yourself, father; and + now why do you consent to diminish your own kraal? Build on us as you + have begun, let it be large, that your offspring, still here above, + may increase, increasing in knowledge of you, whence cometh great + power.’</span> Sometimes they make beer for the ghosts, and leave a + little in the pot, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">‘It will be eaten + by the ghosts that they may grant an abundant harvest again, that we + may not have a famine.’</span> If one is on the point of being + injured by anything, he says, <span class="tei tei-q">‘I was + preserved <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg + 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> by + our divinity, which was still watching over me.’</span> Perhaps he + slaughters a goat in honour of the same, and puts the gall on his + head; and when the goat cries out for pain of being killed, he says, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Yes, then, there is your animal, let it cry, + that ye may hear, ye our gods who have preserved me; I myself am + desirous of living on thus a long time here on the earth; why then do + you call me to account, since I think I am all right in respect to + you? And while I live, I put my trust in you, our paternal and + maternal gods.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_474" name="noteref_474" + href="#note_474"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">474</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">A native Zulu account of the worship + of the dead.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Black people,”</span> say the Zulus, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“do not worship all Amatongo indifferently, that is, all + the dead of their tribe. Speaking generally, the head of each house + is worshipped by the children of that house; for they do not know the + ancients who are dead, nor their laud-giving names, nor their names. + But their father whom they knew is the head by whom they begin and + end in their prayer, for they know him best, and his love for his + children; they remember his kindness to them whilst he was living; + they compare his treatment of them whilst he was living, support + themselves by it, and say, <span class="tei tei-q">‘He will still + treat us in the same way now he is dead. We do not know why he should + regard others besides us; he will regard us only.’</span> So it is + then although they worship the many Amatongo of their tribe, making a + great fence around them for their protection; yet their father is far + before all others when they worship the Amatongo. Their father is a + great treasure to them even when he is dead. And those of his + children who are already grown up know him thoroughly, his + gentleness, and his bravery. And if there is illness in the village, + the eldest son lauds him with the laud-giving names which he gained + when fighting with the enemy, and at the same time lauds all the + other Amatongo; the son reproves the father, saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘We for our parts may just die. Who are you looking + after? Let us die all of us, that we may see into whose house you + will enter.<a id="noteref_475" name="noteref_475" href= + "#note_475"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">475</span></span></a> You + will eat grasshoppers; you will no longer be <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> invited to go anywhere, if you destroy your own + village.’</span> After that, because they have worshipped him, they + take courage saying, <span class="tei tei-q">‘He has heard; he will + come and treat our diseases, and they will cease.’</span> Such then + is the faith which children have in the Itongo [ancestral spirit] + which is their father. And if there is a chief wife of a village, who + has given birth to children, and if her husband is not dead, her + Itongo is much reverenced by her husband and all the children. And + that chief wife becomes an Itongo which takes great care of the + village. But it is the father especially that is the head of the + village.”</span><a id="noteref_476" name="noteref_476" href= + "#note_476"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">476</span></span></a> Thus + among the Zulus it is the spirits of those who have just died, + especially the spirits of fathers and mothers, who are most revered + and worshipped. The spirits of the more remote dead are + forgotten.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The worship of the dead among the + Herero of German South-West Africa. Ancestral spirits + (</span><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Ovakuru</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">) + worshipped by the Herero.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the + missionaries inquired into the religious ideas of the Herero, a Bantu + tribe of German South-West Africa, they heard much of a certain + Mukuru, whom at first they took to be the great god of heaven and + earth. Accordingly they adopted Mukuru as the native name for the + Christian God, and set out on their mission to preach the glad + tidings of Mukuru and his divine Son to the poor benighted heathen. + But their first experiences were disconcerting. Again and again when + they arrived in a village and announced their intention to the chief, + they were brought up very short by that great man, who told them with + an air of astonishment that he himself was Mukuru. For example, + Messrs. Büttner and Irle paid a visit to an old chief named Tjenda + and remonstrated with him on the impropriety of which he had been + guilty in giving a baptized girl in marriage to a native gentleman + whose domestic arrangements were framed on the polygamous patriarchal + pattern. <span class="tei tei-q">“Mukuru will punish you for + that,”</span> said Mr. Büttner. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“What?”</span> roared the chief. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Who's Mukuru? Why, I am Mukuru in my own tribe,”</span> + and he <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name= + "Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> bundled the two + missionaries out of the village. A repetition of these painful + incidents at last impressed on the minds of the missionaries the + conviction that Mukuru was not God at all but merely the head of a + family, an ancestor, whether alive or dead.<a id="noteref_477" name= + "noteref_477" href="#note_477"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">477</span></span></a> They + ascertained at the same time that the Herero recognize a good god who + dwells in heaven and bears the name of Ndjambi Karunga. But they do + not worship him nor bring him offerings, because he is so kind that + he hurts nobody, and therefore they need not fear him. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Rather they share the opinion of the other Bantu tribes + that Ndjambi, the good Creator, has withdrawn to heaven and left the + government on earth to the demons.”</span><a id="noteref_478" name= + "noteref_478" href="#note_478"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">478</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“It is true that the Herero are acquainted + with punishment for what is bad. But that punishment they ascribe to + Mukuru or their ancestors. It is their ancestors (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ovakuru</span></span><a id="noteref_479" name= + "noteref_479" href="#note_479"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">479</span></span></a>) whom + they must fear; it is they who are angry and can bring danger and + misfortune on a man. So it is intelligible that the whole of their + worship turns, not on Ndjambi Karunga, but on their ancestors. It is + in order to win and keep their favour, to avert their displeasure and + wrath, in short to propitiate them, that the Herero bring their many + offerings; they do so not out of gratitude, but out of fear, not out + of love, but out of terror. Their religion is a worship of ancestors + with here and there touches of fetishism.”</span><a id="noteref_480" + name="noteref_480" href="#note_480"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">480</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Thus among the Herero, as among all Bantu + tribes, there exists a religious dualism: they know the highest, the + true God, but they worship their ancestors.”</span><a id= + "noteref_481" name="noteref_481" href="#note_481"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">481</span></span></a> And + among the worshipful <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg + 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + ancestors <span class="tei tei-q">“the old dead chiefs of every tribe + take the first place. The son of a great dead chief and the whole + tribe worship that old father as their god. But the remote ancestors + of that chief they do not worship, indeed they hardly know them by + name and can no longer point to their graves.”</span><a id= + "noteref_482" name="noteref_482" href="#note_482"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">482</span></span></a> Thus + with the Herero, as with the Zulus, it is the recent and + well-remembered dead who are chiefly or exclusively worshipped; as + the souls of the departed recede <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page188">[pg 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> further and further into the past their memory + perishes, and the nimbus of supernatural glory which encircled it for + a time fades gradually away.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The worship of the dead among the + Ovambo.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The religion of + the Ovambo, another Bantu tribe of German South-West Africa, is + similar. They also recognize a great being named Kalunga, who created + the world and man, but they neither fear nor worship him. A far + greater part is played in the religion of the Ovambo by their belief + in spirits, and amongst the worshipful spirits a conspicuous place is + assigned to the souls of the dead. Every man leaves behind him at + death a spirit, which continues to exist on earth and can influence + the living; for example, it may enter into their bodies and thereby + cause all sorts of sickness. However, the souls of ordinary dead men + can exert their influence only on members of their own families; the + souls of dead chiefs, on the other hand, have power over the rain, + which they can either give or withhold. To these powerful spirits a + portion of the new corn is offered at harvest as a thank-offering for + their forbearance in not visiting the people with sickness, and above + all for their bounty in sending down the fertilizing showers on the + crops. The souls of dead magicians are particularly dreaded; and to + prevent the multiplication of these dangerous spirits it is customary + to dismember their bodies, severing the arms and legs from the trunk + and cutting the tongue out of the mouth. If these precautions are + taken immediately after death, the soul of the dead man cannot become + a dangerous ghost; the mutilation of his body has practically + disarmed his spirit.<a id="noteref_483" name="noteref_483" href= + "#note_483"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">483</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The worship of the dead among the + Wahehe of German East Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Wahehe, a + Bantu tribe of German East Africa, believe in a great invisible + spirit named Nguruhi, who created the world and rules both human + destiny and the elements. He it is who makes the rain to fall, the + sun to shine, the wind to blow, the thunder to roll, and the crops to + grow. <span class="tei tei-q">“This god is accordingly conceived as + all-powerful, yet with the limitation that he only exercises a + general power of direction over the world, especially human fate, + while the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">masoka</span></span>, the spirits of the dead, + wield a permanent <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg + 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and + very considerable influence on the course of particular events. + Nguruhi is lord also of all the spirits of the dead (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">masoka</span></span>), but his relation to them + has not been further thought out. With this Supreme Being the people + hold no intercourse by means of prayer, sacrifice, or in any other + way. He stands remote from the religious life of the Wahehe and + really serves only as an explanation of all those things and events + which are otherwise inexplicable. All religious intercourse, all + worship centres alone on the spirits of the dead. Hence if we speak + of a religion of the Wahehe, it must be described as a pure worship + of ancestors.”</span><a id="noteref_484" name="noteref_484" href= + "#note_484"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">484</span></span></a> The + human soul quits the body at death and at once becomes an ancestral + spirit (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">m'soka</span></span>), invisible and endowed + with complete liberty of motion. Even the youngest children have + souls which rank among the ancestral spirits at death. Hence the + great multitude of the dead comprises spirits of all ages, from the + infant one day old to the grey-haired patriarch. They are good or bad + according as they were good or bad in life, and their social position + also is unchanged. He who was powerful in life is powerful also in + death; he who was a nobody among men is a nobody also among the + spirits. Hence the ghost of a great man can do more for the living + than the ghost of a common man; and the ghost of a man can do more + than the ghost of a woman. Yet even the meanest ghost has power over + the greatest living man, who can only defend himself by appealing for + help to stronger ancestral spirits. Thus while the Supreme Being + exercises a general superintendence over affairs, the real + administration is in the hands of the ancestral spirits. While he, + for example, regulates the weather as a whole, it is the ghosts who + cause each particular shower to fall or the sun to break out in glory + from the clouds. If he sends plagues on the whole people or stays the + ravages of disease, it is the ghosts who make each individual sick or + sound. These powerful spirits exert themselves especially to help + their descendants, though they <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> do not hesitate to plague their own kith and + kin if they think themselves neglected. They flit freely through the + air and perch on trees, mountains, and so forth, but they lodge by + preference at their graves, and you are always sure of finding them + there, if you wish to consult them.<a id="noteref_485" name= + "noteref_485" href="#note_485"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">485</span></span></a> That is + why in the country of the Wahehe the only places of sacrifice are the + graves; temples and altars are unknown.<a id="noteref_486" name= + "noteref_486" href="#note_486"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">486</span></span></a> + However, it is only the bodies of considerable persons that are + buried; the corpses of common folk are simply thrown away in the + bush;<a id="noteref_487" name="noteref_487" href= + "#note_487"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">487</span></span></a> so that + the number of graves and consequently of sacrificial places is + strictly limited. The spirits of the dead appear to the living most + commonly in dreams to give them information or warning, but oftener + to chide and torment them. So the sleeper wakes in a fright and + consults a diviner, who directs him what he must do in order to + appease the angry ghost. Following the directions of his spiritual + adviser the man sacrifices an ox, or it may be only a sheep or a + fowl, at the tomb of one of his ancestors, prays to the ghost, and + having scattered a few morsels of the victim's flesh on the grave, + and spat a mouthful of beer upon it, retires with his family to feast + on the remainder of the carcase. Such sacrifices to the dead are + offered on occasion of sickness, the lack of male heirs, a threatened + war, an intended journey, in short, before any important undertaking + of which the issue is doubtful; and, they are accompanied by prayers + for health, victory, good harvests, and so forth.<a id="noteref_488" + name="noteref_488" href="#note_488"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">488</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The worship of the dead among the + Bahima of Ankole, in Central Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Once more, the + Bahima, a Bantu people of Ankole, in Central Africa, believe in a + supreme god Lugaba, who dwells in the sky and created man and beast; + but <span class="tei tei-q">“this supreme being is not worshipped nor + are offerings made to him; he has no sacred place. Although they talk + freely about him, and acknowledge him to be their great benefactor, + they accept all his gifts as a matter of course, and make him no + offering in return.... One must not, therefore, conclude that the + Bahima are an irreligious people; like most of the Bantu tribes their + religion consists chiefly in dealing with ghosts of departed + relatives, and in standing well with them; <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> from the king to the humblest peasant the + ghosts call for daily consideration and constant offerings, whilst + the deities are only sought in case of great trials or national + calamities.”</span><a id="noteref_489" name="noteref_489" href= + "#note_489"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">489</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The worship of dead chiefs or kings + among the Bantu tribes of Northern Rhodesia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To return, now, to + the worship of dead chiefs or kings among the Bantu tribes of + Northern Rhodesia. The spirits of dead chiefs had priestesses to wait + upon them, who were called the <span class="tei tei-q">“wives of the + departed.”</span> These were elderly women who led a celibate life + and swept the huts dedicated to the ghosts of the chiefs. The aid of + these dead potentates was invoked in time of war and in seasons of + drought, and special offerings were brought to their shrines at + harvest.<a id="noteref_490" name="noteref_490" href= + "#note_490"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">490</span></span></a> Among + the Awemba, who form the aristocracy of the country,<a id= + "noteref_491" name="noteref_491" href="#note_491"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">491</span></span></a> when a + diviner announced that a drought was caused by the spirits of dead + chiefs or kings buried at Mwaruli, a bull would be sent to be + sacrificed to the souls of the deceased rulers; or if the drought was + severe, a human victim would be despatched, and the high priest would + keep him caged in a stoutly woven fish-basket, until the preparations + for the sacrifice were complete.<a id="noteref_492" name= + "noteref_492" href="#note_492"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">492</span></span></a> Among + the Yombe no one might eat of the first-fruits of the crops until the + living chief had sacrificed a bull before the tomb of his + grandfather, and had deposited pots of fresh beer and porridge, made + from the first-fruits, in front of the shrine. The ground about the + tomb was then carefully weeded, and the blood of the sacrificial + victim sprinkled on the freshly turned up soil and on the rafters of + the little hut. After thanking the ghost of his grandfather for the + harvest, and begging him to partake of the first-fruits, the chief + and his train withdrew to feast on the carcase and the fresh porridge + and beer at the village.<a id="noteref_493" name="noteref_493" href= + "#note_493"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">493</span></span></a> When + the head chief or king of the Awemba had resolved <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to make war on a distant enemy, he and + the older men of the tribe would pray daily for victory to the + spirits of the dead kings, his predecessors. The day before the army + was to set forth, the great war-drum boomed out and the warriors + flocked together from the outlying districts under their respective + captains. In the dusk of the evening the king and the elderly women, + who passed for the wives of the dead kings and tended their shrines + at the capital, went and prayed at these shrines that the souls of + the departed monarchs would keep the war-path free from foes and lead + the king in a straight course to the enemy's stockade. These solemn + prayers the king led in person, and the women beat their bare breasts + as they joined in the earnest appeal. Next morning the whole army was + marshalled in front of the ghost-huts of the dead kings: the living + king danced a war-dance before his ancestors, while his chief wife + sprinkled him with holy flour; and all prostrated themselves in + supplication before the shrines.<a id="noteref_494" name= + "noteref_494" href="#note_494"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">494</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Among these tribes the spirits of + dead chiefs or kings are thought sometimes to take bodily + possession of men and women or to be incarnate in animals.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among these tribes + of Northern Rhodesia the spirits of dead chiefs or kings sometimes + take possession of the bodies of live men or women and prophesy + through their mouths. When the spirit of a dead chief comes over a + man, he begins to roar like a lion, whereupon the women gather + together and beat the drums, shouting that the chief has come to + visit the village. The man thus temporarily inspired will prophesy of + future wars or impending attacks by lions. While the inspiration + lasts, he may eat nothing cooked by fire, but only unfermented dough. + However, the spirit of a departed chief takes possession of women + oftener than of men. <span class="tei tei-q">“These women assert that + they are possessed by the soul of some dead chief, and when they feel + the divine afflatus, whiten their faces to attract attention, and + anoint themselves with flour, which has a religious and sanctifying + potency. One of their number beats a drum, and the others dance, + singing at the same time a weird song, with curious intervals. + Finally, when they have arrived at the requisite pitch of religious + exaltation, the possessed woman falls to the ground, and bursts forth + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" + id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> into a low and almost + inarticulate chant, which has a most uncanny effect. All are silent + at once, and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bashing'anga</span></span> (medicine-men) gather + round to interpret the voice of the spirit.”</span><a id= + "noteref_495" name="noteref_495" href="#note_495"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">495</span></span></a> + Sometimes the spirits of departed chiefs are reincarnated in animals, + which are then revered as the abodes of the dead rulers. Thus the + paramount chief of the Amambwe is incarnated after death in the form + of a young lion, while Bisa and Wiwa chiefs come back in the shape of + pythons. In one of the rest-houses near Fife a tame python waxed fat + on the offerings of fowls and sour beer which the Winamwanga + presented to it in the fond belief that it housed the spirit of one + of their dead chiefs. One day unfortunately for himself the reptile + deity ventured to dispute the possession of the rest-house with a + German cattle-dealer who was passing by; a discharge of shot settled + the dispute in favour of the cattle-dealer, and the worshippers of + the deity beheld him no more.<a id="noteref_496" name="noteref_496" + href="#note_496"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">496</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Belief of the Barotse in a supreme + god Niambe.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another Bantu + people who worship the spirits of their dead kings are the Barotse or + Marotse of the Upper Zambesi. The Barotse believe in a supreme god, + the creator of all things, whom they call Niambe. He lives in the + sun, and by his marriage with the moon begat the world, the animals, + and last of all men. But the cunning and ferocity of his creature man + terrified the beneficent creator, so that he fled from earth and + escaped up the thread of a spider's web to heaven. There he still + retains a certain power to interfere in human affairs, and that is + why men sometimes pray and sacrifice to him. For example, the + worshipper salutes the rising sun and offers him a vessel of water, + no doubt to quench the thirst of the deity on his hot journey across + the sky. Again, when a long drought has prevailed, a black ox is + sacrificed to Niambe <span class="tei tei-q">“as a symbol of the + clouds big with the longed-for rain.”</span> And before they sow the + fields, the women pile the seeds and their digging hoes in a heap, + and pray to the god that he would render their labour fruitful.<a id= + "noteref_497" name="noteref_497" href="#note_497"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">497</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The worship of dead kings among the + Barotse.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet while they + acknowledge the divine supremacy of Niambe, the Barotse address their + prayers most frequently to the inferior deities, the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ditino</span></span>, who are the deified kings + of the country. The tombs of the departed monarchs may be seen near + the villages which they inhabited in life. Each tomb stands in a + grove of beautiful trees and is encircled by a tall palisade of + pointed stakes, covered with fine mats, like the palisade which + surrounds the royal residence of a living king. Such an enclosure is + sacred; the people are forbidden to enter it lest they should disturb + the ghost of him who sleeps below. But the inhabitants of the nearest + village are charged with the duty of keeping the tomb and the + enclosure in good order, repairing the palisade, and replacing the + mats when they are worn out. Once a month, at the new moon, the women + sweep not only the grave and the enclosure but the whole village. The + guardian of the tomb is at the same time a priest; he acts as + intermediary between the god and the people who come to pray to the + deity. He bears the title of Ngomboti; he alone has the right to + enter the sacred enclosure; the profane multitude must stand at a + respectful distance. Even the king himself, when he comes to consult + one of his ancestors, is forbidden to set foot on the holy ground. In + presence of the god, or, as they call him, the Master of the Tomb, + the monarch must bear himself like a slave in the presence of his + lord. He kneels down near the entrance, claps his hands, and gives + the royal salute; and from within the enclosure the priest solemnly + returns the salute, just as the king himself, when he holds his + court, returns the salute of his subjects. Then the suppliant, + whether king or commoner, makes his petition to the deity and + deposits his offering; for no man may pray to the god with empty + hands. Inside the enclosure, close to the entrance, is a hole which + is supposed to serve as a channel of communication with the spirit of + the deified king. In it the offerings are placed. Often they consist + of milk which is poured into the hole; and the faster it drains away, + the more favourably inclined is the god thought to be to the + petitioner. More solid offerings, such as flesh, clothes, and glass + beads, become the property of the priest after they have been allowed + to lie for a decent time beside the sacred <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> aperture of the tomb. The spirits of dead kings + are thus consulted on matters of public concern as well as by private + individuals touching their own affairs. If a war is to be waged, if a + plague is raging among the people or a murrain among the cattle, if + the land is parched with drought, in short, if any danger threatens + or any calamity has afflicted the country, recourse is had to these + local gods, dwelling each in his shady grove, not far from the abodes + of the living. They are near, but the great god in heaven is far + away. What wonder, therefore, that their help is often sought while + he is neglected? They are national heroes as well as gods; their + history is remembered; men tell of the doughty deeds they did in + their lifetime; why should they not be able to succour their votaries + now that they have put on immortality? All over the country these + temple-tombs may be seen. They serve as historical monuments to + recall to the people the names of their former kings and the annals + of their country. One of the most popular of the royal shrines is + near Senanga at the southern end of the great plain of the Barotse. + Voyagers who go down the Zambesi do not fail to pay their devotions + at the shrine, that the god of the place may make their voyage to + prosper and may guard the frail canoe from shipwreck in the rush and + roar of the rapids; and when they return in safety they repair again + to the sacred spot to deposit a thank-offering for the protection of + the deity.<a id="noteref_498" name="noteref_498" href= + "#note_498"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">498</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Thus the worship of dead kings has + been an important element in the religion of many African + tribes.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The foregoing + examples suffice to prove that the worship of dead chiefs and kings + has been an important, perhaps we may even say, the most important + element in the religion of many African tribes. Regarded from the + native point of view nothing could be more natural. The king rules + over his people in life; and since all these tribes entertain a firm + and unquestioning belief not only in the existence but in the power + of the spirits of the dead, they necessarily conclude that of all the + departed spirits none can be so potent for good or evil, none + therefore need to be propitiated so earnestly by prayer and + sacrifice, as the souls of dead kings. Thus while every family + worships privately the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg + 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + spirits of its own ancestors, the whole tribe worships publicly the + spirits of its departed monarchs, paying to each of these invisible + potentates, whose reality they never dream of doubting, a homage of + precisely the same sort as that which they render to his living + successor on the throne. Such a religion of the dead is by no means + incompatible with the recognition of higher spiritual powers who may + have an origin quite independent of the worship of ancestors. We have + seen in point of fact that many tribes, whose practical religion is + concentrated chiefly on their dead, nevertheless acknowledge the + existence of a supreme god, the creator of man and of all things, + whom they do not regard as a glorified ghost. The Baganda, the most + progressive and advanced of all the Bantu tribes, had a whole + pantheon of gods whom they sharply distinguished from the worshipful + spirits of their forefathers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Perhaps some African gods, who are + now distinguished from ghosts, were once dead men.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet in spite of + this distinction we may suspect that in many cases the seeming line + of division between gods and worshipful ghosts is deceptive; and that + the magic touch of time, which distorts and magnifies the past, + especially among peoples who see it only through the haze of oral + tradition, has glorified and transfigured many a dead man into a + deity. This at all events seems to have been the history of some of + the Baganda gods. On this subject our best authority says that + <span class="tei tei-q">“the principal gods appear to have been at + one time human beings, noted for their skill and bravery, who were + afterwards deified by the people and invested with supernatural + powers.”</span><a id="noteref_499" name="noteref_499" href= + "#note_499"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">499</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Mukasa held the highest rank among the gods + of Uganda. He was a benign god; he never asked for the life of any + human being, but animals were sacrificed to him at the yearly + festivals, and also at other times when the king, or a leading chief, + wished to consult him. He had nothing to do with war, but sought to + heal the bodies and minds of men. He was the god of plenty; he gave + the people an increase of food, cattle, and children. From the + legends still current it seems to be almost certain that he was a + human being who, because of his benevolence, came to be regarded as a + god.... The legends about Mukasa are of great interest; they show how + the human element <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg + 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> has + been lost in the divine, how the natural has been effaced by the + supernatural, until, in the minds of the common people, only the + supernatural remains.”</span><a id="noteref_500" name="noteref_500" + href="#note_500"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">500</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The human remains of Kibuka, the + war-god of the Baganda.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If we cannot prove + that the great god Mukasa himself was once a man, we have very + tangible evidence that his brother the war-god Kibuka was so. For + like the dead kings of Uganda, Kibuka was worshipped in a great + conical hut resembling the huts which living people inhabit: like + them, his spirit was supposed to enter from time to time into the + body of his priest and to give oracles through him; and like them he + was represented in his temple by his personal relics, his jawbone and + his navel-string, which were rescued from the ruins of his temple and + now rest in the Ethnological Museum at Cambridge. In face of this + complete parallelism between the god and the kings whose personal + existence is not open to question, it seems difficult to doubt that + Kibuka was once like them a real man, and that he spoke with the + jawbone and made bodily use of the other corporeal organs which were + preserved in his temple.<a id="noteref_501" name="noteref_501" href= + "#note_501"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">501</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Thus it is possible that Osiris and + Isis may have been a real king and queen of Egypt, perhaps + identical with King Khent and his queen.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These analogies + lend some support to the theory that in ancient Egypt, where the + kings were worshipped by their people both in life and death, Osiris + may have been originally nothing but one of these deified monarchs + whose worship gradually eclipsed that of all the rest and ended by + rivalling or even surpassing that of the great sun-god himself. We + have seen that at Abydos, one of the principal centres of his + worship, the tomb of Osiris was identified with the tomb of King + Khent, one of the earliest monarchs of the first Egyptian dynasty, + and that in this tomb were found a woman's richly jewelled arm and a + human skull lacking the lower jawbone, which may well be the head of + the king himself and the arm of his queen. The carved monument of + Osiris which was found in the sepulchral chamber appears indeed to be + a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name= + "Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> work of late Egyptian + art, but it may have replaced an earlier sarcophagus. Certainly we + may reasonably suppose that the identification of the tomb of Osiris + with the tomb of King Khent was very ancient; for though the priests + may have renewed the sculptured effigy of the dead god, they would + hardly dare to shift the site of the Holy Sepulchre.<a id= + "noteref_502" name="noteref_502" href="#note_502"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">502</span></span></a> Now the + sepulchre is distant about a mile and a half from the temple in which + Osiris was worshipped as a god. There is thus a curious coincidence, + if there is nothing more, between the worship of Osiris and the + worship of the dead kings of Uganda. As a dead king of Uganda was + worshipped in a temple, while his headless body reposed at some + distance in a royal tomb, and his head, without the lower jawbone, + was buried by itself near the grave, so Osiris was worshipped in a + temple not far from the royal tomb which tradition identified with + his grave. Perhaps after all tradition was right. It is possible, + though it would be very rash to affirm, that Osiris was no other than + the historical King Khent of the first dynasty;<a id="noteref_503" + name="noteref_503" href="#note_503"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">503</span></span></a> that + the skull found in the tomb is the skull of Osiris himself; and that + while it reposed in the grave the missing jawbone was preserved, like + the jawbone of a dead king of Uganda, as a holy and perhaps + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" + id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> oracular relic in the + neighbouring temple. If that were so, we should be almost driven to + conclude that the bejewelled woman's arm found in the tomb of Osiris + is the arm of Isis.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Suggested parallel between Osiris + and Charlemagne.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In support of the + conclusion that the myth and religion of Osiris grew up round the + revered memory of a dead man we may quote the words in which the + historian of European morals describes the necessity under which the + popular imagination labours of embodying its cherished ideals in + living persons. He is referring to the dawn of the age of chivalry, + when in the morning twilight the heroic figure of Charlemagne rose + like a bright star above the political horizon, to be thenceforth + encircled by a halo of romance like the nimbus that shone round the + head of Osiris. <span class="tei tei-q">“In order that the tendencies + I have described should acquire their full force, it was necessary + that they should be represented or illustrated in some great + personage, who, by the splendour and the beauty of his career, could + fascinate the imaginations of men. It is much easier to govern great + masses of men through their imagination than through their reason. + Moral principles rarely act powerfully upon the world, except by way + of example or ideals. When the course of events has been to glorify + the ascetic or monarchical or military spirit, a great saint, or + sovereign, or soldier will arise, who will concentrate in one + dazzling focus the blind tendencies of his time, kindle the + enthusiasm and fascinate the imagination of the people. But for the + prevailing tendency, the great man would not have arisen, or would + not have exercised his great influence. But for the great man, whose + career appealed vividly to the imagination, the prevailing tendency + would never have acquired its full intensity.”</span><a id= + "noteref_504" name="noteref_504" href="#note_504"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">504</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The question of the historical + reality of Osiris left open.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether the + parallel thus suggested between Charlemagne, the mediaeval ideal of a + Christian knight, and Osiris, the ancient Egyptian ideal of a just + and beneficent monarch, holds good or not, it is now impossible to + determine. For while Charlemagne stands near enough to allow us + clearly to discern his historical reality, Osiris is so remote that + we can no longer discriminate with any certitude between the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" + id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> elements of history and fable + which appear to have blended in his traditional character. I am + content to indicate bare possibilities: dogmatism on such points + would be in the highest degree rash and unbecoming. Whether Osiris + and Isis were from first to last purely imaginary beings, the ideal + creations of a primitive philosophy, or whether they were originally + a real man and woman about whom after death the myth-making fancy + wove its gossamer rainbow-tinted web, is a question to which I am not + bold enough to give a decided answer.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name= + "Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc51" id="toc51"></a> <a name="pdf52" id="pdf52"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XII. Mother-Kin And Mother + Goddesses.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc53" id="toc53"></a> <a name="pdf54" id="pdf54"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 1. Dying Gods and Mourning + Goddesses.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Essential similarity of Adonis, + Attis, and Osiris.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have now + concluded our inquiry into the nature and worship of the three + Oriental deities Adonis, Attis, and Osiris. The substantial + similarity of their mythical character justifies us in treating of + them together. All three apparently embodied the powers of + fertility in general and of vegetation in particular. All three + were believed to have died and risen again from the dead; and the + divine death and resurrection of all three were dramatically + represented at annual festivals, which their worshippers celebrated + with alternate transports of sorrow and joy, of weeping and + exultation. The natural phenomena thus mythically conceived and + mythically represented were the great changes of the seasons, + especially the most striking and impressive of all, the decay and + revival of vegetation; and the intention of the sacred dramas was + to refresh and strengthen, by sympathetic magic, the failing + energies of nature, in order that the trees should bear fruit, that + the corn should ripen, that men and animals should reproduce their + kinds.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The superiority of the goddesses + associated with Adonis, Attis, and Osiris points to a system of + mother-kin.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the three + gods did not stand by themselves. The mythical personification of + nature, of which all three were in at least one aspect the + products, required that each of them should be coupled with a + goddess, and in each case it appears that originally the goddess + was a more powerful and important personage than the god. At all + events it is always the god rather than the goddess who comes to a + sad end, and whose death is annually mourned. Thus, whereas Osiris + was slain by Typhon, his divine spouse Isis survived <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and brought him to life again. This + feature of the myth seems to indicate that in the beginning Isis + was, what Astarte and Cybele always continued to be, the stronger + divinity of the pair. Now the superiority thus assigned to the + goddess over the god is most naturally explained as the result of a + social system in which maternity counted for more than paternity, + descent being traced and property handed down through women rather + than through men. At all events this explanation cannot be deemed + intrinsically improbable if we can show that the supposed cause has + produced the very same effect among existing peoples, about whose + institutions we possess accurate information. This I will now + endeavour to do.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc55" id="toc55"></a> <a name="pdf56" id="pdf56"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 2. Influence of Mother-Kin on + Religion.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Mother-kin and father-kin. The + Khasis of Assam have mother-kin, and among them goddesses + predominate over gods and priestesses over priests.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The social + system which traces descent and transmits property through the + mother alone may be called mother-kin, while the converse system + which traces descent and transmits property through the father + alone may be called father-kin.<a id="noteref_505" name= + "noteref_505" href="#note_505"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">505</span></span></a> A + good example of the influence which mother-kin may exert on + religion is furnished by the Khasis of Assam, whose customs and + beliefs have lately been carefully recorded by a British officer + specially charged with the study of the native races of the + province.<a id="noteref_506" name="noteref_506" href= + "#note_506"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">506</span></span></a> Like + the ancient Egyptians and the Semites of Syria and Mesopotamia, the + Khasis live in settled villages and maintain themselves chiefly by + the cultivation of the ground; yet <span class="tei tei-q">“their + social organization presents one of the most perfect examples still + surviving of matriarchal institutions, carried out with a logic and + thoroughness which, to those accustomed to regard the status and + authority of the father as the foundation of society, are + exceedingly remarkable. Not only is the mother the head and source, + and only bond of union, of the family: in the most primitive part + of the hills, the Synteng country, she is the only owner of real + property, and through her alone is <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> inheritance transmitted.<a id="noteref_507" + name="noteref_507" href="#note_507"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">507</span></span></a> The + father has no kinship with his children, who belong to their + mother's clan; what he earns goes to his own matriarchal stock, and + at his death his bones are deposited in the cromlech of his + mother's kin. In Jowai he neither lives nor eats in his wife's + house, but visits it only after dark. In the veneration of + ancestors, which is the foundation of the tribal piety, the primal + ancestress (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ka Iāwbei</span></span>) and her brother are + the only persons regarded. The flat memorial stones set up to + perpetuate the memory of the dead are called after the woman who + represents the clan (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">māw kynthei</span></span>), and the standing + stones ranged behind them are dedicated to the male kinsmen on the + mother's side. In harmony with this scheme of ancestor worship, the + other spirits to whom propitiation is offered are mainly female, + though here male personages also figure. The powers of sickness and + death are all female, and these are those most frequently + worshipped. The two protectors of the household are goddesses, + though with them is also revered the first father of the clan, + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">U + Thāwlang</span></span>. Priestesses assist at all sacrifices, and + the male officiants are only their deputies; in one important + state, Khyrim, the High Priestess and actual head of the State is a + woman, who combines in her person sacerdotal and regal + functions.”</span><a id="noteref_508" name="noteref_508" href= + "#note_508"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">508</span></span></a> Thus + amongst the Khasis of the present day the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> superiority of the goddess to the god, and + especially of the revered ancestress to the revered ancestor, is + based directly on the social system which traces descent and + transmits property through women only. It is not unreasonable + therefore to suppose that in Western Asia the superiority of the + Mother Goddess to the Father God originated in the same archaic + system of mother-kin.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Again, the Pelew Islanders have + mother-kin, and the deities of their clans are all + goddesses.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another instance + of the same cause producing the same effect may be drawn from the + institutions of the Pelew Islanders, which have been described by + an accurate observer long resident in the islands. These people, + who form a branch of the Micronesian stock, are divided into a + series of exogamous families or clans with descent in the female + line,<a id="noteref_509" name="noteref_509" href= + "#note_509"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">509</span></span></a> so + that, as usually happens under such a system, a man's heirs are not + his own children but the children of his sister or of his maternal + aunt.<a id="noteref_510" name="noteref_510" href= + "#note_510"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">510</span></span></a> Every + family or clan traces its descent from a woman, the common mother + of the whole kin,<a id="noteref_511" name="noteref_511" href= + "#note_511"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">511</span></span></a> and + accordingly the members of the clan worship a goddess, not a + god.<a id="noteref_512" name="noteref_512" href= + "#note_512"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">512</span></span></a> These + families or clans, with female descent and a worship of goddesses + rather than of gods, are grouped together in villages, each village + comprising <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg + 205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + about a score of clans and forming with its lands a petty + independent state.<a id="noteref_513" name="noteref_513" href= + "#note_513"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">513</span></span></a> Every + such village-state has its special deity or deities, generally a + god and a goddess. But these political deities of the villages are + said to be directly derived from the domestic deities of the + families or clans,<a id="noteref_514" name="noteref_514" href= + "#note_514"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">514</span></span></a> from + which it seems to follow that among these people gods are + historically later than goddesses and have been developed out of + them.<a id="noteref_515" name="noteref_515" href= + "#note_515"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">515</span></span></a> The + late origin of the gods as compared with the goddesses is further + indicated by the nature of their names.<a id="noteref_516" name= + "noteref_516" href="#note_516"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">516</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">This preference for goddesses is + to be explained by the importance of women in the social system + of the Pelew Islanders.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This preference + for goddesses over gods in the clans of the Pelew Islanders has + been explained, no doubt rightly, by the high importance of women + in the social system of the people.<a id="noteref_517" name= + "noteref_517" href="#note_517"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">517</span></span></a> For + the existence of the clan depends entirely on the life of the + women, not at all upon the life of the men. If the women survive, + it is no matter though every man of the clan should perish; for the + women will, as usual, marry men of another clan, and their + offspring will inherit their mother's clan, thereby prolonging its + existence. Whereas if the women of the clan all die out, the clan + necessarily becomes extinct, even though every man of it should + survive; for the men must, as usual, marry women of another clan, + and their offspring will inherit their mothers' clan, not the clan + of their fathers, which accordingly, with the death of the fathers, + is wiped out from the community. Hence in these islands women bear + the titles of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Adhalál a pelú</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Mothers of the Land,”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Adhalál a + blay</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“Mothers of the + Clan,”</span> and they are said to enjoy complete equality with the + men in every respect.<a id="noteref_518" name="noteref_518" href= + "#note_518"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">518</span></span></a> + Indeed, in one passage our principal authority speaks of + <span class="tei tei-q">“the predominance of feminine influence in + the social condition of the people,”</span> and asserts without + qualification that the women are politically and <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> socially superior to the men.<a id= + "noteref_519" name="noteref_519" href="#note_519"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">519</span></span></a> The + eldest women of the clan exercise, he tells us, the most decisive + influence on the conduct of its affairs, and the headman does + nothing without full consultation with them, a consultation which + in the great houses extends to affairs of state and foreign + politics.<a id="noteref_520" name="noteref_520" href= + "#note_520"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">520</span></span></a> Nay, + these elder women are even esteemed and treated as equal to the + deities in their lifetime.<a id="noteref_521" name="noteref_521" + href="#note_521"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">521</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The high position of women in the + Pelew Islands has also an industrial basis; for they alone + cultivate the taro, the staple food of the people.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the high + position which women thus take in Pelew society is not a result of + mother-kin only. It has an industrial as well as a kinship basis. + For the Pelew Islanders subsist mainly on the produce of their taro + fields, and the cultivation of this, their staple food, is the + business of the women alone. <span class="tei tei-q">“This cardinal + branch of Pelew agriculture, which is of paramount importance for + the subsistence of the people, is left entirely in the hands of the + women. This fact may have contributed materially to the + predominance of female influence in the social condition of the + people. The women do not merely bestow life on the people, they + also do that which is most essential for the preservation of life, + and therefore they are called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Adhalál a + pelú</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Mothers of the + Land,’</span> and are politically and socially superior to men. + Only their offspring enjoy the privilege of membership of the state + (the children of the men are, strictly speaking, strangers + destitute of rights), and the oldest women of the families are + esteemed and treated as equal to deities even in their lifetime, + and they exercise a decisive influence on the conduct of affairs of + state. No chief would venture to come to a decision without first + consulting with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Adhalál a blay</span></span>, the <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Mothers of the Family.’</span> From this point of view + it is impossible to regard the assignment of the taro cultivation + to women as a consequence of their subordinate position in society: + the women themselves do not so regard it. The richest woman of the + village looks with pride on her taro patch, and although she has + female followers enough to allow her merely to superintend the work + without taking part in it, she nevertheless prefers to lay aside + her fine apron and to betake herself to the deep <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> mire, clad in a small apron that hardly + hides her nakedness, with a little mat on her back to protect her + from the burning heat of the sun, and with a shade of banana leaves + for her eyes. There, dripping with sweat in the burning sun and + coated with mud to the hips and over the elbows, she toils to set + the younger women a good example. Moreover, as in every other + occupation, the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kaliths</span></span>, the gods, must also be + invoked, and who could be better fitted for the discharge of so + important a duty than the Mother of the House?”</span><a id= + "noteref_522" name="noteref_522" href="#note_522"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">522</span></span></a> It + seems clear that in any agricultural people who, like the Pelew + Islanders, retain mother-kin and depute the labours of husbandry to + women, the conception of a great Mother Goddess, the divine source + of all fertility, might easily originate. Perhaps the same social + and industrial conditions may have combined to develop the great + Mother Goddesses of Western Asia and Egypt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Both men and women in the Pelew + Islands attain to power by posing as the inspired mouthpieces + of the gods.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But in the Pelew + Islands women have yet another road to power. For some of them are + reputed to be the wives of gods, and act as their oracular + mouthpieces. Such prophetesses are called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Amlaheys</span></span>, and no surprise is + felt when one of them is brought to bed. Her child passes for the + offspring of the god, her divine husband, and goes about with his + hair hanging loose in token of his superhuman parentage. It is + thought that no mortal man would dare to intrigue with one of these + human wives of a god, since the jealous deity would surely visit + the rash culprit with deadly sickness and a lingering + decline.<a id="noteref_523" name="noteref_523" href= + "#note_523"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">523</span></span></a> But + in these islands men as well as women are often possessed by a + deity and speak in his name. Under his inspiration they mimic, + often with great histrionic skill, the particular appearance and + manner which are believed to be characteristic of the indwelling + divinity. These inspired men (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Korongs</span></span>) usually enjoy great + consideration and exert a powerful influence over the whole + community. They always acquire wealth in the exercise of their + profession. When they are not themselves chiefs, they are treated + as chiefs or even preferred to them. In not a few places the deity + whom <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span><a name= + "Pg208" id="Pg208" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> they personate is + also the political head of the land; and in that case his inspired + priest, however humble his origin, ranks as a spiritual king and + rules over all the chiefs. Indeed we are told that, with the + physical and intellectual decay of the race, the power of the + priests is more and more in the ascendant and threatens, if + unchecked, to develop before long into an absolute theocracy which + will swallow up every other form of government.<a id="noteref_524" + name="noteref_524" href="#note_524"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">524</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Parallel between the Pelew Islands + of to-day and the religious and social state of Western Asia + and Egypt in antiquity.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the + present, or at least the recent, state of society and religion in + the Pelew Islands presents some interesting parallels to the social + and religious condition of Western Asia and Egypt in early days, if + the conclusions reached in this work are correct. In both regions + we see a society based on mother-kin developing a religion in which + goddesses of the clan originally occupied the foremost place, + though in later times, as the clans coalesced into states, the old + goddesses have been rivalled and to some extent supplanted by the + new male gods of the enlarged pantheon. But in the religion of the + Pelew Islanders, as in that of the Khasis and the ancient + Egyptians, the balance of power has never wholly shifted from the + female to the male line, because society has never passed from + mother-kin to father-kin. And in the Pelew Islands as in the + ancient East we see the tide of political power running strongly in + the direction of theocracy, the people resigning the conduct of + affairs into the hands of men who claimed to rule them in the name + of the gods. In the Pelew Islands such men might have developed + into divine kings like those of Babylon and Egypt, if the natural + course of evolution had not been cut short by the intervention of + Europe.<a id="noteref_525" name="noteref_525" href= + "#note_525"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">525</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Mother-kin does not imply that the + government is in the hands of women.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The evidence of + the Khasis and the Pelew Islanders, two peoples very remote and + very different from each other, suffices to prove that the + influence which mother-kin may exert on religion is real and deep. + But in order <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg + 209]</span><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + to dissipate misapprehensions, which appear to be rife on this + subject, it may be well to remind or inform the reader that the + ancient and widespread custom of tracing descent and inheriting + property through the mother alone does not by any means imply that + the government of the tribes which observe the custom is in the + hands of women; in short, it should always be borne in mind that + mother-kin does not mean mother-rule. On the contrary, the practice + of mother-kin prevails most extensively amongst the lowest savages, + with whom woman, instead of being the ruler of man, is always his + drudge and often little better than his slave. Indeed, so far is + the system from implying any social superiority of women that it + probably took its rise from what we should regard as their deepest + degradation, to wit, from a state of society in which the relations + of the sexes were so loose and vague that children could not be + fathered on any particular man.<a id="noteref_526" name= + "noteref_526" href="#note_526"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">526</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The inheritance of property, + especially of landed property, through the mother certainly + tends to raise the social importance of women, but this + tendency is never carried so far as to subordinate men + politically to women.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When we pass + from the purely savage state to that higher plane of culture in + which the accumulation of property, and especially of landed + property, has become a powerful instrument of social and political + influence, we naturally find that wherever the ancient preference + for the female line of descent has been retained, it tends to + increase the importance and enhance the dignity of woman; and her + aggrandizement is most marked in princely families, where she + either herself holds royal authority as well as private property, + or at least transmits them both to her consort or her children. But + this social advance of women has never been carried so far as to + place men as a whole in a position of political subordination to + them. Even where the system of mother-kin in regard to descent and + property has prevailed most fully, the actual government has + generally, if not invariably, remained in the hands of men. + Exceptions have no doubt occurred; women have occasionally arisen + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg 210]</span><a name= + "Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> who by sheer force + of character have swayed for a time the destinies of their people. + But such exceptions are rare and their effects transitory; they do + not affect the truth of the general rule that human society has + been governed in the past and, human nature remaining the same, is + likely to be governed in the future, mainly by masculine force and + masculine intelligence.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Thus while the Khasis and Pelew + Islanders have mother-kin, they are governed by men, not by + women.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To this rule the + Khasis, with their elaborate system of mother-kin, form no + exception. For among them, while landed property is both + transmitted through women and held by women alone, political power + is transmitted indeed through women, but is held by men; in other + words, the Khasi tribes are, with a single exception, governed by + kings, not by queens. And even in the one tribe, which is nominally + ruled by women, the real power is delegated by the reigning queen + or High Priestess to her son, her nephew, or a more distant male + relation. In all the other tribes the kingship may be held by a + woman only on the failure of all male heirs in the female + line.<a id="noteref_527" name="noteref_527" href= + "#note_527"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">527</span></span></a> So + far is mother-kin from implying mother-rule. A Khasi king inherits + power in right of his mother, but he exercises it in his own. + Similarly the Pelew Islanders, in spite of their system of + mother-kin, are governed by chiefs, not by chieftainesses. It is + true that there are chieftainesses, and that they indirectly + exercise much influence; but their direct authority is limited to + the affairs of women, especially to the administration of the + women's clubs or associations, which <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page211">[pg 211]</span><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> answer to the clubs or associations of the + men.<a id="noteref_528" name="noteref_528" href= + "#note_528"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">528</span></span></a> And + to take another example, the Melanesians, like the Khasis and the + Pelew Islanders, have the system of mother-kin, being similarly + divided into exogamous clans with descent in the female line; + <span class="tei tei-q">“but it must be understood that the mother + is in no way the head of the family. The house of the family is the + father's, the garden is his, the rule and government are + his.”</span><a id="noteref_529" name="noteref_529" href= + "#note_529"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">529</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The theory of a gynaecocracy and + of the predominance of the female imagination in religion is an + idle dream.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We may safely + assume that the practice has been the same among all the many + peoples who have retained the ancient system of mother-kin under a + monarchical constitution. In Africa, for example, the chieftainship + or kingship often descends in the female line, but it is men, not + women, who inherit it.<a id="noteref_530" name="noteref_530" href= + "#note_530"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">530</span></span></a> The + theory of a gynaecocracy is in truth a dream of visionaries and + pedants. And equally chimerical is the idea that the predominance + of goddesses under a system of mother-kin like that of the Khasis + is a creation of the female mind. If women ever created gods, they + would be more likely to give them masculine than feminine features. + In point of fact the great religious ideals which have permanently + impressed themselves on the world seem always to have been a + product of the male imagination. Men make gods and women worship + them. The combination of ancestor-worship with mother-kin furnishes + a simple and sufficient explanation of the superiority of goddesses + over gods in a state of society where these conditions prevail. Men + naturally assign the first place in their devotions to the + ancestress from whom they trace their descent. We need not resort + to a fantastic hypothesis of the preponderance of the feminine + fancy in order to account for the facts.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">But mother-kin is a solid fact, + which can hardly have failed to modify the religion of the + peoples who practise it.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The theory that + under a system of mother-kin the women rule the men and set up + goddesses for them to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg + 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + worship is indeed so improbable in itself, and so contrary to + experience, that it scarcely deserves the serious attention which + it appears to have received.<a id="noteref_531" name="noteref_531" + href="#note_531"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">531</span></span></a> But + when we have brushed aside these cobwebs, as we must do, we are + still left face to face with the solid fact of the wide prevalence + of mother-kin, that is, of a social system which traces descent and + transmits property through women and not through men. That a social + system so widely spread and so deeply rooted should have affected + the religion of the peoples who practise it, may reasonably be + inferred, especially when we remember that in primitive communities + the social relations of the gods commonly reflect the social + relations of their worshippers. How the system of mother-kin may + mould religious ideas and customs, creating goddesses and assigning + at least a nominal superiority to priestesses over priests, is + shown with perfect lucidity by the example of the Khasis, and + hardly less clearly by the example of the Pelew Islanders. It + cannot therefore be rash to hold that what the system has certainly + done for these peoples, it may well have done for many more. But + unfortunately through lack of documentary evidence we are seldom + able to trace its influence so clearly.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc57" id="toc57"></a> <a name="pdf58" id="pdf58"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 3. Mother-Kin and Mother Goddesses + in the Ancient East.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Mother-kin and mother-goddesses in + Western Asia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While the + combination of mother-kin in society with a preference for + goddesses in religion is to be found as a matter of fact among the + Khasis and Pelew Islanders of to-day, the former prevalence of + mother-kin in the lands where the great goddesses Astarte and + Cybele were worshipped is a matter of inference only. In later + times father-kin had certainly displaced mother-kin among the + Semitic worshippers of Astarte, and probably the same change had + taken place among the Phrygian worshippers of Cybele. Yet the older + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span><a name= + "Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> custom lingered in + Lycia down to the historical period;<a id="noteref_532" name= + "noteref_532" href="#note_532"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">532</span></span></a> and + we may conjecture that in former times it was widely spread through + Asia Minor. The secluded situation and rugged mountains of Lycia + favoured the survival of a native language and of native + institutions long after these had disappeared from the wide plains + and fertile valleys which lay on the highroads of war and commerce. + Lycia was to Asia Minor what the highlands of Wales and of Scotland + have been to Britain, the last entrenchments where the old race + stood at bay. And even among the Semites of antiquity, though + father-kin finally prevailed in matters of descent and property, + traces of an older system of mother-kin, with its looser sexual + relations, appear to have long survived in the sphere of religion. + At all events one of the most learned and acute of Semitic scholars + adduced what he regarded as evidence sufficient to prove + <span class="tei tei-q">“that in old Arabian religion gods and + goddesses often occurred in pairs, the goddess being the greater, + so that the god cannot be her Baal, that the goddess is often a + mother without being a wife, and the god her son, and that the + progress of things was towards changing goddesses into gods or + lowering them beneath the male deity.”</span><a id="noteref_533" + name="noteref_533" href="#note_533"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">533</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Mother-kin in ancient + Egypt.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Egypt the + archaic system of mother-kin, with its preference for women over + men in matters of property and inheritance, lasted down to Roman + times, and it was traditionally <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> based on the example of Isis, who had avenged + her husband's murder and had continued to reign after his decease, + conferring benefits on mankind. <span class="tei tei-q">“For these + reasons,”</span> says Diodorus Siculus, <span class="tei tei-q">“it + was appointed that the queen should enjoy greater power and honour + than the king, and that among private people the wife should rule + over her husband, in the marriage contract the husband agreeing to + obey his wife in all things.”</span><a id="noteref_534" name= + "noteref_534" href="#note_534"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">534</span></span></a> A + corollary of the superior position thus conceded to women in Egypt + was that the obligation of maintaining parents in their old age + rested on the daughters, not on the sons, of the family.<a id= + "noteref_535" name="noteref_535" href="#note_535"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">535</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Marriages of brothers with sisters + in ancient Egypt.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The same legal + superiority of women over men accounts for the most remarkable + feature in the social system of the ancient Egyptians, to wit, the + marriage of full brothers with full sisters. That marriage, which + to us seems strange and unnatural, was by no means a whim of the + reigning Ptolemies; on the contrary, these Macedonian conquerors + appear, with characteristic prudence, to have borrowed the custom + from their Egyptian predecessors for the express purpose of + conciliating native prejudice. In the eyes of the Egyptians + <span class="tei tei-q">“marriage between brother and sister was + the best of marriages, and it acquired an ineffable degree of + sanctity when the brother and sister who contracted it were + themselves born of a brother and sister, who had in their turn also + sprung from a union of the same sort.”</span><a id="noteref_536" + name="noteref_536" href="#note_536"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">536</span></span></a> Nor + did the principle apply only to gods and kings. The common people + acted on it in their daily life. They regarded marriages between + brothers and sisters as the most natural and reasonable of + all.<a id="noteref_537" name="noteref_537" href= + "#note_537"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">537</span></span></a> The + evidence of legal documents, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page215">[pg 215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> including marriage contracts, tends to prove + that such unions were the rule, not the exception, in ancient + Egypt, and that they continued to form the majority of marriages + long after the Romans had obtained a firm footing in the country. + As we cannot suppose that Roman influence was used to promote a + custom which must have been abhorrent to Roman instincts, we may + safely assume that the proportion of brother and sister marriages + in Egypt had been still greater in the days when the country was + free.<a id="noteref_538" name="noteref_538" href= + "#note_538"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">538</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Such marriages were based on a + wish to keep the property in the family.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would + doubtless be a mistake to treat these marriages as a relic of + savagery, as a survival of a tribal communism which knew no bar to + the intercourse of the sexes. For such a theory would not explain + why union with a sister was not only allowed, but preferred to all + others. The true motive of that preference was most probably the + wish of brothers to obtain for their own use the family property, + which belonged of right to their sisters, and which otherwise they + would have seen in the enjoyment of strangers, the husbands of + their sisters. This is the system which in Ceylon is known as + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">beena</span></span> marriage. Under it the + daughter, not the son, is the heir. She stays at home, and her + husband comes and lives with her in the house; but her brother goes + away and dwells in his wife's home, inheriting nothing from his + parents.<a id="noteref_539" name="noteref_539" href= + "#note_539"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">539</span></span></a> Such + a system could not fail in time to prove irksome. Men would be loth + to quit the old home, resign the ancestral property to a stranger, + and go out to seek their fortune empty-handed in the world. The + remedy was obvious. A man had nothing to do but to marry his sister + himself instead of handing her over to another. Having done so he + stayed at home and enjoyed the family estate in virtue of his + marriage with the heiress. This simple and perfectly effective + expedient for keeping the property in the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> family most probably explains the custom of + brother and sister marriage in Egypt.<a id="noteref_540" name= + "noteref_540" href="#note_540"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">540</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Thus the traditional marriage of + Osiris with his sister Isis reflected a real social custom. The + passing of the old world in Egypt.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the union + of Osiris with his sister Isis was not a freak of the + story-teller's fancy: it reflected a social custom which was itself + based on practical considerations of the most solid kind. When we + reflect that this practice of mother-kin as opposed to father-kin + survived down to the latest times of antiquity, not in an obscure + and barbarous tribe, but in a nation whose immemorial civilization + was its glory and the wonder of the world, we may without being + extravagant suppose that a similar practice formerly prevailed in + Syria and Phrygia, and that it accounts for the superiority of the + goddess over the god in the divine partnerships of Adonis and + Astarte, of Attis and Cybele. But the ancient system both of + society and of religion had undergone far more change in these + countries than in Egypt, where to the last the main outlines of the + old structure could be traced in the national institutions to which + the Egyptians clung with a passionate, a fanatical devotion. + Mother-kin, the divinity of kings and queens, a sense of the + original connexion of the gods with nature—these things outlived + the Persian, the Macedonian, the Roman conquest, and only perished + under the more powerful solvent of Christianity. But the old order + did not vanish at once with the official establishment of the new + religion. In the age of Constantine the Greeks of Egypt still + attributed the rise of the Nile to Serapis, the later form of + Osiris, alleging <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg + 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + that the inundation could not take place if the standard cubit, + which was used to measure it, were not deposited according to + custom in the temple of the god. The emperor ordered the cubit to + be transferred to a church; and next year, to the general surprise, + the river rose just as usual.<a id="noteref_541" name="noteref_541" + href="#note_541"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">541</span></span></a> Even + at a later time Athanasius himself had to confess with sorrow and + indignation that under his own eyes the Egyptians still annually + mourned the death of Osiris.<a id="noteref_542" name="noteref_542" + href="#note_542"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">542</span></span></a> The + end came with the destruction of the great Serapeum at Alexandria, + the last stronghold of the heathen in Egypt. It perished in a + furious and bloody sedition, in which Christians and pagans seem to + have vied with each other in mutual atrocities. After its fall the + temples were levelled with the ground or converted into churches, + and the images of the old gods went to the melting-pot to be + converted into base uses for the rabble of Alexandria.<a id= + "noteref_543" name="noteref_543" href="#note_543"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">543</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Egyptian conservatism partly an + effect of natural conditions and habits of life.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The singular + tenacity with which the Egyptian people maintained their + traditional beliefs and customs for thousands of years sprang no + doubt from the stubborn conservatism of the national character. Yet + that conservatism was itself in great measure an effect of + geographical and climatic conditions and of the ways of life which + they favoured. Surrounded on every side by deserts or almost + harbourless seas, the Egyptians occupied a position of great + natural strength which for long ages together protected them from + invasion and allowed their native habits to set and harden, + undisturbed by the subversive influence of foreign conquest. The + wonderful regularity of nature in Egypt also conduced to a + corresponding stability in the minds of the people. Year in, year + out, the immutable succession of the seasons brought with it the + same unvarying round of agricultural toil. What the fathers had + done, the sons did in the same manner at the same season, and so it + went on from <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg + 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + generation to generation. This monotonous routine is common indeed + to all purely agricultural communities, and everywhere tends to + beget in the husbandman a settled phlegmatic habit of mind very + different from the mobility, the alertness, the pliability of + character which the hazards and uncertainties of commerce and the + sea foster in the merchant and the sailor. The saturnine + temperament of the farmer is as naturally averse to change as the + more mercurial spirit of the trader and the seaman is predisposed + to it. But the stereotyping of ideas and of customs was carried + further in Egypt than in most lands devoted to husbandry by reason + of the greater uniformity of the Egyptian seasons and the more + complete isolation of the country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The old type of Osiris better + preserved than those of Adonis and Attis.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The general + effect of these causes was to create a type of national character + which presented many points of resemblance to that of the Chinese. + In both we see the same inflexible strength of will, the same + astonishing industry, the same strange blend of humanity and + savagery, the same obstinate adherence to tradition, the same pride + of race and of ancient civilization, the same contempt for + foreigners as for upstarts and barbarians, the same patient outward + submission to an alien rule combined with an unshakeable inward + devotion to native ideals. It was this conservative temper of the + people, bred in great measure of the physical nature of their land, + which, so to say, embalmed the memory of Osiris long after the + corresponding figures of Adonis and Attis had suffered decay. For + while Egypt enjoyed profound repose, the tides of war and conquest, + of traffic and commerce, had for centuries rolled over Western + Asia, the native home of Adonis and Attis; and if the shock of + nationalities in this great meeting-ground of East and West was + favourable to the rise of new faiths and new moralities, it was in + the same measure unfavourable to the preservation of the old.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span><a name= + "Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc59" id="toc59"></a> <a name="pdf60" id="pdf60"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Notes.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc61" id="toc61"></a> <a name="pdf62" id="pdf62"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">I. Moloch The King.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Moloch perhaps the human king + regarded as an incarnate deity.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I cannot leave + the evidence for the sacred character of Jewish kings<a id= + "noteref_544" name="noteref_544" href="#note_544"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">544</span></span></a> + without mentioning a suggestion which was made to me by my friend + and teacher the Rev. Professor R. H. Kennett. He thinks that + Moloch, to whom first-born children were burnt by their parents in + the valley of Hinnom, outside the walls of Jerusalem,<a id= + "noteref_545" name="noteref_545" href="#note_545"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">545</span></span></a> may + have been originally the human king regarded as an incarnate deity. + Certainly the name of Moloch, or rather Molech (for so it is always + written in the Massoretic text<a id="noteref_546" name= + "noteref_546" href="#note_546"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">546</span></span></a>), is + merely a slightly disguised <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> form of <span lang="he" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">melech</span></span>, the ordinary Hebrew word + for <span class="tei tei-q">“king,”</span> the scribes having + apparently given the dreadful word the vowels of bosheth, + <span class="tei tei-q">“shameful thing.”</span><a id="noteref_547" + name="noteref_547" href="#note_547"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">547</span></span></a> But + it seems clear that in historical times the Jews who offered these + sacrifices identified Molech, not with the human king, but with + Jehovah, though the prophets protested against the custom as an + outrage on the divine majesty.<a id="noteref_548" name= + "noteref_548" href="#note_548"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">548</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The sacrifices to Moloch may have + been intended to prolong the king's life. Vicarious sacrifices + for a king or queen in Sweden, Persia, and Madagascar.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If, however, + these sacrifices were originally offered to or in behalf of the + human king, it is possible that they were intended to prolong his + life and strengthen his hands for the performance of those magical + functions which he was expected to discharge for the good of his + people. The old kings of Sweden answered with their heads for the + fertility of the ground,<a id="noteref_549" name="noteref_549" + href="#note_549"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">549</span></span></a> and + we read that one of them, Aun or On by name, sacrificed nine of his + sons to Odin at Upsala in order that his own life might be spared. + After the sacrifice of his second son he received from the god an + oracle that he should live as long as he gave him one of his sons + every tenth year. When he had thus sacrificed seven sons, the + ruthless father still lived, but was so feeble that he could no + longer walk and had to be carried in a chair. Then he offered up + his eighth son and lived ten years more, bedridden. After that he + sacrificed his ninth son, and lived ten years more, drinking out of + a horn like a weaned child. He now wished to sacrifice his last + remaining son to Odin, but the Swedes would not let him, so he died + and was buried in a mound at Upsala.<a id="noteref_550" name= + "noteref_550" href="#note_550"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">550</span></span></a> In + this Swedish tradition the king's children seem to have been looked + upon as substitutes offered to the god in place of their father, + and apparently this was also the current explanation of the + slaughter of the first-born in the later times of Israel.<a id= + "noteref_551" name="noteref_551" href="#note_551"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">551</span></span></a> On + that view the sacrifices were vicarious, and therefore purely + religious, being intended to propitiate a stern and exacting deity. + Similarly we read that when Amestris, wife of Xerxes, was grown + old, she sacrificed on her behalf twice seven noble children to the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg 221]</span><a name= + "Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> earth god by burying + them alive.<a id="noteref_552" name="noteref_552" href= + "#note_552"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">552</span></span></a> If + the story is true—and it rests on the authority of Herodotus, a + nearly contemporary witness—we may surmise that the aged queen + acted thus with an eye to the future rather than to the past; she + hoped that the grim god of the nether-world would accept the young + victims in her stead, and let her live for many years. The same + idea of vicarious suffering comes out in a tradition told of a + certain Hova king of Madagascar, who bore the sonorous name of + Andriamasinavalona. When he had grown sickly and feeble, the oracle + was consulted as to the best way of restoring him to health. + <span class="tei tei-q">“The following result was the consequence + of the directions of the oracle. A speech was first delivered to + the people, offering great honours and rewards to the family of any + individual who would freely offer himself to be sacrificed, in + order to the king's recovery. The people shuddered at the idea, and + ran away in different directions. One man, however, presented + himself for the purpose, and his offer was accepted. The sacrificer + girded up his loins, sharpened his knife, and bound the victim. + After which, he was laid down with his head towards the east, upon + a mat spread for the purpose, according to the custom with animals + on such occasions, when the priest appeared, to proceed with all + solemnity in slaughtering the victim by cutting his throat. A + quantity of red liquid, however, which had been prepared from a + native dye, was spilled in the ceremony; and, to the amazement of + those who looked on, blood seemed to be flowing all around. The + man, as might be supposed, was unhurt; but the king rewarded him + and his descendants with the perpetual privilege of exemption from + capital punishment for any violation of the laws. The descendants + of the man to this day form a particular class, called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Tay maty + manota</span></span>, which may be translated, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Not dead, though transgressing.’</span> Instances + frequently occur, of individuals of this class appropriating + bullocks, rice, and other things belonging to the sovereign, as if + they were their own, and escaping merely with a reprimand, while a + common person would have to suffer death, or be reduced to + slavery.”</span><a id="noteref_553" name="noteref_553" href= + "#note_553"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">553</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Other sacrifices for prolonging + the king's life appear to be magical rather than religious. + Custom in the Niger delta.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sometimes, + however, the practices intended to prolong the king's life seem to + rest on a theory of nutrition rather than of substitution; in other + words, the life of the victims, instead of being offered + vicariously to a god, is apparently supposed to pass directly into + the body of the sacrificer, thus refreshing his failing strength + and prolonging his existence. So regarded, the custom is magical + rather than religious in character, since the desired effect is + thought to follow directly without the intervention of a deity. At + all events, it can be shown that sacrifices of this sort have been + offered to prolong the life of kings in other parts of the world. + Thus in regard to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg + 222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + some of the negroes who inhabit the delta of the Niger we read + that: <span class="tei tei-q">“A custom which formerly was + practised by the Ibani, and is still prevalent among all the + interior tribes, consists in prolonging the life of a king or + ancestral representative by the daily, or possibly weekly, + sacrifice of a chicken and egg. Every morning, as soon as the + patriarch has risen from his bed, the sacrificial articles are + procured either by his mother, head wife, or eldest daughter, and + given to the priest, who receives them on the open space in front + of the house. When this has been reported to the patriarch, he + comes outside and, sitting down, joins in the ceremony. Taking the + chicken in his hand, the priest first of all touches the + patriarch's face with it, and afterwards passes it over the whole + of his body. He then cuts its throat and allows the blood to drop + on the ground. Mixing the blood and the earth into a paste, he rubs + it on the old man's forehead and breast, and this is not to be + washed off under any circumstances until the evening. The chicken + and the egg, also a piece of white cloth, are now tied on to a + stick, which, if a stream is in the near vicinity, is planted in + the ground at the water-side. During the carriage of these articles + to the place in question, all the wives and many members of the + household accompany the priest, invoking the deity as they go to + prolong their father's life. This is done in the firm conviction + that through the sacrifice of each chicken his life will be + accordingly prolonged.”</span><a id="noteref_554" name= + "noteref_554" href="#note_554"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">554</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Customs observed by the Zulus and + Caffres to prolong the king's life.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ceremony + thus described is, like so many other rites, a combination of magic + and religion; for whereas the prayers to the god are religious, the + passing of the victim over the king's body and the smearing of him + with its blood are magical, being plainly intended to convey to him + directly, without the mediation of any deity, the life of the fowl. + In the following instances the practices for prolonging the king's + life seem to be purely magical. Among the Zulus, at one of the + annual feasts of first-fruits, a bull is killed by a particular + regiment. In slaughtering the beast they may not use spears or + sticks, but must break its neck or choke it with their bare hands. + <span class="tei tei-q">“It is then burned, and the strength of the + bull is supposed to enter into the king, thereby prolonging his + life.”</span><a id="noteref_555" name="noteref_555" href= + "#note_555"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">555</span></span></a> + Again, in an early Portuguese historian we read of a Caffre king of + East Africa that <span class="tei tei-q">“it is related of this + Monomotapa that he has a house where he commands bodies of men who + have died at the hands of the law to be hung up, and where thus + hanging all the humidity <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg + 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of their bodies falls into vases placed underneath, and when all + has dropped from them and they shrink and dry up he commands them + to be taken down and buried, and with the fat and moisture in the + vases they say he makes ointments with which he anoints himself in + order to enjoy long life—which is his belief—and also to be proof + against receiving harm from sorcerers.”</span><a id="noteref_556" + name="noteref_556" href="#note_556"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">556</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Customs observed by the Baganda to + prolong the king's life. Human victims killed in order to + invigorate the king.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Baganda of + Central Africa used to kill men on various occasions for the + purpose of prolonging the king's life; in all cases it would seem + to be thought that the life of the murdered man was in some + mysterious fashion transferred to the king, so that the monarch + received thereby a fresh accession of vital energy. For example, + whenever a particular royal drum had a new skin put on it, not only + was a cow killed to furnish the skin and its blood run into the + drum, but a man was beheaded and the spouting blood from the + severed neck was allowed to gush into the drum, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“so that, when the drum was beaten, it was supposed to + add fresh life and vigour to the king from the life of the slain + man.”</span><a id="noteref_557" name="noteref_557" href= + "#note_557"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">557</span></span></a> + Again, at the coronation of a new king, a royal chamberlain was + chosen to take charge of the king's inner court and to guard his + wives. From the royal presence the chamberlain was conducted, along + with eight captives, to one of the human shambles; there he was + blindfolded while seven of the men were clubbed to death, only the + dull thud and crashing sound telling him of what was taking place. + But when the seven had been thus despatched, the bandages were + removed from the chamberlain's eyes and he witnessed the death of + the eighth. As each man was killed, his belly was ripped open and + his bowels pulled out and hung round the chamberlain's neck. These + deaths were said to add to the King's vigour and to make the + chamberlain strong and faithful.<a id="noteref_558" name= + "noteref_558" href="#note_558"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">558</span></span></a> Nor + were these the only human sacrifices offered at a king's coronation + for the purpose of strengthening the new monarch. When the king had + reigned two or three months, he was expected to hunt first a + leopard and then a bushbuck. On the night after the hunt of the + bushbuck, one of the ministers of State caught a man and brought + him before the king in the dark; the king speared him slightly, + then the man was strangled and the body thrown into a papyrus + swamp, that it might never be found again. Another ceremony + performed about this time to confirm the king in his kingdom was to + catch a man, bind him, and bring him before the king, who wounded + him slightly with a spear. Then the man was put to death. These men + were killed to invigorate the king.<a id="noteref_559" name= + "noteref_559" href="#note_559"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">559</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Chief's son killed to provide the + king with anklets.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When a king of + Uganda had reigned some time, apparently several years, a ceremony + was performed for the sake of prolonging his life. For this purpose + the king paid a visit—a fatal visit—to a chief of the Lung-fish + clan, who bore the title of Nankere and resided in the district of + Busiro, where the tombs and temples of the kings were situated. + When the time for the ceremony had been appointed, the chief chose + one of his own sons, who was to die that the king might live. If + the chief had no son, a near relation was compelled to serve as a + substitute. The hapless youth was fed and clothed and treated in + all respects like a prince, and taken to live in a particular house + near the place where the king was to lodge for the ceremony. When + the destined victim had been feasted and guarded for a month, the + king set out on his progress from the capital. On the way he + stopped at the temple of the great god Mukasa; there he changed his + garments, leaving behind him in the temple those which he had been + wearing. Also he left behind him all his anklets, and did not put + on any fresh ones, for he was shortly to receive new anklets of a + remarkable kind. When the king arrived at his destination, the + chief met him, and the two exchanged a gourd of beer. At this + interview the king's mother was present to see her son for the last + time; for from that moment the two were never allowed to look upon + each other again. The chief addressed the king's mother informing + her of this final separation; then turning to the king he said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“You are now of age; go and live longer + than your forefathers.”</span> Then the chief's son was introduced. + The chief took him by the hand and presented him to the king, who + passed him on to the body-guard; they led him outside and killed + him by beating him with their clenched fists. The muscles from the + back of the body of the murdered youth were removed and made into + two anklets for the king, and a strip of skin cut from the corpse + was made into a whip, which was kept in the royal enclosure for + special feasts. The dead body was thrown on waste land and guarded + against wild beasts, but not buried.<a id="noteref_560" name= + "noteref_560" href="#note_560"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">560</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The king's game.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When that + ceremony was over, the king departed to go to another chief in + Busiro; but on the way thither he stopped at a place called Baka + and sat down under a great tree to play a game of spinning + fruit-stones. It is a children's game, but it was no child's play + to the man who ran to fetch the fruit-stones for the king to play + with; for he was caught and speared to death on the spot for the + purpose of prolonging the king's life. After the game had been + played the king with his train passed on and lodged with a certain + princess till the anklets made from the muscles of the chief's + murdered son were ready for him to wear; <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> it was the princess who had to superintend + the making of these royal ornaments.<a id="noteref_561" name= + "noteref_561" href="#note_561"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">561</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The whip of human skin.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When all these + ceremonies were over, the king made a great feast. At this feast a + priest went about carrying under his mantle the whip that had been + made from the skin of the murdered young man. As he passed through + the crowd of merrymakers, he would flick a man here and there with + the whip, and it was believed that the man on whom the lash lighted + would be childless and might die, unless he made an offering of + either nine or ninety cowrie shells to the priest who had struck + him. Naturally he hastened to procure the shells and take them to + the striker, who, on receiving them, struck the man on the shoulder + with his hand, thus restoring to him the generative powers of which + the blow of the whip had deprived him. At the end of the feast the + drummers removed all the drums but one, which they left as if they + had forgotten it. Somebody in the crowd would notice the apparent + oversight and run after the drummers with the drum, saying, + <span class="tei tei-q">“You have left one behind.”</span> The + thanks he received was that he was caught and killed and the bones + of his upper arm made into drumsticks for that particular drum. The + drum was never afterwards brought out during the whole of the + king's reign, but was kept covered up till the time came to bring + it out on the corresponding feast of his successor. Yet from time + to time the priest, who had flicked the revellers with the whip of + human skin, would dress himself up in a mantle of cow-hide from + neck to foot, and concealing the drumstick of human bones under his + robe would go into the king's presence, and suddenly whipping out + the bones from his bosom would brandish them in the king's face. + Then he would as suddenly hide them again, but only to repeat the + manoeuvre. After that he retired and restored the bones to their + usual place. They were decorated with cowrie shells and little + bells, which jingled as he shook them at the king.<a id= + "noteref_562" name="noteref_562" href="#note_562"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">562</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Modes in which the strength of the + human victims was thought to pass into the king.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The precise + meaning of these latter ceremonies is obscure; but we may suppose + that just as the human blood poured into a drum was thought to pass + into the king's veins in the booming notes of the drum, so the + clicking of the human bones and the jingling of their bells were + supposed to infuse into the royal person the vigour of the murdered + man. The purpose of flicking commoners with the whip made of human + skin is even more obscure; but we may conjecture that the life or + virility of every man struck with the whip was supposed to be + transmitted in some way to the king, who thus recruited his vital, + and especially his reproductive, energies at this solemn feast. If + I am right in my interpretation, all these Baganda <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> modes of strengthening the king and + prolonging his life belonged to the nutritive rather than to the + vicarious type of sacrifice, from which it will follow that they + were magical rather than religious in character.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Massacres perpetrated when a king + of Uganda was ill.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The same thing + may perhaps be said of the wholesale massacres which used to be + perpetrated when a king of Uganda was ill. At these times the + priests informed the royal patient that persons marked by a certain + physical peculiarity, such as a cast of the eye, a particular gait, + or a distinctive colouring, must be put to death. Accordingly the + king sent out his catchpoles, who waylaid such persons in the roads + and dragged them to the royal enclosure, where they were kept until + the tale of victims prescribed by the priest was complete. Before + they were led away to one of the eight places of execution, which + were regularly appointed for this purpose in different parts of the + kingdom, the victims had to drink medicated beer with the king out + of a special pot, in order that he might have power over their + ghosts, lest they should afterwards come back to torment him. They + were killed, sometimes by being speared to death, sometimes by + being hacked to pieces, sometimes by being burned alive. Contrary + to the usual custom of the Baganda, the bodies, or what remained of + the bodies, of these unfortunates were always left unburied on the + place of execution.<a id="noteref_563" name="noteref_563" href= + "#note_563"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">563</span></span></a> In + what way precisely the sick king was supposed to benefit by these + massacres of his subjects does not appear, but we may surmise that + somehow the victims were believed to give their lives for him or to + him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Yet the sacrifices of children to + Moloch may be otherwise explained.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus it is + possible that in Israel also the sacrifices of children to Moloch + were in like manner intended to prolong the life of the human king + (<span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">melech</span></span>) either by serving as + substitutes for him or by recruiting his failing energies with + their vigorous young life. But it is equally possible, and perhaps + more probable, that the sacrifice of the first-born children was + only a particular application of the ancient law which devoted to + the deity the first-born of every womb, whether of cattle or of + human beings.<a id="noteref_564" name="noteref_564" href= + "#note_564"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">564</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span><a name= + "Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc63" id="toc63"></a> <a name="pdf64" id="pdf64"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">II. The Widowed Flamen.</span></h2> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="toc65" id="toc65"></a> <a name="pdf66" id="pdf66"></a> + + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">§ 1. The Pollution of + Death.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Theory that the resignation of + the widowed Flamen Dialis was caused by the pollution of + death.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A different + explanation of the rule which obliged the Flamen Dialis to resign + the priesthood on the death of his wife<a id="noteref_565" name= + "noteref_565" href="#note_565"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">565</span></span></a> has + been suggested by my friend Dr. L. R. Farnell. He supposes that + such a bereavement would render the Flamen ceremonially impure, + and therefore unfit to hold office.<a id="noteref_566" name= + "noteref_566" href="#note_566"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">566</span></span></a> It + is true that the ceremonial pollution caused by death commonly + disqualifies a man for the discharge of sacred functions, but as + a rule the disqualification is only temporary and can be removed + by seclusion and the observance of purificatory rites, the length + of the seclusion and the nature of the purification varying with + the degree of relationship in which the living stand to the dead. + Thus, for example, if one of the sacred eunuchs at + Hierapolis-Bambyce saw the dead body of a stranger, he was + unclean for that day and might not enter the sanctuary of the + goddess; but next day after purifying himself he was free to + enter. But if the corpse happened to be that of a relation he was + unclean for thirty days and had to shave his head before he might + set foot within the holy precinct.<a id="noteref_567" name= + "noteref_567" href="#note_567"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">567</span></span></a> + Again, in the Greek island of Ceos persons who had offered the + annual sacrifices to their departed friends were unclean for two + days afterwards and might not enter a sanctuary; they had to + purify themselves with water.<a id="noteref_568" name= + "noteref_568" href="#note_568"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">568</span></span></a> + Similarly no one might go into the shrine of Men Tyrannus for ten + days after being in contact with the dead.<a id="noteref_569" + name="noteref_569" href="#note_569"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">569</span></span></a> + Once more, at Stratonicea in Caria a chorus of thirty noble boys, + clad in white and holding branches in their hands, used to sing a + hymn daily in honour of Zeus and Hecate; but if one of them were + sick or had suffered a domestic bereavement, he was for the time + being excused, not permanently excluded, from the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id= + "Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> performance of his sacred + duties.<a id="noteref_570" name="noteref_570" href= + "#note_570"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">570</span></span></a> On + the analogy of these and similar cases we should expect to find + the widowed Flamen temporarily debarred from the exercise of his + office, not permanently relieved of it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Apparent parallel among the + Todas.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">However, in + support of Dr. Farnell's view I would cite an Indian parallel + which was pointed out to me by Dr. W. H. R. Rivers. Among the + Todas of the Neilgherry Hills in Southern India the priestly + dairyman (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">palol</span></span>) is a sacred personage, + and his life, like that of the Flamen Dialis, is hedged in by + many taboos. Now when a death occurs in his clan, the dairyman + may not attend any of the funeral ceremonies unless he gives up + office, but he may be re-elected after the second funeral + ceremonies have been completed. In the interval his place must be + taken by a man of another clan. Some eighteen or nineteen years + ago a man named Karkievan resigned the office of dairyman when + his wife died, but two years later he was re-elected and has held + office ever since. There have meantime been many deaths in his + clan, but he has not attended a funeral, and has not therefore + had to resign his post again. Apparently in old times a more + stringent rule prevailed, and the dairyman was obliged to vacate + office whenever a death occurred in his clan. For, according to + tradition, the clan of Keadrol was divided into its two existing + divisions for the express purpose of ensuring that there might + still be men to undertake the office of dairyman when a death + occurred in the clan, the men of the one division taking office + whenever there was a death in the other.<a id="noteref_571" name= + "noteref_571" href="#note_571"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">571</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At first sight + this case may seem exactly parallel to the case of the Flamen + Dialis and the Flaminica on Dr. Farnell's theory; for here there + can be no doubt whatever that it is the pollution of death which + disqualifies the sacred dairyman from holding office, since, if + he only avoids that pollution by not attending the funeral, he is + allowed at the present day to retain his post. On this analogy we + might suppose that it was not so much the death of his wife as + the attendance at her funeral which compelled the Flamen Dialis + to resign, especially as we know that he was expressly forbidden + to touch a dead body or to enter the place where corpses were + burned.<a id="noteref_572" name="noteref_572" href= + "#note_572"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">572</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">But on inspection the analogy + breaks down.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But a closer + inspection of the facts proves that the analogy breaks down at + some important points. For though the Flamen Dialis was forbidden + to touch a dead body or to enter a place where corpses were + burned, he was permitted to attend a funeral;<a id="noteref_573" + name="noteref_573" href="#note_573"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">573</span></span></a> so + that there could hardly be any objection to his attending the + funeral of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg + 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + his wife. This permission clearly tells against the view that it + was the mere pollution of death which obliged him to resign + office when his wife died. Further, and this is a point of + fundamental difference between the two cases, whereas the Flamen + Dialis was bound to be married, and married too by a rite of + special solemnity,<a id="noteref_574" name="noteref_574" href= + "#note_574"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">574</span></span></a> + there is no such obligation on the sacred dairyman of the Todas; + indeed, if he is married, he is bound to live apart from his wife + during his term of office.<a id="noteref_575" name="noteref_575" + href="#note_575"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">575</span></span></a> + Surely the obligation laid on the Flamen Dialis to be married of + itself implies that with the death of his wife he necessarily + ceased to hold office: there is no need to search for another + reason in the pollution of death which, as I have just shown, + does not seem to square with the permission granted to the Flamen + to attend a funeral. That this is indeed the true explanation of + the rule in question is strongly suggested by the further and + apparently parallel rule which forbade the Flamen to divorce his + wife; nothing but death might part them.<a id="noteref_576" name= + "noteref_576" href="#note_576"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">576</span></span></a> Now + the rule which enjoined that a Flamen must be married, and the + rule which forbade him to divorce his wife, have obviously + nothing to do with the pollution of death, yet they can hardly be + separated from the other rule that with the death of his wife he + vacated office. All three rules are explained in the most natural + way on the hypothesis which I have adopted, namely, that this + married priest and priestess had to perform in common certain + rites which the husband could not perform without his wife. The + same obvious solution of the problem was suggested long ago by + Plutarch, who, after asking why the Flamen Dialis had to lay down + office on the death of his wife, says, amongst other things, that + <span class="tei tei-q">“perhaps it is because she performs + sacred rites along with him (for many of the rites may not be + performed without the presence of a married woman), and to marry + another wife immediately <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> on the death of the first would hardly be + possible or decent.”</span><a id="noteref_577" name="noteref_577" + href="#note_577"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">577</span></span></a> + This simple explanation of the rule seems quite sufficient, and + it would clearly hold good whether I am right or wrong in further + supposing that the human husband and wife in this case + represented a divine husband and wife, a god and goddess, to wit + Jupiter and Juno, or rather Dianus (Janus) and Diana;<a id= + "noteref_578" name="noteref_578" href="#note_578"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">578</span></span></a> and + that supposition in its turn might still hold good even if I were + wrong in further conjecturing that of this divine pair the + goddess (Juno or rather Diana) was originally the more important + partner.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Customs of the Kota and Jewish + priests.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">However it is + to be explained, the Roman rule which forbade the Flamen Dialis + to be a widower has its parallel among the Kotas, a tribe who, + like the Todas, inhabit the Neilgherry Hills of Southern India. + For the higher Kota priests are not allowed to be widowers; if a + priest's wife dies while he is in office, his appointment lapses. + At the same time priests <span class="tei tei-q">“should avoid + pollution, and may not attend a Toda or Badaga funeral, or + approach the seclusion hut set apart for Kota + women.”</span><a id="noteref_579" name="noteref_579" href= + "#note_579"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">579</span></span></a> + Jewish priests were specially permitted to contract the pollution + of death for near relations, among whom father, mother, son, + daughter, and unmarried sister are particularly enumerated; but + they were forbidden to contract the pollution for strangers. + However, among the relations for whom a priest might thus defile + himself a wife is not mentioned.<a id="noteref_580" name= + "noteref_580" href="#note_580"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">580</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="toc67" id="toc67"></a> <a name="pdf68" id="pdf68"></a> + + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">§ 2. The Marriage of the Roman + Gods.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The theory that the Roman gods + were celibate is contradicted by Varro and Seneca.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The theory + that the Flamen Dialis and his wife personated a divine couple, + whether Jupiter and Juno or Dianus (Janus) and Diana, supposes a + married relation between the god and goddess, and so far it would + certainly be untenable if Dr. Farnell were right in assuming, on + the authority of Mr. W. Warde Fowler, that the Roman gods were + celibate.<a id="noteref_581" name="noteref_581" href= + "#note_581"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">581</span></span></a> On + that subject, however, Varro, the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page231">[pg 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> most learned of Roman antiquaries, was of a + contrary opinion. He not only spoke particularly of Juno as the + wife of Jupiter,<a id="noteref_582" name="noteref_582" href= + "#note_582"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">582</span></span></a> but + he also affirmed generally, in the most unambiguous language, + that the old Roman gods were married, and in saying so he + referred not to the religion of his own day, which had been + modified by Greek influence, but to the religion of the ancient + Romans, his ancestors.<a id="noteref_583" name="noteref_583" + href="#note_583"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">583</span></span></a> + Seneca ridiculed the marriage of the Roman gods, citing as + examples the marriages of Mars and Bellona, of Vulcan and Venus, + of Neptune and Salacia, and adding sarcastically that some of the + goddesses were spinsters or widows, such as Populonia, Fulgora, + and Rumina, whose faded charms or unamiable character had failed + to attract a suitor.<a id="noteref_584" name="noteref_584" href= + "#note_584"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">584</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The marriage of Orcus.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again, the + learned Servius, whose commentary on Virgil is a gold mine of + Roman religious lore, informs us that the pontiffs celebrated the + marriage of the infernal deity Orcus with very great + solemnity;<a id="noteref_585" name="noteref_585" href= + "#note_585"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">585</span></span></a> and + for this statement he would seem to have had the authority of the + pontifical books themselves, for he refers to them in the same + connexion only a few lines before. As it is in the highest degree + unlikely that the pontiffs would solemnize any foreign rites, we + may safely assume that the marriage of Orcus was not borrowed + from Greek mythology, but was a genuine old Roman ceremony, and + this is all the more probable because Servius, our authority for + the custom, has recorded some curious and obviously ancient + taboos which were observed at the marriage and in the ritual of + Ceres, the goddess who seems to have been joined in wedlock to + Orcus. One of these taboos forbade the use of wine, the other + forbade persons to name their father or daughter.<a id= + "noteref_586" name="noteref_586" href="#note_586"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">586</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Evidence of Aulus Gellius as to + the marriage of the Roman gods. Paternity and maternity of + Roman deities.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Further, the + learned Roman antiquary Aulus Gellius quotes from <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the books of the priests of the Roman people”</span> + (the highest possible authority on the subject) and from + <span class="tei tei-q">“many ancient speeches”</span> a list of + old Roman deities, in which there seem to be at least five pairs + of males and females.<a id="noteref_587" name="noteref_587" href= + "#note_587"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">587</span></span></a> + More than that he proves conclusively by quotations from Plautus, + the annalist Cn. Gellius, and Licinius Imbrex that these old + writers certainly regarded one at least of the pairs (Mars and + Nerio) as husband and wife;<a id="noteref_588" name="noteref_588" + href="#note_588"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">588</span></span></a> and + we have good ancient evidence for viewing in the same light three + others of the pairs. Thus the old annalist and antiquarian L. + Cincius Alimentus, who fought against Hannibal and was captured + by him, affirmed in his work on the Roman calendar that Maia was + the wife of Vulcan;<a id="noteref_589" name="noteref_589" href= + "#note_589"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">589</span></span></a> and + as there was a Flamen of Vulcan, who sacrificed to Maia on May + Day,<a id="noteref_590" name="noteref_590" href= + "#note_590"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">590</span></span></a> it + is reasonable to suppose that he was assisted in the ceremony by + a Flaminica, his wife, just as on my hypothesis the Flamen Dialis + was assisted by his wife the Flaminica. Another old Roman + historian, L. Calpurnius Piso, who wrote in the second century + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, said that the name + of Vulcan's wife was not Maia but <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page233">[pg 233]</span><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Majestas.<a id="noteref_591" name= + "noteref_591" href="#note_591"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">591</span></span></a> In + saying so he may have intended to correct what he believed to be + a mistake of his predecessor L. Cincius. Again, that Salacia was + the wife of Neptune is perhaps implied by Varro,<a id= + "noteref_592" name="noteref_592" href="#note_592"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">592</span></span></a> and + is positively affirmed by Seneca, Augustine, and Servius.<a id= + "noteref_593" name="noteref_593" href="#note_593"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">593</span></span></a> + Again, Ennius appears to have regarded Hora as the wife of + Quirinus, for in the first book of his Annals he declared his + devotion to that divine pair.<a id="noteref_594" name= + "noteref_594" href="#note_594"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">594</span></span></a> In + fact, of the five pairs of male and female deities cited by Aulus + Gellius from the priestly books and ancient speeches the only one + as to which we have not independent evidence that it consisted of + a husband and wife is Saturn and Lua; and in regard to Lua we + know that she was spoken of as a mother,<a id="noteref_595" name= + "noteref_595" href="#note_595"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">595</span></span></a> + which renders it not improbable that she was also a wife. + However, according to some very respectable authorities the wife + of Saturn was not Lua, but Ops,<a id="noteref_596" name= + "noteref_596" href="#note_596"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">596</span></span></a> so + that we have two independent lines of proof that Saturn was + supposed to be married.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lastly, the + epithets <span class="tei tei-q">“father”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mother”</span> which the Romans bestowed on many of + their deities<a id="noteref_597" name="noteref_597" href= + "#note_597"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">597</span></span></a> are + most naturally understood <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page234">[pg 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to imply paternity and maternity; and if + the implication is admitted, the inference appears to be + inevitable that these divine beings were supposed to exercise + sexual functions, whether in lawful marriage or in unlawful + concubinage. As to Jupiter in particular his paternity is + positively attested by Latin inscriptions, one of them very old, + which describe Fortuna Primigenia, the great goddess of + Praeneste, as his daughter.<a id="noteref_598" name="noteref_598" + href="#note_598"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">598</span></span></a> + Again, the rustic deity Faunus, one of the oldest and most + popular gods of Italy,<a id="noteref_599" name="noteref_599" + href="#note_599"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">599</span></span></a> was + represented by tradition in the character of a husband and a + father; one of the epithets applied to him expressed in a coarse + way his generative powers.<a id="noteref_600" name="noteref_600" + href="#note_600"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">600</span></span></a> + Fauna or the Good Goddess (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bona Dea</span></span>), another of the + oldest native Italian deities, was variously called his wife or + his daughter, and he is said to have assumed the form of a snake + in order to cohabit with her.<a id="noteref_601" name= + "noteref_601" href="#note_601"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">601</span></span></a> + Again, the most famous of all Roman myths represented the founder + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name= + "Pg235" id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of Rome himself, + Romulus and his twin brother Remus, as begotten by the god Mars + on a Vestal Virgin;<a id="noteref_602" name="noteref_602" href= + "#note_602"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">602</span></span></a> and + every Roman who accepted the tradition thereby acknowledged the + fatherhood of the god in the physical, not in a figurative, sense + of the word. If the story of the birth of Romulus and Remus + should be dismissed as a late product of the mythical fancy + working under Greek influence, the same objection can hardly be + urged against the story of the birth of another Roman king, + Servius Tullius, who is said to have been a son of the fire-god + and a slave woman; his mother conceived him beside the royal + hearth, where she was impregnated by a flame that shot out from + the fire in the shape of the male organ of generation.<a id= + "noteref_603" name="noteref_603" href="#note_603"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">603</span></span></a> It + would scarcely be possible to express the physical fatherhood of + the fire-god in more unambiguous terms. Now a precisely similar + story was told of the birth of Romulus himself;<a id= + "noteref_604" name="noteref_604" href="#note_604"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">604</span></span></a> and + we may suspect that this was an older form of the story than the + legend which fathered the twins on Mars. Similarly, Caeculus, the + founder of Praeneste, passed for a son of the fire-god Vulcan. It + was said that his mother was impregnated by a spark which leaped + from the fire and struck her as she sat by the hearth. In later + life, when Caeculus boasted of his divine parentage to a crowd, + and they refused to believe him, he prayed to his father to give + the unbelievers a sign, and straightway a lambent flame + surrounded the whole multitude. The proof was conclusive, and + henceforth Caeculus passed for a true son of the fire-god.<a id= + "noteref_605" name="noteref_605" href="#note_605"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">605</span></span></a> + Such tales of kings or heroes begotten by the fire-god on mortal + women appear to be genuine old Italian myths, which may well go + back far beyond the foundation of Rome to the common fountain of + Aryan mythology; for the marriage customs observed by various + branches of the Aryan family point clearly to a belief in the + power of fire to impregnate women.<a id="noteref_606" name= + "noteref_606" href="#note_606"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">606</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">We must conclude that the Roman + gods were thought to be married and to beget children.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the whole, + if we follow the authority of the ancients themselves, we seem + bound to conclude that the Roman gods, like those of many other + early peoples, were believed to be married and to beget children. + It is true that, compared with the full-blooded gods of Greece, + the deities of Rome appear to us shadowy creatures, pale + abstractions garbed in little that can vie with the gorgeous pall + of myth and story which Grecian fancy threw around its divine + creations. Yet the few specimens of Roman mythology which have + survived the wreck of antiquity<a id="noteref_607" name= + "noteref_607" href="#note_607"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">607</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name= + "Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> justify us in + believing that they are but fragments of far more copious + traditions which have perished. At all events the comparative + aridity and barrenness of the Roman religious imagination is no + reason for setting aside the positive testimony of learned Roman + writers as to a point of fundamental importance in their own + religion about which they could hardly be mistaken. It should + never be forgotten that on this subject the ancients had access + to many sources of information which are no longer open to us, + and for a modern scholar to reject their evidence in favour of a + personal impression derived from a necessarily imperfect + knowledge of the facts seems scarcely consistent with sound + principles of history and criticism.<a id="noteref_608" name= + "noteref_608" href="#note_608"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">608</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="toc69" id="toc69"></a> <a name="pdf70" id="pdf70"></a> + + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">§ 3. Children of Living Parents in + Ritual.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Rule of Greek and Roman ritual + that certain offices could only be held by boys whose parents + were both alive.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But Dr. + Farnell adduces another argument in support of his view that it + was the pollution of death which obliged the widowed Flamen + Dialis to resign the priesthood. He points to what he considers + the analogy of the rule of Greek ritual which required that + certain sacred offices should be discharged only by a boy whose + parents were both alive.<a id="noteref_609" name="noteref_609" + href="#note_609"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">609</span></span></a> + This rule he would explain in like manner by supposing that the + death of one or both of his parents would render a boy + ceremonially impure and therefore unfit to perform religious + functions. Dr. Farnell might have apparently strengthened his + case by observing that the Flamen Dialis and the Flaminica Dialis + were themselves assisted in their office, the one by a boy, the + other by a girl, both of whose parents must be alive.<a id= + "noteref_610" name="noteref_610" href="#note_610"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">610</span></span></a> At + first sight this fits in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page237">[pg 237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> perfectly with his theory: the Flamen, the + Flaminica, and their youthful ministers were all rendered + incapable of performing their sacred duties by the taint or + corruption of death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">But the rule which excludes + orphans from certain sacred offices cannot be based on a + theory that they are ceremonially unclean through the death + of their parents.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But a closer + scrutiny of the argument reveals a flaw. It proves too much. For + observe that in these Greek and Roman offices held by boys and + girls the disqualification caused by the death of a parent is + necessarily lifelong, since the bereavement is irreparable. + Accordingly, if Dr. Farnell's theory is right, the ceremonial + pollution which is the cause of the disqualification must also be + lifelong; in other words, every orphan is ceremoniously unclean + for life and thereby excluded for ever from the discharge of + sacred duties. So sweeping a rule would at a stroke exclude a + large, if not the larger, part of the population of any country + from the offices of religion, and lay them permanently under all + those burdensome restrictions which the pollution of death + entails among many nations; for obviously a large, if not the + larger, part of the population of any country at any time has + lost one or both of its parents by death. No people, so far as I + know, has ever carried the theory of the ceremonial pollution of + death to this extremity in practice. And even if it were supposed + that the taint wore off or evaporated with time from common folk + so as to let them go about their common duties in everyday life, + would it not still cleave to priests? If it incapacitated the + Flamen's minister, would it not incapacitate the Flamen himself? + In other words, would not the Flamen Dialis be obliged to vacate + office on the death of his father or mother? There is no hint in + ancient writers that he had to do so. And while it is generally + unsafe to argue from the silence of our authorities, I think that + we may do so in this case without being rash; for Plutarch not + only mentions but discusses the rule which obliged the Flamen + Dialis to resign office on the death of his wife,<a id= + "noteref_611" name="noteref_611" href="#note_611"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">611</span></span></a> and + if he had known of a parallel rule which compelled him to retire + on the death of a parent, he would surely have mentioned it. But + if the ceremonial pollution which would certainly be caused by + the death of a parent did not compel the Flamen Dialis to vacate + office, we may safely conclude that neither did the similar + pollution caused by the death of his wife. Thus the argument + adduced by Dr. Farnell in favour of his view proves on analysis + to tell strongly against it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Examples of the exclusion of + orphans from sacred offices.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But if the + rule which excluded orphans from certain sacred offices cannot + with any probability be explained on the theory of their + ceremonial pollution, it may be worth while to inquire whether + another and better explanation of the rule cannot be found. For + that purpose I shall collect all the cases of it known to me. The + collection is doubtless far from complete: I only offer it as a + starting-point for research.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Boys and girls of living parents + employed in Greek rites at the vintage, harvest-home, and + sowing.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the time of + the vintage, which in Greece falls in October, Athenian boys + chosen from every tribe assembled at the sanctuary of Dionysus, + the god of the vine. There, branches of vines laden with ripe + grapes were given to them, and holding them in their hands they + raced to the sanctuary of Athena Sciras. The winner received and + drained a cup containing a mixture of olive-oil, wine, honey, + cheese, and barley-groats. It was necessary that both the parents + of each of these boy-runners should be alive.<a id="noteref_612" + name="noteref_612" href="#note_612"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">612</span></span></a> At + the same festival, and perhaps on the same day, an Athenian boy, + whose parents must both be alive, carried in procession a branch + of olive wreathed with white and purple wool and decked with + fruits of many kinds, while a chorus sang that the branch bore + figs, fat loaves, honey, oil, and wine. Thus they went in + procession to a temple of Apollo, at the door of which the boy + deposited the holy bough. The ceremony is said to have been + instituted by the Athenians in obedience to an oracle for the + purpose of supplicating the help of the god in a season of + dearth.<a id="noteref_613" name="noteref_613" href= + "#note_613"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">613</span></span></a> + Similar boughs similarly laden with fruits and loaves were hung + up on the doors of every Athenian house and allowed to remain + there a year, at the end of which they were replaced by fresh + ones. While the branch was being fastened to the door, a boy + whose parents were both alive recited the same verses about the + branch bearing figs, fat loaves, honey, oil, and wine. This + custom also is said to have been instituted for the sake of + putting an end to a dearth.<a id="noteref_614" name="noteref_614" + href="#note_614"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">614</span></span></a> The + people of Magnesia on the Maeander vowed a bull every year to + Zeus, the Saviour of the City, in the month of Cronion, at the + beginning of sowing, and after maintaining the animal at the + public expense throughout the winter they sacrificed it, + apparently at harvest-time, in the following summer. Nine boys + and nine girls, whose fathers and mothers were all living, took + part in the religious services of the consecration and the + sacrifice of the bull. At the consecration public prayers were + offered for the safety of the city and the land, for the safety + of the citizens and their wives and children, for the safety of + all that dwelt in the city and the land, for peace and wealth and + abundance of corn and all other fruits, and for the cattle. A + herald led the prayers, and the priest and priestess, the boys + and girls, the high officers and magistrates, all <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id= + "Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> joined in these solemn + petitions for the welfare of their country.<a id="noteref_615" + name="noteref_615" href="#note_615"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">615</span></span></a> + Among the Karo-Bataks of Central Sumatra the threshing of the + rice is the occasion of various ceremonies, and in these a + prominent part is played by a girl, whose father and mother must + be both alive. Her special duty is to take care of the sheaf of + rice in which the soul of the rice is believed to reside. This + sheaf usually consists of the first rice cut and bound in the + field; it is treated exactly like a person.<a id="noteref_616" + name="noteref_616" href="#note_616"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">616</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Boys of living parents employed + in the rites of the Arval Brothers.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The rites thus + far described, in which boys and girls of living parents took + part, were clearly ceremonies intended specially to ensure the + fertility of the soil. This is indicated not merely by the nature + of the rites and of the prayers or verses which accompanied them, + but also by the seasons at which they were observed; for these + were the vintage, the harvest-home, and the beginning of sowing. + We may therefore compare a custom practised by the Roman Brethren + of the Ploughed Fields (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Fratres + Arvales</span></span>), a college of priests whose business it + was to perform the rites deemed necessary for the growth of the + corn. As a badge of office they wore wreaths of corn-ears, and + paid their devotions to an antique goddess of fertility, the Dea + Dia. Her home was in a grove of ancient evergreen oaks and + laurels out in the Campagna, five miles from Rome. Hither every + year in the month of May, when the fields were ripe or ripening + to the sickle, reaped ears of the new corn were brought and + hallowed by the Brethren with quaint rites, that a blessing might + rest on the coming harvest. The first or preliminary consecration + of the ears, however, took place, not in the grove, but in the + house of the Master of the Brethren at Rome. Here the Brethren + were waited upon by four free-born boys, the children of living + fathers and mothers. While the Brethren reclined on couches, the + boys were allowed to sit on chairs and partake of the feast, and + when it was over they carried the rest of the now hallowed corn + and laid it on the altar.<a id="noteref_617" name="noteref_617" + href="#note_617"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">617</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In fertility rites the + employment of such children is intelligible on the principle + of sympathetic magic.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In these and + all other rites intended to ensure the fertility of the ground, + of cattle, or of human beings, the employment of children of + living parents seems to be intelligible on the principle of + sympathetic magic; for such children might be deemed fuller of + life than orphans, either because they <span class= + "tei tei-q">“flourished on both sides,”</span> as the Greeks put + it, or because the very survival of their parents might be taken + as a proof that the stock of which the children came was vigorous + and therefore able to impart of its superabundant energy to + others.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sons of living parents employed + to cut the olive-wreath at Olympia and the laurel-wreath at + Tempe.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the rites + in which the children of living parents are required to officiate + do not always aim at promoting the growth of the crops. At + Olympia the olive-branches which formed the victors' crowns had + to be cut from a sacred tree with a golden sickle by a lad whose + father and mother must be both alive.<a id="noteref_618" name= + "noteref_618" href="#note_618"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">618</span></span></a> The + tree was a wild olive growing within the holy precinct, at the + west end of the temple of Zeus. It bore the name of the Olive of + the Fair Crown, and near it was an altar to the Nymphs of the + Fair Crowns.<a id="noteref_619" name="noteref_619" href= + "#note_619"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">619</span></span></a> At + Delphi every eighth year a sacred drama or miracle-play was acted + which drew crowds of spectators from all parts of Greece. It set + forth the slaying of the Dragon by Apollo. The principal part was + sustained by a lad, the son of living parents, who seems to have + personated the god himself. In an open space the likeness of a + lordly palace, erected for the occasion, represented the Dragon's + den. It was attacked and burned by the lad, aided by women who + carried blazing torches. When the Dragon had received his deadly + wound, the lad, still acting the part of the god, fled far away + to be purged of the guilt of blood in the beautiful Vale of + Tempe, where the Peneus flows in a deep wooded gorge between the + snowy peaks of Olympus and Ossa, its smooth and silent tide + shadowed by overhanging trees and tall white cliffs. In places + these great crags rise abruptly from the stream and approach each + other so near that only a narrow strip of sky is visible + overhead; but where they recede a little, the meadows at their + foot are verdant with evergreen shrubs, among which Apollo's own + laurel may still be seen. In antiquity the god himself, stained + with the Dragon's blood, is said to have come, a haggard footsore + wayfarer, to this wild secluded glen and there plucked branches + from one of the laurels that grew in its green thickets beside + the rippling river. Some of them he used to twine a wreath for + his brows, one of them he carried in his hand, doubtless in order + that, guarded by the sacred plant, he might escape the hobgoblins + which <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg + 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + dogged his steps. So the boy, his human representative, did the + same, and brought back to Delphi wreaths of laurel from the same + tree to be awarded to the victors in the Pythian games. Hence the + whole festival of the Slaying of the Dragon at Delphi went by the + name of the Festival of Crowning.<a id="noteref_620" name= + "noteref_620" href="#note_620"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">620</span></span></a> + From this it appears that at Delphi as well as at Olympia the + boughs which were used to crown the victors had to be cut from a + sacred tree by a boy whose parents must be both alive.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sons of living parents acted as + Laurel-bearers at Thebes.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Thebes a + festival called the Laurel-bearing was held once in every eight + years, when branches of laurel were carried in procession to the + temple of Apollo. The principal part in the procession was taken + by a boy who held a laurel bough and bore the title of the + Laurel-bearer: he seems to have personated the god himself. His + hair hung down on his shoulders, and he wore a golden crown, a + bright-coloured robe, and shoes of a special shape: both his + parents must be alive.<a id="noteref_621" name="noteref_621" + href="#note_621"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">621</span></span></a> We + may suppose that the golden crown which he wore was fashioned in + the shape of laurel leaves and replaced a wreath of real laurel. + Thus the boy with the laurel wreath on his head and the laurel + bough in his hand would resemble the traditional equipment of + Apollo when he purified himself for the slaughter of the dragon. + We may conjecture that at Thebes the Laurel-bearer originally + personated not Apollo but the local hero Cadmus, who slew the + dragon and had like Apollo to purify himself for the slaughter. + The conjecture is confirmed by vase-paintings which represent + Cadmus crowned with laurel preparing to attack the dragon or + actually in combat with the monster, while goddesses bend over + him holding out wreaths of laurel as the meed of victory.<a id= + "noteref_622" name="noteref_622" href="#note_622"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">622</span></span></a> On + this hypothesis the octennial Delphic Festival of Crowning and + the octennial Theban Festival of Laurel-bearing were closely + akin: in both the prominent part played by the laurel was + purificatory or expiatory.<a id="noteref_623" name="noteref_623" + href="#note_623"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">623</span></span></a> + Thus at Olympia, Delphi, and Thebes a boy whose <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name="Pg242" id= + "Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> parents were both alive was + entrusted with the duty of cutting or wearing a sacred wreath at + a great festival which recurred at intervals of several + years.<a id="noteref_624" name="noteref_624" href= + "#note_624"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">624</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">If wreaths were originally + amulets, we could understand why children of living parents + were chosen to cut and wear them.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Why a boy of + living parents should be chosen for such an office is not at + first sight clear; the reason might be more obvious if we + understood the ideas in which the custom of wearing wreaths and + crowns had its origin. Probably in many cases wreaths and crowns + were amulets before they were ornaments; in other words, their + first intention may have been not so much to adorn the head as to + protect it from harm by surrounding it with a plant, a metal, or + any other thing which was supposed to possess the magical virtue + of banning baleful influences. Thus the Arabs of Moab will put a + circlet of copper on the head of a man who is suffering from + headache, for they believe that this will banish the pain; and if + the pain is in an arm or a leg, they will treat the ailing limb + in like manner. They think that red beads hung before the eyes of + children who are afflicted with ophthalmia will rid them of the + malady, and that a red ribbon tied to the foot will prevent it + from stumbling on a stony path.<a id="noteref_625" name= + "noteref_625" href="#note_625"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">625</span></span></a> + Again, the Melanesians of the Gazelle Peninsula in New Britain + often deck their dusky bodies with <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> flowers, leaves, and scented herbs not only + at festivals but on other occasions which to the European might + seem inappropriate for such gay ornaments. But in truth the + bright blossoms and verdant foliage are not intended to decorate + the wearer but to endow him with certain magical virtues, which + are supposed to inhere in the flowers and leaves. Thus one man + may be seen strutting about with a wreath of greenery which + passes round his neck and droops over his shoulders, back, and + breast. He is not a mere dandy, but a lover who hopes that the + wreath will work as a charm on a woman's heart. Again, another + may be observed with a bunch of the red dracaena leaves knotted + round his neck and the long stalk hanging down his back. He is a + soldier, and these leaves are supposed to make him invulnerable. + But if the lover should fail to win the affections of his swarthy + mistress, if the warrior should be wounded in battle, it never + occurs to either of them to question the magical virtue of the + charm; they ascribe the failure either to the more potent charm + of another magician or to some oversight on their own part.<a id= + "noteref_626" name="noteref_626" href="#note_626"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">626</span></span></a> On + the theory that wreaths and garlands serve as amulets to protect + the wearer against the powers of evil we can understand not only + why in antiquity sacred persons such as priests and kings wore + crowns, but also why dead bodies, sacrificial victims, and in + certain circumstances even inanimate objects such as the + implements of sacrifice, the doors of houses, and so forth, were + decorated or rather guarded by wreaths.<a id="noteref_627" name= + "noteref_627" href="#note_627"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">627</span></span></a> + Further, on this hypothesis we may perhaps perceive why children + of living parents were specially chosen to cut or wear sacred + wreaths. Since such children were apparently supposed to be + endowed with a more than common share of vital energy, they might + be deemed peculiarly fitted to make or wear amulets which were + designed to protect the wearer from injury and death: the current + of life which circulated in their own veins overflowed, as it + were, and reinforced the magic virtue of the wreath. For the same + reason such children would naturally be chosen to personate gods, + as they seemingly were at Delphi and Thebes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Children of living parents + acting as priest and priestess of Apollo and Artemis. At Rome + the Vestals and the Salii must be the children of parents who + were alive at the date of the election. Children of living + parents employed in expiatory rites at Rome.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Ephesus, if + we may trust the evidence of the Greek romance-writer, + Heliodorus, a boy and girl of living parents used to hold for a + year the priesthood of Apollo and Artemis respectively. When + their <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg + 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + period of office was nearly expired, they led a sacred embassy to + Delos, the birthplace of the divine brother and sister, where + they superintended the musical and athletic contests and laid + down the priesthood.<a id="noteref_628" name="noteref_628" href= + "#note_628"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">628</span></span></a> At + Rome no girl might be chosen a Vestal Virgin unless both her + father and mother were living;<a id="noteref_629" name= + "noteref_629" href="#note_629"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">629</span></span></a> yet + there is no evidence or probability that a Vestal vacated office + on the death of a parent; indeed she generally held office for + life.<a id="noteref_630" name="noteref_630" href= + "#note_630"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">630</span></span></a> + This alone may suffice to prove that the custom of entrusting + certain sacred duties to children of living parents was not based + on any notion that orphans as such were ceremonially unclean. + Again, the dancing priests of Mars, the Salii, must be sons of + living parents;<a id="noteref_631" name="noteref_631" href= + "#note_631"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">631</span></span></a> but + as in the case of the Vestals this condition probably only + applied at the date of their election, for they seem like the + Vestals to have held office for life. At all events we read of a + lively old gentleman who still skipped and capered about as a + dancing priest with an agility which threw the efforts of his + younger colleagues into the shade.<a id="noteref_632" name= + "noteref_632" href="#note_632"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">632</span></span></a> + Again, at the public games in Rome boys of living parents had to + escort the images of the gods in their sacred cars, and it was a + dire omen if one of them relaxed his hold on the holy cart or let + a strap slip from his fingers.<a id="noteref_633" name= + "noteref_633" href="#note_633"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">633</span></span></a> And + when the stout Roman heart was shaken by the appalling news that + somebody had been struck by lightning, that the sky had somewhere + been suddenly overcast, or that a she-mule had been safely + delivered of a colt, boys and girls whose fathers and mothers + were still alive used to be sought out and employed to help in + expiating the terrific prodigy.<a id="noteref_634" name= + "noteref_634" href="#note_634"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">634</span></span></a> + Again, when the Capitol had been sacked and burned by the + disorderly troops of Vitellius, solemn preparations were made to + rebuild it. The whole area was enclosed by a cordon of fillets + and wreaths. Then soldiers chosen for their auspicious names + entered within the barriers holding branches of lucky trees in + their hands; and afterwards the Vestal Virgins, aided by boys and + girls of living parents, washed the foundations with water drawn + from springs and rivers.<a id="noteref_635" name="noteref_635" + href="#note_635"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">635</span></span></a> In + this ceremony the choice of such children seems to be based on + the same idea as the choice of such water; for as running water + is deemed to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg + 245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + be especially alive,<a id="noteref_636" name="noteref_636" href= + "#note_636"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">636</span></span></a> so + the vital current might be thought to flow without interruption + in the children of living parents but to stagnate in orphans. + Hence the children of living parents rather than orphans would + naturally be chosen to pour the living water over the + foundations, and so to lend something of their own vitality or + endurance to a building that was designed to last for ever.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Children of living parents + employed at marriage ceremonies in Greece, Italy, Albania, + Bulgaria, and Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the same + principle we can easily understand why the children of living + parents should be especially chosen to perform certain offices at + marriage. The motive of such a choice may be a wish to ensure by + sympathetic magic the life of the newly wedded pair and of their + offspring. Thus at Roman marriages the bride was escorted to her + new home by three boys whose parents were all living. Two of the + boys held her, and the third carried a torch of buckthorn or + hawthorn in front of her,<a id="noteref_637" name="noteref_637" + href="#note_637"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">637</span></span></a> + probably for the purpose of averting the powers of evil; for + buckthorn or hawthorn was credited with this magical + virtue.<a id="noteref_638" name="noteref_638" href= + "#note_638"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">638</span></span></a> At + marriages in ancient Athens a boy whose parents were both living + used to wear a wreath of thorns and acorns and to carry about a + winnowing-fan full of loaves, crying, <span class="tei tei-q">“I + have escaped the bad, I have found the better.”</span><a id= + "noteref_639" name="noteref_639" href="#note_639"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">639</span></span></a> In + modern Greece on the Sunday before a marriage the bridegroom + sends to the bride the wedding cake by the hands of a boy, both + of whose parents must be living. The messenger takes great care + not to stumble or to injure the cake, for to do either would be a + very bad omen. He may not enter the bride's house till she has + taken the cake from him. For this purpose he lays it down on the + threshold of the door, and then both of them, the boy and the + bride, rush at it and try to seize the greater part of the cake. + And when cattle are being slaughtered for the marriage + festivities, the first beast killed for the bride's house must be + killed by a youth whose parents are both alive. Further, a son of + living parents must solemnly fetch the water with which the + bridegroom's head is ceremonially washed by women before + marriage. And on the day after the marriage bride and bridegroom + go in procession to the well or spring from which they are + henceforth to fetch their water. The bride greets the spring, + drinks of the water from the hollow of her hand, and throws money + and food into it. Then follows a dance, accompanied by a song, + round about the spring. Lastly, a lad whose parents are both + living draws water from the spring in a special vessel and + carries it to the house of the bridal pair without speaking a + word: this <span class="tei tei-q">“unspoken water,”</span> as it + is called, is regarded <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg + 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + as peculiarly holy and wholesome. When the young couple return + from the spring, they fill their mouths with the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“unspoken water”</span> and try to spirt it on each + other inside the door of the house.<a id="noteref_640" name= + "noteref_640" href="#note_640"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">640</span></span></a> In + Albania, when women are baking cakes for a wedding, the first to + put hand to the dough must be a maiden whose parents are both + alive and who has brothers, the more the better; for only such a + girl is deemed lucky. And when the bride has dismounted from her + horse at the bridegroom's door, a small boy whose parents are + both alive (for only such a boy is thought to bring luck) is + passed thrice backwards and forwards under the horse's belly, as + if he would girdle the beast.<a id="noteref_641" name= + "noteref_641" href="#note_641"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">641</span></span></a> + Among the South Slavs of Bulgaria a little child whose father and + mother are both alive helps to bake the two bridal cakes, pouring + water and salt on the meal and stirring the mixture with a + spurtle of a special shape; then a girl lifts the child in her + arms, and the little one touches the roof-beam thrice with the + spurtle, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Boys and girls.”</span> + And when the bride's hair is to be dressed for the wedding day, + the work of combing and plaiting it must be begun by a child of + living parents.<a id="noteref_642" name="noteref_642" href= + "#note_642"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">642</span></span></a> + Among the Eesa and Gadabursi, two Somali tribes, on the morning + after a marriage <span class="tei tei-q">“the bride's female + relations bring presents of milk, and are accompanied by a young + male child whose parents are living. The child drinks some of the + milk before any one else tastes it; and after him the bridegroom, + if his parents are living; but if one or both of his parents are + dead, and those of the bride living, she drinks after the child. + By doing this they believe that if the newly-married woman bears + a child the father will be alive at the time.”</span><a id= + "noteref_643" name="noteref_643" href="#note_643"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">643</span></span></a> A + slightly different application of the same principle appears in + the old Hindoo rule that when a bride reached the house of her + husband, she should be made to descend from the chariot by women + of good character whose husbands and sons were living, and that + afterwards these women should seat the bride on a bull's hide, + while her husband recited the verse, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Here ye cows, bring forth calves.”</span><a id= + "noteref_644" name="noteref_644" href="#note_644"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">644</span></span></a> + Here the ceremony of seating the young wife on a bull's hide + seems plainly intended to make her fruitful through the + generative virtue of the bull; while the attendance of women, + whose husbands and sons are living, is no doubt a device for + ensuring, by sympathetic magic, the life both of the bride's + husband and of her future offspring.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page247">[pg 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Children of living parents + apparently supposed to impart life and longevity. Child of + living parents employed in funeral rites.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Somali + custom just described the part played by the child of living + parents is unambiguous and helps to throw light on the obscurer + cases which precede. Such a child is clearly supposed to impart + the virtue of longevity to the milk of which it partakes, and so + to transmit it to the newly married pair who afterwards drink of + the milk. Similarly, we may suppose that in all marriage rites at + least, if not in religious rites generally, the employment of + children of living parents is intended to diffuse by sympathy the + blessings of life and longevity among all who participate in the + ceremonies. This intention seems to underlie the use which the + Malagasy make of the children of living parents in ritual. Thus, + when a child is a week old, it is dressed up in the finest + clothes that can be got, and is then carried out of the house by + some person whose parents are both still living; afterwards it is + brought back to the mother. In the act of being carried out and + in, the infant must be twice carefully lifted over the fire, + which is placed near the door. If the child is a boy, the axe, + knife, and spear of the family, together with any building tools + that may be in the house, are taken out of it at the same time. + <span class="tei tei-q">“The implements are perhaps used chiefly + as emblems of the occupations in which it is expected the infant + will engage when it arrives at maturer years; and the whole may + be regarded as expressing the hopes cherished of his activity, + wealth, and enjoyments.”</span><a id="noteref_645" name= + "noteref_645" href="#note_645"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">645</span></span></a> On + such an occasion the service of a person whose parents are both + alive seems naturally calculated to promote the longevity of the + infant. For a like reason, probably, the holy water used at the + Malagasy ceremony of circumcision is drawn from a pool by a + person whose parents are both still living.<a id="noteref_646" + name="noteref_646" href="#note_646"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">646</span></span></a> The + same idea may explain a funeral custom observed by the Sihanaka + of Madagascar. After a burial the family of the deceased, with + their near relatives and dependents, meet in the house from which + the corpse was lately removed <span class="tei tei-q">“to drink + rum and to undergo a purifying and preserving baptism called + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fàfy rànom-bóahàngy</span></span>. Leaves of + the lemon or lime tree, and the stalks of two kinds of grass, are + gathered and placed in a vessel with water. A person, both of + whose parents are living, is chosen to perform the rite, and this + <span class="tei tei-q">‘holy water’</span> is then sprinkled + upon the walls of the house and upon all assembled within them, + and finally around the house outside.”</span><a id="noteref_647" + name="noteref_647" href="#note_647"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">647</span></span></a> + Here a person whose parents are both living appears to be + credited with a more than common share of life and longevity; + from which it naturally follows that he is better fitted than any + one else to perform a ceremony intended to avert the danger of + death from the household.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The use of children of living + parents in ritual may be explained by a notion that they are + fuller of life and therefore luckier than orphans.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The notion + that a child of living parents is endowed with a <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name="Pg248" id= + "Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> higher degree of vitality + than an orphan probably explains all the cases of the employment + of such a child in ritual, whether the particular rite is + designed to ensure the fertility of the ground or the + fruitfulness of women, or to avert the danger of death and other + calamities. Yet it might be a mistake to suppose that this notion + is always clearly apprehended by the persons who practise the + customs. In their minds the definite conception of superabundant + and overflowing vitality may easily dissolve into a vague idea + that the child of living parents is luckier than other folk. No + more than this seems to be at the bottom of the Masai rule that + when the warriors wish to select a chief, they must choose + <span class="tei tei-q">“a man whose parents are still living, + who owns cattle and has never killed anybody, whose parents are + not blind, and who himself has not a discoloured + eye.”</span><a id="noteref_648" name="noteref_648" href= + "#note_648"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">648</span></span></a> And + nothing more is needed to explain the ancient Greek custom which + assigned the duty of drawing lots from an urn to a boy under + puberty whose father and mother were both in life.<a id= + "noteref_649" name="noteref_649" href="#note_649"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">649</span></span></a> At + Athens it would appear that registers of these boys were kept, + perhaps in order that the lads might discharge, as occasion + arose, those offices of religion which required the service of + such auspicious youths.<a id="noteref_650" name="noteref_650" + href="#note_650"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">650</span></span></a> The + atrocious tyrant Heliogabalus, one of the worst monsters who ever + disgraced the human form, caused search to be made throughout + Italy for noble and handsome boys whose parents were both alive, + and he sacrificed them to his barbarous gods, torturing them + first and grabbling among their entrails afterwards for omens. He + seems to have thought that such victims would be peculiarly + acceptable to the Syrian deities whom he worshipped; so he + encouraged the torturers and butchers at their work, and thanked + the gods for enabling him to ferret out <span class= + "tei tei-q">“their friends.”</span><a id="noteref_651" name= + "noteref_651" href="#note_651"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">651</span></span></a></p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span><a name= + "Pg249" id="Pg249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc71" id="toc71"></a> <a name="pdf72" id="pdf72"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">III. A Charm To Protect a + Town.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Bechuanas use the hide of a + sacrificial ox at founding a new town.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The tradition + that a Lydian king tried to make the citadel of Sardes impregnable + by carrying round it a lion<a id="noteref_652" name="noteref_652" + href="#note_652"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">652</span></span></a> may + perhaps be illustrated by a South African custom. When the + Bechuanas are about to found a new town, they observe an elaborate + ritual. They choose a bull from the herd, sew up its eyelids with + sinew, and then allow the blinded animal to wander at will for four + days. On the fifth day they track it down and sacrifice it at + sunset on the spot where it happens to be standing. The carcase is + then roasted whole and divided among the people. Ritual requires + that every particle of the flesh should be consumed on the spot. + When the sacrificial meal is over, the medicine-men take the hide + and mark it with appropriate medicines, the composition of which is + a professional secret. Then with one long spiral cut they convert + the whole hide into a single thong. Having done so they cut up the + thong into lengths of about two feet and despatch messengers in all + directions to peg down one of those strips in each of the paths + leading to the new town. <span class="tei tei-q">“After + this,”</span> it is said, <span class="tei tei-q">“if a foreigner + approaches the new town to destroy it with his charms, he will find + that the town has prepared itself for his coming.”</span><a id= + "noteref_653" name="noteref_653" href="#note_653"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">653</span></span></a> Thus + it would seem that the pastoral Bechuanas attempt to place a new + town under the protection of one of their sacred cattle<a id= + "noteref_654" name="noteref_654" href="#note_654"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">654</span></span></a> by + distributing pieces of its hide at all points where an enemy could + approach it, just as the Lydian king thought to place the citadel + of his capital under the protection of the lion-god by carrying the + animal round the boundaries.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The custom may explain the legend + of the foundation of Carthage and similar tales.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Further, the + Bechuana custom may throw light on a widespread legend which + relates how a wily settler in a new country bought from the natives + as much land as could be covered with a hide, and how he then + proceeded to cut the hide into thongs and to claim as much land as + could be enclosed by the thongs. It was thus, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> according to the Hottentots, that the + first European settlers obtained a footing in South Africa.<a id= + "noteref_655" name="noteref_655" href="#note_655"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">655</span></span></a> But + the most familiar example of such stories is the tradition that + Dido procured the site of Carthage in this fashion, and that the + place hence received the name of Byrsa or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“hide.”</span><a id="noteref_656" name="noteref_656" + href="#note_656"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">656</span></span></a> + Similar tales occur in the legendary history of Saxons and + Danes,<a id="noteref_657" name="noteref_657" href= + "#note_657"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">657</span></span></a> and + they meet us in India, Siberia, Burma, Cambodia, Java, and + Bali.<a id="noteref_658" name="noteref_658" href= + "#note_658"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">658</span></span></a> The + wide diffusion of such stories confirms the conjecture of Jacob + Grimm that in them we have a reminiscence of a mode of land + measurement which was once actually in use, and of which the + designation is still retained in the English <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hide</span></em>.<a id="noteref_659" name= + "noteref_659" href="#note_659"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">659</span></span></a> The + Bechuana custom suggests that the mode of measuring by a hide may + have originated in a practice of encompassing a piece of land with + thongs cut from the hide of a sacrificial victim in order to place + the ground under the guardianship of the sacred animal.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The ox whose hide is used is + blinded in order that the new town may be invisible to its + enemies.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But why do the + Bechuanas sew up the eyelids of the bull which is to be used for + this purpose? The answer appears to be given by the ceremonies + which the same people observe when they are going out to war. On + that occasion a woman rushes up to the army with her eyes shut and + shakes a winnowing-fan, while she cries out, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The army is not seen! The army is not seen!”</span> + And a medicine-man at the same time sprinkles medicine over the + spears, crying out in like manner, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + army is not seen! The army is not seen!”</span> After that they + seize a bull, sew up its eyelids with a hair of its tail, and drive + it for some distance along the road which the army is to take. When + it has preceded the army a little way, the bull is sacrificed, + roasted whole, and eaten by the warriors. All the flesh must be + consumed on the spot. Such parts as cannot be eaten are burnt with + fire. Only the contents of the stomach are carefully preserved + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span><a name= + "Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> as a charm which is + to lead the warriors to victory. Chosen men carry the precious guts + in front of the army, and it is deemed most important that no one + should precede them. When they stop, the army stops, and it will + not resume the march till it sees that the men with the bull's guts + have gone forward.<a id="noteref_660" name="noteref_660" href= + "#note_660"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">660</span></span></a> The + meaning of these ceremonies is explained by the cries of the woman + and the priest, <span class="tei tei-q">“The army is not seen! The + army is not seen!”</span> Clearly it is desirable that the army + should not be perceived by the enemies until it is upon them. + Accordingly on the principles of homoeopathic magic the Bechuanas + apparently imagine that they can make themselves invisible by + eating of the flesh of a blind bull, blindness and invisibility + being to their simple minds the same thing. For the same reason the + bowels of the blind ox are carried in front of the army to hide its + advance from hostile eyes. In like manner the custom of sacrificing + and eating a blind ox on the place where a new town is to be built + may be intended to render the town invisible to enemies. At all + events the Bawenda, a South African people who belong to the same + Bantu stock as the Bechuanas, take great pains to conceal their + kraals from passers-by. The kraals are built in the forest or bush, + and the long winding footpaths which lead to them are often kept + open only by the support of a single pole here and there. Indeed + the paths are so low and narrow that it is very difficult to bring + a horse into such a village. In time of war the poles are removed + and the thorny creepers fall down, forming a natural screen or + bulwark which the enemy can neither penetrate nor destroy by fire. + The kraals are also surrounded by walls of undressed stones with a + filling of soil; and to hide them still better from the view of the + enemy the tops of the walls are sown with Indian corn or planted + with tobacco. Hence travellers passing through the country seldom + come across a Bawenda kraal. To see where the Bawenda dwell you + must climb to the tops of mountains and look down on the roofs of + their round huts peeping out of the surrounding green like clusters + of mushrooms in the woods.<a id="noteref_661" name="noteref_661" + href="#note_661"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">661</span></span></a> The + object which the Bawenda attain by these perfectly rational means, + the Bechuanas seek to compass by the sacrifice and consumption of a + blind bull.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">This explanation of the use of a + blinded ox is confirmed by a Caffre custom.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This explanation + of the use of a blinded ox in sacrifice is confirmed by the reasons + alleged by a Caffre for the observance of a somewhat similar custom + in purificatory ceremonies after a battle. On these occasions the + Bechuanas and other Caffre tribes of South Africa kill a black ox + and cut out the tip of its tongue, an eye, a piece of the + ham-string, and a piece of the principal sinew of the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> shoulder. These parts are fried with + certain herbs and rubbed into the joints of the warriors. By + cutting out the tongue of the ox they think to prevent the enemy + from wagging his tongue against them; by severing the sinews of the + ox they hope to cause the enemy's sinews to fail him in the battle; + and by removing the eye of the ox they imagine that they prevent + the enemy from casting a covetous eye on their cattle.<a id= + "noteref_662" name="noteref_662" href="#note_662"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">662</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span><a name= + "Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc73" id="toc73"></a> <a name="pdf74" id="pdf74"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">IV. Some Customs Of The Pelew + Islanders.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have seen + that the state of society and religion among the Pelew Islanders in + modern times presents several points of similarity to the condition + of the peoples about the Eastern Mediterranean in antiquity.<a id= + "noteref_663" name="noteref_663" href="#note_663"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">663</span></span></a> Here + I propose briefly to call attention to certain other customs of the + Pelew Islanders which may serve to illustrate some of the + institutions discussed in this volume.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="toc75" id="toc75"></a> <a name="pdf76" id="pdf76"></a> + + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">§ 1. Priests dressed as + Women.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In the Pelew Islands a man who + is inspired by a goddess wears female attire and is treated + as a woman. This pretended change of sex under the + inspiration of a female spirit may explain a widespread + custom whereby men dress and live like women.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Pelew + Islands it often happens that a goddess chooses a man, not a + woman, for her minister and inspired mouthpiece. When that is so, + the favoured man is thenceforth regarded and treated as a woman. + He wears female attire, he carries a piece of gold on his neck, + he labours like a woman in the taro fields, and he plays his new + part so well that he earns the hearty contempt of his + fellows.<a id="noteref_664" name="noteref_664" href= + "#note_664"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">664</span></span></a> The + pretended change of sex under the inspiration of a female spirit + perhaps explains a custom widely spread among savages, in + accordance with which some men dress as women and act as women + through life. These unsexed creatures often, perhaps generally, + profess the arts of sorcery and healing, they communicate with + spirits, and are regarded sometimes with awe and sometimes with + contempt, as beings of a higher or lower order than common folk. + Often they are dedicated and trained to their vocation from + childhood. Effeminate sorcerers or priests of this sort are found + among the Sea Dyaks of Borneo,<a id="noteref_665" name= + "noteref_665" href="#note_665"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">665</span></span></a> the + Bugis of South <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg + 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Celebes,<a id="noteref_666" name="noteref_666" href= + "#note_666"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">666</span></span></a> the + Patagonians of South America,<a id="noteref_667" name= + "noteref_667" href="#note_667"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">667</span></span></a> and + the Aleutians and many Indian tribes of North America.<a id= + "noteref_668" name="noteref_668" href="#note_668"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">668</span></span></a> In + the island of Rambree, off the coast of Aracan, a set of vagabond + <span class="tei tei-q">“conjurors,”</span> who dressed and lived + as women, used to dance round a tall pole, invoking the aid of + their favourite idol on the occasion of any calamity.<a id= + "noteref_669" name="noteref_669" href="#note_669"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">669</span></span></a> + Male members of the Vallabha sect in India often seek to win the + favour of the god Krishna, whom they specially revere, by wearing + their hair long and assimilating themselves to women; even their + spiritual chiefs, the so-called Maharajas, sometimes simulate the + appearance of women when they lead the worship of their + followers.<a id="noteref_670" name="noteref_670" href= + "#note_670"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">670</span></span></a> In + Madagascar we hear of effeminate men who wore female attire and + acted as women, thinking thereby to do God service.<a id= + "noteref_671" name="noteref_671" href="#note_671"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">671</span></span></a> In + the kingdom of Congo there was a sacrificial priest who commonly + dressed as a woman and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg + 255]</span><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + gloried in the title of the Grandmother. The post of Grandmother + must have been much coveted, for the incumbent might not be put + to death, whatever crimes or rascalities he committed; and to do + him justice he appears commonly to have taken full advantage of + this benefit of clergy. When he died, his fortunate successor + dissected the body of the deceased Grandmother, extracting his + heart and other vital organs, and amputating his fingers and + toes, which he kept as priceless relics, and sold as sovereign + remedies for all the ills that flesh is heir to.<a id= + "noteref_672" name="noteref_672" href="#note_672"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">672</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Such transformations seem to + have been often carried out in obedience to intimations + received in dreams or in ecstasy. Transformed medicine-men + among the Sea Dyaks and Chukchees.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We may + conjecture that in many of these cases the call to this strange + form of the religious life came in the shape of a dream or + vision, in which the dreamer or visionary imagined himself to be + a woman or to be possessed by a female spirit; for with many + savage races the disordered fancies of sleep or ecstasy are + accepted as oracular admonitions which it would be perilous to + disregard. At all events we are told that a dream or a revelation + of some sort was the reason which in North America these + men-women commonly alleged for the life they led; it had been + thus brought home to them, they said, that their medicine or + their salvation lay in living as women, and when once they had + got this notion into their head nothing could drive it out again. + Many an Indian father attempted by persuasion, by bribes, by + violence, to deter his son from obeying the mysterious call, but + all to no purpose.<a id="noteref_673" name="noteref_673" href= + "#note_673"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">673</span></span></a> + Among the Sauks, an Indian tribe of North America, these + effeminate beings were always despised, but sometimes they were + pitied <span class="tei tei-q">“as labouring under an unfortunate + destiny which they cannot avoid, being supposed to be impelled to + this course by a vision from the female spirit that resides in + the moon.”</span><a id="noteref_674" name="noteref_674" href= + "#note_674"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">674</span></span></a> + Similarly the Omahas, another <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Indian tribe of North America, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“believe that the unfortunate beings, called + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Min-qu-ga</span></span>, are mysterious or + sacred because they have been affected by the Moon Being. When a + young Omaha fasted for the first time on reaching puberty, it was + thought that the Moon Being appeared to him, holding in one hand + a bow and arrows and in the other a pack strap, such as the + Indian women use. When the youth tried to grasp the bow and + arrows the Moon Being crossed his hands very quickly, and if the + youth was not very careful he seized the pack strap instead of + the bow and arrows, thereby fixing his lot in after life. In such + a case he could not help acting the woman, speaking, dressing, + and working just as Indian women used to do.”</span><a id= + "noteref_675" name="noteref_675" href="#note_675"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">675</span></span></a> + Among the Ibans or Sea Dyaks of Borneo the highest class of + sorcerers or medicine-men (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">manangs</span></span>) are those who are + believed to have been transformed into women. Such a man is + therefore called a <span class="tei tei-q">“changed + medicine-man”</span> (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">manang bali</span></span>) on account of his + supposed change of sex. The call to transform himself into a + woman is said to come as a supernatural command thrice repeated + in dreams; to disregard the command would mean death. Accordingly + he makes a feast, sacrifices a pig or two to avert evil + consequences from the tribe, and then assumes the garb of a + woman. Thenceforth he is treated as a woman and occupies himself + in feminine pursuits. His chief aim is to copy female manners and + habits as accurately as possible. He is employed for the same + purposes as an ordinary medicine-man and his methods are similar, + but he is paid much higher fees and is often called in when + others have been unable to effect a cure.<a id="noteref_676" + name="noteref_676" href="#note_676"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">676</span></span></a> + Similarly among the Chukchees of North-Eastern Asia there are + shamans or medicine-men who assimilate themselves as far as + possible to women, and who are believed to be called to this + vocation by spirits in a dream. The call usually comes at the + critical age of early youth when the shamanistic inspiration, as + it is called, first manifests itself. But the call is much + dreaded by the youthful adepts, and some of them prefer death to + obedience. There are, however, various stages or degrees of + transformation. In the first stage the man apes a woman only in + the manner of braiding and arranging the hair of his head. In the + second he dons female attire; in the third stage he adopts as far + as possible the life and characteristics of the female sex. A + young man who is undergoing this final transformation abandons + all masculine occupations and manners. He throws away the rifle + and the lance, the lasso of the reindeer herdsman, and the + harpoon of the seal-hunter, and betakes himself to the needle and + the skin-scraper instead. He learns the use of them quickly, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span><a name= + "Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> because the + spirits are helping him all the time. Even his pronunciation + changes from the male to the female mode. At the same time his + body alters, if not in outward appearance, at least in its + faculties and forces. He loses masculine strength, fleetness of + foot, endurance in wrestling, and falls into the debility and + helplessness of a woman. Even his mental character undergoes a + change. His old brute courage and fighting spirit are gone; he + grows shy and bashful before strangers, fond of small talk and of + dandling little children. In short he becomes a woman with the + appearance of a man, and as a woman he is often taken to wife by + another man, with whom he leads a regular married life. + Extraordinary powers are attributed to such transformed shamans. + They are supposed to enjoy the special protection of spirits who + play the part of supernatural husbands to them. Hence they are + much dreaded even by their colleagues in the profession who + remain mere men; hence, too, they excel in all branches of magic, + including ventriloquism.<a id="noteref_677" name="noteref_677" + href="#note_677"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">677</span></span></a> + Among the Teso of Central Africa medicine-men often dress as + women and wear feminine ornaments, such as heavy chains of beads + and shells round their heads and necks.<a id="noteref_678" name= + "noteref_678" href="#note_678"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">678</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Women inspired by a god dress as + men.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And just as a + man inspired by a goddess may adopt female attire, so conversely + a woman inspired by a god may adopt male costume. In Uganda the + great god Mukasa, the deity of the Victoria Nyanza Lake and of + abundance, imparted his oracles through a woman, who in ordinary + life dressed like the rest of her sex in a bark cloth wrapped + round the body and fastened with a girdle, so as to leave the + arms and shoulders bare; but when she prophesied under the + inspiration of the god, she wore two bark cloths knotted in + masculine style over her shoulders and crossing each other on her + breast and back.<a id="noteref_679" name="noteref_679" href= + "#note_679"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">679</span></span></a> + When once the god had chosen her, she retained office for life; + she might not marry or converse with any man except one + particular priest, who was always present when she was possessed + by the deity.<a id="noteref_680" name="noteref_680" href= + "#note_680"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">680</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The theory of inspiration by a + female spirit perhaps explains the legends of the effeminate + Sardanapalus and the effeminate Hercules, both of whom may + have been thought to be possessed by the great Asiatic + goddess Astarte or her equivalent.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Perhaps this + assumed change of sex under the inspiration of a goddess may give + the key to the legends of the effeminate Sardanapalus and the + effeminate Hercules,<a id="noteref_681" name="noteref_681" href= + "#note_681"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">681</span></span></a> as + well as to the practice of the effeminate priests of Cybele and + the Syrian goddess. In all <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> such cases the pretended transformation of + a man into a woman would be intelligible if we supposed that the + womanish priest or king thought himself animated by a female + spirit, whose sex, accordingly, he felt bound to imitate. + Certainly the eunuch priests of Cybele seem to have bereft + themselves of their manhood under the supposed inspiration of the + Great Goddess.<a id="noteref_682" name="noteref_682" href= + "#note_682"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">682</span></span></a> The + priest of Hercules at Antimachia, in Cos, who dressed as a woman + when he offered sacrifice, is said to have done so in imitation + of Hercules who disguised himself as a woman to escape the + pursuit of his enemies.<a id="noteref_683" name="noteref_683" + href="#note_683"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">683</span></span></a> So + the Lydian Hercules wore female attire when he served for three + years as the purchased slave of the imperious Omphale, Queen of + Lydia.<a id="noteref_684" name="noteref_684" href= + "#note_684"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">684</span></span></a> If + we suppose that Queen Omphale, like Queen Semiramis, was nothing + but the great Asiatic goddess,<a id="noteref_685" name= + "noteref_685" href="#note_685"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">685</span></span></a> or + one of her Avatars, it becomes probable that the story of the + womanish Hercules of Lydia preserves a reminiscence of a line or + college of effeminate priests who, like the eunuch priests of the + Syrian goddess, dressed as women in imitation of their goddess + and were supposed to be inspired by her. The probability is + increased by the practice of the priests of Hercules at + Antimachia, in Cos, who, as we have just seen, actually wore + female attire when they were engaged in their sacred duties. + Similarly at the vernal mysteries of Hercules in Rome the men + were draped in the garments of women;<a id="noteref_686" name= + "noteref_686" href="#note_686"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">686</span></span></a> and + in some of the rites and processions of Dionysus also men wore + female attire.<a id="noteref_687" name="noteref_687" href= + "#note_687"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">687</span></span></a> In + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page259">[pg 259]</span><a name= + "Pg259" id="Pg259" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> legend and art + there are clear traces of an effeminate Dionysus, who perhaps + figured in a strange ceremony for the artificial fertilization of + the fig.<a id="noteref_688" name="noteref_688" href= + "#note_688"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">688</span></span></a> + Among the Nahanarvals, an ancient German tribe, a priest garbed + as a woman presided over a sacred grove.<a id="noteref_689" name= + "noteref_689" href="#note_689"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">689</span></span></a> + These and similar practices<a id="noteref_690" name="noteref_690" + href="#note_690"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">690</span></span></a> + need not necessarily have any connexion with the social system of + mother-kin. Wherever a goddess is revered and the theory of + inspiration is held, a man may be thought to be possessed by a + female spirit, whether society be organized on mother-kin or on + father-kin. Still the chances of such a transformation of sex + will be greater under mother-kin than under father-kin if, as we + have found reason to believe, a system of mother-kin is more + favourable to the development and multiplication of goddesses + than of gods. It is therefore, perhaps, no mere accident that we + meet with these effeminate priests in regions like the Pelew + Islands and Western Asia, where the system of mother-kin either + actually prevails or has at least left traces of it behind in + tradition and custom. Such traces, for example, are to be found + in Lydia and Cos,<a id="noteref_691" name="noteref_691" href= + "#note_691"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">691</span></span></a> in + both of which the effeminate Hercules had his + home.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg + 260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">But the exchange of costume + between men and women has probably been practised also from + other motives, for example, from a wish to avert the Evil + Eye. This motive seems to explain the interchange of male and + female costume between bride and bridegroom at + marriage.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the + religious or superstitious interchange of dress between men and + women is an obscure and complex problem, and it is unlikely that + any single solution would apply to all the cases. Probably the + custom has been practised from many different motives. For + example, the practice of dressing boys as girls has certainly + been sometimes adopted to avert the Evil Eye;<a id="noteref_692" + name="noteref_692" href="#note_692"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">692</span></span></a> and + it is possible that the custom of changing garments at marriage, + the bridegroom disguising himself as a woman, or the bride + disguising herself as a man, may have been resorted to for the + same purpose. Thus in Cos, where the priest of Hercules wore + female attire, the bridegroom was in like manner dressed as a + woman when he received his bride.<a id="noteref_693" name= + "noteref_693" href="#note_693"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">693</span></span></a> + Spartan brides had their hair shaved, and were clad in men's + clothes and booted on their wedding night.<a id="noteref_694" + name="noteref_694" href="#note_694"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">694</span></span></a> + Argive brides wore false beards when they slept with their + husbands for the first time.<a id="noteref_695" name= + "noteref_695" href="#note_695"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">695</span></span></a> In + Southern Celebes a bridegroom at a certain point of the long and + elaborate marriage ceremonies puts on the garments which his + bride has just put off.<a id="noteref_696" name="noteref_696" + href="#note_696"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">696</span></span></a> + Among the Jews of Egypt in the Middle Ages the bride led the + wedding dance with a helmet on her head and a sword in her hand, + while the bridegroom adorned himself as a woman and put on female + attire.<a id="noteref_697" name="noteref_697" href= + "#note_697"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">697</span></span></a> At + a Brahman marriage in Southern India <span class="tei tei-q">“the + bride is dressed up as a boy, and another girl is dressed up to + represent the bride. They are taken in procession through the + street, and, on returning, the pseudo-bridegroom is made to speak + to the real bridegroom in somewhat insolent tones, and some mock + play is indulged in. The real bridegroom is addressed as if he + was the syce (groom) or gumasta (clerk) of the pseudo-bridegroom, + and is sometimes treated as a thief, and judgment passed on him + by the latter.”</span><a id="noteref_698" name="noteref_698" + href="#note_698"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">698</span></span></a> + Among the Bharias <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page261">[pg + 261]</span><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of the Central Provinces of India <span class="tei tei-q">“the + bridegroom puts on women's ornaments and carries with him an iron + nut-cutter or dagger to keep off evil spirits.”</span><a id= + "noteref_699" name="noteref_699" href="#note_699"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">699</span></span></a> + Similarly among the Khangars, a low Hindustani caste of the same + region, <span class="tei tei-q">“the bridegroom is dressed in a + yellow gown and overcloth, with trousers of red chintz, red + shoes, and a marriage crown of date-palm leaves. He has the + silver ornaments usually worn by women on his neck, as the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">khang-wāri</span></span> or silver ring and + the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hamel</span></span> or necklace of rupees. + In order to avert the evil eye he carries a dagger or + nut-cracker, and a smudge of lampblack is made on his forehead to + disfigure him and thus avert the evil eye, which, it is thought, + would otherwise be too probably attracted by his exquisitely + beautiful appearance in his wedding garments.”</span><a id= + "noteref_700" name="noteref_700" href="#note_700"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">700</span></span></a> + These examples render it highly probable that, like the dagger or + nut-cracker which he holds in his hand, the woman's ornaments + which he wears are intended to protect the bridegroom against + demons or the evil eye at this critical moment of his life, the + protection apparently consisting in a disguise which enables him + to elude the unwelcome attentions of malignant beings.<a id= + "noteref_701" name="noteref_701" href="#note_701"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">701</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The same explanation may account + for the interchange of male and female costume between other + persons at marriage.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A similar + explanation probably accounts for the similar exchange of costume + between other persons than the bride and bridegroom at marriage. + For example, after a Bharia wedding, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + girl's mother gets the dress of the boy's father and puts it on, + together with a false beard and moustaches, and dances holding a + wooden ladle in one hand and a packet of ashes in the other. + Every time she approaches the bridegroom's father on her rounds + she spills some of the ashes over him and occasionally gives him + a crack on the head with her ladle, these actions being + accompanied by bursts of laughter from the party and frenzied + playing by the musicians. When the party reach the bridegroom's + house on their return, his mother and the other women come out, + and burn a little mustard and human hair in a lamp, the + unpleasant smell emitted by these articles being considered + potent to drive away evil spirits.”</span><a id="noteref_702" + name="noteref_702" href="#note_702"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">702</span></span></a> + Again, after a Khangar wedding the father of the bridegroom, + dressed in women's clothes, dances with the mother of the bride, + while the two throw turmeric mixed with water on each + other.<a id="noteref_703" name="noteref_703" href= + "#note_703"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">703</span></span></a> + Similarly after a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg + 262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + wedding of the Bharbhunjas, another Hindustani caste of the + Central Provinces, the bridegroom's father dances before the + family in women's clothes which have been supplied by the bride's + father.<a id="noteref_704" name="noteref_704" href= + "#note_704"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">704</span></span></a> + Such disguises and dances may be intended either to protect the + disguised dancer himself against the evil eye or perhaps rather + to guard the principal personages of the ceremony, the bride and + bridegroom, by diverting the attention of demons from them to the + guiser.<a id="noteref_705" name="noteref_705" href= + "#note_705"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">705</span></span></a> + However, when at marriage the bride alone assumes the costume and + appearance of the other sex, the motive for the disguise may + perhaps be a notion that on the principle of homoeopathic magic + she thereby ensures the birth of a male heir. Similarly in Sweden + there is a popular superstition that <span class="tei tei-q">“on + the night preceding her nuptials the bride should have a baby-boy + to sleep with her, in which case her first-born will be a + son”</span>;<a id="noteref_706" name="noteref_706" href= + "#note_706"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">706</span></span></a> and + among the Kabyles, when a bride dismounts from her mule at her + husband's house, a young lad leaps into the saddle before she + touches the ground, in order that her first child may be a + boy.<a id="noteref_707" name="noteref_707" href= + "#note_707"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">707</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Women's dress assumed by men for + the purpose of deceiving demons and ghosts.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Be that as it + may, there is no doubt that the assumption of woman's dress is + sometimes intended to disguise a man for the purpose of deceiving + a demon. Thus among the Boloki or Bangala on the Upper Congo a + man was long afflicted with an internal malady. When all other + remedies had failed, a witch-doctor informed the sufferer that + the cause of his trouble was an evil spirit, and that the best + thing he could do was to go far away where the devil could not + get at him, and to remain there till he had recovered his health. + The patient followed the prescription. At dead of night he left + his house, taking only two of his wives with him and telling no + one of his destination, lest the demon should hear it and follow + him. So he went far away from his town, donned a woman's dress, + and speaking in a woman's voice he pretended to be other than he + was, in order that the devil should not be able to find him at + his new address. Strange to say, these sage measures failed to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg 263]</span><a name= + "Pg263" id="Pg263" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> effect a cure, and + wearying of exile he at last returned home, where he continued to + dress and speak as a woman.<a id="noteref_708" name="noteref_708" + href="#note_708"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">708</span></span></a> + Again, the Kuki-Lushai of Assam believe that if a man kills an + enemy or a wild beast, the ghost of the dead man or animal will + haunt him and drive him mad. The only way of averting this + catastrophe is to dress up as a woman and pretend to be one. For + example, a man who had shot a tiger and was in fear of being + haunted by the animal's ghost, dressed himself up in a woman's + petticoat and cloth, wore ivory earrings, and wound a mottled + cloth round his head like a turban. Then smoking a woman's pipe, + carrying a little basket, and spinning a cotton spindle, he + paraded the village followed by a crowd roaring and shrieking + with laughter, while he preserved the gravity of a judge, for a + single smile would have been fatal. To guard against the + possibility of unseasonable mirth, he carried a porcupine in his + arms, and if ever, tickled beyond the pitch of endurance, he + burst into a guffaw, the crowd said, <span class="tei tei-q">“It + was the porcupine that laughed.”</span> All this was done to + mortify the pride of the tiger's ghost by leading him to believe + that he had been shot by a woman.<a id="noteref_709" name= + "noteref_709" href="#note_709"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">709</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Exchange of costume between the + sexes at circumcision.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The same dread + of attracting the attention of dangerous spirits at critical + times perhaps explains the custom observed by some East African + tribes of wearing the costume of the opposite sex at + circumcision. Thus, when Masai boys have been circumcised they + dress as women, wearing earrings in their ears and long garments + that reach to the ground. They also whiten their swarthy faces + with chalk. This costume they retain till their wounds are + healed, whereupon they are shaved and assume the skins and + ornaments of warriors.<a id="noteref_710" name="noteref_710" + href="#note_710"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">710</span></span></a> + Among the Nandi, a tribe of British East Africa, before boys are + circumcised they receive a visit from young girls, who give them + some of their own garments and ornaments. These the boys put on + and wear till the operation of circumcision is over, when they + exchange the girls' clothes for the garments of women, which, + together with necklaces, are provided for them by their mothers; + and these women's garments the newly circumcised lads must + continue to wear for months afterwards. Girls are also + circumcised among the Nandi, and before they submit to the + operation they attire themselves in men's garments and carry + clubs in their hands.<a id="noteref_711" name="noteref_711" href= + "#note_711"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">711</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Other cases of the interchange + of male and female costume.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If such + interchange of costume between men and women is <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id= + "Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> intended to disguise the + wearers against demons, we may compare the practice of the Lycian + men, who regularly wore women's dress in mourning;<a id= + "noteref_712" name="noteref_712" href="#note_712"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">712</span></span></a> for + this might be intended to conceal them from the ghost, just as + perhaps for a similar reason some peoples of antiquity used to + descend into pits and remain there for several days, shunning the + light of the sun, whenever a death had taken place in the + family.<a id="noteref_713" name="noteref_713" href= + "#note_713"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">713</span></span></a> A + similar desire to deceive spirits may perhaps explain a device to + which the Loeboes, a primitive tribe of Sumatra, resort when they + wish to obtain male or female offspring. If parents have several + sons and desire that the next child shall be a girl, they dress + the boys as girls, cut their hair after the girlish fashion, and + hang necklaces round their necks. On the contrary, when they have + many daughters and wish to have a son, they dress the girls up as + boys.<a id="noteref_714" name="noteref_714" href= + "#note_714"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">714</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Conclusion.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the whole + we conclude that the custom of men dressing as women and of women + dressing as men has been practised from a variety of + superstitious motives, among which the principal would seem to be + the wish to please certain powerful spirits or to deceive + others.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="toc77" id="toc77"></a> <a name="pdf78" id="pdf78"></a> + + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">§ 2. Prostitution of Unmarried + Girls.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The systematic prostitution of + unmarried girls for hire in the Pelew Islands seems to be a + form of sexual communism and of group-marriage.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Like many + peoples of Western Asia in antiquity, the Pelew Islanders + systematically prostitute their unmarried girls for hire. Hence, + just as in Lydia and Cyprus of old, the damsels are a source of + income to their family, and women wait impatiently for the time + when their young daughters will be able to help the household by + their earnings. Indeed the mother regularly anticipates the time + by depriving the girl of her virginity with her own hands.<a id= + "noteref_715" name="noteref_715" href="#note_715"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">715</span></span></a> + Hence the theory that the prostitution of unmarried girls is a + device to destroy their virginity without risk to their husbands + is just as inapplicable to the Pelew Islanders as we have seen it + to be to the peoples of Western Asia in antiquity. When a Pelew + girl has thus been prepared for her vocation by her mother, she + sells her favours to all the men of her village who can pay for + them and who do not belong to her own exogamous clan; but she + never grants her favours to the same man twice. Accordingly in + every village of the Pelew Islands it may be taken as certain + that the men and women know each other carnally, except that + members of the same clan are debarred from each other by the rule + of exogamy.<a id="noteref_716" name="noteref_716" href= + "#note_716"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">716</span></span></a> + Thus a well-marked form of sexual communism, limited only by the + exogamous prohibitions which attach to the clans, prevails among + these people. Nor is this communism restricted to the inhabitants + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span><a name= + "Pg265" id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of the same + village, for the girls of each village are regularly sent away to + serve as prostitutes (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">armengols</span></span>) in another village. + There they live with the men of one of the many clubs or + associations (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kaldebekels</span></span>) in the clubhouse + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">blay</span></span>), attending to the house, + consorting freely with the men, and receiving pay for their + services. A girl leading this life in the clubhouse of another + village is well treated by the men: a wrong done to her is a + wrong done to the whole club; and in her own village her value is + increased, not diminished, by the time she thus spends as a + prostitute in a neighbouring community. After her period of + service is over she may marry either in the village where she has + served or in her own. Sometimes many or all of the young women of + a village go together to act as prostitutes (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">armengols</span></span>) in a neighbouring + village, and for this they are well paid by the community which + receives them. The money so earned is divided among the chiefs of + the village to which the damsels belong. Such a joint expedition + of the unmarried girls of a village is called a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">blolobol</span></span>. But the young women + never act as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">armengols</span></span> in any clubhouse of + their own village.<a id="noteref_717" name="noteref_717" href= + "#note_717"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">717</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The custom supports by analogy + the derivation of the similar Asiatic custom from a similar + state of society.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus, while + the Pelew custom of prostituting the unmarried girls to all the + men of their own village, but not of their own clan, is a form of + sexual communism practised within a local group, the custom of + prostituting them to men of other villages is a form of sexual + communism practised between members of different local groups; it + is a kind of group-marriage. These customs of the Pelew Islanders + therefore support by analogy the hypothesis that among the + ancient peoples of Western Asia also the systematic prostitution + of unmarried women may have been derived from an earlier period + of sexual communism.<a id="noteref_718" name="noteref_718" href= + "#note_718"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">718</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Somewhat similar custom observed + in Yap, one of the Caroline Islands.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A somewhat + similar custom prevails in Yap, one of the western group of the + Caroline Islands, situated to the north of the Pelew group. In + each of the men's clubhouses <span class="tei tei-q">“are kept + three or four unmarried girls or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mespil</span></span>, whose business it is + to minister to the pleasures of the men of the particular clan or + brotherhood to which the building belongs. As with the Kroomen on + the Gold Coast, each man, married or single, takes his turn by + rotation in the rites through which each girl must pass before + she is deemed ripe for marriage. The natives say it is an ordeal + or preliminary trial to fit them for the cares and burden of + maternity. She is rarely a girl of the same village, and, of + course, must be sprung from a different sept. Whenever she wishes + to become a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Langin</span></span> or respectable married + woman, she may, and is thought none the less of for her frailties + as a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mespil</span></span>.... But I believe this + self-immolation before marriage is confined to the daughters of + the inferior chiefs and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg + 266]</span><a name="Pg266" id="Pg266" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + commons. The supply of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mespil</span></span> is generally kept up by + the purchase of slave girls from the neighbouring + districts.”</span><a id="noteref_719" name="noteref_719" href= + "#note_719"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">719</span></span></a> + According to another account a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mespil</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“must always be stolen, by force or cunning, from a + district at some distance from that wherein her captors reside. + After she has been fairly, or unfairly, captured and installed in + her new home, she loses no shade of respect among her own people; + on the contrary, have not her beauty and her worth received the + highest proof of her exalted perfection, in the devotion, not of + one, but of a whole community of lovers?”</span><a id= + "noteref_720" name="noteref_720" href="#note_720"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">720</span></span></a> + However, though the girl is nominally stolen from another + district, the matter is almost always arranged privately with the + local chief, who consents to wink hard at the theft in + consideration of a good round sum of shell money and stone money, + which serves <span class="tei tei-q">“to salve the wounds of a + disrupted family and dispel all thoughts of a bloody retaliation. + Nevertheless, the whole proceeding is still carried out with the + greatest possible secrecy and stealth.”</span><a id="noteref_721" + name="noteref_721" href="#note_721"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">721</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="toc79" id="toc79"></a> <a name="pdf80" id="pdf80"></a> + + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">§ 3. Custom of slaying + Chiefs.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In the Pelew Islands the heir to + the chieftainship of a clan has a formal right to slay his + predecessor.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Pelew + Islands when the chief of a clan has reigned too long or has made + himself unpopular, the heir has a formal right to put him to + death, though for reasons which will appear this right is only + exercised in some of the principal clans. The practice of + regicide, if that word may be extended to the assassination of + chiefs, is in these islands a national institution regulated by + exact rules, and every high chief must lay his account with it. + Indeed so well recognized is the custom that when the + heir-apparent, who under the system of mother-kin must be a + brother, a nephew, or a cousin on the mother's side, proves + himself precocious and energetic, the people say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The cousin is a grown man. The chief's <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tobolbel</span></span> is nigh at + hand.”</span><a id="noteref_722" name="noteref_722" href= + "#note_722"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">722</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The plot of death and its + execution.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In such cases + the plot of death is commonly so well hushed up that it seldom + miscarries. The first care of the conspirators is to discover + where the doomed man keeps his money. For this purpose an old + woman will sleep for some nights in the house and make inquiries + quietly, till like a sleuth-hound she has nosed the hoard. Then + the conspirators come, and the candidate for the chieftainship + despatches his predecessor either with his own hand or by the + hand of a young cousin. Having done the deed he takes possession + of the official residence, and applies to the widow <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg 267]</span><a name="Pg267" id= + "Pg267" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of the deceased the form of + persuasion technically known as <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">meleket</span></span>. This consists of + putting a noose round her neck, and drawing it tighter and + tighter till she consents to give up her late husband's money. + After that the murderer and his friends have nothing further to + do for the present, but to remain quietly in the house and allow + events to take their usual course.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Ceremonies observed before the + assassin is recognized as chief in room of his victim.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meantime the + chiefs assemble in the council-house, and the loud droning notes + of the triton-shell, which answers the purpose of a tocsin, + summon the whole population to arms. The warriors muster, and + surrounding the house where the conspirators are ensconced they + shower spears and stones at it, as if to inflict condign + punishment on the assassins. But this is a mere blind, a sham, a + legal fiction, intended perhaps to throw dust in the eyes of the + ghost and make him think that his death is being avenged. In + point of fact the warriors take good care to direct their + missiles at the roof or walls of the house, for if they threw + them at the windows they might perhaps hurt the murderer. After + this formality has been satisfactorily performed, the regicide + steps out of the house and engages in the genial task of paying + the death duties to the various chiefs assembled. When he has + observed this indispensable ceremony, the law is satisfied: all + constitutional forms have been carried out: the assassin is now + the legitimate successor of his victim and reigns in his stead + without any further trouble.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">But the formalities which a + chief has to observe at his accession are much more + complicated and tedious if he has not murdered his + predecessor.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But if he has + omitted to massacre his predecessor and has allowed him to die a + natural death, he suffers for his negligence by being compelled + to observe a long series of complicated and irksome formalities + before he can make good his succession in the eyes of the law. + For in that case the title of chief has to be formally withdrawn + from the dead man and conferred on his successor by a curious + ceremony, which includes the presentation of a coco-nut and a + taro plant to the new chief. Moreover, at first he may not enter + the chief's house, but has to be shut up in a tiny hut for thirty + or forty days during all the time of mourning, and even when that + is over he may not come out till he has received and paid for a + human head brought him by the people of a friendly state. After + that he still may not go to the sea-shore until more formalities + have been fully observed. These comprise a very costly fishing + expedition, which is conducted by the inhabitants of another + district and lasts for weeks. At the end of it a net full of fish + is brought to the chief's house, and the people of the + neighbouring communities are summoned by the blast of trumpets. + As soon as the stranger fishermen have been publicly paid for + their services, a relative of the new chief steps across the net + and solemnly splits a coco-nut in two with an old-fashioned knife + made of a Tridacna shell, while at the same time he bans all the + evils that might befall his kinsman. Then, without looking at the + nut, he throws the pieces on the ground, and if they <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg 268]</span><a name="Pg268" id= + "Pg268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> fall so that the two halves + lie with the opening upwards, it is an omen that the chief will + live long. The pieces of the nut are then tied together and taken + to the house of another chief, the friend of the new ruler, and + there they are kept in token that the ceremony has been duly + performed. Thereupon the fish are divided among the people, the + strangers receiving half. This completes the legal ceremonies of + accession, and the new chief may now go about freely. But these + tedious formalities and others which I pass over are dispensed + with when the new chief has proved his title by slaying his + predecessor. In that case the procedure is much simplified, but + on the other hand the death duties are so very heavy that only + rich men can afford to indulge in the luxury of regicide. Hence + in the Pelew Islands of to-day, or at least of yesterday, the + old-fashioned mode of succession by slaughter is now restricted + to a few families of the bluest blood and the longest + purses.<a id="noteref_723" name="noteref_723" href= + "#note_723"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">723</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Pelew custom shows how + regicide may be regarded as an ordinary incident of + constitutional government.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If this + account of the existing or recent usage of the Pelew Islanders + sheds little light on the motives for putting chiefs to death, it + well illustrates the business-like precision with which such a + custom may be carried out, and the public indifference, if not + approval, with which it may be regarded as an ordinary incident + of constitutional government. So far, therefore, the Pelew custom + bears out the view that a systematic practice of regicide, + however strange and revolting it may seem to us, is perfectly + compatible with a state of society in which human conduct and + human life are estimated by a standard very different from ours. + If we would understand the early history of institutions, we must + learn to detach ourselves from the prepossessions of our own time + and country, and to place ourselves as far as possible at the + standpoint of men in distant lands and distant ages.</p> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg 269]</span><a name= + "Pg269" id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc81" id="toc81"></a> <a name="pdf82" id="pdf82"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Index.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aban, a Persian month, ii. <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">68</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abd-Hadad, priestly king of Hierapolis, i. 163 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aberdeenshire, All Souls' Day in, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abi-baal, i. 51 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abi-el, i. 51 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abi-jah, King, his family, i. 51 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“father of + Jehovah,”</span> 51 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abi-melech, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“father of a king,”</span> i. 51 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abi-milk (Abi-melech), king of Tyre, i. 16 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abimelech massacres his seventy brothers, i. 51 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abipones, of South America, their worship of the Pleiades, i. 258 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abraham, his attempted sacrifice of Isaac, ii. <a href="#Pg219" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abruzzi, gossips of St. John in the, i. 245 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marvellous properties attributed to water on St. John's Night in + the, 246; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Easter ceremonies in the, 256; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the feast of All Souls in the, ii. <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rules as to sowing seed and cutting timber in the, <a href= + "#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abu Rabah, resort of childless wives in Palestine, i. 78, 79 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abydos, head of Osiris at, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the favourite burial-place of the Egyptians, <a href="#Pg018" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + specially associated with Osiris, <a href="#Pg018" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>, <a href="#Pg197" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tombs of the ancient Egyptian kings at, <a href="#Pg019" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the ritual of, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hall of the Osirian mysteries at, <a href="#Pg108" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + representations of the Sed festival at, <a href="#Pg151" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + inscriptions at, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + temple of Osiris at, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">198</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Acacia, Osiris in the, ii. <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">111</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Achaia, subject to earthquakes, i. 202 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Acharaca, cave of Pluto at, i. 205 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Acilisena, temple of Anaitis at, i. 38 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adad, Syrian king, i. 15; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Babylonian and Assyrian god of thunder and lightning, 163 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adana in Cilicia, i. 169 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Addison, Joseph, on the grotto <span class="tei tei-foreign" + style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">dei + cani</span></span> at Naples, i. 205 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adhar, a Persian month, ii. <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">68</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adom-melech or Uri-melech, king of Byblus, i. 14, 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Adon</span></span>, a Semitic title, i. 6 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 16 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 20, 49 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adonai, title of Jehovah, i. 6 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adoni, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“my + lord,”</span> Semitic title, i. 7; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + names compounded with, 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adoni-bezek, king of Jerusalem, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adoni-jah, elder brother of King Solomon, i. 51 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adoni-zedek, king of Jerusalem, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adonis, myth of, i. 3 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Greek worship of, 6; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Greek mythology, 10 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Syria, 13 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + monuments of, 29; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Cyprus, 31 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 49; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Osiris, 32; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mourning for, at Byblus, 38; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + said to be the fruit of incest, 43; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his mother Myrrha, 43; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + son of Theias, 43 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4, 55 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the son of Cinyras, 49; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the title of the sons of Phoenician kings in Cyprus, 49; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his violent death, 55; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + music in the worship of, 55; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred prostitution in the worship of, 57; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + inspired prophets in worship of, 76; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human representatives of, perhaps burnt, 110; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + doves burned in honour of, 147; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + personated by priestly kings, 223; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the ritual of, 223 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death and resurrection represented in his rites, 224 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festivals of, 224 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + flutes played in the laments for, 225 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the ascension of, 225; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + images of, thrown into the sea or springs, 225, 227 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, 236; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + born from a myrrh-tree, 227, ii. <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bewailed by Argive women, i. 227 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + analogy of his rites to Indian and European ceremonies, 227; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death and resurrection interpreted as representations of the + decay and revival of vegetation, 227 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + interpreted as the sun, 228; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + interpreted by the ancients as the god of the reaped and + sprouting corn, 229; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a corn-spirit, 230 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hunger the root of the worship of, 231; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page270">[pg + 270]</span><a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> originally a personification of + wild vegetation, especially grass and trees, 233; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the gardens of, 236 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rain-charm in the rites of, 237; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + resemblance of his rites to the festival of Easter, 254 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 306; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at Bethlehem, 257 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and the planet Venus as the Morning Star, 258 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sometimes identified with Attis, 263; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + swine not eaten by worshippers of, 265; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rites of, among the Greeks, 298; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lamented by women at Byblus, ii. <a href="#Pg023" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adonis and Aphrodite, i. 11 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 29, 280; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their marriage celebrated at Alexandria, 224 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Attis identified with Dionysus, ii. <a href="#Pg127" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Osiris, similarity between their rites, ii. <a href= + "#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Attis, Osiris, their mythical similarity, i. 6, ii. <a href= + "#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the river, its valley, i. 28 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + annual discoloration of the, 30, 225 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aedepsus, hot springs of Hercules at, i. 211 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aedesius, Sextilius Agesilaus, dedicates altar to Attis, i. 275 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aegipan and Hermes, i. 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aelian, on impregnation of Judean maid by serpent, i. 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aeneas and Dido, i. 114 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aeschylus, on Typhon, i. 156 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aesculapius, in relation to serpents, i. 80 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reputed father of Aratus, 80 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his shrines at Sicyon and Titane, 81; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his dispute with Hercules, 209 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aeson and Medea, i. 181 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aetna</span></span>, Latin poem, i. 221 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Africa, serpents as reincarnations of the dead in, i. 82 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + infant burial in, 91 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reincarnation of the dead in, 91 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + annual festivals of the dead in, ii. <a href="#Pg066" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worship of dead kings and chiefs in, <a href="#Pg160" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supreme gods in, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">165</a>, <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">173</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a>, <a href="#Pg186" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>, with + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5, <a href="#Pg187" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg188" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg190" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worship of ancestral spirits among the Bantu tribes of, <a href= + "#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + inheritance of the kingship under mother-kin in, <a href="#Pg211" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, North, custom of bathing at Midsummer among the Mohammedan + peoples of, i. 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, West, sacred men and women in, i. 65 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices in, ii. <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">99</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Afterbirth" id="Index-Afterbirth" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Afterbirth or placenta regarded as a person's double or twin, ii. + <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + See <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">also</span></span> + <a href="#Index-Placenta" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Placenta</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Afterbirths buried in banana groves, i. 93; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + regarded as twins of the children, 93; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Shilluk kings interred where their afterbirths are buried, ii. + <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agbasia, West African god, i. 79 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agdestis, a man-monster in the myth of Attis, i. 269 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agesipolis, King of Sparta, his conduct in an earthquake, i. 196 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agraulus, daughter of Cecrops, worshipped at Salamis in Cyprus, + i. 145, 146 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agricultural peoples worship the moon, ii. <a href="#Pg138" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agriculture, religious objections to, i. 88 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the hands of women in the Pelew Islands, ii. <a href="#Pg206" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its tendency to produce a conservative character, <a href= + "#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ahts of Vancouver Island regard the moon as the husband of the + sun, ii. <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">139</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Airi, a deity of North-West India, i. 170 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aiyar, N. Subramhanya, on Indian dancing-girls, i. 63 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ajax and Teucer, names of priestly kings of Olba, i. 144 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 161 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Akhetaton (Tell-el-Amarna), the capital of Amenophis IV., ii. + <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">123</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Akikuyu of British East Africa, their worship of snakes, i. 67 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, 82, 85 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alaska, the Esquimaux of, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Koniags of, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">106</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Albania, marriage custom in, ii. <a href="#Pg246" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Albanians of the Caucasus, their worship of the moon, i. 73 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Albinoes the offspring of the moon, i. 91 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Albiruni, Arab geographer, on the Persian festival of the dead, + ii. <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">68</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alcman on dew, ii. <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">137</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aleutians, effeminate sorcerers among the, ii. <a href="#Pg254" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alexander Severus, at festival of Attis, i. 273 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alexander the Great expels a king of Paphos, i. 42; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his fabulous birth, 81; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + assumes costumes of deities, 165; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifices to Megarsian Athena, 169 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alexandria, festival of Adonis at, i. 224; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Serapeum at, ii. <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">119</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg217" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alexandrian calendar, used by Plutarch, ii. <a href="#Pg084" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— year, the fixed, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">28</a>, <a href="#Pg092" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Plutarch's use of the, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">49</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + All Saints, feast of, perhaps substituted for an old pagan + festival of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">82</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + All Souls, feast of, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">51</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + originally a pagan festival of the dead, <a href="#Pg081" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + instituted by Odilo, abbot of Clugny, <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Allatu, Babylonian goddess, i. 9 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page271">[pg 271]</span><a name= + "Pg271" id="Pg271" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Allifae in Samnium, baths of Hercules at, i. 213 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Almo, procession to the river, in the rites of Attis, i. 273. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Almond causes virgin to conceive, i. 263; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the father of all things, 263 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alyattes, king of Lydia, i. 133 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alynomus, king of Paphos, i. 43 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amambwe, a Bantu tribe of Northern Rhodesia, its head chief + reincarnated in a lion, ii. <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amasis, king of Egypt, his body burnt by Cambyses, i. 176 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amathus, in Cyprus, Adonis and Melcarth at, i. 32, 117; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + statue of lion-slaying god found at, 117 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amatongo, ancestral spirits (Zulu term), i. 74 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4, ii. <a href="#Pg184" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ambabai, an Indian goddess, i. 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ambala District, Punjaub, i. 94 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amélineau, E., discovers the tomb of King Khent, ii. <a href= + "#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amenophis IV., king of Egypt, his attempt to abolish all gods but + the sun-god, ii. <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">123</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + America, reincarnation of the dead in, i. 91; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the moon worshipped by the agricultural Indians of tropical, ii. + <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">138</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amestris, wife of Xerxes, her sacrifice of children, ii. <a href= + "#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ammon, Milcom, the god of, i. 19 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ammon (the Egyptian) at Thebes, his human wives, i. 72; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Thebes identified with the sun, ii. <a href="#Pg123" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rage of King Amenophis IV. against the god, <a href="#Pg124" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amoor, Gilyaks of the, i. 278 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amorites, their law as to fornication, i. 37 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amsanctus, the valley of, i. 204 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amulets, crowns and wreaths as, ii. <a href="#Pg242" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amyclae, in the vale of Sparta, i. 313, 314, 315 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amyclas, father of Hyacinth, i. 313 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anacreon, on Cinyras, i. 55 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anacyndaraxes, father of Sardanapalus, i. 172 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anaitis, sacred prostitution in the worship of, i. 38 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anassa</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Queen,”</span> title of + goddess, i. 35 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anazarba or Anazarbus, in Cilicia, i. 167 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ancestor-worship among the Khasis of Assam, ii. <a href="#Pg203" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + combined with mother-kin tends to a predominance of goddesses + over gods in religion, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">211</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ancestors, propitiation of deceased, i. 46; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the worship of, the main practical religion of the Bantu tribes, + ii. <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">176</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Ancestral-Spirits" id="Index-Ancestral-Spirits" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ancestral spirits on shoulders of medicine-men, i. 74 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + incarnate in serpents, 82 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the form of animals, 83; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped by the Bantu tribes of Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg174" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prayers to, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">175</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg178" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg183" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifices to, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">175</a>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">178</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.q.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg180" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>, <a href="#Pg181" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg183" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg190" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the father's and on the mother's side, the two distinguished, + <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">180</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">181</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href="#Index-Dead" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Dead</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anchiale in Cilicia, i. 144; monument of Sardanapalus at, 172 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Andania in Messenia, sacred men and women at, i. 76 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Andriamasinavalona, a Hova king, vicarious sacrifice for, ii. + <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anemone, the scarlet, sprung from the blood of Adonis, i. 226 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Angel, the Destroying, over Jerusalem, i. 24 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Angus, belief as to the weaning of children in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anhalt, custom at sowing in, i. 239 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Animals sacrificed by being hanged, i. 289 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 292; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and plants, edible, savage lamentations for, ii. <a href="#Pg043" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dead kings and chiefs incarnate in, <a href="#Pg162" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>, <a href="#Pg163" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg173" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a>, <a href="#Pg193" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrificed to prolong the life of kings, <a href="#Pg222" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anje-a, a mythical being who brings children to women, i. 103 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anklets made of human sinews worn by king of Uganda, ii. <a href= + "#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ankole, in Central Africa, the Bahima of, ii. <a href="#Pg190" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anna, sister of Dido, i. 114 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Annam, offerings to the dead in spring in, i. 235 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + annual festivals of the dead in, ii. <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Annual death and resurrection of gods, i. 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anointing as a ceremony of consecration, i. 21 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 and 3, 68, 74 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sacred stones, custom of, i. 36 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antelopes, soul of a dead king incarnate in, ii. <a href="#Pg163" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthesteria</span></span>, festival of the + dead at Athens, i. 234 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antigonus, King, i. 212 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antimachia in Cos, priest of Hercules at, ii. <a href="#Pg258" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antioch, destroyed by an earthquake, i. 222 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of Adonis at, 227, 257 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antiochus, Greek calendar of, i. 303 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antwerp, feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg070" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anubis, Egyptian jackal-headed god, ii. <a href="#Pg015" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg018" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, <a href="#Pg022" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + finds the body of Osiris, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">85</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apameia, worship of Poseidon at, i. 195 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aphaca in Syria, sanctuary of Astarte at, i. 28, 259; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + meteor as signal for festival at, 259 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page272">[pg 272]</span><a name= + "Pg272" id="Pg272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aphrodite, her sacred doves, i. 33, 147; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sanctuary of, at Paphos, 33 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the month of, 145; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her blood dyes white roses red, 226; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + name applied to summer, ii. 41 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Adonis, i. 11 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 29, 280; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their marriage celebrated at Alexandria, 224 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Cinyras, i. 48 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Pygmalion, i. 49 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Lebanon, the mourning, i. 29 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apinagos Indians of Brazil, their dances and presentation of + children to the moon, ii. <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">145</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apis, sacred Egyptian bull, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a>, <a href="#Pg119" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mourning for the death of, i. 225; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + held to be an image of the soul of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg130" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apollo, the friend of Cinyras, i. 54; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + music in the worship of, 54 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reputed father of Augustus, 81; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Catalonian, 147 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his musical contest with Marsyas, 288; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + purified at Tempe, ii. <a href="#Pg240" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">240</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Artemis, their priesthood at Ephesus, ii. <a href="#Pg243" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Marsyas, i. 55 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— at Delphi, sacrifices of Croesus to, i. 180 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and the Dragon at Delphi, ii. <a href="#Pg240" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Golden Sword, i. 176 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the Four-handed, ii. <a href="#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">250</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apotheosis by being burnt alive, i. 179 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Appian, on the costume of a priest of Isis, ii. <a href="#Pg085" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apples forbidden to worshippers of Cybele and Attis, i. 280 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apuleius, on the worship of Isis, ii. <a href="#Pg119" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arab name for the scarlet anemone, i. 226 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arabic writer on the mourning for Tá-uz (Tammuz) in Harran, i. + 230 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arabs resort to the springs of Callirrhoe in Moab, i. 215 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Moab, their custom at harvest, ii. <a href="#Pg048" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>, <a href="#Pg096" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their remedies for ailments, <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">242</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aratus of Sicyon, deemed a son of Aesculapius, i. 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Araucanian Indians of South America eat fruit of Araucanian pine, + i. 278 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Araunah, the threshing-floor of, i. 24 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arcadians sacrifice to thunder and lightning, i. 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Archigallus, high-priest of Attis, i. 268, 279; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prophesies, 271 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arctic origin, alleged, of the Aryans, i. 229 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arenna or Arinna, i. 136 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the sun-goddess of, 136 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arensdorf, custom at sowing in, i. 239 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Argaeus, Mount, in Cappadocia, i. 190 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Argive brides wore false beards, ii. <a href="#Pg260" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— women bewail Adonis, i. 227 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aristomenes, Messenian hero, his fabulous birth, i. 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aristophanes, on the Spartan envoy, i. 196 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Hercules as patron of hot springs, 209 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aristotelian philosophy, revival of the, i. 301 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aristotle on the political institutions of Cyprus, i. 49 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on earthquakes, 211 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Armengols</span></span>, in the Pelew + Islands, ii. <a href="#Pg265" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">265</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Armenia, sacred prostitution of girls before marriage in, i. 38, + 58 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Armenians, their festivals of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg065" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their opinion of the baleful influence of the moon on children, + <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">148</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arrian on Attis, i. 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Artemis at Perga, i. 35; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + name given by Greeks to Asiatic Mother Goddesses, 169 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Apollo, their priesthood at Ephesus, ii. <a href="#Pg243" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Ephesus served by eunuch priests, i. 269 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the Hanged, i. 291 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Laphrian, at Patrae, i. 126 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Perasian, at Castabala, i. 115, 167 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Sarpedonian, in Cilicia, i. 167, 171 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Tauropolis, i. 275 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Tauric, human sacrifices to the, i. 115 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Artemision, a Greek month, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arunta of Central Australia, their belief in the reincarnation of + the dead, i. 99, 100 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Arval-Brethren" id="Index-Arval-Brethren" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arval Brethren, their wreaths of corn, i. 44 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a Roman college of priests, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aryan family, marriage customs of the, ii. <a href="#Pg235" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aryans, their alleged Arctic origin, i. 229 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + annual festivals of the dead among the, ii. <a href="#Pg067" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aryenis, daughter of Alyattes, i. 133 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ascalon, the goddess Derceto at, i. 34 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ascension of Adonis, i. 225 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ashantee, human sacrifices at earthquakes in, i. 201; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kings of, their human sacrifices, ii. <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Asherim</span></span>, sacred poles, i. 18, + 18 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 107, 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ashes of human victims scattered by winnowing-fans, ii. <a href= + "#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, + <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">106</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ashtoreth (Astarte), i. 18 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Astarte" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Astarte</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, i. 144; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + confused with the legendary Sardanapalus, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg 273]</span><a name="Pg273" id= + "Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: left"></a> 173 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + carries off the bones of the kings of Elam, ii. <a href="#Pg103" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ashvin, an Indian month, i. 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asia Minor, priestly dynasties of, i. 140 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + subject to volcanic forces, 190; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + subject to earthquakes, 202 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asiatic goddesses of fertility served by eunuch priests, i. 269 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asopus, the river, i. 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“A-souling,”</span> custom of, in England, ii. + <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aspalis, a form of Artemis, i. 292 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assam, the Khasis of, i. 46, ii. <a href="#Pg202" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Tangkul Nagas of, ii. <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">57</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assumption of the Virgin and the festival of Diana, i. 308, 309 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assyrian cavalry, i. 25 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assyrians in Cilicia, i. 173 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Astarte" id="Index-Astarte" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Astarte at Byblus, i. 13 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and the <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">asherim</span></span>, 18; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kings as priests of, 26; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Paphos, 33 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + doves sacred to, 147; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with the planet Venus, 258; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Syrian Hierapolis served by eunuch priests, 269 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called by Lucian the Assyrian Hera, 280 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Heavenly Goddess, 303; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the planet Venus her star, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Aphrodite, i. 304 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asteria, mother of the Tyrian Hercules (Melcarth), i. 112 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Astyages, king of the Medes, i. 133 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Asvattha</span></span> tree, i. 82 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Atargatis, Syrian goddess, i. 34 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, 137; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at Hierapolis-Bambyce, 162 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + derivation of the name, 162; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her husband-god, 162 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ates, a Phrygian, i. 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athamas, the dynasty of, i. 287 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athanasius, on the mourning for Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg217" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + 'Atheh, Cilician goddess, i. 162 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athena, temple of, at Salamis in Cyprus, i. 145; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and hot springs, 209, 210 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Magarsian, a Cilician goddess, i. 169 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Sciras, sanctuary of, ii. <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">238</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athenian boys, race of, at the vintage, ii. <a href="#Pg238" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + boy carrying an olive-branch in procession, <a href="#Pg238" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athenians, their superstition as to an eclipse of the moon, ii. + <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athens, sacred serpent at, i. 87; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Commemoration of the Dead at, 234; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifice of an ox at, 296 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marriage custom at, ii. <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">245</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athribis, heart of Osiris at, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athyr, Egyptian month, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">8</a>, <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#Pg049" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Osiris murdered on the seventeenth day of, <a href="#Pg008" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a>, <a href= + "#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of Osiris in the month of, <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Atonga, tribe of Lake Nyassa, their theory of earthquakes, i. 199 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Attica, summer festival of Adonis in, i. 226 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Attis, priests of Cybele called, i. 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sometimes identified with Adonis, 263; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + myth and ritual of, 263 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + beloved by Cybele, 263, 282; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + legends of his death, 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his legend at Pessinus, 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his self-mutilation, 264 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and the pine-tree, 264, 265, 267, 271, 277 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 285, ii. <a href="#Pg098" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his eunuch priests, i. 265, 266; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of his death and resurrection in March, 267 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 272 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 307 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + violets sprung from the blood of, 267; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the mourning for, 272; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bath of bull's blood in the rites of, 274 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mysteries of, 274 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a god of vegetation, 277 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 279; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as the Father God, 281 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Zeus, 282; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a sky-god, 282 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + emasculation of, suggested explanation of myth, 283; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his star-spangled cap, 284; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Phrygian moon-god Men Tyrannus, 284; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human representatives of, 285 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + title borne by priests of Cybele, 285, 287 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Adonis, Osiris, their mythical similarity, i. 6, ii. <a href= + "#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Atys, son of Croesus, his death, i. 286; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + early king of Lydia, 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aubrey, John, on soul-cakes, ii. <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Augustine on the effeminate priests of the Great Mother, i. 298; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the heathen origin of Christmas, 305; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the discovery of corn by Isis, ii. <a href="#Pg116" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Salacia as the wife of Neptune, <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Augustodunum (Autun), worship of Cybele at, i. 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Augustus reputed a son of Apollo, i. 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aulus Gellius on the influence of the moon, ii. <a href="#Pg132" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Aun" id="Index-Aun" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aun, or On, King of Sweden, sacrifices his sons to Odin, ii. + <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">220</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aunis, feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg069" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aurelia Aemilia, a sacred harlot, i. 38 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aurohuacas, Indians of Colombia, i. 23 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aust, E., on the marriage of the Roman gods, ii. <a href="#Pg236" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Australia, belief as to the reincarnation of the dead in, i. 99 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Australian aborigines, their preparation for marriage, i. 60; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their belief in conception without sexual intercourse, 99 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their cuttings for the dead, 268 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Austria, leaping over Midsummer fires in, i. 251 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Awakening of + Hercules,”</span> festival at Tyre, i. 111 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page274">[pg 274]</span><a name= + "Pg274" id="Pg274" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Awemba, Bantu tribe of Rhodesia, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their worship of ancestral spirits, <a href="#Pg175" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their prayers to dead kings before going to war, <a href="#Pg191" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Axe, emblem of Hittite god of thundering sky, i. 134; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as divine emblem, 163; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + symbol of Asiatic thunder-god, 183 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, double-headed, symbol of Sandan, i. 127; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + carried by Lydian kings, 182; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a palladium of the Heraclid sovereignty, 182; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + figured on coins, 183 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ba-bwende, a tribe of the Congo, i. 271 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ba-sundi, a tribe of the Congo, i. 271 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baal, Semitic god, i. 15, 16; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + royal names compounded with, 16; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as the god of fertility, 26 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + conceived as god who fertilizes land by subterranean water, 159 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Sandan at Tarsus, i. 142 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 161 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Lebanon, i. 32 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Tarsus, i. 117 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 162 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baalath or Astarte, i. 26, 34 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Baal, i. 27 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Gebal, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baalbec, i. 28; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred prostitution at, 37; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + image of Hadad at, 163 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baalim, firstlings and first-fruits offered to the, i. 27; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called lovers, 75 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babylon, early kings of, worshipped as gods, i. 15; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worship of Mylitta at, 36; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + religious prostitution at, 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human wives of Marduk at, 71; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sanctuary of Serapis at, ii. <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">119</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babylonia, worship of Tammuz in, i. 6 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the moon-god took precedence of the sun-god in ancient, ii. + <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">138</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babylonian hymns to Tammuz, i. 9 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bacchanals tear Pentheus in pieces, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bacchic orgies suppressed by Roman government, i. 301 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bacchylides as to Croesus on the pyre, i. 175 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Backbone of Osiris represented by the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ded</span></span> pillar, ii. <a href= + "#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baden, feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baethgen, F., on goddess 'Hatheh, i. 162 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Baganda" id="Index-Baganda" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baganda, their worship of the python, i. 86; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rebirth of the dead among the, 92 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their theory of earthquakes, 199; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their presentation of infants to the new moon, ii. <a href= + "#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>, + <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">145</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ceremony observed by the king at new moon, <a href="#Pg147" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their worship of dead kings, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">167</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their veneration for the ghosts of dead relations, <a href= + "#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their pantheon, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">196</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices offered to prolong the life of their kings, + <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">223</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bagishu (Bageshu) of Mount Elgon, reincarnation of the dead among + the, i. 92 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bagobos of the Philippine Islands, their theory of earthquakes, + i. 200; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Mindanao, their custom of hanging and spearing human victims, + 290 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baharutsis, a Bantu tribe of South Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg179" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bahima, their belief as to dead kings and chiefs, i. 83 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Ankole in Central Africa, their worship of the dead, ii. + <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">190</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their belief in a supreme god Lugaba, <a href="#Pg190" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Kiziba, ii. <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">173</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baigas, Dravidian tribe of India, their objection to agriculture, + i. 89 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bailly, French astronomer, on the Arctic origin of the rites of + Adonis, i. 229 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bairu, the, of Kiziba, ii. <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">173</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baku, on the Caspian, perpetual fires at, i. 192 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Balinese, their conduct in an earthquake, i. 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baloi</span></span>, witches and wizards, + ii. <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Banana, women impregnated by the flower of the, i. 93 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bangalas of the Congo, rebirth of dead among the, i. 92. + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Boloki + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bantu tribes, their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the + dead, i. 82 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their worship of ancestral spirits, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their main practical religion a worship of ancestors, <a href= + "#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their worship of the dead, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">176</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg191" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Banyoro, their worship of serpents, i. 86 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baptism of bull's blood in the rites of Cybele, i. 274 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bar-rekub, king of Samal, i. 15 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baralongs, a Bantu tribe of South Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg179" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barea and Kunama, their annual festival of the dead, ii. <a href= + "#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barley forced for festival, i. 240, 241, 242, 244, 251 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and wheat discovered by Isis, ii. <a href="#Pg116" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barotse, a Bantu tribe of the Zambesi, their belief in a supreme + god Niambe, ii. <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their worship of dead kings, <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">194</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barren women resort to graves in order to get children, i. 90; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + entice souls of dead children to them, 94 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Barrenness" id="Index-Barrenness" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barrenness of women cured by passing through holed stone, i. 36, + with <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + removed by serpent, 86; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children murdered as a remedy for, 95 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barrows of Halfdan, ii. <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">100</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span><a name= + "Pg275" id="Pg275" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barsom, bundle of twigs used by Parsee priests, i. 191 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barth, H., on sculptures at BoghazKeui, i. 133 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Basil, pots of, on St. John's Day in Sicily, i. 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Basuto chiefs buried secretly, ii. <a href="#Pg104" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Basutos, worship of the dead among the, ii. <a href="#Pg179" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bataks of Sumatra, their theory of earthquakes, i. 199 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Batara-guru, the Batak creator, i. 199 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bath in river at the rites of Cybele, i. 273, 274 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of bull's blood in the rites of Attis, 274 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of image of Cybele perhaps a rain-charm, 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Aphrodite, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Demeter, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Hera in the river Burrha, i. 280; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the spring of Canathus, 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bathing on St. John's Day or Eve (Midsummer Day or Eve), i. 246 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + pagan origin of the custom, 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baths of Hercules, i. 212 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Solomon in Moab, i. 215 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Batoo Bedano, an earthquake god, i. 202 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Battle, purificatory ceremonies after a, ii. <a href="#Pg251" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the gods and giants, i. 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baudissin, W. W. Graf von, on Tammuz and Adonis, i. 6 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Adonis as the personification of the spring vegetation, 228 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on summer festival of Adonis, 232 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bavaria, gardens of Adonis in, i. 244 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bawenda, the, of South Africa, the positions of their villages + hidden, ii. <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">251</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bearded Venus, in Cyprus, i. 165, ii. <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beaufort, F., on perpetual flame in Lycia, i. 222 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bechuana ritual at founding a new town, ii. <a href="#Pg249" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bechuanas, their sacrifice of a blind bull on various occasions, + ii. <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">249</a>, <a href="#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">250</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bede, on the feast of All Saints, ii. <a href="#Pg083" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beech, M. W. H., on serpent-worship, i. 85 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Beena</span></span> marriage in Ceylon, ii. + <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">215</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Begbie, General, i. 62 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bel or Marduk at Babylon, i. 71 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Belgium, feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg070" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bellerophon and Pegasus, i. 302 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bellona and Mars, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ben-hadad, king of Damascus, i. 15 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bendall, Professor C., i. 229 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Benefit of clergy, i. 68 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bengal, the Oraons and Mundas of, i. 46, 240 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Benin, human victims crucified at, i. 294 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bent, J. Theodore, discovers ruins of Olba, i. 151; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identifies site of Hieropolis-Castabala, 168 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Berecynthia, title of Cybele, i. 279 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Berenice and Ptolemy, annual festival in their honour, ii. + <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bes, Egyptian god, i. 118 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bethlehem, worship of Adonis at, i. 257 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fertility of the neighbourhood, 257 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Star of, 259 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Betsileo of Madagascar, their belief in serpents as + reincarnations of the dead, i. 83 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bghais, a Karen tribe of Burma, their annual festival of the + dead, ii. <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">60</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bhâdon, Indian month, i. 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bharbhunjas, of the Central Provinces, India, marriage custom of + the, ii. <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bharias, of the Central Provinces, India, exchange of costume + between men and women at marriage among the, ii. <a href="#Pg260" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bhujariya, festival in the Central Provinces of India, i. 242 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bilaspore, infant burial in, i. 94 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + annual festival of the dead in, ii. <a href="#Pg060" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bion on the scarlet anemone, i. 226 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bird, soul of a tree in a, ii. <a href="#Pg111" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— called <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the + soul of Osiris,”</span> ii. <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birds burnt in honour of Artemis, i. 126 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + white, souls of dead kings incarnate in, ii. <a href="#Pg162" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birks, Rev. E. B., on harvest custom at Orwell, i. 237 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birth, new, through blood in rites of Attis, i. 274 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Egyptian kings at the Sed festival, ii. <a href="#Pg153" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href= + "#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birthday of the Sun, the twenty-fifth of December, i. 303 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bisa chiefs reincarnated in pythons, ii. <a href="#Pg193" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bishnois of the Punjaub, infant burial among the, i. 94 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bithynians invoke Attis, i. 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Black-snake clan, i. 100 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Blay</span></span>, men's clubhouse in the + Pelew Islands, ii. <a href="#Pg265" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">265</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blekinge, province of Sweden, Midsummer custom in, i. 251 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blind bull sacrificed at the foundation of a town, ii. <a href= + "#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrificed before an army going to war, <a href="#Pg250" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blood, bath of bull's, in the rites of Attis, i. 274 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + remission of sins through the shedding of, 299; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used in expiation for homicide, 299 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of pig used in exorcism and purification, 299 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to be shed in certain sacrifices, ii. <a href="#Pg222" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span><a name= + "Pg276" id="Pg276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blood, the Day of, in the festival of Attis, i. 268, 285 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blowing of Trumpets in the festival of Attis, i. 268 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blue Spring, the, at Syracuse, i. 213 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boar, Attis killed by a, i. 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bocage of Normandy, rule as to the clipping of wool in the, ii. + <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">134</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bodies of the dead, magical uses made of the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + guarded against mutilation, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">103</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to be endowed with magical powers, <a href="#Pg103" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>, <a href= + "#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bodroum in Cilicia, ruins of, i. 167 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boghaz-Keui, Hittite capital, excavations of H. Winckler at, i. + 125 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + situation and remains, 128 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the gods of, 128 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rock-hewn sculptures at, 129 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bohemia, May-pole or Midsummer-tree in, i. 250; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">72</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bolivia, the Chiriguanos Indians of, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4, <a href="#Pg145" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boloki, or Bangala, of the Upper Congo, their ceremonies at the + new moon, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">143</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + attempt to deceive spirit of disease among the, <a href="#Pg262" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bones of the dead used in rain-making ceremonies, i. 22; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of dead kings carried off or destroyed by enemies, ii. <a href= + "#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, fossil, source of myths about giants, i. 157 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bonfire on St. John's Eve, dances round it, i. 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Book of the Dead</span></span>, ii. <a href= + "#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bor, the ancient Tyana, Hittite monument at, i. 122 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Borneo, custom of head-hunting in, i. 294 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + effeminate sorcerers in, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">253</a>, <a href="#Pg256" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bosanquet, Professor R. C., on the Four-handed Apollo, ii. + <a href="#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">250</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bosman, W., on serpent-worship, i. 67 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bouche, Abbé, on West African priestesses, i. 66 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, 69 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boys of living parents in ritual, ii. <a href="#Pg236" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dressed as girls to avert the Evil Eye, <a href="#Pg260" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marriage customs to ensure the birth of, <a href="#Pg262" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brahman marriage in Southern India, bride dressed as a boy at, + ii. <a href="#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">260</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brazil, the Apinagos Indians of, ii. <a href="#Pg145" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brazilian Indians, their belief in the noxious influence of the + moon on children, ii. <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">148</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bread, fast from, in mourning for Attis, i. 272 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Breasted, Professor J. H., on the eye of Horus, ii. <a href= + "#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Amenophis IV., <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">123</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Sed festival, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Breath not to defile sacred flame, i. 191 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brethren of the Ploughed Fields (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Fratres + Arvales</span></span>), a Roman college of priests, ii. <a href= + "#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Arval-Brethren" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Arval Brethren</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Bride”</span> + of the Nile, ii. <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">38</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Bridegroom at Midsummer in Sweden, i. 251 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bridegroom disfigured in order to avert the evil eye, ii. + <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + British Columbia, the Indians of, respect the animals and plants + which they eat, ii. <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">44</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brittany, feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg069" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief as to warts and the moon in, <a href="#Pg149" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bromo, volcano in Java, worshipped, i. 220 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brother of a god, i. 51; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dead elder, worshipped, ii. <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">175</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brothers and sisters, marriages of, in royal families, i. 44; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in ancient Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">214</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their intention to keep the property in the family, <a href= + "#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brown, A. R., on the beliefs of the West Australian aborigines as + to the causes of childbirth, i. 104 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brown, Dr. George, on snakes as reincarnations of chiefs, i. 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bruges, feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg070" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brugsch, H., on Egyptian names for a year, ii. <a href="#Pg026" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Sothic period, <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">37</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the grave of Osiris at Philae, <a href="#Pg111" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Isis as a personified corn-field, <a href="#Pg117" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buddha and Buddhism, ii. <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">159</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buddhism, spiritual declension of, i. 310 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Budge, Dr. E. A. Wallis, on goddess Net, i. 282 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on an Egyptian funeral rite, ii. <a href="#Pg015" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Isis, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">115</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the nature of Osiris, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">126</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the solar theory of Osiris, <a href="#Pg131" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the historical reality of Osiris, <a href="#Pg160" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Khenti-Amenti, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">198</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buduna tribe of West Australia, their beliefs as to the birth of + children, i. 104 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bugis of South Celebes, effeminate priests or sorcerers among + the, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">253</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bulgaria, marriage customs in, ii. <a href="#Pg246" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bull as emblem of generative force, i. 123; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped by the Hittites, 123, 132; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + emblem of Hittite thunder-god, 134 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hittite god standing on a, 135; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as emblem of a thunder-god, 136; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as symbol of thunder and fertility, 163 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the emblem of the Father God, 164; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at Euyuk, 164; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + testicles of, used in rites of Cybele and Attis, 276; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrificed at Egyptian funeral, ii. <a href="#Pg015" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + white, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page277">[pg + 277]</span><a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> soul of dead king incarnate in a, + <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">164</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrificed to prolong the life of a king, <a href="#Pg222" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrificed to Zeus, the Saviour of the City, <a href="#Pg238" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + blinded and sacrificed at the foundation of a town, <a href= + "#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bull's blood, bath of, in the rites of Attis, i. 274 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— hide cut in strips and pegged down round the site of a new + town, ii. <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">249</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bride seated on a, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">246</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— skin, body of the dead placed in a, ii. <a href="#Pg015" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bulls, husband-god at Hierapolis seated on, i. 163 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sacrificed at caves of Pluto, i. 206; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrificed to Persephone, 213 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrificed to dead chiefs, ii. <a href="#Pg191" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burial at cross-roads, i. 93 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of infants to ensure their rebirth, i. 91, 93 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Gezer, 108 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Osiris in his rites, ii. <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">88</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burma, the Bghais of, ii. <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">60</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burmese, their conduct during an earthquake, i. 201 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burne, Miss C. S., and Miss G. F. Jackson on <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Souling Day”</span> in + Shropshire, ii. <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">78</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burning of Melcarth, i. 110 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Sandan, 117 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Cilician gods, 170 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Sardanapalus, 172 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Croesus, 174 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of a god, 188 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burnings for dead kings of Judah, i. 177 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for dead Jewish Rabbis at Meiron, 178 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burns, Robert, on John Barleycorn, i. 230 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burnt alive, apotheosis by being, i. 179 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Land of Lydia, i. 193 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burrha, river, Hera's bath in the, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buru, East Indian island, use of oil as a charm in, i. 21 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Busiris, backbone of Osiris at, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + specially associated with Osiris, <a href="#Pg018" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the ritual of, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rites of Osiris at, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of Osiris in the month of Khoiak at, <a href="#Pg108" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + temple of Usirniri at, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">151</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Busiro, the district containing the graves and temples of the + kings of Uganda, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">168</a>, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">169</a>, <a href="#Pg224" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bustard totem, i. 104 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buto, city in Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">10</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Butterflies, soul of a dead king incarnate in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Byblus, Adonis at, i. 13 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the kings of, 14 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mourning for Adonis at, 38; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + religious prostitution at, 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + inspired prophets at, 75 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of Adonis at, 225; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Osiris and Isis at, ii. <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">9</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the queen of, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Osiris associated with, <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">22</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg127" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its relation to Egypt, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">127</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Byrsa, origin of the name, ii. <a href="#Pg250" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cadmus turned into a snake, i. 86 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps personated by the Laurel-bearer at Thebes, ii. <a href= + "#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Mount, i. 207 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cadys, a Lydian, i. 183 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caeculus, son of the fire-god Vulcan, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caesar introduces the Julian calendar, ii. <a href="#Pg037" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as to German observation of the moon, <a href="#Pg141" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caffre purificatory ceremonies after a battle, ii. <a href= + "#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cairo, ceremony of cutting the dams at, ii. <a href="#Pg038" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a>, <a href= + "#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calabar district, heads of chiefs buried secretly in the, ii. + <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calabria, Easter custom in, i. 254 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calauria, Poseidon worshipped in, i. 203 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calendar, the natural, ii. <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">25</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Alexandrian, used by Plutarch, ii. <a href="#Pg084" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Coptic, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">6</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Egyptian, ii. <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">24</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + date of its introduction, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">36</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Egyptian farmer, ii. <a href="#Pg030" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Esne, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">49</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Indians of Yucatan, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Julian, ii. <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">93</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the ancient Mexicans, its mode of intercalation, ii. + <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">28</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Philocalus, i. 303 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 304 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, ii. <a href="#Pg095" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calendars, the Roman Rustic, ii. <a href="#Pg095" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + California, the Karok Indians of, ii. <a href="#Pg047" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Indians of, their annual festivals of the dead, <a href= + "#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Californian Indians eat pine nuts, i. 278 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their notion that the owl is the guardian of the <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“California big + tree,”</span> ii. <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">111</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Callaway, Rev. Henry, on the worship of the dead among the Zulus, + ii. <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">184</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Callirrhoe, the springs of, in Moab, i. 214 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calpurnius Piso, L., on the wife of Vulcan, ii. <a href="#Pg232" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calycadnus River, in Cilicia, i. 167 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Camasene and Janus, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">235</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cambodia, annual festival of the dead in, ii. <a href="#Pg061" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cambridge, personal relics of Kibuka, the war-god of the Baganda, + preserved at, ii. <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">197</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cambyses, king of Persia, his treatment of Amasis, i. 176 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cameroon negroes, expiation for homicide among the, i. 299 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page278">[pg 278]</span><a name= + "Pg278" id="Pg278" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Camul, custom as to hospitality in, i. 39 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canaanite kings of Jerusalem, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canathus, Hera's annual bath in the spring of, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Candaules, king of Lydia, i. 182, 183 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canicular year, a Sothic period, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canopic decree, ii. <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">34</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg037" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg088" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canopus, the decree of, ii. <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">27</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Capaneus and Evadne, i. 177 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cape Bedford in Queensland, belief of the natives as to the birth + of children, i. 102 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Capital punishment among some peoples originally a sacrifice, i. + 290 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Capitol at Rome, ceremonies at the rebuilding of the, ii. + <a href="#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cappadocia, volcanic region of, i. 189 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fire-worship in, 191 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Car Nicobar, exorcism in, i. 299 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carchemish, Hittite capital on Euphrates, i. 123, 137 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 138 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carchi, a province of Ecuador, All Souls' Day in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caria, Zeus Labrandeus in, i. 182; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + poisonous vapours in, 205 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carians, their mourning for Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caribs worshipped the moon in preference to the sun, ii. <a href= + "#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carlyle, Thomas, on the execution of the astronomer Bailly, i. + 229 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carna and Janus, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carnae, temples at, ii. <a href="#Pg124" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">124</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the sculptures at, <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">154</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carnival at Rome in the rites of Attis, i. 273 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— custom in Thracian villages, ii. <a href="#Pg099" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carpini, de Plano, on funeral customs of the Mongols, i. 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carthage, legend and worship of Dido at, i. 113 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hamilcar worshipped at, 116; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">suffetes</span></span> of, 116 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rites of Cybele at, 274 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the effeminate priests of the Great Mother at, 298; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + legend as to the foundation of, ii. <a href="#Pg250" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Casalis, E., on serpent-worship, i. 84; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the worship of the dead among the Basutos, ii. <a href= + "#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Castabala in Cappadocia, i. 168 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— in Cilicia, worship of Perasian Artemis at, i. 115, 167 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Castelnau, F. de, on the reverence of the Apinagos for the moon, + ii. <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">146</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Castiglione a Casauria, in the Abruzzi, Midsummer custom at, i. + 246 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Castor's tune, i. 196 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Castration of Cronus and Uranus, i. 283; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of sky-god, suggested explanation of, 283; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of priests, suggested explanation of, 283 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Catafalque burnt at funeral of king of Siam, i. 179 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Catania in Sicily, the vineyards of, i. 194; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gardens of Adonis at, 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Catholic Church, the ritual of the, i. 54; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ceremonies on Good Friday in the, 254, 255 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cato, i. 43 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Catullus on self-mutilation of a priest of Attis, i. 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caucasus, the Albanians of the, i. 73; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Chewsurs of the, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cauldron, the magical, which makes the old young again, i. 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caverns of Demeter, i. 88 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caves, limestone, i. 152; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Semitic religion, 169 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cecrops, father of Agraulus, i. 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cedar forests of Cilicia, i. 149, 150 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sprung from the body of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -tree god, Osiris interpreted as a, ii. <a href="#Pg109" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Celaenae, skin of Marsyas shown at, i. 288 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Celebes, conduct of the inhabitants in an earthquake, i. 200 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Central, the Toradjas of, ii. <a href="#Pg033" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Southern, marriage custom in, ii. <a href="#Pg260" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Celenderis in Cilicia, i. 41 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Celtic year reckoned from November 1st, ii. <a href="#Pg081" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Censorinus, on the date of the rising of Sirius, ii. <a href= + "#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Central Provinces of India, gardens of Adonis in the, i. 242 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ceos, the rising of Sirius observed in, ii. <a href="#Pg035" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rule as to the pollution of death in, <a href="#Pg227" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cereals cultivated in ancient Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg030" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ceremonies, magical, for the regulation of the seasons, i. 3 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ceres married to Orcus, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ceylon, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">beena</span></span> marriage in, ii. + <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">215</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chadwick, Professor H. M., ii. <a href="#Pg081" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the dismemberment of Halfdan the Black, <a href="#Pg100" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on a priest dressed as a woman, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Change in date of Egyptian festivals with the adoption of the + fixed Alexandrian year, ii. <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">92</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chants, plaintive, of corn-reapers in antiquity, ii. <a href= + "#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Charlemagne compared to Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg199" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Charm, to protect a town, ii. <a href="#Pg249" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Charon, places of, i. 204, 205 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Charonia</span></span>, places of Charon, i. + 204 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chastity, ceremonial, i. 43; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ordeal of, 115 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page279">[pg 279]</span><a name= + "Pg279" id="Pg279" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chent-Ament (Khenti-Amenti), title of Osiris, ii. <a href= + "#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chephren, King of Egypt, his statue, ii. <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cherokee Indians, their myth of the Old Woman of the corn, ii. + <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">46</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their lamentations after <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“the first working of the corn,”</span> + <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">47</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cheshire, All Souls' Day in, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chewsurs of the Caucasus, their annual festival of the dead, ii. + <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cheyne, T. K., on lament for kings of Judah, i. 20 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chief, ancestral, reincarnate in snakes, i. 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chiefs in the Pelew Islands, custom of slaying, ii. <a href= + "#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, dead, worshipped, ii. <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">175</a>, <a href="#Pg176" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>, <a href="#Pg177" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a>, <a href= + "#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>, + <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">181</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg187" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to control the rain, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">188</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices to, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + spirits of, prophesy through living men and women, <a href= + "#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Child-stones,”</span> where souls of dead + await rebirth, i. 100 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Childbirth, primitive ignorance of the causes of, i. 106 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Childless" id="Index-Childless" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Childless women expect offspring from St. George, i. 78; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + resort to Baths of Solomon, 78; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + receive offspring from serpent, 86; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + resort to graves in order to secure offspring, 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + resort to hot springs in Syria, 213 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Children bestowed by saints, i. 78 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + given by serpent, 86; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + murdered that their souls may be reborn in barren women, 95; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrificed to volcano in Siao, 219; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrificed at irrigation channels, ii. <a href="#Pg038" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrificed by the Mexicans for the maize, <a href="#Pg107" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + presented to the moon, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">144</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of God, i. 68 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of living parents in ritual, ii. <a href="#Pg236" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + apparently thought to be endowed with more vitality than others, + <a href="#Pg247" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">247</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chili, earthquakes in, i. 202 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chimaera, Mount, in Lycia, perpetual fire on, i. 221 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + China, funeral of emperor of, i. 294 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chinese author on disturbance of earth-spirits by agriculture, i. + 89 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— character compared to that of the ancient Egyptians, ii. + <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chios, men sacrificed to Dionysus in, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chiriguanos Indians of Bolivia, their address to the sun, ii. + <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">143</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chiriqui, volcano, i. 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chittim (Citium) in Cyprus, i. 31 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chnum of Elephantine identified with the sun, ii. <a href= + "#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Choctaws, their annual festival of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg053" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Christ crucified on March 25th, tradition, i. 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Christian, F. W., on the prostitution of unmarried girls in Yap, + ii. <a href="#Pg265" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">265</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Christian festivals displace heathen festivals, i. 308 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Christianity and paganism, their resemblances explained as + diabolical counterfeits, i. 302, 309 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Christians and pagans, their controversy as to Easter, i. 309 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Christmas, festival of, borrowed from the Mithraic religion, i. + 302 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the heathen origin of, 305 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chu-en-aten, name assumed by King Amenophis IV., ii. <a href= + "#Pg124" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chukchees of North-Eastern Asia, effeminate sorcerers among the, + ii. <a href="#Pg256" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">256</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cicero at Cybistra, i. 122 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + corresponds with Cilician king, 145 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cilicia, male deity of, assimilated to Zeus, i. 118 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kings of, their affinity to Sandan, 144; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Assyrians in, 173 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Western or Rugged, described, i. 148 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fossils of, 152 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cilician deity assimilated to Zeus, i. 144 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 148, 152 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Gates, pass of the, i. 120 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— goddesses, i. 161 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— gods, the burning of, i. 170 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— pirates, i. 149 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— priests, names of, i. 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cincius Alimentus, L., on Maia as the wife of Vulcan, ii. + <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cinyrads, dynasty of the, i. 41 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cinyras, the father of Adonis, i. 13, 14, 49; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + king of Byblus, 27; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + founds sanctuary of Astarte, 28; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + said to have instituted religious prostitution, 41, 50; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his daughters, 41, 50; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his riches, 42; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his incest, 43; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wooed by Aphrodite, 48 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + meaning of the name, 52; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the friend of Apollo, 54; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + legends of his death, 55 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ciotat in Provence, bathing at Midsummer at, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Circumcision, exchange of dress between men and women at, ii. + <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">263</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Citium (Chittim), in Cyprus, i. 31, 50 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Civilization, ancient, undermined by Oriental religions and other + causes, i. 299 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Claudianus, Lucius Minius, i. 164 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Claudius, the Emperor, and the rites of Attis, i. 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Claudius Gothicus, the Emperor, i. 266 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clavigero, on the Mexican calendar, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page280">[pg 280]</span><a name= + "Pg280" id="Pg280" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cleomenes, King of Sparta, and serpents, i. 87 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cleon of Magnesia at Gades, i. 113 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Climatic and geographical conditions, their effect on national + character, ii. <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clymenus, king of Arcadia, his incest, i. 44 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cnossus in Crete, prehistoric palace at, i. 34 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cochinchina, annual festival of the dead in, ii. <a href="#Pg065" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cock as emblem of a priest of Attis, i. 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Codrington, Dr. R. H., on mother-kin in Melanesia, ii. <a href= + "#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coimbatore, dancing-girls at, i. 62 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coincidence between the Christian and the heathen festivals of + the divine death and resurrection, i. 308 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cologne, Petrarch at, on St. John's Eve, i. 247 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Colombia, rule as to the felling of timber in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Comana, in Cappadocia, i. 136 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— in Pontus, worship of goddess Ma at, i. 39; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + swine not allowed to enter, 265 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the two cities, i. 168 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Commemoration of the Dead at Athens, i. 234 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Commodus, conspiracy against, i. 273; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + addicted to the worship of Isis, ii. <a href="#Pg118" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Communal rights over women, i. 40, 61 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Compromise of Christianity with paganism, parallel with Buddhism, + i. 310 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Conception" id="Index-Conception" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Conception, supposed, without sexual intercourse, i. 91, 93 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in women supposed to be caused by food, 96, 102, 103, 104, 105. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Impregnation" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Impregnation</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Conceptional animals and plants as causes of pregnancy in women, + i. 97 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 104 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Concubines, human, of the god Ammon, i. 72 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Conder, C. R., on <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“holy men”</span> in Syria, i. 77 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on turning money at the new moon, ii. <a href="#Pg149" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Condylea in Arcadia, sacred grove of Artemis at, i. 291 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cone, image of Astarte, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cones as emblems of a goddess, i. 34 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + votive, found in Babylonia, 35 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Confession of the dead, the Egyptian, ii. <a href="#Pg013" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Confucianism, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">160</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Congo, burial of infants on the, i. 91; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + priest dressed as a woman on the, ii. <a href="#Pg254" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Conibos Indians of the Ucayali River, their theory of + earthquakes, i. 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Conical stone as divine emblem, i. 165, 166 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constantine destroys temple of Astarte, i. 28; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + suppresses sacred prostitution, 37; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + removes standard cubit from the Serapeum, ii. <a href="#Pg216" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Consus and Ops, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Contest for the throne of Egypt, traditions of a, ii. <a href= + "#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cook, A. B., i. 49 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on name of priest of Corycian Zeus, 155 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the death of Romulus, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">98</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the festival of Laurel-bearing at Thebes, <a href="#Pg241" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on traces of mother-kin in the myth and ritual of Hercules, + <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coomassie, in Ashantee, i. 201 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Copenhagen, bathing on St. John's Eve at, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coptic calendar, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">6</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corea, dance of eunuchs in, i. 270 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coreans, their ceremony on the fifteenth day of the moon, ii. + <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">143</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corn sprouting from the dead body of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg089" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + water thrown on the last corn cut, a rain-charm, i. 237 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and grapes, symbols of the god of Tarsus, i. 119, 143; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the god of Ibreez, 121; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + figured with double-headed axe on Lydian coin, 183 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and vine, emblems of the gods of Tarsus and Ibreez, i. 160 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -god, Adonis as a, i. 230 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Attis as a, 279; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mourned at midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">34</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Osiris as a, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">89</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg096" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -reaping in Egypt, Palestine, and Greece, date of the, i. 231 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -sieve, severed limbs of Osiris placed on a, ii. <a href= + "#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -spirit, Tammuz or Adonis as a, i. 230 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + propitiation of the, perhaps fused with a worship of the dead, + 233 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + represented as a dead old man, ii. <a href="#Pg048" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>, <a href="#Pg096" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + represented by human victims, <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, <a href="#Pg106" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -stuffed effigies of Osiris buried with the dead as a symbol + of resurrection, ii. <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">90</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg114" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -wreaths as first-fruits, i. 43; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worn by Arval Brethren, i. 44 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coronation, human sacrifices to prolong a king's life at his, ii. + <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corycian cave, priests of Zeus at the, i. 145; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the god of the, 152 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + described, 153 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + saffron at the, 187; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + name perhaps derived from crocus, 187 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corycus in Cilicia, ruins of, i. 153 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cos, traces of mother-kin in, ii. <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a>; + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page281">[pg 281]</span><a name= + "Pg281" id="Pg281" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Sacred Marriage in, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bridegroom dressed as woman in, <a href="#Pg260" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cosenza in Calabria, Easter custom at, i. 254 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cotys, king of Lydia, i. 187 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cow, image of, in the rites of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg050" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>, <a href= + "#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Isis represented with the head of a, <a href="#Pg050" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to be impregnated by moonshine, <a href="#Pg130" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— goddess Shenty, ii. <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">88</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cows sacred to Isis, ii. <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">50</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Creation of the world thought to be annually repeated, i. 284 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crescent-shaped chest in the rites of Osiris, ii. <a href= + "#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, + <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">130</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crests of the Cilician pirates, i. 149 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crete, sacred trees and pillars in, i. 107 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crimea, the Taurians of the, i. 294 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crocodile-shaped hero, i. 139 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Croesus, king of Lydia, captures Pteria, i. 128; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the burning of, 174 sqq., 179; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his burnt offerings to Apollo at Delphi, 180 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dedicates golden lion at Delphi, 184; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his son Atys, 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cronion, a Greek month, ii. <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">238</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cronus, identified with Phoenician El, i. 166; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + castrates his father Uranus and is castrated by his son Zeus, + 283; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + name applied to winter, ii. <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crook and scourge or flail, the emblems of Osiris, ii. <a href= + "#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>, + <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a>, compare 20 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crooke, W., on sacred dancing-girls, i. 65 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Mohammedan saints, 78 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on infant burial, 93 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the custom of the False Bride, ii. <a href="#Pg262" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crops dependent on serpent-god, i. 67; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human victims sacrificed for the, 290 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cross-roads, burial at, i. 93 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crown-wearer, priest of Hercules at Tarsus, i. 143 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crowns as amulets, ii. <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">242</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + laid aside in mourning, etc., <a href="#Pg243" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Egypt, the White and the Red, ii. <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crucifixion of Christ, tradition as to the date of, i. 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of human victims at Benin, i. 294 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gentile, at the spring equinox, 307 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Crux + ansata</span></span>, the Egyptian symbol of life, ii. <a href= + "#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cubit, the standard, kept in the temple of Serapis, ii. <a href= + "#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cultivation of staple food in the hands of women (Pelew Islands), + ii. <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">206</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cumont, Professor Franz, on the <span class="tei tei-foreign" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">taurobolium</span></span>, i. 275 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Nativity of the Sun, 303 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as to the parallel between Easter and the rites of Attis, 310 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Customs of the Pelew Islanders, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg266" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cuthar, father of Adonis, i. 13 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cuttings for the dead, i. 268 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyaxares, king of the Medes, i. 133 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 174 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cybele, the image of, i. 35 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her cymbals and tambourines, 54; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her lions and turreted crown, 137; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + priests of, called Attis, 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Mother of the Gods, 263; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her love for Attis, 263, 282; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her worship adopted by the Romans, 265; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifice of virility to image of, 268; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + subterranean chambers of, 268; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + orgiastic rites of, 278; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a goddess of fertility, 279; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped in Gaul, 279; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fasts observed by the worshippers of, 280; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a friend of Marsyas, 288; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + effeminate priests of, ii. <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">257</a>, <a href="#Pg258" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cybistra in Cappadocia, i. 120, 122, 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cymbal, drinking out of a, i. 274 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cymbals in religious music, i. 52, 54 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and tambourines in worship of Cybele, i. 54 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cynopolis, the cemetery of, ii. <a href="#Pg090" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cypriote syllabary, i. 49 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyprus, Phoenicians in, i. 31 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Adonis in, 31 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred prostitution in, 36, 50, 59; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Melcarth worshipped in, 117; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices in, 145 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the bearded Venus in, ii. <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">259</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyril of Alexandria on the festival of Adonis at Alexandria, i. + 224 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyrus and Croesus, i. 174 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyzicus, worship of the Placianian Mother at, i. 274 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dacia, hot springs in, i. 213 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dacotas, their theory of the waning moon, ii. <a href="#Pg130" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dad</span></span> pillar. <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Ded" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ded</span></span> pillar</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dahomans, their annual festival of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg066" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dahomey, kings of, their human sacrifices, ii. <a href="#Pg097" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dairyman, sacred, of the Todas, his custom as to the pollution of + death, ii. <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">228</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bound to live apart from his wife, <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dalisandos in Isauria, inscriptions at, ii. <a href="#Pg213" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Damascus, Aramean kings of, i. 15 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Damasen, a giant, i. 186 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Damatrius, a Greek month, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dams in Egypt, the cutting of the, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg037" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg039" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dance of eunuchs in Corea, i. 270 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Congo, 271 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of hermaphrodites in Pegu, 271 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred, at the Sed festival, ii. <a href="#Pg154" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of king before the ghosts of his ancestor, <a href="#Pg192" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page282">[pg 282]</span><a name= + "Pg282" id="Pg282" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dances, religious, i. 61, 65, 68; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at festivals of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg052" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>, <a href="#Pg053" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href= + "#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>, + <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">58</a>, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">59</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at the new moon, <a href="#Pg142" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">142</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dancing-girls in India, harlots and wives of the gods, i. 61 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dañh-gbi, python-god, i. 66 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Darmesteter, James, on the Fravashis, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his theory as to the date of the <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gathas</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg084" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dâsî</span></span>, dancing-girl, i. 63 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dastarkon in Cappadocia, i. 147 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dates forbidden to worshippers of Cybele and Attis, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daughter of a god, i. 51 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + David, King, in relation to the old kings of Jerusalem, i. 18 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his conquest of Ammon, 19; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his taking of a census, 24; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a harper, 52, 53, 54 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Goliath, i. 19 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Saul, i. 21 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Davis, Mr. R. F., on harvest custom in Nottinghamshire, i. 238 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Day of Blood in rites of Attis, i. 268, 285 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + De Plano Carpini, on the funeral customs of the Mongols, i. 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dea Dia, a Roman goddess of fertility, ii. <a href="#Pg239" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Dead" id="Index-Dead" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dead, Festival of the, in Java, i. 220; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worship of the, perhaps fused with the propitiation of the + corn-spirit, 233 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cuttings for the, 268; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Osiris king and judge of the, ii. <a href="#Pg013" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Egyptian, identified with Osiris, <a href="#Pg016" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + annual festivals of the, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">51</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the spirits of the, personated by living men, <a href="#Pg052" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>, <a href= + "#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>, + <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">58</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + magical uses made of their bodies, <a href="#Pg100" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worship of the, among the Bantu tribes of Africa, <a href= + "#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Ancestral-Spirits" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Ancestral spirits</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, reincarnation of the, i. 82 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in America, 91; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Africa, 91 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— kings and chiefs worshipped in Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg160" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifices offered to, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">162</a>, <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + incarnate in animals, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a>, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">163</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg173" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + consulted as oracles, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a>, <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">171</a>, <a href="#Pg172" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a>, <a href="#Pg195" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices to, <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">173</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped by the Barotse, <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">194</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— men believed to beget children, i. 91, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Sea, i. 23 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Death in the fire as an apotheosis, i. 179 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the pollution of, ii. <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">227</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and resurrection, annual, of gods, i. 6; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Adonis represented in his rites, 224 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + coincidence between the pagan and the Christian festival of the + divine, 308; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Osiris dramatically represented in his rites, ii. <a href= + "#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Osiris interpreted as the decay and growth of vegetation, + <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">126</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + December, the twenty-fifth of, reckoned the winter solstice, and + the birthday of the Sun, i. 303 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Decline of the civic virtues under the influence of Oriental + religions, i. 300 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Ded" id="Index-Ded" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ded</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tet</span></span> pillar, the backbone of + Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">108</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dedicated men and women in Africa, i. 65 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dedication of girls to the service of a temple, i. 61 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of children to gods, 79 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dee, river, holed stone in the, i. 36 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Defoe, Daniel, on the Angel of the Plague, i. 24 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delos, sacred embassy to, ii. <a href="#Pg244" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delphi, Apollo and the Dragon at, ii. <a href="#Pg240" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Delphinium + Ajacis</span></span>, i. 314 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Demeter, her sacred caverns, i. 88; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred vaults of, 278; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sorrowing for the descent of the Maiden, ii. <a href="#Pg041" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the month of, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">41</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mysteries of, at Eleusis, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">90</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at the well, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">111</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Isis, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">117</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and ears of corn, i. 166 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Poseidon, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and the king's son at Eleusis, i. 180 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Denderah, inscriptions at, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a>, <a href="#Pg086" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href= + "#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the hall of Osiris at, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Derceto, goddess at Ascalon, i. 34 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dervishes revered in Syria, i. 77 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Asia Minor, 170 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deucalion at Hierapolis, i. 162 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deuteronomic redactor, i. 26 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deuteronomy, publication of, i. 18 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deutsch-Zepling in Transylvania, rule as to sowing in, ii. + <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">133</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dêvadâsî</span></span>, dancing-girl, i. 63 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dêvaratiâl</span></span>, dancing-girl, i. + 63 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dew, bathing in the, on Midsummer Eve or Day, i. 246 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 248; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a daughter of Zeus and the moon, ii. <a href="#Pg137" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diabolical counterfeits, resemblances of paganism to Christianity + explained as, i. 302, 309 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diana, a Mother Goddess, i. 45; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her sanctuary at Nemi, 45 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dianus and Diana, i. 27, 45 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dido flees from Tyre, i. 50; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her traditional death in the fire, 114; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at Carthage, 114; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + meaning of the name, 114 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + an Avatar of Astarte, 177; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + how she procured the site of Carthage, ii. <a href="#Pg250" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dinant, feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg070" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dinkard</span></span>, a Pahlavi work, ii. + <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">68</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dinkas, their belief in serpents as reincarnations <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page283">[pg 283]</span><a name="Pg283" id= + "Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: left"></a> of + the dead, i. 82 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + pour milk on graves, 87 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dio Chrysostom, on the people of Tarsus, i. 118; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on pyre at Tarsus, 126 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diodorus Siculus, on worship of Poseidon in Peloponnese, i. 203; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the burial of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">10</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the rise of the Nile, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">31</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the date of harvest in Egypt, <a href="#Pg032" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Osiris as a sun-god, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">120</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the predominance of women over men in ancient Egypt, <a href= + "#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diomede, human sacrifices to, i. 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dionysus in form of bull, i. 123; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + with vine and ploughman on a coin, 166; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ancient interpretation of, 194, 213; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + death, resurrection, and ascension of, 302 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + torn in pieces, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">98</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices to, in Chios, <a href="#Pg098" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his coarse symbolism, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Osiris, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">113</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + race of boys at vintage from his sanctuary, <a href="#Pg238" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + men dressed as women in the rites of, <a href="#Pg258" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the effeminate, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diospolis Parva (How), monument of Osiris at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diphilus, king of Cyprus, i. 146 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Disc, winged, as divine emblem, i. 132 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Discoloration, annual, of the river Adonis, i. 30, 225 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Discovery of the body of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Disease of language the supposed source of myths, ii. <a href= + "#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Disguises to avert the evil eye, ii. <a href="#Pg262" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to deceive dangerous spirits, <a href="#Pg262" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg263" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">263</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dismemberment of Osiris, suggested explanations of the, ii. + <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">97</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Halfdan the Black, king of Norway, <a href="#Pg100" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a>, <a href="#Pg102" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Segera, a magician of Kiwai, <a href="#Pg101" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of kings and magicians, and use of their severed limbs to + fertilize the country, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">101</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the bodies of the dead to prevent their souls from becoming + dangerous ghosts, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ditino</span></span>, deified dead kings, + ii. <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">194</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Divination at Midsummer, i. 252 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Divining bones, ii. <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">180</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">181</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Divinities of the volcano Kirauea, i. 217 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Divinity of Semitic kings, i. 15 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Lydian kings, 182 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dixmude, in Belgium, feast of All Souls at, ii. <a href="#Pg070" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dobrizhoffer, M., on the respect of the Abipones for the + Pleiades, i. 258 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Doctrine of lunar sympathy, ii. <a href="#Pg140" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dôd</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left">“beloved,”</span> i. 19 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 20 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dog-star. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Sirius" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Sirius</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Doliche in Commagene, i. 136 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Domaszewski, Professor A., on the rites of Attis at Rome, i. 266 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dorasques of Panama, their theory of earthquakes, i. 201 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dos Santos, J., Portuguese historian, on the method adopted by a + Caffre king to prolong his life, ii. <a href="#Pg222" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Double, the afterbirth or placenta, regarded as a person's + double, ii. <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -headed axe, symbol of Sandan, i. 127; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + carried by Lydian kings, 182; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a palladium of the Heraclid sovereignty, 182; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + figured on coins, 183 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -headed eagle, Hittite emblem, i. 133 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Doutté, Edmond, on sacred prostitution in Morocco, i. 39 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Doves burnt in honour of Adonis, i. 126 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 147 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, sacred, of Aphrodite, i. 33; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + or Astarte, 147 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dowries earned by prostitution, i. 38, 59 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dragon slain by Cadmus at Thebes, ii. <a href="#Pg241" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Apollo, at Delphi, ii. <a href="#Pg240" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Drama, sacred, of the death and resurrection of Osiris, ii. + <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">85</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dramas, magical, for the regulation of the seasons, i. 4 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dramatic representation of the resurrection of Osiris in his + rites, ii. <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">85</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dreams, revelations given to sick people by Pluto and Persephone + in, i. 205; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + spirits of the dead appear to the living in, ii. <a href="#Pg162" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>, <a href= + "#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as causes of attempted transformation of men into women, <a href= + "#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Drenching last corn cut with water as a rain-charm, i. 237 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Drinking out of a king's skull in order to be inspired by his + spirit, ii. <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">171</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Drought, kings answerable for, i. 21 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Drum, eating out of a, i. 274 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Drums, human sacrifice for royal, ii. <a href="#Pg223" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>, <a href="#Pg225" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Duchesne, Mgr. L., on the origin of Christmas, i. 305 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the date of the Crucifixion, 307 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dyaks of Sarawak, their custom of head-hunting, i. 295 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ea, Babylonian god, i. 9 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eagle to carry soul to heaven, i. 126 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + double-headed, Hittite emblem, 133 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ears of corn, emblem of Demeter, i. 166 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Earth as the Great Mother, i. 27 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and sky, myth of their violent separation, i. 283 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the goddess, mother of Typhon, i. 156 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page284">[pg 284]</span><a name= + "Pg284" id="Pg284" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Earth-goddess annually married to Sun-god, i. 47 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + disturbed by the operations of husbandry, 88 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + married to Sky-god, 282, with <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -spirits disturbed by agriculture, i. 89 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Earthquake god, i. 194 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Earthquakes, attempts to stop, i. 196 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + East, mother-kin and Mother Goddesses in the ancient, ii. + <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">212</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Easter, gardens of Adonis at, in Sicily, i. 253 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + resemblance of the festival of, to the rites of Adonis, 254 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 306; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the festival of, assimilated to the spring festival of Attis, 306 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + controversy between Christians and pagans as to the origin of, + 309 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Eater of the + Dead,”</span> fabulous Egyptian monster, ii. <a href="#Pg014" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eclipse of the moon, Athenian superstition as to an, ii. <a href= + "#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eden, the tree of life in, i. 186 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Edom, the kings of, i. 15; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their bones burned by the Moabites, ii. <a href="#Pg104" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Edonians in Thrace, Lycurgus king of the, ii. <a href="#Pg098" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>, <a href= + "#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eesa, a Somali tribe, ii. <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">246</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Effect of geographical and climatic conditions on national + character, ii. <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Effeminate sorcerers or priests, order of, ii. <a href="#Pg253" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Effigies of Osiris, stuffed with corn, buried with the dead as a + symbol of resurrection, ii. <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">90</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg114" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egypt, wives of Ammon in, i. 72; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + date of the corn-reaping in, 231 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Nativity of the Sun at the winter solstice in, 303; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in early June, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">31</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mother-kin in ancient, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">213</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egyptian astronomers acquainted with the true length of the solar + year, ii. <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">26</a>, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">27</a>, <a href="#Pg037" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— calendar, the official, ii. <a href="#Pg024" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + date of its introduction, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">36</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— ceremony at the winter solstice, ii. <a href="#Pg050" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— dead identified with Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg016" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— farmer, calendar of the, ii. <a href="#Pg030" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his festivals, ii. <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">32</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— festivals, their dates shifting, ii. <a href="#Pg024" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg092" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + readjustment of, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— funeral rites a copy of those performed over Osiris, ii. + <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— hope of immortality centred in Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg015" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg114" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a>, <a href="#Pg159" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— kings worshipped as gods, i. 52; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the most ancient, buried at Abydos, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their oath not to correct the vague Egyptian year by + intercalation, <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">26</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps formerly slain in the character of Osiris, <a href= + "#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg102" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as Osiris, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">151</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + renew their life by identifying themselves with the dead and + risen Osiris, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + born again at the Sed festival, <a href="#Pg153" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#Pg155" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps formerly put to death to prevent their bodily and mental + decay, <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">154</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egyptian language akin to the Semitic, ii. <a href="#Pg161" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— months, table of, ii. <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">37</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— myth of the separation of earth and sky, i. 283 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— people, the conservatism of their character, ii. <a href= + "#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + compared to the Chinese, <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— reapers, their lamentations and invocations of Isis, i. 232, + ii. <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">117</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— religion, the development of, ii. <a href="#Pg122" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dominated by Osiris, <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">158</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— standard resembling a placenta, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— year vague, not corrected by intercalation, ii. <a href= + "#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the sacred, began with the rising of Sirius, <a href="#Pg035" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egyptians sacrifice red-haired men, ii. <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, <a href="#Pg106" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the ancient, question of their ethnical affinity, <a href= + "#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ekoi of Southern Nigeria, their custom of mutilating men and + women at festivals, i. 270 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + El, Phoenician god, i. 13, 16 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Cronus, 166 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + El-Bùgât, festival of mourning for Tammuz in Harran, i. 230 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elam, the kings of, their bones carried off by Ashurbanipal, ii. + <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">103</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eleusis, Demeter and the king's son at, i. 180; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifice of oxen at, 292 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mysteries of Demeter at, ii. <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">90</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eli, the sons of, i. 76 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elisha prophesies to music, i. 53, 54; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + finds water in the desert, 53, 75 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ellis, A. B., on sacred prostitution in West Africa, i. 65 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 69 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on tattoo marks of priests, 74 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on an ordeal of chastity, 115 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Emesa, sun-god Heliogabalus at, i. 35 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Empedocles leaps into the crater of Etna, i. 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Emperor of China, funeral of an, i. 294 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ἐναγίζειν distinguished from θύειν, i. 316 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Enemy, charms to disable an, ii. <a href="#Pg252" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + England, harvest custom in, i. 237; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ennius, on Hora and Quirinus, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Entry of Osiris + into the moon,”</span> ii. <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">130</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Enylus, king of Byblus, i. 15 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ephesus, Artemis of, i. 269; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hecate at, 291; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the priesthood of Apollo and Artemis at, ii. <a href="#Pg243" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Epidaurus, Aesculapius at, i. 80 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Epiphany, the sixth of January, i. 305 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page285">[pg 285]</span><a name= + "Pg285" id="Pg285" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Epirus, the kings of, their bones scattered by Lysimachus, ii. + <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Equinox, the vernal, resurrection of Attis at the, i. 273, 307 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + date of the Crucifixion assigned to the spring equinox, 307; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tradition that the world was created at the spring equinox, 307 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Erechtheum, sacred serpent in the, i. 87 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Erechtheus, king of Athens, his incest with his daughter, i. 44 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his sacred serpent, 87 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eregli (the ancient Cybistra) in Cappadocia, i. 120, 122 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eresh-Kigal, Babylonian goddess, i. 9 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Erica</span></span>-tree, Osiris in the, ii. + <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">108</a>, <a href="#Pg109" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eriphyle, the necklace of, i. 32 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Erman, Professor A., on Anubis at Abydos, ii. <a href="#Pg018" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on corn-stuffed effigies of Osiris, <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the development of Egyptian religion, <a href="#Pg122" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Erme</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nenneri</span></span>, gardens of Adonis in + Sardinia, i. 244 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eshmun, Phoenician deity, i. 111 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esne, the festal calendar of, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esquimaux of Alaska, their annual festival of the dead, i. 51 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esthonian peasants regulate their sowing and planting by the + moon, ii. <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">135</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esthonians, their ceremony at the new moon, ii. <a href="#Pg143" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eternal life, initiate born again to, in the rites of Cybele and + Attis, i. 274 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Etesian winds, i. 35 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Etna, Mount, Typhon buried under, i. 156, 157; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the death of Empedocles on, 181; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the ashes of, 194; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offerings thrown into the craters of, 221 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Euboea subject to earthquakes, i. 211; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + date of threshing in, 232 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + harvest custom in, 238 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eudoxus, on the Egyptian festivals, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eunuch, priests of the Mother Goddess, i. 206; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the service of Asiatic goddesses of fertility, 269 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in various lands, 270 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Attis tattooed with pattern of ivy, 278; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Cybele, ii. <a href="#Pg258" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">258</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eunuchs, dances of, i. 270 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 271 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dedicated to a goddess in India, 271 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred, at Hierapolis-Bambyce, their rule as to the pollution of + death, ii. <a href="#Pg272" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">272</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Euripides on the death of Pentheus, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Europe, custom of showing money to the new moon in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eusebius on sacred prostitution, i. 37 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 73 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Euyuk in Cappadocia, Hittite palace at, i. 123, 132, 133 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bull worshipped at, 164 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Evadne and Capaneus, i. 177 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Evil Eye, boys dressed as girls to avert the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bridegroom disfigured in order to avert the, <a href="#Pg261" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + disguises to avert the, <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ewe farmers fear to wound the Earth goddess, i. 90 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— people of Togo-land, their belief in the marriage of Sky with + Earth, i. 282 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— speaking peoples of the Slave Coast, sacred prostitution among + the, i. 65 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worship pythons, 83 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Exchange of dress between men and women in rites, ii. <a href= + "#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at marriage, <a href="#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">260</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at circumcision, <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">263</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Exogamous clans in the Pelew Islands, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Exorcism by means of music, i. 54 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Expiation for homicide, i. 299 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Roman, for prodigies, ii. <a href="#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eye as a symbol of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg121" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of sacrificial ox cut out, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">251</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Horus, ii. <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">121</a> with <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Evil, boys dressed as girls to avert the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bridegroom disfigured in order to avert, <a href="#Pg261" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eyes of the dead, Egyptian ceremony of opening the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ezekiel on the mourning for Tammuz, i. 11, 17, 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Assyrian cavalry, 25 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the king of Tyre, 114 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + False Bride, custom of the ii. <a href="#Pg262" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Farnell, Dr. L. R., on Greek religious music, i. 55 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 and 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on religious prostitution in Western Asia, 57 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 58 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the position of women in ancient religion, ii. <a href= + "#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Flamen Dialis, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">227</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the children of living parents in ritual, <a href="#Pg236" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the festival of Laurel-bearing at Thebes, <a href="#Pg242" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on eunuch priests of Cybele, <a href="#Pg258" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">258</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Farwardajan, a Persian festival of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg068" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fast from bread in mourning for Attis, i. 272 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fasts observed by the worshippers of Cybele and Attis, i. 280; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Isis and Cybele, 302 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Father named after his son, i. 51 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of a god, 51, 52; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dead, worshipped, ii. <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">175</a>, <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">184</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the head of the family under a system of mother-kin, <a href= + "#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -deity of the Hittites, the god of the thundering sky, i. 134 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— God, his emblem the bull, i. 164; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Attis as the, 281 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + often less important than Mother Goddess, 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -kin at Rome, i. 41 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Mother, and Son divinities represented at Boghaz-Keui, i. 140 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page286">[pg 286]</span><a name= + "Pg286" id="Pg286" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Father Sky fertilizes Mother Earth, i. 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and mother, names for, i. 281; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as epithets of Roman gods and goddesses, ii. <a href="#Pg233" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fatherhood of God, the physical, i. 80 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fauna, rustic Roman goddess, her relationship to Faunus, ii. + <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Faunus, old Roman god, his relationship to Fauna or the Good + Goddess, ii. <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Feast of All Saints on November 1st, perhaps substituted for an + old pagan festival of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + instituted by Lewis the Pious, <a href="#Pg083" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of All Souls, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">51</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Christian, originally a pagan festival of the dead, <a href= + "#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Golden Flower at Sardes, i. 187 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Lanterns in Japan, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Feet first, children born, custom observed at their graves, i. 93 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Felkin, R. W. and C. T. Wilson, on the worship of the dead kings + of Uganda, ii. <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">173</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fellows, Ch., on flowers in Caria, i. 187 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Female-Kinship" id="Index-Female-Kinship" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Female kinship, rule of descent of the throne under, ii. <a href= + "#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Mother-kin + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fertility of ground thought to be promoted by prostitution, i. + 39; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + promoted by marriage of women to serpent, 67; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + goddesses of, served by eunuch priests, 269 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Osiris as a god of, ii. <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">112</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fertilization of the fig, artificial, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Festival of <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the + awakening of Hercules”</span> at Tyre, i. 111; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Dead in Java, 220; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Flowers (<span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthesteria</span></span>), 234 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Joy (<span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hilaria</span></span>) in the rites of + Attis, 273; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Sais, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">49</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Crowning at Delphi, <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Festivals of the Egyptian farmer, ii. <a href="#Pg032" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Osiris, the official, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">49</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Egyptian readjustment of, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">91</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fetishism early in human history, ii. <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Field of the + giants,”</span> i. 158 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fig, artificial fertilization of the, at Rome in July, ii. + <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">98</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fiji, chiefs buried secretly in, ii. <a href="#Pg105" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fijian god of fruit-trees, i. 90 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Lent, i. 90 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fijians, their theory of earthquakes, i. 201 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Financial oppression, Roman, i. 301 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Finlay, George, on Roman financial oppression, i. 301 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fire, purification by, i. 115 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 179 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Persian reverence for, 174 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + death in the, as an apotheosis, 179 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed able to impregnate women, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fire, perpetual, in Zoroastrian religion, i. 191; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped, 191 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the temples of dead kings, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -god, the father of Romulus, Servius Tullius, and Caeculus, + ii. <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -walk of the king of Tyre, i. 114 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of priestesses at Castabala, 168 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -worship in Cappadocia, i. 191 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Firmicus Maternus, on the mourning for Osiris, ii. <a href= + "#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on use of a pine-tree in the rites of Osiris, <a href="#Pg108" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + First-born, Semitic sacrifice of the, i. 110; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the sacrifice of, at Jerusalem, ii. <a href="#Pg219" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -fruits offered to the Baalim, i. 27; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered to the Mother of the Gods, 280 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered to dead chiefs, ii. <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Firstlings offered to the Baalim, i. 27 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fish, soul of dead in, i. 95 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fison, Rev. Lorimer, on Fijian god of earthquakes, i. 202 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on secret burial of chiefs in Fiji, ii. <a href="#Pg105" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flail or scourge, an emblem of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg108" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>, <a href= + "#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for collecting incense, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">109</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flamen forbidden to divorce his wife, ii. <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Vulcan, <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Dialis, the widowed, ii. <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">227</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + forbidden to touch a dead body, but allowed to attend a funeral, + <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">228</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bound to be married, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Dialis and Flaminica, i. 45 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + assisted by boy and girl of living parents, ii. <a href="#Pg236" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flamingoes, soul of a dead king incarnate in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flaminica and her husband the Flamen Dialis, i. 45 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg236" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flax, omens from the growth of, i. 244 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flower of the banana, women impregnated by the, i. 93 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— of + Zeus,”</span> i. 186, 187 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flowers and leaves as talismans, ii. <a href="#Pg242" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flute, skill of Marsyas on the, i. 288 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— music, its exciting influence, i. 54 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -players dressed as women at Rome, ii. <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flutes played in the laments for Tammuz, i. 9; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for Adonis, 225 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Food, virgins supposed to conceive through eating certain, i. 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a cause of conception in women, 96, 102, 103, 104, 105 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Foreigners as kings, i. 16 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fortuna Primigenia, goddess of Praeneste, daughter of Jupiter, + ii. <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fortune of the city on coins of Tarsus, i. 164; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the guardian of cities, 164 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page287">[pg 287]</span><a name= + "Pg287" id="Pg287" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fossil bones in limestone caves, i. 152 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a source of myths about giants, 157 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Foucart, P., identifies Dionysus with Osiris, ii. <a href= + "#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Four-handed Apollo, ii. <a href="#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">250</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fowler, W. Warde, on the celibacy of the Roman gods, ii. <a href= + "#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>, + <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">232</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg234" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg236" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fra Angelico, his influence on Catholicism, i. 54 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + France, harvest custom in, i. 237; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + timber felled in the wane of the moon in, ii. <a href="#Pg136" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Fratres + Arvales</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fravashis, the souls of the dead in the Iranian religion, ii. + <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">67</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, <a href="#Pg068" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + French peasants regulate their sowing and planting by the moon, + ii. <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">133</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, <a href="#Pg135" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Frey, the Scandinavian god of fertility, ii. <a href="#Pg100" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Frigento, Valley of Amsanctus near, i. 204 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Frodsham, Dr., on belief in conception without sexual + intercourse, i. 103 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fruit-trees, worshippers of Osiris forbidden to injure, ii. + <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">111</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fulgora, a Roman goddess, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Funeral custom in Madagascar, ii. <a href="#Pg247" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— pyre of Roman emperor, i. 126 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— rites of the Egyptians a copy of those performed over Osiris, + ii. <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Osiris, described in the inscription of Denderah, <a href= + "#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Furies, their snakes, i. 88 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Furness, W. H., on the prostitution of unmarried girls in Yap, + ii. <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">266</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gaboon, Mpongwe kings of the, ii. <a href="#Pg104" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + negroes of the, regulate their planting by the moon, ii. <a href= + "#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gad, Semitic god of fortune, i. 164, 165 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gadabursi, a Somali tribe, ii. <a href="#Pg246" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gades (Cadiz), worship of Hercules (Melcarth), at, i. 112 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + temple of Melcarth at, ii. <a href="#Pg258" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">258</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galelareese of Halmahera, as to human sacrifices to volcanoes, i. + 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gallas, their worship of serpents, i. 86 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galli, the emasculated priests of Attis, i. 266, 283 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galton, Sir Francis, on the vale of the Adonis, i. 29 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Game with fruit-stones played by kings of Uganda, ii. <a href= + "#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— law of the Njamus, ii. <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">39</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Garden of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gardens of Adonis, i. 236 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + charms to promote the growth of vegetation, 236 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 239; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in India, 239 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Bavaria, 244; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Sardinia, 244 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Sicily, 245; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Easter, 253 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gardens of God, i. 123, 159 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gardner, Professor E. A. on date of the corn-reaping in Greece, + i. 232 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Garstang, Professor J., on sculptures at Ibreez, i. 122 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 123 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Hittite sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, 133 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 135 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Arenna, 136 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Syrian god Hadad, 163 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gathas</span></span>, a part of the + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zend-Avesta</span></span>, ii. <a href= + "#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gaul, worship of Cybele in, i. 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, conduct of the natives in an + earthquake, i. 201; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Melanesians of the, ii. <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">242</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gazelles sacrificed at Egyptian funerals, ii. <a href="#Pg015" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gebal, Semitic name of Byblus, i. 13 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Geese sacrificed at Egyptian funerals, ii. <a href="#Pg015" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gellius, Aulus, his list of old Roman deities, ii. <a href= + "#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gellius, Cnaeus, on Mars and Nerio, ii. <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Geminus, Greek astronomer, on the vague Egyptian year, ii. + <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">26</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Genital organs of Osiris, tradition as to the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a>, + <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">102</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of dead man used to fertilize the fields, <a href="#Pg102" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Genius</span></span>, Roman, symbolized by a + serpent, i. 86 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Geographical and climatic conditions, their effect on national + character, ii. <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + German peasants regulate their sowing and planting by the moon, + ii. <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">135</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Germans, the ancient, their regard for the phases of the moon, + ii. <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Germany, harvest custom in, i. 237; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + leaping over Midsummer fires in, 251; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">70</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + popular superstition as to the influence of the moon in, <a href= + "#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>, + <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">140</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg149" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gezer, Canaanitish city, excavations at, i. 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gezo, King, i. 68 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ghineh, monument of Adonis at, i. 29 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ghost of afterbirth thought to adhere to navel-string, ii. + <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ghosts thought to impregnate women, i. 93; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the dead personated by living men, ii. <a href="#Pg052" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>, <a href="#Pg053" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href= + "#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Giants, myths of, based on discovery of fossil bones, i. 157 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and gods, their battle, i. 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Giaour-Kalesi, Hittite sculptures at, i. 138 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gilbert Islands, sacred stones in the, i. 108 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gill, Captain W., on a tribe in China governed by a woman, ii. + <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">211</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gilyaks of the Amoor eat nutlets of stone-pine, i. 278 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg 288]</span><a name= + "Pg288" id="Pg288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ginzel, Professor F. K., on the rise of the Nile, ii. <a href= + "#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Giraffes, souls of dead kings incarnate in, ii. <a href="#Pg162" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Glaucus, son of Minos, restored to life, i. 186 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goat sacrificed by being hanged, i. 292 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + God, children of, i. 68; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sons of, 78 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the physical fatherhood of, 80 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gardens of, 123, 159 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the burning of a, i. 188 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the hanged, 288 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of earthquakes, i. 194 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Godavari District, Southern India, i. 95 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goddess, identified with priestess, i. 219; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + superiority of the, in the myths of Adonis, Attis, Osiris, ii. + 201 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goddesses, Cilician, i. 161 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + place infant sons of kings on fire to render them immortal, 180; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of fertility served by eunuch priests, 269 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their superiority over gods in societies organized on mother-kin, + ii. <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">202</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the development of, favoured by mother-kin, <a href="#Pg259" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gods, annual death and resurrection of, i. 6; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + personated by priests, 45, 46 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + married to sisters, 316; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their human wives, ii. <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">207</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made by men and worshipped by women, <a href="#Pg211" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and giants, the battle of, i. 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gold Coast of West Africa, the Tshi-speaking peoples of the, i. + 69 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Golden Flower, the Feast of the, i. 185 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Sea, the, i. 150 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Golgi in Cyprus, i. 35 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goliath and David, i. 19 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gonds, ceremony of bringing back souls of the dead among the, i. + 95 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Good Friday, effigies and sepulchres of Christ on, i. 254 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Goddess (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bona Dea</span></span>), her relationship to + Faunus, ii. <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goowoong Awoo, volcano, children sacrificed to, i. 219 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gordias and Midas, names of Phrygian kings, i. 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gordon, E. M., on infant burial, i. 94 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the festival of the dead in Bilaspore, ii. <a href="#Pg060" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gouri, an Indian goddess of fertility, i. 241 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gournia in Crete, prehistoric shrine at, i. 88 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grandmother, title of an African priest, ii. <a href="#Pg255" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Earth thought to cause earthquakes, i. 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grandparents, dead, worshipped, ii. <a href="#Pg175" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grapes as divine emblem, i. 165 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grave of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">10</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human victims sacrificed at the, <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— shrines of Shilluk kings, ii. <a href="#Pg161" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of dead kings, <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">194</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Graves, milk offered at, i. 87; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + childless women resort to, in order to ensure offspring, 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + illuminated on All Souls' Day, ii. <a href="#Pg072" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the only places of sacrifice in the country of the Wahehe, + <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of kings, chiefs, and magicians kept secret, ii. <a href= + "#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices at, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">168</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Great + burnings”</span> for kings of Judah, i. 177 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Marriage, annual festival of the dead among the Oraons of + Bengal, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">59</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— men, history not to be explained without the influence of, i. + 311 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + great religious systems founded by, ii. <a href="#Pg159" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their influence on the popular imagination, <a href="#Pg199" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mother, popularity of her worship in the Roman empire, i. 298 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— religious systems founded by individual great men, ii. + <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">159</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + religious ideals a product of the male imagination, <a href= + "#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greece, date of the corn-reaping in, i. 232 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + modern, marriage customs in, ii. <a href="#Pg245" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greek belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, i. 86 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Church, ceremonies on Good Friday in the, i. 254 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— feast of All Souls in May, ii. <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— gods, discrimination of their characters, i. 119 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— mythology, Adonis in, i. 10 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— notion as to birth from trees and rocks, i. 107 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the noxious influence of moonshine on children, ii. <a href= + "#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— purification for homicide, i. 299 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— use of music in religion, i. 54 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— writers on the worship of Adonis, i. 223 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gregory IV. and the feast of All Saints, ii. <a href="#Pg083" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grenfell, B. P., and A. S. Hunt on corn-stuffed effigies of + Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">90</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grimm, Jacob, on hide-measured lands, ii. <a href="#Pg250" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grotto of the Sibyl, at Marsala, i. 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Growth and decay of all things associated with the waxing and + waning of the moon, ii. <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">132</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg140" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guarayos Indians of Bolivia, their presentation of children to + the moon, ii. <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">145</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page289">[pg 289]</span><a name= + "Pg289" id="Pg289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guardian spirits in the form of animals, i. 83; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in serpents, 83, 86 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guaycurus of Brazil, men dressed as women among the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guevo Upas, the Valley of Poison, in Java, i. 203 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gujrat District, Punjaub, i. 94 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gurdon, Major P. R. T., on the Khasis of Assam, ii. <a href= + "#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>, + <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">203</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg210" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gwanya, a worshipful dead chief, ii. <a href="#Pg177" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gyges, king of Lydia, dedicates double-headed axe to Zeus, i. 182 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gynaecocracy a dream, ii. <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hadad, chief male deity of the Syrians, i. 15, 16 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Syrian god of thunder and fertility, 163 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hadadrimmon, i. 164 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the mourning of or for, 15 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Haddon, A. C., on worship of animal-shaped heroes, i. 139 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hadrian, human sacrifice suppressed in reign of, i. 146 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hair, sacrifice of women's, i. 38; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered to goddess of volcano, 218; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of head shaved in mourning for dead gods, 225; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to be cut when the moon is waxing, ii. <a href="#Pg133" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Halasarna in Cos, rites of Apollo and + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hercules at, ii. <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Halfdan, the Black, King of Norway, dismembered after death, ii. + <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">100</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Halicarnassus, worship of Pergaean Artemis at, i. 35 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hall of the Two Truths, the judgment hall in the other world, ii. + <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">13</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Halmahera, the Galelareese of, i. 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hamaspathmaedaya, old Iranian festival of the dead, ii. <a href= + "#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hamilcar, his self-sacrifice at the battle of Himera, i. 115 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at Carthage, 116; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burns himself, 176; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped after death, 180 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hamilton, Alexander, on dance of hermaphrodites in Pegu, i. 271 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hamilton, Professor G. L., i. 57 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hammurabi, the code of, i. 71 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, 72 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Handel, the harmonies of, i. 54 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hanged god, the, i. 288 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hanging as a mode of sacrifice, i. 289 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hannah, the prayer of, i. 79 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hannibal, his prayers to Melcarth, i. 113; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his retirement from Italy, 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hanway, J., on worship of perpetual fires at Baku, i. 192 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harmonia, the necklace of, i. 32 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + turned into a snake, 86 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harold the Fair-haired, ii. <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">100</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harp, the music of the, in religion, i. 52 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harpalyce, her incest with her father, i. 44 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harpocrates, the younger Horus, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a>, <a href="#Pg009" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harran, mourning of women for Tammuz in, i. 230 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harrison, Miss J. E., on the hyacinth (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Delphinium + Ajacis</span></span>), i. 314 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hartland, E. S., on the reincarnation of the dead, i. 91 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on primitive paternity, 106 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harvest, rites of, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">45</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + annual festival of the dead after, <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + new corn offered to dead kings or chiefs at, <a href="#Pg162" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>, <a href= + "#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>, + <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">188</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prayers to the spirits of ancestors at, <a href="#Pg175" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifices to dead chiefs at, <a href="#Pg191" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— in Egypt, the date of, ii. <a href="#Pg032" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— custom of throwing water on the last corn cut as a rain-charm, + i. 237 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Arabs of Moab, ii. <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">48</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hathor, Egyptian goddess, ii. <a href="#Pg009" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hattusil, king of the Hittites, i. 135 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Havamal</span></span>, how Odin learned the + magic runes in the, i. 290 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hawaii, the volcano of Kirauea in, i. 216 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hawes, Mrs., on date of the corn-reaping in Crete, i. 232 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hawk, Isis in the form of a, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the sacred bird of the earliest Egyptian dynasties, <a href= + "#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + epithet regularly applied to the king of Egypt, <a href="#Pg022" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -town (Hieraconpolis) in Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hawks carved on the bier of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg020" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hazael, king of Damascus, i. 15 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Head-Feast”</span> among the Dyaks of Borneo, + i. 295 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -hunting in Borneo, i. 294 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heads of dead chiefs cut off and buried secretly, ii. <a href= + "#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, human, thought to promote the fertility of the ground and of + women, i. 294 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used as guardians by Taurians and tribes of Borneo, 294 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heathen festivals displaced by Christian, i. 308 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— origin of Midsummer festival (festival of St. John), i. 249 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heavenly Virgin or Goddess, mother of the Sun, i. 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hebrew kings, traces of their divinity, i. 20 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— names ending in <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">-el</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">-iah</span></span>, i. 79 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— prophecy, the distinctive character of, i. 75 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page290">[pg 290]</span><a name= + "Pg290" id="Pg290" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hebrew prophets, their resemblance to those of Africa, i. 74 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hebrides, peats cut in the wane of the moon in the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hecaerge, an epithet of Artemis, i. 292 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hecate at Ephesus, i. 291; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sometimes identified with Artemis, 292 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Zeus worshipped at Stratonicea, ii. <a href="#Pg227" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hecatombeus, a Greek month, i. 314 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hehn, V., on derivation of name Corycian, i. 187 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Helen of the Tree, worshipped in Rhodes, i. 292 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heliacal rising of Sirius, ii. <a href="#Pg152" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Helice, in Achaia, destroyed by earthquake, i. 203; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Poseidon worshipped at, 203 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heliodorus, on the priesthood of Apollo and Artemis at Ephesus, + ii. <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">243</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heliogabalus, sun-god at Emesa, i. 35; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his sacrifice of children of living parents, ii. <a href="#Pg248" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">248</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heliopolis (Baalbec), in Syria, i. 163 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred prostitution at, 37, 58 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heliopolis (the Egyptian), trial of the dead Osiris before the + gods at, ii. <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hepding, H., on Attis, i. 263 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Catullus's poem <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Attis</span></span>, 270 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the bath of Cybele's image, 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hephaestus and hot springs, i. 209 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heqet, Egyptian frog-goddess, ii. <a href="#Pg009" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hera's marriage with Zeus, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heraclids, Lydian dynasty of the, i. 182, 184; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps Hittite, 185 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hercules identified with Melcarth, i. 16, 111; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + slain by Typhon and revived by Iolaus, 111; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt on Mount Oeta, 111, 116, 211; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at Gades, 112 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + women excluded from sacrifices to, 113 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Sandan, 125, 143, 161; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burns himself, 176; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped after death, 180; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the itch of, 209; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his dispute with Aesculapius, 209 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the patron of hot springs, 209 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + altar of, at Thermopylae, 210; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the effeminate, ii. <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a>, <a href="#Pg258" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">258</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + priest of, dressed as a woman, <a href="#Pg258" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + vernal mysteries of, at Rome, <a href="#Pg258" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifices to, at Rome, <a href="#Pg258" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">258</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and the lion, i. 184 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Omphale, i. 182, ii. <a href="#Pg258" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">258</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Sardanapalus, i. 172 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Lydian, identical with the Cilician Hercules, i. 182, + 184, 185 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— with the lion's scalp, Greek type of, i. 117 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hereditary deities, i. 51 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herefordshire, soul-cakes in, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herero, a Bantu tribe of German South-West Africa, the worship of + the dead among the, ii. <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">185</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hermaphrodite son of Sky and Earth, i. 282 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hermaphrodites, dance of, i. 271 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hermes and Aegipan, i. 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hermesianax, on the death of Attis, i. 264 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hermus, river, i. 185, 186 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herod resorts to the springs of Callirrhoe, i. 214 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herodes Atticus, his benefaction at Thermopylae, i. 210 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herodotus on sanctuary of Aphrodite at Paphos, i. 34; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on religious prostitution, 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on wife of Bel, 71; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Cyrus and Croesus, 174; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the sacrifices of Croesus to Apollo, 180 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on so-called monument of Sesostris, 185; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the festival of Osiris at Sais, ii. <a href="#Pg050" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the mourning for Osiris, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identifies Osiris with Dionysus, <a href="#Pg113" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the similarity between the rites of Osiris and Dionysus, + <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">127</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on human sacrifices offered by the wife of Xerxes, <a href= + "#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heroes worshipped in form of animals, i. 139 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hertz, W., on religious prostitution, i. 57 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 59 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hesse, custom at ploughing in, i. 239 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hest</span></span>, the Egyptian name for + Isis, ii. <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">50</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4, <a href="#Pg115" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hettingen in Baden, custom at sowing at, i. 239 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hezekiah, King, his reformation, i. 25, 107; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + date of his reign, 25 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hibeh papyri, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg051" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hide-measured lands, legends as to, ii. <a href="#Pg249" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hieraconpolis in Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">22</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + representations of the Sed festival at, <a href="#Pg151" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hierapolis, the Syrian, festival of the Pyre or Torch at, i. 146; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred doves at, 147; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + great sanctuary of Astarte at, 269; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + eunuch priests of Astarte at, 269 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, in the valley of the Maeander, cave of Pluto at, i. 206; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hot springs at, 206 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hieropolis</span></span>, distinction + between, i. 168 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -Bambyce, Atargatis the goddess of, i. 137, 162; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mysterious golden image at, 162 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rules as to the pollution of death at, ii. <a href="#Pg227" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hieroglyphics, Hittite, i. 124, 125 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + High-priest of Syrian goddess, i. 143 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Priestess, head of the State, ii. <a href="#Pg203" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Highlanders, Scottish, on the influence of the moon, ii. <a href= + "#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>, + <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">134</a>, <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">140</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page291">[pg 291]</span><a name= + "Pg291" id="Pg291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hilaria</span></span>, Festival of Joy in + the rites of Attis, i. 273 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hill, G. F., on image of Artemis at Perga, i. 35 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on legend of coins of Tarsus, 126 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on goddess 'Atheh, 162; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on coins of Mallus, 165 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hill Tout, C., on respect shown by the Indians of British + Columbia for the animals and plants which they eat, ii. <a href= + "#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Himalayan districts of North-Western India, gardens of Adonis in + the, i. 242 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Himera, the battle of, i. 115; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hot springs of, 213 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hindoo burial of infants, i. 94; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marriage custom, old, ii. <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">246</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worship of perpetual fire, i. 192 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hindoos of Northern India, their mode of drinking moonshine, ii. + <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">144</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hinnom, the Valley of, i. 178; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifice of first-born children in, ii. <a href="#Pg219" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hippodamia, her incest with her father, i. 44 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hirpini, valley of Amsanctus in the land of the, i. 204 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hissar District, Punjaub, i. 94 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + History not to be explained without the influence of great men, + i. 311 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hittite, correct form of the national name Chatti or Hatti, i. + 133 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— costume, i. 129 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 131 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— deity named Tark or Tarku, i. 147 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— god of thunder, i. 134, 163 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— gods at Tarsus and Sardes, 185 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— hieroglyphics, i. 124, 125 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— inscription on Mount Argaeus, i. 190 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— priest or king, his costume, i. 131 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 133 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sculptures at Carchemish, i. 38 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 123; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Ibreez, 121 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Bor (Tyana), 122 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Euyuk, 123; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Boghaz-Keui, 128 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Babylon, 134; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Zenjirli, 134; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Giaour-Kalesi, 138 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Kara-Bel, 138 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Marash, 173; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Lydia, 185 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— seals of treaty, i. 136, 142 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 145 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Sun-goddess, i. 133 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— treaty with Egypt, i. 135 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hittites worship the bull, i. 123, 132; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their empire, language, etc., 124 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + traces of mother-kin among the, 141 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hkamies of North Aracan, their annual festival of the dead, ii. + <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">61</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ho tribe of Togoland, their kings buried secretly, ii. <a href= + "#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hofmayr, W., on the worship of Nyakang among the Shilluks, ii. + <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">164</a>, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">166</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hogarth, D. G., on relics of paganism at Paphos, i. 36; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Corycian cave, 155 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Roman remains at Tarsus, 172 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hogs sacrificed to goddess of volcano, i. 218 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hollis, A. C., on serpent-worship of the Akikuyu, i. 67 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on serpent-worship, 84 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Holy + men”</span> in Syria, i. 77 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hommel, Professor F., on the Hittite deity Tarku, i. 147 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Honey and milk offered to snakes, i. 85 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Honey-cakes offered to serpent, i. 87 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hope of immortality, the Egyptian, centred in Osiris, ii. + <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg090" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg114" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a>, <a href="#Pg159" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hopladamus, a giant, i. 157 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hora and Quirinus, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horkos, the Greek god of oaths, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horned cap worn by priest or god, i. 123; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Hittite god, 134 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— god, Hittite and Greek, i. 123 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— lion, i. 127 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horns, as a religious emblem, i. 34; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worn by gods, 163 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of a cow worn by Isis, ii. <a href="#Pg050" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horses sacrificed for the use of the dead, i. 293 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Lycurgus, king of the Edonians, torn in pieces by, ii. <a href= + "#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horus, the four sons of, in the likeness of hawks, ii. <a href= + "#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + decapitates his mother Isis, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">88</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the eye of, <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">121</a> with <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Edfu identified with the sun, ii. <a href="#Pg123" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the elder, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">6</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the younger, son of Isis and the dead Osiris, ii. <a href= + "#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a>, + <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + accused by Set of being a bastard, <a href="#Pg017" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his combat with Set, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his eye destroyed by Set and restored by Thoth, <a href="#Pg017" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reigns over the Delta, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">17</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hose, Ch., and McDougall, W., on head-hunting in Borneo, i. 295 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hosea on religious prostitution, i. 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Baalim, 75 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the prophet as a madman, 77 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hot springs, worship of, i. 206 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hercules the patron of, 209 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + resorted to by childless women in Syria, 213 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Huligamma, Indian goddess, eunuchs dedicated to her, i. 271 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Human representatives of Attis, i. 285 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sacrifice, substitutes for, i. 146 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 285, 289, ii. 99, 221 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sacrifices in worship of the moon, i. 73; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to the Tauric Artemis, 115; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to Diomede at Salamis, 145; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered at earthquakes, 201; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered at irrigation <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page292">[pg + 292]</span><a name="Pg292" id="Pg292" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> channels, ii. <a href="#Pg038" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the kings of Ashantee and Dahomey, <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered to Dionysus, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">98</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered by the Mexicans for the maize, <a href="#Pg107" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at the graves of the kings of Uganda, <a href="#Pg168" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to dead kings, <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">173</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to dead chiefs, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to prolong the life of kings, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg223" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Human victims thrown into volcanoes, i. 219 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + uses made of their skins, 293; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as representatives of the corn-spirit, ii. <a href="#Pg097" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, <a href= + "#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + killed with hoes, spades, and rakes, <a href="#Pg099" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hunger the root of the worship of Adonis, i. 231 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hurons, their burial of infants, i. 91 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Huzuls of the Carpathians, their theory of the waning moon, ii. + <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">130</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their cure for water-brash, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">149</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hyacinth, son of Amyclas, killed by Apollo, i. 313; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his flower, 313 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his tomb and festival, 314 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + an aboriginal deity, 315 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his sister Polyboea, 316; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps a deified king of Amyclae, i. 316 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hyacinthia, the festival of Hyacinth, i. 314 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hyacinthius, a Greek month, i. 315 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hybristica, an Argive festival, ii. <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hygieia, the goddess, i. 88 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hymns to Tammuz, i. 9; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to the sun-god, ii. <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">123</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hyria in Cilicia, i. 41 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ibani of the Niger delta, their sacrifices to prolong the lives + of kings and others, ii. <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">222</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ibans or Sea Dyaks, their worship of serpents, i. 83. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Sea-Dyaks" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Sea Dyaks</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ibn Batuta, Arab traveller, on funeral of emperor of China, i. + 293 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ibreez in Southern Cappadocia, i. 119 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + village of, 120 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hittite sculptures at, 121 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the god of, i. 119 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his horned cap, 164 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Idalium in Cyprus, i. 50; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bilingual inscription of, 49 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Melcarth worshipped at, 117 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ideals of humanity, two different, the heroic and the saintly, i. + 300; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + great religious, a product of the male imagination, ii. <a href= + "#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ideler, L., on the date of the introduction of the fixed + Alexandrian year, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">28</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Sothic period, 37 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ignorance of paternity, primitive, i. 106 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Il Mayek clan of the Njamus, their supposed power over irrigation + water and the crops, ii. <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">39</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ilium, animals sacrificed by hanging at, i. 292 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Illumination, nocturnal, at festival of Osiris, ii. <a href= + "#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of graves on All Souls' Day, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">72</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ilpirra of Central Australia, their belief in the reincarnation + of the dead, i. 99 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Images of Osiris made of vegetable mould, ii. <a href="#Pg085" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href= + "#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, + <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">90</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Immortality, Egyptian hope of, centred in Osiris, ii. <a href= + "#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> sq., + <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">90</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg114" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a>, <a href="#Pg159" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Impregnation" id="Index-Impregnation" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Impregnation of women by serpents, i. 80 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by the dead, 91; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by ghosts, 93; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by the flower of the banana, 93; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed, through eating food, 96, 102, 103, 104, 105; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by fire, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Conception" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Conception</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Isis by the dead Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a>, <a href="#Pg020" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— without sexual intercourse, belief in, i. 96 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Incense burnt at the rites of Adonis, i. 228; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt in honour of the Queen of Heaven, 228; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + collected by a flail, ii. <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">109</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Incest with a daughter in royal families, reported cases of, i. + 43 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Inconsistency of common thought, i. 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Increase of the moon the time for increasing money, ii. <a href= + "#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + India, sacred women (dancing-girls) in, i. 61 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + impregnation of women by stone serpents in, 81 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burial of infants in, 93 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gardens of Adonis in, 239 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + eunuchs dedicated to a goddess in, 271 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + drinking moonlight as a medicine in, ii. <a href="#Pg142" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Indian ceremonies analogous to the rites of Adonis, i. 227 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— prophet, his objections to agriculture, i. 88 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Indians of tropical America represent the rain-god weeping, ii. + <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">33</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of California, their annual festivals of the dead, <a href= + "#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Brazil attend to the moon more than to the sun, <a href= + "#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of San Juan Capistrano, their ceremony at the new moon, <a href= + "#Pg142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Ucayali River in Peru, their greeting to the new moon, + <a href="#Pg142" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">142</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of North America, effeminate sorcerers among the, <a href= + "#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a>, + <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">255</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Infant sons of kings placed by goddesses on fire, i. 180 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Infants buried so as to ensure their rebirth, i. 91, 93 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burial of, at Gezer, 108 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Influence of great men on the popular imagination, ii. <a href= + "#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of mother-kin on religion, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">202</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ingarda tribe of West Australia, their belief as to the birth of + children, i. 104 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page293">[pg 293]</span><a name= + "Pg293" id="Pg293" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ingleborough in Yorkshire, i. 152 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Inheritance of property under mother-kin, rules of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Injibandi tribe of West Australia, their belief as to the birth + of children, i. 105 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Insect, soul of dead in, i. 95 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg162" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Insensibility to pain as a sign of inspiration, i. 169 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Inspiration, insensibility to pain as sign of, i. 169 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + savage theory of, i. 299 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, prophetic, under the influence of music, i. 52 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 54 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 74; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + through the spirits of dead kings and chiefs, ii. <a href= + "#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>, + <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">172</a>, <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">192</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Inspired men and women in the Pelew Islands, ii. <a href="#Pg207" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Intercalation introduced to correct the vague Egyptian year, ii. + <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">26</a>, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">27</a>, <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the ancient Mexican calendar, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Inuus</span></span>, epithet applied to + Faunus, ii. <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Invisible, charm to make an army, ii. <a href="#Pg251" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iolaus, friend of Hercules, i. 111 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iranian year, the old, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iranians, the old, their annual festival of the dead (Fravashis), + ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">67</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ireland, sacred oaks in, i. 37 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Irle, J., on the religion of the Herero, ii. <a href="#Pg186" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iron not allowed to touch Atys, i. 286 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Irrigation in ancient Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rites of, in Egypt, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">33</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifices offered in connexion with, <a href="#Pg038" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isa or Parvati, an Indian goddess, i. 241 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isaac, Abraham's attempted sacrifice of, ii. <a href="#Pg219" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isaiah, on the king's pyre in Tophet, i. 177, 178; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + possible allusion to gardens of Adonis in, 236 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on dew, 247 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ishtar, great Babylonian goddess, i. 8, 20 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in relation to Tammuz, 8 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— (Astarte) and Mylitta, i. 36, 37 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isis, sister and wife of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + date of the festival of, <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">26</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, <a href="#Pg033" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a cow or a woman with the head of a cow, i. 50, ii. <a href= + "#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>, + <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">88</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + invoked by Egyptian reapers, i. 232, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg117" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the form of a hawk, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">8</a>, <a href="#Pg020" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the papyrus swamps, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">8</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the form of a swallow, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">9</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Byblus, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at the well, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a>, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">111</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her search for the body of Osiris, <a href="#Pg010" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a>, <a href="#Pg050" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>, <a href= + "#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + recovers and buries the body of Osiris, <a href="#Pg010" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mourns Osiris, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">12</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + restores Osiris to life, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">13</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her tears supposed to swell the Nile, <a href="#Pg033" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her priest wears a jackal's mask, <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + decapitated by her son Horus, <a href="#Pg088" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her temple at Philae, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">111</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her many names, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">115</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sister and wife of Osiris, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">116</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a corn-goddess, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">116</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her discovery of wheat and barley, <a href="#Pg116" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Ceres, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">117</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Demeter, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">117</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as the ideal wife and mother, <a href="#Pg117" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + refinement and spiritualization of, <a href="#Pg117" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + popularity of her worship in the Roman empire, <a href="#Pg118" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her resemblance to the Virgin Mary, <a href="#Pg118" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Sirius her star, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">34</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg152" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isis and the king's son at Byblus, i. 180; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and the scorpions, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iswara or Mahadeva, an Indian god, i. 241, 242 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Italian myths of kings or heroes begotten by the fire-god, ii. + <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Italy, hot springs in, i. 213; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination at Midsummer in, 254 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Itch of Hercules, i. 209 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Itongo, an ancestral spirit (Zulu term, singular of Amatongo), + ii. <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">184</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ivy, sacred to Attis, i. 278; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred to Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">112</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jablonski, P. E., on Osiris as a sun-god, ii. <a href="#Pg120" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jackal-god Up-uat, ii. <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">154</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jackal's mask worn by priest of Isis, 11, 85 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jamblichus on insensibility to pain as sign of inspiration, i. + 169; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the purifying virtue of fire, 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + January, the sixth of, reckoned in the East the Nativity of + Christ, i. 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Janus in Roman mythology, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -like deity on coins, i. 165 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Japan, annual festival of the dead in, ii. <a href="#Pg065" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jars, children buried in, i. 109 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jason and Medea, i. 181 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jastrow, Professor M., on the festival of Tammuz, i. 10 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the character of Tammuz, 230 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Java, conduct of natives in an earthquake, i. 202 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Valley of Poison in, 203 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worship of volcanoes in, 220 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jawbone, the ghost of the dead thought to adhere to the, ii. + <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and navel-string of Kibuka, the war-god of the Baganda, ii. + <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">197</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jawbones, lower, of dead kings of Uganda preserved and + worshipped, ii. <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg169" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg171" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the ghosts of the kings supposed to attach to their jawbones, + <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page294">[pg 294]</span><a name= + "Pg294" id="Pg294" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jâyi or Jawâra, festival in Upper India, i. 242 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Jebel + Hissar</span></span>, Olba, i. 151 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jehovah in relation to thunder, i. 22 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in relation to rain, 23 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jensen, P., on rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, i. 137 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Hittite inscription, 145 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Syrian god Hadad, 163 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jeremiah, on the prophet as a madman, i. 77; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on birth from stocks and stones, 107 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jericho, death of Herod at, i. 214 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jerome, on the date of the month Tammuz, i. 10 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the worship of Adonis at Bethlehem, 257 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jerusalem, mourning for Tammuz at, i. 11, 17, 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Canaanite kings of, 17; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the returned captives at, 23; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Destroying Angel over, 24; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + besieged by Sennacherib, 25; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the religious orchestra at, 52; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“great + burnings”</span> for the kings at, 177 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the king's pyre at, 177 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Church of the Holy Sepulchre at, Good Friday ceremonies in the, + 255 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the sacrifice of first-born children at, ii. <a href="#Pg219" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jewish priests, their rule as to the pollution of death, ii. + <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">230</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jews of Egypt, costume of bride and bridegroom among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">260</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Joannes Lydus, on Phrygian rites at Rome, i. 266 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + John Barleycorn, i. 230 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Johns, Dr. C. H. W., on Babylonian votaries, i. 71 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 and 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Johnston, Sir H. H., on eunuch priests on the Congo, i. 271 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Josephus, on worship of kings of Damascus, i. 15; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Tyropoeon, 178 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Josiah, reforms of king, i. 17 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5, 18 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, 25, 107 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jualamukhi in the Himalayas, perpetual fires, i. 192 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Judah, laments for dead kings of, i. 20 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Judean maid impregnated by serpent, i. 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Julian, the emperor, his entrance into Antioch, i. 227, 258; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Mother of the Gods, 299 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + restores the standard cubit to the Serapeum, ii. <a href="#Pg217" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Julian calendar introduced by Caesar, ii. <a href="#Pg037" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a>, <a href="#Pg093" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— year, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">28</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Juno, the Flaminica Dialis sacred to, ii. <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the wife of Jupiter, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Junod, Henri A., on the worship of the dead among the Thonga, ii. + <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">180</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Juok, the supreme god and creator of the Shilluks, ii. <a href= + "#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jupiter, the husband of Juno, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the father of Fortuna Primigenia, <a href="#Pg234" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jupiter and Juturna, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">235</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Dolichenus, i. 136 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Justice and Injustice in Aristophanes, i. 209 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Justin Martyr on the resemblances of paganism to Christianity, i. + 302 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Juturna in Roman mythology, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kabyles, marriage custom of the, to ensure the birth of a boy, + ii. <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kadesh, a Semitic goddess, i. 137 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kai of German New Guinea, their belief in conception without + sexual intercourse, i. 96 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kaikolans, a Tamil caste, i. 62 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kaitish of Central Australia, their belief in the reincarnation + of the dead, i. 99 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kalat el Hosn, in Syria, i. 78 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kalids</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kaliths</span></span>, deities in the Pelew + Islands, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">204</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4, <a href="#Pg207" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kalunga, the supreme god of the Ovambo, ii. <a href="#Pg188" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kangra District, Punjaub, i. 94 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kantavu, a Fijian island, i. 201 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kanytelideis, in Cilicia, i. 158 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kara-Bel, in Lydia, Hittite sculpture at, i. 138 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 185 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kariera tribe of West Australia, their beliefs as to the birth of + children, i. 105 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Karma-tree, ceremony of the Mundas over a, i. 240 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Karo-Bataks, of Sumatra, their custom as to the first sheaf of + rice at harvest, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Karok Indians of California, their lamentations at hewing sacred + wood, ii. <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">47</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Karunga, the supreme god of the Herero, ii. <a href="#Pg186" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>, <a href= + "#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Katikiro</span></span>, Baganda term for + prime minister, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">168</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kayans, their reasons for taking human heads, i. 294 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Keadrol, a Toda clan, ii. <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">228</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Keb (Geb or Seb), Egyptian earth-god, father of Osiris, i. 6, 283 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ḳedeshim</span></span>, sacred men, i. 38 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 59, 72, 76, 107; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Jerusalem, 17 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in relation to prophets, 76 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ḳedeshoth</span></span>, sacred women, i. + 59, 72, 107 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kemosh, god of Moab, i. 15 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kennett, Professor R. H., on David and Goliath, i. 19 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Elisha in the wilderness, 53 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḳedeshim</span></span>, 73 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the sacrifice of first-born children at Jerusalem, ii. + <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kent's Hole, near Torquay, fossil bones in, i. 153 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Keysser, Ch., on belief in conception without sexual intercourse, + i. 96 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khalij, old canal at Cairo, ii. <a href="#Pg038" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page295">[pg 295]</span><a name= + "Pg295" id="Pg295" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khangars of the Central Provinces, India, bridegroom and his + father dressed as women at a marriage among the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khasi tribes governed by kings, not queens, ii. <a href="#Pg210" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khasis of Assam, their system of mother-kin, i. 46, ii. <a href= + "#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + goddesses predominate over gods in their religion, <a href= + "#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rules as to the succession to the kingship among the, <a href= + "#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Khent" id="Index-Khent" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khent, early king of Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg154" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his reign, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">19</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his tomb at Abydos, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">19</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his tomb identified with that of Osiris, <a href="#Pg020" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>, <a href="#Pg197" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khenti-Amenti, title of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg198" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khoiak, festival of Osiris in the month of, ii. <a href="#Pg086" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg108" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khyrim State, in Assam, i. 46; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + governed by a High Priestess, ii. <a href="#Pg203" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kibuka, the war-god of the Baganda, a dead man, ii. <a href= + "#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his personal relics preserved at Cambridge, <a href="#Pg197" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kidd, Dudley, on the worship of ancestral spirits among the + Bantus of South Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">177</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + King, J. E., on infant burial, i. 91 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + King, a masker at Carnival called the, ii. <a href="#Pg099" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Tyre, his walk on stones of fire, i. 114 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Uganda, his navel-string preserved and inspected every new + moon, ii. <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">147</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kings as priests, i. 42; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as lovers of a goddess, 49 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + held responsible for the weather and the crops, 183; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marry their sisters, 316; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + slaughter human victims with their own hands, ii. <a href= + "#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + torn in pieces, traditions of, <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices to prolong the life of, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg223" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and magicians dismembered and their bodies buried in different + parts of the country to fertilize it, ii. <a href="#Pg101" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, dead, reincarnate in lions, i. 83 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped in Africa, 160 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifices offered to, 162, 166 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + incarnate in animals, 162, 163 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 173; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + consulted as oracles, 167, 171, 172, 195; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices to, 173; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped by the Barotse, 194 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, divinity of Semitic, i. 15 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divinity of Lydian, 182 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Egypt worshipped as gods, i. 52; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + buried at Abydos, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">19</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps formerly slain in the character of Osiris, <a href= + "#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg102" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as Osiris, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">151</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + renew their life by identifying themselves with the dead and + risen Osiris, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + born again at the Sed festival, <a href="#Pg153" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#Pg156" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps formerly put to death to prevent their bodily and mental + decay, <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">154</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kings, Hebrew, traces of divinity ascribed to, i. 20 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Shilluk, put to death before their strength fails, ii. + <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">163</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Sweden answerable for the fertility of the ground, ii. + <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">220</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their sons sacrificed, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kingship at Rome a plebeian institution, i. 45; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + under mother-kin, rules as to succession to the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Africa under mother-kin inherited by men, not women, <a href= + "#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kingsley, Miss Mary H., on secret burial of chief's head, ii. + <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kinnor</span></span>, a lyre, i. 52 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kirauea, volcano in Hawaii, i. 216 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divinities of, 217; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offerings to, 217 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kiriwina, one of the Trobriand Islands, annual festival of the + dead in, i. 56; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + snakes as reincarnations of the dead in, 84; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + presentation of children to the full moon in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kiwai, an island off New Guinea, magic for the growth of sago in, + ii. <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kiziba, a district of Central Africa, dead kings worshipped in, + ii. <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">173</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + totemism in, <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">173</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Klamath Indians of Oregon, their theory of the waning moon, ii. + <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">130</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kocchs of North-Eastern India, succession to husband's property + among the, ii. <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">215</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kois of Southern India, infant burial among the, i. 95 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Komatis of Mysore, their worship of serpents, i. 81 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Koniags of Alaska, their magical uses of the bodies of the dead, + ii. <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">106</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Konkaus of California, their dance of the dead, ii. <a href= + "#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kosio</span></span>, a dedicated person, i. + 65, 66, 68 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kosti, in Thrace, carnival custom at, ii. <a href="#Pg099" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kotas, a tribe of Southern India, their priests not allowed to be + widowers, ii. <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">230</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kretschmer, Professor P., on native population of Cyprus, i. 145 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Cybele and Attis, 287 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Krishna, Hindoo god, ii. <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">254</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kuar, an Indian month, ii. <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">144</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kubary, J., on the system of mother-kin among the Pelew + Islanders, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">204</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kuinda, Cilician fortress, i. 144 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page296">[pg 296]</span><a name= + "Pg296" id="Pg296" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kuki-Lushai, men dressed as women to deceive dangerous ghosts or + spirits among the, ii. <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">263</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kuklia, Old Paphos, i. 33, 36 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kundi in Cilicia, i. 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kupalo, figure of, passed across fire at Midsummer, i. 250 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a deity of vegetation, 253 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kupole's festival at Midsummer in Prussia, i. 253 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Labraunda in Caria, i. 182 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Labrys</span></span>, Lydian word for axe, + i. 182 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laconia, subject to earthquakes, i. 203 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lactantius, on the rites of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lagash in Babylonia, i. 35 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lago di Naftia in Sicily, i. 221 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lagrange, Father M. J., on the mourning for Adonis as a harvest + rite, i. 231 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laguna, Pueblo village of New Mexico, ii. <a href="#Pg054" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lakhubai, an Indian goddess, i. 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lakor, theory of earthquakes in, i. 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lamas River in Cilicia, i. 149, 150 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lamentations of Egyptian reapers, i. 232, ii. <a href="#Pg045" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the savage for the animals and plants which he eats, <a href= + "#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Cherokee Indians <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“after the first working of the crop,”</span> + <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">47</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Karok Indians at cutting sacred wood, <a href="#Pg047" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laments for Tammuz, i. 9 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for dead kings of Judah, 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">12</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lampblack used to avert the evil eye, ii. <a href="#Pg261" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lamps lighted to show the dead the way, ii. <a href="#Pg051" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for the use of ghosts at the feast of All Souls, <a href="#Pg072" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a>, <a href= + "#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lancashire, All Souls' Day in, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Landen, the battle of, i. 234 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lane, E. W., on the rise of the Nile, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lantana salvifolia</span></span>, ii. + <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">47</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lanterns, the feast of, in Japan, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lanzone, R. V., on the rites of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg087" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Larnax Lapethus in Cyprus, Melcarth worshipped at, i. 117 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Larrekiya, Australian tribe, their belief in conception without + cohabitation, i. 103 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lateran Museum, statue of Attis in the, i. 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Latham, R. G., on succession to husband's property among the + Kocchs, ii. <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">215</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laurel, gold wreath of, worn by priest of Hercules, i. 143; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Greek purificatory rites, ii. <a href="#Pg240" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -bearing, a festival at Thebes, in Boeotia, ii. <a href= + "#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leake, W. M., on flowers in Asia Minor, i. 187 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leaping over Midsummer fires to make hemp or flax grow tall, i. + 251 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leaves and flowers as talismans, ii. <a href="#Pg242" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lebanon, the forests of Mount, i. 14; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Aphrodite of the, 30; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Baal of the, 32; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the charm of the, 235 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lech, a tributary of the Danube, ii. <a href="#Pg070" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lechrain, feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg070" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lecky, W. E. H., on the influence of great men on the popular + imagination, ii. <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Legend of the foundation of Carthage and similar tales, ii. + <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">249</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lehmann-Haupt, C. F., on the historical Semiramis, i. 177 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lent, the Indian and Fijian, i. 90 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leo the Great, as to the celebration of Christmas, i. 305 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leonard, Major A. G., on sacrifices to prolong the lives of kings + and others, ii. <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">222</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leprosy, king of Israel expected to heal, i. 23 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lepsius, R., his identification of Osiris with the sun, ii. + <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">121</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leti, theory of earthquakes in, i. 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Letopolis, neck of Osiris at, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Letts, their annual festival of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg074" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lewis the Pious, institutes the feast of All Saints, ii. <a href= + "#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leza, supreme being recognized by the Bantu tribes of Northern + Rhodesia, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">174</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Licinius Imbrex, on Mars and Nerio, ii. <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lightning thought by Caffres to be caused by the ghost of a + powerful chief, ii. <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">177</a> with <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + no lamentations allowed for persons killed by, <a href="#Pg177" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Lights of the + dead”</span> to enable the ghosts to enter houses, ii. <a href= + "#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, three hundred and sixty-five, in the rites of Osiris, ii. + <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">88</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lion, deity standing on a, i. 123 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 127; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the emblem of the Mother Goddess, 164; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as emblem of Hercules and the Heraclids, 182, 184; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + carried round acropolis of Sardes, 184, ii. <a href="#Pg249" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -god at Boghaz-Keui, the mystery of the, i. 139 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Lydia, 184 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -slaying god, statue of, i. 117 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lions, dead kings reincarnate in, i. 83 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, ii. <a href="#Pg163" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + carved, at gate, i. 128; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as emblems of the great Asiatic Mother-goddess, 137; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + deities seated on, 162; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + spirits of dead chiefs reincarnated in, ii. <a href="#Pg193" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page297">[pg 297]</span><a name= + "Pg297" id="Pg297" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Living parents, children of, in ritual, ii. <a href="#Pg236" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Loeboes, a tribe of Sumatra, exchange of costume between boys and + girls among the, ii. <a href="#Pg264" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">264</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Loryma in Caria, Adonis worshipped at, i. 227 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lots, Greek custom as to the drawing of, ii. <a href="#Pg248" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">248</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lovers, term applied to the Baalim, i. 75 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Low, Hugh, on Dyak treatment of heads of slain enemies, i. 295 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lua and Saturn, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Luangwa, district of Northern Rhodesia, prayers to dead ancestors + in, ii. <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">175</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lucian, on religious prostitution, i. 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on image of goddess at Hierapolis-Bambyce, 137 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the death of Peregrinus, 181; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on dispute between Hercules and Aesculapius, 209 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the ascension of Adonis, 225 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lugaba, the supreme god of the Bahima, ii. <a href="#Pg190" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lunar sympathy, the doctrine of, ii. <a href="#Pg140" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lung-fish clan among the Baganda, ii. <a href="#Pg224" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Luritcha of Central Australia, their belief in the reincarnation + of the dead, i. 99 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lushais, men dressed as women, women dressed as men, among the, + ii. <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">255</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Luxor, temples at, ii. <a href="#Pg124" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">124</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lyall, Sir Charles J., on the system of mother-kin among the + Khasis, ii. <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">202</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lycaonian plain, i. 123 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lycia, flowers in, i. 187 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Mount Chimaera in, 221; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mother-kin in, ii. <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">212</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lycian language, question of its affinity, ii. <a href="#Pg213" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— men dressed as women in mourning, ii. <a href="#Pg264" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lycurgus, king of the Edonians, rent in pieces by horses, ii. + <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">98</a>, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">99</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lycus, valley of the, i. 207 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lydia, prostitution of girls before marriage in, i. 38, 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the lion-god of, 184; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Burnt Land of, 193 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + traces of mother-kin in, ii. <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lydian kings, their divinity, i. 182 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + held responsible for the weather and the crops, 183 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lyell, Sir Charles, on hot springs, i. 213 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on volcanic phenomena in Syria and Palestine, 222 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lyre as instrument of religious music, i. 52 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 54 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the instrument of Apollo, 288 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lysimachus scatters the bones of the kings of Epirus, ii. + <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ma, goddess of Comana in Pontus, i. 39, 265 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macalister, Professor R. A. Stewart, on infant burial at Gezer, + i. 109 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macdonald, Rev. James, on the worship of ancestors among the + Bantus, ii. <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">176</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mace of Narmer, representation of the Sed festival on the, ii. + <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">154</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + McLennan, J. F., on brother and sister marriages, i. 44 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, ii. <a href="#Pg216" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macrobius, on the mourning Aphrodite, i. 30; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Egyptian year, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">28</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Osiris as a sun-god, <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">121</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his solar theory of the gods, <a href="#Pg121" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>, <a href="#Pg128" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the influence of the moon, <a href="#Pg132" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Madagascar, vicarious sacrifice for a king in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + men dressed as women in, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">254</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Madonna and Isis, ii. <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">119</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maeander, the valley of the, subject to earthquakes, i. 194; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sanctuaries of Pluto in the valley of the, 205, 206 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mafuie, the Samoan god of earthquakes, i. 200 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magarsus in Cilicia, i. 169 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magic and religion, combination of, i. 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magical ceremonies for the regulation of the seasons, i. 3 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— dramas for the regulation of the seasons, i. 4 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— uses made of the bodies of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg100" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magnesia, on the Maeander, worship of Zeus at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mahadeo and Parvati, Indian deities, i. 242, 251 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mahadeva, Indian god, i. 241 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mahdi, an ancient, i. 74 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mahratta, dancing-girls in, i. 62 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maia or Majestas, the wife of Vulcan, ii. <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maiau, hero in form of crocodile, i. 139 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maiden, the (Persephone), the descent of, ii. <a href="#Pg041" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malagasy use of children of living parents in ritual, ii. + <a href="#Pg247" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">247</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malay Peninsula, the Mentras or Mantras of the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mallus in Cilicia, deities on coins of, i. 165 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malta, bilingual inscription of, i. 16; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Phoenician temples of, 35 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mamre, sacred oak or terebinth at, i. 37 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mandingoes of Senegambia, their attention to the phases of the + moon, ii. <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maneros, chant of Egyptian reapers, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg046" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manes, first king of Lydia, i. 186 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manetho, on the Egyptian burnt-sacrifice of red-haired men, ii. + <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">97</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Isis as <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page298">[pg + 298]</span><a name="Pg298" id="Pg298" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> the discoverer of corn, <a href= + "#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + quoted by Diodorus Siculus, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">120</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manichaeans, their theory of earthquakes, i. 197 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manichaeus, the heretic, his death, i. 294 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manipur, the Tangkul Nagas of, ii. <a href="#Pg057" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mantinea, Poseidon worshipped at, i. 203 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maori priest catches the soul of a tree, ii. <a href="#Pg111" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marash, Hittite monuments at, i. 173 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + March, festival of Attis in, i. 267 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the twenty-fifth of, tradition that Christ was crucified on, + i. 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marduk, human wives of, at Babylon, i. 71 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mariette-Pacha, A., on the burial of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg089" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marigolds used to adorn tombstones on All Souls' Day, ii. + <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">71</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marks, bodily, of prophets, i. 74 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marriage as an infringement of old communal rights, i. 40; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Sun and Earth, 47 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of women to serpent-god, 66 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Adonis and Aphrodite celebrated at Alexandria, 224; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Sky and Earth, 282 with <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Roman gods, ii. <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + exchange of dress between men and women at, <a href="#Pg260" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, sacred, of priest and priestess as representatives of + deities, i. 46 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + represented in the rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Cos, ii. <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— customs of the Aryan family, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of children of living parents in, <a href="#Pg245" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to ensure the birth of boys, <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marriages of brothers with sisters in ancient Egypt, ii. <a href= + "#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their intention to keep the property in the family, <a href= + "#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mars, the father of Romulus and Remus, ii. <a href="#Pg235" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Bellona, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Nerio, ii. <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marsala in Sicily, Midsummer customs at, i. 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marseilles, Midsummer custom at, i. 248 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marshall, Mr. A. S. F., on the felling of timber in Mexico, ii. + <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">136</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marsyas, his musical contest with Apollo and his death, i. 288 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps a double of Attis, 289 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Apollo, i. 55 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the river, i. 289 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Martin, M., on the cutting of peat in the Hebrides, ii. <a href= + "#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Masai, of East Africa, their belief in serpents as reincarnations + of the dead, i. 82, 84; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their ceremonies at the new moon, ii. <a href="#Pg142" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— boys wear female costume at circumcision, ii. <a href="#Pg263" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">263</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— rule as to the choice of a chief, ii. <a href="#Pg248" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">248</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Masnes, a giant, i. 186 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Masoka</span></span>, the spirits of the + dead, ii. <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">188</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maspero, Sir Gaston, edits the Pyramid Texts, ii. <a href= + "#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the nature of Osiris, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">126</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Masquerade at the Carnival in Thrace, ii. <a href="#Pg099" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Masquerades at festivals of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg053" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Massacres for sick kings of Uganda, ii. <a href="#Pg226" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Massaya, volcano in Nicaragua, human victims sacrificed to, i. + 219 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Massebah</span></span> (plural <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">masseboth</span></span>), sacred stone or + pillar, i. 107, 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maternal uncle in marriage ceremonies in India, i. 62 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maternity and paternity of the Roman deities, ii. <a href= + "#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Matriarchate,”</span> i. 46 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maui, Fijian god of earthquakes, i. 202 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maundrell, H., on the discoloration of the river Adonis, i. 225 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maury, A., on the Easter ceremonies compared with those of + Adonis, i. 257 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maximus Tyrius, on conical image at Paphos, i. 35 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + May, modern Greek feast of All Souls in May, ii. <a href="#Pg078" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Day, ceremony at Meiron in Galilee on the eve of, i. 178 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -pole or Midsummer-tree in Sweden and Bohemia, i. 250 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Medea and her magic cauldron, i. 180 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Medicine-men of Zulus, i. 74 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Wiimbaio, 75 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mefitis, Italian goddess of mephitic vapours, i. 204, 205 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Megalopolis, battle of gods and giants in plain of, i. 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Megassares, king of Hyria, i. 41 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meiners, C., on purification by blood, i. 299 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meiron, in Galilee, burnings for dead Jewish Rabbis at, i. 178 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mela's description of the Corycian cave, i. 155 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 156 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Melanesia, belief in conception without sexual intercourse in, i. + 97 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Melanesian magicians buried secretly, ii. <a href="#Pg105" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page299">[pg 299]</span><a name= + "Pg299" id="Pg299" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Melanesians, mother-kin among the, ii. <a href="#Pg211" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of New Britain, their use of flowers and leaves as talismans, + <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">242</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Melcarth, the god of Tyre, identified with Hercules, i. 16, 111; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at Amathus in Cyprus, 32, 117; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the burning of, 110 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped at Gades, 112 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg258" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Melchizedek, king of Salem, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Melech</span></span> and Moloch, ii. + <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meles, king of Lydia, banished because of a dearth, i. 183; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + causes lion to be carried round acropolis, 184 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Melicertes, a form of Melcarth, i. 113 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Melite in Phthia, i. 291 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Melito on the father of Adonis, i. 13 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Memnonium at Thebes, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">35</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Memorial stones, ii. <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">203</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Memphis, head of Osiris at, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + oath of the kings of Egypt at, <a href="#Pg024" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of Osiris in the month of Khoiak at, <a href="#Pg108" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Apis the sacred bull of, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">119</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the sanctuary of Serapis at, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">119</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Men, make gods, ii. <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">211</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dressed as women at marriage, <a href="#Pg262" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dressed as women to deceive dangerous spirits, <a href="#Pg262" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dressed as women at circumcision, <a href="#Pg263" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">263</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and women inspired by the spirits of dead kings and chiefs, + ii. <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">171</a>, <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">172</a>, <a href="#Pg192" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“of + God,”</span> prophets, i. 76 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Men Tyrannus, Phrygian moon-god, i. 284; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom as to pollution of death at his shrine, ii. <a href= + "#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mentras or Mantras of the Malay Peninsula, their tradition as to + primitive man, ii. <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">140</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mephitic vapours, worship of, i. 203 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mercurial temperament of merchants and sailors, ii. <a href= + "#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mesha, king of Moab, i. 15; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifices his first-born, 110 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Messiah, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the + Anointed One,”</span> i. 21 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meteor as signal for festival, i. 259 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, i. 41 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Methide</span></span> plant growing over + grave of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">111</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mexican calendar, its mode of intercalation, ii. <a href="#Pg028" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mexicans, their human sacrifices for the maize, ii. <a href= + "#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mexico, rule as to the felling of timber in, ii. <a href="#Pg136" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meyer, Professor Eduard, on prophecy in Canaan, i. 75 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Hittite language, 125 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on costume of Hittite priest or king, 133 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 141 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the rock-hewn sculptures of Boghaz-Keui, 133 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Anubis at Abydos, ii. <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">18</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the hawk as an Egyptian emblem, <a href="#Pg022" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the date of the introduction of the Egyptian calendar, + <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">36</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the nature of Osiris, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">126</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the relation of Byblus to Egypt, <a href="#Pg127" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Lycian language, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">213</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Michael Angelo, the Pietà of, i. 257 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Michaelmas, 29th September, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Midas, the tomb of, i. 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Gordias, names of Phrygian kings, i. 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Midsummer, old heathen festival of, in Europe and the East, i. + 249 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination at, 252 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— bathing, pagan origin of the custom, i. 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Bride and Bridegroom in Sweden, i. 251 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Day or Eve, custom of bathing on, i. 246 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— fires and couples in relation to vegetation, i. 250 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + leaping over the fires to make flax or hemp grow tall, 251 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milcom, the god of Ammon, i. 19 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milk, serpents fed with, i. 84 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 87; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered at graves, 87 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mill, women mourning for Tammuz eat nothing ground in a mill, i. + 230 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milne, Mrs. Leslie, on the Shans, ii. <a href="#Pg136" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milton on the laments for Tammuz, i. 226 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Minoan age of Greece, i. 34 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Minucius Felix on the rites of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg085" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Miraculous births of gods and heroes, i. 107 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Mistress of + Turquoise,”</span> goddess at Sinai, i. 35 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mitani, ancient people of Northern Mesopotamia, i. 135 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mithra, Persian deity, popularity of his worship in the Roman + Empire, i. 301 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with the Unconquered Sun, 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mithraic religion a rival to Christianity, i. 302; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of Christmas borrowed from it, 302 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Miztecs of Mexico, their annual festival of the dead, ii. + <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">54</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mnevis, sacred Egyptian bull, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moa, theory of earthquakes in, i. 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moab, Mesha, king of, i. 15; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the wilderness of, 52 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the springs of Callirrhoe in, 214 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Arabs of, their custom at harvest, ii. <a href="#Pg048" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>, <a href= + "#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their remedies for ailments, <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">242</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moabite stone, the inscription on the, i. 15 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, 20 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 163 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page300">[pg 300]</span><a name= + "Pg300" id="Pg300" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moabites burn the bones of the kings of Edom, ii. <a href= + "#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Models in cardboard offered to the dead instead of the things + themselves, ii. <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mohammedan peoples of North Africa, their custom of bathing at + Midsummer, i. 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— saints as givers of children, i. 78 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mohammedanism, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">160</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mohammedans of Oude, their mode of drinking moonshine, ii. + <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">144</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moire, sister of Tylon, i. 186 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moloch, meaning of the name, i. 15; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifices of first-born children to, 178; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the king, ii. <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Melech</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg219" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mommsen, Th., on the date of the festival of Osiris at Rome, ii. + <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">95</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mongols, funeral customs of the, i. 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Monmouthshire, All Souls' Day in, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Monomotapa, a Caffre king, his way of prolonging his life, ii. + <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">222</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Montanists, their view as to the date of Creation, i. 307 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Months, the Egyptian, table of, ii. <a href="#Pg037" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moon, human victims sacrificed to the, i. 73; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + albinoes thought to be the offspring of the, 91; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + popularly regarded as the cause of growth and decay, ii. <a href= + "#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>, + <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">138</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + practical rules based on a theory of the influence of the, + <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">132</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg140" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + popularly regarded as the source of moisture, <a href="#Pg137" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped by the agricultural Indians of tropical America, + <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">138</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + viewed as the husband of the sun, <a href="#Pg139" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Athenian superstition as to an eclipse of the, <a href="#Pg141" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children presented to the, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">144</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to have a harmful influence on children, <a href="#Pg148" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the new, ceremonies at, ii. <a href="#Pg141" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dances at, <a href="#Pg142" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">142</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom of showing money to, or turning it in the pocket, <a href= + "#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the waning, theories to explain, ii. <a href="#Pg130" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to be broken or eaten up, <a href="#Pg130" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Being of the Omahas, ii. <a href="#Pg256" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">256</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the infant god, ii. <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">131</a>, <a href="#Pg153" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -god conceived as masculine, i. 73; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + inspiration by the, 73; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in ancient Babylonia, ii. <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">138</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moonshine drunk as a medicine in India, ii. <a href="#Pg144" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to be beneficial to children, ii. <a href="#Pg144" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Móooi, Tongan god who causes earthquakes, i. 201 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moore, G. F., on the burnt sacrifice of children, ii. <a href= + "#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moravia, the feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moret, Alexandre, on Amenophis IV., ii. <a href="#Pg123" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Sed festival, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mori, a district of Central Celebes, belief of the natives as to + a spirit in the moon, ii. <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">139</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moriah, Mount, traditionally identified with Mount Zion, ii. + <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Morning Star, appearance of, perhaps the signal for the festival + of Adonis, i. 258 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Morocco, custom of prostitution in an Arab tribe in, i. 39 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Morrison, Rev. C. W., on belief of Australian aborigines as to + childbirth, i. 103 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mostene in Lydia, double-headed axe at, i. 183 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mota, belief as to conception in women in, i. 97 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Mother”</span> + and <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Father”</span> as epithets applied to Roman + goddesses and gods, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">233</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, dead, worshipped, ii. <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">175</a>, <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Earth, festival in her honour in Bengal, i. 90; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fertilized by Father Sky, myth of, 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Goddess of Western Asia, sacred prostitution in the worship of + the, i. 36; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lions as her emblems, 137, 164; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + her eunuch priests, 206; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Phrygia conceived as a Virgin Mother, 281 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -kin, succession in royal houses with, i. 44; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + trace of, at Rome and Nemi, 45; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among the Khasis of Assam, 46, ii. <a href="#Pg202" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among the Hittites, traces of, i. 141 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and Mother Goddesses, ii. <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">201</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg212" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and father-kin, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">202</a>, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">261</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + favours the superiority of goddesses over gods in religion, + <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">202</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg211" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its influence on religion, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">202</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among the Pelew Islanders, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">204</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + does not imply that government is in the hands of women, <a href= + "#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among the Melanesians, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">211</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Africa, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">211</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Lycia, <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">212</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in ancient Egypt, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + traces of, in Lydia and Cos, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">259</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + favours the development of goddesses, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Female-Kinship" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Female kinship</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of a god, i. 51, 52 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the gods, first-fruits offered to the, i. 280 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + popularity of her worship in the Roman Empire, 298 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Plastene on Mount Sipylus, i. 185 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Mother's + Air,”</span> a tune on the flute, i. 288 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page301">[pg 301]</span><a name= + "Pg301" id="Pg301" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Mothers of the + Clan”</span> in the Pelew Islands, ii. <a href="#Pg205" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg206" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Motlav, belief as to conception in women in, i. 98 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mournful character of the rites of sowing, ii. <a href="#Pg040" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mourning for Attis, i. 272; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for the corn-god at midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg034" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— costume of men in Lycia, ii. <a href="#Pg264" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps a mode of deceiving the ghost, <a href="#Pg264" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mouth of the dead, Egyptian ceremony of opening the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moylar, male children of sacred prostitutes, i. 63 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mpongwe kings of the Gaboon, buried secretly, ii. <a href= + "#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mugema</span></span>, the earl of Busiro, + ii. <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">168</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mukasa, the chief god of the Baganda, probably a dead man, ii. + <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">196</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gives oracles through a woman, <a href="#Pg257" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mukuru</span></span>, an ancestor (plural + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ovakuru</span></span>, ancestors), ii. + <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">185</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Müller, Professor W. Max, on Hittite name for god, i. 148 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mundas of Bengal, gardens of Adonis among the, i. 240 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mungarai, Australian tribe, their belief in the reincarnation of + the dead, i. 101 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Murder of children to secure their rebirth in barren women, i. 95 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Murli, female devotee, i. 62 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Music as a means of prophetic inspiration, i. 52 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 54 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 74; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in exorcism, 54 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and religion, 53 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Musquakie Indians, infant burial among the, i. 91 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mutilation of dead bodies of kings, chiefs, and magicians, ii. + <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">103</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to prevent their souls from becoming dangerous ghosts, <a href= + "#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mycenae, royal graves at, i. 33, 34 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mycenaean age of Greece, i. 34 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mylasa in Caria, i. 182 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mylitta, Babylonian goddess, sacred prostitution in her worship, + i. 36, 37 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Myrrh or Myrrha, the mother of Adonis, i. 43, 227 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -tree, Adonis born of a, i. 227, ii. <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mysore, sacred women in, i. 62 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Komatis of, 81 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mysteries of Sabazius, i. 90 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Attis, 274 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Myth and ritual of Attis, i. 263 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Myths supposed to originate in verbal misapprehensions or a + disease of language, ii. <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">42</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Italian, of kings or heroes begotten by the fire-god, ii. + <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naaburg, in Bavaria, custom at sowing at, i. 239 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Naaman, wounds + of the,”</span> Arab name for the scarlet anemone, i. 226 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, i. 174 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Naga</span></span>, serpent god, i. 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naga-padoha, the agent of earthquakes, i. 200 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nahanarvals, a German tribe, priest dressed as a woman among the, + ii. <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nahr Ibrahim, the river Adonis, i. 14, 28 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Namal tribe of West Australia, their belief as to the birth of + children, i. 105 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Names, royal, signifying relation to deity, i. 15 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Semitic personal, indicating relationship to a deity, 51; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hebrew, ending in <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">-el</span></span> or <span lang="he" class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang= + "he"><span style="font-style: italic">-iah</span></span>, 79 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nana, the mother of Attis, i. 263, 269, 281 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nandi, the, of British East Africa, their belief in serpents as + reincarnations of the dead, i. 82, 85; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their ceremony at the ripening of the eleusine grain, ii. + <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">47</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + boys dressed as women and girls dressed as men at circumcision + among the, <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">263</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nanjundayya, H. V., on serpent worship in Mysore, i. 81 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naples, grotto <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">del + cani</span></span> at, i. 205 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom of bathing on St. John's Eve at, 246 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Narmer, the mace of, ii. <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">154</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + National character partly an effect of geographical and climatic + conditions, ii. <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nativity of the Sun at the winter solstice, i. 303 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Natural calendar of the husbandman, shepherd, and sailor, ii. + <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">25</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nature of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">96</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Navel-string of the king of Uganda preserved and inspected every + new moon, ii. <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">147</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Navel-strings of dead kings of Uganda preserved, ii. <a href= + "#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>, + <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">168</a>, <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">171</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ghosts of afterbirths thought to adhere to, <a href="#Pg169" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + preserved by the Baganda as their twins and as containing the + ghosts of their afterbirths, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">169</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ndjambi, Njambi, Njame, Zambi, Nyambe, etc., name of the supreme + god among various tribes of Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg186" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>, with note 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Karunga, the supreme god of the Herero, ii. <a href="#Pg186" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nebseni, the papyrus of, ii. <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">112</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neith or Net, an Egyptian goddess, i. 282 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg051" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nekht, the papyrus of, ii. <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">112</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page302">[pg 302]</span><a name= + "Pg302" id="Pg302" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nemi, Dianus and Diana at, i. 45 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nephthys, Egyptian goddess, sister of Osiris and Isis, ii. + <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">6</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mourns Osiris, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">12</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neptune and Salacia, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">231</a>, <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nerio and Mars, ii. <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + New birth through blood in the rites of Attis, i. 274 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + savage theory of, 299; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Egyptian kings at the Sed festival, ii. <a href="#Pg153" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href= + "#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Britain, theory of earthquakes in, i. 201 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Guinea, German, the Kai of, i. 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Tami of, 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mexico, the Pueblo Indians of, ii. <a href="#Pg054" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— moon, ceremonies at the, ii. <a href="#Pg141" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— World, bathing on St. John's Day in the, i. 249; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + All Souls' Day in the, ii. <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">80</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Year's Day, festival of the dead on, ii. <a href="#Pg053" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href= + "#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>, + <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">62</a>, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Zealand, Rotomahana in, i. 207, 209 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Newberry, Professor P. E., on Osiris as a cedar-tree god, ii. + <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">109</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Newman, J. H., on music, i. 53 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ngai, God, i. 68 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ngoni, their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, i. + 82 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nguruhi, the supreme god of the Wahehe, ii. <a href="#Pg188" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Niambe, the supreme god of the Barotse, ii. <a href="#Pg193" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nias, conduct of the natives of, in an earthquake, i. 201 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + head-hunting in, 296 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nicaragua, Indians of, sacrifice human victims to volcanoes, i. + 219 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nietzold, J., on the marriage of brothers with sisters in ancient + Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">216</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nigmann, E., on the religion of the Wahehe, ii. <a href="#Pg188" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nikunau, one of the Gilbert Islands, sacred stones in, i. 108 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nile, the rise and fall of the, ii. <a href="#Pg030" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rises at the summer solstice in June, <a href="#Pg031" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg033" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + commanded by the King of Egypt to rise, <a href="#Pg033" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to be swollen by the tears of Isis, <a href="#Pg033" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gold and silver thrown into the river at its rising, <a href= + "#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the rise of, attributed to Serapis, <a href="#Pg216" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Bride”</span> of the, ii. <a href="#Pg038" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nilsson, Professor M. P., on custom of sacred prostitution, i. 37 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 57 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 58 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the sacrifice of a bull to Zeus, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nineveh, the end of, i. 174 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Njamus, the, of British East Africa, their sacrifices at + irrigation channels, ii. <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">38</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Normandy, rolling in dew on St. John's Day in, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Northern Territory, Australia, beliefs as to the birth of + children in the, i. 103 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nottinghamshire, harvest custom in, i. 238 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + November, festivals of the dead in, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>, <a href="#Pg054" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>, <a href= + "#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the month of sowing in Egypt, <a href="#Pg094" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Novitiate of priests and priestesses, i. 66, 68 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nullakun tribe of Australia, their belief as to the birth of + children, i. 101 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nut, Egyptian sky-goddess, mother of Osiris, i. 283 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, ii. <a href="#Pg006" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a>, <a href= + "#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a sycamore tree, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nutlets of pines used as food, i. 278 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nutritive and vicarious types of sacrifice, ii. <a href="#Pg226" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nyakang, the first of the Shilluk kings, worshipped as the god of + his people, ii. <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + incarnate in various animals, <a href="#Pg163" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his mysterious disappearance, <a href="#Pg163" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his graves, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">163</a>, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">166</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + historical reality of, <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">164</a>, <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his relation to the creator Juok, <a href="#Pg164" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + compared to Osiris, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nymphs of the Fair Crowns at Olympia, ii. <a href="#Pg240" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nysa, in the valley of the Maeander, i. 205, 206 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifice of bull at, 292 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nyuak, L., on guardian spirits of Sea Dyaks, i. 83 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oak or terebinth, sacred at Mamre, i. 37 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oath of Egyptian kings not to correct the vague Egyptian year by + intercalation, ii. <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">26</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Obelisk, image of Astarte, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Obelisks, sacred, at Gezer, i. 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Obscene images of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg112" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Octennial cycle, old, in Greece, ii. <a href="#Pg242" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + October, the first of, a great Saxon festival, ii. <a href= + "#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Odilo, abbot of Clugny, institutes feast of All Souls, ii. + <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">82</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Odin, hanged on a tree, i. 290; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human victims dedicated by hanging to, 290; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + king's sons sacrificed to, ii. <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oenomaus, king of Pisa, his incest with his daughter, i. 44 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oeta, Mount, Hercules burnt on, i. 111, 116, 211 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Offerings to dead kings, ii. <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">194</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oil, holy, poured on king's head, i. 21; + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page303">[pg 303]</span><a name= + "Pg303" id="Pg303" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + poured on sacred stones, 36; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as vehicle of inspiration, 74 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olba, priestly kings of, i. 143 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 161; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the name of, 148; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the ruins of, 151 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Old Woman of the corn, mythical being of the Cherokee Indians, + ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">46</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olive of the Fair Crown at Olympia, ii. <a href="#Pg240" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -branches carried in procession and hung over doors at Athens, + ii. <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">238</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olo Ngadjoe, the, of Borneo, i. 91 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olonets, Russian Government of, festival of the dead in, ii. + <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olympia, the quack Peregrinus burns himself at, i. 181; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the cutting of the olive-branches to form the victors' crowns at, + ii. 240 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olympic festival based on an octennial cycle, ii. <a href= + "#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olympus, Mount, in Cyprus, i. 32 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Omahas, Indian tribe of North America, effeminate men among the, + ii. <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">255</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Omonga, a rice-spirit who lives in the moon, ii. <a href="#Pg139" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Omphale and Hercules, i. 182, ii. <a href="#Pg258" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + On, King of Sweden. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Aun" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Aun</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oodeypoor, in Rajputana, gardens of Adonis at, i. 241 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Opening the eyes and mouth of the dead, Egyptian funeral rite, + ii. <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Operations of husbandry regulated by observation of the moon, ii. + <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">133</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ops, the wife of Saturn, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">233</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in relation to Consus, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">233</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oracles given by the spirits of dead kings, ii. <a href="#Pg167" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>, <a href= + "#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>, + <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">172</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oraons of Bengal, their annual marriage of the Sun and Earth, i. + 46 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gardens of Adonis among the, 240; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their annual festival of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orcus, Roman god of the lower world, his marriage celebrated by + the pontiffs, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ordeal of chastity, i. 115 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orestes at Castabala, i. 115 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orgiastic rites of Cybele, i. 278 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oriental mind untrammelled by logic, i. 4 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— religions in the West, i. 298 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their influence in undermining ancient civilization, 299 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + importance attached to the salvation of the individual soul in, + 300 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Origen, on the refusal of Christians to fight, i. 301 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Origin of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">158</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orion, appearance of the constellation, a signal for sowing, i. + 290 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orpheus, prophet and musician, i. 55; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the legend of his death, ii. <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">99</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orwell in Cambridgeshire, harvest custom at, i. 237 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oschophoria, vintage festival at Athens, ii. <a href="#Pg258" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Osirian mysteries, the hall of the, at Abydos, ii. <a href= + "#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Osiris identified with Adonis and Attis, i. 32, ii. <a href= + "#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + myth of, ii. <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">3</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his birth, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">6</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + introduces the cultivation of corn and the vine, <a href="#Pg007" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a>, <a href= + "#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, + <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">112</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his violent death, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Byblus, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg022" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg127" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his body rent in pieces, <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">10</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the graves of, <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">10</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his dead body sought and found by Isis, <a href="#Pg010" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a>, <a href="#Pg050" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>, <a href= + "#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tradition as to his genital organs, <a href="#Pg010" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a>, <a href="#Pg102" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mourned by Isis and Nephthys, <a href="#Pg012" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + invited to come to his house, <a href="#Pg012" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a>, <a href="#Pg047" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + restored to life by Isis, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">13</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + king and judge of the dead, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">13</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his body the first mummy, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">15</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the funeral rites performed over his body the model of all + funeral rites in Egypt, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">15</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + all the Egyptian dead identified with, <a href="#Pg016" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his trial and acquittal in the court of the gods, <a href= + "#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + represented in art as a royal mummy, <a href="#Pg018" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + specially associated with Busiris and Abydos, <a href="#Pg018" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his tomb at Abydos, <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">18</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg197" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + official festivals of, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">49</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his sufferings displayed in a mystery at night, <a href="#Pg050" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his festival in the month of Athyr, <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dramatic representation of his resurrection in his rites, + <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">85</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his images made of vegetable mould, <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg087" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href= + "#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the funeral rites of, described in the inscription of Denderah, + <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">86</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his festival in the month of Khoiak, <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg108" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“garden,”</span> <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ploughing and sowing in the rites of, <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg090" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href= + "#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the burial of, in his rites, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">88</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the holy sepulchre of, under Persea-trees, <a href="#Pg088" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + represented with corn sprouting from his dead body, <a href= + "#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his resurrection depicted on the monuments, <a href="#Pg089" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a corn-god, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">89</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg096" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + corn-stuffed effigies of, buried with the dead as a symbol of + resurrection, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">90</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg114" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + date of the celebration of his resurrection at Rome, <a href= + "#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the nature of, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">96</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his severed limbs placed on a corn-sieve, <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human victims sacrificed by kings at the grave of, <a href= + "#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + suggested explanations of his dismemberment, <a href="#Pg097" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sometimes explained by the ancients as a personification of the + corn, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">107</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a tree-spirit, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">107</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his image made out of a pine-tree, <a href="#Pg108" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his emblems the crook and scourge or flail, <a href="#Pg108" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>, <a href= + "#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, + compare 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his backbone represented by the <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ded</span></span> pillar, <a href="#Pg108" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page304">[pg 304]</span><a name= + "Pg304" id="Pg304" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + interpreted as a cedar-tree god, <a href="#Pg109" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his soul in a bird, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">110</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + represented as a mummy enclosed in a tree, <a href="#Pg110" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>, <a href= + "#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + obscene images of, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">112</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a god of fertility, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">112</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Dionysus, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg126" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a god of the dead, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + universal popularity of his worship, <a href="#Pg114" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + interpreted by some as the sun, <a href="#Pg120" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, reasons for rejecting + this interpretation, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">122</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death and resurrection interpreted as the decay and growth of + vegetation, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">126</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his body broken into fourteen parts, <a href="#Pg129" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + interpreted as the moon by some of the ancients, <a href="#Pg129" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reigned twenty-eight years, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">129</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his soul thought to be imaged in the sacred bull Apis, <a href= + "#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with the moon in hymns, <a href="#Pg131" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + represented wearing on his head a full moon within a crescent, + <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">131</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + distinction of his myth and worship from those of Adonis and + Attis, <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">158</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his dominant position in Egyptian religion, <a href="#Pg158" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the origin of, <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">158</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his historical reality asserted in recent years, <a href="#Pg160" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his temple at Abydos, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">198</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his title Khenti-Amenti, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">198</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + compared to Charlemagne, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">199</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the question of his historical reality left open, <a href= + "#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death still mourned in the time of Athanasius, <a href= + "#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his old type better preserved than those of Adonis and Attis, + <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Osiris, Adonis, Attis, their mythical similarity, i. 6, ii. + <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">201</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Adonis, similarity between their rites, ii. <a href= + "#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Dionysus, similarity between their rites, ii. <a href= + "#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and the moon, ii. <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">129</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— of the + mysteries,”</span> ii. <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -Sep, title of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ostrich-feather, king of Egypt supposed to ascend to heaven on + an, ii. <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">154</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">155</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Otho, the emperor, addicted to the worship of Isis, ii. <a href= + "#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oulad Abdi, Arab tribe of Morocco, i. 39 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oura, ancient name of Olba, i. 148, 152 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ourwira, theory of earthquakes in, i. 199 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ovambo, the, of German South-West Africa, their ceremony at the + new moon, ii. <a href="#Pg142" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">142</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the worship of the dead among the, <a href="#Pg188" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ovid, on the story of Pygmalion, i. 49 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Owl regarded as the guardian spirit of a tree, ii. <a href= + "#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ox substituted for human victim in sacrifice, i. 146; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + embodying corn-spirit sacrificed at Athens, 296 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + black, used in purificatory ceremonies after a battle, ii. + <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">251</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ozieri, in Sardinia, St. John's festival at, i. 244 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pacasmayu, the temple of the moon at, ii. <a href="#Pg138" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Padmavati, an Indian goddess, i. 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pagan origin of the Midsummer festival (festival of St. John), i. + 249 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paganism and Christianity, their resemblances explained as + diabolic counterfeits, i. 302, 309 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Παῖς ἀμφιθαλής, a boy whose parents are both alive, ii. <a href= + "#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Palatinate, the Upper, the feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Palestine, religious prostitution in, i. 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + date of the corn-reaping in, 232 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Palestinian Aphrodite, i. 304 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Palestrina, the harmonies of, i. 54 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pampa del Sacramento, Peru, earthquakes in, i. 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pampas, bones of extinct animals in the, i. 158 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pamyles, an Egyptian, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">6</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pandharpur, in the Bombay Presidency, i. 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Panaghia Aphroditessa at Paphos, i. 36 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Panku, a being who causes earthquakes, i. 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Papas, a name for Attis, i. 281, 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paphlagonian belief that the god is bound fast in winter, ii. + <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paphos in Cyprus, i. 32 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sanctuary of Aphrodite at, 32 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + founded by Cinyras, 41 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Papyrus of Nebseni, ii. <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">112</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Nekht, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">112</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— swamps, Isis in the, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parilia and the festival of St. George, i. 308 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parr, Thomas, i. 56 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parvati or Isa, an Indian goddess, i. 241, 242 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pasicyprus, king of Citium, i. 50 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Patagonia, funeral customs of Indians of, i. 294 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Patagonians, effeminate priests or sorcerers among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">254</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paternity, primitive ignorance of, i. 106 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + unknown in primitive savagery, 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and maternity of the Roman deities, ii. <a href="#Pg233" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paton, W. R., on modern Greek feast of All Souls in May, ii. + <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">78</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Patrae, Laphrian Artemis at, i. 126 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page305">[pg 305]</span><a name= + "Pg305" id="Pg305" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pausanias on the necklace of Harmonia, i. 32 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on bones of superhuman size, 157 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on offerings to Etna, 221 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Hanged Artemis, 291 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Payne, E. J., on the origin of moon-worship, ii. <a href="#Pg138" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pegasus and Bellerophon, i. 302 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pegu, dance of hermaphrodites in, i. 271 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peking, Ibn Batuta at, i. 289 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pélé, goddess of the volcano Kilauea in Hawaii, i. 217 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pelew Islanders, their system of mother-kin, ii. <a href="#Pg204" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + predominance of goddesses over gods among them, <a href="#Pg204" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + customs of the, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">253</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Islands and the ancient East, parallel between, ii. <a href= + "#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prostitution of unmarried girls in, <a href="#Pg264" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom of slaying chiefs in the, <a href="#Pg266" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pelion, Mount, sacrifices offered on the top of, at the rising of + Sirius, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">36</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peloponnese, worship of Poseidon in, i. 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pelops restored to life, i. 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peneus, the river, at Tempe, ii. <a href="#Pg240" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pennefather River in Queensland, belief of the natives as to the + birth of children, i. 103 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pentheus, king of Thebes, rent in pieces by Bacchanals, ii. + <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">98</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peoples of the Aryan stock, annual festivals of the dead among + the, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">67</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pepi the First, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his pyramid, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">4</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perasia, Artemis, at Castabala, i. 167 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peregrinus, his death in the fire, i. 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perga in Pamphylia, Artemis at, i. 35 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Periander, tyrant of Corinth, his burnt sacrifice to his dead + wife, i. 179 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perigord, rolling in dew on St. John's Day in, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peritius, month of, i. 111 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perpetual holy fire in temples of dead kings, ii. <a href= + "#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— fires worshipped, i. 191 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perrot, G., on rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, i. 138 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Persea-trees in the rites of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + growing over the tomb of Osiris, <a href="#Pg088" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Persephone, name applied to spring, ii. <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Aphrodite, their contest for Adonis, i. 11 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Pluto, temple of, i. 205 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perseus, the virgin birth of, i. 302 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Persian reverence for fire, i. 174 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— festival of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">68</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Persian fire-worship and priests, 191 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Personation of gods by priests, i. 45, 46 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peru, earthquakes in, i. 202; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifice of sons in, ii. <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">220</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peruvian Indians, their theory of earthquakes, i. 201 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pescara River, in the Abruzzi, i. 246 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pescina in the Abruzzi, Midsummer custom at, i. 246 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pessinus, image of Cybele at, i. 35 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + priests called Attis at, 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + local legend of Attis at, 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + image of the Mother of the Gods at, 265; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + people of, abstain from swine, 265; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + high-priest of Cybele at, 285 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Petrarch at Cologne on St. John's Eve, i. 247 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Petrie, Professor W. M. Flinders, on the date of the corn-reaping + in Egypt and Palestine, i. 231 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Sed festival, ii. <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">151</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, <a href="#Pg152" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, <a href="#Pg154" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the marriage of brothers with sisters in Egypt, <a href= + "#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Petrified cascades of Hierapolis, i. 207 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Petroff, Ivan, on a custom of the Koniags of Alaska, ii. <a href= + "#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phamenoth, an Egyptian month, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg130" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phaophi, an Egyptian month, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg094" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pharnace, daughter of Megassares, i. 41 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phatrabot, a Cambodian month, ii. <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phidias, his influence on Greek religion, i. 54 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philadelphia, subject to earthquakes, i. 194 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philae, Egyptian relief at, ii. <a href="#Pg050" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mystic representation of Osiris in the temple of Isis at, + <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">89</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sculptures in the temple of Isis at, <a href="#Pg111" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the grave of Osiris at, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">111</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the dead Osiris in the sculptures at, <a href="#Pg112" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philo of Alexandria on the date of the corn-reaping, i. 231 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philocalus, calendar of, i. 303 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 304 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, 307 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg095" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philosophy, school of, at Tarsus, i. 118 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philostephanus, Greek historian, i. 49 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phoenician temples in Malta, i. 35; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred prostitution in, 37 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— kings in Cyprus, i. 49 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phoenicians in Cyprus, i. 31 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phrygia, Attis a deity of, i. 263; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of Cybele in, 274 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + indigenous race of, 287 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phrygian belief that the god sleeps in winter, ii. <a href= + "#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— cap of Attis, i. 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— cosmogony, i. 263 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— kings named Midas and Gordias, i. 286 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page306">[pg 306]</span><a name= + "Pg306" id="Pg306" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phrygian moon-god, i. 73 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— priests named Attis, i. 285, 287 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phrygians, invaders from Europe, i. 287 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pietà</span></span> of Michael Angelo, i. + 257 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pig's blood used in exorcism and purification, i. 299 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Pigs" id="Index-Pigs" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pigs sacrificed annually to the moon and Osiris, ii. <a href= + "#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Swine" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Swine</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pillars as a religious emblem, i. 34; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred, in Crete, 107 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pindar on the music of the lyre, i. 55; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Typhon, 156 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pine-cones symbols of fertility, i. 278; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thrown into vaults of Demeter, 278; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the monuments of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— seeds or nutlets used as food, i. 278 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -tree in the myth and ritual of Attis, i. 264, 265, 267, 271, + 277 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 285, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">98</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Marsyas hung on a, i. 288; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in relation to human sacrifices, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Pentheus on the, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">98</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the rites of Osiris, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">108</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pipiles of Central America expose their seeds to moonlight, ii. + <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">135</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Piraeus, processions in honour of Adonis at, i. 227 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pirates, the Cilician, i. 149 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Pitr + Pāk</span></span>, the Fortnight of the Manes, ii. <a href= + "#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pitrè, G., on Good Friday ceremonies in Sicily, i. 255 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Placenta" id="Index-Placenta" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Placenta, Egyptian standard resembling a, ii. <a href="#Pg156" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Afterbirth" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Afterbirth</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Placianian Mother, a form of Cybele, worshipped at Cyzicus, i. + 274 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plastene, Mother, on Mount Sipylus, i. 185 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plato, on gardens of Adonis, i. 236 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plautus on Mars and Nerio, ii. <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pleiades worshipped by the Abipones, i. 258 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the setting of, the time of sowing, ii. 41 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pliny, on the date of harvest in Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg032" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the influence of the moon, <a href="#Pg132" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the grafting of trees, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">133</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the time for felling timber, <a href="#Pg136" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plotinus, the death of, i. 87 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ploughing, Prussian custom at, i. 238; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and sowing, ceremony of, in the rites of Osiris, ii. <a href= + "#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ploughmen and sowers drenched with water as a rain-charm, i. 238 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plutarch on the double-headed axe of Zeus Labrandeus, i. 182; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the myth of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Harpocrates, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Osiris at Byblus, <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">22</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the rise of the Nile, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">31</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the mournful character of the rites of sowing, <a href= + "#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his use of the Alexandrian year, <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#Pg084" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on an Egyptian ceremony at the winter solstice, <a href="#Pg050" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the date of the death of Osiris, <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the festival of Osiris in the month of Athyr, <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the dating of Egyptian festivals, <a href="#Pg094" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the rites of Osiris, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">108</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the grave of Osiris, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">111</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the similarity between the rites of Osiris and Dionysus, + <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">127</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Flamen Dialis, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Flaminica Dialis, <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pluto, the breath of, i. 204, 205; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + places or sanctuaries of, 204 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cave and temple of, at Acharaca, 205 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Plutonia</span></span>, places of Pluto, i. + 204 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pollution of death, ii. <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">227</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Polo, Marco, on custom of people of Camul, i. 39 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Polyboea, sister of Hyacinth, i. 314, 316; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Artemis or Persephone, 315 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Polyidus, a seer, i. 186 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Polynesian myth of the separation of earth and sky, i. 283 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pomegranate causes virgin to conceive, i. 263, 269 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pomegranates forbidden to worshippers of Cybele and Attis, i. 280 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pomona and Vertumnus, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">235</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pompey the Great, i. 27 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pondomisi, a Bantu tribe of South Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg177" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pontiffs, the Roman, their mismanagement of the Julian calendar, + ii. <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">93</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + celebrated the marriage of Orcus, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pontus, sacred prostitution in, i. 39, 58 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Populonia, a Roman goddess, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Port Darwin, Australia, i. 103 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Porta Capena at Rome, i. 273 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Poseidon the Establisher or Securer, i. 195 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the earthquake god, 195, 202 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Demeter, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Possession of priest or priestess by a divine spirit, i. 66, 68 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 72 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by the spirits of dead chiefs, ii. <a href="#Pg192" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Potniae in Boeotia, priest of Dionysus killed at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pots of Basil on St. John's Day in Sicily, i. 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Potter in Southern India, custom observed by a, i. 191 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Potters in Uganda bake their pots when the moon is waxing, ii. + <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">135</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Praeneste, Fortuna Primigenia, goddess of, ii. <a href="#Pg234" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + founded by Caeculus, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prague, the feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prayers to dead ancestors, ii. <a href="#Pg175" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg178" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg183" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to dead kings, <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">192</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page307">[pg 307]</span><a name= + "Pg307" id="Pg307" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pregnancy, causes of, unknown, i. 92 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 106 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Australian beliefs as to the causes of, 99 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priestess identified with goddess, i. 219; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + head of the State under a system of mother-kin, ii. <a href= + "#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priestesses more important than priests, i. 45, 46 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priesthood vacated on death of priest's wife, i. 45; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Hercules at Tarsus, 143 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priestly dynasties of Asia Minor, i. 140 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— king and queen personating god and goddess, i. 45 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— kings, i. 42, 43; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Olba, 143 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 161; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Adonis personated by, 223 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priests personate gods, i. 45, 46 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tattoo-marks of, 74 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to be widowers, ii. <a href="#Pg227" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Jewish, their rule as to the pollution of death, <a href= + "#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dressed as women, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">253</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Astarte, kings as, i. 26 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Attis, the emasculated, i. 265, 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Zeus at the Corycian cave, i. 145, 155 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Procession to the Almo in the rites of Attis, i. 273 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Processions carved on rocks at Boghaz-Keui, i. 129 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in honour of Adonis, 224 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 227 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 236 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Procreation, savage ignorance of the causes of, i. 106 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Procris, her incest with her father Erechtheus, i. 44 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Profligacy of human sexes supposed to quicken the earth, i. 48 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Property, rules as to the inheritance of, under mother-kin, ii. + <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">203</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + landed, combined with mother-kin tends to increase the social + importance of women, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prophecy, Hebrew, distinctive character of, i. 75 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prophet regarded as madman, i. 77 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prophetesses inspired by dead chiefs, ii. <a href="#Pg192" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + inspired by gods, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">207</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prophetic inspiration under the influence of music, i. 52 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 54 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 74; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + through the spirits of dead kings and chiefs, ii. <a href= + "#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>, + <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">172</a>, <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">192</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— marks on body, i. 74 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— water drunk on St. John's Eve, i. 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prophets in relation to <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḳedeshim</span></span>, i. 76; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + or mediums inspired by the ghosts of dead kings, ii. <a href= + "#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>, + <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">172</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Hebrew, their resemblance to those of Africa, i. 74 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prophets of Israel, their religious and moral reform, i. 24 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Propitiation of deceased ancestors, i. 46 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prostitution, sacred, before marriage, in Western Asia, i. 36 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + suggested origin of, 39 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Western Asia, alternative theory of, 57 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in India, 61 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Africa, 65 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of unmarried girls in the Pelew Islands, ii. <a href="#Pg264" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Yap, one of the Caroline Islands, <a href="#Pg265" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">265</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Provence, bathing at Midsummer in, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prussia, customs at ploughing and harvest in, i. 238; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination at Midsummer in, 252 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pteria, captured by Croesus, i. 128 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ptolemy Auletes, king of Egypt, i. 43 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ptolemy and Berenice, annual festival in honour of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ptolemy I. and Serapis, ii. <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">119</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ptolemy III. Euergetes, his attempt to correct the vague Egyptian + year by intercalation, ii. <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">27</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ptolemy V. on the Rosetta Stone, ii. <a href="#Pg152" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ptolemy Soter, i. 264 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, their annual festival of the dead, + ii. <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">54</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pumi-yathon, king of Citium and Idalium, i. 50 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Punjaub, belief in the reincarnation of infants in the, i. 94 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Puppet substituted for human victim, i. 219 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Purification by fire, i. 115 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 179 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by pig's blood, 299 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Apollo at Tempe, ii. <a href="#Pg240" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">240</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Purificatory ceremonies after a battle, ii. <a href="#Pg251" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pyanepsion, an Athenian month, ii. <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pygmalion, king of Citium and Idalium in Cyprus, i. 50 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, king of Cyprus, i. 41, 49 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, king of Tyre, i. 50 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Aphrodite, i. 49 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pymaton of Citium, i. 50 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pyramid Texts, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">4</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg009" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + intended to ensure the life of dead Egyptian kings, <a href= + "#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Osiris and the sycamore in the, <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the mention of Khenti-Amenti in the, <a href="#Pg198" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pyramus, river in Cilicia, i. 165, 167, 173 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pyre at festivals of Hercules, i. 116; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Tarsus, 126; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of dead kings at Jerusalem, 177 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— or Torch, name of great festival at the Syrian Hierapolis, i. + 146 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pythian games, their period, ii. <a href="#Pg242" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Python worshipped by the Baganda, i. 86 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -god, human wives of the, i. 66 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page308">[pg 308]</span><a name= + "Pg308" id="Pg308" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pythons worshipped in West Africa, i. 83 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dead chiefs reincarnated in, ii. <a href="#Pg193" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Quail-hunt,”</span> legend on coins of + Tarsus, i. 126 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Quails sacrificed to Hercules (Melcarth), i. 111 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + migration of, 112 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Quatuordecimans of Phrygia celebrate the Crucifixion on March + 25th, i. 307 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Queen of Egypt the wife of Ammon, i. 72 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Heaven, i. 303 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + incense burnt in honour of the, 228 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Queensland, aborigines of, their beliefs as to the birth of + children, i. 102 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Quirinus and Hora, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ra, the Egyptian sun-god, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a>, <a href="#Pg008" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a>, <a href= + "#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with many originally independent local deities, + <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">122</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rabbah, captured by David, i. 19 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rabbis, burnings for dead Jewish, i. 178 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rain procured by bones of the dead, i. 22; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + excessive, ascribed to wrath of God, 22 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + instrumental in rebirth of dead infants, 95; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + regarded as the tears of gods, ii. <a href="#Pg033" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to be controlled by the souls of dead chiefs, <a href= + "#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -charm in rites of Adonis, i. 237; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by throwing water on the last corn cut, 237 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -god represented with tears running from his eyes, ii. + <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">33</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rainbow totem, i. 101 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rainless summer on the Mediterranean, i. 159 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rajaraja, king, i. 61 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rajputana, gardens of Adonis in, i. 241 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rambree, sorcerers dressed as women in the island of, ii. + <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">254</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rameses II., his treaty with the Hittites, i. 135 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his order to the Nile, ii. <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">33</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ramman, Babylonian and Assyrian god of thunder, i. 163 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rams, testicles of, in the rites of Attis, i. 269 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ramsay, Sir W. M., on rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, i. 134 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 137 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on priest-dynasts of Asia Minor, 140 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the god Tark, 147 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the name Olba, 148 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hierapolis</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hieropolis</span></span>, 168 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Attis and Men, 284 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on cruel death of the human representative of a god in Phrygia, + 285 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Raoul-Rochette on Asiatic deities with lions, i. 138 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the burning of doves to Adonis, 147 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on apotheosis by death in the fire, 180 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ratumaimbulu, Fijian god of fruit-trees, i. 90 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Readjustment of Egyptian festivals, ii. <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reapers, Egyptian, their lamentations, i. 232, ii. <a href= + "#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + invoke Isis, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">117</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rebirth of infants, means taken to ensure the, i. 91, 93 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the dead, precautions taken to prevent, 92 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Egyptian kings at the Sed festival, ii. <a href="#Pg153" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href= + "#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Red the colour of Lower Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -haired men burnt by Egyptians, ii. <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, <a href="#Pg106" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reform, the prophetic, in Israel, i. 24 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reformations of Hezekiah and Josiah, i. 25 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rehoboam, King, his family, i. 51 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reincarnation of the dead, i. 82 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in America, 91; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Australia, 99 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rekub-el, Syrian god, i. 16 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Relations, spirits of near dead, worshipped, i. 175, 176; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at death become gods, ii. <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">180</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Religion, volcanic, i. 188 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + how influenced by mother-kin, ii. <a href="#Pg202" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and magic, combination of, i. 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and music, 53 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Religious ideals a product of the male imagination, ii. <a href= + "#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— systems, great permanent, founded by great men, ii. <a href= + "#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Remission of sins through the shedding of blood, i. 299 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Remus, the birth of, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Renan, E., on Tammuz and Adonis, i. 6 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his excavations at Byblus, 14 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Adom-melech, 17; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the vale of the Adonis, 29 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the burnings for the kings of Judah, 178 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the discoloration of the river Adonis, 225 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the worship of Adonis, 235 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Renouf, Sir P. le Page, on Osiris as the sun, ii. <a href= + "#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Resemblance of the rites of Adonis to the festival of Easter, i. + 254 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Resemblances of paganism to Christianity explained as diabolic + counterfeits, i. 302, 309 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reshef, Semitic god, i. 16 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Resurrection of the dead conceived on the pattern of the + resurrection of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">15</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Attis at the vernal equinox, i. 272 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 307 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Hercules (Melcarth), i. 111 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Osiris dramatically represented in his rites, ii. <a href= + "#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + depicted on the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page309">[pg + 309]</span><a name="Pg309" id="Pg309" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> monuments, <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + date of its celebration at Rome, <a href="#Pg095" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + symbolized by the setting up of the <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ded</span></span> pillar, <a href="#Pg109" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Resurrection of Tylon, i. 186 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhine, bathing in the, on St. John's Eve, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhodes described by Strabo, i. 195 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worship of Helen in, 292 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhodesia, Northern, the Bantu tribes of, their worship of + ancestral spirits, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">174</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their worship of dead chiefs or kings, <a href="#Pg191" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhodians, the Venetians of antiquity, i. 195 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rice, the soul of the, in the first sheaf cut, ii. <a href= + "#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ridgeway, Professor W., on the marriage of brothers with sisters, + ii. <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">216</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rites of irrigation in Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg033" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of sowing, <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">40</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of harvest, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ritual, children of living parents in, ii. <a href="#Pg236" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Bechuanas at founding a new town, <a href="#Pg249" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Adonis, i. 223 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rivers as the seat of worship of deities, i. 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bathing in, at Midsummer, 246, 248, 249; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gods worshipped beside, 289 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rivers, Dr. W. H. R., as to Melanesian theory of conception in + women, i. 97 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the sacred dairyman of the Todas, ii. <a href="#Pg228" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rizpah and her sons, i. 22 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Robinson, Edward, on the vale of the Adonis, i. 29 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roccacaramanico, in the Abruzzi, Easter ceremonies at, i. 256 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rock-hewn sculptures at Ibreez, i. 121 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Boghaz-Keui, 129 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rockhill, W. Woodville, on dance of eunuchs in Corea, i. 270 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rohde, E., on purification by blood, i. 299 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Hyacinth, 315 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roman deities called <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Father”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left">“Mother,”</span> ii. <a href="#Pg233" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— emperor, funeral pyre of, i. 126 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— expiation for prodigies, ii. <a href="#Pg244" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— financial oppression, i. 301 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">genius</span></span> symbolized by a + serpent, i. 86 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— gods, the marriage of the, ii. <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + compared to Greek gods, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— law, revival of, i. 301 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— marriage custom, ii. <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">245</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— mythology, fragments of, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a>, with <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Romans adopt the worship of the Phrygian Mother of the Gods, i. + 265; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + correct the vague Egyptian year by intercalation, ii. <a href= + "#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rome, high-priest of Cybele at, i. 285; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the celebration of the resurrection of Osiris at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Romulus cut in pieces, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">98</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the birth of, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roper River, in Australia, i. 101 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roscoe, Rev. John, on serpent-worship, i. 86 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the rebirth of the dead, 92 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on potters in Uganda, ii. <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">135</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the religion of the Bahima, <a href="#Pg190" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the worship of the dead among the Baganda, <a href="#Pg196" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Mukasa, the chief god of the Baganda, <a href="#Pg196" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on massacres for sick kings of Uganda, <a href="#Pg226" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rose, the white, dyed red by the blood of Aphrodite, i. 226 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rosetta stone, the inscription, ii. <a href="#Pg027" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>, <a href="#Pg152" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roth, W. E., on belief in conception without sexual intercourse, + i. 103 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rotomahana in New Zealand, pink terraces at, i. 207, 209 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rugaba, supreme god in Kiziba, ii. <a href="#Pg173" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rules of life based on a theory of lunar influence, ii. <a href= + "#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg140" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rumina, a Roman goddess, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Runes, how Odin learned the magic, i. 290 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Russia, annual festivals of the dead in, ii. <a href="#Pg075" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Russian Midsummer custom, i. 250 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rustic Calendars, the Roman, ii. <a href="#Pg095" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sabazius, mysteries of, i. 90 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacrament in the rites of Attis, i. 274 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Sacred" id="Index-Sacred" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacred harlots in Asia Minor, i. 141 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— marriage of priest and priestess as representing god and + goddess, i. 46 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + represented in the rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Cos, ii. <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— men”</span> + (<span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="he"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kedeshim</span></span>), at Jerusalem, i. 17 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and women, 57 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in West Africa, 65 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Western Asia, 72 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Andania, 76 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— prostitution, i. 36 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + suggested origin of, 39 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Western Asia, alternative theory of, 55 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in India, 61 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in West Africa, 65 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— slaves, i. 73, 79 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— stocks and stones among the Semites, i. 107 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— women in India, i. 61 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in West Africa, 65 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Western Asia, 70 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Andania, 76 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacrifice of virginity, i. 60; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of virility in the rites of Attis and Astarte, 268 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 270 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + other cases of, 270 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + nutritive and vicarious types of, ii. 226 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacrifices to earthquake god, i. 201, 202; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to volcanoes, 218 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to the dead distinguished from sacrifices to <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page310">[pg 310]</span><a name="Pg310" id= + "Pg310" class="tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: left"></a> the + gods, 316 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered at the rising of Sirius, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered in connexion with irrigation, <a href="#Pg038" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to dead kings, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">101</a>, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">162</a>, <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to ancestral spirits, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">175</a>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">178</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg180" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>, <a href="#Pg181" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg183" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg190" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of animals to prolong the life of kings, <a href="#Pg221" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + without shedding of blood, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">222</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacrifices, human, offered at earthquakes, i. 201; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered to Dionysus, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">98</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at the graves of the kings of Uganda, <a href="#Pg168" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to dead kings, <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">173</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to dead chiefs, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to prolong the life of kings, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg223" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sadyattes, son of Cadys, viceroy of Lydia, i. 183 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saffron at the Corycian cave, i. 154, 187 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sago, magic for the growth of, ii. <a href="#Pg101" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sahagun, B. de, on the ancient Mexican calendar, ii. <a href= + "#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Denys, his seven heads, ii. <a href="#Pg012" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. George in Syria, reputed to bestow offspring on women, i. 78, + 79, 90; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of, and the Parilia, 308, 309 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. John, Sweethearts of, in Sardinia, i. 244 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. John, Spenser, on reasons for head-hunting in Sarawak, i. 296 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. John's Day or Eve (Midsummer Day or Eve), custom of bathing + on, i. 246 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Midsummer festival in Sardinia, i. 244 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— wort gathered at Midsummer, i. 252 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Kilda, All Saints' Day in, ii. <a href="#Pg080" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Luke, the festival of, on October 18th, ii. <a href="#Pg055" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saint-Maries, Midsummer custom at, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + S. Martinus Dumiensis, on the date of the Crucifixion in Gaul, i. + 307 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Michael in Alaska, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Simon and St. Jude's day, October 28th, ii. <a href="#Pg074" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Vitus, festival of, i. 252 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saintonge, feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg069" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saints as the givers of children to women, i. 78 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 91, 109 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sais, the festival of, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">49</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sakkara, pyramids at, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">4</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sal</span></span> tree, festival of the + flower of the, i. 47 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salacia and Neptune, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">231</a>, <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salamis in Cyprus, human sacrifices at, i. 145; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dynasty of Teucrids at, 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salem, Melchizedek, king of, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salii, priests of Mars, rule as to their election, ii. <a href= + "#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salono, a Hindoo festival, i. 243 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salvation of the individual soul, importance attached to, in + Oriental religions, i. 300 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samagitians, their annual festival of the dead, ii. <a href= + "#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samal, in North-Western Syria, i. 16 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samaria, the fall of, i. 25 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samoa, conduct of the inhabitants in an earthquake, i. 200 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samuel consulted about asses, i. 75; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + meaning of the name, 79 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Saul, i. 22 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + San Juan Capistrano, the Indians of, their ceremony at the new + moon, ii. <a href="#Pg142" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">142</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sanda-Sarme, a Cilician king, i. 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sandacus, a Syrian, i. 41 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sandan of Tarsus, i. 124 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the burning of, 117 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 126; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Hercules, 125, 143, 161; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + monument of, at Tarsus, 126 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— (Sandon, Sandes), Cappadocian and Cilician god of fertility, + i. 125 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Baal at Tarsus, i. 142 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 161 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sandon, or Sandan, name of the Lydian and Cilician Hercules, i. + 182, 184, 185; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a Cilician name, 182 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sandu'arri, a Cilician king, i. 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Santa Felicita, successor of Mefitis, i. 205 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Santiago Tepehuacan, Indians of, their custom at sowing, i. 239; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their annual festival of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg055" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Santorin, island of, its volcanic activity, i. 195 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sappho on the mourning for Adonis, i. 6 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saracus, last king of Assyria, i. 174 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sarawak, head-hunting in, i. 295 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sardanapalus, monument of, at Tarsus, i. 126 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his monument at Anchiale, 172; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the burning of, 172 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the effeminate, ii. <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Hercules, i. 172 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sardes, captured by Cyrus, i. 174; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lion carried round acropolis of, i. 184, ii. <a href="#Pg249" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sardinia, gardens of Adonis in, i. 244 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sargal, in India, gardens of Adonis at, i. 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sarpedonian Artemis, i. 167, 171 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sasabonsun, earthquake god of Ashantee, i. 201 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saturn, the husband of Ops, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Lua, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saturn's period of revolution round the sun, ii. <a href="#Pg151" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saturnine temperament of the farmer, ii. <a href="#Pg218" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sauks, an Indian tribe of North America, effeminate sorcerers + among the, ii. <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">255</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page311">[pg 311]</span><a name= + "Pg311" id="Pg311" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saul, burial of, i. 177 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and David, i. 21 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saul's madness soothed by music, i. 53, 54 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Savages lament for the animals and plants which they eat, ii. + <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">43</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sâwan, Indian month, i. 242 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saxons of Transylvania, harvest custom of the, i. 238 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sayce, A. H., on kings of Edom, i. 16; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on name of David, 19 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schäfer, H., on the tomb of Osiris at Abydos, ii. <a href= + "#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schlanow, in Brandenburg, custom at sowing at, i. 238 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schloss, Mr. Francis S., on the rule as to the felling of timber + in Colombia, ii. <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">136</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schwegler, A., on the death of Romulus, ii. <a href="#Pg098" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scipio, his fabulous birth, i. 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scorpions, Isis and the, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scotland, harvest custom in, i. 237 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scottish Highlanders on the influence of the moon, ii. <a href= + "#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>, + <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">134</a>, <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">140</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scythian king, human beings and horses sacrificed at his grave, + i. 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scythians, their belief in immortality, i. 294; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their treatment of dead enemies, 294 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sea, custom of bathing in the, on St. John's Day or Eve, i. 246, + 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Sea-Dyaks" id="Index-Sea-Dyaks" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Dyaks or Ibans of Borneo, their worship of serpents, i. 83; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their festivals of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg056" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + effeminate priests or sorcerers among the, <a href="#Pg253" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>, <a href= + "#Pg256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Dyaks of Sarawak, their reasons for taking human heads, i. 295 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Season of festival a clue to the nature of a deity, ii. <a href= + "#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seasons, magical and religious theories of the, i. 3 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seb (Keb or Geb), Egyptian earth-god, i. 283 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, ii. <a href="#Pg006" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Secret graves of kings, chiefs, and magicians, ii. <a href= + "#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sed festival in Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">151</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its date perhaps connected with the heliacal rising of Sirius, + <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">152</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + apparently intended to renew the king's life by identifying him + with the dead and risen Osiris, <a href="#Pg153" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Segera, a sago magician of Kiwai, dismembered after death, ii. + <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">101</a>, <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">102</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seker (Sokari), title of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seler, Professor E., on the ancient Mexican calendar, ii. + <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">28</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seleucus, a grammarian, i. 146 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Nicator, king, i. 151 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the Theologian, i. 146 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Self-mutilation of Attis and his priests, i. 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seligmann, Dr. C. G., on the five supplementary Egyptian days, + ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">6</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the divinity of Shilluk kings, <a href="#Pg161" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on custom of putting Shilluk kings to death, <a href="#Pg163" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Selwanga, python-god of Baganda, i. 86 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Semiramis at Hierapolis, i. 162 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a form of Ishtar (Astarte), 176 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + said to have burnt herself, 176 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the mythical, a form of the great Asiatic goddess, ii. <a href= + "#Pg258" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Semites, agricultural, worship Baal as the giver of fertility, i. + 26 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred stocks and stones among the, 107 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + traces of mother-kin among the, ii. <a href="#Pg213" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Semitic gods, uniformity of their type, i. 119 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— kings, the divinity of, i. 15 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as hereditary deities, 51 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— language, Egyptian language akin to the, ii. <a href="#Pg161" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— personal names indicating relationship to a deity, i. 51 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— worship of Tammuz and Adonis, i. 6 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Semlicka</span></span>, festival of the dead + among the Letts, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seneca, on the offerings of Egyptian priests to the Nile, ii. + <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">40</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the marriage of the Roman gods, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Salacia as the wife of Neptune, <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Senegal and Niger region of West Africa, belief as to conception + without sexual intercourse in, i. 93 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + myth of marriage of Sky and Earth in the, 282 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Senegambia, the Mandingoes of, ii. <a href="#Pg141" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sennacherib, his siege of Jerusalem, i. 25; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + said to have built Tarsus, 173 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Separation of Earth and Sky, myth of the, i. 283 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serapeum at Alexandria, ii. <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">119</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its destruction, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serapis, the later form of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg119" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the rise of the Nile attributed to, <a href="#Pg216" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the standard cubit kept in his temple, <a href="#Pg217" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serpent as the giver of children, i. 86; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at rites of initiation, 90 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -god married to human wives, i. 66 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to control the crops, 67 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Serpents" id="Index-Serpents" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serpents reputed the fathers of human beings, i. 80 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as embodiments of Aesculapius, 80 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped in Mysore, 81 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as reincarnations of the dead, 82 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fed with milk, 84 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 87; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to have knowledge <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page312">[pg 312]</span><a name="Pg312" id="Pg312" class= + "tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: left"></a> of life-giving + plants, 186; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + souls of dead kings incarnate in, ii. <a href="#Pg163" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>, <a href="#Pg173" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Servius, on the death of Attis, i. 264 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the marriage of Orcus, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Salacia as the wife of Neptune, <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Tullius, begotten by the fire-god, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sesostris, so-called monument of, i. 185 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Set" id="Index-Set" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Set, or Typhon, brother of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + murders Osiris, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + accuses Osiris before the gods, <a href="#Pg017" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + brings a suit of bastardy against Horus, <a href="#Pg017" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his combat with Horus, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">17</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reigns over Upper Egypt, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">17</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + torn in pieces, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">98</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Typhon" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Typhon</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sety I., King of Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">108</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shamash, Babylonian sun-god, his human wives, i. 71 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Semitic god, i. 16 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shamashshumukin, King of Babylon, burns himself, i. 173 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 176 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shammuramat, Assyrian queen, i. 177 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shans of Burma, their theory of earthquakes, i. 198; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cut bamboos for building in the wane of the moon, ii. <a href= + "#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shark-shaped hero, i. 139 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sheaf, the first cut, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sheep to be shorn when the moon is waxing, ii. <a href="#Pg134" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to be shorn in the waning of the moon, <a href="#Pg134" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheitan + dere</span></span>, the Devil's Glen, in Cilicia, i. 150 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shenty, Egyptian cow-goddess, ii. <a href="#Pg088" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shifting dates of Egyptian festivals, ii. <a href="#Pg024" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shilluk kings put to death before their strength fails, ii. + <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">163</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shilluks, their worship of dead kings, ii. <a href="#Pg161" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their worship of Nyakang, the first of the Shilluk kings, + <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shoulders of medicine-men especially sensitive, i. 74 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shouting as a means of stopping earthquakes, i. 197 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shropshire, feast of All Souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shu, Egyptian god of light, i. 283 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shuswap Indians of British Columbia eat nutlets of pines, i. 278 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siam, catafalque burnt at funeral of king of, i. 179; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + annual festival of the dead in, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siao, children sacrificed to volcano in, i. 219 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sibitti-baal, king of Byblus, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sibyl, the Grotto of the, at Marsala, i. 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sibylline Books, i. 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sicily, Syrian prophet in, i. 74; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fossil bones in, 157; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hot springs in, 213; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gardens of Adonis in, 245, 253 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination at Midsummer in, 254; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Good Friday ceremonies in, 255 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sick people resort to cave of Pluto, i. 205 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sicyon, shrine of Aesculapius at, i. 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sidon, kings of, as priests of Astarte, i. 26 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Siem</span></span>, king, among the Khasis + of Assam, ii. <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">210</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sigai, hero in form of shark, i. 139 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sihanaka, the, of Madagascar, funeral custom of the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sinai, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Mistress + of Turquoise”</span> at, i. 35 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sinews of sacrificial ox cut, ii. <a href="#Pg252" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sins, the remission of, through the shedding of blood, i. 299 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sinsharishkun, last king of Assyria, i. 174 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sipylus, Mother Plastene on Mount, i. 185 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siriac or Sothic period, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">36</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Sirius" id="Index-Sirius" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sirius (the Dog-star), observed by Egyptian astronomers, ii. + <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">27</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called Sothis by the Egyptians, <a href="#Pg034" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + date of its rising in ancient Egypt, <a href="#Pg034" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + heliacal rising of, on July 20th, <a href="#Pg034" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg093" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its rising marked the beginning of the sacred Egyptian year, + <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its rising observed in Ceos, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">35</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifices offered at its rising on the top of Mount Pelion, + <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">36</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the star of Isis, ii. <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">34</a>, <a href="#Pg119" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in connexion with the Sed festival, <a href="#Pg152" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sis in Cilicia, i. 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sister of a god, i. 51 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sisters, kings marry their, i. 316 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sizu in Cilicia, i. 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Skin, bathing in dew at Midsummer as remedy for diseases of the, + i. 247, 248; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of ox stuffed and set up, 296 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + body of Egyptian dead placed in a bull's, ii. <a href="#Pg015" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of sacrificial victim used in the rite of the new birth, <a href= + "#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Skinner, Principal J., on the burnt sacrifice of children, ii. + <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Skins of human victims, uses made of, i. 293; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of horses stuffed and set up at graves, 293, 294 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Skull, drinking out of a king's, in order to be inspired by his + spirit, ii. <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">171</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sky conceived by the Egyptians as a cow, i. 283 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and earth, myth of their violent separation, i. 283 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -god, Attis as a, i. 282 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + married to Earth-goddess, 282, with <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mutilation of the, 283 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slaughter of prisoners often a sacrifice to the gods, i. 290 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slave Coast of West Africa, sacred men and women on the, i. 65, + 68; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Ewe-speaking peoples of the, 83 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slaves, sacred, in Western Asia, i. 39 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page313">[pg 313]</span><a name= + "Pg313" id="Pg313" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slaying of the Dragon by Apollo at Delphi, ii. <a href="#Pg240" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sleep of the god in winter, ii. <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Smell, evil, used to avert demons, ii. <a href="#Pg261" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Smeroe, Mount, volcano in Java, i. 221 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Smith, George Adam, on fertility of Bethlehem, i. 257 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Smith, W. Robertson, on the date of the month Tammuz, i. 10 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on anointing as consecration, 21 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Baal as god of fertility, 26 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on caves in Semitic religion, 169 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Tophet, 177 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the predominance of goddesses over gods in early Semitic + religion, ii. <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the sacrifice of children to Moloch, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Smoking as a mode of inducing inspiration, ii. <a href="#Pg172" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Snake-entwined goddess found at Gournia, i. 88 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Snakes as fathers of human beings, i. 82; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fed with milk, 84 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Serpents" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Serpents</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Snorri Sturluson, on the dismemberment of Halfdan the Black, ii. + <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">100</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sobk, a crocodile-shaped Egyptian god, identified with the sun, + ii. <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">123</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sochit</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sochet</span></span>, epithet of Isis, ii. + <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">117</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Society, ancient, built on the principle of the subordination of + the individual to the community, i. 300 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Socrates (church historian) on sacred prostitution, i. 37 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Söderblom, N., on an attempted reform of the old Iranian + religion, ii. <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">83</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sodom and Gomorrah, the destruction of, i. 222 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Soerakarta, district of Java, conduct of natives in an + earthquake, i. 202 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sokari (Seker), a title of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Sol + invictus</span></span>, i. 304 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Solanum + campylanthum</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg047" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Solomon, King, puts Adoni-jah to death, i. 51 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Baths of, i. 78; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Moab, 215 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Solstice, the summer, the Nile rises at the, ii. <a href="#Pg031" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg033" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the winter, reckoned the Nativity of the Sun, i. 303; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Egyptian ceremony at, ii. <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">50</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Somali, marriage custom of the, ii. <a href="#Pg246" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>, <a href="#Pg247" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Son of a god, i. 51 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sons of God, i. 78 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sophocles on the burning of Hercules, i. 111 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sorcerers or priests, order of effeminate, ii. <a href="#Pg253" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sorrowful One, the vaults of the, ii. <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sothic or Siriac period, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">36</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sothis, Egyptian name for the star Sirius, ii. <a href="#Pg034" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Sirius" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Sirius</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Soul of a tree in a bird, ii. <a href="#Pg111" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the rice in the first sheaf cut, <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— of + Osiris,”</span> a bird, ii. <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -cakes eaten at the feast of All Souls in Europe, ii. <a href= + "#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a>, + <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">71</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg078" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Souling,”</span> custom of, on All Souls' Day + in England, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— Day”</span> + in Shropshire, ii. <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">78</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Souls of the dead, reincarnation of the, i. 91 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + brought back among the Gonds, 95 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, feasts of All, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">51</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + South Slavs, devices of women to obtain offspring, i. 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marriage customs of, ii. <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">246</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sowers and ploughmen drenched with water as a rain-charm, i. 238 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sowing, Prussian custom at, i. 238 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rites of, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">40</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and ploughing, ceremony of, in the rites of Osiris, ii. + <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and planting, regulated by the phases of the moon, <a href= + "#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sozomenus, church historian, on sacred prostitution, i. 37 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spain, bathing on St. John's Eve in, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sparta destroyed by an earthquake, i. 196 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spartans, their attempt to stop an earthquake, i. 196 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— their flute-band, i. 196 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— their uniform red, i. 196 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— at Thermopylae, i. 197 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— their regard for the full moon, ii. <a href="#Pg141" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— their brides dressed as men on the wedding night, ii. <a href= + "#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spencer, Baldwin, on reincarnation of the dead, i. 100 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spencer, B., and Gillen, F. J., on Australian belief in + conception without sexual intercourse, i. 99 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spermus, king of Lydia, i. 183 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spieth, J., on the Ewe peoples, i. 70 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spirit animals supposed to enter women and be born from them, i. + 97 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -children left by ancestors, i. 100 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spirits supposed to consort with women, i. 91; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of ancestors in the form of animals, 83; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of forefathers thought to dwell in rivers, ii. <a href="#Pg038" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of dead chiefs worshipped by the whole tribe, ii. <a href= + "#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>, + <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">176</a>, <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">177</a>, <a href="#Pg179" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#Pg181" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg187" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to control the rain, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">188</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prophesy through living men and women, <a href="#Pg192" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reincarnated in animals, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">193</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Ancestral-Spirits" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Ancestral spirits</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spring called Persephone, ii. <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page314">[pg 314]</span><a name= + "Pg314" id="Pg314" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Springs, worship of hot, i. 206 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bathing in, at Midsummer, 246, 247, 248, 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Staffordshire, All Souls' Day in, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Standard, Egyptian, resembling a placenta, ii. <a href="#Pg156" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stanikas, male children of sacred prostitutes, i. 63 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Star of Bethlehem, i. 259 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Salvation, i. 258 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -spangled cap of Attis, i. 284 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Steinn in Hringariki, barrow of Halfdan at, ii. <a href="#Pg100" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Stella + Maris</span></span>, an epithet of the Virgin Mary, ii. <a href= + "#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stengel, P., on sacrificial ritual of Eleusis, i. 292 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stlatlum Indians of British Columbia respect the animals and + plants which they eat, ii. <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">44</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stocks, sacred, among the Semites, i. 107 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stones, holed, custom of passing through, i. 36; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to commemorate the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">203</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, sacred, anointed, i. 36; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among the Semites, 107 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among the Khasis, 108 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Strabo, on the concubines of Ammon, i. 72; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Albanian moon-god, 73 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Castabala, 168 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his description of the Burnt Land of Lydia, 193; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the frequency of earthquakes at Philadelphia, 195; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his description of Rhodes, 195 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Nysa, 206 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the priests of Pessinus, 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stratonicea in Caria, eunuch priest at, i. 270 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rule as to the pollution of death at, ii. <a href="#Pg227" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + String music in religion, i. 54 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Su-Mu, a tribe of Southern China, said to be governed by a woman, + ii. <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">211</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Subordination of the individual to the community, the principle + of ancient society, i. 300 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Substitutes for human sacrifices, i. 146 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 219 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 285, 289, ii. <a href= + "#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>, + <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Succession to the crown under mother-kin (female kinship), i. 44, + ii. <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">18</a>, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">210</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sudan, the negroes of, their regard for the phases of the moon, + ii. <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sudanese, their conduct in an earthquake, i. 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Suffetes</span></span> of Carthage, i. 116 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sugar-bag totem, i. 101 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Suicides, custom observed at graves of, i. 93; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ghosts of, feared, 292 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Suk, their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, i. + 82, 85 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sulla at Aedepsus, i. 212 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sumatra, the Bataks of, i. 199, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Loeboes of, <a href="#Pg264" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">264</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sumba, East Indian island, annual festival of the New Year and of + the dead in, ii. <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">55</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sumerians, their origin and civilization, i. 7 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Summer on the Mediterranean rainless, i. 159 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— called Aphrodite, ii. <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— festival of Adonis, i. 226, 232 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sun, temple of the, at Baalbec, i. 163; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Adonis interpreted as the, 228; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Nativity of the, at the winter solstice, 303 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Osiris interpreted as the, ii. <a href="#Pg120" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the eye + of Horus,”</span> <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">121</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped in Egypt, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">122</a>, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">123</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the power of regeneration ascribed to the, <a href="#Pg143" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + salutations to the rising, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and earth, annual marriage of, i. 47 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -god annually married to Earth-goddess, i. 47 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Egyptian, ii. <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">123</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hymns to the, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">123</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -goddess of the Hittites, i. 133 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the Unconquered, Mithra identified with, i. 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Superiority of the goddess in the myths of Adonis, Attis, Osiris, + ii. <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">201</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of goddesses over gods in societies organized on mother-kin, + <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">202</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + legal, of women over men in ancient Egypt, <a href="#Pg214" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Supplementary days, five, in the Egyptian year, ii. <a href= + "#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the ancient Mexican year, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">28</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the old Iranian year, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg068" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Supreme gods in Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">165</a>, <a href="#Pg173" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a>, <a href="#Pg186" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>, with note + 5, <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">187</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg188" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg190" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Swastika</span></span>, i. 122 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sweden, May-pole or Midsummer-tree in, i. 250; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer bride and bridegroom in, 251; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kings of, answerable for the fertility of the ground, ii. + <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">220</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marriage custom in, to ensure the birth of a boy, <a href= + "#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Sweethearts of + St. John”</span> in Sardinia, i. 244 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Swine" id="Index-Swine" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swine not eaten by people of Pessinus, i. 265; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not eaten by worshippers of Adonis, 265; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to enter Comana in Pontus, 265. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href="#Index-Pigs" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Pigs</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sword, girls married to a, i. 61 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sycamore, effigy of Osiris placed on boughs of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>, + <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">110</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred to Osiris, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syene (Assuan), inscriptions at, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Symbolism, coarse, of Osiris and Dionysus, ii. <a href="#Pg112" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a>, <a href= + "#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page315">[pg 315]</span><a name= + "Pg315" id="Pg315" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Symmachus, on the festival of the Great Mother, i. 298 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syracuse, the Blue Spring at, i. 213 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syria, Adonis in, i. 13 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“holy + men”</span> in, 77 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hot springs resorted to by childless women in, 213 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + subject to earthquakes, 222 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Nativity of the Sun at the winter solstice in, 303; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + turning money at the new moon in, ii. <a href="#Pg149" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syrian god Hadad, i. 15 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— peasants believe that women can conceive without sexual + intercourse, i. 91 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— women apply to saints for offspring, i. 109 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— writer on the reasons for assigning Christmas to the + twenty-fifth of December, i. 304 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tâ-uz (Tammuz), mourned by Syrian women in Harran, i. 230 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Taanach, burial of children in jars at, i. 109 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tacitus as to German observation of the moon, ii. <a href= + "#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Taenarum in Laconia, Poseidon worshipped at, i. 203 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Talaga Bodas, volcano in Java, i. 204 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Talbot, P. Amaury, on self-mutilation, i. 270 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Talismans, crowns and wreaths as, ii. <a href="#Pg242" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tamarisk, sacred to Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tami, the, of German New Guinea, their theory of earthquakes, i. + 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tamil temples, dancing-girls in, i. 61 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tamirads, diviners, i. 42 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tammuz, i. 6 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + equivalent to Adonis, 6 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his worship of Sumerian origin, 7 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + meaning of the name, 8; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“true son of the + deep water,”</span> 8, 246; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + laments for, 9 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the month of, 10 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 230; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mourned for at Jerusalem, 11, 17, 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a corn-spirit, 230; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his bones ground in a mill and scattered to the wind, 230 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Ishtar, i. 8 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tangkul Nagas of Assam, their annual festival of the dead, ii. + <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">57</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tanjore, dancing-girls at, i. 61 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tantalus murders his son Pelops, i. 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tark, Tarku, Trok, Troku, syllables in names of Cilician priests, + i. 144; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps the name of a Hittite deity, 147; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps the name of the god of Olba, 148, 165 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tarkimos, priest of Corycian Zeus, i. 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tarkondimotos, name of two Cilician kings, i. 145 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tarkuaris, priest of Corycian Zeus, i. 145; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + priestly king of Olba, 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tarkudimme or Tarkuwassimi, name on Hittite seal, i. 145 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tarkumbios, priest of Corycian Zeus, i. 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tarsus, climate and fertility of, i. 118; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + school of philosophy at, 118; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Sandan and Baal at, 142 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 161; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + priesthood of Hercules at, 143; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Fortune of the City on coins of, 164; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divine triad at, 171 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Baal of, i. 117 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 162 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Sandan of, i. 124 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tat</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tatu</span></span> pillar. <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Ded" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ded</span></span> pillar</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tate, H. R., on serpent-worship, i. 85 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tattoo-marks of priests, i. 74 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Taurians of the Crimea, their use of the heads of prisoners, i. + 294 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Taurobolium</span></span> in the rites of + Cybele, i. 274 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + or <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tauropolium</span></span>, 275 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Taurus mountains, i. 120 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tears of Isis thought to swell the Nile, ii. <a href="#Pg033" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rain thought to be the tears of gods, <a href="#Pg033" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tegea, tombstones at, i. 87 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Telamon, father of Teucer, i. 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tell-el-Amarna letters, i. 16 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5, 21 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 135 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the new capital of King Amenophis IV., ii. <a href="#Pg123" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg124" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a>, <a href="#Pg125" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tell Ta'annek (Taanach), burial of children in jars at, i. 109 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tempe, the Vale of, ii. <a href="#Pg240" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">240</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Temple-tombs of kings, ii. <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">161</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg167" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg170" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a>, <a href="#Pg194" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Temples of dead kings, ii. <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">161</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg167" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg170" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg194" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tenggereese of Java sacrifice to volcano, i. 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tentyra (Denderah), temple of Osiris at, ii. <a href="#Pg086" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ternate, the sultan of, his sacrifice of human victims to a + volcano, i. 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tertullian on the fasts of Isis and Cybele, i. 302 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the date of the Crucifixion, 306 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teshub or Teshup, name of Hittite god, i. 135 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 148 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teso, the, of Central Africa, medicine-men dressed as women among + the, ii. <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Testicles of rams in the rites of Attis, i. 269 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of bull used in rites of Cybele and Attis, 276 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Têt, New Year festival in Annam, ii. <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tet</span></span> pillar. <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Ded" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ded</span></span> pillar</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teti, king of Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teucer, said to have instituted human sacrifice, i. 146 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Ajax, names of priestly kings of Olba, i. 144 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 148, 161 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page316">[pg 316]</span><a name= + "Pg316" id="Pg316" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teucer, son of Tarkuaris, priestly king of Olba, i. 151, 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, son of Telamon, founds Salamis in Cyprus, i. 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, son of Zenophanes, high-priest of Olbian Zeus, i. 151 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teucrids, dynasty at Salamis in Cyprus, i. 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teutonic year reckoned from October 1st, ii. <a href="#Pg081" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thargelion, an Attic month, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theal, G. McCall, on the worship of ancestors among the Bantus, + ii. <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">176</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theban priests, their determination of the solar year, ii. + <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">26</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thebes in Boeotia, stone lion at, i. 184 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of the Laurel-bearing at, ii. <a href="#Pg241" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— in Egypt, temple of Ammon at, i. 72; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Memnonium at, ii. 35 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Valley of the Kings at, 90 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theias, a Syrian king, i. 43 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + father of Adonis, 55 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theism late in human history, ii. <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theocracy in the Pelew Islands, tendency to, ii. <a href="#Pg208" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theopompus on the names of the seasons, ii. <a href="#Pg041" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thera, worship of the Mother of the Gods in, i. 280 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thermopylae, the Spartans at, i. 197 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the hot springs of, 210 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thesmophoria, i. 43 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifice to serpents at the, 88; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + pine-cones at the, 278; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fast of the women at the, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thetis and her infant son, i. 180 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thirty years, the Sed festival held nominally at intervals of, + ii. <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">151</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thonga, Bantu tribe of South Africa, their belief in serpents as + reincarnations of the dead, i. 82; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their presentation of infants to the moon, ii. <a href="#Pg144" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worship of the dead among the, <a href="#Pg180" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— chiefs buried secretly, ii. <a href="#Pg104" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thongs, legends as to new settlements enclosed by, ii. <a href= + "#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thoth, Egyptian god of wisdom, ii. <a href="#Pg007" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a>, <a href="#Pg017" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + teaches Isis a spell to restore the dead to life, <a href= + "#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + restores the eye of Horus, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">17</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thoth, the first month of the Egyptian year, ii. <a href="#Pg036" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a>, <a href= + "#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thracian villages, custom at Carnival in, ii. <a href="#Pg099" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Threshing corn by oxen, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">45</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Threshold, burial of infants under the, i. 93 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thucydides on military music, i. 196 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the sailing of the fleet for Syracuse, 226 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Θύειν distinguished from ἐναγίζειν, i. 316 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thunder and lightning, sacrifices to, i. 157; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Syrian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Hittite god of, 163 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -god of the Hittites, with a bull and an axe as his emblems, + i. 134 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— totem, i. 101 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thunderbolt, as emblem of Hittite god, i. 134, 136; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as divine emblem, 163 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and ears of corn, emblem of god Hadad, i. 163 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thurston, Edgar, on dancing-girls in India, i. 62 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thyatira, hero Tyrimnus at, i. 183 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thymbria, sanctuary of Charon at, i. 205 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiberius, the Emperor, persecuted the Egyptian religion, ii. + <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">95</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tibullus, on the rising of Sirius, ii. <a href="#Pg034" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiele, C. P., on rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, i. 140 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the death of Saracus, 174 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Isis, ii. <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">115</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the nature of Osiris, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">126</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiger's ghost, deceiving a, ii. <a href="#Pg263" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">263</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiglath-Pileser III., king of Assyria, i. 14, 16, 163 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tii, Egyptian queen, mother of Amenophis IV., ii. <a href= + "#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tille, A., on beginning of Teutonic winter, ii. <a href="#Pg081" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Timber felled in the waning of the moon, ii. <a href="#Pg133" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>, <a href= + "#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg137" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Timor, theory of earthquakes in, i. 197 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Timotheus, on the death of Attis, i. 264 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiru-kalli-kundram, dancing-girls at, i. 61 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Titane, shrine of Aesculapius at, i. 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tobolbel</span></span>, in the Pelew + Islands, ii. <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">266</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tod, J., on rites of goddess Gouri, i. 241 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Todas of the Neilgherry Hills, custom as to the pollution of + death observed by sacred dairyman among the, ii. <a href="#Pg228" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Togo-land, West Africa, the Ewe people of, i. 282 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Ho tribe of, ii. <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tomb of Midas, i. 286; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Hyacinth, 314 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tombs of the kings of Uganda, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of kings sacred, <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">194</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tongans, their theory of an earthquake, i. 200 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tongue of sacrificial ox cut out, ii. <a href="#Pg251" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tonquin, annual festival of the dead in, ii. <a href="#Pg062" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tophet, at Jerusalem, i. 177 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Toradjas of Central Celebes, their theory of rain, ii. <a href= + "#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Torres Straits Islands, worship of animal-shaped heroes in the, + i. 139 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + death-dances in the, ii. <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">53</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page317">[pg 317]</span><a name= + "Pg317" id="Pg317" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Totemism in Kiziba, ii. <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">173</a>, <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Toulon, Midsummer custom at, i. 248 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Town, charm to protect a, ii. <a href="#Pg249" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tozer, H. F., on Mount Argaeus, i. 191 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Traditions of kings torn in pieces, ii. <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tralles in Lydia, i. 38 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Transference of Egyptian festivals from one month to the + preceding month, ii. <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">92</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Transformation of men into women, attempted, in obedience to + dreams, ii. <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">255</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of women into men, attempted, <a href="#Pg255" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Transition from mother-kin to father-kin, ii. <a href="#Pg261" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Transylvania, harvest customs among the Roumanians and Saxons of, + i. 237 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Travancore, dancing-girls in, i. 63 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Treason, old English punishment of, i. 290 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tree decked with bracelets, anklets, etc., i. 240; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + soul of a, in a bird, ii. <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">111</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of life in Eden, i. 186 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -bearers (<span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dendrophori</span></span>) in the worship of + Cybele and Attis, i. 266 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 267 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -spirit, Osiris as a, ii. <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">107</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trees, spirit-children awaiting birth in, i. 100; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrificial victims hung on, 146; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + represented on the monuments of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg110" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + felled in the waning of the moon, <a href="#Pg133" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>, <a href="#Pg135" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg137" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + growing near the graves of dead kings revered, <a href="#Pg162" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>, <a href= + "#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and rocks, Greek belief as to birth from, i. 107 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Triad, divine, at Tarsus, i. 171 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trident, emblem of Hittite thunder-god, i. 134, 135; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + emblem of Indian deity, 170 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tristram, H. B., on date of the corn-reaping in Palestine, i. 232 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trobriands, the, i. 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trokoarbasis, priest of Corycian Zeus, i. 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trokombigremis, priest of Corycian Zeus, i. 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“True of + speech,”</span> epithet of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trumpets, blowing of, in the rites of Attis, i. 268 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast, dedicated men and women + among the, i. 69 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ordeal of chastity among the, 115 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their annual festival of the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg066" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tubilustrium</span></span> at Rome, i. 268 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tulava, sacred prostitution in, i. 63 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tully River, in Queensland, belief of the natives as to + conception without sexual intercourse, i. 102 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tum of Heliopolis, an Egyptian sun-god, ii. <a href="#Pg123" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Turner, George, on sacred stones, i. 108 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Turquoise, + Mistress of,”</span> at Sinai, i. 53 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tusayan Indians, their custom at planting, i. 239 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tuscany, volcanic district of, i. 208 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tusser, Thomas, on planting peas and beans, ii. <a href="#Pg134" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Twin, the navel-string of the King of Uganda called his Twin, ii. + <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">147</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Twins, precautions taken by women at the graves of, i. 93 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Two-headed deity, i. 165 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tyana, Hittite monument at, i. 122 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tybi, an Egyptian month, ii. <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">93</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tylon or Tylus, a Lydian hero, i. 183; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his death and resurrection, 186 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tylor, Sir Edward B., on fossil bones as a source of myths, i. + 157 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on names for father and mother, 281 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Typhon" id="Index-Typhon" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Typhon slays Hercules, i. 111; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Corycian cave of, 155 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his battle with the gods, 193, 194 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Zeus, battle of, i. 156 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, or Set, the brother of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + murders Osiris, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and mangles his body, <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">10</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + interpreted as the sun, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">129</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href="#Index-Set" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Set</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tyre, Melcarth at, i. 16; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burning of Melcarth at, 110 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the + awakening of Hercules”</span> at, 111; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + king of, his walk on stones of fire, 114 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, kings of, their divinity, i. 16; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as priests of Astarte, 26 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tyrimnus, axe-bearing hero at Thyatira, i. 183 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tyrol, feast of All Souls in the, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tyropoeon, ravine at Jerusalem, i. 178 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ucayali River, the Conibos of the, i. 198; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their greetings to the new moon, ii. <a href="#Pg142" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uganda, the country of the Baganda, ii. <a href="#Pg167" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + temples of the dead kings of, <a href="#Pg167" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>, <a href="#Pg168" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg170" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices offered to prolong the lives of the kings of, + <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">223</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Baganda" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Baganda</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uncle, dead, worshipped, ii. <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">175</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, maternal, in marriage ceremonies in India, i. 62 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uncleanness caused by contact with the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg227" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Unconquered Sun, Mithra identified with the, i. 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Unis, king of Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page318">[pg 318]</span><a name= + "Pg318" id="Pg318" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Unkulunkulu, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“the Old-Old-one,”</span> the first man in the + traditions of the Zulus, ii. <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">182</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Unnefer, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the + Good Being,”</span> a title of Osiris, ii. <a href="#Pg012" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Unspoken + water”</span> in marriage rites, ii. <a href="#Pg245" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Upsala, human sacrifices in the holy grove at, i. 289 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. 220; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the reign of Frey at, 100 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Up-uat, Egyptian jackal-god, ii. <a href="#Pg154" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uranus castrated by Cronus, i. 283 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uri-melech or Adom-melech, king of Byblus, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Usirniri, temple of, at Busiris, ii. <a href="#Pg151" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Valesius, on the standard Egyptian cubit, ii. <a href="#Pg217" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vallabha, an Indian sect, men assimilated to women in the, ii. + <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">254</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Valley of Hinnom, sacrifices to Moloch, in the, i. 178 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Kings at Thebes, ii. <a href="#Pg090" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Poison, in Java, i. 203 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vancouver Island, the Ahts of, ii. <a href="#Pg139" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vapours, worship of mephitic, i. 203 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Varro, on the marriage of the Roman gods, ii. <a href="#Pg230" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg236" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his derivation of <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dialis</span></span> from Jove, <a href= + "#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Salacia, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Fauna or the Good Goddess, <a href="#Pg234" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vase-painting of Croesus on the pyre, i. 176 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vatican, worship of Cybele and Attis on the site of the, i. 275 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vegetable and animal life associated in primitive mind, i. 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vegetation, mythical theory of the growth and decay of, i. 3 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + annual decay and revival of, represented dramatically in the + rites of Adonis, 227 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gardens of Adonis charms to promote the growth of, 236 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 239; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires and couples in relation to, 250 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Attis as a god of, 277 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Osiris as a god of, ii. <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">112</a>, <a href="#Pg126" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>, <a href="#Pg131" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>, <a href= + "#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Veins of the + Nile,”</span> near Philae, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Venus, the planet, identified with Astarte, i. 258, ii. <a href= + "#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Vulcan, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Venus, the bearded, in Cyprus, ii. <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vernal festival of Adonis, i. 226 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Verrall, A. W., on the <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthesteria</span></span>, i. 235 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vertumnus and Pomona, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">235</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vestal Virgin, mother of Romulus and Remus, ii. <a href="#Pg235" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Virgins, rule as to their election, ii. <a href="#Pg244" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vicarious sacrifices for kings, ii. <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vicarious and nutritive types of sacrifice, ii. <a href="#Pg226" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Victims, sacrificial, hung on trees, i. 146 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Victoria Nyanza Lake, Mukasa the god of the, ii. <a href="#Pg257" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Victory, temple of, on the Palatine Hill at Rome, i. 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Viehe, Rev. G., on the worship of the dead among the Herero, ii. + <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">187</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vine, the cultivation of, introduced by Osiris, ii. <a href= + "#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a>, + <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">112</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vintage festival, Oschophoria, at Athens, ii. <a href="#Pg258" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— rites at Athens, ii. <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">238</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Violets sprung from the blood of Attis, i. 267 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virbius or Dianus at Nemi, i. 45 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virgin, the Heavenly, mother of the Sun, i. 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— birth of Perseus, i. 302 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mary and Isis, ii. <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">118</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mother, the Phrygian Mother Goddess as a, i. 281 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— mothers, tales of, i. 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of gods and heroes, 107 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virginity, sacrifice of, i. 60; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + recovered by bathing in a spring, 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virgins supposed to conceive through eating certain food, i. 96 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virility, sacrifice of, in the rites of Attis and Astarte, i. 268 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 270 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + other cases of, 270 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vitrolles, bathing at Midsummer at, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Viza, in Thrace, Carnival custom at, ii. <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Volcanic region of Cappadocia, i. 189 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— religion, i. 188 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Volcanoes, the worship of, i. 216 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human victims thrown into, 219 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vosges, the Upper, rule as to the shearing of sheep in, ii. + <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">134</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mountains, feast of All Souls in the, ii. <a href="#Pg069" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Votiaks of Russia, annual festivals of the dead among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">76</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Voyage in boats of papyrus in the rites of Osiris, ii. <a href= + "#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vulcan, the fire-god, father of Caeculus, ii. <a href="#Pg235" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the husband of Maia or Majestas, ii. <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his Flamen, <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Venus, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wabisa, Bantu tribe of Rhodesia, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wabondei, of Eastern Africa, their belief in serpents as + reincarnations of the dead, i. 82; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their rule as to the cutting of posts for building, ii. <a href= + "#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wachsmuth, C., on Easter ceremonies in the Greek Church, i. 254 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page319">[pg 319]</span><a name= + "Pg319" id="Pg319" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wagogo, the, of German East Africa, their ceremony at the new + moon, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">143</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wahehe, a Bantu tribe of German East Africa, the worship of the + dead among the, ii. <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">188</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their belief in a supreme god Nguruhe, <a href="#Pg188" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wailing of women for Adonis, i. 224 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wajagga of German East Africa, their way of appeasing ghosts of + suicides, i. 292 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their human sacrifices at irrigation, ii. <a href="#Pg038" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wales, All Souls' Day in, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wallachia, harvest custom in, i. 237 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wamara, a worshipful dead king, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Waning of the moon, theories to account for the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + time for felling timber, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">135</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + War, sacrifice of a blind bull before going to, ii. <a href= + "#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -dance of king before the ghosts of his ancestors, ii. + <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">192</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Warner, Mr., on Caffre ideas about lightning, ii. <a href= + "#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Warramunga of Central Australia, their belief in the + reincarnation of the dead, i. 100; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their tradition of purification by fire, 180 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Warts supposed to be affected by the moon, ii. <a href="#Pg149" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Water thrown on the last corn cut, a rain-charm, i. 237 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marvellous properties attributed to, at Midsummer (the festival + of St. John), 246 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prophetic, drunk on St. John's Eve, 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Life, i. 9 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Waterbrash, a Huzul cure for, ii. <a href="#Pg149" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wave accompanying earthquake, i. 202 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Weaning of children, belief as to the, in Angus, ii. <a href= + "#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Weavers, caste of, i. 62 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Weeks, Rev. J. H., on inconsistency of savage thought, i. 5 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the names for the supreme god among many tribes of Africa, ii. + <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">186</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Wellalaick</span></span>, festival of the + dead among the Letts, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wen-Ammon, Egyptian traveller, i. 14, 75 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + West, Oriental religions in the, i. 298 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Westermann, D., on the worship of Nyakang among the Shilluks, ii. + <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Whalers, their bodies cut up and used as charms, ii. <a href= + "#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wheat forced for festival, i. 243, 244, 251 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 253 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and barley, the cultivation of, introduced by Osiris, ii. + <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + discovered by Isis, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">116</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Whip made of human skin used in ceremonies for the prolongation + of the king's life, ii. <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">224</a>, <a href="#Pg225" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Whitby, All Souls' Day at, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + White, Rev. G. E., on dervishes of Asia Minor, i. 170 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + White, Miss Rachel Evelyn (Mrs. Wedd), on the position of women + in ancient Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">214</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg216" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + White the colour of Upper Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— birds, souls of dead kings incarnate in, ii. <a href="#Pg162" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— bull, soul of a dead king incarnate in a, ii. <a href="#Pg164" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Crown of Upper Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">20</a>, <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worn by Osiris, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— roses dyed red by the blood of Aphrodite, i. 226 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Whydah, King of, his worship of serpents, i. 67; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + serpents fed at, 86 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wicked after death, fate of the, in Egyptian religion, ii. + <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">14</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Widow-burning in Greece, i. 177 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Widowed Flamen, the, ii. <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">227</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wiedemann, Professor A., on Wen-Ammon, i. 76 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Egyptian name of Isis, ii. <a href="#Pg050" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wigtownshire, harvest custom in, i. 237 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wiimbaio tribe of South-Eastern Australia, their medicine-men, i. + 75 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wilkinson, Sir J. G., on corn-stuffed effigies of Osiris, ii. + <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wilson, C. T., and R. W. Felkin, on the worship of the dead kings + of Uganda, ii. <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">173</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Winckler, H., his excavations at Boghaz-Keui, i. 125 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 135 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Winged deities, i. 165 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— disc as divine emblem, i. 132 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Winnowing-fans, ashes of human victims scattered by, ii. <a href= + "#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, + <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">106</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Winter called Cronus, ii. <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sleep of the god, ii. <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— solstice reckoned the Nativity of the Sun, i. 303; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Egyptian ceremony at the, ii. <a href="#Pg050" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wissowa, Professor G., on introduction of Phrygian rites at Rome, + i. 267 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Orcus, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Ops and Consus, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the marriage of the Roman gods, <a href="#Pg236" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wives of dead kings sacrificed at their tombs, ii. <a href= + "#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wives, human, of gods, i. 61 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg207" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Western Asia and Egypt, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">70</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wiwa chiefs reincarnated in pythons, ii. <a href="#Pg193" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wogait, Australian tribe, their belief in conception without + cohabitation, i. 103 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page320">[pg 320]</span><a name= + "Pg320" id="Pg320" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Woman feeding serpent in Greek art, i. 87 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as inspired prophetess of a god, ii. <a href="#Pg257" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Woman's dress assumed by men to deceive dangerous spirits, ii. + <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">262</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Women pass through holed stones as cure for barrenness, i. 36, + with <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + impregnated by dead saints, 78 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + impregnated by serpents, 80 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fear to be impregnated by ghosts, 93; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + impregnated by the flower of the banana, 93; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + excluded from sacrifices to Hercules, 113 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their high importance in the social system of the Pelew + Islanders, ii. <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">205</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the cultivation of the staple food in the hands of women (Pelew + Islands), <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">206</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their social importance increased by the combined influence of + mother-kin and landed property, <a href="#Pg209" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their legal superiority to men in ancient Egypt, <a href="#Pg214" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + impregnated by fire, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + priests dressed as, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">253</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dressed as men, <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">255</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg257" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + excluded from sacrifices to Hercules, <a href="#Pg258" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dressed as men at marriage, <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">262</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dressed as men at circumcision, <a href="#Pg263" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">263</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Barrenness" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Barrenness</a>, <a href="#Index-Childless" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Childless</a>, + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">and</span></span> <a href="#Index-Sacred" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Sacred Women</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— as prophetesses inspired by dead chiefs, ii. <a href="#Pg192" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + inspired by gods, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">207</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, living, regarded as the wives of dead kings, ii. <a href= + "#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>, + <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">192</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reputed the wives of gods, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">207</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Women's hair, sacrifice of, i. 38 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Wororu</span></span>, man supposed to cause + conception in women without sexual intercourse, i. 105 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Worship of ancestral spirits among the Bantu tribes of Africa, + ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">174</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among the Khasis of Assam, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">203</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the dead perhaps fused with the propitiation of the + corn-spirit, i. 233 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among the Bantu tribes, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">174</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of dead kings and chiefs in Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg160" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among the Barotse, <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">194</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + an important element in African religion, <a href="#Pg195" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of hot springs, i. 206 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of mephitic vapours, i. 203 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of volcanoes, i. 216 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Worshippers of Osiris forbidden to injure fruit-trees and to stop + up wells, ii. <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">111</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Wounds between + the arms”</span> of Hebrew prophets, i. 74 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— of the + Naaman,”</span> Arab name for the scarlet anemone, i. 226 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wreaths as amulets, ii. <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">242</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wünsch, R., on the <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthesteria</span></span>, i. 235 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on modern survivals of festivals of Adonis, 246; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Easter ceremonies in the Greek church, 254 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wyse, W., ii. <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg051" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Xenophanes of Colophon on the Egyptian rites of mourning for + gods, ii. <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">42</a>, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">43</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yam, island of Torres Straits, heroes worshipped in animal forms + in, i. 139 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yap, one of the Caroline Islands, prostitution of unmarried girls + in, ii. <a href="#Pg265" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">265</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yarilo, a personification of vegetation, i. 253 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Year, length of the solar, determined by the Theban priests, ii. + <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">26</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the fixed Alexandrian, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>, <a href="#Pg049" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href= + "#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Celtic, reckoned from November 1st, ii. <a href="#Pg081" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Egyptian, a vague year, not corrected by intercalation, + ii. <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">24</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of God, a Sothic period, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + began with the rising of Sirius, <a href="#Pg035" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the old Iranian, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Julian, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">28</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Teutonic, reckoned from October 1st, ii. <a href="#Pg081" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yehar-baal, king of Byblus, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yehaw-melech, king of Byblus, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ynglings, a Norse family, descended from Frey, ii. <a href= + "#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yombe, a Bantu tribe of Northern Rhodesia, their sacrifice of + first-fruits to the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg191" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Youth restored by the witch Medea, i. 180 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yucatan, calendar of the Indians of, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yukon River in Alaska, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yungman tribe of Australia, their belief as to the birth of + children, i. 101 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yuruks, pastoral people of Cilicia, i. 150 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zambesi, the Barotse of the, ii. <a href="#Pg193" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zas, name of priest of Corycian Zeus, i. 155 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zechariah, on the mourning of or for Hadadrimmon, i. 15 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on wounds of prophet, 74 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zekar-baal, king of Byblus, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zend-Avesta</span></span>, on the Fravashis, + ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">67</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zenjirli in Syria, Hittite sculptures at, i. 134; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + statue of horned god at, 163 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zer, old Egyptian king, his true Horus name Khent, ii. <a href= + "#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg154" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Khent" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Khent</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zerka, river in Moab, i. 215 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page321">[pg 321]</span><a name= + "Pg321" id="Pg321" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zeus, god of Tarsus assimilated to, i. 119, 143; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Cilician deity assimilated to, 144 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 148, 152; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the flower of, 186, 187; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with Attis, 282; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + castrates his father Cronus, 283; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the father of dew, ii. <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">137</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Saviour of the City, at Magnesia on the Maeander, <a href= + "#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Corycian, priests of, i. 145, 155; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + temple of, 155 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Hecate at Stratonicea in Caria, i. 270 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 227 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Labrandeus, the Carian, i. 182 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Olbian, ruins of his temple at Olba, i. 151; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his cave or chasm, 158 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his priest Teucer, 159; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a god of fertility, 159 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Olybrian, i. 167 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Papas, i. 281 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zeus and Typhon, battle of, i. 156 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 160 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zimmern, H., on Mylitta, i. 37 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zimri, king of Israel, burns himself, i. 174 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 176 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zion, Mount, traditionally identified with Mount Moriah, ii. + <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zoroastrian fire-worship in Cappadocia, i. 191 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zulu medicine-men or diviners, i. 74 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4, 75; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their charm to fertilize fields, ii. <a href="#Pg102" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zulus, their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, i. + 82, 84; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their observation of the moon, ii. <a href="#Pg134" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the worship of the dead among the, <a href="#Pg182" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their sacrifice of a bull to prolong the life of the king, + <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">222</a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-back" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc83" id="toc83"></a> <a name="pdf84" id="pdf84"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"> + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href= + "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 12-20; R. V. Lanzone, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dizionario di + Mitologia Egizia</span></span> (Turin, 1881-1884), vol. ii. pp. 692 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aegypten und + aegyptisches Leben im Altertum</span></span> (Tübingen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), pp. 365-369; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Berlin, 1909), pp. 38 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Religion der + alten Ägypter</span></span> (Münster i. W. 1890), pp. 109 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion + of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span> (London, 1897), pp. 207 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; G. Maspero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des + Peuples de l'Orient Classique</span></span>, i. 172 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Gods of the Egyptians</span></span> + (London, 1904), ii. 123 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris + and the Egyptian Resurrection</span></span> (London, 1911), i. 1 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href= + "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. H. Breasted, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Development of + Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt</span></span> (London, 1912), + pp. vii. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 77 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 84 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 91 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + Compare <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the + Ancient Egyptians</span></span> (London, 1908), p. 68; Ed. Meyer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. pp. 116 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. + A. Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Osiris and the Egyptian + Resurrection</span></span> (London, 1911), i. 100 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + The first series of the texts was discovered in 1880 when + Mariette's workmen penetrated into the pyramid of King Pepi the + First. Till then it had been thought by modern scholars that the + pyramids were destitute of inscriptions. The first to edit the + Pyramid Texts was Sir Gaston Maspero.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href= + "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. H. Breasted, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Development of + Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt</span></span>, pp. 91 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Among the earlier works + referred to in the Pyramid Texts are <span class="tei tei-q">“the + chapter of those who ascend”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the chapter of those who raise themselves up”</span> + (J. H. Breasted, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 85). From their + titles these works would seem to have recorded a belief in the + resurrection and ascension of the dead.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href= + "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This has been done by Professor J. H. + Breasted in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient + Egypt</span></span>, pp. 18 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href= + "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 12, we must clearly read ἑβδομηκοστὸν + δεύτερον with Scaliger and Wyttenbach for the ἑβδομηκοστόν of the + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href= + "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 4, with A. Wiedemann's + note; L. Ideler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen + Chronologie</span></span> (Berlin, 1825-1826), i. 94 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + A. Erman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im + Altertum</span></span>, pp. 468 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; G. + Maspero, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient + Classique</span></span>, i. 208 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href= + "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The birth of the five deities on the + five supplementary days is mentioned by Diodorus Siculus (i. 13. 4) + as well as by Plutarch (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Isis et Osiris</span></span>, 12). The memory + of the five supplementary days seems to survive in the modern + Coptic calendar of Egypt. The days from the first to the sixth of + Amshir (February) are called <span class="tei tei-q">“the days + outside the year”</span> and they are deemed unlucky. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Any child begotten during these days will infallibly + be misshapen or abnormally tall or short. This also applies to + animals so that cattle and mares are not covered during these days; + moreover, some say (though others deny) that neither sowing nor + planting should be undertaken.”</span> However, these unlucky days + are not the true intercalary days of the Coptic calendar, which + occur in the second week of September at the end of the Coptic + year. See C. G. Seligmann, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ancient + Egyptian Beliefs in Modern Egypt,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Essays and Studies + presented to William Ridgeway</span></span> (Cambridge, 1913), p. + 456. As to the unluckiness of intercalary days in general, see + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Scapegoat</span></span>, pp. 339 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href= + "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 13; Diodorus Siculus, i. 14, 17, 20; + Tibullus, i. 7. 29 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href= + "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 13 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href= + "#noteref_10">10.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aegypten und + aegyptisches Leben im Altertum</span></span>, p. 366; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + ägyptische Religion</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Berlin, 1909), p. 40; A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion of the + Ancient Egyptians</span></span> (London, 1897), pp. 213 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. A. Wallis Budge, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods + of the Egyptians</span></span>, i. 487 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + ii. 206-211; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span> (London, 1911), i. 92-96, ii. + 84, 274-276. These incidents of the scorpions are not related by + Plutarch but are known to us from Egyptian sources. The barbarous + legend of the begetting of Horus by the dead Osiris is told in + unambiguous language in the Pyramid Texts, and it is illustrated by + a monument which represents the two sister goddesses hovering in + the likeness of hawks over the god, while Hathor sits at his head + and the Frog-goddess Heqet squats in the form of a huge frog at his + feet. See J. H. Breasted, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient + Egypt</span></span>, p. 28, with note 2; E. A. Wallis Budge, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris + and the Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 280. Harpocrates is + in Egyptian <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Her-pe-khred</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Horus the child”</span> (A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion of the + Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, p. 223). Plutarch, who appears to + distinguish him from Horus, says that Harpocrates was begotten by + the dead Osiris on Isis, and that he was born untimely and was weak + in his lower limbs (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Isis et Osiris</span></span>, 19). Elsewhere + he tells us that Harpocrates <span class="tei tei-q">“was born, + incomplete and youthful, about the winter solstice along with the + early flowers and blossoms”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 65).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href= + "#noteref_11">11.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 8, 18.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href= + "#noteref_12">12.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 18.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href= + "#noteref_13">13.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 18. Compare Hippolytus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Refutatio omnium + haeresium</span></span>, v. 7, p. 142, ed. L. Duncker and F. G. + Schneidewin (Göttingen, 1859).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href= + "#noteref_14">14.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diodorus Siculus, i. 21. 5-11; compare + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, iv. 6. 3; Strabo, xvii. 1. + 23, p. 803.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href= + "#noteref_15">15.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Das Osiris-Mysterium von Tentyra,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + ägyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde</span></span>, xix. (1881) + pp. 77 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; V. Loret, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Les fêtes d'Osiris au mois de Khoiak,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Recueil + de Travaux relatifs à la Philologie et à l'Archéologie Égyptiennes + et Assyriennes</span></span>, iii. (1882) pp. 43 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + R. V. Lanzone, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia</span></span>, + pp. 697 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Herodots zweites + Buch</span></span> (Leipsic, 1890), pp. 584 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Religion der + alten Ägypter</span></span>, p. 115; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion + of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, pp. 215 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + A. Erman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im + Altertum</span></span>, pp. 367 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href= + "#noteref_16">16.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Rendel Harris, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Annotators of the + Codex Bezae</span></span> (London, 1901), p. 104, note 2, referring + to Dulaure.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href= + "#noteref_17">17.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Berlin, 1909), pp. 39 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. A. Wallis Budge, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris + and the Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, ii. 59 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href= + "#noteref_18">18.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion of the + Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, p. 211.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href= + "#noteref_19">19.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 39 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; G. + Maspero, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient + Classique</span></span>, i. 176; E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods of the + Egyptians</span></span>, ii. 140, 262; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris + and the Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 70-75, 80-82. On + Osiris as king of the dead see Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 79.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href= + "#noteref_20">20.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miss Margaret A. Murray, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Osireion at + Abydos</span></span> (London, 1904), pp. 8, 17, 18.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href= + "#noteref_21">21.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On Osiris as judge of the dead see A. + Wiedemann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Religion der alten Ägypter</span></span>, + pp. 131 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion + of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, pp. 248 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + G. Maspero, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient + Classique</span></span>, i. 187 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Book of the Dead</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (London, 1909), i. pp. liii. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods + of the Egyptians</span></span>, ii. 141 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 305 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + A. Erman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 116 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href= + "#noteref_22">22.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Book of the Dead</span></span>, ch. cxxv. + (vol. ii. pp. 355 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> of Budge's translation; P. + Pierret, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Le Livre des Morts</span></span>, Paris, 1882, + pp. 369 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>); R. V. Lanzone, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia</span></span>, + pp. 788 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Religion der + alten Ägypter</span></span>, pp. 132-134; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion + of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, pp. 249 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + G. Maspero, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient + Classique</span></span>, i. 188-191; A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 117-121; E. A. Wallis + Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Osiris and the Egyptian + Resurrection</span></span>, i. 337 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + J. H. Breasted, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient + Egypt</span></span>, pp. 297 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href= + "#noteref_23">23.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. 121. Compare A. + Wiedemann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Religion der alten Ägypter</span></span>, + pp. 134 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion + of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, p. 253.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href= + "#noteref_24">24.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion of the + Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, p. 254; E. A. Wallis Budge, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris + and the Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 305 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + G. Maspero, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> i. 194 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. + Erman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 121 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Osiris and the Egyptian + Resurrection</span></span>, i. 97 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 100 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; E. Lefébure, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Le Paradis Egyptien,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sphinx</span></span>, + iii. (Upsala, 1900) pp. 191 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href= + "#noteref_25">25.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion of the + Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, p. 249. Compare A. Erman, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + ägyptische Religion</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + pp. 117, 121; E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 317, 328.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href= + "#noteref_26">26.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Maspero, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Le rituel du sacrifice funéraire,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Études de Mythologie + et d'Archéologie Égyptiennes</span></span> (Paris, 1893-1912), i. + 291 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href= + "#noteref_27">27.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Maspero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 300-316. Compare A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Religion der + alten Ägypter</span></span>, pp. 123 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion of the + Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, pp. 234 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Book of the Dead</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (London, 1909), i. pp. iiii. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods + of the Egyptians</span></span>, ii. 126, 140 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 66 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 101 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 176, 305, 399 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. + Moret, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Du + Caractère religieux de la Royauté Pharaonique</span></span> (Paris, + 1902), p. 312; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kings and Gods of + Egypt</span></span> (New York and London, 1912), pp. 91 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mystères + Égyptiens</span></span> (Paris, 1913), pp. 37 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“In one of the ceremonies of the + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Opening of the Mouth’</span> the deceased + was temporarily placed in a bull's skin, which was probably that of + one of the bulls which were offered up during the celebration of + the service. From this skin the deceased obtained further power, + and his emergence from it was the visible symbol of his + resurrection and of his entrance into everlasting life with all the + strength of Osiris and Horus”</span> (E. A. Wallis Budge, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris + and the Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 400).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href= + "#noteref_28">28.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aegypten und + aegyptisches Leben im Altertum</span></span>, p. 416; J. H. + Breasted, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">History of the Ancient + Egyptians</span></span>, pp. 149 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Margaret A. Murray, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Osireion at Abydos</span></span> (London, + 1904), p. 31. Under the earlier dynasties only kings appear to have + been identified with Osiris.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href= + "#noteref_29">29.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Moret, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mystères + Égyptiens</span></span> (Paris, 1913), p. 40.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href= + "#noteref_30">30.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 111-113. However, in + later times the body with which the dead came to life was believed + to be a spiritual, not a material body; it was called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sāhu</span></span>. See E. A. Wallis Budge, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Book + of the Dead</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. pp. lvii. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, ii. 123 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href= + "#noteref_31">31.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 19 and 55; A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aegypten und + aegyptisches Leben im Altertum</span></span>, p. 368; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + ägyptische Religion</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + pp. 41 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Religion der + alten Ägypter</span></span>, p. 114; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion + of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, pp. 214 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; G. + Maspero, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient + Classique</span></span>, i. 176-178; E. A. Wallis Budge, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris + and the Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 62 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 64, 89 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 309 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href= + "#noteref_32">32.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 290 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href= + "#noteref_33">33.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion of the + Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, p. 217. For details see E. A. + Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Osiris and the Egyptian + Resurrection</span></span>, i. 30 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href= + "#noteref_34">34.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. H. Breasted, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the + Ancient Egyptians</span></span> (London, 1908), p. 61; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient + Egypt</span></span>, p. 38; E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 37, 67, 81, 210, 212, 214, + 290, ii. 1, 2, 8-13, 82-85; A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 21, 23, 110; A. + Wiedemann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Religion of the Ancient + Egyptians</span></span>, p. 289; Ed. Meyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. pp. 70, 96, 97. It + appears to be now generally held that the original seat of the + worship of Osiris was at Busiris, but that at Abydos the god found + a second home, which in time eclipsed the old one in glory. + According to Professors Ed. Meyer and A. Erman, the god whom Osiris + displaced at Abydos was Anubis.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href= + "#noteref_35">35.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 20; A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aegypten und + aegyptisches Leben im Altertum</span></span>, p. 417; J. H. + Breasted, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">History of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span> + (London, 1908), pp. 148 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Ed. Meyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. p. 209; E. A. Wallis + Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Osiris and the Egyptian + Resurrection</span></span>, i. 68 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + ii. 3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href= + "#noteref_36">36.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ed. Meyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. p. 125.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href= + "#noteref_37">37.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. H. Breasted, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the + Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, pp. 43, 50 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + excavations were begun by E. Amélineau and continued by W. M. + Flinders Petrie (Ed. Meyer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. p. 119). See E. + Amélineau, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Le Tombeau d'Osiris</span></span> (Paris, + 1899); W. M. Flinders Petrie, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Royal Tombs of the Earliest + Dynasties</span></span>, Part ii. (London, 1901). The excavations + of the former have been criticized by Sir Gaston Maspero + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Études + de Mythologie et d'Archéologie Égyptiennes</span></span>, vi. + (Paris, 1912) pp. 153-182).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href= + "#noteref_38">38.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ed. Meyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. pp. 119, 124; E. A. + Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Osiris and the Egyptian + Resurrection</span></span>, ii. 8. The place is now known by the + Arabic name of Umm al-Ka'âb or <span class="tei tei-q">“Mother of + Pots”</span> on account of the large quantity of pottery that has + been found there.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href= + "#noteref_39">39.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ed. Meyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. pp. 119, 125, 127, + 128, 129, 209. The king's Horus name has sometimes been read Zer, + but according to Professor Meyer (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 128) and Dr. Budge (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, ii. 83) the true reading is + Khent (Chent). The king's personal name was perhaps Ka (Ed. Meyer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 128).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href= + "#noteref_40">40.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Amélineau, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Tombeau + d'Osiris</span></span> (Paris, 1899), pp. 107-115; W. M. Flinders + Petrie, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Royal Tombs of the Earliest + Dynasties</span></span>, Part ii. (London, 1901) pp. 8 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 16-19, with the frontispiece and plates lx. lxi.; G. Maspero, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Études de + Mythologie et d'Archéologie Égyptiennes</span></span> (Paris, + 1893-1912), vi. 167-173; J. H. Breasted, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the + Ancient Egyptians</span></span> (London, 1908), pp. 50 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 148; E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Osiris and the Egyptian + Resurrection</span></span>, ii. 8-10, 13, 83-85. The tomb, with its + interesting contents, was discovered and excavated by Monsieur E. + Amélineau. The masses, almost the mountains, of broken pottery, + under which the tomb was found to be buried, are probably remains + of the vessels in which pious pilgrims presented their offerings at + the shrine. See E. Amélineau, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> pp. 85 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. + H. Breasted, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> pp. 51, 148. The high + White Crown, worn by Osiris, was the symbol of the king's dominion + over Upper Egypt; the flat Red Crown, with a high backpiece and a + projecting spiral, was the symbol of his dominion over Lower Egypt. + On the monuments the king is sometimes represented wearing a + combination of the White and the Red Crown to symbolize his + sovereignty over both the South and the North. White was the + distinctive colour of Upper, as red was of Lower, Egypt. The + treasury of Upper Egypt was called <span class="tei tei-q">“the + White House”</span>; the treasury of Lower Egypt was called + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Red House.”</span> See Ed. Meyer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. pp. 103 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. + H. Breasted, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">History of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span> + (London, 1908), pp. 34 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 36, 41.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href= + "#noteref_41">41.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Moret, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mystères + Égyptiens</span></span> (Paris, 1913), pp. 159-162, with plate iii. + Compare Victor Loret, <span class="tei tei-q">“L'Égypte au temps du + totémisme,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Conférences faites au Musée Guimet, + Bibliothèque de Vulgarisation</span></span>, xix. (Paris, 1906) pp. + 179-186. Both these writers regard the hawk as the totem of the + royal clan. This view is rejected by Prof. Ed. Meyer, who, however, + holds that Horus, whose emblem was the hawk, was the oldest + national god of Egypt (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. pp. 102-106). He + prefers to suppose that the hawk, or rather the falcon, was the + emblem of a god of light because the bird flies high in the sky + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 73; according to him the bird is not the + sparrow-hawk but the falcon, ib. p. 75). A similar view is adopted + by Professor A. Wiedemann (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Religion of the Ancient + Egyptians</span></span>, p. 26). Compare A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 10, 11. The native + Egyptian name of Hawk-town was Nechen, in Greek it was + Hieraconpolis (Ed. Meyer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 103). Hawks were + worshipped by the inhabitants (Strabo, xvii. 1. 47, p. 817).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href= + "#noteref_42">42.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to the legend the four sons + of Horus were set by Anubis to protect the burial of Osiris. They + washed his dead body, they mourned over him, and they opened his + cold lips with their fingers. But they disappeared, for Isis had + caused them to grow out of a lotus flower in a pool of water. In + that position they are sometimes represented in Egyptian art before + the seated effigy of Osiris. See A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. 43; E. A. Wallis Budge, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris + and the Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 40, 41, 327.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href= + "#noteref_43">43.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg009" class= + "tei tei-ref">9</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href= + "#noteref_44">44.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 16 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href= + "#noteref_45">45.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cyril of Alexandria, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">In + Isaiam</span></span>, lib. ii. Tomus iii. (Migne's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrologia + Graeca</span></span>, lxx. 441).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href= + "#noteref_46">46.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to the Egyptian calendar see L. + Ideler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen + Chronologie</span></span> (Berlin, 1825-1826), i. 93 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Sir J. G. Wilkinson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Manners and Customs of the Ancient + Egyptians</span></span> (London, 1878), ii. 368 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + R. Lepsius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Chronologie der Aegypter</span></span>, i. + (Berlin, 1849) pp. 125 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Ägyptologie</span></span> (Leipsic, 1891), pp. 347-366; A. Erman, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aegypten + und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum</span></span>, pp. 468 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; G. Maspero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des + Peuples de l'Orient Classique</span></span>, i. 207-210; Ed. Meyer, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Aegyptische Chronologie,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der königl. Preuss. Akademie der + Wissenschaften</span></span>, 1904, pp. 2 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nachträge zur ägyptischen Chronologie,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der königl. Preuss. Akademie der + Wissenschaften</span></span>, 1907, pp. 3 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. pp. 28 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 98 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; F. K. Ginzel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch der + mathematischen und technischen Chronologie</span></span>, i. + (Leipsic, 1906) pp. 150 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href= + "#noteref_47">47.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 4, with A. Wiedemann's + note; Geminus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Elementa Astronomiae</span></span>, 8, p. 106, + ed. C. Manitius (Leipsic, 1898); Censorinus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De die + natali</span></span>, xviii. 10.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href= + "#noteref_48">48.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Geminus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Elementa + Astronomiae</span></span>, 8, pp. 106 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + ed. C. Manitius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href= + "#noteref_49">49.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diodorus Siculus, i. 50. 2; Strabo, + xvii. i. 46, p. 816. According to H. Brugsch (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Ägyptologie</span></span>, pp. 349 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>), + the Egyptians would seem to have denoted the movable year of the + calendar and the fixed year of the sun by different written + symbols. For more evidence that they were acquainted with a four + years' period, corrected by intercalation, see R. Lepsius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chronologie der Aegypter</span></span>, i. 149 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href= + "#noteref_50">50.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Geminus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Elementa + Astronomiae</span></span>, 8, p. 106, ed. C. Manitius. The same + writer further (p. 108) describes as a popular Greek error the + opinion that the Egyptian festival of Isis coincided with the + winter solstice. In his day, he tells us, the two events were + separated by an interval of a full month, though they had coincided + a hundred and twenty years before the time he was writing.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href= + "#noteref_51">51.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Scholia in Caesaris Germanici + Aratea</span></span>, p. 409, ed. Fr. Eyssenhardt, in his edition + of Martianus Capella (Leipsic, 1866).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href= + "#noteref_52">52.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Copies of the decree in hieroglyphic, + demotic, and Greek have been found inscribed on stones in Egypt. + See Ch. Michel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Recueil d'Inscriptions Grecques</span></span> + (Brussels, 1900), pp. 415 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, No. 551; W. Dittenberger, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orientis + Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae</span></span> (Leipsic, 1903-1905), + vol. i. pp. 91 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, No. 56; J. P. Mahaffy, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Empire of the Ptolemies</span></span> (London, 1895), pp. 205 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 226 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + The star mentioned in the decree is the Dog-star (Sirius). See + below, pp. <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref">34</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href= + "#noteref_53">53.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Dittenberger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orientis Graeci + Inscriptiones Selectae</span></span>, vol. i. pp. 140 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + No. 90, with note 25 of the editor.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href= + "#noteref_54">54.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On the Alexandrian year see L. Ideler, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch + der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie</span></span>, i. + 140 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> That admirable chronologer + argued (pp. 153-161) that the innovation was introduced not, as had + been commonly supposed, in 25 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, but in 30 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, the year in which + Augustus defeated Mark Antony under the walls of Alexandria and + captured the city. However, the question seems to be still + unsettled. See F. K. Ginzel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen + Chronologie</span></span>, i. 226 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + who thinks it probable that the change was made in 26 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> For the purposes of + this study the precise date of the introduction of the Alexandrian + year is not material.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href= + "#noteref_55">55.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In demotic the fixed Alexandrian year + is called <span class="tei tei-q">“the year of the Ionians,”</span> + while the old movable year is styled <span class="tei tei-q">“the + year of the Egyptians.”</span> Documents have been found which are + dated by the day and the month of both years. See H. Brugsch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Ägyptologie</span></span>, pp. 354 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href= + "#noteref_56">56.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Ideler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 149-152. Macrobius thought that the Egyptians + had always employed a solar year of 365-¼ days (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> + i. 12. 2, i. 14. 3). The ancient calendar of the Mexicans resembled + that of the Egyptians except that it was divided into eighteen + months of twenty days each (instead of twelve months of thirty days + each), with five supplementary days added at the end of the year. + These supplementary days (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">nemontemi</span></span>) + were deemed unlucky: nothing was done on them: they were dedicated + to no deity; and persons born on them were considered unfortunate. + See B. de Sahagun, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Histoire générale des choses de la + Nouvelle-Espagne</span></span>, traduite par D. Jourdanet et R. + Simeon (Paris, 1880), pp. 50, 164; F. S. Clavigero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of + Mexico</span></span> (London, 1807), i. 290. Unlike the Egyptian + calendar, however, the Mexican appears to have been regularly + corrected by intercalation so as to bring it into harmony with the + solar year. But as to the mode of intercalation our authorities + differ. According to the positive statement of Sahagun, one of the + earliest and best authorities, the Mexicans corrected the + deficiency of their year by intercalating one day in every fourth + year, which is precisely the correction adopted in the Alexandrian + and the Julian calendar. See B. de Sahagun, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 286 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, where he expressly asserts + the falsehood of the view that the bissextile year was unknown to + the Mexicans. This weighty statement is confirmed by the practice + of the Indians of Yucatan. Like the Aztecs, they reckoned a year to + consist of 360 days divided into 18 months of 20 days each, with 5 + days added so as to make a total of 365 days, but every fourth year + they intercalated a day so as to make a total of 366 days. See + Diego de Landa, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Relation des choses de Yucatan</span></span> + (Paris, 1864), pp. 202 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> On the other hand the + historian Clavigero, who lived in the eighteenth century, but used + earlier authorities, tells us that the Mexicans <span class= + "tei tei-q">“did not interpose a day every four years, but thirteen + days (making use here even of this favourite number) every + fifty-two years; which produces the same regulation of time”</span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History + of Mexico</span></span>, Second Edition, London, 1807, vol. i. p. + 293). However, the view that the Mexicans corrected their year by + intercalation is rejected by Professor E. Seler. See his + <span class="tei tei-q">“Mexican Chronology,”</span> in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bulletin + 28</span></span> of the Bureau of American Ethnology (Washington, + 1904), pp. 13 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; and on the other side Miss + Zelia Nuttall, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Periodical Adjustments + of the Ancient Mexican Calendar,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American + Anthropologist</span></span>, N.S. vi. (1904) pp. 486-500.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href= + "#noteref_57">57.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 36, with A. Wiedemann's + note; Diodorus Siculus, i. 14-1, i. 17. 1; Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> v. 57 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, xviii. 60; Sir J. Gardiner + Wilkinson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Manners and Customs of the Ancient + Egyptians</span></span> (London, 1878), ii. 398, 399, 418, 426 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aegypten und + aegyptisches Leben im Altertum</span></span>, pp. 577 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + A. de Candolle, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Origin of Cultivated Plants</span></span> + (London, 1884), pp. 354 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 369, 381; G. Maspero, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire + ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient Classique</span></span>, i. + 66.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href= + "#noteref_58">58.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 14; Diodorus Siculus, + i. 36; Strabo, xvii. 1. 3, pp. 786-788; Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xviii. 167-170; Seneca, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Natur. + Quaest.</span></span> iv. 2. 1-10; E. W. Lane, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manners and Customs + of the Modern Egyptians</span></span> (Paisley and London, 1895), + pp. 17 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 495 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + A. Erman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> pp. 21-25; G. Maspero, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 22 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> However, since the Suez + Canal was cut, rain has been commoner in Lower Egypt (A. H. Sayce + on Herodotus, ii. 14).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59" href= + "#noteref_59">59.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Maspero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des + Peuples de l'Orient Classique</span></span>, i. 22-26; A. Erman, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aegypten + und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum</span></span>, p. 23. According + to Lane (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> pp. 17 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>) + the Nile rises in Egypt about the summer solstice (June 21) and + reaches its greatest height by the autumnal equinox (September 22). + This agrees exactly with the statement of Diodorus Siculus (i. 36. + 2). Herodotus says (ii. 19) that the rise of the river lasted for a + hundred days from the summer solstice. Compare Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> v. 57, xviii. 167; Seneca, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Quaest.</span></span> iv. 2. 1. According to Prof. Ginzel the Nile + does not rise in Egypt till the last week of June (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch der + mathematischen und technischen Chronologie</span></span>, i. 154). + For ancient descriptions of Egypt in time of flood see Herodotus, + ii. 97; Diodorus Siculus, i. 36. 8 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Strabo, xvii. 1. 4, p. 788; Aelian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De natura + animalium</span></span>, x. 43; Achilles Tatius, iv. 12; Seneca, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Natur. + Quaest.</span></span> iv. 2. 8 and 11.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60" href= + "#noteref_60">60.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir J. Gardiner Wilkinson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manners + and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span> (London, 1878), + ii. 365 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. W. Lane, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manners and Customs + of the Modern Egyptians</span></span> (Paisley and London, 1895), + pp. 498 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; G. Maspero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des + Peuples de l'Orient Classique</span></span>, i. 23 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 69. The last-mentioned writer says (p. 24) that the dams are + commonly cut between the first and sixteenth of July, but + apparently he means August.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61" href= + "#noteref_61">61.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir J. D. Wilkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 398 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Prof. W. M. Flinders + Petrie, cited above, vol. i. p. 231, note 3. According to Pliny + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xviii. 60) barley was reaped in Egypt in the + sixth month from sowing, and wheat in the seventh month. Diodorus + Siculus, on the other hand, says (i. 36. 4) that the corn was + reaped after four or five months. Perhaps Pliny refers to Lower, + and Diodorus to Upper Egypt. Elsewhere Pliny affirms (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xviii. 169) that the corn was sown at the + beginning of November, and that the reaping began at the end of + March and was completed in May. This certainly applies better to + Lower than to Upper Egypt.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62" href= + "#noteref_62">62.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, x. 32. 18.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63" href= + "#noteref_63">63.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, ii. 278.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64" href= + "#noteref_64">64.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">N. Adriani en Alb. C. Kruijt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Bare'e-sprekende Toradjas van Midden-Celebes</span></span> + (Batavia, 1912), i. 273. The more civilized Indians of tropical + America, who practised agriculture and had developed a barbaric + art, appear to have commonly represented the rain-god in human form + with tears streaming down from his eyes. See T. A. Joyce, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Weeping God,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Essays and Studies + presented to William Ridgeway</span></span> (Cambridge, 1913), pp. + 365-374.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65" href= + "#noteref_65">65.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This we learn from inscriptions at + Silsilis. See A. Moret, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mystères Égyptiens</span></span> (Paris, + 1913), p. 180.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66" href= + "#noteref_66">66.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. W. Lane, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manners and Customs + of the Modern Egyptians</span></span> (Paisley and London, 1895), + ch. xxvi. pp. 495 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67" href= + "#noteref_67">67.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Ideler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch der + mathematischen und technischen Chronologie</span></span>, i. 124 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; R. Lepsius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Chronologie der + Aegypter</span></span>, i. 168 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; F. + K. Ginzel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen + Chronologie</span></span>, i. 190 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Ed. Meyer, <span class="tei tei-q">“Nachträge zur ägyptischen + Chronologie,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der königl. Preuss. Akademie der + Wissenschaften</span></span>, 1907 (Berlin, 1908), pp. 11 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 28 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 99 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> The coincidence of the + rising of Sirius with the swelling of the Nile is mentioned by + Tibullus (i. 7. 21 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>) and Aelian (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De natura + animalium</span></span>, x. 45). In later times, as a consequence + of the precession of the equinoxes, the rising of Sirius gradually + diverged from the summer solstice, falling later and later in the + solar year. In the sixteenth and fifteenth century <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> Sirius rose seventeen + days after the summer solstice, and at the date of the Canopic + decree (238 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>) it rose a whole + month after the first swelling of the Nile. See L. Ideler, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 130; F. K. Ginzel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 190; Ed. Meyer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nachträge zur ägyptischen Chronologie,”</span> pp. 11 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> According to Censorinus + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De die + natali</span></span>, xxi. 10), Sirius regularly rose in Egypt on + the twentieth of July (Julian calendar); and this was true of + latitude 30° in Egypt (the latitude nearly of Heliopolis and + Memphis) for about three thousand years of Egyptian history. See L. + Ideler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> i. 128-130. But the + date of the rising of the star is not the same throughout Egypt; it + varies with the latitude, and the variation within the limits of + Egypt amounts to seven days or more. Roughly speaking, Sirius rises + nearly a whole day earlier for each degree of latitude you go + south. Thus, whereas near Alexandria in the north Sirius does not + rise till the twenty-second of July, at Syene in the south it rises + on the sixteenth of July. See R. Lepsius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 168 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; F. K. Ginzel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 182 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Now it is to be remembered + that the rising of the Nile, as well as the rising of Sirius, is + observed earlier and earlier the further south you go. The + coincident variation of the two phenomena could hardly fail to + confirm the Egyptians in their belief of a natural or supernatural + connexion between them.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68" href= + "#noteref_68">68.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diodorus Siculus, i. 27. 4; Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 21, 22, 38, 61; Porphyry, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De antro + nympharum</span></span>, 24; Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius, ii. + 517; Canopic decree, lines 36 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, in W. Dittenberger's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orientis + Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae</span></span>, vol. i. p. 102, No. 56 + (lines 28 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> in Ch. Michel's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Recueil + d'Inscriptions Grecques</span></span>, p. 417, No. 551); R. V. + Lanzone, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia</span></span>, + pp. 825 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> On the ceiling of the + Memnonium at Thebes the heliacal rising of Sirius is represented + under the form and name of Isis (Sir J. G. Wilkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manners and Customs + of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, London, 1878, iii. + 102).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69" href= + "#noteref_69">69.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Porphyry and the Canopic decree, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ll.cc.</span></span>; Censorinus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De die + natali</span></span>, xviii. 10, xxi. 10. In inscriptions on the + temple at Syene, the modern Assuan, Isis is called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the mistress of the beginning of the year,”</span> the + goddess <span class="tei tei-q">“who revolves about the world, near + to the constellation of Orion, who rises in the eastern sky and + passes to the west perpetually”</span> (R. V. Lanzone, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 826). According to some, the festival of the + rising of Sirius and the beginning of the sacred year was held on + the nineteenth, not the twentieth of July. See Ed. Meyer, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ägyptische Chronologie,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der königl. Preuss. Akademie der + Wissenschaften</span></span>, 1904, pp. 22 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nachträge zur ägyptischen Chronologie,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der königl. Preuss. Akademie der + Wissenschaften</span></span>, 1907, pp. 7 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. pp. 28 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 98 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70" href= + "#noteref_70">70.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eudoxi ars + astronomica, qualis in charta Aegyptiaca superest</span></span>, + ed. F. Blass (Kiliae, 1887), p. 14, οἱ δὲ ἀσ[τρο]λ[ό]γοι καὶ οἱ + ἱερογραμμ[ατεῖς] χ[ρῶν]ται ταῖς κατὰ σελή[ν]ἠ[ν] ἡμ[έ]ραις καὶ + ἄγουσι πανδημ[ι]κὰς ἕ[ορ]τας τινὰς μὲν ὡς ἐνομί[σθ]ἠ τὰ δὲ + καταχυτήρια καὶ κυνὸς ἀνατολὴν καὶ σεληναῖα κατὰ θεό[ν], + ἀναλεγόμενοι τὰς ἡμέρας ἐκ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων. This statement of + Eudoxus or of one of his pupils is important, since it definitely + proves that, besides the shifting festivals of the shifting + official year, the Egyptians celebrated other festivals, which + were dated by direct observation of natural phenomena, namely, + the annual inundation, the rise of Sirius, and the phases of the + moon. The same distinction of the fixed from the movable + festivals is indicated in one of the Hibeh papyri, but the + passage is unfortunately mutilated. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Hibeh + Papyri</span></span>, part i., edited by B. P. Grenfell and A. S. + Hunt (London, 1906), pp. 145, 151 (pointed out to me by my friend + Mr. W. Wyse). The annual festival in honour of Ptolemy and + Berenice was fixed on the day of the rising of Sirius. See the + Canopic decree, in W. Dittenberger's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orientis Graeci + Inscriptiones Selectae</span></span>, No. 56 (vol. i. pp. 102 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The rise of + Sirius was carefully observed by the islanders of Ceos, in the + Aegean. They watched for it with arms in their hands and + sacrificed on the mountains to the star, drawing from its aspect + omens of the salubrity or unhealthiness of the coming year. The + sacrifice was believed to secure the advent of the cool North + winds (the Etesian winds as the Greeks call them), which + regularly begin to blow about this time of the year, and mitigate + the oppressive heat of summer in the Aegean. See Apollonius + Rhodius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Argon.</span></span> ii. 516-527, with the + notes of the Scholiast on vv. 498, 526; Theophrastus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + ventis</span></span>, ii. 14; Clement of Alexandria, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Strom.</span></span> vi. 3. 29, p. 753, ed. + Potter; Nonnus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dionys.</span></span> v. 269-279; Hyginus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Astronomica</span></span>, ii. 4; Cicero, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + divinatione</span></span>, i. 57. 130; M. P. Nilsson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Griechische Feste</span></span> (Leipsic, + 1906), pp. 6-8; C. Neumann und J. Partsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Physikalische + Geographie von Griechenland</span></span> (Breslau, 1885), pp. 96 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> On the top of Mount + Pelion in Thessaly there was a sanctuary of Zeus, where + sacrifices were offered at the rising of Sirius, in the height of + the summer, by men of rank, who were chosen by the priest and + wore fresh sheep-skins. See [Dicaearchus,] <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Descriptio Graeciae,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geographi Graeci + Minores</span></span>, ed. C. Müller, i. 107; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historicorum + Graecorum Fragmenta</span></span>, ed. C. Müller, ii. 262.</p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71" href= + "#noteref_71">71.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg024" class= + "tei tei-ref">24</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72" href= + "#noteref_72">72.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We know from + Censorinus (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De die natali</span></span>, xxi. 10) that + the first of Thoth coincided with the heliacal rising of Sirius + on July 20 (Julian calendar) in the year 139 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> Hence reckoning + backwards by Sothic periods of 1460 solar years we may infer that + Sirius rose on July 20th (Julian calendar) in the years 1321 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, 2781 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, and 4241 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>; and accordingly + that the civil or vague Egyptian year of 365 days was instituted + in one of these years. In favour of supposing that it was + instituted either in 2781 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> or 4241 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, it may be said + that in both these years the rising of Sirius nearly coincided + with the summer solstice and the rising of the Nile; whereas in + the year 1321 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> the summer + solstice, and with it the rising of the Nile, fell nineteen days + before the rising of Sirius and the first of Thoth. Now when we + consider the close causal connexion which the Egyptians traced + between the rising of Sirius and the rising of the Nile, it seems + probable that they started the new calendar on the first of Thoth + in a year in which the two natural phenomena coincided rather + than in one in which they diverged from each other by nineteen + days. Prof. Ed. Meyer decides in favour of the year 4241 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> as the date of the + introduction of the Egyptian calendar on the ground that the + calendar was already well known in the Old Kingdom. See L. + Ideler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> i. 125 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + F. K. Ginzel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> i. 192 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Ed. Meyer, <span class="tei tei-q">“Nachträge zur ägyptischen + Chronologie,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der königl. Preuss. Akademie + der Wissenschaften</span></span>, 1907 (Berlin, 1908), pp. 11 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. pp. 28 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 98 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> When the fixed + Alexandrian year was introduced in 30 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> (see above, pp. + <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref">27</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>) + the first of Thoth fell on August 29, which accordingly was + thenceforth reckoned the first day of the year in the Alexandrian + calendar. See L. Ideler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> i. 153 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + The period of 1460 solar or 1461 movable Egyptian years was + variously called a Sothic period (Clement of Alexandria, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Strom.</span></span> i. 21. 136, p. 401 ed. + Potter), a Canicular year (from <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Canicula</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Dog-star,”</span> that is, Sirius), a heliacal + year, and a year of God (Censorinus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De die + natali</span></span>, xviii. 10). But there is no evidence or + probability that the period was recognized by the Egyptian + astronomers who instituted the movable year of 365 days. Rather, + as Ideler pointed out (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> i. 132), it must have + been a later discovery based on continued observations of the + heliacal rising of Sirius and of its gradual displacement through + the whole length of the official calendar. Brugsch, indeed, went + so far as to suppose that the period was a discovery of + astronomers of the second century <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>, to which they were + led by the coincidence of the first of Thoth with the heliacal + rising of Sirius in 139 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Ägyptologie</span></span>, p. 357). But the discovery, based as + it is on a very simple calculation (365 × 4 = 1460), could hardly + fail to be made as soon as astronomers estimated the length of + the solar year at 365-¼ days, and that they did so at least as + early as 238 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> is proved + conclusively by the Canopic decree. See above, pp. 25 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 27. As to the Sothic + period see further R. Lepsius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Chronologie der + Aegypter</span></span>, i. 165 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + F. K. Ginzel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> i. 187 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For the + convenience of the reader I subjoin a table of the Egyptian + months, with their dates, as these fell, (1) in a year when the + first of Thoth coincided with July 20 of the Julian calendar, and + (2) in the fixed Alexandrian year.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Egyptian + Months, Sothic Year beginning July 20, Alexandrian Year.<br /> + 1 Thoth, 20 July, 29 August<br /> + 1 Phaophi, 19 August, 28 September<br /> + 1 Atbyr, 18 September, 28 October<br /> + 1 Khoiak, 18 October, 27 November<br /> + 1 Tybi, 17 November, 27 December<br /> + 1 Mechir, 17 December, 26 January<br /> + 1 Phamenoth, 16 January, 25 February<br /> + 1 Pharmuthi, 15 February, 27 March<br /> + 1 Pachon, 17 March, 26 April<br /> + 1 Payni, 16 April, 26 May<br /> + 1 Epiphi, 16 May, 25 June<br /> + 1 Mesori, 15 June, 25 July<br /> + 1 Supplementary, 15 July, 24 August</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">See L. Ideler, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 143 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; F. K. Ginzel, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 200.</p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73" href= + "#noteref_73">73.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Canopic decree (above, p. <a href= + "#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref">27</a>) suffices to prove that the + Egyptian astronomers, long before Caesar's time, were well + acquainted with the approximately exact length of the solar year, + although they did not use their knowledge to correct the calendar + except for a short time in the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes. With + regard to Caesar's debt to the Egyptian astronomers see Dio + Cassius, xliii. 26; Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturn</span></span>, + i. 14. 3, i. 16. 39; L. Ideler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch der + mathematischen und technischen Chronologie</span></span>, i. 166 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74" href= + "#noteref_74">74.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. W. Lane, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manners and Customs + of the Modern Egyptians</span></span> (Paisley and London, 1895), + ch. xxvi. pp. 499 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75" href= + "#noteref_75">75.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bruno Gutmann, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Feldbausitten und Wachstumsbräuche der + Wadschagga,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</span></span>, xlv. + (1913) pp. 484 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76" href= + "#noteref_76">76.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hon. K. R. Dundas, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the tribes inhabiting the Baringo District, + East Africa Protectorate,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the Royal + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xl. (1910) p. 54.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77" href= + "#noteref_77">77.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. W. Lane, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 500-504; Sir Auckland Colvin, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Making of Modern + Egypt</span></span> (London, 1906), pp. 278 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + According to the latter writer, a dressed dummy was thrown into the + river at each cutting of the dam.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78" href= + "#noteref_78">78.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Seneca, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Naturales + Quaestiones</span></span>, iv. 2. 7. The cutting of the dams is + mentioned by Diodorus Siculus (i. 36. 3), and the festival on that + occasion (τὰ καταχυτήρια) is noticed by Eudoxus (or one of his + pupils) in a passage which has already been quoted. See above, p. + <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref">35</a>, note 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79" href= + "#noteref_79">79.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir Auckland Colvin, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80" href= + "#noteref_80">80.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Τῆς Ἀχαίας. Plutarch derives the name + from ἄχος, <span class="tei tei-q">“pain,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“grief.”</span> But the etymology is uncertain. It has + lately been proposed to derive the epithet from ὀχή, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“nourishment.”</span> See M. P. Nilsson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Griechische + Feste</span></span> (Leipsic, 1906), p. 326. As to the vaults + (μέγαρα) of Demeter see Pausanias, ix. 8. 1; Scholiast on Lucian, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dial. + Meretr.</span></span> ii. pp. 275 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + ed. H. Rabe (Leipsic, 1906).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81" href= + "#noteref_81">81.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In antiquity the Pleiades set at dawn + about the end of October or early in November. See L. Ideler, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch + der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie</span></span>, i. + 242; Aug. Mommsen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chronologie</span></span> (Leipsic, 1883), pp. + 16, 27; G. F. Unger, <span class="tei tei-q">“Zeitrechnung der + Griechen und Römer,”</span> in Iwan Müller's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch der + klassischen Altertumswissenschaft</span></span>, i.<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + (Nördlingen, 1886) pp. 558, 585.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82" href= + "#noteref_82">82.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Τὰς παρουσίας τῶν ἀναγκαίων καί + ἀποκρύψεις.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83" href= + "#noteref_83">83.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 69-71. With the sleep of the Phrygian gods we + may compare the sleep of Vishnu. The toils and anxieties of the + Indian farmer <span class="tei tei-q">“are continuous, and his only + period of comparative rest is in the heavy rain time, when, as he + says, the god Vishnu goes to sleep, and does not wake till October + is well advanced and the time has come to begin cutting and + crushing the sugar-cane and boiling down the juice”</span> (W. + Crooke, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Natives of Northern India</span></span>, + London, 1907, p. 159).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_84" name="note_84" href= + "#noteref_84">84.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 77.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_85" name="note_85" href= + "#noteref_85">85.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Spirits of the Corn and of the + Wild</span></span>, ii. 204 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_86" name="note_86" href= + "#noteref_86">86.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Hill Tout, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Report on the Ethnology of the Stlatlum Indians of + British Columbia,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxxv. (1905) pp. 140 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_87" name="note_87" href= + "#noteref_87">87.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Psalm cxxvi. 5 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Firmicus Maternus asks the Egyptians (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De errore profanarum + religionum</span></span>, ii. 7), <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Cur plangitis fruges terrae + et crescentia lugetis semina?</span></span>”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_88" name="note_88" href= + "#noteref_88">88.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to the Egyptian modes of reaping + and threshing see Sir J. Gardiner Wilkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manners and Customs + of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span> (London, 1878), ii. 419 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aegypten und + aegyptisches Leben im Altertum</span></span>, pp. 572 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_89" name="note_89" href= + "#noteref_89">89.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diodorus Siculus, i. 14. 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_90" name="note_90" href= + "#noteref_90">90.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 79; Julius Pollux, iv. + 54; Pausanias, ix. 29. 7; Athenaeus, xiv. 11 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + pp. 618-620. As to these songs see <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spirits of the Corn + and of the Wild</span></span>, i. 214 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_91" name="note_91" href= + "#noteref_91">91.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adonisklage und + Linoslied</span></span> (Berlin, 1852), p. 24, corrected by A. + Wiedemann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Herodots zweites Buch</span></span>, p. 336. + As to the lamentations for Osiris see above, p. 12.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_92" name="note_92" href= + "#noteref_92">92.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Mooney, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Myths of the Cherokee,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nineteenth Annual + Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology</span></span> + (Washington, 1900), pp. 423 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> I do not know what precisely + the writer means by <span class="tei tei-q">“the last working of + the crop”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“the first working of + the corn.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_93" name="note_93" href= + "#noteref_93">93.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Spirits of the Corn and of the + Wild</span></span>, i. 180 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_94" name="note_94" href= + "#noteref_94">94.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. C. Hollis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Nandi</span></span> (Oxford, 1909), p. 46.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_95" name="note_95" href= + "#noteref_95">95.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. Powers, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribes of + California</span></span> (Washington, 1877), p. 25.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_96" name="note_96" href= + "#noteref_96">96.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Jaussen, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Coutumes Arabes,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revue + Biblique</span></span>, 1<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">er</span></span> avril 1903, p. 258; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes des Arabes + au pays de Moab</span></span> (Paris 1908), pp. 252 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_97" name="note_97" href= + "#noteref_97">97.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thus with regard to the Egyptian month + of Athyr he tells us that the sun was then in the sign of the + Scorpion (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Isis et Osiris</span></span>, 13), that Athyr + corresponded to the Athenian month Pyanepsion and the Boeotian + month Damatrius (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> 69), that it was the + month of sowing (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ib.</span></span>), that in it the Nile sank, + the earth was laid bare by the retreat of the inundation, the + leaves fell, and the nights grew longer than the days (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> 39). These indications agree on the whole with + the date of Athyr in the Alexandrian calendar, namely October + 28-November 26. Again, he says (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> 43) that the festival of the beginning of spring + was held at the new moon of the month Phamenoth, which, in the + Alexandrian calendar, corresponded to February 24-March 26. + Further, he tells us that a festival was celebrated on the 23rd of + Phaophi after the autumn equinox (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> 52), and in the Alexandrian calendar Phaophi + began on September 28, a few days after the autumn equinox. Once + more, he observes that another festival was held after the spring + equinox (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> 65), which implies the + use of a fixed solar year. See G. Parthey in his edition of + Plutarch's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Isis et Osiris</span></span> (Berlin, 1850), + pp. 165-169.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_98" name="note_98" href= + "#noteref_98">98.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Ägyptologie</span></span>, p. 355.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_99" name="note_99" href= + "#noteref_99">99.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 170.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_100" name="note_100" + href="#noteref_100">100.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 129-132.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_101" name="note_101" + href="#noteref_101">101.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 41, with Prof. A. + Wiedemann's note (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Herodots zweites Buch</span></span>, pp. 187 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>); Diodorus Siculus, i. 11. + 4; Aelian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De natura animalium</span></span>, x. 27; + Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Isis et Osiris</span></span>, 19 and 39. + According to Prof. Wiedemann <span class="tei tei-q">“the Egyptian + name of the cow of Isis was <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ḥes-t</span></span>, and this is one of the + rare cases in which the name of the sacred animal agrees with that + of the deity.”</span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hest</span></span> was the usual Egyptian form + of the name which the Greeks and Romans represented as Isis. See R. + V. Lanzone, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia</span></span>, + pp. 813 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_102" name="note_102" + href="#noteref_102">102.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In this form she is represented on a + relief at Philae pouring a libation in honour of the soul of + Osiris. See E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 8. She is similarly + portrayed in a bronze statuette, which is now in the Louvre. See G. + Perrot et Ch. Chipiez, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Histoire de l'Art dans + l'Antiquité</span></span>, i. (Paris, 1882) p. 60, fig. 40.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_103" name="note_103" + href="#noteref_103">103.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 52. The interpretation is accepted by Prof. + A. Wiedemann (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Herodots zweites Buch</span></span>, p. + 482).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_104" name="note_104" + href="#noteref_104">104.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 62. In one of the Hibeh + papyri (No. 27, lines 165-167) mention is made of the festival and + of the lights which were burned throughout the district. See + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Hibeh + Papyri</span></span>, part i., ed. B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt + (London, 1906), p. 149 (pointed out to me by Mr. W. Wyse). In the + papyrus the festival is said to have been held in honour of Athena + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Neith), the great goddess + of Sais, who was there identified with Isis. See A. Wiedemann, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Religion der alten Ägypter</span></span>, pp. 77 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion of the + Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, pp. 140 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_105" name="note_105" + href="#noteref_105">105.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the period of the Middle Kingdom + the Egyptians of Siut used to light lamps for the dead on the last + day and the first day of the year. See A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Zehn Vorträge aus dem mittleren Reich,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und + Alterthumskunde</span></span>, xx. (1882) p. 164; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aegypten + und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum</span></span>, pp. 434 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_106" name="note_106" + href="#noteref_106">106.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. W. Nelson, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Eskimo about Bering Strait,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eighteenth Annual + Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</span></span>, Part i. + (Washington, 1899) pp. 363 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_107" name="note_107" + href="#noteref_107">107.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. Powers, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribes of + California</span></span> (Washington, 1877), pp. 328, 355, 356, + 384.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_108" name="note_108" + href="#noteref_108">108.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kostromitonow, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bemerkungen über die Indianer in + Ober-Kalifornien,”</span> in K. F. v. Baer and Gr. v. Helmersen's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge + zur Kenntniss des russischen Reiches</span></span>, i. (St. + Petersburg, 1839) pp. 88 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The natives of the western + islands of Torres Straits used to hold a great death-dance at which + disguised men personated the ghosts of the lately deceased, + mimicking their characteristic gait and gestures. Women and + children were supposed to take these mummers for real ghosts. See + A. C. Haddon, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological + Expedition to Torres Straits</span></span>, v. (Cambridge, 1904) + pp. 252-256; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of + the Dead</span></span>, i. 176 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_109" name="note_109" + href="#noteref_109">109.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. Powers, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribes of + California</span></span>, pp. 437 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_110" name="note_110" + href="#noteref_110">110.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bossu, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nouveaux Voyages aux + Indes Occidentales</span></span> (Paris, 1768), ii. 95 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_111" name="note_111" + href="#noteref_111">111.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">T. G. S. Ten Broeck, in H. R. + Schoolcraft's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Indian Tribes of the United + States</span></span> (Philadelphia, 1853-1856), iv. 78. The Pueblo + village to which the writer particularly refers is Laguna.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_112" name="note_112" + href="#noteref_112">112.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Brasseur de Bourbourg, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire des nations + civilisées du Mexique et de l'Amérique-Centrale</span></span> + (Paris, 1857-1859), iii. 23 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. H. Bancroft, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Races of the Pacific States</span></span> (London, 1875-1876), ii. + 623. Similar customs are still practised by the Indians of a great + part of Mexico and Central America (Brasseur de Bourbourg, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> iii. 24, note <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_113" name="note_113" + href="#noteref_113">113.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Lettre du + curé de Santiago Tepehuacan àson évêque,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bulletin de la + Société de Géographie</span></span> (Paris), II<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">me</span></span> + Série, ii. (1834) p. 179.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_114" name="note_114" + href="#noteref_114">114.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. Roos, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bijdrage tot de kennis van taal, land en volk op het + eiland Soemba,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap + van Kunsten en Wetenschappen</span></span>, xxxvi. (1872) pp. + 63-65.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_115" name="note_115" + href="#noteref_115">115.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. S. B. Fellows, quoted by George + Brown, D.D., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Melanesians and Polynesians</span></span> + (London, 1910), p. 237.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_116" name="note_116" + href="#noteref_116">116.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. H. Gomes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seventeen Years among + the Sea Dyaks of Borneo</span></span> (London, 1911), pp. 216-218. + For another and briefer account of this festival see <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Scapegoat</span></span>, p. 154.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_117" name="note_117" + href="#noteref_117">117.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. Wm. Pettigrew, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Kathi Kasham, the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Soul + Departure’</span> feast as practised by the Tangkkul Nagas, + Manipur, Assam,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society + of Bengal</span></span>, N.S. vol. v. 1909 (Calcutta, 1910), pp. + 37-46; T. C. Hodson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Naga Tribes of Manipur</span></span> + (London, 1911), pp. 153-158.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_118" name="note_118" + href="#noteref_118">118.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. P. Dehon, S.J., <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Religion and Customs of the Uraons,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Memoirs + of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</span></span>, vol. i. No. 9 + (Calcutta, 1906), p. 136. Compare Rev. F. Hahn, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Some Notes on the Religion and Superstition of the + Orāōs,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Asiatic Society of + Bengal</span></span>, lxxii. Part iii. (Calcutta, 1904) pp. 12 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> According to the latter + writer the pots containing the relics of the dead are buried, not + in the sand of the river, but in a pit, generally covered with huge + stones, which is dug for the purpose in some field or grove.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_119" name="note_119" + href="#noteref_119">119.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. M. Gordon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian Folk + Tales</span></span> (London, 1908), p. 18. According to Mr. W. + Crooke, the Hindoo Feast of Lamps (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Diwálî</span></span>) seems to have been based + on <span class="tei tei-q">“the idea that on this night the spirits + of the dead revisit their homes, which are cleaned and lighted for + their reception.”</span> See W. Crooke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Popular Religion + and Folk-lore of Northern India</span></span> (Westminster, 1896), + ii. 295 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_120" name="note_120" + href="#noteref_120">120.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. F. Mason, D.D., <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Physical Character of the Karens,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Asiatic Society of Bengal</span></span>, 1866, Part ii. pp. 29 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Lights are not mentioned by + the writer, but the festival being nocturnal we may assume that + they are used for the convenience of the living as well as of the + dead. In other respects the ceremonies are typical.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_121" name="note_121" + href="#noteref_121">121.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. F. St. Andrew St. John, + <span class="tei tei-q">“A Short Account of the Hill Tribes of + North Aracan,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, ii. (1873) p. 238. At this festival the + dead are apparently not supposed to return to the houses.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_122" name="note_122" + href="#noteref_122">122.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Aymonier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notice sur le + Cambodge</span></span> (Paris, 1875), p. 59; A. Leclère, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le + Buddhisme au Cambodge</span></span> (Paris, 1899), pp. 374-376. The + departure of the souls is described only by the latter writer. + Compare E. Aymonier, <span class="tei tei-q">“Notes sur les + coutumes et croyances superstitieuses des Cambodgiens,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cochinchine Française, Excursions et + Reconnaissances</span></span>, No. 16 (Saigon, 1883), pp. 205 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_123" name="note_123" + href="#noteref_123">123.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mariny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Relation nouvelle et + curieuse des royaumes de Tunquin et de Lao</span></span> (Paris, + 1666), pp. 251-253.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_124" name="note_124" + href="#noteref_124">124.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Le R. P. Cadière, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Coutumes populaires de la vallée du + Nguôn-So'n,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bulletin de l'École Française + d'Extrême-Orient</span></span>, ii. (Hanoi, 1902) pp. 376-379; P. + d'Enjoy, <span class="tei tei-q">“Du droit successoral en + Annam,”</span> etc., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bulletins de la Société d'Anthropologie de + Paris</span></span>, V<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">e</span></span> Série, iv. (1903) pp. + 500-502; E. Diguet, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Les Annamites</span></span> (Paris, 1906), pp. + 372-375.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_125" name="note_125" + href="#noteref_125">125.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Diguet, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les + Annamites</span></span> (Paris, 1906), pp. 254 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Paul Giran, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Magie et Religion Annamites</span></span> + (Paris, 1912), pp. 258 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> According to the latter + writer the offerings to the vagrant souls are made on the first and + last days of the month, while sacrifices of a more domestic + character are performed on the fifteenth.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_126" name="note_126" + href="#noteref_126">126.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. E. Louvet, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Cochinchine + religieuse</span></span> (Paris, 1885), pp. 149-151.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_127" name="note_127" + href="#noteref_127">127.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Scapegoat</span></span>, pp. 149 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_128" name="note_128" + href="#noteref_128">128.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. v. Hahn, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Religiöse Anschauungen und Totengedächtnisfeier der + Chewsuren,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, lxxvi. (1899) pp. 211 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_129" name="note_129" + href="#noteref_129">129.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Abeghian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der armenische + Volksglaube</span></span> (Leipsic, 1899), pp. 23 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_130" name="note_130" + href="#noteref_130">130.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fred. E. Forbes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dahomey and the + Dahomans</span></span> (London, 1851), ii. 73. Compare John Duncan, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels + in Western Africa</span></span> (London, 1847), i. 125 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. + B. Ellis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave + Coast</span></span> (London, 1890), p. 108. The Tshi-speaking + peoples of the Gold Coast and Ashantee celebrate an annual festival + of eight days in honour of the dead. It falls towards the end of + August. The offerings are presented to the departed at their + graves. See A. B. Ellis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold + Coast</span></span> (London, 1887), pp. 227 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. + Perregaux, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chez les Achanti</span></span> (Neuchâtel, + 1908), pp. 136, 138. According to the latter writer the festival is + celebrated at the time of the yam harvest.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_131" name="note_131" + href="#noteref_131">131.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Munzinger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ostafrikanische + Studien</span></span> (Schaffhausen, 1864), p. 473.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_132" name="note_132" + href="#noteref_132">132.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Scapegoat</span></span>, pp. 136 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_133" name="note_133" + href="#noteref_133">133.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On the worship of the dead, and + especially of ancestors, among Aryan peoples, see W. Caland, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Über + Totenverehrung bei einigen der indo-germanischen + Völker</span></span> (Amsterdam, 1888); O. Schrader, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reallexikon der + indogermanischen Altertumskunde</span></span> (Strasburg, 1901), + pp. 21 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Aryan Religion,”</span> in Dr. J. Hastings's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia of Religion and + Ethics</span></span>, ii. (Edinburgh, 1909) pp. 16 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_134" name="note_134" + href="#noteref_134">134.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to the Iranian calendar see W. + Geiger, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Altiranische Kultur im Altertum</span></span> + (Erlangen, 1882), pp. 314 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; as to the Iranian worship + of the sainted dead (the Fravashis) see <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span> pp. + 286 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> As to the annual festival + of the dead (Hamaspathmaedaya) see W. Caland, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Über Totenverehrung + bei einigen der indo-germanischen Völker</span></span> (Amsterdam, + 1888), pp. 64 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; N. Söderblom, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les + Fravashis</span></span> (Paris, 1899), pp. 4 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + J. H. Moulton, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Early Zoroastrianism</span></span> (London, + 1913), pp. 256 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> All these writers agree + that the Fravashis of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zend-Avesta</span></span> were originally the + souls of the dead. See also James Darmesteter, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zend-Avesta</span></span>, Part ii. (Oxford, + 1883) p. 179: <span class="tei tei-q">“The Fravashi is the inner + power in every being that maintains it and makes it grow and + subsist. Originally the Fravashis were the same as the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pitris</span></span> of the Hindus or the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Manes</span></span> of the Latins, that is to + say, the everlasting and deified souls of the dead; but in course + of time they gained a wider domain, and not only men, but gods and + even physical objects, like the sky and the earth, etc., had each a + Fravashi.”</span> Compare <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ormazd et + Ahriman</span></span> (Paris, 1877), pp. 130 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + N. Söderblom, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">La Vie Future d'après Le + Mazdéisme</span></span> (Paris, 1901), pp. 7 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> A + different view of the original nature of the Fravashis was taken by + C. P. Tiele, according to whom they were essentially guardian + spirits. See C. P. Tiele, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte der Religion im + Altertum</span></span> (Gotha, 1896-1903), ii. 256 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_135" name="note_135" + href="#noteref_135">135.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Zend-Avesta</span></span>, translated by + James Darmesteter, Part ii. (Oxford, 1883) pp. 192 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sacred + Books of the East</span></span>, vol. xxiii.).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_136" name="note_136" + href="#noteref_136">136.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Albiruni, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Chronology of + Ancient Nations</span></span>, translated and edited by Dr. C. + Edward Sachau (London, 1879), p. 210. In the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dinkard</span></span>, a Pahlavi work which + seems to have been composed in the first half of the ninth century + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>, the festival is + spoken of as <span class="tei tei-q">“those ten days which are the + end of the winter and termination of the year, because the five + Gathic days, among them, are for that purpose.”</span> By + <span class="tei tei-q">“the five Gathic days”</span> the writer + means the five supplementary days added at the end of the twelfth + month to complete the year of 365 days. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pahlavi + Texts</span></span> translated by E. W. West, Part iv. (Oxford, + 1892) p. 17 (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Sacred Books of the East</span></span>, + vol. xxxvii.).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_137" name="note_137" + href="#noteref_137">137.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. le Braz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Légende de la + Morten Basse-Bretagne</span></span> (Paris, 1893), pp. 280-287. + Compare J. Lecœur, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Esquisses du Bocage Normand</span></span> + (Condé-sur-Noireau, 1883-1887), ii. 283 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_138" name="note_138" + href="#noteref_138">138.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. F. Sauvé, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le folk-lore des + Hautes-Vosges</span></span> (Paris, 1889), pp. 295 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_139" name="note_139" + href="#noteref_139">139.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. L. M. Noguès, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les mœurs d'autrefois + en Saintonge et en Aunis</span></span> (Saintes, 1891), p. 76. As + to the observance of All Souls' Day in other parts of France see A. + Meyrac, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Traditions, coutumes, légendes et contes des + Ardennes</span></span> (Charleville, 1890), pp. 22-24; Ch. + Beauquier, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Les mois en Franche-Comté</span></span> + (Paris, 1900), pp. 123-125.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_140" name="note_140" + href="#noteref_140">140.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg052" class= + "tei tei-ref">52</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_141" name="note_141" + href="#noteref_141">141.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Crooke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Natives of + Northern India</span></span> (London, 1907), p. 219.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_142" name="note_142" + href="#noteref_142">142.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calendrier + Belge</span></span> (Brussels, 1861-1862), ii. 236-240; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das festliche + Jahr</span></span> (Leipsic, 1863), pp. 229 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_143" name="note_143" + href="#noteref_143">143.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Karl Freiherr von Leoprechting, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aus dem + Lechrain</span></span> (Munich, 1855), pp. 198-200.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_144" name="note_144" + href="#noteref_144">144.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Freiherr von Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das + festliche Jahr</span></span> (Leipsic, 1863), p. 330. As to these + cakes (called <span class="tei tei-q">“souls”</span>) in Swabia see + E. Meyer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus + Schwaben</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1852), p. 452, § 174; Anton + Birlinger, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Volksthümliches aus Schwaben</span></span> + (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1861-1862), ii. 167 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + cakes are baked of white flour, and are of a longish rounded shape + with two small tips at each end.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_145" name="note_145" + href="#noteref_145">145.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Adalbert Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythologische + Studien</span></span>, ii. (Gütersloh, 1912) pp. 41 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + citing F. Schönwerth, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aus der Oberpfalz</span></span>, i. 283.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_146" name="note_146" + href="#noteref_146">146.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Freiherr von Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen</span></span> + (Prague, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), pp. 493-495.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_147" name="note_147" + href="#noteref_147">147.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alois John, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und + Volksglaube im deutschen Westböhmen</span></span> (Prague, 1905), + p. 97.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_148" name="note_148" + href="#noteref_148">148.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Willibald Müller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge zur + Volkskunde der Deutschen in Mähren</span></span> (Vienna and + Olmütz, 1893), p. 330.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_149" name="note_149" + href="#noteref_149">149.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ignaz V. Zingerle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitten, Bräuche und + Meiningen des Tiroler Volkes</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Innsbruck, 1871), pp. 176-178.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_150" name="note_150" + href="#noteref_150">150.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Christian Schneller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Märchen und Sagen aus + Wälschtirol</span></span> (Innsbruck, 1867), p. 238.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_151" name="note_151" + href="#noteref_151">151.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Elard Hugo Meyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Badisches Volksleben + im neunzehnten Jahrhundert</span></span> (Strasburg, 1900), p. + 601.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_152" name="note_152" + href="#noteref_152">152.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Einhorn, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Historia Lettica,”</span> in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scriptores Rerum + Livonicarum</span></span>, ii. (Riga and Leipsic, 1848) pp. 587, + 598, 630 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 645 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> See + also the description of D. Fabricius in his <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Livonicae Historiae compendiosa series,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ib.</span></span> p. 441. Fabricius assigns + the custom to All Souls' Day.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_153" name="note_153" + href="#noteref_153">153.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Lasicius, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“De diis Samagitarum caeterorumque Sarmatarum,”</span> + in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Magazin herausgegeben von der + lettisch-literärischen Gesellschaft</span></span>, xiv. 1. (Mitau, + 1868), p. 92.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_154" name="note_154" + href="#noteref_154">154.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. J. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aus dem inneren und + äussern Leben der Ehsten</span></span> (St. Petersburg, 1876), pp. + 366 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Boecler-Kreutzwald, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der + Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und + Gewohnheiten</span></span> (St. Petersburg, 1854), p. 89.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_155" name="note_155" + href="#noteref_155">155.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. R. S. Ralston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Songs of the Russian + People</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (London, 1872), pp. 321 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The date of the festival is + not mentioned. Apparently it is celebrated at irregular + intervals.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_156" name="note_156" + href="#noteref_156">156.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Buch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Wotjäken</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1882), p. 145.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_157" name="note_157" + href="#noteref_157">157.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Wasiljev, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Übersicht über die + heidnischen Gebräuche, Aberglauben und Religion der + Wotjäken</span></span> (Helsingfors, 1902), pp. 34 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mémoires + de la Société Finno-Ougrienne</span></span>, xviii.). As to the + Votiak clans see the same work, pp. 42-44.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_158" name="note_158" + href="#noteref_158">158.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Finamore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Credenze, Usi e + Costumi Abruzzesi</span></span> (Palermo, 1890), pp. 180-182. Mr. + W. R. Paton writes to me (12th December 1906): <span class= + "tei tei-q">“You do not mention the practice[s] on the modern Greek + feast τῶν ψυχῶν (in May) which quite correspond. The κόλυβα is made + in every house and put on a table laid with a white tablecloth. A + glass of water and a taper are put on the table, and all is left so + for the whole night. Our Greek maid-servant says that when she was + a child she remembers seeing the souls come and partake. Almost the + same rite is practised for the κόλυβα made on the commemoration of + particular dead.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_159" name="note_159" + href="#noteref_159">159.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">John Brand, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Antiquities + of Great Britain</span></span> (London, 1882-1883), i. 393.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_160" name="note_160" + href="#noteref_160">160.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">John Aubrey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Remaines of + Gentilisme and Judaisme</span></span> (London, 1881), p. 23.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_161" name="note_161" + href="#noteref_161">161.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miss C. S. Burne and Miss G. F. + Jackson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Shropshire Folk-lore</span></span> (London, + 1883), p. 381. The writers record (pp. 382 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>) + some of the ditties which were sung on this occasion by those who + begged for soul-cakes.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_162" name="note_162" + href="#noteref_162">162.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Brand, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Antiquities + of Great Britain</span></span>, i. 392, 393; W. Hone, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Year + Book</span></span> (London, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), col. 1288; T. F. + Thiselton Dyer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">British Popular Customs</span></span> (London, + 1876), pp. 405, 406, 407, 409; J. Harland and T. T. Wilkinson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lancashire Folk-lore</span></span> (London, + 1882), p. 251; Elizabeth Mary Wright, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rustic Speech and + Folk-lore</span></span> (Oxford, 1913), p. 300.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_163" name="note_163" + href="#noteref_163">163.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marie Trevelyan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore and + Folk-stories of Wales</span></span> (London, 1909), p. 255. See + also T. F. Thiselton Dyer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">British Popular Customs</span></span> (London, + 1876), p. 410, who, quoting Pennant as his authority, says that the + poor people who received soul-cakes prayed God to bless the next + crop of wheat.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_164" name="note_164" + href="#noteref_164">164.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">County Folk-lore</span></span>, vol. ii. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">North + Riding of Yorkshire, York, and the Ainsty</span></span> (London, + 1901), quoting George Young, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">A History of Whitby and Streoneshalth + Abbey</span></span> (Whitby, 1817), ii. 882.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_165" name="note_165" + href="#noteref_165">165.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">T. F. Thiselton Dyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">British Popular + Customs</span></span>, p. 410.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_166" name="note_166" + href="#noteref_166">166.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Martin, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Description of the Western Islands of + Scotland,”</span> in John Pinkerton's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages and + Travels</span></span> (London, 1808-1814), iii. 666.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_167" name="note_167" + href="#noteref_167">167.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dr. Rivet, <span class="tei tei-q">“Le + Christianisme et les Indiens de la République de + l'Équateur,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">L'Anthropologie</span></span>, xvii. (1906) + pp. 93 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_168" name="note_168" + href="#noteref_168">168.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg053" class= + "tei tei-ref">53</a>, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref">55</a>, + <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a>, <a href="#Pg065" + class="tei tei-ref">65</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_169" name="note_169" + href="#noteref_169">169.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir John Rhys, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Celtic + Heathendom</span></span> (London and Edinburgh, 1888), pp. 460, 514 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Celtae and Galli,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Proceedings of the + British Academy, 1905-1906</span></span> (London, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), p. 78; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balder the + Beautiful</span></span>, i. 224 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_170" name="note_170" + href="#noteref_170">170.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">K. Müllenhoff, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Altertumskunde</span></span>, iv. (Berlin, 1900) pp. 379 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The first of October seems + to have been a great festival among the Saxons and also the + Samagitians. See Widukind, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Res gestae Saxonicae</span></span>, i. 12 + (Migne's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Patrologia Latina</span></span>, cxxxvii. + 135); M. A. Michov, <span class="tei tei-q">“De Sarmatia Asiana + atque Europea,”</span> in S. Grynaeus's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Novus Orbis Regionum + ac Insularum veteribus incognitarum</span></span> (Bâle, 1532), p. + 520. I have to thank Professor H. M. Chadwick for pointing out + these two passages to me. Mr. A. Tille prefers to date the Teutonic + winter from Martinmas, the eleventh of November. See A. Tille, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Geschichte der deutschen Weihnacht</span></span> (Leipsic, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), pp. 23 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + O. Schrader, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Reallexikon der indogermanischen + Altertumskunde</span></span> (Strasburg, 1901), p. 395.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_171" name="note_171" + href="#noteref_171">171.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. J. Binterim, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die vorzüglichsten + Denkwürdigkeiten der Christ-Katholischen Kirche</span></span>, v. 1 + (Mayence, 1829), pp. 493 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. J. Herzog und G. F. + Plitt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Real-Encyclopädie für protestantische + Theologie und Kirche</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. + (Leipsic, 1877), pp. 303 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. Smith and S. Cheetham, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dictionary of Christian + Antiquities</span></span> (London, 1875-1880), i. 57 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_172" name="note_172" + href="#noteref_172">172.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. J. Binterim, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> v. 1, pp. 487 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + J. J. Herzog und G. F. Plitt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> i. p. 303; W. Smith and + S. Cheetham, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dictionary of Christian + Antiquities</span></span>, i. 57. In the last of these works a + passage from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Martyrologium Romanum Vetus</span></span> is + quoted which states that a feast of Saints (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Festivitas + Sanctorum</span></span>) on the first of November was celebrated at + Rome. But the date of this particular Martyrology is disputed. See + A. J. Binterim, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> v. 1, pp. 52-54.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_173" name="note_173" + href="#noteref_173">173.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. J. Herzog und G. F. Plitt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 304. A similar attempt to reform religion by + diverting the devotion of the people from the spirits of their dead + appears to have been made in antiquity by the doctors of the + Persian faith. For that faith <span class="tei tei-q">“in its most + finished and purest form, in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gathas</span></span>, + does not recognize the dead as objects worthy of worship and + sacrifice. But the popular beliefs were too firmly rooted, and the + Mazdeans, like the sectaries of many other ideal and lofty forms of + religion, were forced to give way. As they could not suppress the + worship and get rid of the primitive and crude ideas involved in + it, they set about the reform in another way: they interpreted the + worship in a new manner, and thus the worship of the dead became a + worship of the gods or of a god in favour of the loved and lost + ones, a pious commemoration of their names and their + virtues.”</span> See N. Söderblom, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les + Fravashis</span></span> (Paris, 1899), pp. 6 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gathas</span></span> form the oldest part of + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zend-Avesta</span></span>. James Darmesteter, + indeed, in his later life startled the learned world by a theory + that the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gathas</span></span> were a comparatively late + work based on the teaching of Philo of Alexandria. But this attempt + of a Jew to claim for his race the inspiration of the Persian + scriptures has been coldly received by Gentile scholars. See J. H. + Moulton, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Early Zoroastrianism</span></span> (London, + 1913), pp. 8 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_174" name="note_174" + href="#noteref_174">174.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 39. As to the death of Osiris on the + seventeenth of Athyr see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ib.</span></span> 13 and 42. Plutarch's + statement on this subject is confirmed by the evidence of the + papyrus Sallier IV., a document dating from the 19th dynasty, which + places the lamentation for Osiris at Sais on the seventeenth day of + Athyr. See A. Wiedemann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Herodots zweites Buch</span></span>, p. 262; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Religion der + alten Ägypter</span></span>, p. 112; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion + of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, pp. 211 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_175" name="note_175" + href="#noteref_175">175.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg050" class= + "tei tei-ref">50</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_176" name="note_176" + href="#noteref_176">176.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 39. The words which I have translated + <span class="tei tei-q">“vegetable mould”</span> are γῆν κάρπιμον, + literally, <span class="tei tei-q">“fruitful earth.”</span> The + composition of the image was very important, as we shall see + presently.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_177" name="note_177" + href="#noteref_177">177.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lactantius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Divin. + Institut.</span></span>, i. 21; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Epitome + Inst. Divin.</span></span> 23 (18, ed. Brandt and Laubmann). The + description of the ceremony which Minucius Felix gives + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Octavius</span></span>, xxii. 1) agrees + closely with, and is probably copied from, that of Lactantius. We + know from Appian (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bell. Civ.</span></span> iv. 6. 47) that in + the rites of Isis a priest personated Anubis, wearing a dog's, or + perhaps rather a jackal's, mask on his head; for the historian + tells how in the great proscription a certain Volusius, who was on + the condemned list, escaped in the disguise of a priest of Isis, + wearing a long linen garment and the mask of a dog over his + head.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_178" name="note_178" + href="#noteref_178">178.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The suggestion is due to Prof. A. + Wiedemann (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Herodots zweites Buch</span></span>, p. + 261).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_179" name="note_179" + href="#noteref_179">179.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Firmicus Maternus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De errore profanarum + religionum</span></span>, 2. Herodotus tells (ii. 61) how the + Carians cut their foreheads with knives at the mourning for + Osiris.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_180" name="note_180" + href="#noteref_180">180.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In addition to the writers who have + been already cited see Juvenal, viii. 29 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Athenagoras, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Supplicatio pro Christianis</span></span>, 22, + pp. 112, 114, ed. J. C. T. Otto (Jena, 1857); Tertullian, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adversus + Marcionem</span></span>, i. 13; Augustine, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De civitate + Dei</span></span>, vi. 10.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_181" name="note_181" + href="#noteref_181">181.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Smith, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dictionary of Greek + and Roman Geography</span></span>, ii. 1127.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_182" name="note_182" + href="#noteref_182">182.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For complete translations of the + inscription see H. Brugsch, <span class="tei tei-q">“Das + Osiris-Mysterium von Tentyra,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + ägyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde</span></span>, 1881, pp. + 77-111; V. Loret, <span class="tei tei-q">“Les fêtes d'Osiris au + mois de Khoiak,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Recueil de Travaux relatifs à la Philologie et + à l'Archéologie Égyptiennes et Assyriennes</span></span>, iii. + (1882) pp. 43-57, iv. (1883) pp. 21-33, v. (1884) pp. 85-103. On + the document and the festivals described in it see further A. + Mariette-Pacha, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dendérah</span></span> (Paris, 1880), pp. + 334-347; J. Dümichen, <span class="tei tei-q">“Die dem Osiris im + Denderatempel geweihten Räume,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + ägyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde</span></span>, 1882, pp. + 88-101; H. Brugsch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Religion und Mythologie der alten + Aegypter</span></span> (Leipsic, 1885-1888), pp. 616-618; R. V. + Lanzone, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia</span></span>, + pp. 725-744; A. Wiedemann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Herodots zweites Buch</span></span>, p. 262; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Osiris végétant,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le + Muséon</span></span>, N.S. iv. (1903) p. 113; E. A. Wallis Budge, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods + of the Egyptians</span></span>, ii. 128 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, ii. 21 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Miss Margaret A. Murray, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Osireion at Abydos</span></span> (London, + 1904), pp. 27 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_183" name="note_183" + href="#noteref_183">183.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. V. Lanzone, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 727.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_184" name="note_184" + href="#noteref_184">184.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + ägyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde</span></span>, 1881, pp. + 80-82; A. Wiedemann, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Le Muséon</span></span>, N.S. iv. (1903) p. + 113. The corn used in the making of the images is called barley by + Brugsch and Miss M. A. Murray (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>), + but wheat (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">blé</span></span>) by Mr. V. Loret.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_185" name="note_185" + href="#noteref_185">185.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 99, 101.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_186" name="note_186" + href="#noteref_186">186.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 82 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; R. V. Lanzone, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 728; Miss Margaret A. Murray, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 27.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_187" name="note_187" + href="#noteref_187">187.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 90 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 96 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 98; R. V. Lanzone, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> pp. 743 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. + A. Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Gods of the Egyptians</span></span>, ii. + 128. According to Lanzone, the ploughing took place, not on the + first, but on the last day of the festival, namely, on the + thirtieth of Khoiak; and that certainly appears to have been the + date of the ploughing at Busiris, for the inscription directs that + there <span class="tei tei-q">“the ploughing of the earth shall + take place in the Serapeum of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aa-n-beḥ</span></span> under the fine Persea + trees on the last day of the month Khoiak”</span> (H. Brugsch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 84).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_188" name="note_188" + href="#noteref_188">188.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miss Margaret A. Murray, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Osireion at + Abydos</span></span>, p. 28; H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 83, 92. The headless human image in the cow + may have stood for Isis, who is said to have been decapitated by + her son Horus, and to have received from Thoth a cow's head as a + substitute. See Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Isis et Osiris</span></span>, 20; G. Maspero, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire + ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient Classique</span></span>, i. 177; + Ed. Meyer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Isis,”</span> in W. H. Roscher's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon der griech. + und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, ii. 366.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_189" name="note_189" + href="#noteref_189">189.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 92 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; R. V. Lanzone, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 738-740; A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Herodots zweites + Buch</span></span>, p. 262; Miss M. A. Murray, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 35. An Egyptian calendar, written at Sais + about 300 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, has under the date + 26 Khoiak the following entry: <span class="tei tei-q">“Osiris goes + about and the golden boat is brought forth.”</span> See + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Hibeh + Papyri</span></span>, Part i., edited by B. P. Grenfell and A. S. + Hunt (London, 1906), pp. 146, 153. In the Canopic decree + <span class="tei tei-q">“the voyage of the sacred boat of + Osiris”</span> is said to take place on the 29th of Khoiak from + <span class="tei tei-q">“the sanctuary in the Heracleum”</span> to + the Canopic sanctuary. See W. Dittenberger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orientis Graeci + Inscriptiones Selectae</span></span>, No. 56 (vol. i. pp. 105, + 108). Hence it would seem that the date of this part of the + festival varied somewhat in different places or at different + times.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_190" name="note_190" + href="#noteref_190">190.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 99; E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods of the + Egyptians</span></span>, ii. 129; compare Miss Margaret A. Murray, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 28, who refers the ceremony to the + twenty-fifth of Khoiak.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_191" name="note_191" + href="#noteref_191">191.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 94, 99; A. Mariette-Pacha, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dendérah</span></span>, pp. 336 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; R. + V. Lanzone, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 744. Mariette + supposed that after depositing the new image in the sepulchre they + carried out the old one of the preceding year, thus setting forth + the resurrection as well as the death of the god. But this view is + apparently not shared by Brugsch and Lanzone.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_192" name="note_192" + href="#noteref_192">192.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Mariette-Bey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dendérah</span></span>, iv. (Paris, 1873) + plates 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 88, 89, 90; R. V. Lanzone, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia</span></span>, + pp. 757 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, with plates + cclxviii.-ccxcii.; E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods of the + Egyptians</span></span>, ii. 131-138; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris + and the Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, ii. 31 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_193" name="note_193" + href="#noteref_193">193.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion und + Mythologie der alten Aegypter</span></span>, p. 621; R. V. Lanzone, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia</span></span>, + plate cclxi.; A. Wiedemann, <span class="tei tei-q">“L'Osiris + végétant,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Le Muséon</span></span>, N.S. iv. (1903) p. + 112; E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Osiris and the Egyptian + Resurrection</span></span>, i. 58. According to Prof. Wiedemann, + the corn springing from the god's body is barley. Similarly in a + papyrus of the Louvre (No. 3377) Osiris is represented swathed as a + mummy and lying on his back, while stalks of corn sprout from his + body. See R. V. Lanzone, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> pp. 801 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + with plate ccciii. 2; A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“L'Osiris végétant,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le + Muséon</span></span>, N.S. iv. (1903) p. 112.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_194" name="note_194" + href="#noteref_194">194.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hippolytus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Refutatio omnium + haeresium</span></span>, v. 8, p. 162 ed. L. Duncker and F. G. + Schneidewin (Göttingen, 1859). See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spirits of the Corn + and of the Wild</span></span>, i. 38 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_195" name="note_195" + href="#noteref_195">195.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Prof. A. Erman rightly assumes + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + ägyptische Religion</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. + 234) that the images made in the month of Khoiak were intended to + germinate as a symbol of the divine resurrection.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_196" name="note_196" + href="#noteref_196">196.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“L'Osiris végétant,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le + Muséon</span></span>, N.S. iv. (1903) p. 111; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Egyptian Exploration + Fund Archaeological Report, 1898-1899</span></span>, pp. 24 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. Moret, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kings and Gods of + Egypt</span></span> (New York and London, 1912), p. 94, with plate + xi.; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mystères + Égyptiens</span></span> (Paris, 1913), p. 41.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_197" name="note_197" + href="#noteref_197">197.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Egyptian + Exploration Fund Archaeological Report, 1902-1903</span></span>, p. + 5.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_198" name="note_198" + href="#noteref_198">198.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miss Margaret A. Murray, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Osireion at + Abydos</span></span>, pp. 28 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_199" name="note_199" + href="#noteref_199">199.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir J. Gardiner Wilkinson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Second + Series of the Manners and Customs of the Ancient + Egyptians</span></span> (London, 1841), ii. 300, note §. The writer + seems to have doubted whether these effigies represented Osiris. + But the doubt has been entirely removed by subsequent discoveries. + Wilkinson's important note on the subject is omitted by his editor, + S. Birch (vol. iii. p. 375, ed. 1878).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_200" name="note_200" + href="#noteref_200">200.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 209 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_201" name="note_201" + href="#noteref_201">201.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg024" class= + "tei tei-ref">24</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg027" class= + "tei tei-ref">27</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref">49</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_202" name="note_202" + href="#noteref_202">202.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">So it was reckoned at the time. But, + strictly speaking, Thoth in that year began on August 31. The + miscalculation originated in a blunder of the ignorant Roman + pontiffs who, being charged with the management of the new Julian + calendar, at first intercalated a day every third, instead of every + fourth, year. See Solinus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Collectanea</span></span>, i. 45-47 (p. 15, + ed. Th. Mommsen, Berlin, 1864); Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturn</span></span>, + i. 14. 13 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; L. Ideler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch der + mathematischen und technischen Chronologie</span></span>, i. + 157-161.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_203" name="note_203" + href="#noteref_203">203.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Theoretically + the shift should have been 40, or rather 42 days, that being the + interval between July 20 and August 29 or 31 (see the preceding + note). If that shift was actually made, the calendar date of any + festival in the old vague Egyptian year could be found by adding + 40 or 42 days to its date in the Alexandrian year. Thus if the + death of Osiris fell on the 17th of Athyr in the Alexandrian + year, it should have fallen on the 27th or 29th of Khoiak in the + old vague year; and if his resurrection fell on the 19th of Athyr + in the Alexandrian year, it should have fallen on the 29th of + Khoiak or the 1st of Tybi in the old vague year. These + calculations agree nearly, but not exactly, with the somewhat + uncertain indications of the Denderah calendar (above, p. + <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref">88</a>), and also with the + independent evidence which we possess that the resurrection of + Osiris was celebrated on the 30th of Khoiak (below, pp. <a href= + "#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref">108</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>). + These approximate agreements to some extent confirm my theory + that, with the adoption of the fixed Alexandrian year, the dates + of the official Egyptian festivals were shifted from their + accidental places in the calendar to their proper places in the + natural year.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Since I + published in the first edition of this book (1906) my theory that + with the adoption of the fixed Alexandrian year in 30 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> the Egyptian + festivals were shifted about a month backward in the year, + Professor Ed. Meyer has shown independent grounds for holding + <span class="tei tei-q">“that the festivals which gave rise to + the later names of the (Egyptian) months were demonstrably held a + month later in earlier ages, under the twentieth, eighteenth, + indeed partly under the twelfth dynasty; in other words, that + after the end of the New Kingdom the festivals and the + corresponding names of the months were displaced one month + backwards. It is true that this displacement can as yet be proved + for only five months; but as the names of these months and the + festivals keep their relative position towards each other, the + assumption is inevitable that the displacement affected not + merely particular festivals but the whole system equally.”</span> + See Ed. Meyer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nachträge zur ägyptischen + Chronologie</span></span> (Berlin, 1908), pp. 3 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der königl. Preuss. Akademie + der Wissenschaften vom Jahre 1907</span></span>). Thus it is + possible that the displacement of the festivals by a month + backward in the calendar took place a good deal earlier than I + had supposed. In the uncertainty of the whole question I leave my + theory as it stood.</p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_204" name="note_204" + href="#noteref_204">204.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">If the results of the foregoing + inquiry be accepted, the resurrection of Osiris was regularly + celebrated in Egypt on the 15th of November from the year 30 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> onward, since the + 15th of November corresponded to the 19th of Athyr (the + resurrection day) in the fixed Alexandrian year. This agrees with + the indications of the Roman Rustic Calendars, which place the + resurrection (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">heuresis</span></span>, that is, the discovery + of Osiris) between the 14th and the 30th of November. Yet according + to the calendar of Philocalus, the official Roman celebration of + the resurrection seems to have been held on the 1st of November, + not on the 15th. How is the discrepancy to be explained? Th. + Mommsen supposed that the festival was officially adopted at Rome + at a time when the 19th of Athyr of the vague Egyptian year + corresponded to the 31st of October or the 1st of November of the + Julian calendar, and that the Romans, overlooking the vague or + shifting character of the Egyptian year, fixed the resurrection of + Osiris permanently on the 1st of November. Now the 19th of Athyr of + the vague year corresponded to the 1st of November in the years + 32-35 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> and to the 31st of + October in the years 36-39; and it appears that the festival was + officially adopted at Rome some time before 65 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> (Lucan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pharsalia</span></span>, viii. 831 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>). It is unlikely that the + adoption took place in the reign of Tiberius, who died in 37 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>; for he is known to + have persecuted the Egyptian religion (Tacitus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annals</span></span>, + ii. 85; Suetonius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tiberius</span></span>, 36; Josephus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiquit. + Jud.</span></span> xviii. 3. 4); hence Mommsen concluded that the + great festival of Osiris was officially adopted at Rome in the + early years of the reign of Caligula, that is, in 37, 38, or 39 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> See Th. Mommsen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Corpus + Inscriptionum Latinarum</span></span>, i.<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + Pars prior (Berlin, 1893), pp. 333 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. + Dessau, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae</span></span>, + vol. ii. p. 995, No. 8745. This theory of Mommsen's assumes that in + Egypt the festivals were still regulated by the old vague year in + the first century of our era. It cannot, therefore, be reconciled + with the conclusion reached in the text that the Egyptian festivals + ceased to be regulated by the old vague year from 30 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> onward. How the + difference of date between the official Roman and the Egyptian + festival of the resurrection is to be explained, I do not pretend + to say.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_205" name="note_205" + href="#noteref_205">205.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg048" class= + "tei tei-ref">48</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_206" name="note_206" + href="#noteref_206">206.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg006" class= + "tei tei-ref">6</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_207" name="note_207" + href="#noteref_207">207.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg007" class= + "tei tei-ref">7</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_208" name="note_208" + href="#noteref_208">208.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Servius on Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Georg.</span></span> + i. 166.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_209" name="note_209" + href="#noteref_209">209.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Dying God</span></span>, p. 250.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_210" name="note_210" + href="#noteref_210">210.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Spirits of the Corn and of the + Wild</span></span>, i. 236 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_211" name="note_211" + href="#noteref_211">211.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 73, compare 33.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_212" name="note_212" + href="#noteref_212">212.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diodorus Siculus, i. 88. 5. The + slaughter may have been performed by the king with his own hand. On + Egyptian monuments the king is often represented in the act of + slaying prisoners before a god. See A. Moret, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Du caractère + religieux de la royauté Pharaonique</span></span> (Paris, 1902), + pp. 179, 224; E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 197 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + Similarly the kings of Ashantee and Dahomey used often themselves + to cut the throats of the human victims. See A. B. Ellis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast</span></span> (London, + 1887), p. 162; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Ewe-speaking + Peoples of the Slave Coast</span></span> (London, 1890), pp. 125, + 129.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_213" name="note_213" + href="#noteref_213">213.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Scholia in Caesaris Germanici + Aratea</span></span>, in F. Eyssenhardt's edition of Martianus + Capella, p. 408 (Leipsic, 1866).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_214" name="note_214" + href="#noteref_214">214.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dionysius Halicarnasensis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiquit. + Rom.</span></span> ii. 56. 4. Compare Livy, i. 16. 4; Florus, i. 1. + 16 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Romulus</span></span>, 27. Mr. A. B. Cook was, + I believe, the first to interpret the story as a reminiscence of + the sacrifice of a king. See his article <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The European Sky-God,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xvi. (1905) pp. 324 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> However, the acute historian + A. Schwegler long ago maintained that the tradition rested on some + very ancient religious rite, which was afterwards abolished or + misunderstood, and he rightly compared the legendary deaths of + Pentheus and Orpheus (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Römische Geschichte</span></span>, Tübingen, + 1853-1858, vol. i. pp. 534 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>). See further W. Otto, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Juno,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Philologus</span></span>, lxiv. (1905) pp. 187 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_215" name="note_215" + href="#noteref_215">215.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 313 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_216" name="note_216" + href="#noteref_216">216.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bacchae</span></span>, 43 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 1043 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Theocritus, xxvi.; + Pausanias, ii. 2. 7; Apollodorus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, iii. 5. 1 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Hyginus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fab.</span></span> + 132 and 184. The destruction of Lycurgus by horses seems to be + mentioned only by Apollodorus. As to Pentheus see especially A. G. + Bather, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Problem of the + Bacchae,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of Hellenic Studies</span></span>, + xiv. (1904) pp. 244-263.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_217" name="note_217" + href="#noteref_217">217.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nonnus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dionys.</span></span> + vi. 165-205; Clement of Alexandria, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protrept.</span></span> ii. 17 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, p. + 15 ed. Potter; Justin Martyr, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Apology</span></span>, i. 54; Firmicus + Maternus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De errore profanarum religionum</span></span>, + 6; Arnobius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Adversus Nationes</span></span>, v. 19. + According to the Clementine <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Recognitiones</span></span>, x. 24 (Migne's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Patrologia Graeca</span></span>, i. 1434) + Dionysus was torn in pieces at Thebes, the very place of which + Pentheus was king. The description of Euripides (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bacchae</span></span>, 1058 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>) + suggests that the human victim was tied or hung to a pine-tree + before being rent to pieces. We are reminded of the effigy of Attis + which hung on the sacred pine (above, vol. i. p. 267), and of the + image of Osiris which was made out of a pine-tree and then buried + in the hollow of the trunk (below, p. 108). The pine-tree on which + Pentheus was pelted by the Bacchanals before they tore him limb + from limb is said to have been worshipped as if it were the god + himself by the Corinthians, who made two images of Dionysus out of + it (Pausanias, ii. 2. 7). The tradition points to an intimate + connexion between the tree, the god, and the human victim.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_218" name="note_218" + href="#noteref_218">218.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Porphyry, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + abstinentia</span></span>, ii. 55. At Potniae in Boeotia a priest + of Dionysus is said to have been killed by the drunken worshippers + (Pausanias, ix. 8. 2). He may have been sacrificed in the character + of the god.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_219" name="note_219" + href="#noteref_219">219.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lucian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + saltatione</span></span>, 51; Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Symposium</span></span>, 7, p. 179 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>; Pausanias, ix. 30. 5; + Ovid, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metam.</span></span> xi. 1-43; O. Gruppe, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Orpheus,”</span> in W. H. Roscher's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon der griech. + und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, iii. 1165 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + That Orpheus died the death of the god has been observed both in + ancient and modern times. See E. Rohde, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Psyche</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + (Tübingen and Leipsic, 1903) ii. 118, note 2, quoting Proclus on + Plato; S. Reinach, <span class="tei tei-q">“La mort + d'Orphée,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cultes, Mythes et Religions</span></span>, ii. + (1906) pp. 85 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> According to Ovid, the + Bacchanals killed him with hoes, rakes, and mattocks. Similarly in + West Africa human victims used to be killed with spades and hoes + and then buried in a field which had just been tilled (J. B. Labat, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Relation + historique de l'Ethiopie occidentale</span></span>, Paris, 1732, i. + 380). Such a mode of sacrifice points to the identification of the + human victim with the fruits of the earth.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_220" name="note_220" + href="#noteref_220">220.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, iii. 5. 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_221" name="note_221" + href="#noteref_221">221.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. M. Dawkins, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Modern Carnival in Thrace and the Cult of + Dionysus,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of Hellenic Studies</span></span>, + xxvi. (1906) pp. 191-206. See further <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spirits of the Corn + and of the Wild</span></span>, i. 25 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_222" name="note_222" + href="#noteref_222">222.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Snorri Sturluson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Heimskringla, Saga + Halfdanar Svarta</span></span>, ch. 9. I have to thank Professor H. + M. Chadwick for referring me to this passage and translating it for + me. See also <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Stories of the Kings of Norway + (Heimskringla)</span></span>, done into English by W. Morris and E. + Magnússon (London, 1893-1905), i. 86 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Halfdan the Black was the father of Harold the Fair-haired, king of + Norway (860-933 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>). Professor Chadwick + tells me that, though the tradition as to the death and mutilation + of Halfdan was not committed to writing for three hundred years, he + sees no reason to doubt its truth. He also informs me that the word + translated <span class="tei tei-q">“abundance”</span> means + literally <span class="tei tei-q">“the produce of the + season.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Plenteous years”</span> is + the rendering of Morris and Magnússon.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_223" name="note_223" + href="#noteref_223">223.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to the descent of Halfdan and the + Ynglings from Frey, see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Heimskringla</span></span>, done into English + by W. Morris and E. Magnússon, i. 23-71 (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Saga + Library</span></span>, vol. iii.). With regard to Frey, the god of + fertility, both animal and vegetable, see E. H. Meyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythologie der + Germanen</span></span> (Strasburg, 1903), pp. 366 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; P. + Hermann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nordische Mythologie</span></span> (Leipsic, + 1903), pp. 206 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_224" name="note_224" + href="#noteref_224">224.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Heimskringla</span></span>, done into English + by W. Morris and E. Magnússon, i. 4, 22-24 (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Saga + Library</span></span>, vol. iii.).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_225" name="note_225" + href="#noteref_225">225.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Totemism and Exogamy</span></span>, ii. 32 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, from information supplied + by Dr. C. G. Seligmann.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_226" name="note_226" + href="#noteref_226">226.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg010" class= + "tei tei-ref">10</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_227" name="note_227" + href="#noteref_227">227.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dudley Kidd, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Savage + Childhood</span></span> (London, 1906), p. 291.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_228" name="note_228" + href="#noteref_228">228.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref">97</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_229" name="note_229" + href="#noteref_229">229.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg268" class= + "tei tei-ref">268</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_230" name="note_230" + href="#noteref_230">230.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See my notes on Pausanias, i. 28. 7 + and viii. 47. 5 (vol. ii. pp. 366 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + vol. iv. pp. 433 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_231" name="note_231" + href="#noteref_231">231.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. F. Harper, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Assyrian and + Babylonian Literature</span></span> (New York, 1901), p. 116; C. + Fossey, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">La Magie Assyrienne</span></span> (Paris, + 1902), pp. 34 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_232" name="note_232" + href="#noteref_232">232.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Amos ii. 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_233" name="note_233" + href="#noteref_233">233.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, i. 9. 7 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_234" name="note_234" + href="#noteref_234">234.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. B. du Chaillu, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Explorations and + Adventures in Equatorial Africa</span></span> (London, 1861), pp. + 18 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_235" name="note_235" + href="#noteref_235">235.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Spieth, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Ewe-Stämme</span></span> (Berlin, 1906), p. 107.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_236" name="note_236" + href="#noteref_236">236.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mary H. Kingsley, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in West + Africa</span></span> (London, 1897), pp. 449 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In + West African jargon the word ju-ju means fetish or magic.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_237" name="note_237" + href="#noteref_237">237.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Father Porte, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Les reminiscences d'un missionnaire du + Basutoland,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Missions Catholiques</span></span>, xxviii. + (1896) pp. 311 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> As to the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baloi</span></span>, see A. Merensky, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge + zur Kenntniss Süd-Afrikas</span></span> (Berlin, 1875), pp. 138 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. Gottschling, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Bawenda,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxv. (1905) p. 375. For + these two references I have to thank Mr. E. S. Hartland.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_238" name="note_238" + href="#noteref_238">238.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Henri A. Junod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Life of a South + African Tribe</span></span> (Neuchâtel, 1912-1913), i. 387 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_239" name="note_239" + href="#noteref_239">239.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lorimer Fison, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on Fijian Burial Customs,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, x. (1881) pp. 141 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_240" name="note_240" + href="#noteref_240">240.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. H. Codrington, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Melanesians</span></span> (Oxford, 1891), p. 269.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_241" name="note_241" + href="#noteref_241">241.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ivan Petroff, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Report on the + Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska</span></span>, p. + 142. The account seems to be borrowed from H. J. Holmberg, who adds + that pains were taken to preserve the flesh from decay, + <span class="tei tei-q">“because they believed that their own life + depended on it.”</span> See H. J. Holmberg, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Über die Völker des russischen Amerika,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Acta + Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae</span></span>, iv. (Helsingfors, + 1856) p. 391.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_242" name="note_242" + href="#noteref_242">242.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref">97</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_243" name="note_243" + href="#noteref_243">243.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 31; Herodotus, ii. 38.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_244" name="note_244" + href="#noteref_244">244.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herrera, quoted by A. Bastian, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Culturländer des alten Amerika</span></span> (Berlin, 1878), ii. + 639; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">General History of + the vast Continent and Islands of America</span></span>, translated + by Capt. J. Stevens (London, 1725-26), ii. 379 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + (whose version of the passage is inadequate). Compare Brasseur de + Bourbourg, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique et + de l'Amérique Centrale</span></span> (Paris, 1857-59), i. 327, iii. + 525.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_245" name="note_245" + href="#noteref_245">245.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Lefébure, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le mythe + Osirien</span></span> (Paris, 1874-75), p. 188.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_246" name="note_246" + href="#noteref_246">246.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Firmicus Maternus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De errore profanarum + religionum</span></span>, 2, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Defensores eorum volunt addere physicam + rationem, frugum semina Osirim dicentes esse, Isim terram, Tyfonem + calorem: et quia maturatae fruges calore ad vitam hominum + colliguntur et divisae a terrae consortio separantur et rursus + adpropinquante hieme seminantur, hanc volunt esse mortem Osiridis, + cum fruges recondunt, inventionem vero, cum fruges genitali terrae + fomento conceptae annua rursus coeperint procreatione + generari.</span></span>”</span> Tertullian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adversus + Marcionem</span></span>, i. 13, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Sic et Osiris quod semper + sepelitur et in vivido quaeritur et cum gaudio invenitur, + reciprocarum frugum et vividorum elementorum et recidivi anni fidem + argumentantur</span></span>.”</span> Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 65, οὕτω δὲ καὶ τοῖς πολλοῖς καὶ φορτικοῖς + ἐπιχειρήσομεν, εἴτε ταῖς καθ᾽ ὤραν μεταβολαῖς τοῦ περιέχοντος εἴτε + ταῖς καρπῶν γενέσεσι καὶ σποραῖς καὶ ἀρότοις χαίρουσι τὰ περὶ τοὺς + θεοὺς τούτους συνοικειοῦντες, καὶ λέγοντες θάπτεσθαι μὲν Ὄσιριν ὅτε + κρύπτεται τῇ γῇ σπειρόμενος ὁ καρπός, αὖθις δ᾽ ἀναβιοῦσθαι καὶ + ἀναφαίνεσφαι ὅτε βλαστήσεως ἀρχή. Eusebius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Praeparatio + Evangelii</span></span>, iii. 11. 31, ὁ δὲ Ὄσιρις παρ᾽ Αἰγυπτίοις + τὴν κάρπιμον παρίστησι δύναμιν, ἢν θρήνοις ἀπομειλίσσονται εἰς γὴν + ἀφανιζομένην ἐν τῷ σπόρῳ καὶ ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν καταναλισκομένην εἰς τὰς + τροφάς. Athenagoras, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Supplicatio pro Christianis</span></span>, 22, + pp. 112, 114 ed. J. C. T. Otto, τὰ δὲ στοιχεῖα καὶ τὰ μόρια αὐτῶν + θεοποιοῦσιν, ἄλλοτε ἄλλα ὀνόματα αὐτοῖς τιθέμενοι, τὴν μὲν τοῦ + σίτου σπορὰν Ὄσιριν (ὄφεν φασὶ μυστικῶς ἐπὶ τῇ ἀνευρέσει τῶν μελῶν + ἢ τῶν καρπῶν ἐπιλεχθῆναι τῇ Ἴσιδι. Εὐρήκαμεν, συγχαίρομεν). See + also the passage of Cornutus quoted above, vol. i. p. 229, note + 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_247" name="note_247" + href="#noteref_247">247.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De errore profanarum religionum</span></span>, + 27.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_248" name="note_248" + href="#noteref_248">248.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. pp. 267, 277.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_249" name="note_249" + href="#noteref_249">249.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 21, αἰνῶ δὲ τομὴν ξύλου καὶ σχίσιν λίνου καὶ + χοὰς χεομένας, διὰ τὸ πολλὰ τῶν μυστικῶν ἀναμεμίχθαι τούτοις. + Again, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span> 42, τὸ δὲ ξύλον ἐν ταῖς + λεγομέναις Ὀσίριδος ταφαῖς τέμνοντες κατασκευάζουσι λάρνακα + μηνοειδῆ.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_250" name="note_250" + href="#noteref_250">250.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg009" class= + "tei tei-ref">9</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_251" name="note_251" + href="#noteref_251">251.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tet</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ded</span></span> pillar and its erection at + the festival see H. Brugsch in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + ägyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde</span></span>, 1881, pp. 84, + 96; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion und + Mythologie der alten Aegypter</span></span>, p. 618; A. Erman, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aegypten + und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum</span></span>, pp. 377 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + ägyptische Religion</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + pp. 22, 64; C. P. Tiele, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">History of the Egyptian Religion</span></span> + (London, 1882), pp. 46 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Sir J. Gardiner Wilkinson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manners + and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span> (London, 1878), + iii. pp. 67, note 3, and 82; A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion of the + Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, pp. 289 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; G. + Maspero, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient + Classique</span></span>, i. 130 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. + Moret, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Du + caractère religieux de la royauté Pharaonique</span></span>, p. + 153, note 1; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mystères + Égyptiens</span></span>, pp. 12-16; E. A. Wallis Budge, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods + of the Egyptians</span></span>, ii. 122, 124, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 6, 37, 48, 51 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Miss Margaret A. Murray, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Osireion at Abydos</span></span>, pp. 27, + 28; Ed. Meyer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2, p. 70. In a letter to + me (dated 8th December, 1910) my colleague Professor P. E. Newberry + tells me that he believes Osiris to have been originally a + cedar-tree god imported into Egypt from the Lebanon, and he regards + the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ded</span></span> pillar as a lopped + cedar-tree. The flail, as a symbol of Osiris, he believes to be the + instrument used to collect incense. A similar flail is used by + peasants in Crete to extract the ladanum gum from the shrubs. See + P. de Tournefort, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Relation d'un Voyage du Levant</span></span> + (Amsterdam, 1718), i. 29, with the plate. For this reference I am + indebted to Professor Newberry.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_252" name="note_252" + href="#noteref_252">252.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 15. See above, p. 9.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_253" name="note_253" + href="#noteref_253">253.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 88-90.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_254" name="note_254" + href="#noteref_254">254.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Mariette-Bey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dendérah</span></span>, iv. pl. 66.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_255" name="note_255" + href="#noteref_255">255.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Mariette-Bey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dendérah</span></span>, iv. pl. 72. Compare E. + Lefébure, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Le mythe Osirien</span></span>, pp. 194, 196, + who regards the tree as a conifer. But it is perhaps a + tamarisk.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_256" name="note_256" + href="#noteref_256">256.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Lefébure, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 195, 197.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_257" name="note_257" + href="#noteref_257">257.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. Birch, in Sir J. G. Wilkinson's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manners + and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span> (London, 1878), + iii. 84.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_258" name="note_258" + href="#noteref_258">258.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir J. G. Wilkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> iii. 62-64; E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods of the + Egyptians</span></span>, ii. 106 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; G. + Maspero, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient + Classique</span></span>, i. 185.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_259" name="note_259" + href="#noteref_259">259.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. H. Breasted, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Development of + Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt</span></span> (London, 1912), + p. 28.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_260" name="note_260" + href="#noteref_260">260.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Moret, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kings and Gods of + Egypt</span></span> (New York and London, 1912), p. 83.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_261" name="note_261" + href="#noteref_261">261.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. pp. 227 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_262" name="note_262" + href="#noteref_262">262.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir J. G. Wilkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> iii. 349 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aegypten und + aegyptisches Leben im Altertum</span></span>, p. 368; H. Brugsch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion + und Mythologie der alten Aegypter</span></span>, p. 621.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_263" name="note_263" + href="#noteref_263">263.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">We may compare a belief of some of the + Californian Indians that the owl is the guardian spirit and deity + of the <span class="tei tei-q">“California big tree,”</span> and + that it is equally unlucky to fell the tree or to shoot the bird. + See S. Powers, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tribes of California</span></span> + (Washington, 1877), p. 398. When a Maori priest desires to protect + the life or soul (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hau</span></span>) of a tree against the + insidious arts of magicians, he sets a bird-snare in the tree, and + the first bird caught in the snare, or its right wing, embodies the + life or soul of the tree. Accordingly the priest recites + appropriate spells over the bird or its wing and hides it away in + the forest. After that no evil-disposed magician can hurt the tree, + since its life or soul is not in it but hidden away in the forest. + See Elsdon Best, <span class="tei tei-q">“Spiritual Concepts of the + Maori,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Polynesian + Society</span></span>, ix. (1900) p. 195. Thus the bird or its wing + is the depository of the external soul of the tree. Compare + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balder + the Beautiful</span></span>, i. 95 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_264" name="note_264" + href="#noteref_264">264.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir J. G. Wilkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> iii. 349 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion und + Mythologie der alten Aegypter</span></span>, p. 621; R. V. Lanzone, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia</span></span>, + tav. cclxiii.; Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Isis et Osiris</span></span>, 20. In this + passage of Plutarch it has been proposed by G. Parthey to read + μυρίκης (tamarisk) for μηθίδης (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">methide</span></span>), and the conjecture + appears to be accepted by Wilkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">loc. + cit.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_265" name="note_265" + href="#noteref_265">265.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Lefébure, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le mythe + Osirien</span></span>, p. 191.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_266" name="note_266" + href="#noteref_266">266.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Lefébure, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 188.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_267" name="note_267" + href="#noteref_267">267.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. V. Lanzone, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dizionario di + Mitologia Egizia</span></span>, tav. ccciv.; G. Maspero, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire + ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient Classique</span></span>, ii. 570, + fig.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_268" name="note_268" + href="#noteref_268">268.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 35. One of the points in which the myths of + Isis and Demeter agree is that both goddesses in the search for the + loved and lost one are said to have sat down, sad at heart and + weary, on the edge of a well. Hence those who had been initiated at + Eleusis were forbidden to sit on a well. See Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 15; Homer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hymn to + Demeter</span></span>, 98 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Pausanias, i. 39. 1; + Apollodorus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, i. 5. 1; Nicander, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theriaca</span></span>, 486; Clement of + Alexandria, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protrept.</span></span> ii. 20, p. 16 ed. + Potter.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_269" name="note_269" + href="#noteref_269">269.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tibullus, i. 7. 33-36; Diodorus + Siculus, i. 17. 1, i. 20. 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_270" name="note_270" + href="#noteref_270">270.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 38, 39.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_271" name="note_271" + href="#noteref_271">271.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 19, 45, with frontispiece.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_272" name="note_272" + href="#noteref_272">272.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diodorus Siculus, i. 17. 4 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_273" name="note_273" + href="#noteref_273">273.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 48; Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 12, 18, 36, 51; Diodorus Siculus, i. 21. 5, + i. 22. 6 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, iv. 6. 3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_274" name="note_274" + href="#noteref_274">274.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hippolytus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Refutatio omnium + haeresium</span></span>, v. 7, p. 144 ed. Duncker and + Schneidewin.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_275" name="note_275" + href="#noteref_275">275.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Mariette-Bey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dendérah</span></span>, iv. plates 66, 68, 69, + 70, 88, 89, 90. Compare R. V. Lanzone, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dizionario di + Mitologia Egizia</span></span>, tavv. cclxxi., cclxxii., cclxxvi., + cclxxxv., cclxxxvi., cclxxxvii., cclxxxix., ccxc.; E. A. Wallis + Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Gods of the Egyptians</span></span>, ii. + 132, 136, 137.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_276" name="note_276" + href="#noteref_276">276.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miss Margaret A. Murray, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Osireion at + Abydos</span></span>, p. 27.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_277" name="note_277" + href="#noteref_277">277.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">That the Greek Dionysus was nothing + but a slightly disguised form of the Egyptian Osiris has been held + by Herodotus in ancient and by Mr. P. Foucart in modern times. See + Herodotus, ii. 49; P. Foucart, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le culte de Dionysos + en Attique</span></span> (Paris, 1904) (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mémoires de + l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres</span></span>, + xxxvii.).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_278" name="note_278" + href="#noteref_278">278.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg013" class= + "tei tei-ref">13</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_279" name="note_279" + href="#noteref_279">279.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg090" class= + "tei tei-ref">90</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_280" name="note_280" + href="#noteref_280">280.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">1 Corinthians xv. 36-38, 42-44.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_281" name="note_281" + href="#noteref_281">281.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 42. Compare E. A. + Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Gods of the Egyptians</span></span>, ii. + 115 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 203 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 22 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_282" name="note_282" + href="#noteref_282">282.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion und + Mythologie der alten Aegypter</span></span>, p. 645; W. + Dittenberger, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones + Selectae</span></span>, vol. ii. p. 433, No. 695; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Corpus Inscriptionum + Graecarum</span></span>, iii. p. 1232, No. 4941. Compare H. Dessau, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae</span></span>, + vol. ii. Pars i. p. 179, No. 4376 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>. In Egyptian her name is + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hest</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ast</span></span>, but the derivation and + meaning of the name are unknown. See A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religion of the + Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, pp. 218 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_283" name="note_283" + href="#noteref_283">283.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. P. Tiele, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Egyptian + Religion</span></span> (London, 1882), p. 57.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_284" name="note_284" + href="#noteref_284">284.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods of the + Egyptians</span></span>, ii. 203 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_285" name="note_285" + href="#noteref_285">285.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diodorus Siculus, i. 14. 1 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Eusebius (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Praeparatio + Evangelii</span></span>, iii. 3) quotes from Diodorus a long + passage on the early religion of Egypt, prefacing it with the + remark that Diodorus's account of the subject was more concise than + that of Manetho.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_286" name="note_286" + href="#noteref_286">286.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Augustine, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De civitate + Dei</span></span>, viii. 27. Tertullian says that Isis wore a + wreath of the corn she had discovered (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + corona</span></span>, 7).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_287" name="note_287" + href="#noteref_287">287.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diodorus Siculus, i. 14. 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_288" name="note_288" + href="#noteref_288">288.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg045" class= + "tei tei-ref">45</a>, and vol. i. p. 232.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_289" name="note_289" + href="#noteref_289">289.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion und + Mythologie der alten Aegypter</span></span>, p. 647; E. A. Wallis + Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Osiris and the Egyptian + Resurrection</span></span>, ii. 277.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_290" name="note_290" + href="#noteref_290">290.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 649. Compare E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods of the + Egyptians</span></span>, ii. 216.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_291" name="note_291" + href="#noteref_291">291.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Brugsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">loc. + cit.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_292" name="note_292" + href="#noteref_292">292.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 59, 156; Diodorus + Siculus, i. 13, 25, 95; Apollodorus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, ii. 1. 3; J. + Tzetzes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schol. on Lycophron</span></span>, 212. See + further W. Drexler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Isis,”</span> in W. H. Roscher's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon der griech. + und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, ii. 443 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_293" name="note_293" + href="#noteref_293">293.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthologia Planudea</span></span>, cclxiv. + 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_294" name="note_294" + href="#noteref_294">294.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epigrammata Graeca ex lapidibus + conlecta</span></span>, ed. G. Kaibel (Berlin, 1878), No. 1028, pp. + 437 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Orphica</span></span>, ed. E. Abel (Leipsic + and Prague, 1885), pp. 295 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_295" name="note_295" + href="#noteref_295">295.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Drexler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 448 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_296" name="note_296" + href="#noteref_296">296.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Otho often celebrated, or at least + attended, the rites of Isis, clad in a linen garment (Suetonius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Otho</span></span>, 12). Commodus did the + same, with shaven head, carrying the effigy of Anubis. See + Lampridius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Commodus</span></span>, 9; Spartianus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pescennius Niger</span></span>, 6; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Caracallus</span></span>, 9.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_297" name="note_297" + href="#noteref_297">297.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Preller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Römische + Mythologie</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> (Berlin, 1881-1883), ii. + 373-385; J. Marquardt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Römische Staatsverwaltung</span></span> + (Leipsic, 1885), iii.<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> 77-81; E. Renan, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Marc-Aurèle et la fin du Monde + Antique</span></span> (Paris, 1882), pp. 570 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + J. Reville, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">La religion romaine à Rome sous les + Sévères</span></span> (Paris, 1886), pp. 54-61; G. Lafaye, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire + du culte des divinités d'Alexandrie</span></span> (Paris, 1884); E. + Meyer and W. Drexler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Isis,”</span> in W. H. Roscher's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon der griech. + und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, ii. 360 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + S. Dill, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Roman Society in the Last Century of the + Western Empire</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (London, 1899), pp. 79 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 85 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman Society from + Nero to Marcus Aurelius</span></span> (London, 1904), pp. 560 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> The chief passage on the + worship of Isis in the West is the eleventh book of Apuleius's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metamorphoses</span></span>. On the reputation + which the goddess enjoyed as a healer of the sick see Diodorus + Siculus, i. 25; W. Drexler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> ii. 521 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + The divine partner of Isis in later times, especially outside of + Egypt, was Serapis, that is Osiris-Apis (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Asar-Ḥāpi</span></span>), the sacred Apis bull + of Memphis, identified after death with Osiris. His oldest + sanctuary was at Memphis (Pausanias, i. 18. 4), and there was one + at Babylon in the time of Alexander the Great (Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Alexander</span></span>, 76; Arrian, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anabasis</span></span>, vii. 26). Ptolemy I. + or II. built a great and famous temple in his honour at Alexandria, + where he set up an image of the god which was commonly said to have + been imported from Sinope in Pontus. See Tacitus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histor.</span></span> + iv. 83 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 27-29; Clement of Alexandria, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protrept.</span></span> iv. 48, p. 42 ed. + Potter. In after ages the institution of the worship of Serapis was + attributed to this Ptolemy, but all that the politic Macedonian + monarch appears to have done was to assimilate the Egyptian Osiris + to the Greek Pluto, and so to set up a god whom Egyptians and + Greeks could unite in worshipping. Serapis gradually assumed the + attributes of Aesculapius, the Greek god of healing, in addition to + those of Pluto, the Greek god of the dead. See G. Lafaye, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire + du culte des divinités d'Alexandrie</span></span>, pp. 16 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Herodots zweites + Buch</span></span>, p. 589; E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods of the + Egyptians</span></span>, ii. 195 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + A. Erman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 237 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_298" name="note_298" + href="#noteref_298">298.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The resemblance of Isis to the Virgin + Mary has often been pointed out. See W. Drexler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Isis,”</span> in W. H. Roscher's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon + der griech. und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, ii. 428 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_299" name="note_299" + href="#noteref_299">299.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Drexler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 430 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_300" name="note_300" + href="#noteref_300">300.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Th. Trede, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das Heidentum in der + römischen Kirche</span></span> (Gotha, 1889-1891), iii. 144 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_301" name="note_301" + href="#noteref_301">301.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On this later aspect of Isis see W. + Drexler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> ii. 474 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_302" name="note_302" + href="#noteref_302">302.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. E. Jablonski, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pantheon + Aegyptiorum</span></span> (Frankfort, 1750-1752), i. 125 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_303" name="note_303" + href="#noteref_303">303.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diodorus Siculus, i. 11. 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_304" name="note_304" + href="#noteref_304">304.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See p. <a href="#Pg116" class= + "tei tei-ref">116</a>, note 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_305" name="note_305" + href="#noteref_305">305.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Saturnalia</span></span>, bk. i.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_306" name="note_306" + href="#noteref_306">306.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> i. 21. 11.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_307" name="note_307" + href="#noteref_307">307.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 10 and 51; Sir J. G. Wilkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manners and Customs + of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span> (London, 1878), iii. 353; R. + V. Lanzone, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia</span></span>, + pp. 782 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. A. Wallis Budge, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods + of the Egyptians</span></span>, ii. 113 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. + H. Breasted, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient + Egypt</span></span>, pp. 11 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Strictly speaking, the eye + was the eye of Horus, which the dutiful son sacrificed in behalf of + his father Osiris. <span class="tei tei-q">“This act of filial + devotion, preserved to us in the Pyramid Texts, made the already + sacred Horus-eye doubly revered in the tradition and feeling of the + Egyptians. It became the symbol of all sacrifice; every gift or + offering might be called a <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Horus-eye,’</span> especially if offered to the dead. + Excepting the sacred beetle, or scarab, it became the commonest and + the most revered symbol known to Egyptian religion, and the myriads + of eyes, wrought in blue or green glaze, or even cut from costly + stone, which fill our museum collections, and are brought home by + thousands by the modern tourist, are survivals of this ancient + story of Horus and his devotion to his father”</span> (J. H. + Breasted, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 31).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_308" name="note_308" + href="#noteref_308">308.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods of the + Egyptians</span></span>, i. 467; A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. 8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_309" name="note_309" + href="#noteref_309">309.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Isis et Osiris</span></span>, 52.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_310" name="note_310" + href="#noteref_310">310.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De errore profanarum religionum</span></span>, + 8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_311" name="note_311" + href="#noteref_311">311.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lepsius, <span class="tei tei-q">“Über + den ersten ägyptischen Götterkreis und seine + geschichtlich-mythologische Entstehung,”</span> in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der + königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin</span></span>, + 1851, pp. 194 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_312" name="note_312" + href="#noteref_312">312.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The view here taken of the history of + Egyptian religion is based on the sketch in Ad. Erman's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aegypten + und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum</span></span>, pp. 351 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> Compare C. P. Tiele, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte der Religion im + Altertum</span></span> (Gotha, 1896-1903), i. 79 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_313" name="note_313" + href="#noteref_313">313.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On this attempted revolution in + religion see Lepsius, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verhandlungen der königl. Akad. der + Wissenschaften zu Berlin</span></span>, 1851, pp. 196-201; A. + Erman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im + Altertum</span></span>, pp. 74 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 355-357; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 76-84; H. Brugsch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History + of Egypt</span></span> (London, 1879), i. 441 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + A. Wiedemann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aegyptische Geschichte</span></span> (Gotha, + 1884), pp. 396 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Religion der alten Agypter</span></span>, pp. 20-22; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion + of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span>, pp. 35-43; C. P. Tiele, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte der Religion im + Altertum</span></span>, i. 84-92; G. Maspero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des + Peuples de l'Orient Classique</span></span>, i. 316 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Gods of the Egyptians</span></span>, ii. + 68-84; J. H. Breasted, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">History of the Ancient Egyptians</span></span> + (London, 1908), pp. 264-279; A. Moret, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kings and Gods of + Egypt</span></span> (New York and London, 1912), pp. 41-68. A very + sympathetic account of this remarkable religious reformer is given + by Professor J. H. Breasted (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient + Egypt</span></span>, pp. 319-343). Amenophis IV. reigned from about + 1375 to 1358 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> His new capital, + Akhetaton, the modern Tell-el-Amarna, was on the right bank of the + Nile, between Memphis and Thebes. The king has been described as + <span class="tei tei-q">“of all the Pharaohs the most curious and + at the same time the most enigmatic figure.”</span> To explain his + bodily and mental peculiarities some scholars conjectured that + through his mother, Queen Tii, he might have had Semitic blood in + his veins. But this theory appears to have been refuted by the + discovery in 1905 of the tomb of Queen Tii's parents, the contents + of which are of pure Egyptian style. See A. Moret, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 46 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_314" name="note_314" + href="#noteref_314">314.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Le Page Renouf, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lectures on the + Origin and Growth of Religion</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (London, 1884), p. 113.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_315" name="note_315" + href="#noteref_315">315.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The late eminent scholar C. P. Tiele, + who formerly interpreted Osiris as a sun-god (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Egyptian + Religion</span></span>, pp. 43 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>), + afterwards adopted a view of his nature which approaches more + nearly to the one advocated in this book. See his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte der + Religion im Altertum</span></span>, i. 35 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 123. Professor Ed. Meyer also formerly regarded Osiris as a + sun-god; he now interprets him as a great vegetation god, dwelling + in the depths of the earth and causing the plants and trees to + spring from it. The god's symbol, the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ded</span></span> pillar (see above, pp. + <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref">108</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>), + he takes to be a tree-trunk with cross-beams. See Ed. Meyer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte des Altertums</span></span>, i. p. + 67, § 57 (first edition, 1884); <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + i.<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> 2. pp. 70, 84, 87 (second + edition, 1909). Sir Gaston Maspero has also abandoned the theory + that Osiris was the sun; he now supposes that the deity originally + personified the Nile. See his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + (Paris, 1886), p. 35; and his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient + Classique</span></span>, i. (Paris, 1895), p. 130. Dr. E. A. Wallis + Budge also formerly interpreted Osiris as the Nile (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods of the + Egyptians</span></span>, i. 122, 123), and this view was held by + some ancient writers (Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39). Compare Miss M. A. + Murray, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Osireion at Abydos</span></span> (London, + 1904), p. 29. Dr. Budge now explains Osiris as a deified king. See + his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Osiris and the Egyptian + Resurrection</span></span>, vol. i. pp. xviii, 30 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 37, 66 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 168, 254, 256, 290, 300, + 312, 384. As to this view see below, pp. 158 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_316" name="note_316" + href="#noteref_316">316.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the identification of Osiris with + Dionysus, and of Isis with Demeter, see Herodotus, ii. 42, 49, 59, + 144, 156; Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Isis et Osiris</span></span>, 13, 35; Diodorus + Siculus, i. 13, 25, 96, iv. 1; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orphica</span></span>, + Hymn 42; Eusebius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Praepar. Evang.</span></span> iii. 11. 31; + Servius on Virgil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> xi. 287; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, on + Virgil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Georg.</span></span> i. 166; J. Tzetzes, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schol. on + Lycophron</span></span>, 212; Διηγήματα, xxii. 2, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythographi + Graeci</span></span>, ed. A. Westermann (Brunswick, 1843), p. 368; + Nonnus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dionys.</span></span> iv. 269 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Cornutus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theologiae Graecae Compendium</span></span>, + 28; Ausonius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epigrammata</span></span>, 29 and 30. For the + identification of Osiris with Adonis and Attis see Stephanus + Byzantius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> Ἀμαθοῦς; Damascius, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Vita Isodori,”</span> in Photius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, ed. Im. Bekker + (Berlin, 1824), p. 343<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">a</span></span>, lines 21 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Hippolytus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Refutatio omnium haeresium</span></span>, v. + 9. p. 168 ed. Duncker and Schneidewin; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Orphica</span></span>, Hymn 42. For the + identification of Attis, Adonis, and Dionysus see Socrates, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historia + Ecclesiastica</span></span>, iii. 23 (Migne's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrologia + Graeca</span></span>, lxvii. 448); Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaestiones + Conviviales</span></span>, iv. 5. 3; Clement of Alexandria, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protrept.</span></span> ii. 19, p. 16 ed. + Potter.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_317" name="note_317" + href="#noteref_317">317.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lucian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De dea + Syria</span></span>, 7. According to Professor Ed. Meyer, the + relations of Egypt to Byblus were very ancient and close; he even + suggests that there may have been from early times an Egyptian + colony, or at all events an Egyptian military post, in the city. + The commercial importance of Byblus arose from its possession of + the fine cedar forests on the Lebanon; the timber was exported to + Egypt, where it was in great demand. See Ed. Meyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. pp. xix, 391 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_318" name="note_318" + href="#noteref_318">318.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 49.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_319" name="note_319" + href="#noteref_319">319.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 35.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_320" name="note_320" + href="#noteref_320">320.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Osiris, Attis, Adonis, and Dionysus + were all resolved by him into the sun; but he spared Demeter + (Ceres), whom, however, he interpreted as the moon. See the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Saturnalia</span></span>, bk. i.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_321" name="note_321" + href="#noteref_321">321.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 41.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_322" name="note_322" + href="#noteref_322">322.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On Osiris as a moon-god see E. A. + Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Osiris and the Egyptian + Resurrection</span></span>, i. 19-22, 59, 384 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_323" name="note_323" + href="#noteref_323">323.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 13, 42.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_324" name="note_324" + href="#noteref_324">324.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span> 18, 42. The hieroglyphic + texts sometimes speak of fourteen pieces, and sometimes of sixteen, + or even eighteen. But fourteen seems to have been the true number, + because the inscriptions of Denderah, which refer to the rites of + Osiris, describe the mystic image of the god as composed of + fourteen pieces. See E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods of the + Egyptians</span></span>, ii. 126 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 386 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_325" name="note_325" + href="#noteref_325">325.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_326" name="note_326" + href="#noteref_326">326.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. S. Gatschet, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Klamath Indians + of South-Western Oregon</span></span> (Washington, 1890), p. + lxxxix.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_327" name="note_327" + href="#noteref_327">327.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. R. Riggs, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dakota Grammar, + Texts, and Ethnography</span></span> (Washington, 1893), p. + 16.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_328" name="note_328" + href="#noteref_328">328.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. F. Kaindl, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Huzulen</span></span> (Vienna, 1894), p. 97.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_329" name="note_329" + href="#noteref_329">329.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 43.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_330" name="note_330" + href="#noteref_330">330.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span> 43.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_331" name="note_331" + href="#noteref_331">331.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span> 20, 29.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_332" name="note_332" + href="#noteref_332">332.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 43; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaest. + Conviv.</span></span> viii. 1. 3. Compare Herodotus, iii. 28; + Aelian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nat. Anim.</span></span> xi. 10; Mela, i. 9. + 58.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_333" name="note_333" + href="#noteref_333">333.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 47; Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 8. As to pigs in relation to Osiris, see + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spirits + of the Corn and of the Wild</span></span>, ii. 24 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_334" name="note_334" + href="#noteref_334">334.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. J. de Horrack, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Lamentations of Isis and Nephthys,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Records + of the Past</span></span>, ii. (London, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>) pp. 121 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. + Brugsch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Religion und Mythologie der alten + Aegypter</span></span>, pp. 629 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. + A. Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Osiris and the Egyptian + Resurrection</span></span>, i. 389. <span class="tei tei-q">“Apart + from the fact that Osiris is actually called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Āsār + Aāḥ</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Osiris the Moon,’</span> there are so many passages + which prove beyond all doubt that at one period at least Osiris was + the Moon-god, that it is difficult to understand why Diodorus + stated that Osiris was the sun and Isis the moon”</span> (E. A. + Wallis Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> i. 21).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_335" name="note_335" + href="#noteref_335">335.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 59.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_336" name="note_336" + href="#noteref_336">336.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to C. P. Tiele (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte der + Religion im Altertum</span></span>, i. 79) the conception of Osiris + as the moon was late and never became popular. This entirely + accords with the view adopted in the text.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_337" name="note_337" + href="#noteref_337">337.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> ii. 221.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_338" name="note_338" + href="#noteref_338">338.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Comment. in somnium + Scipionis</span></span>, i. 11. 7.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_339" name="note_339" + href="#noteref_339">339.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aulus Gellius, xx. 8. For the opinions + of the ancients on this subject see further W. H. Roscher, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Über + Selene und Verwandtes</span></span> (Leipsic, 1890), pp. 61 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_340" name="note_340" + href="#noteref_340">340.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">John Ramsay of Ochtertyre, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scotland + and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century</span></span>, edited by A. + Allardyce (Edinburgh and London, 1888), ii. 449.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_341" name="note_341" + href="#noteref_341">341.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. Campbell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Witchcraft and Second + Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland</span></span> + (Glasgow, 1902), pp. 306 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_342" name="note_342" + href="#noteref_342">342.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Palladius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De re + rustica</span></span>, i. 34. 8. Compare <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span> i. + 6. 12; Pliny, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nat. Hist.</span></span> xviii. 321, + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">omnia quae + caeduntur, carpuntur, tondentur innocentius decrescente luna quam + crescente fiunt</span></span>”</span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geoponica</span></span>, i. 6. 8, τινὲς + δοκιμάζουσι μηδὲν φθινούσης τῆς σελήνης ἀλλὰ αὐξανομένης + φυτεύειν.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_343" name="note_343" + href="#noteref_343">343.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Brand, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Antiquities + of Great Britain</span></span> (London, 1882-1883), iii. 144, + quoting Werenfels, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dissertation upon Superstition</span></span> + (London, 1748), p. 6.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_344" name="note_344" + href="#noteref_344">344.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Wuttke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der deutsche + Volksaberglaube</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> (Berlin, 1869), § 65, pp. + 57 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Compare J. Grimm, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> (Berlin, 1875-1878), ii. + 595; Montanus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die deutsche Volksfeste, Volksbräuche und + deutscher Volksglaube</span></span> (Iserlohn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), p. 128; M. + Prätorius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deliciae Prussicae</span></span> (Berlin, + 1871), p. 18; O. Schell, <span class="tei tei-q">“Einige + Bemerkungen über den Mond im heutigen Glauben des bergischen + Volkes,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Am Ur-quell</span></span>, v. (1894) p. 173. + The rule that the grafting of trees should be done at the waxing of + the moon is laid down by Pliny (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xvii. 108). At Deutsch-Zepling in Transylvania, + by an inversion of the usual custom, seed is generally sown at the + waning of the moon (A. Heinrich, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agrarische Sitten und + Gebräuche unter den Sachsen Siebenbürgens</span></span>, + Hermannstadt, 1880, p. 7). Some French peasants also prefer to sow + in the wane (F. Chapiseau, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore de la Beauce et du + Perche</span></span>, Paris, 1902, i. 291). In the Abruzzi also + sowing and grafting are commonly done when the moon is on the wane; + timber that is to be durable must be cut in January during the + moon's decrease (G. Finamore, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Credenze, Usi e Costumi + Abruzzesi</span></span>, Palermo, 1890, p. 43).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_345" name="note_345" + href="#noteref_345">345.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Sébillot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traditions et + Superstitions de la Haute-Bretagne</span></span> (Paris, 1882), ii. + 355; L. F. Sauvé, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges</span></span> + (Paris, 1889), p. 5; J. Brand, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Antiquities + of Great Britain</span></span>, iii. 150; Holzmayer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Osiliana,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Verhandlungen der + gelehrten Estnichen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat</span></span>, vii. + (1872) p. 47.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_346" name="note_346" + href="#noteref_346">346.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The rule is mentioned by Varro, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rerum + Rusticarum</span></span>, i. 37 (where we should probably read + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">ne decrescente + tendens calvos fiam</span></span>,”</span> and refer <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">istaec</span></span> to the former member of + the preceding sentence); A. Wuttke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>; + Montanus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 128; P. Sébillot, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>; E. Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, + Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1852), + p. 511, § 421; W. J. A. von Tettau und J. D. H. Temme, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Volkssagen + Ostpreussens, Litthauens und Westpreussens</span></span> (Berlin, + 1837), p. 283; A. Kuhn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Märkische Sagen und Märchen</span></span> + (Berlin, 1843), p. 386, § 92; L. Schandein, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bavaria, Landes- und + Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern</span></span> (Munich, + 1860-1867), iv. 2, p. 402; F. S. Krauss, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volksglaube und + religiöser Brauch der Südslaven</span></span> (Münster, i. W. + 1890), p. 15; E. Krause, <span class="tei tei-q">“Abergläubische + Kuren und sonstiger Aberglaube in Berlin,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + Ethnologie</span></span>, xv. (1883) p. 91; R. Wuttke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sächsische + Volkskunde</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Dresden, 1901), p. 369; C. + S. Burne and G. F. Jackson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Shropshire Folk-lore</span></span> (London, + 1883), p. 259. The reason assigned in the text was probably the + original one in all cases, though it is not always the one alleged + now.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_347" name="note_347" + href="#noteref_347">347.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. S. Krauss, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 16; Montanus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>; + Varro, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rerum Rusticarum</span></span>, i. 37 (see + above, note 2). However, the opposite rule is observed in the Upper + Vosges, where it is thought that if the sheep are shorn at the new + moon the quantity of wool will be much less than if they were shorn + in the waning of the moon (L. F. Sauvé, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore des + Hautes-Vosges</span></span>, p. 5). In the Bocage of Normandy, + also, wool is clipped during the waning of the moon; otherwise + moths would get into it (J. Lecœur, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Esquisses du Bocage + Normand</span></span>, Condé-sur-Noireau, 1883-1887, ii. 12).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_348" name="note_348" + href="#noteref_348">348.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Father Lejeune, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Dans la forêt,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Missions + Catholiques</span></span>, xxvii. (1895) p. 272.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_349" name="note_349" + href="#noteref_349">349.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. Johnson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journey to the + Western Islands of Scotland</span></span> (Baltimore, 1810), p. + 183.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_350" name="note_350" + href="#noteref_350">350.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. Campbell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Witchcraft and Second + Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland</span></span>, p. + 306.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_351" name="note_351" + href="#noteref_351">351.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thomas Tusser, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Five Hundred Points + of Good Husbandry</span></span>, New Edition (London, 1812), p. 107 + (under February).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_352" name="note_352" + href="#noteref_352">352.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fairweather, in W. F. Owen's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narrative + of Voyages to explore the Shores of Africa, Arabia, and + Madagascar</span></span> (London, 1833), ii. 396 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_353" name="note_353" + href="#noteref_353">353.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Wuttke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der deutsche + Volksaberglaube</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> § 65, p. 58; J. Lecœur, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">loc. + cit.</span></span>; E. Meier, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus + Schwaben</span></span>, p. 511, § 422; Th. Siebs, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Das Saterland,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + Volkskunde</span></span>, iii. (1893) p. 278; Holzmayer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 47.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_354" name="note_354" + href="#noteref_354">354.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. H. Bancroft, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Races of the + Pacific States</span></span> (London, 1875-1876), ii. 719 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_355" name="note_355" + href="#noteref_355">355.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 402.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_356" name="note_356" + href="#noteref_356">356.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De agri + cultura</span></span>, 37. 4; Varro, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rerum + Rusticarum</span></span>, i. 37; Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xvi. 190; Palladius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De re + rustica</span></span>, ii. 22, xii. 15; Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaest. + Conviv.</span></span> iii. 10. 3; Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> + vii. 16; A. Wuttke, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bavaria, Landes- und + Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern</span></span>, iv. 2, p. 402; W. + Kolbe, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hessische Volks-Sitten und + Gebräuche</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Marburg, 1888), p. 58; L. + F. Sauvé, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges</span></span>, p. + 5; F. Chapiseau, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore de la Beauce et du + Perche</span></span>, i. 291 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; M. Martin, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Description of the Western Islands of + Scotland,”</span> in J. Pinkerton's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages and + Travels</span></span>, iii. 630; J. G. Campbell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Witchcraft and Second + Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland</span></span>, p. + 306; G. Amalfi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tradizioni ed Usi nella peninsola + Sorrentina</span></span> (Palermo, 1890), p. 87; K. von den + Steinen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Unter den Naturvölkern + Zentral-Brasiliens</span></span> (Berlin, 1894), p. 559. Compare F. + de Castelnau, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Expédition dans les parties centrales de + l'Amérique du Sud</span></span> (Paris, 1851-1852), iii. 438. + Pliny, while he says that the period from the twentieth to the + thirtieth day of the lunar month was the season generally + recommended, adds that the best time of all, according to universal + opinion, was the interlunar day, between the old and the new moon, + when the planet is invisible through being in conjunction with the + sun.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_357" name="note_357" + href="#noteref_357">357.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Lecœur, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Esquisses du Bocage + Normand</span></span>, ii. 11 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_358" name="note_358" + href="#noteref_358">358.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mrs. Leslie Milne, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shans at + Home</span></span> (London, 1910), p. 100.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_359" name="note_359" + href="#noteref_359">359.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Letter of Mr. A. S. F. Marshall, dated + Hacienda <span class="tei tei-q">“La Maronna,”</span> Cd. Porfirio + Diaz, Coah., Mexico, 2nd October 1908. The writer gives instances + confirmatory of this belief. I have to thank Professor A. C. Seward + of Cambridge for kindly showing me this letter.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_360" name="note_360" + href="#noteref_360">360.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Letter of Mr. Francis S. Schloss to + me, dated 58 New Cavendish Street, W., 12th May 1912. Mr. Schloss + adds that <span class="tei tei-q">“as a matter of practical + observation, timber, etc., should only be felled when the moon is + waning. This has been stated to me not only by natives, but also by + English mining engineers of high repute, who have done work in + Colombia.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_361" name="note_361" + href="#noteref_361">361.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Baumann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Usambara und seine + Nachbargebiete</span></span> (Berlin, 1891), p. 125.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_362" name="note_362" + href="#noteref_362">362.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Montanus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die deutsche + Volksfeste, Volksbräuche und deutscher Volksglaube</span></span>, + p. 128.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_363" name="note_363" + href="#noteref_363">363.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaest. + Conviv.</span></span> iii. 10. 3; Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> + vii. 16. See further, W. H. Roscher, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Über Selene und + Verwandtes</span></span> (Leipsic, 1890), pp. 49 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_364" name="note_364" + href="#noteref_364">364.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch and Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ll.cc.</span></span>; + Pliny, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nat. Hist.</span></span> ii. 223, xx. 1; + Aristotle, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Problemata</span></span>, xxiv. 14, p. 937 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 3 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> ed. + I. Bekker (Berlin).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_365" name="note_365" + href="#noteref_365">365.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Macrobius and Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ll.cc.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_366" name="note_366" + href="#noteref_366">366.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. F. Sauvé, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore des + Hautes-Vosges</span></span>, p. 5.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_367" name="note_367" + href="#noteref_367">367.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg136" class= + "tei tei-ref">136</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_368" name="note_368" + href="#noteref_368">368.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Martin, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Description of the Western Islands of + Scotland,”</span> in J. Pinkerton's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages and + Travels</span></span>, iii. 630.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_369" name="note_369" + href="#noteref_369">369.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">E. J. Payne, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History + of the New World called America</span></span>, i. (Oxford, 1892) + p. 495. In his remarks on the origin of moon-worship this learned + and philosophical historian has indicated (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 493 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>) the true causes which + lead primitive man to trace the growth of plants to the influence + of the moon. Compare Sir E. B. Tylor, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Primitive + Culture</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (London, 1873), i. 130. + Payne suggests that the custom of naming the months after the + principal natural products that ripen in them may have + contributed to the same result. The custom is certainly very + common among savages, as I hope to show elsewhere, but whether it + has contributed to foster the fallacy in question seems + doubtful.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Indians of + Brazil are said to pay more attention to the moon than to the + sun, regarding it as a source both of good and ill. See J. B. von + Spix und C. F. von Martius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Reise in Brasilien</span></span> (Munich, + 1823-1831), i. 379. The natives of Mori, a district of Central + Celebes, believe that the rice-spirit Omonga lives in the moon + and eats up the rice in the granary if he is not treated with due + respect. See A. C. Kruijt, <span class="tei tei-q">“Eenige + ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en de + Tomori,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche + Zendelinggenootschap</span></span>, xliv. (1900) p. 231.</p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_370" name="note_370" + href="#noteref_370">370.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. A. Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nebuchadnezzar, King + of Babylon, on recently-discovered inscriptions of this + King</span></span>, pp. 5 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. H. Sayce, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion of the + Ancient Babylonians</span></span>, p. 155; M. Jastrow, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion of Babylonia + and Assyria</span></span>, pp. 68 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 75 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; L. W. King, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Babylonian Religion + and Mythology</span></span> (London, 1899), pp. 17 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + Ahts of Vancouver Island, a tribe of fishers and hunters, view the + moon as the husband of the sun and as a more powerful deity than + her (G. M. Sproat, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Scenes and Studies of Savage + Life</span></span>, London, 1868, p. 206).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_371" name="note_371" + href="#noteref_371">371.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This principle is clearly recognized + and well illustrated by J. Grimm (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 594-596).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_372" name="note_372" + href="#noteref_372">372.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">D. F. A. Hervey, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Mentra Traditions,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</span></span>, No. 10 + (Singapore, 1883), p. 190; W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pagan + Races of the Malay Peninsula</span></span> (London, 1906), ii. + 337.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_373" name="note_373" + href="#noteref_373">373.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Grant (parish minister of + Kirkmichael), in Sir John Sinclair's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Statistical Account + of Scotland</span></span> (Edinburgh, 1791-1799), xii. 457.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_374" name="note_374" + href="#noteref_374">374.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn und W. Schwartz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nord-deutsche Sagen, + Märchen und Gebräuche</span></span> (Leipsic, 1848), p. 457, § + 419.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_375" name="note_375" + href="#noteref_375">375.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tacitus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>, 11.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_376" name="note_376" + href="#noteref_376">376.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Caesar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De bello + Gallico</span></span>, i. 50.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_377" name="note_377" + href="#noteref_377">377.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, vi. 106; Lucian, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + astrologia</span></span>, 25; Pausanias, i. 28. 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_378" name="note_378" + href="#noteref_378">378.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thucydides, vii. 50.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_379" name="note_379" + href="#noteref_379">379.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Le capitaine Binger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Du Niger au Golfe de + Guinée</span></span> (Paris, 1892), ii. 116.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_380" name="note_380" + href="#noteref_380">380.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mungo Park, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in the + Interior Districts of Africa</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">5</span></span> + (London, 1807), pp. 406 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_381" name="note_381" + href="#noteref_381">381.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Smythe and F. Lowe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narrative of a + Journey from Lima to Para</span></span> (London, 1836), p. + 230.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_382" name="note_382" + href="#noteref_382">382.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Father G. Boscana, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Chinig-chinich,”</span> in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life in California, + by an American</span></span> [A. Robinson] (New York, 1846), pp. + 298 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_383" name="note_383" + href="#noteref_383">383.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Merolla, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Voyage to Congo,”</span> in J. Pinkerton's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages + and Travels</span></span>, xvi. 273.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_384" name="note_384" + href="#noteref_384">384.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Schinz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika</span></span> + (Oldenburg and Leipsic, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), p. 319.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_385" name="note_385" + href="#noteref_385">385.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. C. Hollis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Masai</span></span> (Oxford, 1905), p. 274.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_386" name="note_386" + href="#noteref_386">386.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Cole, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Wagogo of German East Africa,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxii. (1902) p. + 330.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_387" name="note_387" + href="#noteref_387">387.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">John H. Weeks, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Among Congo + Cannibals</span></span> (London, 1913), p. 142.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_388" name="note_388" + href="#noteref_388">388.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. Kohl, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + deutsch-russischen Ostseeprovinzen</span></span> (Dresden and + Leipsic, 1841), ii. 279. Compare Boecler-Kreutzwald, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der Ehsten + abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten</span></span> + (St. Petersburg, 1854), pp. 142 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. + Grimm, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deutsche Mythologie</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + ii. 595, note 1. The power of regeneration ascribed to the moon in + these customs is sometimes attributed to the sun. Thus it is said + that the Chiriguanos Indians of South-Eastern Bolivia often address + the sun as follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou art born and + disappearest every day, only to revive always young. Cause that it + may be so with me.”</span> See A. Thouar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Explorations dans + l'Amérique du Sud</span></span> (Paris, 1891), p. 50.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_389" name="note_389" + href="#noteref_389">389.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Woodville Rockhill, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on some of the Laws, Customs, and Superstitions + of Korea,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The American Anthropologist</span></span>, iv. + (Washington, 1891), p. 185.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_390" name="note_390" + href="#noteref_390">390.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Crooke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Religion and + Folk-lore of Northern India</span></span> (Westminster, 1896), i. + 14 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_391" name="note_391" + href="#noteref_391">391.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">George Brown, D.D., <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Melanesians and + Polynesians</span></span> (London, 1910), p. 37.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_392" name="note_392" + href="#noteref_392">392.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 58.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_393" name="note_393" + href="#noteref_393">393.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Henri A. Junod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Life of a South + African Tribe</span></span> (Neuchatel, 1912-1913), i. 51.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_394" name="note_394" + href="#noteref_394">394.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. d'Orbigny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyage dans + l'Amérique Méridionale</span></span>, iii. 1<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">re</span></span> + Partie (Paris and Strasburg, 1844), p. 24.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_395" name="note_395" + href="#noteref_395">395.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. de Castelnau, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Expédition dans les + parties centrales de l'Amérique du Sud</span></span> (Paris, + 1850-1851), ii. 31-34.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_396" name="note_396" + href="#noteref_396">396.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the + Baganda.”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxxii. (1902) pp. 63, 76; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span> (London, 1911) pp. 235 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In + the former passage the part of the king's person which is treated + with this ceremony is said to be the placenta, not the + navel-string.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_397" name="note_397" + href="#noteref_397">397.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Abeghian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der armenische + Volksglaube</span></span> (Leipsic, 1899), p. 49.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_398" name="note_398" + href="#noteref_398">398.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaestiones + Conviviales</span></span>, iv. 10. 3. 7.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_399" name="note_399" + href="#noteref_399">399.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. B. von Spix und C. F. Ph. von + Martius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Reise in Brasilien</span></span> (Munich, + 1823-1831), i. 381, iii. 1186.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_400" name="note_400" + href="#noteref_400">400.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Jamieson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dictionary of the + Scottish Language</span></span>, New Edition edited by J. Longmuir + and D. Donaldson (Paisley, 1879-1882), iii. 300 (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Mone”</span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_401" name="note_401" + href="#noteref_401">401.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Panzer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beitrag zur deutschen + Mythologie</span></span> (Munich, 1848-1855), ii. 260; P. + Drechsler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube in + Schlesien</span></span>, ii. (Leipsic, 1906) p. 131; W. Henderson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore + of the Northern Counties of England</span></span> (London, 1879), + p. 114; C. S. Burne and G. F. Jackson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shropshire + Folk-lore</span></span> (London, 1883), p. 257; W. Gregor, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore + of the North-East of Scotland</span></span> (London, 1881), p. + 151.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_402" name="note_402" + href="#noteref_402">402.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. R. Conder, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Heth and + Moab</span></span> (London, 1883), p. 286.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_403" name="note_403" + href="#noteref_403">403.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Sébillot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traditions et + Superstitions de la Haute-Bretagne</span></span> (Paris, 1882), ii. + 355.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_404" name="note_404" + href="#noteref_404">404.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Märkische Sagen und + Märchen</span></span> (Berlin, 1843), p. 387, § 93.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_405" name="note_405" + href="#noteref_405">405.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die gestriegelte + Rockenphilosophie</span></span> (Chemnitz, 1759), p. 447.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_406" name="note_406" + href="#noteref_406">406.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Panzer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beitrag zur deutschen + Mythologie</span></span>, ii. 302. Compare J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 596.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_407" name="note_407" + href="#noteref_407">407.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. F. Kaindl, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Zauberglaube bei den Huzulen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, + lxxvi. (1899) p. 256.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_408" name="note_408" + href="#noteref_408">408.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. pp. 16 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 48 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 110, 114, 170 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 172 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 176 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 179 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 285 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 288 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_409" name="note_409" + href="#noteref_409">409.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref">97</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg101" class= + "tei tei-ref">101</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_410" name="note_410" + href="#noteref_410">410.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Moret, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Du caractère + religieux de la royauté Pharaonique</span></span> (Paris, 1902), + pp. 235-238. The festival is discussed at length by M. Moret + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 235-273). See further R. Lepsius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Chronologie der Aegypter</span></span>, i. 161-165; Miss M. A. + Murray, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Osireion at Abydos</span></span>, pp. + 32-34; W. M. Flinders Petrie, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Researches in Sinai</span></span> (London, + 1906), pp. 176-185. In interpreting the festival I follow Professor + Flinders Petrie. That the festival occurred, theoretically at + least, at intervals of thirty years, appears to be unquestionable; + for in the Greek text of the Rosetta Stone Ptolemy V. is called + <span class="tei tei-q">“lord of periods of thirty years,”</span> + and though the corresponding part of the hieroglyphic text is lost, + the demotic version of the words is <span class="tei tei-q">“master + of the years of the Sed festival.”</span> See R. Lepsius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 161 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. Dittenberger, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orientis + Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae</span></span>, No. 90, line 2 (vol. + i. p. 142); A. Moret, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> 260. However, the kings + appear to have sometimes celebrated the festival at much shorter + intervals, so that the dates of its recurrence cannot safely be + used for chronological purposes. See Ed. Meyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nachträge zur + ägyptischen Chronologie</span></span> (Berlin, 1908), pp. 43 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der + königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften vom Jahre 1907</span></span>); + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. pp. xix. 130.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_411" name="note_411" + href="#noteref_411">411.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This was Letronne's theory (R. + Lepsius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 163).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_412" name="note_412" + href="#noteref_412">412.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg024" class= + "tei tei-ref">24</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg034" class= + "tei tei-ref">34</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_413" name="note_413" + href="#noteref_413">413.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This was in substance the theory of + Biot (R. Lepsius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>), and it is the view of + Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Researches in + Sinai</span></span>, pp. 176 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_414" name="note_414" + href="#noteref_414">414.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. M. Flinders Petrie, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Researches in + Sinai</span></span>, p. 180.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_415" name="note_415" + href="#noteref_415">415.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Moret, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Du caractère + religieux de la royauté Pharaonique</span></span>, pp. 255 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_416" name="note_416" + href="#noteref_416">416.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. M. Flinders Petrie, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Researches in + Sinai</span></span>, p. 181.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_417" name="note_417" + href="#noteref_417">417.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Moret, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 240; Miss M. A. Murray, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Osireion at + Abydos</span></span>, pp. 33 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, with the slip inserted at + p. 33; W. Flinders Petrie, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 184.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_418" name="note_418" + href="#noteref_418">418.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Moret, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 242.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_419" name="note_419" + href="#noteref_419">419.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miss M. A. Murray, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span>, slip inserted at p. 33.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_420" name="note_420" + href="#noteref_420">420.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. M. Flinders Petrie, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Researches in + Sinai</span></span>, p. 183.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_421" name="note_421" + href="#noteref_421">421.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. M. Flinders Petrie, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span> As + to the king's name (Khent instead of Zer) see above, p. <a href= + "#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref">20</a>, note 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_422" name="note_422" + href="#noteref_422">422.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Capart, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bulletin critique des religions de l'Égypte,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revue de + l'Histoire des Religions</span></span>, liii. (1906) pp. 332-334. I + have to thank Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie for calling my + attention to this passage.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_423" name="note_423" + href="#noteref_423">423.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. M. Flinders Petrie, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Researches in + Sinai</span></span>, p. 185. As to the Coptic mock-king see C. B. + Klunzinger, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bilder aus Oberägypten, der Wüste und dem + Rothen Meere</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1877), pp. 180 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Dying + God</span></span>, pp. 151 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> For examples of human + sacrifices offered to prolong the lives of kings see below, vol. + ii. pp. 219 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_424" name="note_424" + href="#noteref_424">424.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A. Moret, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mystères Égyptiens</span></span> (Paris, + 1913), pp. 187-190. For a detailed account of the Egyptian + evidence, monumental and inscriptional, on which M. Moret bases + his view of the king's rebirth by deputy from the hide of a + sacrificed animal, see pp. 16 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 72 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> of the same work. Compare + his article, <span class="tei tei-q">“Du sacrifice en + Égypte,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Revue de l'Histoire des + Religions</span></span>, lvii. (1908) pp. 93 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + In support of the view that the king of Egypt was deemed to be + born again at the Sed festival it has been pointed out that on + these solemn occasions, as we learn from the monuments, there was + carried before the king on a pole an object shaped like a + placenta, a part of the human body which many savage or barbarous + peoples regard as the twin brother or sister of the new-born + child. See C. G. Seligmann and Margaret A. Murray, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Note upon an early Egyptian standard,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Man</span></span>, xi. (1911) pp. 165-171. + The object which these writers take to represent a human placenta + is interpreted by M. Alexandre Moret as the likeness of a human + embryo. As to the belief that the afterbirth is a twin brother or + sister of the infant, see above, vol. i. p. 93, and below, pp. + <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref">169</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings</span></span>, i. 82 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Professor J. + H. Breasted thinks that the Sed festival is probably <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the oldest religious feast of which any trace has + been preserved in Egypt”</span>; he admits that on these + occasions <span class="tei tei-q">“the king assumed the costume + and insignia of Osiris, and undoubtedly impersonated him,”</span> + and further that <span class="tei tei-q">“one of the ceremonies + of this feast symbolized the resurrection of Osiris”</span>; but + he considers that the significance of the festival is as yet + obscure. See J. H. Breasted, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Development of + Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt</span></span> (London, + 1912), p. 39.</p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_425" name="note_425" + href="#noteref_425">425.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It is maintained by the discoverer of + the tomb of Osiris at Abydos, Monsieur E. Amélineau, in his work + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le + Tombeau d'Osiris</span></span> (Paris, 1899) and by Dr. E. A. + Wallis Budge in his elaborate treatise <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, in which the author pays much + attention to analogies drawn from the religion and customs of + modern African tribes.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_426" name="note_426" + href="#noteref_426">426.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Maspero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des + Peuples de l'Orient Classique</span></span>, i. 43 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + J. H. Breasted, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">History of the Ancient + Egyptians</span></span>, pp. 29 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Ed. Meyer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. pp. 41 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + The affinity of the Egyptian language to the Semitic family of + speech seems now to be admitted even by historians who maintain the + African origin of the Egyptians.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_427" name="note_427" + href="#noteref_427">427.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Dying God</span></span>, pp. 17 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> The information there given + was kindly supplied by Dr. C. G. Seligmann, who has since published + it with fuller details. See C. G. Seligmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Cult of Nyakang + and the Divine Kings of the Shilluk</span></span> (Khartoum, 1911), + pp. 216-232 (reprint from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fourth Report of the Wellcome Tropical + Research Laboratories, Gordon Memorial College, + Khartoum</span></span>); W. Hofmayr, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Religion der Schilluk,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthropos</span></span>, vi. (1911) pp. + 120-131; Diedrich Westermann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Shilluk People, their Language and + Folk-lore</span></span> (Berlin, preface dated 1912), pp. xxxix. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> In what follows I have + drawn on all these authorities.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_428" name="note_428" + href="#noteref_428">428.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. G. Seligmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Cult of + Nyakang</span></span>, p. 221.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_429" name="note_429" + href="#noteref_429">429.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">D. Westermann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Shilluk + People</span></span>, p. xlii.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_430" name="note_430" + href="#noteref_430">430.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">D. Westermann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_431" name="note_431" + href="#noteref_431">431.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Hofmayr, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Religion der Schilluk,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthropos</span></span>, vi. (1911) pp. 123 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; C. G. Seligmann, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 230; D. Westermann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. xliii.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_432" name="note_432" + href="#noteref_432">432.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. G. Seligmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 229 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_433" name="note_433" + href="#noteref_433">433.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Hofmayr, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 125.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_434" name="note_434" + href="#noteref_434">434.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Hofmayr, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 123. This writer spells the name of the + deified king as Nykang. I have adopted Dr. Seligmann's + spelling.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_435" name="note_435" + href="#noteref_435">435.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diederich Westermann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Shilluk People, + their Language and Folklore</span></span> (Berlin, preface dated + 1912), pp. xlii, xliii. Mr. Westermann gives the names of the + demi-god and the god as Nyikang and Jwok respectively. For the sake + of uniformity I have altered them to Nyakang and Juok, the forms + adopted by Dr. C. G. Seligmann.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_436" name="note_436" + href="#noteref_436">436.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. G. Seligmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Cult of Nyakang + and the Divine Kings of the Shilluk</span></span> (Khartoum, 1911), + p. 220.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_437" name="note_437" + href="#noteref_437">437.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. G. Seligmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 231.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_438" name="note_438" + href="#noteref_438">438.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Hofmayr, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 125. <span class="tei tei-q">“It must be + remembered that the due growth of the crops, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> of + the most important part of the vegetable world, depends on the + well-being of the divine king”</span> (C. G. Seligmann, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 229).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_439" name="note_439" + href="#noteref_439">439.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. G. Seligmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 227.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_440" name="note_440" + href="#noteref_440">440.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 283.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_441" name="note_441" + href="#noteref_441">441.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 113, 282.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_442" name="note_442" + href="#noteref_442">442.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 110, 282, 285.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_443" name="note_443" + href="#noteref_443">443.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 104, 252 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; L. + F. Cunningham, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Uganda and its People</span></span> (London, + 1905), p. 226.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_444" name="note_444" + href="#noteref_444">444.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, pp. 104-107, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Notes on the Manners and Customs of the + Baganda,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxxi. (1901) p. 129; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Further Notes on the Manners and Customs + of the Baganda,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span>, xxxii. (1902) pp. 44 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Compare L. F. Cunningham, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uganda + and its People</span></span> (London, 1905), pp. 224, 226.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_445" name="note_445" + href="#noteref_445">445.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, pp. 109 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_446" name="note_446" + href="#noteref_446">446.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg147" class= + "tei tei-ref">147</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_447" name="note_447" + href="#noteref_447">447.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Kibuka, the War God of the Baganda,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Man</span></span>, vii. (1907) pp. 164 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, pp. 235 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_448" name="note_448" + href="#noteref_448">448.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, pp. 110-112, 283 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_449" name="note_449" + href="#noteref_449">449.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Manners and Customs of the + Baganda,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxxi. (1901) pp. 129 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the + Baganda,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span>, xxxii. (1902) p. 45.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_450" name="note_450" + href="#noteref_450">450.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, p. 283.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_451" name="note_451" + href="#noteref_451">451.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Manners and Customs of the + Baganda,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxxi. (1901) p. 130; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Further Notes on the Manners and Customs + of the Baganda,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span>, xxxii. (1902) p. 46; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, pp. 283-285.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_452" name="note_452" + href="#noteref_452">452.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, pp. 112, 284.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_453" name="note_453" + href="#noteref_453">453.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, p. 112. It may be worth while to quote an + early notice of the worship of the Kings of Uganda. See C. T. + Wilson and R. W. Felkin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan</span></span> + (London, 1882), i. 208: <span class="tei tei-q">“The former kings + of the country appear also to be regarded as demi-gods, and their + graves are kept with religious care, and houses are erected over + them, which are under the constant supervision of one of the + principal chiefs of the country, and where human sacrifices are + also occasionally offered.”</span> The graves here spoken of are no + doubt the temples in which the jawbones and navel-strings of the + dead kings are kept and worshipped.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_454" name="note_454" + href="#noteref_454">454.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hermann Rehse, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kiziba, Land und + Leute</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1910), pp. 4-7, 106 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 121, 125 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 130. Among the totems of + the people are the long-tailed monkey (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cercopithecus</span></span>), a small species + of antelope, the locust, the hippopotamus, the buffalo, the otter, + dappled cows, and the hearts of all animals. The members of the + clan which is charged with the duty of burying the king's body have + for their totem the remains of a goat that has been killed by a + leopard. See H. Rehse, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> pp. 5 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_455" name="note_455" + href="#noteref_455">455.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Gouldsbury and H. Sheane, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Great + Plateau of Northern Rhodesia</span></span> (London, 1911), pp. 80 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_456" name="note_456" + href="#noteref_456">456.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Gouldsbury and H. Sheane, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Great + Plateau of Northern Rhodesia</span></span>, pp. 82 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_457" name="note_457" + href="#noteref_457">457.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Gouldsbury and H. Sheane, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 84 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_458" name="note_458" + href="#noteref_458">458.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. James Macdonald, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Manners, Customs, Superstitions, and Religions of + South African Tribes,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xix. (1890) p. 286. Compare <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Light in + Africa</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (London, 1890), p. + 191.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_459" name="note_459" + href="#noteref_459">459.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. McCall Theal, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Records of + South-Eastern Africa</span></span>, vii. (1901) pp. 399 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> With regard to the ghost who + controls lightning see Mr. Warner's notes in Col. Maclean's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Compendium of Kafir Laws and + Customs</span></span> (Cape Town, 1866), pp. 82 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>: + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Kafirs have strange notions respecting + the lightning. They consider that it is governed by the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">umshologu</span></span>, or ghost, of the + greatest and most renowned of their departed chiefs; and who is + emphatically styled the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">inkosi</span></span>; but they are not at all + clear as to which of their ancestors is intended by this + designation. Hence they allow of no lamentation being made for a + person killed by lightning; as they say that it would be a sign of + disloyalty to lament for one whom the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">inkosi</span></span> had sent for, and whose + services he consequently needed; and it would cause him to punish + them, by making the lightning again to descend and do them another + injury.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_460" name="note_460" + href="#noteref_460">460.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. McCall Theal, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> vii. 400.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_461" name="note_461" + href="#noteref_461">461.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dudley Kidd, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Essential + Kafir</span></span> (London, 1904), pp. 88-91.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_462" name="note_462" + href="#noteref_462">462.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. E. Casalis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Basutos</span></span> (London, 1861), pp. 248-250.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_463" name="note_463" + href="#noteref_463">463.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Henri A. Junod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Life of a South + African Tribe</span></span> (Neuchâtel, 1912-1913), ii. 347.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_464" name="note_464" + href="#noteref_464">464.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. A. Junod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 385.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_465" name="note_465" + href="#noteref_465">465.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. A. Junod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 344.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_466" name="note_466" + href="#noteref_466">466.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. A. Junod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 385.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_467" name="note_467" + href="#noteref_467">467.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. A. Junod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 348 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_468" name="note_468" + href="#noteref_468">468.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. A. Junod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 341.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_469" name="note_469" + href="#noteref_469">469.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. A. Junod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 346.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_470" name="note_470" + href="#noteref_470">470.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Merensky, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge zur Kenntnis + Süd-Afrikas</span></span> (Berlin, 1875), p. 130.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_471" name="note_471" + href="#noteref_471">471.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. H. Callaway, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religious System + of the Amazulu</span></span>, i. (Natal, Springvale, etc., 1868) + pp. 1 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_472" name="note_472" + href="#noteref_472">472.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. Joseph Shooter, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Kafirs of Natal + and the Zulu Country</span></span> (London, 1857), p. 159.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_473" name="note_473" + href="#noteref_473">473.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Shooter, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 161.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_474" name="note_474" + href="#noteref_474">474.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. Lewis Grout, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zulu-land, or Life + among the Zulu-Kafirs</span></span> (Philadelphia, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), pp. 137, + 143-145.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_475" name="note_475" + href="#noteref_475">475.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“That is, they + suggest to the Itongo [ancestral spirit, singular of Amatongo], by + whose ill-will or want of care they are afflicted, that if they + should all die in consequence, and thus his worshippers come to an + end, he would have none to worship him; and therefore for his own + sake, as well as for theirs, he had better preserve his people, + that there may be a village for him to enter, and meat of the + sacrifices for him to eat.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_476" name="note_476" + href="#noteref_476">476.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. Henry Callaway, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religious System + of the Amazulu</span></span>, Part ii., <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Amatongo or Ancestor + Worship as existing among the Amazulu, in their own words, with a + translation into English</span></span> (Natal, Springvale, etc., + 1869), pp. 144-146.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_477" name="note_477" + href="#noteref_477">477.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Missionar J. Irle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Herero, ein + Beitrag zur Landes- Volks- und Missionskunde</span></span> + (Gütersloh, 1906), pp. 72 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_478" name="note_478" + href="#noteref_478">478.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Irle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 73.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_479" name="note_479" + href="#noteref_479">479.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ovakuru</span></span>, the plural form of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mukuru</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_480" name="note_480" + href="#noteref_480">480.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Irle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 74.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_481" name="note_481" + href="#noteref_481">481.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Irle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 75. The writer tells us (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>) + that the Herero name for the good celestial God, whom they + acknowledge but do not worship, is common, in different forms, to + almost all the Bantu tribes. Among the Ovambo it is Kalunga; among + tribes of Loango, the Congo, Angola and Benguela it is Zambi, + Njambi, Ambi, Njame, Onjame, Ngambe, Nsambi; in the Cameroons it is + Nzambi, etc. Compare John H. Weeks, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Among Congo + Cannibals</span></span> (London, 1913), pp. 246 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>: + <span class="tei tei-q">“We have found a vague knowledge of a + Supreme Being, and a belief in Him, very general among those tribes + on the Congo with which we have come into contact.... On the Lower + Congo He is called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nzambi</span></span>, or by His fuller title + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nzambi a mpungu</span></span>; no satisfactory + root word has yet been found for <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nzambi</span></span>, but for <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mpungu</span></span> there are sayings and + proverbs that clearly indicate its meaning as, most of all, + supreme, highest, and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nzambi a mpungu</span></span> as the Being + most High, or Supreme. On the Upper Congo among the Bobangi folk + the word used for the Supreme Being is <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nyambe</span></span>; among the Lulanga + people, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nzakomba</span></span>; among the Boloki, + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Njambe</span></span>; among the Bopoto people + it is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Libanza</span></span>.... It is interesting to + note that the most common name for the Supreme Being on the Congo + is also known, in one form or another, over an extensive area of + Africa reaching from 6° north of the Equator away to extreme South + Africa; as, for example, among the Ashanti it is <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Onyame</span></span>, at Gaboon it is + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anyambie</span></span>, and two thousand miles + away among the Barotse folk it is <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Niambe</span></span>. These are the names that + stand for a Being who is endowed with strength, wealth, and wisdom + by the natives; and He is also regarded and spoken of by them as + the principal Creator of the world, and the Maker of all things.... + But the Supreme Being is believed by the natives to have withdrawn + Himself to a great distance after performing His creative works; + that He has now little or no concern in mundane affairs; and + apparently no power over spirits and no control over the lives of + men, either to protect them from malignant spirits or to help them + by averting danger. They also consider the Supreme Being + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nzambi</span></span>) as being so good and + kind that there is no need to appease Him by rites, ceremonies or + sacrifices. Hence they never pray to this Supreme One, they never + worship Him, or think of Him as being interested in the doings of + the world and its peoples.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_482" name="note_482" + href="#noteref_482">482.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Irle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 77. Mr. Irle's account of the religion of the + Herero or Ovaherero is fully borne out by the testimony of earlier + missionaries among the tribe. See Rev. G. Viehe, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Some Customs of the Ovaherero”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">(South African) + Folk-lore Journal</span></span>, i. (Cape Town, 1879) pp. 64 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The religious customs and ceremonies of the Ovaherero + are all rooted in the presumption that the deceased continue to + live, and that they have a great influence on earth, and exercise + power over the life and death of man. This influence and power is + ascribed especially to those who have been great men, and who + become <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ovakuru</span></span> after death. The + numerous religious customs and ceremonies are a worshipping of the + ancestors.”</span> Further, Mr. Viehe reports that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Ovaherero have a slight idea of another being + (Supreme being?) which differs greatly from the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ovakuru</span></span>, is superior to them, + and is supposed never to have been a human being. It is called + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Karunga</span></span>.... <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Karunga</span></span> does only good; whilst + the influence of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ovakuru</span></span> is more feared than + wished for; and, therefore, it is not thought necessary to bring + sacrifices to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Karunga</span></span> to guard against his + influence.”</span> He is situated so high, and is so superior to + men <span class="tei tei-q">“that he takes little special notice of + them; and so the Ovaherero, on their part, also trouble themselves + little about this superior being”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 67 note 1). Similar evidence is given by + another missionary as to the belief of the Herero in a superior god + Karunga and their fear and worship of ancestral spirits. See the + Rev. H. Beiderbecke, <span class="tei tei-q">“Some Religious Ideas + and Customs of the Ovaherero”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">(South African) + Folk-lore Journal</span></span>, ii. (Cape Town, 1880) pp. 88 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_483" name="note_483" + href="#noteref_483">483.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hermann Tönjes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ovamboland, Land, + Leute, Mission</span></span> (Berlin, 1911), pp. 193-197.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_484" name="note_484" + href="#noteref_484">484.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Nigmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Wahehe</span></span> (Berlin, 1908), pp. 22 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + writer does not describe the Wahehe as a Bantu tribe, but from the + characteristic prefixes which they employ to designate the tribe, + individual tribesmen, the country, and so forth (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 124) we may infer that the people belong to + the Bantu stock.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_485" name="note_485" + href="#noteref_485">485.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Nigmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Wahehe</span></span>, pp. 23 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_486" name="note_486" + href="#noteref_486">486.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Nigmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 35.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_487" name="note_487" + href="#noteref_487">487.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Nigmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 39.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_488" name="note_488" + href="#noteref_488">488.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Nigmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 24 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 35 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_489" name="note_489" + href="#noteref_489">489.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Bahima, a Cow Tribe of Enkole,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Royal Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxvii. + (1907) pp. 108 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The supreme god Lugaba is no + doubt the same with the supreme god Rugaba worshipped by the + Bahimas in Kiziba. See above, p. <a href="#Pg173" class= + "tei tei-ref">173</a>. With regard to the religion of the Baganda + the same authority tells us that <span class="tei tei-q">“the last, + and possibly the most venerated, class of religious objects were + the ghosts of departed relatives. The power of ghosts for good or + evil was incalculable”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, p. 273).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_490" name="note_490" + href="#noteref_490">490.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Gouldsbury and H. Sheane, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Great + Plateau of Northern Rhodesia</span></span>, p. 83.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_491" name="note_491" + href="#noteref_491">491.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Gouldsbury and H. Sheane, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 11.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_492" name="note_492" + href="#noteref_492">492.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Gouldsbury and H. Sheane, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 292.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_493" name="note_493" + href="#noteref_493">493.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Gouldsbury and H. Sheane, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 294 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_494" name="note_494" + href="#noteref_494">494.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. H. West Sheane, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Wemba Warpaths,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + African Society</span></span>, No. xli. (October, 1911) pp. 25 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_495" name="note_495" + href="#noteref_495">495.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Gouldsbury and H. Sheane, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Great + Plateau of Northern Nigeria</span></span>, p. 83.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_496" name="note_496" + href="#noteref_496">496.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Gouldsbury and H. Sheane, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 84.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_497" name="note_497" + href="#noteref_497">497.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Eugène Béguin, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les + Ma-rotsé</span></span> (Lausanne and Fontaines, 1903), pp. 118 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_498" name="note_498" + href="#noteref_498">498.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Eugène Béguin, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les + Ba-rotsé</span></span>, pp. 120-123. Compare <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totemism and + Exogamy</span></span>, iv. 306 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_499" name="note_499" + href="#noteref_499">499.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 271.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_500" name="note_500" + href="#noteref_500">500.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 290, 291. In the worship of Mukasa + <span class="tei tei-q">“the principal ceremony was the annual + festival, when the king sent his presents to the god, to secure a + blessing on the crops and on the people for the year.”</span> (J. + Roscoe, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 298).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_501" name="note_501" + href="#noteref_501">501.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Kibuka, the War God of the Baganda,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Man</span></span>, vii. (1907) pp. 161-166; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, pp. 301-308. Among the personal relics of + Kibuka kept in his temple were his genital organs; these also were + rescued when the Mohammedans burned down his temple in the civil + wars of 1887-1890. They are now with the rest of the god's, or + rather the man's, remains at Cambridge.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_502" name="note_502" + href="#noteref_502">502.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This consideration is rightly urged by + H. Schäfer as a strong argument in favour of the antiquity of the + tradition which associated the grave of Osiris with the grave of + King Khent. See H. Schäfer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Mysterien des Osiris in + Abydos</span></span> (Leipsic, 1904), pp. 28 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_503" name="note_503" + href="#noteref_503">503.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">One of the commonest and oldest titles + of Osiris was Chent (Khent)-Ament or Chenti (Khenti)-Amenti, as the + name is also written. It means <span class="tei tei-q">“Chief of + those who are in the West”</span> and refers to the Egyptian belief + that the souls of the dead go westward. See R. V. Lanzone, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia</span></span>, + p. 727; H. Brugsch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Religion und Mythologie der alten + Aegypter</span></span>, p. 617; A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 23, 103 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. + H. Breasted, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient + Egypt</span></span>, pp. 38, 143 (who spells the name + Khenti-Amentiu); E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Osiris and the + Egyptian Resurrection</span></span>, i. 31 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 67. <span class="tei tei-q">“Khenti-Amenti was one of the oldest + gods of Abydos, and was certainly connected with the dead, being + probably the ancient local god of the dead of Abydos and its + neighbourhood. Now, in the Pyramid Texts, which were written under + the VIth dynasty, there are several mentions of Khenti-Amenti, and + in a large number of instances the name is preceded by that of + Osiris. It is quite clear, therefore, that the chief attributes of + the one god must have resembled those of the other, and that Osiris + Khenti-Amenti was assumed to have absorbed the powers of + Khenti-Amenti. In the representations of the two gods which are + found at Abydos there is usually no difference, at least not under + the XVIIIth and XIXth dynasties”</span> (E. A. Wallis Budge, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 31). However, it would be unsafe to infer + that the resemblance between the name of the god and the name of + the king is more than accidental.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_504" name="note_504" + href="#noteref_504">504.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. E. H. Lecky, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of European + Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne</span></span>, Third Edition + (London, 1877), ii. 271.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_505" name="note_505" + href="#noteref_505">505.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">I have adopted the terms <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mother-kin”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“father-kin”</span> as less ambiguous than the terms + <span class="tei tei-q">“mother-right”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“father-right,”</span> which I formerly employed in the + same sense.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_506" name="note_506" + href="#noteref_506">506.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Khasis</span></span>, by Major P. R. T. + Gurdon, I.A., Deputy Commissioner Eastern Bengal and Assam + Commission, and Superintendent of Ethnography in Assam (London, + 1907).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_507" name="note_507" + href="#noteref_507">507.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“The Khasi + saying is, <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">long jaid na ka + kynthei</span></span>’</span> (from the woman sprang the clan). The + Khasis, when reckoning descent, count from the mother only; they + speak of a family of brothers and sisters, who are the great + grandchildren of one great grandmother, as <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">shi + kpoh</span></span>, which, being literally translated, is one womb, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the issue of one womb. The + man is nobody”</span> (P. R. T. Gurdon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Khasis</span></span>, p. 82). <span class="tei tei-q">“All land + acquired by inheritance must follow the Khasi law of entail, by + which property descends from the mother to the youngest daughter, + and again from the latter to her youngest daughter. Ancestral + landed property must therefore be always owned by women. The male + members of the family may cultivate such lands, but they must carry + all the produce to the house of their mother, who will divide it + amongst the members of the family”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 88). <span class="tei tei-q">“The rule + amongst the Khasis is that the youngest daughter <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘holds’</span> the religion, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ka bat ka niam</span></span>.’</span> Her + house is called, <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ka iing + seng</span></span>,’</span> and it is here that the members of the + family assemble to witness her performance of the family + ceremonies. Hers is, therefore, the largest share of the family + property, because it is she whose duty it is to perform the family + ceremonies, and propitiate the family ancestors”</span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 83).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_508" name="note_508" + href="#noteref_508">508.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir C. J. Lyall, in his Introduction + to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Khasis</span></span>, by Major P. R. T. Gurdon, pp. xxiii. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Sir C. J. Lyall himself + lived for many years among the Khasis and studied their customs. + For the details of the evidence on which his summary is based see + especially pp. 63 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 68 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 76, 82 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 88, 106 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 109 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 112 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 121, 150, of Major Gurdon's book. As to the Khasi priestesses, see + above, vol. i. p. 46.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_509" name="note_509" + href="#noteref_509">509.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die socialen + Einrichtungen der Pelauer</span></span> (Berlin, 1885), pp. 35 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The writer calls one of + these kins indifferently a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Familie</span></span> or a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Stamm</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_510" name="note_510" + href="#noteref_510">510.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. S. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Todtenbestattung auf den Pelau-Inseln,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Original-Mittheilungen aus der ethnologischen + Abtheilung der königlichen Museen zu Berlin</span></span>, i. + (Berlin, 1885) p. 7.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_511" name="note_511" + href="#noteref_511">511.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die socialen + Einrichtungen der Pelauer</span></span>, p. 40.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_512" name="note_512" + href="#noteref_512">512.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Religion der Pelauer,”</span> in A. Bastian's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Allerlei + aus Volks- und Menschenkunde</span></span> (Berlin, 1888), i. + 20-22. The writer says that the family or clan gods of the Pelew + Islanders are too many to be enumerated, but he gives as a specimen + a list of the family deities of one particular district + (Ngarupesang). Having done so he observes that they are all + goddesses, and he adds that <span class="tei tei-q">“this is + explained by the importance of the woman for the clan. The deity of + the mother is inherited, that of the father is not”</span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 22). As he says nothing to indicate that the + family deities of this particular district are exceptional, we may + infer, as I have done, that the deities of all the families or + clans are goddesses. Yet a few pages previously (pp. 16 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>) he tells us that a village + which contains twenty families will have at least forty deities, if + not more, <span class="tei tei-q">“for some houses may have two + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kalids</span></span> [deities], and every + house has also a goddess.”</span> This seems to imply that the + families or clans have gods as well as goddesses. The seeming + discrepancy is perhaps to be explained by another statement of the + writer that <span class="tei tei-q">“in the family only the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kalids</span></span> [deities] of the women + count”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="de" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sich geltend machen</span></span>,”</span> J. + Kubary, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die socialen Einrichtungen der + Pelauer</span></span>, p. 38).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_513" name="note_513" + href="#noteref_513">513.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die socialen + Einrichtungen der Pelauer</span></span>, pp. 33 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 63; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Religion der Pelauer,”</span> in A. Bastian's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Allerlei + aus Volks- und Menschenkunde</span></span>, i. 16.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_514" name="note_514" + href="#noteref_514">514.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Religion der Pelauer,”</span> in A. Bastian's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Allerlei + aus Volks- und Menschenkunde</span></span>, i. 15-17, 22, + 25-27.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_515" name="note_515" + href="#noteref_515">515.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">From the passages cited in the + preceding note it appears that this was Kubary's opinion, though he + has not stated it explicitly.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_516" name="note_516" + href="#noteref_516">516.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Religion der Pelauer,”</span> in A. Bastian's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Allerlei + aus Volks- und Menschenkunde</span></span>, i. 28 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_517" name="note_517" + href="#noteref_517">517.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die socialen + Einrichtungen der Pelauer</span></span>, p. 38. See also above, p. + 204, note 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_518" name="note_518" + href="#noteref_518">518.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_519" name="note_519" + href="#noteref_519">519.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See the statement of Kubary quoted in + the next paragraph.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_520" name="note_520" + href="#noteref_520">520.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die socialen + Einrichtungen der Pelauer</span></span>, p. 39.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_521" name="note_521" + href="#noteref_521">521.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See the statement of Kubary quoted in + the next paragraph.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_522" name="note_522" + href="#noteref_522">522.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. S. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ethnographische + Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Karolinen Archipels</span></span> + (Leyden, 1895), p. 159. On the importance of the taro or sweet + potato as the staple food of the people, see <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ib.</span></span> pp. + 156 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_523" name="note_523" + href="#noteref_523">523.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Religion der Pelauer,”</span> in A. Bastian's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Allerlei + aus Volks- und Menschenkunde</span></span>, i. 34.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_524" name="note_524" + href="#noteref_524">524.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Religion der Pelauer,”</span> in A. Bastian's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Allerlei + aus Volks- und Menschenkunde</span></span>, i. 30-35. The author + wrote thus in the year 1883, and his account of the Pelew religion + was published in 1888. Compare his work <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die socialen + Einrichtungen der Pelauer</span></span>, p. 81. Great changes have + probably taken place in the islands since Kubary wrote.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_525" name="note_525" + href="#noteref_525">525.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For some other parallels between the + state of society and religion in these two regions, see Note IV. at + the end of the volume.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_526" name="note_526" + href="#noteref_526">526.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Compare E. Stephan und F. Graebner, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Neu-Mecklenburg</span></span> (Berlin, 1907), + p. 107 note 1: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is necessary always to + repeat emphatically that the terms father-right and mother-right + indicate simply and solely the group-membership of the individual + and the systems of relationship which that membership implies, but + that they have nothing at all to do with the higher or lower + position of women. Rather the opposite might be affirmed, namely, + that woman is generally more highly esteemed in places where + father-right prevails than in places where mother-right is the + rule.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_527" name="note_527" + href="#noteref_527">527.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Major P. R. T. Gurdon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Khasis</span></span>, pp. 66-71. The rule of succession is as + follows. A <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Siem</span></span>, or king, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“is succeeded by the eldest of his uterine brothers; + failing such brothers, by the eldest of his sisters' sons; failing + such nephews, by the eldest of the sons of his sisters' daughters; + failing such grand-nephews, by the eldest of the sons of his + mother's sisters; and, failing such first cousins, by the eldest of + his male cousins on the female side, other than first cousins, + those nearest in degree of relationship having prior claim. If + there were no heirs male, as above, he would be succeeded by the + eldest of his uterine sisters; in the absence of such sisters, by + the eldest of his sisters' daughters; failing such nieces, by the + eldest of the daughters of his sisters' daughters; failing such + grand-nieces, by the eldest of the daughters of his mother's + sisters; and failing such first cousins, by the eldest of his + female cousins on the female side, other than first cousins, those + nearest in degree of relationship having prior claim. A female + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Siem</span></span> would be succeeded by her + eldest son, and so on”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 71). The rule illustrates the logical + precision with which the system of mother-kin is carried out by + these people even when the intention is actually to exclude women + from power.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_528" name="note_528" + href="#noteref_528">528.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die socialen + Einrichtungen der Pelauer</span></span>, pp. 35, 39 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 73-83. See also above, pp. 204 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_529" name="note_529" + href="#noteref_529">529.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. H. Codrington, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Melanesians</span></span> (Oxford, 1891), p. 34.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_530" name="note_530" + href="#noteref_530">530.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See A. H. Post, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Afrikanische + Jurisprudenz</span></span> (Oldenburg and Leipsic, 1887), i. 140 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Captain W. Gill reports that + the Su-Mu, a Man-Tzŭ tribe in Southern China numbering some three + and a half millions, is always ruled by a queen (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The River of Golden + Sand</span></span>, London, 1880, i. 365). But Capt. Gill was not + nearer to the tribe than a six days' journey; and even if his + report is correct we may suppose that the real power is exercised + by men, just as it is in the solitary Khasi tribe which is + nominally governed by a woman.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_531" name="note_531" + href="#noteref_531">531.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The theory, or at all events the + latter part of it, has been carefully examined by Dr. L. R. + Farnell; and if, as I apprehend, he rejects it, I agree with him. + See his article <span class="tei tei-q">“Sociological Hypotheses + concerning the position of Women in Ancient Religion,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Archiv + für Religionswissenschaft</span></span>, vii. (1904) pp. 70-94; his + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cults of + the Greek States</span></span> (Oxford, 1896-1909), iii. 109 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Hibbert + Journal</span></span>, April 1907, p. 690. But I differ from him, + it seems, in thinking that mother-kin is favourable to the growth + of mother goddesses.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_532" name="note_532" + href="#noteref_532">532.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Lycians traced their descent + through women, not through men; and among them it was the + daughters, not the sons, who inherited the family property. See + Herodotus, i. 174; Nicolaus Damascenus, in Stobaeus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Florilegium</span></span>, xliv. 41 + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fragmenta Historicorum + Graecorum</span></span>, ed. C. Müller, iii. 461); Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + mulierum virtutibus</span></span>, 9. An ancient historian even + asserts that the Lycians were ruled by women (ἐκ παλαιοῦ + γυναικοκρατοῦνται, Heraclides Ponticus, Frag. 15, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fragmenta + Historicorum Graecorum</span></span>, ed. C. Müller, ii. 217). + Inscriptions found at Dalisandos, in Isauria, seem to prove that it + was not unusual there to trace descent through the mother even in + the third or the fourth century after Christ. See Sir W. M. Ramsay, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Permanence of Religion at Holy Places + in the East,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Expositor</span></span>, November 1906, p. + 475. Dr. L. Messerschmidt seems to think that the Lycians were + Hittites (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Hittites</span></span>, p. 20). Scholars + are not agreed as to the family of speech to which the Lycian + language belongs. Some think that it was an Indo-European tongue; + but this view is now abandoned by Professor Ed. Meyer (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2. p. 626).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_533" name="note_533" + href="#noteref_533">533.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Robertson Smith, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kinship and Marriage + in Early Arabia</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (London, 1903), p. 306. The + hypothesis of the former existence of mother-kin among the Semites + is rejected by Professor Ed. Meyer (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 2, p. 360) and W. W. + Graf Baudissin (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Adonis und Esmun</span></span>, pp. 46 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_534" name="note_534" + href="#noteref_534">534.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diodorus Siculus, i. 27. 1 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In spite of this express + testimony to the existence of a true gynaecocracy in ancient Egypt, + I am of opinion that the alleged superiority of the queen to the + king and of the wife to her husband must have been to a great + extent only nominal. Certainly we know that it was the king and not + the queen who really governed the country; and we can hardly doubt + that in like manner it was for the most part the husband and not + the wife who really ruled the house, though unquestionably in + regard to property the law seems to have granted important rights + to women which it denied to men. On the position of women in + ancient Egypt see especially the able article of Miss Rachel Evelyn + White (Mrs. Wedd), <span class="tei tei-q">“Women in Ptolemaic + Egypt,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of Hellenic Studies</span></span>, + xviii. (1898) pp. 238-256.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_535" name="note_535" + href="#noteref_535">535.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, ii. 35.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_536" name="note_536" + href="#noteref_536">536.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir Gaston Maspero, quoted by Miss R. + E. White, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 244.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_537" name="note_537" + href="#noteref_537">537.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Nietzold, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Ehe in Ägypten + zur ptolemäisch-römischen Zeit</span></span> (Leipzic, 1903), p. + 12.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_538" name="note_538" + href="#noteref_538">538.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ägypten und + ägyptisches Leben im Altertum</span></span>, pp. 221 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; U. + Wilcken, <span class="tei tei-q">“Arsinoitische Steuerprofessionen + aus dem Jahre 189 n. Chr.,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitzungsberichte der + könig. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin</span></span>, + 1883, p. 903; J. Nietzold, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Ehe in Ägypten zur ptolemäisch-römischen + Zeit</span></span>, pp. 12-14.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_539" name="note_539" + href="#noteref_539">539.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. F. McLennan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Studies in Ancient + History</span></span> (London, 1886), pp. 101 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + Among the Kocchs of North-Eastern India <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the property of the husband is made over to the wife; + when she dies it goes to her daughters, and when he marries he + lives with his wife's mother”</span> (R. G. Latham, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Descriptive + Ethnology</span></span>, London, 1859, i. 96).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_540" name="note_540" + href="#noteref_540">540.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is in substance the explanation + which Miss Rachel Evelyn White (Mrs. Wedd) gives of the Egyptian + custom. See her paper, <span class="tei tei-q">“Women in Ptolemaic + Egypt,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of Hellenic Studies</span></span>, + xviii. (1898) p. 265. Similarly Mr. J. Nietzold observes that + <span class="tei tei-q">“economical considerations, especially in + the case of great landowners, may often have been the occasion of + marriages with sisters, the intention being in this way to avoid a + division of the property”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Ehe in + Ägypten</span></span>, p. 13). The same explanation of the custom + has been given by Prof. W. Ridgeway. See his <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Supplices of Aeschylus,”</span> in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Praelections + delivered before the Senate of the University of + Cambridge</span></span> (Cambridge, 1906), pp. 154 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> I + understand from Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie that the theory has + been a commonplace with Egyptologists for many years. McLennan + explained the marriage of brothers and sisters in royal families as + an expedient for shifting the succession from the female to the + male line; but he did not extend the theory so as to explain + similar marriages among common people in Egypt, perhaps because he + was not aware of the facts. See J. F. McLennan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Patriarchal + Theory</span></span>, edited and completed by D. McLennan (London, + 1885), p. 95.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_541" name="note_541" + href="#noteref_541">541.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Socrates, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historia + Ecclesiastica</span></span>, i. 18 (Migne's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrologia + Graeca</span></span>, lxvii. 121). The learned Valesius, in his + note on this passage, informs us that the cubit was again + transferred by the Emperor Julian to the Serapeum, where it was + left in peace till the destruction of that temple.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_542" name="note_542" + href="#noteref_542">542.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Athanasius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oratio contra + Gentes</span></span>, 10 (Migne's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrologia + Graeca</span></span>, xxv. 24).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_543" name="note_543" + href="#noteref_543">543.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Socrates, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historia + Ecclesiastica</span></span>, v. 16 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + (Migne's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Patrologia Graeca</span></span>, lxvii. 604 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>); Sozomenus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historia + Ecclesiastica</span></span>, vii. 15 (Migne's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrologia + Graeca</span></span>, lxvii. 1152 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>). + These events took place under the Emperor Theodosius in the year + 391 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_544" name="note_544" + href="#noteref_544">544.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. pp. 17 sqq.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_545" name="note_545" + href="#noteref_545">545.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Dying God</span></span>, pp. 168 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; G. F. Moore, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia Biblica</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Molech.”</span> The phrase translated <span class= + "tei tei-q">“make pass through the fire to Molech”</span> (2 Kings + xxiii. 10) means properly, Professor Kennett tells me, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“make to pass over by means of fire to Molech,”</span> + where the verb has the sense of <span class="tei tei-q">“make over + to,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“dedicate,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“devote,”</span> as appears from its use in Exodus + xiii. 12 (<span class="tei tei-q">“set apart,”</span> English + Version) and Ezekiel xx. 26. That the children were not made simply + to pass through the fire, but were burned in it, is shown by a + comparison of 2 Kings xvi. 3, xxiii. 10, Jeremiah xxxii. 35, with 2 + Chronicles xxviii. 3, Jeremiah vii. 31, xix. 5. As to the use of + the verb העכיר in the sense of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“dedicate,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“devote,”</span> see G. F. Moore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Molech,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia + Biblica</span></span>, iii. 3184; F. Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. + Briggs, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old + Testament</span></span> (Oxford, 1906), p. 718. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The testimony of both the prophets and the laws is + abundant and unambiguous that the victims were slain and burnt as a + holocaust”</span> (G. F. Moore, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia + Biblica</span></span>, iii. 3184). Similarly Principal J. Skinner + translates the phrase in 2 Kings xvi. 3 by <span class= + "tei tei-q">“dedicated his son by fire,”</span> and remarks that + the expression, <span class="tei tei-q">“whatever its primary sense + may be, undoubtedly denoted actual burning”</span> (commentary on + Kings in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Century Bible</span></span>). The practice + would seem to have been very ancient at Jerusalem, for tradition + placed the attempted burnt-sacrifice of Isaac by his father Abraham + on Mount Moriah, which was no other than Mount Zion, the site of + the king's palace and of the temple of Jehovah. See Genesis xxii. + 1-18; 2 Chronicles iii. 1; J. Benzinger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hebräische + Archäologie</span></span> (Freiburg i. Baden and Leipsic, 1894), + pp. 45, 233; T. K. Cheyne, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Moriah,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia Biblica</span></span>, iii. 3200 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_546" name="note_546" + href="#noteref_546">546.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Leviticus xviii. 21, xx. 2-5; 1 Kings + xi. 7; 2 Kings xxiii. 10; Jeremiah xxxii. 35.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_547" name="note_547" + href="#noteref_547">547.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Robertson Smith, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religion of the + Semites</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. 372, note 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_548" name="note_548" + href="#noteref_548">548.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“It is plain, + from various passages of the prophets, that the sacrifices of + children among the Jews before the captivity, which are commonly + known as sacrifices to Moloch, were regarded by the worshippers as + oblations to Jehovah, under the title of king”</span> (W. Robertson + Smith, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Religion of the + Semites</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. 372, referring to + Jeremiah vii. 31, xix. 5, xxxii. 35; Ezekiel xxiii. 39; Micah vi. + 7). The same view is taken by Prof. G. F. Moore, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia + Biblica</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Molech,”</span> vol. iii. 3187 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_549" name="note_549" + href="#noteref_549">549.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, i. 366 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_550" name="note_550" + href="#noteref_550">550.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ynglinga + Saga,”</span> 29, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Heimskringla or Chronicle of the Kings of + Norway</span></span>, translated by S. Laing (London, 1844), i. 239 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. M. Chadwick, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Cult + of Othin</span></span> (London, 1899), pp. 4, 27; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Dying + God</span></span>, pp. 160 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Similarly in Peru, when a + person of note was sick, he would sometimes sacrifice his son to + the idol in order that his own life might be spared. See A. de + Herrera, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The General History of the Vast Continent and + Islands of America</span></span>, translated by Capt. J. Stevens + (London, 1725-1726), iv. 347 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_551" name="note_551" + href="#noteref_551">551.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Micah vi. 6-8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_552" name="note_552" + href="#noteref_552">552.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, vii. 114; Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + superstitione</span></span>, 13.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_553" name="note_553" + href="#noteref_553">553.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Ellis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of + Madagascar</span></span> (London, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), i. 344 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_554" name="note_554" + href="#noteref_554">554.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Major A. G. Leonard, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Lower Niger and + its Tribes</span></span> (London, 1906), p. 457.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_555" name="note_555" + href="#noteref_555">555.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">D. Leslie, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Among the Zulus and + Amatongas</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Edinburgh, 1875), p. 91. + This sacrifice may be the one described by J. Shooter, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Kafirs of + Natal</span></span> (London, 1857), p. 26. The reason for not + stabbing the animal is perhaps a wish not to lose any of the blood, + but to convey its life intact to the king. The same reason would + explain the same rule which the Baganda observed in killing a human + victim for the same purpose (see below, p. <a href="#Pg224" class= + "tei tei-ref">224</a>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_556" name="note_556" + href="#noteref_556">556.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Dos Santos, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eastern + Ethiopia</span></span>, bk. ii. chap. 16 (G. M'Call Theal's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Records + of South-Eastern Africa</span></span>, vii. 289).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_557" name="note_557" + href="#noteref_557">557.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span> (London, 1911), pp. 27 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_558" name="note_558" + href="#noteref_558">558.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, p. 200.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_559" name="note_559" + href="#noteref_559">559.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, pp. 209 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_560" name="note_560" + href="#noteref_560">560.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, pp. 210 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_561" name="note_561" + href="#noteref_561">561.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, pp. 211 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> I + have abridged the account of the ceremonies.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_562" name="note_562" + href="#noteref_562">562.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 213 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_563" name="note_563" + href="#noteref_563">563.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">From information furnished by my + friend the Rev. J. Roscoe. Compare his book, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span>, pp. 331 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_564" name="note_564" + href="#noteref_564">564.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Dying + God</span></span>, pp. 166 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_565" name="note_565" + href="#noteref_565">565.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. p. 45.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_566" name="note_566" + href="#noteref_566">566.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Hibbert Journal</span></span>, April 1907, + p. 689.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_567" name="note_567" + href="#noteref_567">567.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lucian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De dea + Syria</span></span>, 53.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_568" name="note_568" + href="#noteref_568">568.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Dittenberger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sylloge Inscriptionum + Graecarum</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> vol. ii. pp. 725 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, Nos. 877, 878.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_569" name="note_569" + href="#noteref_569">569.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Dittenberger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> vol. ii. pp. 429 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + No. 633.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_570" name="note_570" + href="#noteref_570">570.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum</span></span>, + ed. Aug. Boeckh, etc. (Berlin, 1828-1877), vol. ii. pp. 481 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, No. 2715, οὔσης ἐξουσίας + το[ῖς παισίν, ἐά]ν τινες αὐτῶν μὴ ὦσιν ὑγιεῖς ἤ πένθει οἰκείῳ + κατέχωνται, where I understand ἐξουσία to mean <span class= + "tei tei-q">“leave of absence.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_571" name="note_571" + href="#noteref_571">571.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. H. R. Rivers, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Todas</span></span> (London, 1906), pp. 99 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_572" name="note_572" + href="#noteref_572">572.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 24.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_573" name="note_573" + href="#noteref_573">573.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aulus Gellius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>: + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">funus tamen exequi + non est religio.</span></span>”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_574" name="note_574" + href="#noteref_574">574.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Instit.</span></span> + i. 112, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">quod jus etiam nostris temporibus in usu est: + nam flamines majores, id est Diales, Martiales, Quirinales, item + reges sacrorum, nisi</span></span> (qui) <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">ex + farreatis nati</span></span> sunt <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">non leguntur: ac ne ipsi quidem sine + confarreatione sacerdotium habere possunt</span></span>”</span>; + Servius on Virgil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> iv. 103, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">quae res ad farreatas nuptias + pertinet, quibus flaminem et flaminicam jure pontificio in + matrimonium necesse est convenire</span></span>.”</span> For a + fuller description of the rite see Servius, on Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> + iv. 374. From the testimony of Gaius it appears that not only the + Flamen Dialis but all the other principal Flamens were bound to be + married. However, the text of Gaius in this passage is somewhat + uncertain. I have quoted it from P. E. Huschke's third edition + (Leipsic, 1878).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_575" name="note_575" + href="#noteref_575">575.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. H. R. Rivers, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Todas</span></span>, p. 99. According to an old account, there was + an important exception to the rule, but Dr. Rivers was not able to + verify it; he understood that during the tenure of his office the + dairyman is really celibate.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_576" name="note_576" + href="#noteref_576">576.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 23, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Matrimonium flaminis nisi + morte dirimi jus non est</span></span>”</span>; Festus, p. 89, ed. + C. O. Müller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Flammeo”</span>; Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaestiones + Romanae</span></span>, 50. Plutarch mentions as an illegal + exception that in his own time the Emperor Domitian allowed a + Flamen to divorce his wife, but the ceremony of the divorce was + attended by <span class="tei tei-q">“many awful, strange, and + gloomy rites”</span> performed by the priests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_577" name="note_577" + href="#noteref_577">577.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaestiones + Romanae</span></span>, 50. That the wives of Roman priests aided + their husbands in the performance of sacred rites is mentioned by + Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who attributes the institution of these + joint priesthoods to Romulus (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Antiquit. Rom.</span></span> ii. 22).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_578" name="note_578" + href="#noteref_578">578.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The epithet Dialis, which was applied + to the Flaminica as well as to the Flamen (Aulus Gellius, x. 15. + 26; Servius, on Virgil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> iv. 137), would of itself + prove that husband and wife served the same god or pair of gods; + and while the word was doubtfully derived by Varro from Jove + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + lingua Latina</span></span>, v. 84), we are expressly told that the + Flamen was the priest and the Flaminica the priestess of that god + (Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Quaest. Rom.</span></span> 109; Festus, p. 92, + ed. C. O. Müller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Flammeo”</span>). There is therefore every reason to + accept the statement of Plutarch (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaest. + Rom.</span></span> 86) that the Flaminica was reputed to be sacred + to Juno, the divine partner of Jupiter, in spite of the objections + raised by Mr. W. Warde Fowler (<span class="tei tei-q">“Was the + Flaminica Dialis priestess of Juno?”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Classical + Review</span></span>, ix. (1895) pp. 474 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_579" name="note_579" + href="#noteref_579">579.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Thurston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Castes and Tribes of + Southern India</span></span> (Madras, 1909), iv. 10.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_580" name="note_580" + href="#noteref_580">580.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Leviticus, xxi. 1-3; Ezekiel, xliv. + 25.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_581" name="note_581" + href="#noteref_581">581.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Hibbert Journal</span></span>, iv. (1906) + p. 932.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_582" name="note_582" + href="#noteref_582">582.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Varro, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De lingua + Latina</span></span>, v. 67, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Quod Jovis Juno conjux et is + caelum.</span></span>”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_583" name="note_583" + href="#noteref_583">583.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Augustine, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De civitate + Dei</span></span>, iv. 32, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dicit etiam [scil. Varro] de generationibus + deorum magis ad poetas quam ad physicos fuisse populos inclinatos, + et ideo et sexum et generationes deorum majores suos, id est + veteres credidisse Romanos et eorum constituisse + conjugia.</span></span>”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_584" name="note_584" + href="#noteref_584">584.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Seneca, quoted by Augustine, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + civitate Dei</span></span>, vi. 10, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Quid quod et matrimonia, + inquit, deorum jungimus, et ne pie quidem, fratrum ac sororum? + Bellonam Marti conlocamus, Vulcano Venerem, Neptuno Salaciam. + Quosdam tamen caelibes relinquimus, quasi condicio defecerit, + praesertim cum quaedam viduae sint, ut Populonia vel Fulgora et + diva Rumina; quibus non miror petitorem + defuisse.</span></span>”</span> In this passage the marriage of + Venus to Vulcan is probably Greek; all the rest is pure Roman.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_585" name="note_585" + href="#noteref_585">585.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Servius, on Virgil, Georg. i. 344, + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Aliud est sacrum, + aliud nuptias Cereri celebrare, in quibus re vera vinum adhiberi + nefas fuerat, quae Orci nuptiae dicebantur, quas praesentia sua + pontifices ingenti solemnitate + celebrabant.</span></span>”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_586" name="note_586" + href="#noteref_586">586.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Servius, on Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Georg.</span></span> + i. 344, and on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> iv. 58. As to the + prohibition of wine, compare Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> + iii. 11. There seems to be no doubt that Orcus was a genuine old + Italian god of death and the dead. See the evidence collected by R. + Peter, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Orcus,”</span> in W. H. Roscher's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon der griech. + und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, iii. 940 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + who says that <span class="tei tei-q">“Orcus was obviously one of + those old Roman gods who occupied the thoughts of the people in the + most lively manner.”</span> On the other hand, Prof. G. Wissowa + supposes that Orcus is merely a borrowed form of the Greek Horkos + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion + und Kultus der Römer</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. + 310). But Horkos was not a god of death and the dead; he was simply + a personified oath (ὅρκος; see Hesiod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Works and + Days</span></span>, 804 Ὅρκον γεινόμενον, τὸν Ἔρις τέκε πῆμ᾽ + ἐπιόρκοις), an abstract idea which makes no figure in Greek + mythology and religion. That such a rare and thin Greek abstraction + should through a gross misunderstanding be transformed into a + highly popular Roman god of death, who not only passed muster with + the people but was admitted by the pontiffs themselves to the + national pantheon and honoured by them with a solemn ritual, is in + the last degree improbable.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_587" name="note_587" + href="#noteref_587">587.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aulus Gellius, xiii. 23 (22), 1 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Conprecationes deum + inmortalium, quae ritu Romano fiunt, expositae sunt in libris + sacerdotum populi Romani et in plerisque antiquis orationibus. In + his scribtum est: Luam Saturni, Salaciam Neptuni, Horam Quirini, + Virites Quirini, Maiam Volcani, Heriem Junonis, Moles Martis + Nerienemque Martis.</span></span>”</span> As to this list see Mr. + W. Warde Fowler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Roman Festivals of the Period of the + Republic</span></span> (London, 1899), pp. 60-62; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Religious Experience of the Roman People</span></span> (London, + 1911), pp. 150 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 481 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> He + holds (p. 485) that the feminine names Salacia, etc., do not + designate goddesses, the wives of the gods, but that they + <span class="tei tei-q">“indicate functions or attributes of the + male deity to whom they are attached.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_588" name="note_588" + href="#noteref_588">588.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aulus Gellius, xiii. 23 (22), + 11-16.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_589" name="note_589" + href="#noteref_589">589.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> + i. 12. 18, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cingius mensem [Maium] nominatum putat a Maia, + quam Vulcani dicit uxorem, argumentoque utitur quod flamen + Vulcanalis Kalendis Maiis huic deae rem divinam facit: sed Piso + uxorem Vulcani Majestam, non Maiam, dicit + vocari.</span></span>”</span> The work of Cincius (Cingius) is + mentioned by Macrobius in the same chapter (§ 12, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Cingius in eo libro quem de + fastis reliquit</span></span>”</span>). As to the life and writings + of this old annalist and antiquary see M. Schanz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte der + römischen Litteratur</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. + (Munich, 1898), p. 128; G. Wissowa, Münzer, and Cichorius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Cincius,”</span> in Pauly-Wissowa's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Realencyclopädie der + classischen Altertumswissenschaft</span></span>, iii. 2555 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> All these writers + distinguish the old annalist from the antiquary, whom they take to + have been a later writer of the same name. But the distinction + appears to be purely arbitrary and destitute of any ancient + authority.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_590" name="note_590" + href="#noteref_590">590.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> + i. 12. 18. See the preceding note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_591" name="note_591" + href="#noteref_591">591.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> + i. 12. 18. See the passage cited above, p. <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref">232</a>, note 3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_592" name="note_592" + href="#noteref_592">592.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Varro, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De lingua + Latina</span></span>, v. 72, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Salacia Neptuni a salo</span></span>.”</span> + This was probably one of the cases which Varro had in his mind when + he stated that the ancient Roman gods were married.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_593" name="note_593" + href="#noteref_593">593.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Augustine, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De civitate + Dei</span></span>, vii. 22, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Jam utique habebat Salaciam Neptunus + uxorem</span></span>”</span>; Servius, on Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> x. + 76, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sane hanc Veniliam quidam Salaciam accipiunt, + Neptuni uxorem</span></span>.”</span> As for Seneca's evidence see + above, p. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref">231</a>, note + 3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_594" name="note_594" + href="#noteref_594">594.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nonius Marcellus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De compendiosa + doctrina</span></span>, p. 125, ed. L. Quicherat (Paris, 1872), + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Hora juventutis dea. + Ennius Annali[um] lib. i. [Teque,] Quirine pater, veneror, Horamque + Quirini.</span></span>”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_595" name="note_595" + href="#noteref_595">595.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Livy, viii. 1. 6, xlv. 33. 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_596" name="note_596" + href="#noteref_596">596.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Festus, p. 186, ed. C. O. Müller, + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Opima spolia + dicuntur originem quidem trahentia ab Ope Saturni + uxore</span></span>”</span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, p. 187, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Opis dicta est conjux + Saturni</span></span>”</span>; Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Saturnal.</span></span> i. 10. 19, + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Hanc autem deam Opem + Saturni conjugem crediderunt, et ideo hoc mense Saturnalia itemque + Opalia celebrari, quod Saturnus ejusque uxor tam frugum quam + fructuum repertores esse creduntur.</span></span>”</span> Varro + couples Saturn and Ops together (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De lingua + Latina</span></span>, v. 57, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Principes in Latio Saturnus et + Ops</span></span>”</span>; compare <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, v. + 64), but without expressly affirming them to be husband and wife. + Professor G. Wissowa, however, argues that the male partner (he + would not say husband) of Ops was not Saturn but Consus. See G. + Wissowa, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De feriis anni + Romanorum vetustissimi observationes + selectae</span></span>,”</span> reprinted in his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gesammelte + Abhandlungen zur römischen Religions- und + Stadtgeschichte</span></span> (Munich, 1904), pp. 156 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + His view is accepted by Mr. W. Warde Fowler (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman Festivals of + the Period of the Republic</span></span>, p. 212; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religious + Experience of the Roman People</span></span>, p. 482).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_597" name="note_597" + href="#noteref_597">597.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lactantius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Divin. + Instit.</span></span> iv. 3, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Itaque et Jupiter a precantibus pater + vocatur, et Saturnus, et Janus, et Liber, et ceteri deinceps, + quod Lucilius in deorum consilio + irridet</span></span></span>:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Ut nemo sit nostrum, quin + aut pater optimus divum</span><br /> + <span style="font-style: italic">Ut Neptunus pater, Liber, + Saturnus pater, Mars,</span><br /> + <span style="font-style: italic">Janus, Quirinus pater nomen + dicatur ad unum.</span></span>”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Compare Aulus + Gellius, v. 12. 5; Servius, on Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Georg.</span></span> ii. 4. Roman goddesses + who received the title of Mother were Vesta, Earth, Ops, Matuta, + and Lua. As to Mother Vesta see <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and + the Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 229; as to Mother Earth + see H. Dessau, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Inscriptiones Latinae + Selectae</span></span>, Nos. 3950-3955, 3960; as to Mother Ops + see Varro, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De lingua Latina</span></span>, v. 64; as to + Mother Matuta see L. Preller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Römische + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> i. 322 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + G. Wissowa, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Religion und Kultus der + Römer</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 110 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Mater Matuta,”</span> in W. H. Roscher's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon + der griech. und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, ii. 2462 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> I cite these passages + only to prove that the Romans commonly applied the titles + <span class="tei tei-q">“father”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mother”</span> to their deities. The inference that + these titles implied paternity or maternity is my own, but in the + text I have given some reasons for thinking that the Romans + themselves accepted the implication. Mr. W. Warde Fowler, on the + other hand, prefers to suppose that the titles were employed in a + merely figurative sense to <span class="tei tei-q">“imply the + dependence of the human citizen upon his divine + protector”</span>; but he admits that what exactly the Romans + understood by <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">pater</span></span> and + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">mater</span></span> applied + to deities is not easy to determine (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religious + Experience of the Roman People</span></span>, pp. 155-157). He + makes at the same time the important observation that the Romans + never, so far as he is aware, applied the terms Father and Mother + to foreign gods, but <span class="tei tei-q">“always to + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">di indigetes</span></span>, + those on whom the original Roman stock looked as their + fellow-citizens and guardians.”</span> The limitation is + significant and seems more naturally explicable on my hypothesis + than on that of my learned friend.</p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_598" name="note_598" + href="#noteref_598">598.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Corpus Inscriptionum + Latinarum</span></span>, xiv. Nos. 2862, 2863; H. Dessau, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae</span></span>, + Nos. 3684, 3685; R. Peter, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Fortuna,”</span> in W. H. Roscher's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon der + griechischen und römischen Mythologie</span></span>, i. 1542; G. + Wissowa, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Religion und Kultus der + Römer</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. 259. I have to thank my + learned and candid friend Mr. W. Warde Fowler for referring me to + this good evidence of Jupiter's paternal character.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_599" name="note_599" + href="#noteref_599">599.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Preller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Römische + Mythologie</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> (Berlin, 1881-1883), i. + 379.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_600" name="note_600" + href="#noteref_600">600.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The epithet <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Inuus</span></span> applied to Faunus was so + understood by the ancients, and this suffices to prove the + conception they had of the god's virility, whether the etymology + was right or wrong. See Servius, on Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> + vi. 775, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dicitur autem Inuus ab ineundo passim cum + omnibus animalibus.</span></span>”</span> As to the title see G. + Wissowa, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Religion und Kultus der + Römer</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. 211, who, however, + rejects the ancient etymology and the identification of Inuus with + Faunus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_601" name="note_601" + href="#noteref_601">601.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> + i. 12. 21-24; Lactantius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Divin. Instit.</span></span> i. 22; Servius, + on Virgil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> viii. 314; Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Caesar</span></span>, 9; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaest. + Roman.</span></span> 20. According to Varro, the goddess was the + daughter of Faunus (Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> + i. 12. 27); according to Sextus Clodius she was his wife + (Lactantius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>; compare Arnobius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adversus + nationes</span></span>, v. 18).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_602" name="note_602" + href="#noteref_602">602.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Livy, i. 4. 2; Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Romulus</span></span>, 4; Dionysius + Halicarnasensis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Antiquit. Roman.</span></span> i. 77.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_603" name="note_603" + href="#noteref_603">603.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 195 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_604" name="note_604" + href="#noteref_604">604.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Romulus</span></span>, 2. Plutarch's authority + was Promathion in his history of Italy. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 196.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_605" name="note_605" + href="#noteref_605">605.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Servius, on Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> + vii. 678.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_606" name="note_606" + href="#noteref_606">606.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 230 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_607" name="note_607" + href="#noteref_607">607.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Such, for example, as the loves of + Vertumnus for Pomona (Ovid, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metam.</span></span> xiv. 623 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>), + of Jupiter for Juturna (Ovid, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fasti</span></span>, ii. 585 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>), + and of Janus for Carna (Ovid, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fasti</span></span>, vi. 101 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>) + and for Camasene (Servius, on Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> + viii. 330). The water-nymph Juturna beloved by Jupiter is said to + have been the daughter of the river Vulturnus, the wife of Janus, + and the mother of Fontus (Arnobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adversus + nationes</span></span>, iii. 29). Janus in particular would seem to + have been the theme of many myths, and his claim to be a genuine + Italian god has never been disputed.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_608" name="note_608" + href="#noteref_608">608.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The marriage of the Roman gods has + been denied by E. Aust (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Religion der Römer</span></span>, Münster + i. W. 1899, pp. 19 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>) and Professor G. Wissowa + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion + und Kultus der Römer</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + pp. 26 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>), as well as by Mr. W. Warde + Fowler. On the other hand, the evidence for it has been clearly and + concisely stated by L. Preller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Römische + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> i. 55-57. It is with + sincere diffidence that I venture to differ on a point of Roman + religion from the eminent scholars I have named. But without for a + moment pitting my superficial acquaintance with Roman religion + against their deep learning, I cannot but think that the single + positive testimony of Varro on a matter about which he could + scarcely be ignorant ought to outweigh the opinion of any modern + scholar, however learned and able.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_609" name="note_609" + href="#noteref_609">609.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Hibbert Journal</span></span>, April 1907, + p. 689. Such a boy was called a παῖς ἀμφιθαλής, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“a boy blooming on both sides,”</span> the metaphor + being drawn from a tree which sends out branches on both sides. See + Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>, xi. 8, p. 927 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; Julius Pollux, iii. 25; + Hesychius and Suidas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> ἀμφιθαλής.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_610" name="note_610" + href="#noteref_610">610.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Festus, p. 93, ed. C. O. Müller, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.vv.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Flaminius”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Flaminia.”</span> That certain Roman rites had to be + performed by the children of living parents is mentioned in general + terms by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiquit. + Rom.</span></span> ii. 22).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_611" name="note_611" + href="#noteref_611">611.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaestiones + Romanae</span></span>, 50.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_612" name="note_612" + href="#noteref_612">612.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Proclus, in Photius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, p. 322 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, ed. I. Bekker (Berlin, + 1824); Athenaeus, xi. 92, pp. 495 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Scholiast on Nicander, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Alexipharmaca</span></span>, 109. Only the + last of these writers mentions that the boys had to be ἀμφιθαλεῖς. + As to this and the following custom see A. Mommsen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Feste der Stadt Athen + im Altertum</span></span> (Leipsic, 1898), pp. 278 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + W. Mannhardt, Antike <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Wald- und Feldkulte</span></span>, pp. 214 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_613" name="note_613" + href="#noteref_613">613.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Eustathius, on Homer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>, + xxii. 495, p. 1283; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Etymologicum Magnum</span></span>, p. 303. 18 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + Εἰρεσιώνη; Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theseus</span></span>, 22. According to a + scholiast on Aristophanes (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Plutus</span></span>, 1054) the branch might + be either of olive or laurel.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_614" name="note_614" + href="#noteref_614">614.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Scholiast on Aristophanes, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Plutus</span></span>, 1054.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_615" name="note_615" + href="#noteref_615">615.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Kern, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Inschriften von + Magnesia am Maeander</span></span> (Berlin, 1900), No. 98; G. + Dittenberger, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sylloge Inscriptionum + Graecarum</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> vol. ii. pp. 246 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, No. 553. This inscription + has been well expounded by Prof. M. P. Nilsson (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Griechische + Feste</span></span>, Leipsic, 1906, pp. 23-27). I follow him and + Dittenberger in regarding the month of Artemision, when the bull + was sacrificed, as the harvest month corresponding to the Attic + Thargelion.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_616" name="note_616" + href="#noteref_616">616.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. H. Neumann, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Iets over den landbouw bij de Karo-Bataks,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche + Zendelinggenootschap</span></span>, xlvi. (1902) p. 381.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_617" name="note_617" + href="#noteref_617">617.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Henzen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Acta Fratrum + Arvalium</span></span> (Berlin, 1874), pp. vi. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + cix. cx. cxix. cliii. clix. clxxxvii. 12, 13, 15. As to the + evergreen oaks and laurels of the grove, see <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ib.</span></span>, + pp. 137, 138; as to the wreaths of corn-ears, see <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ib.</span></span>, + pp. 26, 28; Aulus Gellius, vii. 7. 8. That the rites performed by + the Arval Brothers were intended to make the fields bear corn is + expressly stated by Varro (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De lingua Latina</span></span>, v. 85, + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Fratres Arvales + dicti sunt, qui sacra publica faciunt propterea ut fruges ferant + arva</span></span>”</span>). On the Arval Brothers and their rites + see also L. Preller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Römische Mythologie</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + ii. 29 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; J. Marquardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Römische + Staatsverwaltung</span></span>, iii.<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Leipsic, 1885) pp. 447-462; G. Wissowa, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion und Kultus + der Römer</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 561 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + J. B. Carter, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Arval Brothers,”</span> in J. Hastings's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia of + Religion and Ethics</span></span>, ii. (Edinburgh, 1909) pp. 7 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_618" name="note_618" + href="#noteref_618">618.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Scholiast on Pindar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Olymp.</span></span> + iii. 60.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_619" name="note_619" + href="#noteref_619">619.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, v. 15. 3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_620" name="note_620" + href="#noteref_620">620.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaestiones + Graecae</span></span>, 12; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De defectu + oraculorum</span></span>, 15; Aelian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Varia + Historia</span></span>, iii. 1; Strabo, ix. 3. 12, p. 422. In a + note on Pausanias (ii. 7. 7, vol. iii. pp. 53 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>) I + have described the festival more fully and adduced savage + parallels. As to the Vale of Tempe see W. M. Leake, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in Northern + Greece</span></span> (London, 1835), iii. 390 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + The rhetoric of Livy (xliv. 6. 8) has lashed the smooth and silent + current of the Peneus into a roaring torrent.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_621" name="note_621" + href="#noteref_621">621.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Proclus, in Photius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, ed. I. Bekker, p. + 321.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_622" name="note_622" + href="#noteref_622">622.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Crusius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Kadmos,”</span> in W. H. Roscher's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon + der griech. und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, ii. 830, 838, 839. + On an Etruscan mirror the scene of Cadmus's combat with the dragon + is surrounded with a wreath of laurel (O. Crusius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 862). My learned friend Mr. A. B. Cook was + the first to call attention to these vase-paintings in confirmation + of my view that the Festival of the Laurel-bearing celebrated the + destruction of the dragon by Cadmus. See A. B. Cook, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The European Sky-God,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xv. (1904) p. 411, + note 224; and my note on Pausanias, ix. 10. 4 (vol. v. pp. 41 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_623" name="note_623" + href="#noteref_623">623.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">I have examined both festivals more + closely in a former part of this work (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Dying + God</span></span>, pp. 78 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>), and have shown grounds + for holding that the old octennial cycle in Greece, based on an + attempt to harmonize solar and lunar time, gave rise to an + octennial festival at which the mythical marriage of the sun and + moon was celebrated by the dramatic marriage of human actors, who + appear sometimes to have been the king and queen. In the + Laurel-bearing at Thebes a clear reference to the astronomical + character of the festival is contained in the emblems of the sun, + moon, stars, and days of the year which were carried in procession + (Proclus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>); and another reference to + it may be detected in the legendary marriage of Cadmus and + Harmonia. Dr. L. R. Farnell supposes that the festival of the + Laurel-bearing <span class="tei tei-q">“belongs to the maypole + processions, universal in the peasant-religion of Europe, of which + the object is to quicken the vitalizing powers of the year in the + middle of spring or at the beginning of summer”</span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Cults of the Greek States</span></span>, iv. 285). But this + explanation appears to be inconsistent with the octennial period of + the festival.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_624" name="note_624" + href="#noteref_624">624.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">We may conjecture that the Olympic, + like the Delphic and the Theban, festival was at first octennial, + though in historical times it was quadrennial. Certainly it seems + to have been based on an octennial cycle. See the Scholiast on + Pindar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Olymp.</span></span> iii. 35 (20); Aug. Boeckh + on Pindar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Explicationes</span></span> (Leipsic, 1821), + p. 138; L. Ideler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen + Chronologie</span></span>, i. 366 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; G. + F. Unger, <span class="tei tei-q">“Zeitrechnung der Griechen und + Römer,”</span> in Iwan Müller's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch der + klassischen Altertumswissenschaft</span></span>, i. (Nördlingen, + 1886) pp. 605 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; K. O. Müller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Dorier</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Breslau, 1844), ii. 483. + The Pythian games, which appear to have been at first identical + with the Delphic Festival of Crowning, were held originally at + intervals of eight instead of four years. See the Scholiast on + Pindar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pyth. Argum.</span></span> p. 298, ed. A. + Boeckh (Leipsic, 1819); Censorinus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De die + natali</span></span>, xviii. 6; compare Eustathius on Homer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> iii. 267, p. 1466. 29. As to + the original identity of the Pythian games and the Festival of + Crowning see Th. Schreiber, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Apollon Pythoktonos</span></span> (Leipsic, + 1879), pp. 37 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. B. Cook, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The European Sky-God,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xv. (1904) pp. 404 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_625" name="note_625" + href="#noteref_625">625.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Antonin Jaussen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes des Arabes + au pays de Moab</span></span> (Paris, 1908), p. 382.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_626" name="note_626" + href="#noteref_626">626.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Parkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dreissig Jahre in der + Südsee</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1907), pp. 150-152.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_627" name="note_627" + href="#noteref_627">627.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On the use of crowns and wreaths in + classical antiquity see W. Smith's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dictionary of Greek + and Roman Antiquities</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> i. + 545 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Corona”</span>; E. Saglio, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Corona,”</span> in Ch. Daremberg et E. + Saglio's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et + Romaines</span></span>, iii. 1520 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> In + time of mourning the ancients laid aside crowns (Athenaeus, xv. 16, + p. 675 A); and so did the king at Athens when he tried a homicide + (Aristotle, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Constitution of Athens</span></span>, 57). I + mention these cases because they seem to conflict with the theory + in the text, in accordance with which crowns might be regarded as + amulets to protect the wearer against ghosts and the pollution of + blood.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_628" name="note_628" + href="#noteref_628">628.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heliodorus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aethiopica</span></span>, i. 22.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_629" name="note_629" + href="#noteref_629">629.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aulus Gellius, i. 12. 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_630" name="note_630" + href="#noteref_630">630.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dionysius Halicarnasensis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiquit. + Rom.</span></span> ii. 67; Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Numa</span></span>, + 10. We read of a Vestal who held office for fifty-seven years + (Tacitus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Annals</span></span>, ii. 86). It is unlikely + that the parents of this venerable lady were both alive at the date + of her decease.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_631" name="note_631" + href="#noteref_631">631.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dionysius Halicarnasensis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiquit. + Rom.</span></span> ii. 71.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_632" name="note_632" + href="#noteref_632">632.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sat.</span></span> + iii. 14. 14. That the rule as to their parents being both alive + applied to the Vestals and Salii only at the time of their entrance + on office is recognized by Marquardt (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Römische + Staatsverwaltung</span></span>, iii.<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + 228, note 1).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_633" name="note_633" + href="#noteref_633">633.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cicero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De haruspicum + responso</span></span>, 11.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_634" name="note_634" + href="#noteref_634">634.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Livy, xxxvii. 3; Macrobius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> i. 6. 13 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Vopiscus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aurelianus</span></span>, 19 (where the words + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">patrimis matrimisque + pueris carmen indicite</span></span>”</span> are omitted from the + text by H. Peter).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_635" name="note_635" + href="#noteref_635">635.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tacitus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histor.</span></span> + iv. 53. For the sack and conflagration of the Capitol see + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span> iii. 71-75.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_636" name="note_636" + href="#noteref_636">636.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Flowing water in Hebrew is called + <span class="tei tei-q">“living water”</span> (מים היים).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_637" name="note_637" + href="#noteref_637">637.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Festus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De verborum + significatione</span></span>, ed. C. O. Müller (Leipsic, 1839), pp. + 244, 245, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Patrimi et matrimi pueri.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_638" name="note_638" + href="#noteref_638">638.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ovid, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fasti</span></span>, + vi. 129 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 165-168.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_639" name="note_639" + href="#noteref_639">639.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Zenobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Proverb.</span></span> iii. 98; Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Proverb.</span></span> i. 16; Apostolius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Proverb.</span></span> viii. 16 (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paroemiographi + Graeci</span></span>, ed. Leutsch et Schneidewin, i. 82, 323 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. 429); Eustathius, on + Homer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xii. 357, p. 1726; Photius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lexicon</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + ἔφυγον κακόν.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_640" name="note_640" + href="#noteref_640">640.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Wachsmuth, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das alte Griechenland + im neuen</span></span> (Bonn, 1864), pp. 83-85, 86, 87, 100 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_641" name="note_641" + href="#noteref_641">641.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. von Hahn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Albanesische + Studien</span></span> (Jena, 1854), i. 144, 146.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_642" name="note_642" + href="#noteref_642">642.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. S. Krauss, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitte und Brauch der + Süd-Slaven</span></span> (Vienna, 1885), pp. 438, 441.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_643" name="note_643" + href="#noteref_643">643.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Captain J. S. King, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Folk-lore and some Social Customs of the + Western Somali Tribes,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Folk-lore + Journal</span></span>, vi. (1888) p. 124. Compare Ph. Paulitschke, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas, die materielle + Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl</span></span> (Berlin, 1893), + p. 200.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_644" name="note_644" + href="#noteref_644">644.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Grihya-Sûtras</span></span>, translated by H. + Oldenberg, Part ii. (Oxford, 1892) p. 50 (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Sacred Books of + the East</span></span>, vol. xxx.).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_645" name="note_645" + href="#noteref_645">645.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. William Ellis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of + Madagascar</span></span> (London, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), i. 151 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_646" name="note_646" + href="#noteref_646">646.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. W. Ellis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 180.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_647" name="note_647" + href="#noteref_647">647.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Pearse, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Customs connected with Death and Burial among the + Sihanaka,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar + Magazine</span></span>, vol. ii. (a reprint of the second four + numbers, 1881-1884) (Antananarivo, 1896) p. 152.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_648" name="note_648" + href="#noteref_648">648.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. C. Hollis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Masai</span></span> (Oxford, 1905), p. 299.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_649" name="note_649" + href="#noteref_649">649.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lucian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hermotimus</span></span>, 57.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_650" name="note_650" + href="#noteref_650">650.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A fragmentary list of these youths is + preserved in an Athenian inscription of the year 91 or 90 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> See Ch. Michel, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Recueil + d'Inscriptions Grecques</span></span>, Supplément, i. (Paris, 1912) + p. 104, No. 1544.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_651" name="note_651" + href="#noteref_651">651.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aelius Lampridius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antoninus + Heliogabalus</span></span>, viii. 1 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + historian thinks that the monster chose these victims merely for + the pleasure of rending the hearts of both the parents.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_652" name="note_652" + href="#noteref_652">652.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. p. 184.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_653" name="note_653" + href="#noteref_653">653.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. W. C. Willoughby, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Totemism of the Becwana,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxv. (1905) pp. + 303 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_654" name="note_654" + href="#noteref_654">654.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For more evidence of the sanctity of + cattle among the Bechuanas see the Rev. W. C. Willoughby, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 301 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_655" name="note_655" + href="#noteref_655">655.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyage + d'Exploration au Nord-est de la Colonie du Cap de + Bonne-Espérance</span></span> (Paris, 1842), p. 49.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_656" name="note_656" + href="#noteref_656">656.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> i. + 367 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, with the commentary of + Servius; Justin, xviii. 5. 9. Thongs cut from the hide of the ox + sacrificed to the four-handed Apollo were given as prizes. See + Hesychius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> κυνακίας; compare + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, πυρώλοφοι. Whether the + Greek custom was related to those discussed in the text seems + doubtful. I have to thank my colleague and friend Professor R. C. + Bosanquet for calling my attention to these passages of + Hesychius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_657" name="note_657" + href="#noteref_657">657.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Saxo Grammaticus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historia + Danica</span></span>, ix. vol. i. pp. 462 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> ed. + P. E. Müller (Copenhagen, 1839-1858) (where the hide employed is + that of a horse); J. Grimm, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deutsche + Rechtsalterthümer</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + (Göttingen, 1881), pp. 90 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Compare R. Köhler, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Sage von Landerwerbung durch zerschnittene + Häute,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Orient und Occident</span></span>, iii. + 185-187.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_658" name="note_658" + href="#noteref_658">658.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lieutenant-Colonel James Tod, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annals + and Antiquities of Rajast'han</span></span>, ii. (London, 1832) p. + 235; W. Radloff, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Proben der Volkslitteratur der türkischen + Stämme Süd-Sibiriens</span></span>, iv. (St. Petersburg, 1872) p. + 179; A. Bastian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Voelker des oestlichen Asien</span></span> + (Berlin, 1884-1889), i. 25, iv. 367 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; T. + Stamford Raffles, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">History of Java</span></span> (London, 1817), + ii. 153 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; R. van Eck, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Schetsen van het eiland Bali,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor + Nederlandsch-Indië</span></span>, Feb. 1880, p. 117. The substance + of all these stories, except the first, was given by me in a note + on <span class="tei tei-q">“Hide-measured Lands,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Classical Review</span></span>, ii. (1888) p. 322.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_659" name="note_659" + href="#noteref_659">659.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Rechtsalterthümer</span></span>, pp. 538 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_660" name="note_660" + href="#noteref_660">660.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. W. C. Willoughby, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Totemism of the Becwana,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxv. (1905) p. + 304.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_661" name="note_661" + href="#noteref_661">661.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. E. Gottschling, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Bawenda, a Sketch of their History and + Customs,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxxv. (1905) pp. 368 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_662" name="note_662" + href="#noteref_662">662.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Relation + d'un Voyage d'Exploration</span></span>, pp. 561-565.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_663" name="note_663" + href="#noteref_663">663.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg204" class= + "tei tei-ref">204</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_664" name="note_664" + href="#noteref_664">664.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Religion der Pelauer,”</span> in A. Bastian's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Allerlei + aus Volks- und Menschenkunde</span></span> (Berlin, 1888), i. + 35.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_665" name="note_665" + href="#noteref_665">665.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. A. L. M. Schwaner, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Borneo</span></span> + (Amsterdam, 1853), i. 186; M. T. H. Perelaer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ethnographische + Beschrijving der Dajaks</span></span> (Zalt-Bommel, 1870), pp. + 32-35; Captain Rodney Mundy, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Narrative of Events in Borneo and Celebes from + the Journals of James Brooke, Esq., Rajah of Sarawak</span></span> + (London, 1848), ii. 65 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Charles Brooke, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ten Years + in Sarawak</span></span> (London, 1866), ii. 280; H. Low, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sarawak</span></span> (London, 1848), pp. + 174-177; The Bishop of Labuan, <span class="tei tei-q">“On the Wild + Tribes of the North-West Coast of Borneo,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Transactions of the + Ethnological Society of London</span></span>, N.S. ii. (1863) pp. + 31 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Spenser St. John, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life in + the Forests of the Far East</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (London, 1863), i. 73. In Sarawak these men are called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">manangs</span></span>, in Dutch Borneo they + are called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bazirs</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bassirs</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_666" name="note_666" + href="#noteref_666">666.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Captain R. Mundy, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 82 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; B. F. Matthes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Over de Bissoes of + heidensche Priesters en Priesteressen der Boeginezen</span></span> + (Amsterdam, 1872), pp. 1 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_667" name="note_667" + href="#noteref_667">667.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Th. Falkner, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Description of + Patagonia</span></span> (Hereford, 1774), p. 117; J. Hutchinson, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Tehuelche Indians of + Patagonia,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Transactions of the Ethnological Society of + London</span></span>, N.S. vii. (1869) p. 323. Among the Guaycurus + of Southern Brazil there is a class of men who dress as women and + do only women's work, such as spinning, weaving, and making + pottery. But so far as I know, they are not said to be sorcerers or + priests. See C. F. Ph. v. Martius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zur Ethnographie + Amerikas zumal Brasiliens</span></span> (Leipsic, 1867), pp. 74 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_668" name="note_668" + href="#noteref_668">668.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. H. von Langsdorff, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reise um die + Welt</span></span> (Frankfort, 1812), ii. 43; H. J. Holmberg, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Über die Völker des Russischen + Amerika,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Acta Societatis Scientiarum + Fennicae</span></span>, iv. (Helsingfors, 1856) pp. 400 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. H. Dall, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Alaska</span></span> + (London, 1870), pp. 402 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Ross Cox, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Columbia + River</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (London, 1832), i. 327 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Father G. Boscana, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Chinigchinich,”</span> in [A. Robinson's] + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life in + California</span></span> (New York, 1846), pp. 283 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; S. + Powers, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tribes of California</span></span> + (Washington, 1877), pp. 132 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. H. Bancroft, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Races of the Pacific States</span></span> (London, 1875-1876), i. + 82, 92, 415, 585, 774; Hontan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mémoires de + l'Amérique Septentrionale</span></span> (Amsterdam, 1705), p. 144; + J. F. Lafitau, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains</span></span> + (Paris, 1724), i. 52-54; Charlevoix, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire de la + Nouvelle France</span></span> (Paris, 1744), vi. 4 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. + H. Keating, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's + River</span></span> (London, 1825), i. 227 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 436; George Catlin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">North American + Indians</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> (London, 1844), ii. 214 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Maximilian Prinz zu Wied, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reise in + das innere Nord-America</span></span> (Coblentz, 1839-1841), ii. + 132 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; D. G. Brinton, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Lenâpé and their + Legends</span></span> (Philadelphia, 1885), pp. 109 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. + G. Müller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte der amerikanischen + Urreligionen</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Bâle, 167), pp. 44 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 418. Among the tribes which + permitted the custom were the Illinois, Mandans, Dacotas (Sioux), + Sauks, and Foxes, to the east of the Rocky Mountains, the Yukis, + Pomos, and Pitt River Indians of California, and the Koniags of + Alaska.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_669" name="note_669" + href="#noteref_669">669.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lieut. W. Foley, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Journal of a Tour through the Island of + Rambree,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Asiatic Society of + Bengal</span></span>, iv. (Calcutta, 1835) p. 199.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_670" name="note_670" + href="#noteref_670">670.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Monier Williams, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religious Life and + Thought in India</span></span> (London, 1883), p. 136. Compare J. + A. Dubois, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mœurs, Institutions, et Cérémonies des Peuples + de l'Inde</span></span> (Paris, 1825), i. 439.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_671" name="note_671" + href="#noteref_671">671.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Dapper, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Description de + l'Afrique</span></span> (Amsterdam, 1686), p. 467.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_672" name="note_672" + href="#noteref_672">672.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. B. Labat, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Relation historique + de l'Éthiopie Occidentale</span></span> (Paris, 1732), ii. 195-199. + Wherever men regularly dress as women, we may suspect that a + superstitious motive underlies the custom even though our + authorities do not mention it. The custom is thus reported among + the Italmenes of Kamtschatka (G. W. Steller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beschreibung von dem + Lande Kamtschatka</span></span>, Frankfort and Leipsic, 1774, pp. + 350 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>), the Lhoosais of + South-Eastern India (Capt. T. H. Lewin, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wild Races of + South-Eastern India</span></span>, London, 1870, p. 255), and the + Nogay or Mongutay of the Caucasus (J. Reinegg, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beschreibung des + Kaukasus</span></span>, St. Petersburg, Gotha, and Hildesheim, + 1796-1797, i. 270). Among the Lhoosais or Lushais not only do men + sometimes dress like women and consort and work with them (T. H. + Lewin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>), but, on the other hand, + women sometimes dress and live like men, adopting masculine habits + in all respects. When one of these unsexed women was asked her + reasons for adopting a masculine mode of life, she at first denied + that she was a woman, but finally confessed <span class= + "tei tei-q">“that her <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">khuavang</span></span> was not good, and so + she became a man.”</span> See the extract from the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pioneer + Mail</span></span> of May 1890, quoted in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Indian + Antiquary</span></span>, xxxii. (1903) p. 413. The permanent + transformation of women into men seems to be much rarer than the + converse change of men into women.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_673" name="note_673" + href="#noteref_673">673.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Maximilian Prinz zu Wied, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reise in das innere + Nord-America</span></span>, ii. 133.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_674" name="note_674" + href="#noteref_674">674.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. H. Keating, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Expedition to the + Source of St. Peter's River</span></span>, i. 227 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_675" name="note_675" + href="#noteref_675">675.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Owen Dorsey, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“A Study of Siouan Cults,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eleventh Annual + Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, 1894), + p. 378.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_676" name="note_676" + href="#noteref_676">676.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. H. Gomes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seventeen Years among + the Sea Dyaks of Borneo</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 179; Ch. + Hose and W. McDougall, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Pagan Tribes of Borneo</span></span> + (London, 1912), ii. 116.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_677" name="note_677" + href="#noteref_677">677.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Waldemar Bogoras, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Chukchee</span></span> (Leyden and New York, 1904-1909), pp. + 448-453 (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Jesup North Pacific + Expedition</span></span>, vol. vii.; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Memoir of the + American Museum of Natural History</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_678" name="note_678" + href="#noteref_678">678.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. A. L. Kitching, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Backwaters of + the Nile</span></span> (London, 1912), p. 239, with the plate.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_679" name="note_679" + href="#noteref_679">679.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For this information I have to thank + my friend the Rev. J. Roscoe. He tells me that according to + tradition Mukasa used to give his oracles by the mouth of a man, + not of a woman. To wear two bark cloths, one on each shoulder, is a + privilege of royalty and of priests. The ordinary man wears a + single bark cloth knotted on one shoulder only. With the single + exception mentioned in the text, women in Uganda never wear bark + cloths fastened over the shoulders.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_680" name="note_680" + href="#noteref_680">680.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 297.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_681" name="note_681" + href="#noteref_681">681.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Scapegoat</span></span>, pp. 387 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_682" name="note_682" + href="#noteref_682">682.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Catullus, lxiii. This is in substance + the explanation of the custom given by Dr. L. R. Farnell, who + observes that <span class="tei tei-q">“the mad worshipper + endeavoured thus against nature to assimilate himself more closely + to his goddess”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“Sociological + hypotheses concerning the position of women in ancient + religion,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Archiv für + Religionswissenschaft</span></span>, vii. (1904) p. 93). The theory + is not necessarily inconsistent with my conjecture as to the + magical use made of the severed parts. See above, vol. i. pp. 268 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_683" name="note_683" + href="#noteref_683">683.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaestiones + Graecae</span></span>, 58.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_684" name="note_684" + href="#noteref_684">684.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, ii. 6. 2 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Athenaeus, xii. 11, pp. 515 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">f</span></span>-516 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>; Diodorus Siculus, iv. + 31; Joannes Lydus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De magistratibus</span></span>, iii. 64; + Lucian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dialogi deorum</span></span>, xiii. 2; Ovid, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Heroides</span></span>, ix. 55 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Statius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theb.</span></span> x. 646-649.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_685" name="note_685" + href="#noteref_685">685.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On Semiramis in this character see + above, vol. i. pp. 176 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Scapegoat</span></span>, pp. 369 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_686" name="note_686" + href="#noteref_686">686.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Joannes Lydus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + mensibus</span></span>, iv. 46, p. 81, ed. I. Bekker (Bonn, 1837). + Yet at Rome, by an apparent contradiction, women might not be + present at a sacrifice offered to Hercules (Propertius, v. 9. + 67-70; see further above, vol. i. p. 113, note 1), and at Gades + women might not enter the temple of Melcarth, the Tyrian Hercules + (Silius Italicus, iii. 22). There was a Greek proverb, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“A woman does not go to a temple of Hercules”</span> + (Macarius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cent.</span></span> iii. 11; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paroemiographi + Graeci</span></span>, ed. Leutsch et Schneidewin, i. 392, ii. 154). + Roman women did not swear by Hercules (Aulus Gellius, xi. 6).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_687" name="note_687" + href="#noteref_687">687.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lucian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calumniae non temere + credendum</span></span>, 16; Hesychius and Suidas, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + Ἰθύφαλλοι. At the Athenian vintage festival of the Oschophoria a + chorus of singers was led in procession by two young men dressed + exactly like girls; they carried branches of vines laden with ripe + clusters. The procession was said to be in honour of Dionysus and + Athena or Ariadne. See Proclus, quoted by Photius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, p. 322<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a</span></span>, ed. + I. Bekker (Berlin, 1824); Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theseus</span></span>, 23.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_688" name="note_688" + href="#noteref_688">688.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Clement of Alexandria, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protrept.</span></span> ii. 34, pp. 29 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ed. Potter; Arnobius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adversus + Nationes</span></span>, v. 28; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythographi + Graeci</span></span>, ed. A. Westermann (Brunswick, 1843), p. 368; + J. Tzetzes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Scholia on Lycophron</span></span>, 212. As to + the special association of the fig with Dionysus, see Athenaeus, + iii. 14, p. 78. As to the artificial fertilization of the fig, see + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic + Art and the Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 314 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> On + the type of the effeminate Dionysus in art see E. Thraemer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Dionysos,”</span> in W. H. Roscher's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon der griech. + und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, i. 1135 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_689" name="note_689" + href="#noteref_689">689.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tacitus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>, 43. Perhaps, as + Professor Chadwick thinks, this priest may have succeeded to a + priestess when the change from mother-kin to father-kin took place. + See H. M. Chadwick, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Origin of the English Nation</span></span> + (Cambridge, 1907), p. 339.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_690" name="note_690" + href="#noteref_690">690.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In Cyprus there was a bearded and + masculine image of Venus (probably Astarte) in female attire: + according to Philochorus, the deity thus represented was the moon, + and sacrifices were offered to him or her by men clad as women, and + by women clad as men. See Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> + iii. 7. 2 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Servius on Virgil, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> ii. 632. A similar exchange + of garments took place between Argive men and women at the festival + of the Hybristica, which fell in the month of Hermes, either at the + new moon or on the fourth of the month. See Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De mulierum + virtutibus</span></span>, 4; Polyaenus, viii. 33. On the thirteenth + of January flute-players paraded the streets of Rome in the garb of + women (Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Quaestiones Romanae</span></span>, 55).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_691" name="note_691" + href="#noteref_691">691.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For traces of mother-kin in Lydia see + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic + Art and the Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 281 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + With regard to Cos we know from inscriptions that at Halasarna all + who shared in the sacred rites of Apollo and Hercules had to + register the names of their father, their mother, and of their + mother's father; from which it appears that maternal descent was + counted more important than paternal descent. See H. Collitz und F. + Bechtel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sammlung der griechischen + Dialekt-Inschriften</span></span>, iii. 1 (Göttingen, 1899), pp. + 382-393, Nos. 3705, 3706; G. Dittenberger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sylloge Inscriptionum + Graecarnum</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> vol. ii. pp. 396 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, No. 614; Ch. Michel, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Recueil + d'Inscriptions Grecques</span></span>, pp. 796 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + No. 1003; J. Toepffer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Attische Genealogie</span></span> (Berlin, + 1889), pp. 192 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> On traces of mother-kin in + the legend and ritual of Hercules see A. B. Cook, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Who was the wife of Hercules?”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Classical + Review</span></span>, xx. (1906) pp. 376 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Mr. + Cook conjectures that a Sacred Marriage of Hercules and Hera was + celebrated in Cos. We know in fact from a Coan inscription that a + bed was made and a marriage celebrated beside the image of + Hercules, and it seems probable that the rite was that of a Sacred + Marriage, though some scholars interpret it merely of an ordinary + human wedding. See G. Dittenberger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sylloge Inscriptionum + Graecarum</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> vol. ii. pp. 577 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, No. 734; R. Dareste, B. + Haussoulier, Th. Reinach, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Recueil d'Inscriptions Juridiques + Grecques</span></span>, Deuxième Série (Paris, 1898), No. xxiv. B, + pp. 94 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Fr. Back, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Graecorum + caerimoniis in quibus homines deorum vice fungebantur</span></span> + (Berlin, 1883), pp. 14-24.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_692" name="note_692" + href="#noteref_692">692.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Panjab Notes and Queries</span></span>, i. + (1884) §§ 219, 869, 1007, 1029; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span> ii. + (1885) §§ 344, 561, 570; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological Society of + Bombay</span></span>, i. (1886) p. 123; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">North Indian Notes + and Queries</span></span>, iii. (1893) § 99. Compare my notes, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Youth of Achilles,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Classical Review</span></span>, vii. (1893) pp. 292 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + and on Pausanias, i. 22. 6 (vol. ii. p. 266).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_693" name="note_693" + href="#noteref_693">693.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaestiones + Graecae</span></span>, 58.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_694" name="note_694" + href="#noteref_694">694.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lycurgus</span></span>, 15.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_695" name="note_695" + href="#noteref_695">695.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De mulierum + virtutibus</span></span>, 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_696" name="note_696" + href="#noteref_696">696.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. F. Matthes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bijdragen tot de + Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes</span></span> (The Hague, 1875), p. 35. + The marriage ceremonies here described are especially those of + princes.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_697" name="note_697" + href="#noteref_697">697.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sepp, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Altbayerischer + Sagenschatz</span></span> (Munich, 1876), p. 232, referring to + Maimonides.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_698" name="note_698" + href="#noteref_698">698.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Thurston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ethnographic Notes in + Southern India</span></span> (Madras, 1906), p. 3. The + pseudo-bridegroom is apparently the bride in masculine attire.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_699" name="note_699" + href="#noteref_699">699.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Central Provinces, Ethnographic + Survey</span></span>, iii. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Draft Articles on Forest Tribes</span></span> + (Allahabad, 1907), p. 31.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_700" name="note_700" + href="#noteref_700">700.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Central Provinces, Ethnographic + Survey</span></span>, i. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Draft Articles on Hindustani + Castes</span></span> (Allahabad, 1907), p. 48.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_701" name="note_701" + href="#noteref_701">701.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Elsewhere I have conjectured that the + wearing of female attire by the bridegroom at marriage may mark a + transition from mother-kin to father-kin, the intention of the + custom being to transfer to the father those rights over the + children which had previously been enjoyed by the mother alone. See + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Totemism</span></span> (Edinburgh, 1887), pp. + 78 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totemism and + Exogamy</span></span>, i. 73. But I am now disposed to think that + the other explanation suggested in the text is the more + probable.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_702" name="note_702" + href="#noteref_702">702.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Central Provinces, Ethnographic + Survey</span></span>, iii. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Draft Articles on Forest Tribes</span></span> + (Allahabad, 1907), p. 31.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_703" name="note_703" + href="#noteref_703">703.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Central Provinces, Ethnographic + Survey</span></span>, iii. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Draft Articles on Forest Tribes</span></span> + (Allahabad, 1907), p. 48.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_704" name="note_704" + href="#noteref_704">704.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Central Provinces, Ethnographic + Survey</span></span>, vi. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Draft Articles on Hindustani + Castes</span></span>, Second Series (Allahabad, 1911), p. 50.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_705" name="note_705" + href="#noteref_705">705.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Compare W. Crooke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Religion and + Folk-lore of Northern India</span></span> (Westminster, 1896), ii. + 8, who proposes, with great probability, to explain on a similar + principle, the European marriage custom known as the False Bride. + For more instances of the interchange of male and female costume at + marriage between persons other than the bridegroom see Capt. J. S. + King, <span class="tei tei-q">“Social Customs of the Western Somali + Tribes,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Folk-lore Journal</span></span>, vi. + (1888) p. 122; J. P. Farler, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Usambara + Country in East Africa,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Proceedings of the + Royal Geographical Society</span></span>, N.S. i. (1879) p. 92; + Major J. Biddulph, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh</span></span> + (Calcutta, 1880), pp. 78, 80; G. A. Grierson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bihar Peasant + Life</span></span> (Calcutta, 1885), p. 365; A. de Gubernatis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Usi + Nuziali in Italia</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Milan, 1878), p. 190; P. Sébillot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes Populaires + de la Haute-Bretagne</span></span> (Paris, 1886), p. 438.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_706" name="note_706" + href="#noteref_706">706.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Lloyd, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peasant Life in + Sweden</span></span> (London, 1870), p. 85.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_707" name="note_707" + href="#noteref_707">707.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Liorel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kabylie du + Jurjura</span></span> (Paris, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n. d.</span></span>), p. 406.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_708" name="note_708" + href="#noteref_708">708.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. H. Weeks, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Among Congo + Cannibals</span></span> (London, 1913), p. 267. Compare + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper + Congo River,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Royal Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xl. (1910) pp. 370 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_709" name="note_709" + href="#noteref_709">709.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lieut.-Colonel J. Shakespear, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Kuki-Lushai Clans,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Royal Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxix. (1909) + pp. 380 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_710" name="note_710" + href="#noteref_710">710.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. C. Hollis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Masai</span></span> (Oxford, 1905), p. 298.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_711" name="note_711" + href="#noteref_711">711.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. C. Hollis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Nandi</span></span> (Oxford, 1909), pp. 53-58. Mr. Hollis informs + me that among the Akikuyu, another tribe of British East Africa, + the custom of boys dressing as girls at or after circumcision is + also observed.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_712" name="note_712" + href="#noteref_712">712.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Consolatio ad + Apollonium</span></span>, 22; Valerius Maximus, ii. 6. 13.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_713" name="note_713" + href="#noteref_713">713.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_714" name="note_714" + href="#noteref_714">714.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kreemer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“De Loeboes in Mandailing,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bijdragen tot de + Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië</span></span>, + lxvi. (1912) p. 317.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_715" name="note_715" + href="#noteref_715">715.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die socialen + Einrichtungen der Pelauer</span></span>, pp. 50 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_716" name="note_716" + href="#noteref_716">716.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 51.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_717" name="note_717" + href="#noteref_717">717.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 51-53, 91-98.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_718" name="note_718" + href="#noteref_718">718.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. pp. 39 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_719" name="note_719" + href="#noteref_719">719.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. W. Christian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Caroline + Islands</span></span> (London, 1899), pp. 290 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Compare W. H. Furness, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Island of Stone Money, Uap of the + Carolines</span></span> (Philadelphia and London, 1910), pp. 46 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_720" name="note_720" + href="#noteref_720">720.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. H. Furness, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 46 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_721" name="note_721" + href="#noteref_721">721.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. H. Furness, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 49 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_722" name="note_722" + href="#noteref_722">722.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die socialen + Einrichtungen der Pelauer</span></span>, p. 43. The writer does not + translate the word <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tobolbel</span></span>, but the context + sufficiently explains its meaning.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_723" name="note_723" + href="#noteref_723">723.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kubary, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die socialen + Einrichtungen der Pelauer</span></span>, pp. 43-45, 75-78.</dd> + </dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GOLDEN BOUGH (THIRD EDITION, VOL. 6 OF 12)*** +</pre> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader85" id="rightpageheader85"></a><a name= + "pgtoc86" id="pgtoc86"></a><a name="pdf87" id="pdf87"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">January 26, + 2013 </th> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"> + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI + edition 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"><span class= + "tei tei-respStmt"><span class= + "tei tei-name">Produced by David Edwards, David + King, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team + at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. 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