diff options
Diffstat (limited to '42216-8.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 42216-8.txt | 2003 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 2003 deletions
diff --git a/42216-8.txt b/42216-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0a9148b..0000000 --- a/42216-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2003 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of On the History of Gunter's Scale and the -Slide Rule during the Seventeenth Century, by Florian Cajori - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: On the History of Gunter's Scale and the Slide Rule during the Seventeenth Century - -Author: Florian Cajori - -Release Date: February 26, 2013 [EBook #42216] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF GUNTER'S SCALE, SLIDE RULE *** - - - - -Produced by Brenda Lewis, Stephen Hutcheson and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Canada Team at -http://www.pgdpcanada.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by The Internet -Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS - IN - MATHEMATICS - - Vol. 1, No. 9, pp. 187-209 February 17, 1920 - - - - - ON THE HISTORY OF GUNTER'S SCALE AND - THE SLIDE RULE DURING THE - SEVENTEENTH CENTURY - - - BY - FLORIAN CAJORI - - - UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS - BERKELEY - - - - - TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - PAGE - I. Introduction 187 - II. Innovations in Gunter's Scale 188 - Changes introduced by Edmund Wingate 188 - Changes introduced by Milbourn 189 - Changes introduced by Thomas Brown and John Brown 190 - Changes introduced by William Leybourn 192 - III. Richard Delamain's "Grammelogia" 192 - Different editions or impressions 194 - Description of Delamain's instrument of 1630 195 - Delamain's later designs, and directions for using his - instruments 197 - IV. Controversy between Oughtred and Delamain on the invention of - the circular slide rule 199 - V. Independence and priority of invention 203 - VI. Oughtred's "Gauging Line," 1633 206 - VII. Other seventeenth century slide rules 207 - - - - - I. INTRODUCTION - - - In my history of the slide rule[1], and my article on its invention[2] it -is shewn that William Oughtred and not Edmund Wingate is the inventor, that -Oughtred's circular rule was described in print in 1632, his rectilinear -rule in 1633. Richard Delamain is referred to as having tried to -appropriate the invention to himself[3] and as having written a scurrilous -pamphlet against Oughtred. All our information about Delamain was taken -from De Morgan,[4] who, however, gives no evidence of having read any of -Delamain's writings on the slide rule. Through Dr. Arthur Hutchinson of -Pembroke College, Cambridge, I learned that Delamain's writings on the -slide rule were available. In this article will be given: First, some -details of the changes introduced during the seventeenth century in the -design of Gunter's scale by Edmund Wingate, Milbourn, Thomas Brown, John -Brown and William Leybourn; second, an account of Delamain's book of 1630 -on the slide rule which antedates Oughtred's first publication (though -Oughtred's date of invention is earlier than the date of Delamain's alleged -invention) and of Delamain's later designs of slide rules; third, an -account of the controversy between Delamain and Oughtred; fourth, an -account of a later book on the slide rule written by William Oughtred, and -of other seventeenth century books on the slide rule. - - - - - II. INNOVATIONS IN GUNTER'S SCALE - - - Changes introduced by Wingate - - We begin with Anthony Wood's account of Wingate's introduction of -Gunter's scale into France.[5] - - In 1624 he transported into France the rule of proportion, having a - little before been invented by Edm. Gunter of Gresham Coll. and - communicated it to most of the chiefest mathematicians then residing in - Paris: who apprehending the great benefit that might accrue thereby, - importun'd him to express the use thereof in the French tongue. Which - being performed accordingly, he was advised by monsieur Alleawne the - King's chief engineer to dedicate his book to monsieur the King's only - brother, since duke of Orleans. Nevertheless the said work coming forth - as an abortive (the publishing thereof being somewhat hastened, by reason - an advocate of Dijon in Burgundy began to print some uses thereof, which - Wingate had in a friendly way communicated to him) especially in regard - Gunter himself had learnedly explained its use in a far larger volume.[6] - -Gunter's scale, which Wingate calls the "rule of proportion," contained, as -described in the French edition of 1624, four lines: (1) A single line of -numbers; (2) a line of tangents; (3) a line of sines; (4) a line, one foot -in length, divided into 12 inches and tenths of inches, also a line, one -foot in length, divided into tenths and hundredths. - -The English editions of this book which appeared in 1623 and 1628 are -devoid of interest. The editions of 1645 and 1658 contain an important -innovation.[7] In the preface the reasons why this instrument has not been -used more are stated to be: (1) the difficulty of drawing the lines with -exactness, (2) the trouble of working thereupon by reason (sometimes) of -too large an extent of the compasses, (3) the fact that the instrument is -not readily portable. The drawing of Wingate's arrangement of the scale in -the editions of 1645 and 1658 is about 66 cm. (26.5 in.) long. It contains -five parallel lines, about 66 cm. long, each having the divisions of one -line marked on one side and of another line on the other side. Thus each -line carries two graduations: (1) A single logarithmic line of numbers; (2) -a logarithmic line of numbers thrice repeated; (3) the first scale -repeated, but beginning with the graduations which are near the middle of -the first scale, so that its graduation reads 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1, 2, 3; -(4) a logarithmic line of numbers twice repeated; (5) a logarithmic line of -tangents; (6) a logarithmic line of sines; (7) the rule divided into 1000 -equal parts; (8) the scale of latitudes; (9) a line of inches and tenths of -inches; (10) a scale consisting of three kinds, viz., a gauge line, a line -of chords, and a foot measure, divided into 1000 equal parts. - -Important are the first and second scales, by which cube root extraction -was possible "by inspection only, without the aid of pen or compass;" -similarly the third and fourth scales, for square roots. This innovation is -due to Wingate. The 1645 edition announces that the instrument was made in -brass by Elias Allen, and in wood by John Thompson and Anthony Thompson in -Hosier Lane. - - - Changes introduced by Milbourn - -William Leybourn, in his The Line of Proportion or Numbers, Commonly called -Gunter's Line, Made Easie, London, 1673, says in his preface "To the -Reader:" - - The Line of Proportion or Numbers, commonly called (by Artificers) - Gunter's Line, hath been discoursed of by several persons, and variously - applied to divers uses; for when Mr. Gunter had brought it from the - Tables to a Line, and written some Uses thereof, Mr. Wingate added divers - Lines of several lengths, thereby to extract the Square or Cube Roots, - without doubling or trebling the distance of the Compasses: After him Mr. - Milbourn, a Yorkshire Gentleman, disposed it in a Serpentine or Spiral - Line, thereby enlarging the divisions of the Line. - -On pages 127 and 128 Leybourn adds: - - Again, One T. Browne, a Maker of Mathematical Instruments, made it in a - Serpentine or Spiral Line, composed of divers Concentrick Circles, - thereby to enlarg the divisions, which was the contrivance of one Mr. - Milburn a Yorkshire Gentleman, who writ thereof, and communicated his - Uses to the aforesaid Brown, who (since his death) attributed it to - himself: But whoever was the contriver of it, it is not without - inconvenience; for it can in no wise be made portable; and besides - (instead of compasses) an opening Joynt with thirds [threads] must be - placed to move upon the Centre of the Instrument, without which no - proportion can be wrought. - -This Mr. Milburn is probably the person named in the diary of the -antiquarian, Elias Ashmole, on August 13 [1646?]; "I bought of Mr. Milbourn -all his Books and Mathematical Instruments."[8] Charles Hutton[9] says that -Milburne of Yorkshire designed the spiral form about 1650. This date is -doubtless wrong, for Thomas Browne who, according to Leybourn, got the -spiral form of line from Milbourn, is repeatedly mentioned by William -Oughtred in his Epistle[10] printed some time in 1632 or 1633. Oughtred -does not mention Milbourn, and says (page 4) that the spiral form "was -first hit upon by one Thomas Browne a Joyner, . . . the serpentine -revolution being but two true semicircles described on severall -centers."[11] - - - Changes introduced by Thomas Brown and John Brown - -Thomas Brown did not publish any description of his instrument, but his -son, John Brown, published in 1661 a small book,[12] in which he says -(preface) that he had done "as Mr. Oughtred with Gunter's Rule, to a -sliding and circular form; and as my father Thomas Brown into a Serpentine -form; or as Mr. Windgate in his Rule of Proportion." He says also that -"this brief touch of the Serpentine-line I made bold to assert, to see if I -could draw out a performance of that promise, that hath been so long -unperformed by the promisers thereof." Accordingly in Chapter XX he gives a -description of the serpentine line, "contrived in five (or rather 15) -turn." Whether this description, printed in 1661, exactly fits the -instrument as it was developed in 1632, we have no means of knowing. John -Brown says: - - 1. First next the center is two circles divided one into 60, the other - into 100 parts, for the reducing of minutes to 100 parts, and the - contrary. - - 2. You have in seven turnes two inpricks, and five in divisions, the - first Radius of the sines (or Tangents being neer the matter, alike to - the first three degrees,) ending at 5 degrees and 44 minutes. - - 3. Thirdly, you have in 5 turns the lines of numbers, sines, Tangents, in - three margents in divisions, and the line of versed sines in pricks, - under the line of Tangents, according to Mr. Gunter's cross-staff: the - sines and Tangents beginning at 5 degrees, and 44 minutes where the other - ended, and proceeding to 90 in the sines, and 45 in the Tangents. And the - line of numbers beginning at 10, and proceeding to 100, being one entire - Radius, and graduated into as many divisions as the largeness of the - instrument will admit, being 10 to 10 50 into 50 parts, and from 50 to - 100 into 20 parts in one unit of increase, but the Tangents are divided - into single minutes from the beginning to the end, both in the first, - second and third Radiusses, and the sines into minutes; also from 30 - minutes to 40 degrees, and from 40 to 60, into every two minutes, and - from 60 to 80 in every 5th minute, and from 80 to 85 every 10th, and the - rest as many as can be well discovered. - - The versed sines are set after the manner of Mr. Gunter's Cross-staff, - and divided into every 10th minutes beginning at 0, and proceeding to 156 - going backwards under the line of Tangents. - - 4. Fourthly, beyond the Tangent of 45 in one single line, for one Turn is - the secants to 51 degrees, being nothing else but the sines reitterated - beyond 90. - - 5. Fifthly, you have the line of Tangents beyond 45, in 5 turnes to 85 - degrees, whereby all trouble of backward working is avoided. - - 6. Sixthly, you have in one circle the 180 degrees of a Semicircle, and - also a line of natural sines, for finding of differences in sines, for - finding hour and Azimuth. - - 7. Seventhly, next the verge or outermost edge is a line of equal parts - to get the Logarithm of any number, or the Logarithm sine and Tangent of - any ark or angle to four figures besides the carracteristick. - - 8. Eightly and lastly, in the space place between the ending of the - middle five turnes, and one half of the circle are three prickt lines - fitted for reduction. The uppermost being for shillings, pence and - farthings. The next for pounds, and ounces, and quarters of small - Averdupoies weight. The last for pounds, shillings and pence, and to be - used thus: If you would reduce 16s. 3d. 2q. to a decimal fraction, lay - the hair or edge of one of the legs of the index on 16. 3 1/2 in the line - of 1. s. d. and the hair shall cut on the equal parts 81 16; and the - contrary, if you have a decimal fraction, and would reduce it to a proper - fraction, the like may you do for shillings, and pence, and pounds, and - ounces. - - The uses of the lines follow. - - As to the use of these lines, I shall in this place say but little, and - that for two reasons. First, because this instrument is so contrived, - that the use is sooner learned then any other, I speak as to the manner, - and way of using it, because by means of first second and third - radiusses, in sines and Tangents, the work is always right on, one way or - other, according to the Canon whatsoever it be, in any book that treats - of the Logarithms, as Gunter, Wells, Oughtred, Norwood, or others, as in - Oughtred from page 64 to 107. - - Secondly, and more especially, because the more accurate, and large - handling thereof is more then promised, if not already performed by more - abler pens, and a large manuscript thereof by my Sires meanes, provided - many years ago, though to this day not extant in print; so for his sake I - claiming my interest therein, make bold to present you with these few - lines, in order to the use of them: And first note, - - 1. Which soever of the two legs is set to the first term in the question, - that I call the first leg always, and the other being set to the second - term, I call the second leg . . . - -The exact nature of the contrivance with the "two legs" is not described, -but it was probably a flat pair of compasses, attached to the metallic -surface on which the serpentine line was drawn. In that case the instrument -was a slide rule, rather than a form of Gunter's line. In his publication -of 1661, as also in later publications,[13] John Brown devoted more space -to Gunter's scales, requiring the use of a separate pair of compasses, than -to slide rules. - - - Changes introduced by William Leybourn - -The same remark applies to William Leybourn who, after speaking of Seth -Partridge's slide rule, returns to forms of Gunter's scale, saying:[14] - - There is yet another way of disposing of this Line of Proportion, by - having one Line of the full length of the Ruler, and another Line of the - same Radius broken in two parts between 3 and 4; so that in working your - Compasses never go off of the Line: This is one of the best contrivances, - but here Compasses must be used. These are all the Contrivances that I - have hitherto seen of these Lines: That which I here speak of, and will - shew how to use, is only two Lines of one and the same Radius, being set - upon a plain Ruler of any length (the larger the better) having the - beginning of one Line, at the end of the other, the divisions of each - Line being set so close together, that if you find any number upon one of - the Lines, you may easily see what number stands against it on the other - Line. This is all the Variation. . . . - - Example 1. If a Board be 1 Foot 64 parts broad, how much in length of - that Board will make a Foot Square? Look upon one of your Lines (it - matters not which) for 1 Foot 64 parts, and right against it on the other - Line you shall find 61; and so many parts of a Foot will make a Foot - square of that Board. - -This contrivance solves the equation 1.64x=1, yielding centesimal parts of -a foot. - -James Atkinson[15] speaks of "Gunter's scale" as "usually of Boxwood . . . -commonly 2 ft. long, 1 1/2 inch broad" and "of two kinds: long Gunter or -single Gunter, and the sliding Gunter. It appears that during the -seventeenth century (and long after) the Gunter's scale was a rival of the -slide rule. - - - - - III. RICHARD DELAMAIN'S GRAMMELOGIA - - -We begin with a brief statement of the relations between Oughtred and -Delamain. At one time Delamain, a teacher of mathematics in London, was -assisted by Oughtred in his mathematical studies. In 1630 Delamain -published the Grammelogia, a pamphlet describing a circular slide rule and -its use. In 1631 he published another tract, on the Horizontall -Quadrant.[16] In 1632 appeared Oughtred's Circles of Proportion[17] -translated into English from Oughtred's Latin manuscript by another pupil, -William Forster, in the preface of which Forster makes the charge (without -naming Delamain) that "another . . . went about to pre-ocupate" the new -invention. This led to verbal disputes and to the publication by Delamain -of several additions to the Grammelogia, describing further designs of -circular slide rules and also stating his side of the bitter controversy, -but without giving the name of his antagonist. Oughtred's Epistle was -published as a reply. Each combatant accuses the other of stealing the -invention of the circular slide rule and the horizontal quadrant. - -The two title-pages of the edition of the Grammelogia in the British Museum - in London which we have called "Grammelogia IV." - - - Different editions or impressions - -There are at least five different editions, or impressions, of the -Grammelogia which we designate, for convenience, as follows: - - Grammelogia I, 1630. One copy in the Cambridge University Library.[18] - - Grammelogia II, I have not seen a copy of this. - - Grammelogia III, One copy in the Cambridge University Library.[19] - - Grammelogia IV, One copy in the British Museum, another in the Bodleian - Library, Oxford.[20] - - Grammelogia V, One copy in the British Museum. - -In Grammelogia I the first three leaves and the last leaf are without -pagination. The first leaf contains the title-page; the second leaf, the -dedication to the King and the preface "To the Reader;" the third leaf, the -description of the Mathematical Ring. Then follow 22 numbered pages. -Counting the unnumbered pages, there are altogether 30 pages in the -pamphlet. Only the first three leaves of this pamphlet are omitted in -Grammelogia IV and V. - -In Grammelogia III the Appendix begins with a page numbered 52 and bears -the heading "Conclusion;" it ends with page 68, which contains the same two -poems on the mathematical ring that are given on the last page of -Grammelogia I but differs slightly in the spelling of some of the words. -The 51 pages which must originally have preceded page 52, we have not seen. -The edition containing these we have designated Grammelogia II. The reason -for the omission of these 51 pages can only be conjectured. In Oughtred's -Epistle (p. 24), it is stated that Delamain had given a copy of the -Grammelogia to Thomas Brown, and that two days later Delamain asked for the -return of the copy, "because he had found some things to be altered -therein" and "rent out all the middle part." Delamain labored "to recall -all the bookes he had given forth, (which were many) before the sight of -Brownes Lines." These spiral lines Oughtred claimed that Delamain had -stolen from Brown. The title-page and page 52 are the only parts of the -Appendix, as given in Grammelogia III, that are missing in the Grammelogia -IV and V. - -Grammelogia IV answers fully to the description of Delamain's pamphlet -contained in Oughtred's Epistle. It was brought out in 1632 or 1633, for -what appears to be the latest part of it contains a reference (page 99) to -the Grammelogia I (1630) as "being now more then two yeares past." -Moreover, it refers to Oughtred's Circles of Proportion, 1632, and -Oughtred's reply in the Epistle was bound in the Circles of Proportion -having the Addition of 1633. For convenience of reference we number the two -title-pages of Grammelogia IV, "page (1)" and "page (2)," as is done by -Oughtred in his Epistle. Grammelogia IV contains, then, 113 pages. The page -numbers which we assign will be placed in parentheses, to distinguish them -from the page numbers which are printed in Grammelogia IV. The pages -(44)-(65) are the same as the pages 1-22, and the pages (68)-(83) are the -same as the pages 53-68. Thus only thirty-eight pages have page numbers -printed on them. The pages (67) and (83) are identical in wording, except -for some printer's errors; they contain verses in praise of the Ring, and -have near the bottom the word "Finis." Also, pages (22) and (23) are -together identical in wording with page (113), which is set up in finer -type, containing an advertisement of a part of Grammelogia IV explaining -the mode of graduating the circular rules. There are altogether six parts -of Grammelogia IV which begin or end by an address to the reader, thus: "To -the Reader," "Courteous Reader," or "To the courteous and benevolent Reader -. . .," namely the pages (8), (22), (68), (89), (90), (108). In his Epistle -(page 2), Oughtred characterizes the make up of the book in the following -terms: - - In reading it . . . I met with such a patchery and confusion of - disjoynted stuffe, that I was striken with a new wonder, that any man - should be so simple, as to shame himselfe to the world with such a - hotch-potch. - -Grammelogia V differs from Grammelogia IV in having only the second -title-page. The first title-page may have been torn off from the copy I -have seen. A second difference is that the page with the printed numeral 22 -in Grammelogia IV has after the word "Finis" the following notice: - - This instrument is made in Silver, or Brasse for the Pocket, or at any - other bignesse, over against Saint Clements Church without Temple Barre, - by Elias Allen. - -This notice occurs also on page 22 of Grammelogia I and III, but is omitted -from page 22 of Grammelogia V. - - - Description of Delamain's instrument of 1630 - -In his address to King Charles I, in his Grammelogia I, Delamain emphasizes -the ease of operating with his slide rule by stating that it is "fit for -use . . . as well on Horse backe as on Foot." Speaking "To the Reader," he -states that he has "for many yeares taught the Mathematicks in this Towne," -and made efforts to improve Gunter's scale "by some Motion, so that the -whole body of Logarithmes might move proportionally the one to the other, -as occasion required. This conceit in February last [1629] I struke upon, -and so composed my Grammelogia or Mathematicall Ring; by which only with an -ocular inspection, there is had at one instant all proportionalls through -the said body of Numbers." He dates his preface "first of January, 1630." -The fifth and sixth pages contain his "Description of the Grammelogia," the -term Grammelogia being applied to the instrument, as well as to the book. -His description is as follows: - - The parts of the Instrument are two Circles, the one moveable, and the - other fixed; The moveable is that unto which is fastened a small pin to - move it by; the other Circle may be conceived to be fixed; The - circumference of the moveable Circle is divided into unequall parts, - charactered with figures thus, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. these figures - doe represent themselves, or such numbers unto which a Cipher or Ciphers - are added, and are varied as the occasion falls out in the speech of - Numbers, so 1. stands for 1. or 10. or 100., &c. the 2. stands for 2. or - 20. or 200. or 2000., &c. the 3. stands for 30. or 300. or 3000., &c. - -After elaborating this last point and explaining the decimal subdivisions -on the scales of the movable circle, he says that "the numbers and -divisions on the fixed Circle, are the very same that the moveable are, . -." There is no drawing of the slide rule in this publication. The -twenty-two numbered pages give explanations of the various uses to which -the instrument can be put: "How to performe the Golden Rule" (pp. 1-3), -"Further uses of the Golden Rule" (pp. 4-6), "Notions or Principles -touching the disposing or ordering of the Numbers in the Golden Rule in -their true places upon the Grammelogia" (pp. 7-11), "How to divide one -number by another" (pp. 12, 13), "to multiply one Number by another" (pp. -14, 15), "To find Numbers in continuall proportion" (pp. 16, 17), "How to -extract the Square Root," "How to extract the Cubicke Root" (pp. 18-21), -"How to performe the Golden Rule" (the rule of proportion) is explained -thus: - - Seeke the first number in the moveable, and bring it to the second number - in the fixed, so right against the third number in the moveable, is the - answer in the fixed. - - If the Interest of 100. li. be 8. li. in the yeare, what is the Interest - of 65. li. for the same time. - - Bring 100. in the moveable to 8. in the fixed, so right against 65. in - the moveable is 5.2. in the fixed, and so much is the Interest of 65. li. - for the yeare at 8. li. for 100. li. per annum. - - The Instrument not removed, you may at one instant right against any - summe of money in the moveable, see the Interest thereof in the fixed: - the reason of this is from the Definition of Logarithmes. - -These are the earliest known printed instructions on the use of a slide -rule. It will be noticed that the description of the instrument at the -opening makes no references to logarithmic lines for the trigonometric -functions; only the line of numbers is given. Yet the title-page promised -the "resolution of Plaine and Sphericall Triangles." Page 22 throws light -upon this matter: - - If there be composed three Circles of equal thicknesse, A.B.C. so that - the inner edge of D [should be B] and the outward edge of A bee - answerably graduated with Logarithmall signes [sines], and the outward - edge of B and the inner edge of A with Logarithmes; and then on the - backside be graduated the Logarithmall Tangents, and againe the - Logarithmall signes oppositly to the former graduations, it shall be - fitted for the resolution of Plaine and Sphericall Triangles. - -After twelve lines of further remarks on this point he adds: - - Hence from the forme, I have called it a Ring, and Grammelogia by - annoligie of a Lineary speech; which Ring, if it were projected in the - convex unto two yards Diameter, or thereabouts, and the line Decupled, it - would worke Trigonometrie unto seconds, and give proportionall numbers - unto six places only by an ocular inspection, which would compendiate - Astronomicall calculations, and be sufficient for the Prosthaphaeresis of - the Motions: But of this as God shall give life and ability to health and - time. - -The unnumbered page following page 22 contains the patent and copyright on -the instrument and book: - - Whereas Richard Delamain, Teacher of Mathematicks, hath presented vnto Vs - an Instrument called Grammelogia, or The Mathematicall Ring, together - with a Booke so intituled, expressing the use thereof, being his owne - Invention; we of our Gracious and Princely favour have granted unto the - said Richard Delamain and his Assignes, Privilege, Licence, and - Authority, for the sole Making, Printing and Selling of the said - Instrument and Booke: straightly forbidding any other to Make, Imprint, - or Sell, or cause to be Made, or Imprinted, or Sold, the said Instrument - or Booke within any our Dominions, during the space of ten yeares next - ensuing the date hereof, upon paine of Our high displeasure. Given under - our hand and Signet at our Palace of Westminster, the fourth day of - January, in the sixth yeare of our Raigne. - - - Delamain's later designs, and directions for using his instruments - -In the Appendix of Grammelogia III, on page 52 is given a description of an -instrument promised near the end of Grammelogia I: - - That which I have formerly delivered hath been onely upon one of the - Circles of my Ring, simply concerning Arithmeticall Proportions, I will - by way of Conclusion touch upon some uses of the Circles, of Logarithmall - Sines, and Tangents, which are placed on the edge of both the moveable - and fixed Circles of the Ring in respect of Geometricall Proportions, but - first of the description of these Circles. - - First, upon the side that the Circle of Numbers is one, are graduated on - the edge of the moveable, and also on the edge of the fixed the - Logarithmall Sines, for if you bring 1. in the moveable amongst the - Numbers to 1. in the fixed, you may on the other edge of the moveable and - fixed see the sines noted thus 90. 90. 80. 80. 70. 70. 60. 60. &c. unto - 6.6. and each degree subdivided, and then over the former divisions and - figures 90. 90. 80. 80. 70. 70. &c. you have the other degrees, viz. 5. - 4. 3. 2. 1. each of those divided by small points. - - Secondly, (if the Ring is great) neere the outward edge of this side of - the fixed against the Numbers, are the usuall divisions of a Circle, and - the points of the Compasse: serving for observation in Astronomy, or - Geometry, and the sights belonging to those divisions, may be placed on - the moveable Circle. - - Thirdly, opposite to those Sines on the other side are the Logarithmall - Tangents, noted alike both in the moveable and fixed thus - 6.6.7.7.8.8.9.9.10.10.15.15.20.20. &c. unto 45.45. which numbers or - divisions serve also for their Complements to 90. so 40 gr. stands for - 50. gr. 30. gr. for 60 gr. 20. gr. for 70. gr. &c. each degree here both - in the moveable and fixed is also divided into parts. As for the degrees - which are under 6. viz. 5.4.3.2.1. they are noted with small figures over - this divided Circle from 45.40.35.30.25. &c. and each of those degrees - divided into parts by small points both in the moveable and fixed. - - Fourthly, on the other edge of the moveable on the same side is another - graduation of Tangents, like that formerly described. And opposite unto - it, in the fixed is a Graduation of Logarithmall sines in every thing - answerable to the first descrition of Sines on the other side. - - Fifthly, on the edge of the Ring is graduated a parte of the Æquator, - numbered thus 10 20. 30. unto 100. and there unto is adjoyned the degrees - of the Meridian inlarged, and numbered thus 10 20.30 unto 70. each degree - both of the Æquator, and Meridian are subdivided into parts; these two - graduated Circles serve to resolve such Questions which concerne - Latitude, Longitude, Rumb, and Distance, in Nauticall operations. - - Sixthly, to the concave of the Ring may be added a Circle to be elevated - or depressed for any Latitude, representing the Æquator, and so divided - into houres and parts with an Axis, to shew both the houre, and Azimuth, - and within this Circle may be hanged a Box, and Needle with a Socket for - a staffe to slide into it, and this accommodated with scrue pines to - fasten it to the Ring and staffe, or to take it off at pleasure. - -The pages bearing the printed numbers 53-68 in the Grammelogia III, IV and -V make no reference to the dispute with Oughtred and may, therefore, be -assumed to have been published before the appearance of Oughtred's Circles -of Proportion. On page 53, "To the Reader," he says: - - . . . you may make use of the Projection of the Circles of the Ring upon - a Plaine, having the feet of a paire of compasses (but so that they be - flat) to move on the Center of that Plaine, and those feet to open and - shut as a paire of Compasses . . . now if the feet bee opened to any two - termes or numbers in that Projection, then may you move the first foot to - the third number, and the other foot shall give the Answer; . . . it hath - pleased some to make use of this way. But in this there is a double - labour in respect to that of the Ring, the one in fitting those feet unto - the numbers assigned, and the other by moving them about, in which a man - can hardly accommodate the Instrument with one hand, and expresse the - Proportionals in writing with the other. By the Ring you need not but - bring one number to another, and right against any other number is the - Answer without any such motion. . . . upon that [the Ring] I write, - shewing some uses of those Circles amongst themselves, and conjoyned with - others . . . in Astronomy, Horolographie, in plaine Triangles applyed to - Dimensions, Navigation, Fortification, etc. . . . But before I come to - Construction, I have thought it convenient by way introduction, to - examine the truth of the graduation of those Circles . . . - -These are the words of a practical man, interested in the mechanical -development of his instrument. He considers not only questions of -convenience but also of accuracy. The instrument has, or may have now, also -lines of sines and tangents. To test the accuracy of the circles of -Numbers, "bring any number in the moveable to halfe of that number in the -fixed: so any number or part in the fixed shall give his double in the -moveable, and so may you trie of the thirds, fourths &c. of numbers, vel -contra," (p. 54). On page 55 are given two small drawings, labelled, "A -Type of the Ringe and Scheme of this Logarithmicall projection, the use -followeth. These Instruments are made in Silver or Brasse by John Allen -neare the Sauoy in the Strand." - - - IV. CONTROVERSY BETWEEN OUGHTRED AND DELAMAIN ON THE INVENTION OF THE - CIRCULAR SLIDE RULE - -Delamain's publication of 1630 on the 'Mathematicall Ring' does not appear -at that time to have caused a rupture between him and Oughtred. When in -1631 Delamain brought out his Horizontall Quadrant, the invention of which -Delamain was afterwards charged to have stolen from Oughtred, Delamain was -still in close touch with Oughtred and was sending Oughtred in the Arundell -House, London, the sheets as they were printed. Oughtred's reference to -this in his Epistle (p. 20) written after the friendship was broken, is as -follows: - - While he was printing his tractate of the Horizontall quadrant, although - he could not but know that it was injurious to me in respect of my free - gift to Master Allen, and of William Forster, whose translation of my - rules was then about to come forth: yet such was my good nature, and his - shamelessnesse, that every day, as any sheet was printed, hee sent, or - brought the same to mee at my chamber in Arundell house to peruse which I - lovingly and ingenuously did, and gave him my judgment of it. - -Even after Forster's publication of Oughtred's Circles of Proportion, 1632, -Oughtred had a book, A canon of Sines Tangents and Secants, which he had -borrowed from Delamain and was then returning (Epistle, page (5)). The -attacks which Forster, in the preface to the Circles of Proportion, made -upon Delamain (though not naming Delamain) started the quarrel. Except for -Forster and other pupils of Oughtred who urged him on to castigate -Delamain, the controversy might never have arisen. Forster expressed -himself in part as follows: - - . . . being in the time of the long vacation 1630, in the Country, at the - house of the Reverend, and my most worthy friend, and Teacher, Mr. - William Oughtred (to whose instruction I owe both my initiation, and - whole progresse in these Sciences.) I vpon occasion of speech told him of - a Ruler of Numbers, Sines, & Tangents, which one had be-spoken to be made - (such as it vsually called Mr. Gunter's Ruler) 6 feet long, to be vsed - with a payre of beame-compasses. "He answered that was a poore invention, - and the performance very troublesome: But, said he, seeing you are taken - with such mechanicall wayes of Instruments, I will shew you what deuises - I have had by mee these many yeares." And first, hee brought to mee two - Rulers of that sort, to be vsed by applying one to the other, without any - compasses: and after that hee shewed mee those lines cast into a circle - or Ring, with another moueable circle vpon it. I seeing the great - expeditenesse of both those wayes; but especially, of the latter, wherein - it farre excelleth any other Instrument which hath bin knowne; told him, - I wondered that hee could so many yeares conceale such vseful inuentions, - not onely from the world, but from my selfe, to whom in other parts and - mysteries of Art, he had bin so liberall. He answered, "That the true way - of Art is not by Instruments, but by Demonstration: and that it is a - preposterous course of vulgar Teachers, to begin with Instruments, and - not with the Sciences, and so in-stead of Artists, to make their - Schollers only doers of tricks, and as it were Iuglers: to the despite of - Art, losse of precious time, and betraying of willing and industrious - wits, vnto ignorance and idlenesse. That the vse of Instruments is indeed - excellent, if a man be an Artist: but contemptible, being set and opposed - to Art. And lastly, that he meant to commend to me, the skill of - Instruments, but first he would haue me well instructed in the Sciences. - He also shewed me many notes, and Rules for the vse of those circles, and - of his Horizontall Instrument, (which he had proiected about 30 yeares - before) the most part written in Latine. All which I obtained of him - leaue to translate into English, and make publique, for the vse, and - benefit of such as were studious, and louers of these excellent Sciences. - - Which thing while I with mature, and diligent care (as my occasions would - give me leaue) went about to doe: another to whom the Author in a louing - confidence discouered this intent, using more hast then good speed, went - about to preocupate; of which vntimely birth, and preuenting (if not - circumuenting) forwardnesse, I say no more: but aduise the studious - Reader, onely so farre to trust, as he shal be sure doth agree to truth & - Art. - -While in this dedication reference is made to a slide rule or "ring" with a -"moveable circle," the instrument actually described in the Circles of -Proportion consists of fixed circles "with an index to be opened after the -manner of a paire of Compasses." Delamain, as we have seen, had decided -preference for the moveable circle. To Oughtred, on the other hand, one -design was about as good as the other; he was more of a theorist and -repeatedly expressed his contempt for mathematical instruments. In his -Epistle (page (25)), he says he had not "the one halfe of my intentions -upon it" (the rule in his book), nor one with a "moveable circle and a -thread, but with an opening Index at the centre (if so be that bee cause -enough to make it to bee not the same, but another Instrument) for my part -I disclaime it: it may go seeke another Master: which for ought I know, -will prove to be Elias Allen himselfe: for at his request only I altered a -little my rules from the use of the moveable circle and the thread, to the -two armes of an Index." - -All parts of Delamain's Grammelogia IV, except pages 1-22 and 53-68 -considered above, were published after the Circles of Proportion, for they -contain references to the ill treatment that Delamain felt or made believe -that he felt, that he had received in the book published by Oughtred and -Forster. Oughtred's reference to teachers whose scholars are "doers of -tricks," "Iuglers," and Forster's allusion to "another to whom the Author -in a loving confidence" explained the instrument and who "went about to -preocupate" it, are repeatedly mentioned. Delamain says, (page (89)) that -at first he did not intend to express himself in print, "but sought peace -and my right by a private and friendly way." Oughtred's account of -Delamain's course is that of an "ill-natured man" with a "virulent tongue," -"sardonical laughter" and "malapert sawsiness." Contrasting Forster and -Delamain, he says that, of the former he "had the very first moulding" and -made him feel that "the way of Art" is "by demonstration." But Delamain was -"already corrupted with doing upon Instruments, and quite lost from ever -being made an Artist." (Epistle page (27)). Repeatedly does Oughtred assert -Delamain's ignorance of mathematics. The two men were evidently of wholly -different intellectual predilections. That Delamain loved instruments is -quite evident, and we proceed to describe his efforts to improve the -circular slide rule. - -The Grammelogia IV is dedicated to King Charles I. Delamain says: - - . . . Everything hath his beginning, and curious Arts seldome come to the - height at the first; It was my promise then to enlarge the invention by a - way of decuplating the Circles, which I now present unto your sacred - Majestie as the quintessence and excellencie there of . . . - -His enlarged circular rules are illustrated in the Bodleian Library copy of -Grammelogia IV by four diagrams, two of them being the two drawings on the -two title-pages at the beginning of the Grammelogia IV, 4 inches in -external diameter, and exhibiting eleven concentric circular lines carrying -graduations of different sorts. In the second of these designs all circles -are fixed. The other two drawings are each 10 3/4 inches in external -diameter and exhibit 18 concentric circular lines; the folded sheet of the -first of these drawings is inserted between pages (23) and (24), the second -folded sheet between pages (83) and (84). All circles of this second -instrument are fixed. Counting in the two small drawings in Grammelogia -III, there are in all six drawings of slide rules in the Bodleian -Grammelogia IV. On pages (24) to (43) Delamain explains the graduation of -slide rules. He takes first a rule which has one circle of equal parts, -divided into 1000 equal divisions. From a table of logarithms he gets log 2 -= 0.301; from the number 301 in the circle of equal parts he draws a line -to the center of the circle and marks the intersection with the circles of -numbers by the figure 2. Thus he proceeds with log 3, log 4, and so on; -also with log sin x and log tan x. For log sin x he uses two circles, the -first (see page (27)) for angles from 34' 24" to 5^o 44' 22", the second -circle from 5^o 44' 22" to 90^o. The drawings do not show the seconds. He -suggests many different designs of rules. On page (29) he says: - - For the single projection of the Circles of my Ring, and the dividing and - graduating of them: which may bee so inserted upon the edges of Circles - of mettle turned in the forme of a Ring, so that one Circle may moove - betweene two fixed, by helpe of two stayes, then may there be graduated - on the face of the Ring, upon the outer edge of the mooveable and inner - edge of the fixed, the Circle of Numbers, then upon the inner edge of - that mooveable Circle, and the outward edge of that inner fixed Circle - may be inserted the Circle of Sines, and so according to the description - of those that are usually made. - -In addition to these lines he proceeds to mention the circle giving the -ordinary division into degrees and minutes, and two circles of tangents on -the other side of the rule. - -Next Delamain explains an arrangement of all the graduation on one side of -the rule by means of "a small channell in the innermost fixed Circle, in -which may be placed a small single Index, which may have sufficient length -to reach from the innermost edge of the Mooveable Circle, unto the outmost -edge of the fixed Circle, which may be mooved to and fro at pleasure, in -the channell, which Index may serve to shew the opposition of Numbers" (p. -(31)). From this it is clear that the invention of the "runner" goes back -to the very first writers on the slide rule. - -After describing a modification of the above arrangement, he adds, "many -other formes might be deliverd, about this single projection" (p. (32)). - -Proceeding to the "enlarging" of the circles in the Ring, to, say, the -"Quadruple to that which is single, that is, foure times greater," the -"equall parts" are distributed over four circles instead of only one -circle, but the general method of graduation is the same as before (p. -(33)); there being now four circles carrying the logarithms of numbers, and -so on. Next he points out "severall wayes how the Circles of the -Mathematicall Ring (being inlarged) may be accommodated for practicall -use:" (1) The Circles are all fixed in a plain and movable flat compasses -(or better, a movable semicircle) are used for fixing any two positions; -(2) There is a "double projection" of each logarithmic line "inlarged on a -Plaine," one fixed, the other movable, as shown in his first figure on the -title-page, a single index only being used; (3) use of "my great Cylinder -which I have long proposed (in which all the Circles are of equall -greatnesse,) and it may be made of any magnitude or capacity, but for a -study (hee that will be at the charge) it may be of a yard diameter and of -such an indifferent length that it may containe 100 or more Circles fixed -parallel one to the other on the Cylinder, having a space betweene each of -them, so that there may bee as many mooveable Circles, as there are fixed -ones, and these of the mooveable linked, or fastened together, so that they -may all moove together by the fixed ones in these spaces, whose edges both -of the fixed, and mooveable being graduated by helpe of a single Index will -shew the proportionalls by opposition in this double Projection, or by a -double Index in a single Projection" (p. (36)). - -Next follows the detailed description of his Ring "on a Plaine, according -to the diagramme that was given the King (for a view of that projection) -and afterwards the Ring it selve." The diagram is the large one which we -mentioned as inserted between pages (23) and (24). The instrument has two -circles, one moveable, upon each of which are described 13 distinct -circular graduations. The lines on the fixed circle are: "The Circle of -degrees and calendar," E. "Circle of equall parts, and part of the Equator, -and Meridian," TT. "The Circle of Tangents," S. "The Circle of Sines," D. -"The Circle of Decimals," N. "The Circle of Numbers." The lines on the -movable circle are: N. "The Circle of Numbers," E. "The Circle of equated -figures, and bodies," S. "The Circle of Sines," TT. "The Circle of -Tangents," Y. "The Circle of time, yeares, and monethes." - -On pages (84)-(88) Delamain explains an enlargement of his Ring for -computations involving the sines of angles near to 90^o. On page (86) he -says: - - I have continued the Sines of the Projection unto two severall - revolutions, the one beginning at 77.gr. 45.m. 6.s. and ends at 90.gr. - (being the last revolution of the decuplation of the former, or the - hundred part of that Projection) the other beginning at 86.gr. 6.m. 48.s. - and ends at 90.gr. (being the last of a ternary of decuplated - revolutions, or the thousand part of that Projection) and may bee thus - used. - -He explains the manner of using these extra graduations. Thus he claims to -have attained degrees of accuracy which enabled him to do what "some one" -had declared "could not bee done." It is hardly necessary to point out that -Delamain's Grammelogia IV suggests designs of slide rules which inventors -two hundred or more years later were endeavouring to produce. Which of -Delamain's designs of rules were actually made and used, he does not state -explicitly. He refers to a rule 18 inches in diameter as if it had been -actually constructed (pages (86), (88)). Oughtred showed no appreciation of -such study in designing and ridiculed Delamain's efforts, in his Epistle. - -Additional elucidations of his designs of rules, along with explanations of -the relations of his work to that of Gunter and Napier, and sallies -directed against Oughtred and Forster, are contained on pages (8)-(21) of -his Grammelogia IV. - - - - - V. INDEPENDENCE AND PRIORITY OF INVENTION - - -The question of independence and priority of invention is discussed by -Delamain more specifically on pages (89)-(113); Oughtred devotes his entire -Epistle to it. It is difficult to determine definitely which publication is -the later, Delamain's Grammelogia IV or Oughtred's Epistle. Each seems to -quote from the other. Probably the explanation is that the two publications -contain arguments which were previously passed from one antagonist to the -other by word of mouth or by private letter. Oughtred refers in his Epistle -(p. (12)) to a letter from Delamain. We believe that the Epistle came after -Delamain's Grammelogia IV. Delamain claims for himself the invention of the -circular slide rule. He says in his Grammelogia IV. (p. (99)), "when I had -a sight of it, which was in February, 1629 (as I specified in my Epistle) I -could not conceale it longer, envying my selfe, that others did not tast of -that which I found to carry with it so delightfull and pleasant a goate -[taste] . . ." Delamain asserts (without proof) that Oughtred "never saw it -as he now challengeth it to be his invention, untill it was so fitted to -his hand, and that he made all his practise on it after the publishing of -my Booke upon my Ring, and not before; so it was easie for him or some -other to write some uses of it in Latin after Christmas, 1630 and not the -Sommer before, as is falsely alledged by some one . . ." (p. (91)). -Delamain's accusation of theft on the part of Oughtred cannot be seriously -considered. Oughtred's reputation as a mathematician and his standing in -his community go against such a supposition. Moreover, William Forster is a -witness for Oughtred. The fact that Oughtred had the mastery of the -rectilinear slide rule as well, while Delamain in 1630 speaks only of the -circular rule, weighs in Oughtred's favour. - -Oughtred says he invented the slide rule "above twelve yeares agoe," that -is, about 1621, and "I with mine owne hand made me two such Circles, which -I have used ever since, as my occasions required," (Epistle p. (22)). On -the same page, he describes his mode of discovery thus: - - I found that it required many times too great a paire of Compasses [in - using Gunter's line], which would bee hard to open, apt to slip, and - troublesome for use. I therefore first devised to have another Ruler with - the former: and so by setting and applying one to the other, I did not - onely take away the use of Compasses, but also make the worke much more - easy and expedite: when I should not at all need the motion of my hand, - but onely the glancing at my sight: and with one position of the Rulers, - and view of mine eye, see not one onely, but the manifold proportions - incident unto the question intended. But yet this facility also wanted - not some difficulty especially in the line of tangents, when one arch was - in the former mediety of the quadrant, and the other in the latter: for - in this case it was needful that either one Ruler must bee as long againe - as the other; or else that I must use an inversion of the Ruler, and - regression. By this consideration I first of all saw that if those lines - upon both Rulers were inflected into two circles, that of the tangents - being in both doubled, and that those two Circles should move one upon - another; they with a small thread in the center to direct the sight, - would bee sufficient with incredible and wonderfull facility to worke all - questions of Trigonometry . . . - -Oughtred said that he had no desire to publish his invention, but in the -vacation of 1630 finally promised William Forster to let him bring out a -translation. Oughtred claims that Delamain got the invention from him at -Alhallontide [November 1], 1630, when they met in London. The accounts of -that meeting we proceed to give in double column. - - Delamain's Statement - Grammelogia IV, page (98) - - ". . . about Alhalontide 1630. (as our Authors reporteth) was the time he - was circumvented, and then his intent in a loving manner (as before) he - opened unto me, which particularly I will dismantle in the very naked - truth: for, wee being walking together some few weekes before Christmas, - upon Fishstreet hill, we discoursed upon sundry things Mathematicall, - both Theoreticall and Practicall, and of the excellent inventions and - helpes that in these dayes were produced, amongst which I was not a - little taken with that of the Logarythmes, commending greatly the - ingenuitie of Mr. Gunter in the Projection, and inventing of his Ruler, - in the lines of proportion, extracted from these Logarythmes for ordinary - Practicall uses; He replyed unto me (in these very words) What will yov - say to an Invention that I have, which in a lesse extent of the Compasses - shall worke truer then that of Mr. Gunters Ruler, I asked him then of - what forme it was, he answered with some pause (which no doubt argued his - suspition of mee that I might conceive it) that it was Arching-wise, but - now hee sayes that hee told mee then, it was Circular (but were I put to - my oath to avoid the guilt of Conscience I would conclude in the former.) - At which immediately I answered, I had the like my selfe, and so we - discoursed not a word more touching that subject . . . Then after my - coming home I sent him a sight of my Projection drawne in Pastboard: Now - admit I had not the Invention of my Ring before I discoursed . . . it was - not so facil for mee . . . to raise and compose so complete, and absolute - an Instrument from so small a principle, or glimpse of light . . ." - - Oughtred's Statement - Epistle, page (23) - - "Shortly after my gift to Elias Allen, I chanced to meet with Richard - Delamain in the street (it was at Alhallontide) and as we walked together - I told him what an Instrument I had given to Master Allen, both of the - Logarithmes projected into circles, which being lesse then one foot - diameter would performe as much as one of Master Gunters Rulers of sixe - feet long: and also of the Prostaphaereses of the Plannets and second - motions. Such an invention have I said he: for now his intentions (that - is his ambition) beganne to worke: . . . But he saith, Then after my - comming home I sent him a sight of my projection drawne in past-board. - See how notoriously he jugleth without an Instrument. Then after: how - long after? a sight of my projection: of how much? More then seven weekes - after on December 23, he sent to mee the line of numbers onely set upon a - circle: . . . and so much onely he presented to his Majesty: but as for - Sine or tangent of his, there was not the least shew of any. Neither - could he give to Master Allen any direction for the composure of the - circles of his Ring, or for the division of them: as upon his oath Master - Allen will testify how hee misled him, and made him labour in vain above - three weeks together, until Master Allen himselfe found out his ignorance - and mistaking, which is more cleare then is possible with any impudence - to be outfaced." - -Oughtred makes a further statement (Epistle, p. (24)) as follows: - - Delamain hearing that Brown with his Serpentine had another line by which - he could worke to minutes in the 90 degree of sines . . . gave the [his] - booke to Browne: who in thankfulnesse could not but gratify Delamain with - his Lines also: and teach him the use of them, but especially of the - great Line: with this caution on both sides, that one should not meddle - with the others invention. Two dayes after Delamain . . . because he had - found some things to be altered therin, . . . asked for the booke . . . - but as soone as he had got it in his hands he rent out all the middle - part with the two Schemes & put them up in his pocket & went his way . . - . and . . . laboureth to recall all the bookes he had given forth . . . - And shortly after this he got a new Printer (who was ignorant of his - former Schemes) to print him new: giving him an especiall charge of the - outermost line newly graven in the Plate, which indeed is Brownes very - line: and then altering his book . . . - -This and other statements made by Oughtred seem damaging to Delamain's -reputation. But it is quite possible that Oughtred's guesses as to -Delamain's motives are wrong. Moreover, some of Oughtred's statements are -not first hand knowledge with him, but mere hearsay. One may accept his -first hand facts and still clear Delamain of wrong doing. There is always -danger that rival claimants of an invention or discovery will proceed on -the assumption that no one else could possibly have come independently upon -the same devices that they themselves did; the history of science proves -the opposite. Seldom is an invention of any note made by only one man. We -do not feel competent to judge Delamain's case. We know too little about -him as a man. We incline to the opinion that the hypothesis of independent -invention is the most plausible. At any rate, Delamain figures in the -history of the slide rule as the publisher of the earliest book thereon and -as an enthusiastic and skillful designer of slide rules. - -The effect of this controversy upon interested friends was probably small. -Doubtless few people read both sides. Oughtred says:[21] "this scandall . . -. hath with them, to whom I am not knowne, wrought me much prejudice and -disadvantage . ." Aubrey,[22] a friend of Oughtred, refers to Delamain "who -was so sawcy to write against him" and remembers having seen "many yeares -since, twenty or more good verses made" against Delamain. Another friend of -Oughtred, William Robinson, who had seen some of Delamain's publications, -but not his Grammelogia IV, wrote in a letter to Oughtred, shortly before -the appearance of the latter's Epistle: - - I cannot but wonder at the indiscretion of Rich. Delamain, who being - conscious to himself that he is but the pickpurse of another man's wit, - would thus inconsiderately provoke and awake a sleeping lion . . . he - hath so weakly (though in my judgment, vaingloriously enough) commended - his own labour . . .[23] - -Delamain presented King Charles I with one of his sun-dials, also with a -manuscript and, later, with a printed copy of his book of 1630. A drawing -of his improved slide rule was sent to the King and the Grammelogia IV is -dedicated to him. The King must have been favorably impressed, for Delamain -was appointed tutor to the King in mathematics. His widow petitioned the -House of Lords in 1645 for relief; he had ten children.[24] - -Anthony Wood states that Charles I, on the day of his execution, commanded -his friend Thomas Herbert "to give his son the duke of York his large -ring-sundial of silver, a jewel his maj. much valued." Anthony Wood adds, -"it was invented and made by Rich. Delamaine a very able mathematician, who -projected it, and in a little printed book did shew its excellent use in -resolving many questions in arithmetic and other rare operations to be -wrought by it in the mathematics."[25] - - - - - VI. OUGHTRED'S GAUGING LINE, 1633 - - -It has not been generally known, hitherto, that Oughtred designed a -rectilinear slide rule for gauging and published a description thereof in -1633.[26] In his Circles of Proportion, chapter IX, Oughtred had offered a -closer approximation than that of Gunter for the capacity of casks. The -Gauger of London expostulated with Oughtred for presuming to question -anything that Gunter had written. The ensuing discussion led to an -invitation extended by the Company of Vintners to the instrument maker -Elias Allen to request Oughtred to design a gauging rod.[27] This he did, -and Allen received an order for "threescore" instruments. On page 19 -Oughtred describes his 'Gauging Rod:' - - It consisteth of two rulers of brasse about 32 ynches of length, which - also are halfe an ynch broad, and a quarter of an ynch thick . . . At one - end of both those rulers are two little sockets of brasse fastened on - strongly: by which the rulers are held together, and made to move one - upon another, and to bee drawne out unto any length, as occasion shall - require: and when you have them at the just length, there is upon one of - the sockets a long Scrue-pin to scrue them fast. - -There are graduations on three sides of the rulers, one graduation being -the logarithmic line of numbers. He says (p. 39), "the maner of computing -the Gauge-divisions I have concealed." W. Robinson, who was a friend of -Oughtred, wrote him as follows:[28] - - I have light upon your little book of artificial gauging, wherewith I am - much taken, but I want the rod, neither could I get a sight of one of - them at the time, because Mr. Allen had none left . . . I forgot to ask - Mr. Allen the price of one of them, which if not much I would have one of - them." Oughtred annotated this passage thus: "Or in wood, if any be made - in wood by Thompson or any other." - -Another of Oughtred's admirers, Sir Charles Cavendish, wrote, on February -11, 1635 thus:[29] - - I thank you for your little book, but especially for the way of - calculating the divisions of your gauging rod. I wish, both for their own - sakes and yours, that the citizens were as capable of the acuteness of - this invention, as they are commonly greedy of gain, and then I doubt not - but they would give you a better recompense than I doubt now they will. - -On April 20, 1638, we find Oughtred giving Elias Allen directions[30] -"about the making of the two rulers." As in 1633,[31] so now, Oughtred -takes one ruler longer than the other. This 1633 instrument was used also -as "a crosse-staffe to take the height of the Sunne, or any Starre above -the Horizon, and also their distances." The longer ruler was called staffe, -the shorter transversarie. While in 1633 he took the lengths of the two in -the ratio "almost 3 to 2," in 1638, he took "the transversary three -quarters of the staff's length, . . . that the divisions may be larger." - - - - - VII. OTHER SEVENTEENTH CENTURY SLIDE RULES - - -In my History of the Slide Rule I treat of Seth Partridge, Thomas Everard, -Henry Coggeshall, W. Hunt and Sir Isaac Newton.[32] Of Partridge's Double -Scale of Proportion, London, I have examined a copy dated 1661, which is -the earliest date for this book that I have seen. As far as we know, 1661 -is the earliest date of publications on the slide rule, since Oughtred and -Delamain. But it would not be surprising if the intervening 28 years were -found not so barren as they seem at present. The 1661 and 1662 impressions -of Partridge are identical, except for the date on the title-page. William -Leybourn, who printed Partridge's book, speaks in high appreciation of it -in his own book.[33] - -In 1661 was published also John Brown's first book, Description and Use of -a Joynt-Rule, previously mentioned. In Chapter XVIII he describes the use -of "Mr. Whites rule" for the measuring of board and timber, round and -square. He calls this a "sliding rule." The existence, in 1661, of a -"Whites rule" indicates activities in designing of which we know as yet -very little. In his book of 1761, previously quoted, Brown gives a drawing -of "White's sliding rule" (p. 193); also a special contrivance of his own, -as indicated by him in these words: - - A further improvement of the Triangular Quadrant, as I have made it - several times, with a sliding Cover on the in-side, when made hollow, to - carry Ink, Pens, and Compasses; then on the sliding Cover, and Edges, is - put the Line of Numbers, according to Mr. White's first Contrivance for - manner of operation; but much augmented, and made easie, by John Brown. - -He gives no drawing of his "triangular quadrant," hence his account of it -is unsatisfactory. He explains the use of "gage-points." His placing -logarithmic lines on the edges of instrument boxes was outdone in oddity -later by Everard who placed them on tobacco-boxes.[34] In Brown's -publication of 1704 the White slide rule is given again, "being as neat and -ready a way as ever was used." He tells also of a "glasier's sliding rule." -William Leybourn explains in 1673 how Wingate's double and triple lines for -squaring and cubing, or square and cube root, can be used on slide -rules.[35] - -Beginning early in the history of the slide rule, when Oughtred designed -his "gauging rod," we notice the designing of rules intended for very -special purposes. Another such contrivance, which enjoyed long popularity, -was the Timber Measure by a Line, by Hen. Coggeshall, Gent., London, 1677, -a booklet of 35 pages. Coggeshall says in his preface: - - For what can be more ready and easie, then having set twelve to the - length, to see the Content exactly against the Girt or Side of the - Square. Whereas on Mr. Partridge's Scale the Content is the Sixth Number, - which is far more troublesome then [even] with Compasses. - -One line on Coggeshall's rule begins with 4 and extends to 40, these -numbers being the "Girt" (a quarter of the circumference), which in -ordinary practice of measuring round timber lies between 4 inches and 40 -inches. This "Girt line" slides "against the line of Numbers in two -Lengths, to which it is exactly equal." A second edition, 1682, shows some -changes in the rule, as well as an enlargement and change of title of the -book itself: A Treatise of Measures, by a Two-foot Rule, by H. C. Gent, -London, 1682. In this, the description of the rule is given thus: - - There are four Lines on each flat of this Rule; two next the outward - edges, which are Lines of Measure; and two next the inward edges, which - are Lines of Proportion. On one flat, next the inward edges, is the - Square-line [Girt-line in round timber measurement] with the Line of - Numbers his fellow. Next the outward, a Line of Inches divided into - Halfs, Quarters, and Half-Quarters; from 1 to 12 on one Rule; and from 12 - to 24 on the other. On the other flat, next the inward edges, is the - double Scale of Numbers [for solving proportions]. Next the outward on - one Rule a Line of Inches divided each into ten parts; and this for - gauging, etc. On the other a foot divided into 100 parts. - -Later further changes were introduced in Coggeshall's rule.[36] - -It is worthy of note that Coggeshall's slide rule book, The Art of -Practical Measuring, was reviewed in the Acta eruditorum, anno 1691, p. -473; hence Leupold's description[37] of the rectilinear slide rule in his -Theatrum arithmetico-geometricum, Leipzig, 1727, Cap. XIII, p. 71, is not -the earliest reference to the rectilinear rule found in German -publications. The above date is earlier even than Biler's reference to a -circular slide rule in his Descriptio instrumenti mathematici universalis -of 1696. - -Two noted slide rules for gauging were described by Tho. Everard, -Philomath, in his Stereometry made easie, London, 1684. He designates his -lines by the capital letters A, B, C, D, E. On the first instrument, A on -the rule, and B and C on the slide, have each two radiuses of numbers, D -has only one, while E has three. The second rule is described in an -Appendix; it is one foot long, with two slides enabling the rule to be -extended to 3 feet. - -Everard's instruments were made in London by Isaac Carver who, soon after, -himself wrote a sixteen-page Description and Use of a New Sliding Rule, -projected from the Tables in the Gauger's Magazine, London, 1687, which was -"printed for William Hunt" and bound in one volume with a book by Hunt, -called The Gauger's Magazine, London, 1687. This appears to be the same -William Hunt who later brought out descriptions of his own of slide rules. -The instrument described by Carver "consists of three pieces, two whereof -are moveable to be drawn out till the whole be 36 inches long." It has -several non-logarithmic graduations, together with logarithmic lines marked -A, B, C, D, of which A, B, C are "double lines," and D a "single line" used -for squares and square roots. It is designed for the determination of the -vacuity of a "spheroidal cask lying," a "spheroidal cask standing," and a -"parabolical cask lying." - -Another seventeenth century writer on the slide rule is John Atkinson, whom -we have mentioned earlier. He says:[38] "The Lines of Numbers, Sines and -Tangents, are set double, that is, one on each side, as the middle piece -slides: which middle piece is so contrived, to slip to and fro easily, to -slide out, and to be put in any side uppermost, in order to bring those -Lines together (or against one another) most proper for solving the -Question, wrought by Sliding-Gunter." - -The data presented in this article show that, while the earliest slide -rules were of the circular type, the later slide rules of the seventeenth -century were of the rectilinear type.[39] - - January 12, 1915. - - - - - Footnotes - - -[1]F. Cajori, History of the Logarithmic Slide Rule and Allied Instruments, - New York, 1909, pp. 7-14, also Addenda i-vi. - -[2]F. Cajori, "On the Invention of the Slide Rule," in Colorado College - Publication, Engineering Series Vol. 1, 1910. An abstract of this is - given in Nature (London), Vol. 82, 1909, p. 267. - -[3]F. Cajori, History etc., p. 14. - -[4]Art. "Slide Rule" in the Penny Cyclopaedia and in the English - Cyclopaedia [Arts and Sciences]. - -[5]Anthony Wood, Athenae oxonienses (Ed. P. Bliss), London, Vol. III, 1817, - p. 423. - -[6]The full title of the book which Wingate published on this subject in - Paris is as follows: - - L'Vsage | de la | Reigle de | Proportion | en l'Arithmetique & | - Geometrie. | Par Edmond Vvingate, | Gentil-homme Anglois. | - - Ean ês philomathês, esê polymathês. - - In tenui, sed no tenuis vsusve, laborne. | - - A Paris, | Chez Melchior Mondiere, | demeurant en l'Isle du Palais, | à - la | ruë de Harlay aux deux Viperes. | M. DC. XXIV. | Auec Priuilege du - Roy. | - - Back of the title page is the announcement: - - Notez que la Reigle de Proportion en toutes façons se vend à Paris chez - Melchior Tauernier, Graueur & Imprimeur du Roy pour les Tailles douces, - demeurant en l'Isle du Palais sur le Quay qui regarde la Megisserie à - l'Espic d'or. - -[7]The title-page of the edition of 1658 is as follows: - - The Use of the Rule of Proportion in Arithmetick & Geometrie. First - published at Paris in the French tongue, and dedicated to Monsieur, the - then king's onely Brother (now Duke of Orleance). By Edm. Wingate, an - English Gent. And now translated into English by the Author. Whereinto - is now also inserted the Construction of the same Rule, & a farther use - thereof . . . 2nd edition inlarged and amended. London, 1658. - -[8]Memories of the Life of that Learned Antiquary, Elias Ashmole, Esq.; - Drawn up by himself by way of Diary. With Appendix of original Letters. - Publish'd by Charles Burman, Esq., London, 1717, p. 23. - -[9]Mathematical Tables, 1811, p. 36, and art. "Gunter's Line" in his Phil. - and Math. Dictionary, London, 1815. - -[10]To the English Gentrie, and all others studious of the Mathematicks, - which shall bee readers hereof. The just Apologie of Wil: Ovghtred, - against the slaunderous insimulations of Richard Delamain, in a Pamphlet - called Grammelogia, or the Mathematicall Ring, or Mirifica logarithmorum - projectio circularis. We shall refer to this document as Epistle. It was - published without date in 32 unnumbered pages of fine print, and was - bound in with Oughtred's Circles of Proportion, in the editions of 1633 - and 1639. In the 1633 edition it is inserted at the end of the volume - just after the Addition vnto the Vse of the Instrument etc., and in that - of 1639 immediately after the preface. It was omitted from the Oxford - edition of 1660. The Epistle was also published separately. There is a - separate copy in the British Museum, London. Aubrey, in his Brief Lives, - edited by A. Clark, Vol. II, Oxford, 1898, p. 113, says quaintly, "He - writt a stitch't pamphlet about 163(?4) against . . . Delamaine." - -[11]Thomas Browne is mentioned by Stone in his Mathematical Instruments, - London 1723, p. 16. See also Cajori, History of the Slide Rule, New - York, 1909, p. 15. - -[12]The Description and Use of a Joynt-Rule: . . . also the use of Mr. - White's Rule for measuring of Board and Timber, round and square; With - the manner of Vsing the Serpentine-line of Numbers, Sines, Tangents, and - Versed Sines. By J. Brown, Philom., London, 1661. - -[13]A Collection of Centers and Useful Proportions on the Line of Numbers, - by John Brown, 1662(?), 16 pages; Description and Use of the Triangular - Quadrant, by John Brown, London, 1671; Wingate's Rule of Proportion in - Arithmetick and Geometry: or Gunter's Line. Newly rectified by Mr. Brown - and Mr. Atkinson, Teachers of the Mathematicks, London, 1683; The - Description and Use of the Carpenter's-Rule: Together with the Use of - the Line of Numbers commonly call'd Gunter's-Line, by John Brown, - London, 1704. - -[14]William Leybourn, op. cit., pp. 129, 130, 132, 133. - -[15]James Atkinson's edition of Andrew Wakely's The Mariners Compass - Rectified, London, 1694 [Wakely's preface dated 1664, Atkinson's - preface, 1693]. Atkinson adds An Appendix containing Use of Instruments - most useful in Navigation. Our quotation is from this Appendix, p. 199. - -[16]R. Delamain, The Making, Description, and Use of a small portable - Instrument . . . called a Horizontall Quadrant, etc., London, 1631. - -[17]Oughtred's description of his circular slide rule of 1632 and his - rectilinear slide rule of 1633, as well as a drawing of the circular - slide rule, are reproduced in Cajori's History of the Slide Rule, - Addenda, pp. ii-vi. - -[18]The full title of the Grammelogia I is as follows: - - Grammelogia | or, | The Mathematicall Ring. | Shewing (any reasonable - Capacity that hath | not Arithmeticke) how to resolve and worke | all - ordinary operations of Arithmeticke. | And those which are most - difficult with greatest | facilitie: The extraction of Roots, the - valuation of | Leases, &c. The measuring of Plaines | and Solids. | With - the resolution of Plaine and Sphericall | Triangles. | And that onely by - an Ocular Inspection, | and a Circular Motion. | Naturae secreta tempus - aperit. | London printed by John Haviland, 1630. - -[19]Grammelogia III is the same as Grammelogia I, except for the addition - of an appendix, entitled: - - De la Mains | Appendix | Vpon his | Mathematicall | Ring. Attribuit - nullo (praescripto tempore) vitae | vsuram nobis ingeniique Deus. | - London, | - - . . . The next line or two of this title-page which probably contained - the date of publication, were cut off by the binder in trimming the - edges of this and several other pamphlets for binding into one volume. - -[20]Grammelogia IV has two title pages. The first is Mirifica Logarithmoru' - Projectio Circularis. There follows a diagram of a circular slide rule, - with the inscription within the innermost ring: Nil Finis, Motvs, - Circvlvs vllvs Habet. The second title page is as follows: - - Grammelogia | Or, the Mathematicall Ring. | Extracted from the - Logarythmes, and projected Circular: Now published in the | inlargement - thereof unto any magnitude fit for use: shewing any reason- | able - capacity that hath not Arithmeticke how to resolve and worke, | all - ordinary operations of Arithmeticke: | And those that are most difficult - with greatest facilitie, the extracti- | on of Rootes, the valuation of - Leases, &c. the measuring of Plaines and Solids, | with the resolution - of Plaine and Sphericall Triangles applied to the | Practicall parts of - Geometrie, Horologographie, Geographie | Fortification, Navigation, - Astronomie, &c. | And that onely by an ocular inspection, and a Circular - motion, Invented and first published, by R. Delamain, Teacher, and - Student of the Mathematicks. | Naturae secreta tempus aperit. | - - There is no date. There follows the diagram of a second circular slide - rule, with the inscription within the innermost ring: Typus proiectionis - Annuli adaucti vt in Conslusione Lybri praelo commissi, Anno 1630 - promisi. There are numerous drawings in the Grammelogia, all of which, - excepting the drawings of slide rules on the engraved title-pages of - Grammelogia IV and V, were printed upon separate pieces of paper and - then inserted by hand into the vacant spaces on the printed pages - reserved for them. Some drawings are missing, so that the Bodleian - Grammelogia IV differs in this respect slightly from the copy in the - British Museum and from the British Museum copy of Grammelogia V. - -[21]Epistle, p. (8). - -[22]Aubrey, op. cit., Vol. II., p. 111. - -[23]Rigaud, Correspondence of Scientific Men during the 17th Century, Vol. - I, Oxford, 1841, p. 11. - -[24]Dictionary of National Biography, Art. "Delamain, Richard." See also - Rev. Charles J. Robinson, Taylors' School, from A.D. 1562 to 1874, Vol. - I, 1882, p. 151; Journal of the House of Commons, Vol. IV., p. 197b; - Sixth Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, Part I, - Report and Appendix, London, 1877. In this Appendix, p. 82, we read the - following: - - Oct. 22 [1645] Petition of Sarah Delamain, relict of Richard Delamain. - Petitioner's husband was servant to the King, and one of His Majesty's - engineers for the fortification of the kingdom, and his tutor in - mathematical arts; but upon the breaking out of the war he deserted the - Court, and was called by the State to several employments, in fortifying - the towns of Northampton, Newport, and Abingdon; and was also abroad - with the armies as Quartermaster-General of the Foot, and therein died. - Petitioner is left a disconsolate widow with ten children, the four - least of whom are now afflicted with sickness, and petitioner has - nothing left to support them. There are several considerable sums of - money due to the petitioner, as well from the King as the State. Prays - that she may have some relief amongst other widows. See L. J., VII. 6. - 657. - -[25]Anthony Wood, Athenae Oxonienses (Edition Bliss) Vol. IV., London, - 1820, p. 34. - -[26]The New Artificial Gauging Line or Rod: together with rules concerning - the use thereof: Invented and written by WILLIAM OUGHTRED, etc., London, - 1633. The copy we have seen is in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. The book - is small sized and has 40 pages. - -[27]Oughtred, op. cit., p. 11. - -[28]S. J. Rigaud, Correspondence of Scientific Men of the 17th Century, - Oxford, Vol. I, 1841, p. 17. - -[29]Rigaud, loc. cit., p. 22. - -[30]Rigaud, loc. cit., pp. 30, 31. - -[31]Oughtred, An Addition vnto the Vse of the Instrument called the Circles - of Proportion, London, 1633, p. 63. - -[32]F. Cajori, History of the Slide Rule, New York, 1909, pp. 16-22, - Addenda, pp. vi-ix. - -[33]W. Leybourn, op. cit., 1673, Preface, and pp. 128-29. - -[34]Cajori op. cit., Addenda, p. ix. - -[35]William Leybourn, op. cit., 1673, p. 35. - -[36]See Cajori, op. cit., pp. 20, 28, Addenda, p. ix. - -[37]See F. Cajori, "A Note on the History of the Slide Rule," Bibliotheca - mathematica, 3 F., Vol. 10, pp. 161-163. - -[38]John Atkinson, op. cit., 1694, p. 204. - -[39]Probably the oldest slide rule now in existence is owned by St. John's - College, Oxford, and is in the form of a brass disc, 1 ft. 6 in. in - diameter. It was exhibited along with other instruments in May, 1919. - According to the Catalogue of a Loan Exhibition of Early Scientific - Instruments in Oxford, opened May 16, 1919, the instrument is inscribed - with the name of the maker ("Elias Allen fecit") and with the name of - the donor, Georgius Barkham. It is dated 1635, which is only three years - after the first publication of Oughtred's description of his circular - slide rule. It is stated in the Catalogue: "Unfortunately all the - movable parts but the base-plate and a couple of thumb-screws are - missing. The face of the instrument is engraved with Oughtred's - Horizontal Instrument. The back is engraved with eleven Circles of - Proportion as described in Arthur Haughton's book, a copy of which was - presented to St. John's College by George Barkham, to explain the use of - the instrument." As Arthur Haughton's Oxford edition of Oughtred's - Circles of Proportion did not appear until 1660, it would seem that the - instrument was probably not presented to the College before 1660. As far - as is known, the next oldest slide rule is of the year 1654, kept in the - South Kensington Museum, London, and is described in Nature of March 5, - 1914. It is a rectilinear rule, "of boxwood, well made, and bound - together with brass at the two ends. It is of the square type, a little - more than 2 ft. in length, and bears the logarithmic lines first - described by Edmund Gunter. Of these, the num, sin and tan lines are - arranged in pairs, identical and contiguous, one line in each pair being - on the fixed part, and the other on the slide." The instrument is - inscribed, "Made by Robert Bissaker for T. W., 1654." Nowhere else have - we seen reference to Robert Bissaker. His slide rule seems to antedate - the "Whites rule" mentioned above. [This foot-note was added on October - 15, 1919.] - - - - - UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS - - -Note.--The University of California Publications are offered in exchange -for the publication of learned societies and institutions, universities and -libraries. Complete lists of all the publications of the University will be -sent upon request. For sample copies, lists of publications or other -information, address the Manager of the University of California Press, -Berkeley, California, U. S. A. All matter sent in exchange should be -addressed to The Exchange Department, University Library, Berkeley, -California, U. S. A. - -MATHEMATICS.--Mellen W. Haskell, Editor. Price per volume, $5.00. - - Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Math. - - Vol. 1. 1. On Numbers which Contain no Factors of the Form - p(kp+1), by Henry W. Stager. Pp. 1-26. May, 1912 $0.50 - - 2. Constructive Theory of the Unicursal Plane Quartic by - Synthetic Methods, by Annie Dale Biddle. Pp. 27-54, 31 - text-figures. September, 1912 .50 - - 3. A Discussion by Synthetic Methods of Two Projective Pencils of - Conics, by Baldwin Munger Woods. Pp. 55-85. February, 1913 .50 - - 4. A Complete Set of Postulates for the Logic of Classes - Expressed in Terms of the Operation "Exception", and a - Proof of the Independence of a Set of Postulates due to Del - Ré, by B. A. Bernstein. Pp. 87-96. May, 1914 .10 - - 5. On a Tabulation of Reduced Binary Quadratic Forms of a - Negative Determinant, by Harry N. Wright. Pp. 97-114. June, - 1914 .20 - - 6. The Abelian Equations of the Tenth Degree Irreducible in a - Given Domain of Rationality, by Charles G. P. Kuschke. Pp. - 115-162. June, 1914 .50 - - 7. Abridged Tables of Hyperbolic Functions, by F. E. Pernot. - Pp. 163-169. February, 1915 .10 - - 8. A List of Oughtred's Mathematical Symbols, with Historical - Notes, by Florian Cajori. Pp. 171-186. February, 1920 .25 - - 9. On the History of Gunter's Scale and the Slide Rule during the - Seventeenth Century, by Florian Cajori. Pp. 187-209. - February, 1920 .35 - - 10. On a Birational Transformation Connected with a Pencil of - Cubics, by Arthur Robinson Williams. Pp. 211-222. February, - 1920 .15 - - 11. Classification of Involutory Cubic Space Transformations, by - Frank Ray Morris. Pp. 223-240. February, 1920 .25 - -AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES.--Charles B. Lipman, Ernest B. Babcock, and - John W. Gilmore, Editors. Price per volume, $5.00. Volumes I and - III completed. Volumes II and IV in progress. - -AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY.--Alfred L. Kroeber, Editor. - Volumes I-XII completed. Volumes XIII to XVI in progress. - -ASTRONOMY.--William W. Campbell, Director of the Lick Observatory, - Editor. - - Publications of the Lick Observatory (Quarto). Volumes I-XIII - completed. Price per volume, $3.00 (Volume VII, $4.00; Volume - VIII, $5.00; Volume IX, $2.25; Volume XIII, $0.00). Volumes I - and III are out of print. - - Lick Observatory Bulletins (Quarto). Volumes I-IX completed. - Volume X current. Price, $2.50 per volume in advance. Volume I - is out of print. - -BOTANY.--W. A. Setchell, Editor. Volumes I-IV completed. Volumes V - to VII in progress. - -CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY.--William A. Merrill, Herbert C. Nutting, James - T. Allen, Editors. Price per volume, $2.50. Volumes I to IV, VI - and VII, completed. Volume V in progress. - -ECONOMICS.--Volumes I ($5.00), II ($4.00), and III ($3.50) - completed. Volume IV in progress. - -EDUCATION.--Volumes I ($3.50), III ($3.50), and IV ($2.50) - completed. Volumes II and V in progress. - -ENGINEERING.--Charles Derleth, Jr., Editor. Volumes I and II in - progress. - -GEOGRAPHY.--R. S. Holway, Editor. Price per volume, $5.00. Volume I - completed. Volume II in progress. - -GEOLOGY.--Andrew C. Lawson and John C. Merriam, Editors. Price per - volume, $3.50. Volumes I-VII completed. Volume VIII in progress. - -HISTORY.--Henry Morse Stephens, Editor. Volume I completed. Volumes - II and III in progress. - -MODERN PHILOLOGY.--Charles M. Gayley, Hugo K. Schilling, and - Rudolph Schevill, Editors. Volumes I to VII completed. Volumes - VIII and IX in progress. - -PATHOLOGY.--Frederick P. Gay, Editor. Price per volume, $2.50. - Volumes I and II completed. - -PHILOSOPHY.--George H. Howison, Editor. Price per volume, $2.00. - Volume I completed. Volume II in progress. - -PHYSIOLOGY.--S. S. Maxwell, Editor. Price per volume, $2.00. - Volumes I-IV completed. Volume V in progress. - -PSYCHOLOGY.--George M. Stratton, Editor. Price per volume, $3.50. - Volumes I and II completed. Volume III in progress. - -SEMITIC PHILOLOGY.--William Popper, Editor. Price per volume, - $4.50. - -ZOOLOGY.--William E. Ritter and Charles A. Kofoid, Editors. Volumes - I-XVII completed. Price per volume for first ten volumes, $3.50. - Price for Volume XI and subsequent volumes $5.00. Volumes XVIII - to XXI in progress. - -MEMOIRS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA (Quarto). John C. Merriam, - Editor. Volume I (in progress). - - 1. Triassic Ichthyosauria, with Special Reference to the - American Forms, by John C. Merriam. September, 1908 $3.00 - - 2. The Fauna of Rancho La Brea, by John C. Merriam. - - Part I, Occurrence .30 - - Part II, Canidae .80 - - Volume II. The Silva of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. 1909 - $5.00; cloth, 7.50 - - Volume III. Business Cycles, by Wesley C. Mitchell. 1913 - $5.00; cloth, 7.50 - - Volume IV. 1. The Battle of the Seven Arts, by Louis J. Paetow. - July, 1914 .75 - -UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA CHRONICLE.--An official record of - University life, issued quarterly. George M. Calhoun, Editor. - Price, $1.00 per year. Current, Volume XXII. - - - - - Transcriber's Notes - - ---Inserted subchapter headings from the Table of Contents into the - text. - ---Corrected two page numbers in the Table of Contents - ---Corrected a Greek quotation in footnote 6 by reference to the - original sources. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of On the History of Gunter's Scale and -the Slide Rule during the Seventeenth Century, by Florian Cajori - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF GUNTER'S SCALE, SLIDE RULE *** - -***** This file should be named 42216-8.txt or 42216-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/2/1/42216/ - -Produced by Brenda Lewis, Stephen Hutcheson and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Canada Team at -http://www.pgdpcanada.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by The Internet -Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at - www.gutenberg.org/license. - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 -North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email -contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the -Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |