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diff --git a/42314-h/42314-h.htm b/42314-h/42314-h.htm index 62632e3..a4f2bb3 100644 --- a/42314-h/42314-h.htm +++ b/42314-h/42314-h.htm @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Mount Rainier, by Various</title> <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover-page.jpg"/> <style type="text/css"> @@ -191,28 +191,10 @@ padding-right: .5em;} </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42314 ***</div> <h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Mount Rainier, by Various, Edited by Edmond S. (Edmond Stephen) Meany</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: Mount Rainier</p> -<p> A Record of Exploration</p> -<p>Author: Various</p> -<p>Editor: Edmond S. (Edmond Stephen) Meany</p> -<p>Release Date: March 12, 2013 [eBook #42314]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOUNT RAINIER***</p> <p> </p> -<h4 class="pg">E-text prepared by Greg Bergquist, JoAnn Greenwood,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -242,11 +224,11 @@ href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> <p class="center"> THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br /> -<small>NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS<br /> -ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO</small><br /> +<small>NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS<br /> +ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO</small><br /> <br /> MACMILLAN & CO., <span class="smcap">Limited</span><br /> -<small>LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA<br /> +<small>LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA<br /> MELBOURNE</small><br /> <br /> THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span><br /> @@ -565,7 +547,7 @@ Engraved by J. Landseer for Vancouver's Journal</a></td> <td class="tdl"><a href="#LANDES">Professor Henry Landes</a></td> <td class="tdr">194</td></tr> <tr> -<td class="tdl"><a href="#MATTHES">François Émile Matthes</a></td> +<td class="tdl"><a href="#MATTHES">François Émile Matthes</a></td> <td class="tdr">201</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl"><a href="#SMITH">George Otis Smith</a></td> @@ -652,7 +634,7 @@ distance.</p> <p class="space-above">[Saturday, May 26, 1792.] Towards noon we landed on a point on the eastern shore, whose latitude I observed -to be 47° 21′, round which we flattered ourselves +to be 47° 21′, round which we flattered ourselves we should find the inlet take an extensive eastwardly course. This conjecture was supported by the appearance of a very abrupt division in the snowy range of @@ -1208,7 +1190,7 @@ feet wide; along which is a fine meadow of some extent, with clumps of alder and willow: the soil was of a black turfy nature. After leaving the meadow-land, they began to ascend along a path that was scarcely visible -from being overgrown with Gaultheria, Hazel, Spiræa, +from being overgrown with Gaultheria, Hazel, Spiræa, Vaccinium, and Cornus.</p> <p>During the day, they crossed the Stehna.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a> @@ -1217,7 +1199,7 @@ evening, after making sixteen miles, they encamped at the junction of the Puyallup with the Upthascap.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a> <a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> Near by was a hut, built of the planks of the Arbor -Vitæ (Thuja), which was remarkably well made; and +Vitæ (Thuja), which was remarkably well made; and the boards used in its structure, although split, had all the appearance of being sawn: many of them were three feet wide, and about fifteen feet long. The hut @@ -1254,7 +1236,7 @@ constructed as the one heretofore described, on the Chickeeles,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a> <a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> though much smaller.</p> -<p>This part of the country abounds with arbor-vitæ +<p>This part of the country abounds with arbor-vitæ trees, some of which were found to be thirty feet in circumference at the height of four feet from the ground, and upwards of one hundred feet high. Notwithstanding @@ -1350,13 +1332,13 @@ with great relish.</p> <p>On the 25th, they set out at an early hour, and found the travelling less rough, so that they reached the foot -of La Tête<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a> +of La Tête<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a> <a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> before noon, having accomplished eleven miles. Lieutenant Johnson with the sergeant ascended -La Tête, obtained the bearings, from its summit, of all +La Tête, obtained the bearings, from its summit, of all the objects around, and made its height by barometer, two thousand seven hundred and ninety-eight feet: -its latitude was fixed at 47° 08′ 54″ N. This mountain +its latitude was fixed at 47° 08′ 54″ N. This mountain was entirely destitute of wood; but, having been burnt over, was found strewn with huge charred trunks, and the whole ground covered with ashes. The inclination @@ -1364,7 +1346,7 @@ of its sides was about fifty degrees.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p> <p>The country around seemed one continued series of -hills, and like La Tête had suffered from the fire. +hills, and like La Tête had suffered from the fire. According to the natives, although the wood on the mountains was destroyed many years since, yet it was still observed to be on fire, in some places, about two @@ -1374,11 +1356,11 @@ of two valleys, through which the two branches of the Smalocho<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a> <a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> flow.</p> -<p>On descending from La Tête, the river was to be +<p>On descending from La Tête, the river was to be crossed: this was found too deep to be forded, and it consequently became necessary to form a bridge to transport the baggage, by cutting down trees. The -current was found to run 6·2 miles per hour. They had +current was found to run 6·2 miles per hour. They had been in hopes of reaching the Little Prairie before night, but in consequence of this delay, were forced to encamp before arriving there.</p> @@ -1407,10 +1389,10 @@ of the same size was found half a mile farther east.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> <p>The 27th was employed by Lieutenant Johnson in determining the positions of this prairie, which proved -to be in latitude 47° 05′ 51″ N., and longitude 120° +to be in latitude 47° 05′ 51″ N., and longitude 120° 13′ W.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a> <a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> -The variation was 19° 39′ easterly. At +The variation was 19° 39′ easterly. At sunset, messengers arrived from Mr. Waldron, who had reached the summit at noon, and was to proceed down to the snow-line to encamp. The snow was found to @@ -1450,12 +1432,12 @@ they reached the summit.</p> apparently not more than ten miles distant. A profile of the mountain indicates that it has a terminal crater, as well as some on its flanks. The barometer stood -at 24·950 in.: five thousand and ninety-two feet. +at 24·950 in.: five thousand and ninety-two feet. There was another, to the north-northeast, covered with snow, and one to the west appeared about two hundred feet higher than the place where the observations were taken. This latter had suffered from fire in the same -way as La Tête, and showed only a few patches of snow. +way as La Tête, and showed only a few patches of snow. To the eastward, a range of inferior height, running north and south, was in view, without snow.</p> @@ -1586,8 +1568,8 @@ its course was east-southeast.</p> decidedly more advanced than that to the west, and several very interesting species of plants were met with by the botanists, on the banks of the streams: among -them were Pæonia brownii, Cypripedium oregonium, -Pentstemon, Ipomopsis elegans, and several Compositæ, +them were Pæonia brownii, Cypripedium oregonium, +Pentstemon, Ipomopsis elegans, and several Compositæ, and a very handsome flowering shrub, Purshia tridentata.</p> <p>On the 31st, they continued their route over a rough @@ -1736,13 +1718,13 @@ resorted to as before. On this plain was seen a number of curlews, some grouse, and a large species of hare. They encamped again near the snow, and found their altitude greater than any yet reached, the barometer -standing at 24·750 in.: five thousand two hundred and +standing at 24·750 in.: five thousand two hundred and three feet. They had again reached the spruces and lost the pine, which was only found on the hill-sides and plains.</p> <p>At 4 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> on the morning of the 4th of June, the -thermometer stood at 28°. They on that day continued +thermometer stood at 28°. They on that day continued their route up the mountain and across its summit, which was here and there covered with patches <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> @@ -1813,7 +1795,7 @@ the coast.</p> <p>This was one of the warmest days they had experienced, and the thermometer under the shade of a -canopy stood at 108°. At a short distance from the +canopy stood at 108°. At a short distance from the place where they stopped was a small hut, composed of a few branches and reeds, which was thought to be barely sufficient to contain a sheep; yet under it were @@ -1993,7 +1975,7 @@ sharp in outline, so full of vigorous detail of surface? No cloud, as my stare, no longer dreamy, presently discovered,—no cloud, but a cloud compeller. It was a giant mountain dome of snow, swelling and -seeming to fill the aërial spheres as its image displaced +seeming to fill the aërial spheres as its image displaced the blue deeps of tranquil water. The smoky haze of an Oregon August hid all the length of its lesser ridges, and left this mighty summit based upon uplifting @@ -2061,7 +2043,7 @@ now, and followed him humbly enough up the heights we had reached. Here were all the old difficulties increased, because they were no longer met on a level. We were to climb the main ridge,—the mountain of -La Tête,—abandoning the valley, assaulting the +La Tête,—abandoning the valley, assaulting the summits. And here, as Owhhigh had prophesied in his harangue at Nisqually, the horse's mane must be firmly grasped by the climber. Poor, panting, weary @@ -2247,29 +2229,29 @@ enchanters, magicians, diviners,—what in conventional lingo is called "big medicine." For though the Indians here have not peopled these thrones of their world with the creatures of an anthropomorphic -mythology, they yet deem them the abode of Tamanoüs. -Tamanoüs is a vague and half-personified type +mythology, they yet deem them the abode of Tamanoüs. +Tamanoüs is a vague and half-personified type of the unknown, of the mysterious forces of nature; and there is also an indefinite multitude of undefined -emanations, each one a tamanoüs with a small t, which +emanations, each one a tamanoüs with a small t, which are busy and impish in complicating existence, or equally active and spritely in unravelling it. Each Indian of this region patronizes his own personal -tamanoüs, as men of the more eastern tribes keep a -private manitto, and as Socrates kept a daimôn. To -supply this want, Tamanoüs with a big T undergoes +tamanoüs, as men of the more eastern tribes keep a +private manitto, and as Socrates kept a daimôn. To +supply this want, Tamanoüs with a big T undergoes an avatar, and incarnates himself into a salmon, a beaver, a clam, or into some inanimate object, such as a canoe, a paddle, a fir-tree, a flint, or into some elemental -essence, as fire, water, sun, mist; and tamanoüs +essence, as fire, water, sun, mist; and tamanoüs thus individualized becomes the "guide, philosopher, and friend" of every siwash, conscious that otherwise he might stray and be lost in the unknown realms of -Tamanoüs.</p> +Tamanoüs.</p> <p>Hamitchou, a frowzy ancient of the Squallyamish, told to Dr. Tolmie and me, at Nisqually, a legend of -Tamanoüs and Tacoma, which, being interpreted, +Tamanoüs and Tacoma, which, being interpreted, runs as follows:—</p> @@ -2347,17 +2329,17 @@ in hiaqua.</p> <p>"So the old man thought deeply, and communed with his wisdom, and, while he waited for fish or beast, he took advice within himself from his demon,—he -talked with Tamanoüs. And always the question +talked with Tamanoüs. And always the question was, 'How may I put hiaqua in my purse?'</p> -<p>"Tamanoüs never revealed to him that far to the +<p>"Tamanoüs never revealed to him that far to the north, beyond the waters of Whulge, are tribes with their under lip pierced with a fishbone, among whom hiaqua is plenty as salmonberries are in the woods what time in mid-summer salmon fin it along the reaches of Whulge.</p> -<p>"But the more Tamanoüs did not reveal to him +<p>"But the more Tamanoüs did not reveal to him these mysteries of nature, the more he kept dreamily prying into his own mind, endeavoring to devise some scheme by which he might discover a treasure-trove @@ -2366,13 +2348,13 @@ patient, frugal industry, which only brought slow, meagre gains. He wanted the splendid elation of vast wealth and the excitement of sudden wealth. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> -His own peculiar tamanoüs was the elk. Elk was +His own peculiar tamanoüs was the elk. Elk was also his totem, the cognizance of his freemasonry with those of his own family, and their family friends in other tribes. Elk, therefore, were every way identified with his life; and he hunted them farther and farther up through the forests on the flanks of Tacoma, hoping -that some day his tamanoüs would speak in the +that some day his tamanoüs would speak in the dying groan of one of them, and gasp out the secret of the mines of hiaqua, his heart's desire.</p> @@ -2394,9 +2376,9 @@ last, as he was hunting near the snows one day, one very clear and beautiful day of late summer, when sunlight was magically disclosing far distances, and making all nature supernaturally visible and proximate, -Tamanoüs began to work in the soul of the miser.</p> +Tamanoüs began to work in the soul of the miser.</p> -<p>"'Are you brave,' whispered Tamanoüs in the +<p>"'Are you brave,' whispered Tamanoüs in the strange, ringing, dull, silent thunder-tones of a demon voice. 'Dare you go to the caves where my treasures are hid?'</p> @@ -2418,7 +2400,7 @@ of his own voice, there came across from the vast snow wall of Tacoma a tone like the muffled, threatening plunge of an avalanche into a chasm, 'I dare.'</p> -<p>"'You dare,' said Tamanoüs, enveloping him with +<p>"'You dare,' said Tamanoüs, enveloping him with a dread sense of an unseen, supernatural presence; 'you pray for wealth of hiaqua. Listen!'</p> @@ -2428,15 +2410,15 @@ was listening with every rusty hair separating from its unkempt mattedness, and outstanding upright, a caricature of an aureole.</p> -<p>"'Listen,' said Tamanoüs, in the noonday hush. -And then Tamanoüs vouchsafed at last the great +<p>"'Listen,' said Tamanoüs, in the noonday hush. +And then Tamanoüs vouchsafed at last the great secret of the hiaqua mines, while in terror near to death the miser heard, and every word of guidance toward the hidden treasure of the mountains seared itself into his soul ineffaceably.</p> <p>"Silence came again more terrible now than the -voice of Tamanoüs,—silence under the shadow of the +voice of Tamanoüs,—silence under the shadow of the great cliff,—silence deepening down the forest vistas,—silence filling the void up to the snows of Tacoma. All life and motion seemed paralyzed. At last Skai-ki, @@ -2446,7 +2428,7 @@ honest laws of nature. The buzz of life stirred everywhere again, and the inspired miser rose and hastened home to prepare for his work.</p> -<p>"When Tamanoüs has put a great thought in a +<p>"When Tamanoüs has put a great thought in a man's brain, has whispered him a great discovery within his power, or hinted at a great crime, that spiteful demon does not likewise suggest the means of @@ -2495,7 +2477,7 @@ of Tacoma. He desponded bitterly, almost ready to abandon his quest, almost doubting whether he had in truth received a revelation, whether his interview <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> -with Tamanoüs had not been a dream, and finally +with Tamanoüs had not been a dream, and finally whether all the hiaqua in the world was worth this toil and anxiety. Fortunate is the sage who at such a point turns back and buys his experience without @@ -2505,7 +2487,7 @@ worse befalling him.</p> drowse, and sat bolt upright in terror. A light. Was there another searcher in the forest, and a bolder than he? That flame just glimmering over the tree-tops, -was it a camp-fire of friend or foe? Had Tamanoüs +was it a camp-fire of friend or foe? Had Tamanoüs been revealing to another the great secret? No, smiled the miser, his eyes fairly open, and discovering that the new light was the moon. He had been waiting @@ -2539,9 +2521,9 @@ he had come.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> <p>"But he troubled himself little with staring about; up he looked, for the summit was at hand. To win that summit was wellnigh the attainment of his hopes, -if Tamanoüs were true; and that, with the flush of +if Tamanoüs were true; and that, with the flush of morning ardor upon him, he could not doubt. There, -in a spot Tamanoüs had revealed to him, was hiaqua,—hiaqua +in a spot Tamanoüs had revealed to him, was hiaqua,—hiaqua that should make him the richest and greatest of all the Squallyamish.</p> @@ -2569,11 +2551,11 @@ necessities of Indian life delayed him but an instant, and he hastened on to the third monument, which stood apart on a perfect level. The third stone was capped by something he almost feared to behold, lest it should -prove other than his hopes. Every word of Tamanoüs +prove other than his hopes. Every word of Tamanoüs had thus far proved veritable; but might there not be a bitter deceit at the last? The miser trembled.</p> -<p>"Yes, Tamanoüs was trustworthy. The third monument +<p>"Yes, Tamanoüs was trustworthy. The third monument was as the old man anticipated. It was a stone elk's head, such as it appears in earliest summer, when the antlers are sprouting lustily under their rough @@ -2581,8 +2563,8 @@ jacket of velvet. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> <p>"You remember, Boston tyee," continued Hamitchou, -"that Elk was the old man's tamanoüs, the -incarnation for him of the universal Tamanoüs. He +"that Elk was the old man's tamanoüs, the +incarnation for him of the universal Tamanoüs. He therefore was right joyous at this good omen of protection; and his heart grew big and swollen with hope, as the black salmon-berry swells in a swamp in June. @@ -2613,7 +2595,7 @@ thirteen gave a mighty puff in chorus.</p> at his uninvited ring of spectators. But he had seen otter before, and bagged them. These he could not waste time to shoot, even if a phalanx so numerous -were not formidable. Besides, they might be tamanoüs. +were not formidable. Besides, they might be tamanoüs. He took to his pick and began digging stoutly.</p> <p>"He soon made way in the snow, and came to solid @@ -2664,7 +2646,7 @@ cavity.</p> <p>"He was a millionnaire.</p> -<p>"The otters recognized him as the favorite of Tamanoüs, +<p>"The otters recognized him as the favorite of Tamanoüs, and retired to a respectful distance.</p> <p>"For some moments he gazed on his treasure, taking @@ -2673,7 +2655,7 @@ thought of his future proud grandeur among the dwellers by Whulge. He plunged his arm deep as he could go; there was still nothing but the precious shells. He smiled to himself in triumph; he had -wrung the secret from Tamanoüs. Then, as he withdrew +wrung the secret from Tamanoüs. Then, as he withdrew his arm, the rattle of the hiaqua recalled him to the present. He saw that noon was long past, and he must proceed to reduce his property to possession.</p> @@ -2692,7 +2674,7 @@ the whole.</p> <p>"The miser never dreamed of gratitude, never thought to hang a string from the buried treasure -about the salmon and kamas tamanoüs stones, and +about the salmon and kamas tamanoüs stones, and two strings around the elk's head; no, all must be his own, all he could carry now, and the rest for the future.</p> @@ -2715,7 +2697,7 @@ the water.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></ <p>"Terrible are storms in the mountains; but in this looming mass was a terror more dread than any hurricane -of ruin ever bore within its wild vortexes. Tamanoüs +of ruin ever bore within its wild vortexes. Tamanoüs was in that black cylinder, and as it strode forward, chasing in the very path of the miser, he shuddered, for his wealth and his life were in danger.</p> @@ -2741,13 +2723,13 @@ uproar.</p> <p>"Present in every crash and thunder of the gale was a growing undertone, which the miser well knew -to be the voice of Tamanoüs. A deadly shuddering +to be the voice of Tamanoüs. A deadly shuddering shook him. Heretofore that potent Unseen had been his friend and guide; there had been awe, but no terror, -in his words. Now the voice of Tamanoüs was inarticulate, +in his words. Now the voice of Tamanoüs was inarticulate, but the miser could divine in that sound an unspeakable threat of wrath and vengeance. Floating -upon this undertone were sharper tamanoüs voices, +upon this undertone were sharper tamanoüs voices, shouting and screaming always sneeringly, 'Ha, ha, hiaqua!—ha, ha, ha!'</p> @@ -2765,7 +2747,7 @@ but he held fast to his hiaqua.</p> with perdition; the din more impish, demoniac, and devilish; the laughter more appalling; and the miser more and more exhausted with vain buffeting. He -determined to propitiate exasperated Tamanoüs with +determined to propitiate exasperated Tamanoüs with a sacrifice. He threw into the black cylinder storm his left-handful, five strings of precious hiaqua."</p> @@ -2780,8 +2762,8 @@ there was a momentary lull in elemental war, and he heard the otters puffing around him invisible. Then the storm renewed, blacker, louder, harsher, crueller than before, and over the dread undertone of the voice -of Tamanoüs, tamanoüs voices again screamed, 'Ha, -ha, ha, hiaqua!' and it seemed as if tamanoüs hands, +of Tamanoüs, tamanoüs voices again screamed, 'Ha, +ha, ha, hiaqua!' and it seemed as if tamanoüs hands, or the paws of the demon otters, clutched at the miser's right-handful and tore at his shoulder and waist belts.</p> @@ -2803,7 +2785,7 @@ too, the storm laid its clutches. In the final desperate struggle the old man was wounded so sternly that when he had given up his last relic of the mighty treasure, when he had thrown into the formless chaos, -instinct with Tamanoüs, his last propitiatory offering, +instinct with Tamanoüs, his last propitiatory offering, he sank and became insensible.</p> <p>"It seemed a long slumber to him, but at last he @@ -2838,7 +2820,7 @@ and alighting on his head. As he put his hand to dislodge her, he touched his scratching-stick of bone, and attempted to pass it, as usual, through his hair. The hair was matted and interlaced into a -network reaching fully two ells down his back. 'Tamanoüs,' +network reaching fully two ells down his back. 'Tamanoüs,' thought the old man.</p> <p>"Chiefly he was conscious of a mental change. He @@ -2851,8 +2833,8 @@ outer world was cheerful and satisfying. He thought he had never awakened to a fresher morning. He was a young man again, except for that unusual stiffness and unmelodious creaking joints. He felt no apprehension -of any presence of a deputy tamanoüs, sent -by Tamanoüs to do malignities upon him in the lonely +of any presence of a deputy tamanoüs, sent +by Tamanoüs to do malignities upon him in the lonely wood. Great Nature had a kindly aspect, and made its divinity perceived only by the sweet notes of birds and the hum of forest life, and by a joy that clothed @@ -2873,7 +2855,7 @@ drooping shade he had lurked, were down, and lay athwart his path, transformed into immense mossy mounds, like barrows of giants, over which he must clamber warily, lest he sink and be half stifled in the dust -of rotten wood. Had Tamanoüs been widely at work +of rotten wood. Had Tamanoüs been widely at work in that eventful night?—or had the spiritual change the old man felt affected his views of the outer world?</p> @@ -2947,7 +2929,7 @@ whatever he possessed, material treasures or stores of wisdom and experience, freely to all the land. Every dweller by Whulge came to him for advice how to chase the elk, how to troll or spear the salmon, and -how to propitiate Tamanoüs. He became the Great +how to propitiate Tamanoüs. He became the Great Medicine Man of the siwashes, a benefactor to his tribe and his race.</p> @@ -2959,7 +2941,7 @@ tilicum or any blanketeers were seen in the regions of Whulge, he told this history to my father, as a lesson and a warning. My father, dying, told it to me. But I, alas! have no son; I grow old, and lest this -wisdom perish from the earth, and Tamanoüs be again +wisdom perish from the earth, and Tamanoüs be again obliged to interpose against avarice, I tell the tale to thee, O Boston tyee. Mayest thou and thy nation not disdain this lesson of an earlier age, but profit by it @@ -2975,7 +2957,7 @@ publication, is entitled: "Sowee House—Loolowcan."]</p></blockquote> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p> <p>I had not long, that noon of August, from the top -of La Tête, to study Tacoma, scene of Hamitchou's +of La Tête, to study Tacoma, scene of Hamitchou's wild legend. Humanity forbade dalliance. While I fed my soul with sublimity, Klale and his comrades were wretched with starvation. But the summit of @@ -3029,7 +3011,7 @@ well of brightest water. I called in no proxy of tin cup to aid me in saluting this sparkling creature, but stooped and kissed the spring. When I had rendered my first homage thus to the goddess of the fountain, -Ægle herself, perhaps, fairest of Naiads, I drank +Ægle herself, perhaps, fairest of Naiads, I drank thirstily of the medium in which she dwelt. A bubbling dash of water leaped up and splashed my visage as I withdrew. Why so, sweet fountain, which I may @@ -3089,7 +3071,7 @@ doses us, by no means against our will, with many sweet boluses of delight, berries compacted of acidulated, sugary spiciness. Nature, tenderest of leeches,—no bolus of hers is pleasanter medicament than her -ruddy strawberries. She shaped them like Minié-balls, +ruddy strawberries. She shaped them like Minié-balls, that they might traverse unerringly to the cell of most dulcet digestion. Over their glistening surfaces she peppered little golden dots to act as obstacles @@ -3226,7 +3208,7 @@ revolver, thinking that there might not be time to load, and fired in a hurry at the lowermost. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p> -<p>"Hyas tamanoüs!" whispered Loolowcan, when +<p>"Hyas tamanoüs!" whispered Loolowcan, when no bird fell or flew,—"big magic," it seemed to the superstitious youth. Often when sportsmen miss, they claim that their gun is bewitched, and avail @@ -3266,9 +3248,9 @@ trail. Loolowcan, reckless steeplechaser, put his horse at it, full speed. Gubbins, instead of going over neatly, or scrambling over cat-like, reared rampant and shied back, volte face. I rode forward to see -what fresh interference of Tamanoüs was here,—nothing +what fresh interference of Tamanoüs was here,—nothing <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> -tamanoüs but an unexpected sorry object of +tamanoüs but an unexpected sorry object of a horse. A wretched castaway, probably abandoned by the exploring party, or astray from them, essaying to leap the tree, had fallen back beneath the trunk @@ -3328,7 +3310,7 @@ three first requisites of a home in the wilderness, water, wood, and grass. A musical rustle, as we galloped through, proved the long grass. All around was the unshorn forest. There were columnar firs -making the Sowee house a hypæthral temple on a +making the Sowee house a hypæthral temple on a grand scale.</p> <p>There had been here a lodge. A few saplings of its @@ -3510,8 +3492,8 @@ Nature in her roughness save them from such elaborate fetichism as may exist in more indolent climes and countries.</p> -<p>Loolowcan has his tamanoüs. It is Talipus, the -Wolf, a "hyas skookoom tamanoüs, a very mighty +<p>Loolowcan has his tamanoüs. It is Talipus, the +Wolf, a "hyas skookoom tamanoüs, a very mighty demon," he informs me. He does not worship it; that would interfere with his devotions to his real deity, Number One. It, in return, does him little @@ -3521,14 +3503,14 @@ on a fair morning, he would think it a good omen; if on a sulky morning, he might be somewhat depressed, but would not on that account turn back, as a Roman brave would have done on meeting the matinal wolf. -In fact, he keeps Talipus, his tamanoüs, as a kind of +In fact, he keeps Talipus, his tamanoüs, as a kind of ideal hobby, very much as a savage civilized man entertains a pet bulldog or a tame bear, a link between himself and the rude, dangerous forces of nature. Loolowcan has either chosen his protector according to the law of likeness, or, choosing it by chance, has become assimilated to its characteristics. A wolfish -youth is the <i>protégé</i> of Talipus,—an unfaithful, +youth is the <i>protégé</i> of Talipus,—an unfaithful, sinister, cannibal-looking son of a horse-thief. Wolfish likewise is his appetite; when he asks me for more dinner, and this without stint or decorum he does, he @@ -3784,7 +3766,7 @@ every thread of clothing to the skin. The summers of this region are in extraordinary contrast with the winters. Clear, beautiful, and dry, they begin in May and last till November; while in the winter, although -in latitude 47° and 48°, it rarely freezes or snows—often, +in latitude 47° and 48°, it rarely freezes or snows—often, however, raining two weeks without stopping a permeating drizzle.</p> @@ -4007,7 +3989,7 @@ disintegration of this granite.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a> <p>We made our camp under a pine of dense foliage, whose limbs at the outer end drooped near the ground. We made our cup of tea, and found the water boil at -202° Fahrenheit. Night set in with a drizzling rain, and +202° Fahrenheit. Night set in with a drizzling rain, and a more solitary, gloomy picture than we presented at that camp it is impossible to conceive. Tired, hungry, dirty, clothes all in rags—the effects of our struggles @@ -4234,7 +4216,7 @@ the worst of it. He could not have told a deer from a stump the length of his little old rifle.</p> <p>Our camp was about 1,000 or 1,500 feet below the -last visible shrub; water boiled at 199°, and, according +last visible shrub; water boiled at 199°, and, according to an approximate scale we had with us, this indicated an elevation of 7,000 feet. We estimated the highest peak to be over 12,000 feet high. I greatly regretted @@ -4485,7 +4467,7 @@ visitors. In 1915, he returned East to live among kinsfolk in New York State.</p> <p class="hang">The names of both Stevens and Van Trump have been generously -bestowed upon glaciers, creeks, ridges, and cañons within the +bestowed upon glaciers, creeks, ridges, and cañons within the Mount Rainier National Park.</p> <p class="hang">General Stevens prefers to call the mountain Takhoma. The full @@ -5375,7 +5357,7 @@ trip, and commenced the ascent by the steep, rocky ridge already described as reaching up to the snowy dome. We found it to be a very narrow, steep, irregular backbone, being solid rock, while the sides were -composed of loose broken rocks and débris. Up this +composed of loose broken rocks and débris. Up this ridge, keeping upon the spine when possible, and sometimes forced to pick our way over the loose and broken rocks at the sides, around columnar masses which we @@ -5409,7 +5391,7 @@ A great glacier filled its bed and stretched away for several miles, all seamed or wrinkled across with countless crevasses. We crept up and along a ledge, not of solid, sure rock, but one obstructed with the loose stones -and débris which were continually falling from above, +and débris which were continually falling from above, and we trod on the upper edge of a steep slope of this rubbish, sending the stones at every step rolling and bounding into the depth below. Several times during @@ -5419,7 +5401,7 @@ fortunately none struck us.</p> <p>Four hundred yards of this progress brought us to where the rock joined the overhanging edge of the vast -névé or snow-field that descended from the dome of +névé or snow-field that descended from the dome of the mountain and was from time to time, as pressed forward and downward, breaking off in immense masses, which fell with a noise as of thunder into the @@ -5448,7 +5430,7 @@ regular, and, after ascending about three hundred yards, stood fairly upon the broad dome of mighty Takhoma. It rose before us like a broad, gently swelling headland of dazzling white, topped with black, where the rocky -summit projected above the névé. Ascending diagonally +summit projected above the névé. Ascending diagonally towards the left, we continued our course. The snow was hard and firm under foot, crisp and light for an inch or two, but solidified into ice a foot or less @@ -5533,7 +5515,7 @@ have been impossible to descend the mountain before nightfall, and sure destruction to attempt it in darkness. We concluded to return to a mass of rocks not far below, and there pass the night as best we could, burrowing -in the loose débris.</p> +in the loose débris.</p> <p>The middle peak of the mountain, however, was evidently the highest, and we determined to first visit it. @@ -5568,7 +5550,7 @@ for a time.</p> <p>A deep cavern, extending into and under the ice, and formed by the action of heat, was found. Its roof was a dome of brilliant green ice with long icicles pendent from -it, while its floor, composed of the rocks and débris +it, while its floor, composed of the rocks and débris which formed the side of the crater, descended at an angle of thirty degrees. Forty feet within its mouth we built a wall of stones, inclosing a space five by six @@ -6190,8 +6172,8 @@ peak, which would seem to have formed originally the middle of the mountain mass, is a crater about a quarter of a mile in diameter of very perfect circular form. Its sides are bare for about 60 feet from the rim, below -which they are covered by a <i>névé</i> having a slope of -from 28° to 31°. This <i>névé</i> extending from the shoulders +which they are covered by a <i>névé</i> having a slope of +from 28° to 31°. This <i>névé</i> extending from the shoulders of the southwestern peak to those of the northern, a width of several miles, descends to a vertical distance of about 2000 feet below the crater rim, an immense @@ -6459,13 +6441,13 @@ was formerly called the South Fork, but it should retain the name of Puyallup to its next division far up in the mountains. A short distance above their junction both Carbon River and the Puyallup escape from narrow, -crooked cañons, whose vertical sides, one hundred +crooked cañons, whose vertical sides, one hundred to three hundred feet high, are often but fifty feet apart. From these walls steep, heavily timbered slopes rise two hundred to eight hundred feet to the summits -of the foot-hills. These cañons link the buried river +of the foot-hills. These cañons link the buried river basin of the lower stream with the upper river valleys. -The latter extend from the heads of the cañons to the +The latter extend from the heads of the cañons to the glaciers. They are apparently the deserted beds of mightier ice rivers, now shrunk to the very foot of Mount Tacoma.</p> @@ -6477,7 +6459,7 @@ back from these salt meadows the light green of the cottonwoods, alder and vine-maple mark the river's course, till it is lost in the dark monotone of the fir forest. No break in the evergreen surface indicates -the place of the river cañons; but far out among the +the place of the river cañons; but far out among the foot-hills a line of mist hangs over the upper valley of Carbon River, which winds away eastward, behind the rising ground, to the northern side of Mount Tacoma. @@ -6488,7 +6470,7 @@ accumulate in two glaciers, from which flow the North and South Forks of the Puyallup. These streams meet in a level valley at the base of three singular peaks, and plunge united into the dark gateway of the -cañon.</p> +cañon.</p> <p>A trip to the grand snow peak from which these rivers spring was within a year a very difficult undertaking. @@ -6499,7 +6481,7 @@ and provisions on his back, and worked his way slowly among the towering tree trunks, through underbrush luxuriant as a tropic jungle. But last summer a good horse trail was built from Wilkeson to Carbon River, -crossing it above the cañon, sixteen miles below the +crossing it above the cañon, sixteen miles below the glacier, and during the autumn it was extended to the head of the Puyallup. Wilkeson is reached by a branch railroad from New Tacoma. It is on a small tributary @@ -6518,9 +6500,9 @@ has left its trace in similar terraces in all the valleys about the Sound.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a> <a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> Thence the trail extends southward -over a level plateau. Carbon River Cañon is +over a level plateau. Carbon River Cañon is but half a mile away on the west, and five miles from -Wilkeson the valley above the cañon is reached. The +Wilkeson the valley above the cañon is reached. The descent to the river is over three miles along the hillside eastward.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span></p> @@ -6596,7 +6578,7 @@ evergreen spires. Its snow fields are only three miles distant, but Carbon River has come a long way round. For six miles eastward the undulating lines of the mountains converge, then those on the north suddenly -cross the view, where the river cañon turns sharply +cross the view, where the river cañon turns sharply southward.</p> <p>Three miles from this turn is Crescent Mountain, its @@ -6649,7 +6631,7 @@ with a long shrill whistle that would make a schoolboy envious, but trots quickly away on nearer approach. The crest of the southwest rim of the amphitheater is easily gained, and the grandeur of the view bursts -upon you suddenly. Eastward are the cliffs and cañons +upon you suddenly. Eastward are the cliffs and cañons of the Cascade Range. Northward forest-covered hill and valley reach to Mount Baker and the snow peaks that break the horizon line. Westward are the blue @@ -6673,7 +6655,7 @@ and the consolidated snow begins its downward movement from near the top. Little pinnacles of rock project through the mass and form eddies in the current. A jagged ridge divides it, and part descends into the -deep unexplored cañon of White River, probably the +deep unexplored cañon of White River, probably the deepest chasm in the flanks of Mount Tacoma. The other part comes straight on toward the southern side of Crescent Mountain, a precipice 2,000 feet high; @@ -6696,7 +6678,7 @@ it passes out of sight in the depths of the basin.</p> <p>A two days' visit to this trackless region sufficed only to see a small part of the magnificent scenery. -White River Cañon, the cliffs of Ragged Spur, the +White River Cañon, the cliffs of Ragged Spur, the northern slope of Mount Tacoma, where the climber is always tempted upward, might occupy him for weeks. Across the snow fields, where Milk Creek @@ -6885,7 +6867,7 @@ well as a health-giving beverage. Around each spring is an incrustation of soda compounds deposited by the water. One spring, over which a rude bath-house has been constructed, pours forth a large quantity of water -at a temperature of 85° Fahr. A bath in this water is +at a temperature of 85° Fahr. A bath in this water is pleasant and invigorating. The view from the springs is very beautiful. On the right is the swift flowing <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> @@ -6952,7 +6934,7 @@ over a thousand feet in height. Here the courage of one of the party failed him, and he concluded to go no farther. The most dangerous part of the ascent is along the base of this cliff. The earth pitches at an -angle of 35° from its base, and at three particular +angle of 35° from its base, and at three particular places this incline is not over six feet wide, ending in a perpendicular jump-off of fifteen hundred feet to the Nisqually glacier below. After a half hour's crouching @@ -7231,7 +7213,7 @@ of the one we ascended, and show that the canyons were carved under different conditions from those now prevailing. The principal amount of canyon cutting must have been done before the streams -were overloaded with débris contributed by glaciers—that +were overloaded with débris contributed by glaciers—that is, the deep dissection of the lower slope of Mount Rainier and of the platform on which it stands must have preceded the Glacial epoch.</p> @@ -7253,7 +7235,7 @@ of the canyon.</p> until we have made a reconnaissance of the mountain and climbed to its summit, as he will then be better prepared to understand the relation of the -glaciers, névés, and other features with which it will +glaciers, névés, and other features with which it will be necessary to deal. In this portion of our fireside explorations let us enjoy a summer outing, deferring until later the more serious task of questioning the @@ -7394,7 +7376,7 @@ volcanic crater is not so apparent as we might expect. The basin is in volcanic rock, but none of the characteristics of a crater due to volcanic explosions can be recognized. The rocks, so far as I saw them, are -massive lavas, and not fragmental scoriæ or other +massive lavas, and not fragmental scoriæ or other products of explosive eruptions. On the bold, rounded rock ledges down which we climbed in order to reach the shore, there were deep glacial scorings, showing @@ -7440,7 +7422,7 @@ station rose the pure white Liberty Cap, the crowning glory of the mountain as seen from the northward. The snow descending the northwest side of the great central dome is gathered between the ridges forming -the sides of the valley, and forms a white névé from +the sides of the valley, and forms a white névé from which flows Willis Glacier. In looking up the valley from Eagle Cliff the entire extent of the snow fields <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> @@ -7479,9 +7461,9 @@ lower border of the rapidly melting covering of winter snow. The glacier is there about a mile across. Its central part is higher than its border, and for the most part the ice is concealed by dirt and stones. Just -below the névé, however, we found a space about half +below the névé, however, we found a space about half a mile long in which melting had not led to the concentration -of sufficient débris to make traveling difficult. +of sufficient débris to make traveling difficult. Farther down the glacier, where surface melting was more advanced, the entire glacier, with the exception <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> @@ -7542,7 +7524,7 @@ the area between the Carbon and Winthrop glaciers is composed of this same kind of rock. Granite forms a portion of the border of the valley through which flow the glaciers just named, and furnished them with -much granitic débris, which is carried away as moraines +much granitic débris, which is carried away as moraines and later worked over into well-rounded bowlders by the streams flowing from the ice. The presence of granite pebbles in the course of Carbon and White @@ -7604,7 +7586,7 @@ morning of July 23. Our route was comparatively easy at the start, but became steeper and steeper as we advanced. The snow was firm and, except for the numerous crevasses, presented no great difficulties to -be overcome. In several places the névé rises in domes +be overcome. In several places the névé rises in domes as if forced up from beneath, but caused in reality <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> by bosses of rock over which the glacier flows. These @@ -7617,7 +7599,7 @@ crevasse. Considerable time was lost in searching for a practicable upward route, but at length, by making a detour to the right, we found a way which, although steep, allowed us to pass the much crevassed area and -gain the sharp ridge of rock which divides the névé +gain the sharp ridge of rock which divides the névé snow flowing from the central dome of the mountain, and marks the separation between Winthrop and Emmons glaciers. This prow-like promontory, rising @@ -7685,7 +7667,7 @@ that our course crossed were of the nature of faults. Their upper rims stood several feet above their lower margins, and thus added to the difficulty of passing them. Our aim at first was to traverse the -névé of Emmons Glacier and gain the less rugged slope +névé of Emmons Glacier and gain the less rugged slope bordering it on the south, but the intervening region was greatly broken and, as we found after several <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> @@ -7923,7 +7905,7 @@ before the explosion which truncated the mountain. It is an outstanding and very prominent rock mass, left in bold relief by the ice excavation which has carved deep valleys on each side. The rock divides -the descending névé in the same manner as does The +the descending névé in the same manner as does The Wedge, and causes a part of the snow drainage to flow to the Cowlitz and the other part to be tributary to the Nisqually Glacier. The rocks forming Gibraltar @@ -8797,8 +8779,8 @@ measured from year to year.</p> <p><a name="MATTHES" id="MATTHES"></a></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 398px;"> -<img src="images/illo_240.jpg" width="398" height="600" alt="François Émile Matthes." title="" /> -<span class="caption">François Émile Matthes.</span> +<img src="images/illo_240.jpg" width="398" height="600" alt="François Émile Matthes." title="" /> +<span class="caption">François Émile Matthes.</span> </div> <h2><a name="XIV_GLACIERS_OF_MOUNT_RAINIER" id="XIV_GLACIERS_OF_MOUNT_RAINIER"></a> @@ -8806,7 +8788,7 @@ XIV. GLACIERS OF MOUNT RAINIER<br /> <small><span class="smcap">By</span> F. E. MATTHES</small></h2> -<blockquote><p class="hang">François Émile Matthes was born at Amsterdam, Holland, on +<blockquote><p class="hang">François Émile Matthes was born at Amsterdam, Holland, on March 16, 1874. After pursuing studies in Holland, Switzerland and Germany, he came to the United States in 1891 and graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in @@ -9111,7 +9093,7 @@ bed of the Nisqually River and crosses the foaming torrent on a picturesque wooden bridge. A scant thousand feet above this structure, blocking the valley to a height of some 400 feet, looms a huge shapeless -pile of what seems at first sight only rock débris, gray +pile of what seems at first sight only rock débris, gray and chocolate in color. It is the dirt-stained end of one of the largest glaciers—the Nisqually. From a yawning cave in its front issues the Nisqually stream, @@ -9216,7 +9198,7 @@ and the crevasses heal up by degrees, providing a united surface, over which one may travel freely. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span></p> -<p>Gradually, also, the glacier covers itself with débris. +<p>Gradually, also, the glacier covers itself with débris. Angular rock fragments, large and small, and quantities of dust, derived from the rock walls bordering the ice stream higher up, litter its surface and hide the @@ -9225,14 +9207,14 @@ material—a moraine, as it is called—accompanies the ice river on each side, resembling a sharp-crested embankment built by human hands to restrain its floods; but toward the lower end of the glacier, as the -ice wastes away, the débris contained in it is released +ice wastes away, the débris contained in it is released in masses, and forms brown marginal bands, fringing the moraines. In fact, from here on down it becomes difficult to tell where the ice of the glacier ends at the sides and where the moraines begin.</p> <p>The lower part of the glacier also possesses a peculiar -feature in the form of a débris ridge about midway on +feature in the form of a débris ridge about midway on its back—a medial moraine. Most of the way it stretches like a slender, dark ribbon, gradually narrowing upstream. One may trace it with the eye up @@ -9244,8 +9226,8 @@ on the mountain's flank.</p> moraine develops from a mere dirt band to a conspicuous embankment, projecting 40 feet above the ice. Not the entire body of the ridge, however, is made up of rock -débris. The feature owes its elevation chiefly to the protective -influence of the débris layer on its surface, which +débris. The feature owes its elevation chiefly to the protective +influence of the débris layer on its surface, which is thick enough to shield the ice beneath from the hot rays of the sun, and greatly retards melting, while the adjoining unprotected ice surfaces are rapidly reduced.</p> @@ -9253,7 +9235,7 @@ adjoining unprotected ice surfaces are rapidly reduced.</p> <p>A short distance above the glacier's terminus the medial moraine and the ever-broadening marginal bands come together. No more clear ice remains -exposed, irregular mounds and ridges of débris cover +exposed, irregular mounds and ridges of débris cover the entire surface of the glacier, and the moraine-smothered mass assumes the peculiar inchoate appearance that is so striking upon first view. @@ -9280,7 +9262,7 @@ of the glacier. There the material is a dense ice, more or less crystalline in texture; here it is scarcely more than snow, but slightly compacted and loosely granular—what is generally designated by the Swiss term -"névé."</p> +"névé."</p> <p>For several thousand feet down, as far as the 10,000-foot level, in fact, does the snow retain this granular @@ -9346,7 +9328,7 @@ that they represent but a small fraction of the total microflora thriving on the snow, the other species remaining invisible for lack of a conspicuous color.</p> -<p>To return to the frigid upper névés, it is not to be +<p>To return to the frigid upper névés, it is not to be supposed that they suffer no loss whatever by melting. The heat radiated directly to them by the sun is alone capable of doing considerable damage, even @@ -9402,17 +9384,17 @@ also for other reasons. It is the end of a great snow cascade that descends from the rim of the old crater. Several such cascades may be seen on the south side of the mountain, separated by craggy remnants of the -crater rim. Above them the summit névés stretch in +crater rim. Above them the summit névés stretch in continuous fields, but from the rim on down, the volcano's slopes are too precipitous to permit a gradual -descent, and the névés break into wild cascades and +descent, and the névés break into wild cascades and falls. Fully two to three thousand feet they tumble, assembling again in compact, sluggish ice fields on the gentler slopes below.</p> <p>Of the three cascades that feed the Nisqually Glacier only the central one, it is to be observed, forms a continuous -connection between the summit névés and the +connection between the summit névés and the lower ice fields. The two others, viz. the one next to Gibraltar and the westernmost of the three, terminate in vertical cliffs, over great precipices of rock. From @@ -9444,7 +9426,7 @@ nourished chiefly by direct snow precipitation from the clouds. And this is true, in large measure, of all the ice fields lying under the ice cascades. The Nisqually Glacier, accordingly, is not to be regarded as composed -merely of the cascading névés, reunited and cemented +merely of the cascading névés, reunited and cemented together, but as taking a fresh start at these lower levels. Improbable though this may seem at first, it is nevertheless a fact that is readily explained.</p> @@ -9529,7 +9511,7 @@ a sense reborn some 4,000 feet lower down.</p> <p>A striking example of an ice body nourished wholly by the snows falling on the lower slope of Mount Rainier is the Paradise Glacier. In no wise connected -with the summit névés, it makes its start at an elevation +with the summit névés, it makes its start at an elevation of less than 9,000 feet. Situated on the spreading slope between the diverging canyons of the Nisqually on the west and of the Cowlitz on the northeast, it @@ -9538,7 +9520,7 @@ ice bodies of this kind are termed.</p> <p>Its appearance is that of a gently undulating ice field, crevassed only toward its lower edge and remarkably -clean throughout. No débris-shedding cliffs +clean throughout. No débris-shedding cliffs rise anywhere along its borders, and this fact, no doubt, largely explains its freedom from morainal accumulations.</p> @@ -9684,7 +9666,7 @@ yet, when traced to their sources, they are found to originate in widely different ways. The north branch, named Ingraham Glacier (after Maj. E. S. Ingraham, one of Rainier's foremost pioneers), comes from the -névés on the summit; while the south branch heads in +névés on the summit; while the south branch heads in a pocket immediately under Gibraltar. No snow comes to it from the summit; hence we can not escape the conclusion that it receives through direct precipitation @@ -9709,7 +9691,7 @@ ridges, and toward its end acquires broad marginal dirt bands. For nearly a mile these continue, leaving a gradually narrowing lane of clear ice between them. Then they coalesce and the whole ice body becomes -strewn with rock débris.</p> +strewn with rock débris.</p> <p>The Cowlitz Glacier, including its north branch, the Ingraham Glacier, measures slightly over 6 miles in @@ -9730,7 +9712,7 @@ finally emptying in the Columbia River a short distance below Portland, Oregon.</p> <p>The name Muddy Fork is a most apt one, for the -stream leaves the glacier heavily charged with débris +stream leaves the glacier heavily charged with débris and mud, and while it gradually clears itself as it proceeds over its gravelly bed, it is still turbid when it reaches the Ohanapecosh. That stream is relatively @@ -9747,14 +9729,14 @@ disintegrated are the volcanic materials of which that peak is composed, that the glaciers are enabled to erode with great rapidity, even in their present shrunken state. They consequently deliver to the streams vast -quantities of débris, much of it in the form of cobbles +quantities of débris, much of it in the form of cobbles and bowlders, but much of it also in the form of "rock flour."</p> <p>A considerable proportion of a glacier's erosional work is performed by abrasion or grinding, its bed being scoured and grooved by the rock blocks and -smaller débris held by the passing ice. As a result +smaller débris held by the passing ice. As a result glacier streams ordinarily carry much finely comminuted rock, or rock flour, and this, because of its fineness, remains long in suspension and imparts to @@ -9864,7 +9846,7 @@ conquer the peak in 1870). About 5½ miles long and square miles of territory. It makes a continuous descent from the summit to the base, the rim of the old crater having almost completely broken down under -its heavy névé cascades. But two small remnants of +its heavy névé cascades. But two small remnants of the rim still protrude through the ice and divide it into three cascades. From each of these dark rock islands trails a long medial moraine that extends in an ever-broadening @@ -9883,7 +9865,7 @@ with verdure, lie several hundred feet higher on the slope.</p> <p>The Emmons Glacier, like the Nisqually and the -Cowlitz, becomes densely littered with morainal débris +Cowlitz, becomes densely littered with morainal débris at its lower end, maintaining, however, for a considerable distance a central lane of clear ice. The stream which it sends forth, White River, is the largest of @@ -9894,13 +9876,13 @@ direction, emptying finally in Puget Sound at the city of Seattle.</p> <p>On the northeast side of the mountain, descending -from the same high névés as the Emmons Glacier, is +from the same high névés as the Emmons Glacier, is the Winthrop Glacier. Not until halfway down, at an elevation of about 10,000 feet, does it detach itself as a separate ice stream. The division takes place at the apex of that great triangular interspace so aptly named "the Wedge." Upon its sharp cliff edge, -Steamboat Prow, the descending névés part, it has +Steamboat Prow, the descending névés part, it has been said, like swift-flowing waters upon the dividing bow of a ship at anchor. The simile is an excellent one; even the long foam crest, rising along the ship's @@ -10027,16 +10009,16 @@ at the bottom receives the sun heat each day for a progressively shorter period, until at last it receives so little that its rate of sinking becomes less than that of the melting glacier surface. Nevertheless it will be -clear that the presence of scattered rock débris on a +clear that the presence of scattered rock débris on a glacier must greatly augment the rate of melting, as it fairly honeycombs the ice and increases the number -of melting surfaces. Wherever the débris is dense, on +of melting surfaces. Wherever the débris is dense, on the other hand, and accumulates on the glacier in a heavy layer, its effect becomes a protective one and surface melting is retarded instead of accelerated. The dirt-covered lower ends of the glaciers of Mount Rainier are thus to be regarded as in a measure preserved -by the débris that cloaks them; their life is +by the débris that cloaks them; their life is greatly prolonged by the unsightly garment.</p> <p>In many ways the most interesting of all the ice @@ -10059,7 +10041,7 @@ however, and so simple are its outlines that the eye <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span> finds difficulty in correctly estimating the dimensions. Not until an avalanche breaks from the 300-foot -névé cliff above and hurls itself over the precipice with +névé cliff above and hurls itself over the precipice with crashing thunder, does one begin to realize the depth of the colossal recess. The falling snow mass is several seconds in descending, and though weighing hundreds @@ -10074,7 +10056,7 @@ which glacial cirques evolve is better understood to-day. It is now known that cirques are produced primarily by the eroding action of the ice masses embedded in them. Slowly creeping forward, these ice -masses, shod as they are with débris derived from the +masses, shod as they are with débris derived from the encircling cliffs, scour and scoop out their hollow sites, and enlarge and deepen them by degrees. Seconding this work is the rock-splitting action of water freezing @@ -10108,24 +10090,24 @@ may readily observe on the map, has encroached considerably upon the summit platform of the mountain, the massive northwest portion of the crater rim of which Liberty Cap is the highest point. In so doing it has -made great inroads upon the névé fields that send down +made great inroads upon the névé fields that send down the avalanches, and has reduced this source of supply. On the other hand, by deploying laterally, the glacier -has succeeded in capturing part of the névés formerly +has succeeded in capturing part of the névés formerly tributary to the ice fields to the west, and has made good some of the losses due to its headward cutting. But, after all, these are events of relatively slight importance in the glacier's career; for like the lower ice fields of the Nisqually, and like most glaciers on the lower slopes of the mountain, the Carbon Glacier -is not wholly dependent upon the summit névés for +is not wholly dependent upon the summit névés for its supply of ice. The avalanches, imposing though they are, contribute but a minor portion of its total bulk. Most of its mass is derived directly from the low hanging snow clouds, or is blown into the cirque by eddying winds. How abundantly capable these agents are to create large ice bodies at low altitudes is convincingly -demonstrated by the extensive névé fields +demonstrated by the extensive névé fields immediately west of the Carbon Glacier, for which the name Russell Glacier has recently been proposed. It is to be noted, however, that these ice fields lie spread @@ -10134,7 +10116,7 @@ much better adapted for the accumulation of snow is the Carbon Glacier's amphitheater! Not only does it constitute an admirably designed catchment basin for wind-blown snow, but an effective conserver of the -névés collecting in it. Opening to the north only, its +névés collecting in it. Opening to the north only, its encircling cliffs thoroughly shield the contained ice mass from the sun. By its very form, moreover, it <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> @@ -10249,7 +10231,7 @@ capacious even as either of the twin recesses in the Carbon Glacier's amphitheater. As a consequence the ice stream issuing from it is of only moderate volume; nevertheless it attains a length of 3¾ miles. This is due -in part to the heavy snows that reënforce it throughout +in part to the heavy snows that reënforce it throughout its middle course and in part to overflows from the ice fields bordering it on the south. These ice fields, almost extensive enough to be considered a distinct @@ -10260,7 +10242,7 @@ by the ice. The lowest and most prominent of the rock spires bears the appropriate name of "The Needle" (7,587 feet).</p> -<p>The débris-covered lower end of the glacier splits +<p>The débris-covered lower end of the glacier splits <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span> into two short lobes on a rounded boss in the middle of the channel. This boss, but a short time ago, was @@ -10276,7 +10258,7 @@ cirque-born ice stream, heading against the base of the Liberty Cap massif. It is the shortest of the western glaciers, measuring only a scant 3 miles. Aside from the snows accumulating in its ill-shaped -cirque it receives strong reënforcements from its neighbor +cirque it receives strong reënforcements from its neighbor to the south—the Puyallup Glacier.</p> <p>Toward its lower end it splits into two unequal lobes, @@ -10317,8 +10299,8 @@ south on a wedge of rock.</p> <p>Immediately south of the elevated amphitheater of the Puyallup Glacier the crater rim of the volcano is breached for a distance of half a mile. Through this -gap tumbles a voluminous cascade from the névé fields -about the summit, and this cascade, reënforced by a +gap tumbles a voluminous cascade from the névé fields +about the summit, and this cascade, reënforced by a flow from the Puyallup cirque, forms the great Tahoma Glacier, the most impressive ice stream on the southwest side. Separated from its northern neighbor by @@ -10328,7 +10310,7 @@ surface, more than a mile broad in places, is diversified by countless ice falls and cataracts.</p> <p>A mere row of isolated pinnacles indicates its eastern -border, and across the gaps in this row its névés coalesce +border, and across the gaps in this row its névés coalesce with those of the South Tahoma Glacier. Farther down the two ice streams abruptly part company and flow in wide detours around a cliff-girt, castellated @@ -10338,7 +10320,7 @@ spits upon a low, verdant wedge and sends a lobe southward which skirts the walls of this island rock, and at its base meets again the South Tahoma Glacier. From here on the two ice streams merge and form a single -densely débris-laden mass, so chaotic in appearance +densely débris-laden mass, so chaotic in appearance that one would scarcely take it for a glacier. Numerous rivulets course over its dark surface only to disappear in mysterious holes and clefts. Profound, circular @@ -10347,7 +10329,7 @@ it during the summer months, and after a brief existence empty themselves again by subglacial passages or by a newly formed crevasse. So abundant is the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span> -rock débris released by melting that the wind at times +rock débris released by melting that the wind at times whips it up into veritable dust storms.</p> <p>Beautifully regular moraines accompany the ice mass @@ -10388,7 +10370,7 @@ underlain by a heavy lava bed, and breaking off at its lower edge in precipitous, columnar cliffs. Into this platform a profound but narrow box canyon has been incised by an ice stream descending from the summit -névés east of Peak Success. This is the Kautz +névés east of Peak Success. This is the Kautz Glacier, an ice stream peculiar for its exceeding slenderness. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span> On the map it presents almost a worm-like appearance, @@ -10464,7 +10446,7 @@ crown. There is no ice cap, properly speaking, and there has perhaps never been one at any time in the mountain's history, not even during the glacial epochs.</p> -<p>Several of the main ice streams head in the névés +<p>Several of the main ice streams head in the névés gathering about the summit craters, but a larger number originate in profound amphitheaters carved in the mountain's flanks, at levels fully 4,000 feet below the @@ -10584,7 +10566,7 @@ striking in appearance.</p> thus exposed dip away from the summit at a low angle. The steepest dip observed was in the amphitheater at the head of Carbon Glacier, where in the -dividing spur the dip to the northeast is about 30°. +dividing spur the dip to the northeast is about 30°. Some exceptions in the inclination of the beds were noted on the southeastern slope, where in a few cases the layers are horizontal, or even dip toward the @@ -10783,7 +10765,7 @@ to, doubtless well expresses the chemical composition of the magma, and deserves to be taken as the chief criterion in the classification of the lavas. As was noted by Hague and Iddings, the hypersthene and -olivine play a like rôle, the former occurring when the +olivine play a like rôle, the former occurring when the silica percentage is somewhat higher than in basalt. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span> It is exceptional to find the two in the same specimen, @@ -11043,7 +11025,7 @@ XVI. THE FLORA OF MOUNT RAINIER<br /> Victoria, British Columbia, on June 16, 1867. He graduated from the University of Washington in 1885 and since then has received degrees and honors from other institutions and -learned societies. He was professor of botany and zoölogy +learned societies. He was professor of botany and zoölogy at the Washington Agricultural College (now State College of Washington) from 1892 to 1903. He has been agrostologist in charge of forage crop investigations for the Bureau of Plant @@ -12128,7 +12110,7 @@ Much like the preceding and found in similar places.</p> Found on Mount Rainier and on Goat Mountains by Allen.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span></p> -<p class="hang"><b lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parnassia fimbriata</b> König.<br /> +<p class="hang"><b lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parnassia fimbriata</b> König.<br /> A plant with radical reniform leaves and one-flowered scapes. The petals are white and fringed. Not rare in moist places near Sluiskin Falls; also at Crater Lake.</p> @@ -12888,7 +12870,7 @@ Coast.</p> <blockquote><p class="hang">A surprisingly wide interest was awakened by the proposal to create a national park to include the great mass of Mount Rainier and its immediate surroundings. Five societies appointed -committees to coöperate in securing the needed legislation +committees to coöperate in securing the needed legislation from Congress. Those committees prepared a memorial. The Senate Miscellaneous Document, number 247, Fifty-third Congress, second session, shows that the memorial was introduced @@ -12944,7 +12926,7 @@ appointed, consisting of Mr. John Ritchie, Jr., Rev. E. C. Smith, Dr. Charles E. Fay.</p> <p>The committees thus appointed were instructed by -the several bodies to which they belong to coöperate +the several bodies to which they belong to coöperate in the preparation of a memorial to Congress, setting forth the substantial reasons for the establishment of such park.</p> @@ -13057,7 +13039,7 @@ glaciers which descend from its snow fields present all the characteristic features of those in the Alps, and though less extensive than the ice streams of the Mount Blanc or Monta Rosa groups are in their crevasses and -séracs equally striking and equally worthy of close +séracs equally striking and equally worthy of close study. We have seen nothing more beautiful in Switzerland or Tyrol, in Norway or in the Pyrenees, than the Carbon River glaciers and the great Puyallup @@ -14317,7 +14299,7 @@ is given to esoteric students and cannot be revealed. The word itself means "uncontaminated." The wonderful beauty of the scene, in its pure and original form, suggested the name to an early group of visitors, Theosophists, consisting of the following persons: -Professor E. O. Schwägerl, Mr. and Mrs. George A. Sheffield, +Professor E. O. Schwägerl, Mr. and Mrs. George A. Sheffield, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Knight, Miss Ida Wright (now Mrs. Vern Mudgett), Mrs. Addie G. Barlow and Mr. Henry Carter. Elevation, 4,572 feet above sea level.</p> @@ -15093,7 +15075,7 @@ White River.</p></div> <a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Lieutenant Richard Arnold, in Pacific Railway Reports, Volume XII, Part I, page 191, says: "Near the junction of Whitewater and Green rivers there is a remarkable -peak called La Tête, from a large rock on its slope resembling the head and +peak called La Tête, from a large rock on its slope resembling the head and neck of a man. This is an important point, as it forms the gate of the mountains on the west." Modern maps shift the "water" part of the names. They are now White and Greenwater rivers.</p></div> @@ -15104,8 +15086,8 @@ White and Greenwater rivers.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a> <a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> -This is an error and should read 121° 25′ W. as Naches Pass is known to be -121° 21′ and Lieutenant Johnson's "Little Prairie" was a little west of the Pass.</p></div> +This is an error and should read 121° 25′ W. as Naches Pass is known to be +121° 21′ and Lieutenant Johnson's "Little Prairie" was a little west of the Pass.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a> <a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> @@ -15182,7 +15164,7 @@ Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, Vol. XXVI, 1883, pp. 222-235.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a> <a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> -Neues Jahrbuch für Min., etc., Vol. I, 1885, pp. 222-226.</p></div> +Neues Jahrbuch für Min., etc., Vol. I, 1885, pp. 222-226.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a> <a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> @@ -15223,360 +15205,6 @@ ads.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOUNT RAINIER***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 42314-h.txt or 42314-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/3/1/42314">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/3/1/42314</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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