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diff --git a/42452-h/42452-h.htm b/42452-h/42452-h.htm index 6027e57..3320f97 100644 --- a/42452-h/42452-h.htm +++ b/42452-h/42452-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Uruguay by W. H. Koebel. @@ -148,45 +148,7 @@ li.pad { padding-top: 2.0%; } </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Uruguay, by W. H. Koebel - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Uruguay - -Author: W. H. Koebel - -Release Date: April 1, 2013 [EBook #42452] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK URUGUAY *** - - - - -Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Julia Neufeld and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42452 ***</div> <hr class="chap" /> <p class="center">THE SOUTH AMERICAN SERIES</p> @@ -268,9 +230,9 @@ Plenipotentiary, Mr. J. R. Kennedy.</p> <p>He is desirous of expressing the obligations under which he has been placed by Mr. C. E. R. Rowland, British Consul at Montevideo, for general assistance -and information on the seal fisheries; Señor José H. +and information on the seal fisheries; Señor José H. Figueira, for the description of the aboriginal -tribes; Señor Ramos Montero, for the commercial +tribes; Señor Ramos Montero, for the commercial technicalities of the pastoral industry; and Mr. V. Hinde, for the paper on the British railways in Uruguay.</p> @@ -324,37 +286,37 @@ of Rivera.</p> <tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>Foreign war succeeded by internal chaos—Warriors as statesmen—The dictatorship of Lavalleja—His methods—The first open breach between Lavalleja and Rivera—A temporary reconciliation—Establishment of the Constitution of Uruguay—Lavalleja and Rivera candidates for the president's chair—Differences in the temperament of the two—Rivera is elected first President of Uruguay—Jealousies and intrigues—Attack <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>upon Rivera—Narrow escape of the President—Lavalleja's party temporarily occupy Montevideo—Defeat of the insurgent general—His flight into Brazil—Intervention of the Argentine dictator Rosas—His support of Lavalleja—Combined forces beaten by Rivera—Lavalleja's second attempt proves unsuccessful—General Oribe succeeds Rivera as President—Lavalleja's party again in the ascendant—Rivera heads a revolution—Civil war—Intervention of France—Resignation of Oribe—Rivera elected President—His alliance with the French and Corrientinos—Declaration of war against Rosas—Defeat of the latter—On the withdrawal of the French Rosas resumes the aggressive—Severe defeat of Rivera and his allies of the littoral provinces—Oribe besieges Montevideo—The services of Garibaldi—The Uruguayan forces decimated—Further incidents of the war—The power of Rosas broken by Brazil, Uruguay, and Entre Rios.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER IX</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">HISTORY (<em>continued</em>)</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>Condition of Uruguay at the conclusion of the war against Rosas—Measures for the relief of poverty—Juan Francisco Giro elected President—The arising of antagonistic elements—Giro resigns in favour of Bernardo Berro—A revolution ends in the formation of a triumvirate—On the death of Lavalleja and Rivera, Flores becomes Dictator—Rebellion against his rule—Brazil sends an army to the assistance of General Flores—Further revolutionary movements—Manuel Basilio Bustamente succeeds Flores—The policy of General César Diaz—His exile and return at the head of an army—Defeat and death of Diaz—Two interim Presidents—Continuous civil war—General Flores enters the Republic in command of a strong force and is declared Dictator—The Paraguayan war—Causes of its outbreak—The policy and military strength of Paraguay—Strategic errors—Uruguay's share in the campaign—Flores returns to Montevideo from the seat of war—His assassination—General Lorenzo Batlle elected President—The continuance of political unrest—Various presidents and dictators—The Government of the present day—Don José Batlle y Ordoñez—Doctor Claudio Williman—The Uruguayan battlefields in tabular form—Progress of the land.</p></blockquote></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>Condition of Uruguay at the conclusion of the war against Rosas—Measures for the relief of poverty—Juan Francisco Giro elected President—The arising of antagonistic elements—Giro resigns in favour of Bernardo Berro—A revolution ends in the formation of a triumvirate—On the death of Lavalleja and Rivera, Flores becomes Dictator—Rebellion against his rule—Brazil sends an army to the assistance of General Flores—Further revolutionary movements—Manuel Basilio Bustamente succeeds Flores—The policy of General César Diaz—His exile and return at the head of an army—Defeat and death of Diaz—Two interim Presidents—Continuous civil war—General Flores enters the Republic in command of a strong force and is declared Dictator—The Paraguayan war—Causes of its outbreak—The policy and military strength of Paraguay—Strategic errors—Uruguay's share in the campaign—Flores returns to Montevideo from the seat of war—His assassination—General Lorenzo Batlle elected President—The continuance of political unrest—Various presidents and dictators—The Government of the present day—Don José Batlle y Ordoñez—Doctor Claudio Williman—The Uruguayan battlefields in tabular form—Progress of the land.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER X</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">URUGUAYAN MANNERS AND CUSTOMS</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>The temperament of the Oriental—Some merits of the race—The Spanish Main as treated in fiction—Distinctions between <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>the villains in print and in actual life—Civility as a national trait—Courtesy of officials—The Uruguayan as a sturdy democrat—A land of equality—Some local mannerisms—Banquets and general hospitality—Some practical methods of enjoying life—Simplicity <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">versus</i> ostentation—Some consequences of prosperity—The cost of living—Questions of ways and means—European education and its results—Some evidences of national pride—The physique of the Oriental—Sports and games—Football—The science of bull-fighting—Eloquence and the oratorical art—Uruguayan ladies—Local charm of the sex—South American institutions—Methods by which they have been improved—The advantages of experiments—The Uruguayan army and navy—Some characteristics of the police—Honesty of the nation—Politics and temperament.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XI</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">ABORIGINAL TRIBES</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>The population of Uruguay prior to the Spanish conquest—Principal tribes—Paucity of information concerning the early aboriginal life—The Charrúas—Warlike characteristics of the race—Territory of the tribe—Stature and physique—Features—The occupations of war and hunting—Temperament and mannerisms—A people on the nethermost rung of the social ladder—Absence of laws and penalties—Medicine-men—A crude remedy—The simplicity of the marriage ceremony—Morality at a low ebb—The prevalence of social equality—Method of settling private disputes—The Charrúas as warriors—Tactics employed in warfare—Some grim signals of victory—Treatment of the prisoners of war—Absence of a settled plan of campaign—Arms of the Charrúas—Primitive Indian weapons—Household implements—Burial rites—The mutilation of the living out of respect for the dead—Some savage ceremonies—Absence of religion—A lowly existence—Desolate dwellings—Change of customs effected by the introduction of horses—Indian appreciation of cattle—Improvement in the weapons of the tribe—Formidable cavalry—The end of the Charrúas—Other Uruguayan tribes—The Yaros—Bohanes—Chanas—Guenoas—Minuanes—Arachanes.</p></blockquote></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>The population of Uruguay prior to the Spanish conquest—Principal tribes—Paucity of information concerning the early aboriginal life—The Charrúas—Warlike characteristics of the race—Territory of the tribe—Stature and physique—Features—The occupations of war and hunting—Temperament and mannerisms—A people on the nethermost rung of the social ladder—Absence of laws and penalties—Medicine-men—A crude remedy—The simplicity of the marriage ceremony—Morality at a low ebb—The prevalence of social equality—Method of settling private disputes—The Charrúas as warriors—Tactics employed in warfare—Some grim signals of victory—Treatment of the prisoners of war—Absence of a settled plan of campaign—Arms of the Charrúas—Primitive Indian weapons—Household implements—Burial rites—The mutilation of the living out of respect for the dead—Some savage ceremonies—Absence of religion—A lowly existence—Desolate dwellings—Change of customs effected by the introduction of horses—Indian appreciation of cattle—Improvement in the weapons of the tribe—Formidable cavalry—The end of the Charrúas—Other Uruguayan tribes—The Yaros—Bohanes—Chanas—Guenoas—Minuanes—Arachanes.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XII</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">MONTEVIDEO</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>Population—Attributes of the city—Situation of the Uruguayan capital—The Cerro—A comparison between the capitals of Argentina and Uruguay—The atmosphere of Montevideo—A <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>city of restful activity—Comparatively recent foundation—Its origin an afterthought—Montevideo in 1727—Homely erections—Progress of the town—Advance effected within the last thirty years—The Uruguayan capital at the beginning of the nineteenth century—Some chronicles of the period—The ubiquity of meat—Dogs and their food—Some curious accounts of the prevalence of rats—The streets of old Montevideo—Their perils and humours—A comparison between the butchers' bills of the past and of the present—Some unusual uses for sheep—Methods in which the skulls and horns of cattle were employed—Modern Montevideo—The National Museum—An admirable institution—Theatres—Critical Montevidean audiences—Afternoon tea establishments—The Club Uruguay—The English Club—British community in the capital—Its enterprise and philanthropy—The <cite>Montevideo Times</cite>—A feat in editorship—Hotels—Cabs and public vehicles—The cost of driving.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XIII</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">MONTEVIDEO</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>The surroundings of the capital—Pleasant resorts—The Prado—A well-endowed park—Colón—Aspects of the suburbs—Some charming <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">quintas</i>—A wealth of flowers and vegetation—European and tropical blossoms side by side—Orchards and their fruits—The cottages of the peasants—An itinerant merchant—School-children—Methods of education in Uruguay—The choice of a career—Equestrian pupils—The tramway route—Aspects of the village of Colón—Imposing eucalyptus avenues—A country of blue-gum—Some characteristics of the place—Flowers and trees—Country houses—The Tea Garden Restaurant—Meals amidst pleasant surroundings—An enterprising establishment—Lunch and its reward—Poçitos and Ramirez—Bathing places of the Atlantic—Blue waters compared with yellow—Sand and rock—Villa del Cerro—The steam ferry across the bay—A town of mixed buildings—Dwelling-places and their materials—The ubiquitous football—Aspects of the Cerro—Turf and rock—A picturesque fort—Panorama from the summit of the hill—The guardian of the river mouth—The last and the first of the mountains.</p></blockquote></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>The surroundings of the capital—Pleasant resorts—The Prado—A well-endowed park—Colón—Aspects of the suburbs—Some charming <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">quintas</i>—A wealth of flowers and vegetation—European and tropical blossoms side by side—Orchards and their fruits—The cottages of the peasants—An itinerant merchant—School-children—Methods of education in Uruguay—The choice of a career—Equestrian pupils—The tramway route—Aspects of the village of Colón—Imposing eucalyptus avenues—A country of blue-gum—Some characteristics of the place—Flowers and trees—Country houses—The Tea Garden Restaurant—Meals amidst pleasant surroundings—An enterprising establishment—Lunch and its reward—Poçitos and Ramirez—Bathing places of the Atlantic—Blue waters compared with yellow—Sand and rock—Villa del Cerro—The steam ferry across the bay—A town of mixed buildings—Dwelling-places and their materials—The ubiquitous football—Aspects of the Cerro—Turf and rock—A picturesque fort—Panorama from the summit of the hill—The guardian of the river mouth—The last and the first of the mountains.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XIV</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">FROM MONTEVIDEO TO THE NORTHERN FRONTIER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>Leaving Montevideo—General aspects of the Campo—The Rio Negro as a line of demarcation—Growing exuberance of the scenery—Flor Morala—Blue lupin—Camp flowers—A sparsely <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>populated countryside—Absence of homesteads—A soft landscape—Humble ranchos—Cattle and horses—Iguanas and ostriches—Deer—Cardoso—Influence of climate and marriage upon the colonists—A cheese-making centre—A country of table-lands—A Campo road—Some characteristics of the way—A group of riders—Some contrasts—A country of rocks—Stone walls—Crude homesteads—Kerosene tins as building material—Camp stations—The carpets of blossom—Piedra Sola—Tambores—Landscape and nomenclature—Increase in the height of the table-lands—Scenes at a country station—Aspects of the inhabitants—Some matters of complexion—The train and its transformation—Influence of the country upon the carriages—Northern passengers—Metropolitan and local costume—Some questions of clothes and figure—Relations between mistresses and maids—Democratic households—A patriarchal atmosphere—Things as they seem, and as they are—Conversation no guide to profession.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XV</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">FROM MONTEVIDEO TO THE NORTHERN FRONTIER (<em>continued</em>)</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>A remarkable transformation in nature—The Valley of Eden—The gateway of the garden—An abrupt descent—From bare plain to sub-tropical forest—Picturesque scenery—Eden station—Some curiosities of nomenclature—Beggary as a profession—The charity of the Latin lands—The cliffs of the valley—Varied aspects of the vegetation—The everlasting sweet-pea—Some characteristics of the mountains—A land of tobacco—Negro cultivators—Appearance and dwellings of the coloured population—Some ethics of climate and costume—Tacuarembo—A centre of importance—A picturesque town—Scenes at the station—Some specimens of local humanity—A dandy of the Campo—The northern landscape—The African population—Nature and the hut—The tunnel of Bañada de Rocha—Paso del Cerro—On the Brazilian border—Rivera—A frontier town—Santa Ana—The Brazilian sister-township—A comparison between the two—View from a neighbouring hill—The rival claims to beauty of the Uruguayan and Brazilian towns.</p></blockquote></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>A remarkable transformation in nature—The Valley of Eden—The gateway of the garden—An abrupt descent—From bare plain to sub-tropical forest—Picturesque scenery—Eden station—Some curiosities of nomenclature—Beggary as a profession—The charity of the Latin lands—The cliffs of the valley—Varied aspects of the vegetation—The everlasting sweet-pea—Some characteristics of the mountains—A land of tobacco—Negro cultivators—Appearance and dwellings of the coloured population—Some ethics of climate and costume—Tacuarembo—A centre of importance—A picturesque town—Scenes at the station—Some specimens of local humanity—A dandy of the Campo—The northern landscape—The African population—Nature and the hut—The tunnel of Bañada de Rocha—Paso del Cerro—On the Brazilian border—Rivera—A frontier town—Santa Ana—The Brazilian sister-township—A comparison between the two—View from a neighbouring hill—The rival claims to beauty of the Uruguayan and Brazilian towns.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XVI</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">HERE AND THERE IN URUGUAY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>Uruguayan roads—A comparison with those of Argentina—The benefits of stone—Some fine metalled highways—The road <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>to San José—On the way to Pando—The journey as effected by motor-car—A smiling landscape—Distant sand-dunes—A spotless range—The mountains of Minas—The town of Pando—A typical minor urban centre—The ending of the macadamised road—The track beyond—An abrupt change in the order of going—The bumps of the Campo—Piriapolis—A budding pleasure resort—Completeness of the enterprise—Eucalyptus forests—A vehicular wreck by the way—Unsuccessful Samaritans—The work of Señor Piria—The Castillo—An imposing home—View from the spot—The Pan de Azucar—A landscape of mountain, valley, forest, and sea—Architecture of the Castillo—Piriapolis Bay—A centre of future bathing—Preparations already effected—The hotel and casino—A wonderful feat of private enterprise—Afforestation—Encouragement of the industry by the Uruguayan Government—The work of Mr. Henry Burnett—The transformation of arid soil into fertile land—Commercial success of the venture—The Maldonodo sand-dunes—Fulgurites—A curiosity of the sands—Discoveries by Mr. C. E. R. Rowland.</p></blockquote></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>Uruguayan roads—A comparison with those of Argentina—The benefits of stone—Some fine metalled highways—The road <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>to San José—On the way to Pando—The journey as effected by motor-car—A smiling landscape—Distant sand-dunes—A spotless range—The mountains of Minas—The town of Pando—A typical minor urban centre—The ending of the macadamised road—The track beyond—An abrupt change in the order of going—The bumps of the Campo—Piriapolis—A budding pleasure resort—Completeness of the enterprise—Eucalyptus forests—A vehicular wreck by the way—Unsuccessful Samaritans—The work of Señor Piria—The Castillo—An imposing home—View from the spot—The Pan de Azucar—A landscape of mountain, valley, forest, and sea—Architecture of the Castillo—Piriapolis Bay—A centre of future bathing—Preparations already effected—The hotel and casino—A wonderful feat of private enterprise—Afforestation—Encouragement of the industry by the Uruguayan Government—The work of Mr. Henry Burnett—The transformation of arid soil into fertile land—Commercial success of the venture—The Maldonodo sand-dunes—Fulgurites—A curiosity of the sands—Discoveries by Mr. C. E. R. Rowland.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XVII</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">MERCEDES AND THE SWISS COLONY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>The journey to Mercedes—The outskirts of Montevideo—Santa Lucia—A pleasant town—Native quince and gorse—San José—The terminus of a great highway—Some feats of engineering—The urban importance of San José—A modern flour-mill—Mal Abrigo—Character of the soil—A country of boulders—Some animals of the Sierra de Mal Abrigo—The surroundings of Mercedes—A charmingly situated town—The terminus of the line—Some characteristics of Mercedes—Urban dwellings—The delights of the <em>patio</em>—The disadvantages of economy in space—Streets and plazas—The hospital—A well-equipped institution—View from the building—An island in the Rio Negro—The Port of Mercedes—River craft—Some local scenes—An equine passenger—Formidable gutters—The industries of the town—The Hôtel Comercial—Colonia Suiza—Situation of the Swiss Colony—Uruguayan Campo dwellings—Method of construction—Simplicity of household removals—Aspect of deserted huts—The houses of the Swiss Colony—Habits in general of South American colonists—The range of nationalities—Liberty accorded—Population of the Colonia Suiza—Its industries—A dairy farming community—An important butter factory—An instance of a rapid rise from poverty to riches.</p></blockquote></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>The journey to Mercedes—The outskirts of Montevideo—Santa Lucia—A pleasant town—Native quince and gorse—San José—The terminus of a great highway—Some feats of engineering—The urban importance of San José—A modern flour-mill—Mal Abrigo—Character of the soil—A country of boulders—Some animals of the Sierra de Mal Abrigo—The surroundings of Mercedes—A charmingly situated town—The terminus of the line—Some characteristics of Mercedes—Urban dwellings—The delights of the <em>patio</em>—The disadvantages of economy in space—Streets and plazas—The hospital—A well-equipped institution—View from the building—An island in the Rio Negro—The Port of Mercedes—River craft—Some local scenes—An equine passenger—Formidable gutters—The industries of the town—The Hôtel Comercial—Colonia Suiza—Situation of the Swiss Colony—Uruguayan Campo dwellings—Method of construction—Simplicity of household removals—Aspect of deserted huts—The houses of the Swiss Colony—Habits in general of South American colonists—The range of nationalities—Liberty accorded—Population of the Colonia Suiza—Its industries—A dairy farming community—An important butter factory—An instance of a rapid rise from poverty to riches.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XVIII</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>COLONIA</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>An historical town—Rarity of mines in the River Plate countries—Specimens at Colonia—Situation of the town—Past antagonism between the capitals of Argentina and Uruguay—Present aspect of Colonia compared with the former—A sleepy hollow—Periodical awakenings of the place—Impressions of the old town—Its colouring and compactness—Fortifications of the city of discord—A warlike history—Nations that have warred together at the spot—The reddest corner in a bloodstained land—Surroundings of the town—Crumbling masonry—A medley of old and new—A Colonia street—Old-times scenes of peace and war—Some pictures of the past—Cannon as road posts—The Plaza—An episode in the wars with Portugal—The eternity of romance—Real de San Carlo—A modern watering-place—Its buildings—The bullring—A gigantic pelota court—Popularity of the spot—A miniature tramway—Attractions of Real de San Carlo—Vegetation on the sands—A curious colour scheme—Pleasant lanes—Buenos Aires as a supplier of tourists.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XIX</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">THE URUGUAY RIVER</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span><blockquote><p>A great waterway—The river compared with the Paraná—Some questions of navigation—The lower stretch of the Uruguay—The stream from Montevideo upwards—Montevideo—The docks—An imposing array of Mihanovich craft—Breadth of the river—Aspects of the banks—Various types of vessels—The materials of their cargoes—The meeting of sister steamers—The etiquette of salutations—Fray Bentos—The Lemco factory and port—A notable spot—The Paradise of the eater—The islands of the Uruguay—Method of their birth and growth—The responsibility of leaves and branches—Uncertainty of island life—The effects of flood and current—Sub-tropical bergs—The vehicles of wild creatures—A jaguar visitation in Montevideo—Narrowing of the stream—Paysandú—The home of ox-tongues—The second commercial town of the Republic—Some features of the place—Variety of the landscape—The <em>Mesa de Artigas</em>—An historical table-land—A monument to the national hero—Salto—A striking town—Pleasant landscape—The Salto falls—The ending of the lower Uruguay—A rocky bed—Some minerals of Salto—Alteration in the colour of the water—The beauty of the upper Uruguay.</p></blockquote></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span><blockquote><p>A great waterway—The river compared with the Paraná—Some questions of navigation—The lower stretch of the Uruguay—The stream from Montevideo upwards—Montevideo—The docks—An imposing array of Mihanovich craft—Breadth of the river—Aspects of the banks—Various types of vessels—The materials of their cargoes—The meeting of sister steamers—The etiquette of salutations—Fray Bentos—The Lemco factory and port—A notable spot—The Paradise of the eater—The islands of the Uruguay—Method of their birth and growth—The responsibility of leaves and branches—Uncertainty of island life—The effects of flood and current—Sub-tropical bergs—The vehicles of wild creatures—A jaguar visitation in Montevideo—Narrowing of the stream—Paysandú—The home of ox-tongues—The second commercial town of the Republic—Some features of the place—Variety of the landscape—The <em>Mesa de Artigas</em>—An historical table-land—A monument to the national hero—Salto—A striking town—Pleasant landscape—The Salto falls—The ending of the lower Uruguay—A rocky bed—Some minerals of Salto—Alteration in the colour of the water—The beauty of the upper Uruguay.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XX</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">THE URUGUAYAN CAMPO</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>Formation of the land—A survey of the country—Features of the soil—Types of wild flowers—A land of hill, valley, and stream—The glamour of the distance—"The purple land"—Breezes of the Campo—An exhilarating country—The dearth of homesteads—The Uruguayan Gaucho—His physique—The product of the blowy uplands—Matters of temperament—His comparative joviality—The Gaucho as worker, player, and fighter—The manipulation of feuds—A comparison between Argentina and Uruguay—Warrior ancestors of the Gaucho—His sense of dignity and honour—Conservative habits and customs—Costume and horse gear—Strenuous <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">bailes</i>—Some homeric feats of dancing—Stirring revelry—The Uruguayan landowner—Foreign elements in the land—Negro inhabitants of the Banda Oriental—The numerical status of the Africans in the north and in the south—Absence of a racial question—The slavery of former days—The employment of black troops in war—Lenient treatment of negro slaves—Harsh measures applied to aboriginal Indians—A lesson in human economy—Testimony of a contemporary writer—Immigrant colonies.</p></blockquote></td></tr> @@ -366,10 +328,10 @@ of Rivera.</p> <tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>Origin of the live stock of the country—Influence of the climate and pastures upon the first animals introduced—Live stock census of 1909—Importance of the breeding industry—Various ramifications—Principal items of home consumption—Articles of export—Quality of the first herds introduced—Type of original sheep and horses—Goats and pigs—The introduction of a superior class of animals—The <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">criollos</i> and the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">mestizos</i>—Breeds <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>imported—Durham, Hereford, Polled Angus, and Devon cattle—Dutch, Norman, Flemish, and Swiss cattle—Growth of the dairy industry—Popular breeds of sheep and horses and pigs—Principal countries from which the animals are derived—Growing value of the local-bred live stock—The manipulation of an <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">estancia</i>—Well-found estates—Uruguayan agricultural societies—Work effected by these—Government support—The Rural Association of Uruguay—Financial results of agricultural shows—Side products—Tallow—Hams—Tanning—"La Carolina"—A great dairy farm—The factory of Breuss and Frey—The <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">saladeros</i>, or meat-curing establishments—Number of animals slaughtered—Method by which the meat is cured—<em>Tasajo</em>—Countries to which it is exported—The frozen-meat trade—"La Frigorifica Uruguaya"—Important growth of the new industry—Shipments of frozen meat.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XXIII</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">DEPARTMENTS, CLIMATE, AND NATURAL HISTORY</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>The nineteen divisions of Uruguay—Their populations, areas, towns, and industries—Canelones—Florida—San José—Durazno—Flores—Colonia—Soriano—Rio Negro—Paysandú—Salto—Artigas—Tacuarembó—Rivera—Cerro Largo—Treinta y Tres—Rocha—Maldonado—Montevideo—Climate—Favourable conditions throughout the Republic—The Atlantic coast line—The summer season—Pleasantly tempered heat—A land of cool breezes—Its attractions as a pleasure resort—Climates of the interior and of the north—Drought—Locusts—Comparative immunity of a pastoral country—Uruguayan fauna—Some common creatures of the Campo—Bird life—The ostrich—Its value as a commercial asset—The trade in ostrich feathers—Measures for the protection of the birds.</p></blockquote></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>The nineteen divisions of Uruguay—Their populations, areas, towns, and industries—Canelones—Florida—San José—Durazno—Flores—Colonia—Soriano—Rio Negro—Paysandú—Salto—Artigas—Tacuarembó—Rivera—Cerro Largo—Treinta y Tres—Rocha—Maldonado—Montevideo—Climate—Favourable conditions throughout the Republic—The Atlantic coast line—The summer season—Pleasantly tempered heat—A land of cool breezes—Its attractions as a pleasure resort—Climates of the interior and of the north—Drought—Locusts—Comparative immunity of a pastoral country—Uruguayan fauna—Some common creatures of the Campo—Bird life—The ostrich—Its value as a commercial asset—The trade in ostrich feathers—Measures for the protection of the birds.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XXIV</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">INDUSTRIES AND NATURAL WEALTH</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_276">276</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>England's financial stake in Uruguay—British capital invested in the Republic—Its monetary importance compared with that of other South American nations—General commercial development of the country—A satisfactory outlook—Progress of grazing and agriculture—Marked increase in commerce—Uruguay's exports—Cured meat and frozen carcasses—Diminution of the former trade, increase of the latter—Reasons for the transformation of industry—An outcome of Brazilian protection—The breeding of fine cattle for the European markets—Present situation of the world's meat market—The British Isles as importers <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>of meat—The position in the United States—A change from the rôle of exporter to that of importer—The increase in River Plate shipments—Closeness of touch between South American and English markets—Probable admission of foreign meat into European countries—Intervention of the United States Beef Trust—Purchase of <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Frigorificos</i>—Possible effects of a monopoly upon the producers—South American views on the subject—Favourable general position of the River Plate—The balance of power in beef—Extract of meat—The Lemco and Oxo Company—Ramifications of the enterprise—The town of Fray Bentos—Agriculture—Wheat—Maize—Barley.</p></blockquote></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>England's financial stake in Uruguay—British capital invested in the Republic—Its monetary importance compared with that of other South American nations—General commercial development of the country—A satisfactory outlook—Progress of grazing and agriculture—Marked increase in commerce—Uruguay's exports—Cured meat and frozen carcasses—Diminution of the former trade, increase of the latter—Reasons for the transformation of industry—An outcome of Brazilian protection—The breeding of fine cattle for the European markets—Present situation of the world's meat market—The British Isles as importers <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>of meat—The position in the United States—A change from the rôle of exporter to that of importer—The increase in River Plate shipments—Closeness of touch between South American and English markets—Probable admission of foreign meat into European countries—Intervention of the United States Beef Trust—Purchase of <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Frigorificos</i>—Possible effects of a monopoly upon the producers—South American views on the subject—Favourable general position of the River Plate—The balance of power in beef—Extract of meat—The Lemco and Oxo Company—Ramifications of the enterprise—The town of Fray Bentos—Agriculture—Wheat—Maize—Barley.</p></blockquote></td></tr> <tr><td align="center">CHAPTER XXV</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">INDUSTRIES AND NATURAL WEALTH (<em>continued</em>)</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_286">286</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><blockquote><p>Minerals—Past obstacles to the proper working of mines—Gold—Auriferous prospects—Situation of the goldfields of Uruguay—Past and present workings of the mines—Influence of politics on labour—The Corrales mine—Manganese—Districts in which iron ore is met with—Mineral centres—Minas—Maldonado—Silver—Copper—Marble—Gypsum—Slate—Sulphur—Asbestos—Precious stones—Diamonds and rubies—Jasper—Agate—The amethyst and topaz—The water-stone—A peculiarity of Uruguay—Viticulture—Date of the introduction of the vine—Vicissitudes at the start—Consequent rapid progress—Vineyard area of the present day—The introduction of suitable plants—Countries of origin—Production of grapes and wine—Departments most suitable to the industry—The seal-fisheries—Originally carried on by the Indians—Habits of the seals—Development of the industry—Government grants—Conditions and concessions—Number of skins obtained since 1873—Islands inhabited by the seals—Method of killing and curing—Waste of seal life—Suggestions for the improvement of the industry—Scientific measures necessary—A diplomatic incident in connection with the seal-fisheries.</p></blockquote></td></tr> @@ -416,12 +378,12 @@ of Rivera.</p> <tr><td align="left">SOLIS THEATRE AND NATIONAL MUSEUM</td><td align="right"><a href="#solis">156</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">THE CERRO FORT</td><td align="right"><a href="#fort">156</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">THE BEACH AT PARQUE URBANO</td><td align="right"><a href="#beach">162</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">THE SAN JOSÉ ROAD BRIDGE</td><td align="right"><a href="#san">162</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">THE SAN JOSÉ ROAD BRIDGE</td><td align="right"><a href="#san">162</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">EUCALYPTUS AVENUE: COLON</td><td align="right"><a href="#colon">166</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">OXEN DRAWING RAILWAY COACH</td><td align="right"><a href="#oxen">186</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">BEFORE THE FAIR: TACUAREMBÓ</td><td align="right"><a href="#before">186</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">BEFORE THE FAIR: TACUAREMBÓ</td><td align="right"><a href="#before">186</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">FRONTIER STONE AT RIVERA</td><td align="right"><a href="#rivera">192</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">TUNNEL AT BAÑADA DE ROCHA</td><td align="right"><a href="#tunnel">192</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">TUNNEL AT BAÑADA DE ROCHA</td><td align="right"><a href="#tunnel">192</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">EUCALYPTUS FOREST: PIRIAPOLIS</td><td align="right"><a href="#piria">198</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">THE CASTILLO: PIRIAPOLIS</td><td align="right"><a href="#castillo">198</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">THE PAN DE AZUCAR MOUNTAIN</td><td align="right"><a href="#pan">202</a></td></tr> @@ -440,7 +402,7 @@ of Rivera.</p> <tr><td align="left">THE BICHADERO ESTANCIA</td><td align="right"><a href="#bich">246</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">HEREFORD CATTLE ON THE BICHADERO ESTANCIA</td><td align="right"><a href="#here">246</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">ESTANCIA HOUSE: SAN JUAN</td><td align="right"><a href="#est">250</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">CHÂLET AT COLONIA SUIZA</td><td align="right"><a href="#suiza">258</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">CHÂLET AT COLONIA SUIZA</td><td align="right"><a href="#suiza">258</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">THE VINTAGE: ESTANCIA SAN JUAN</td><td align="right"><a href="#vint">258</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">STREAM ON THE SAN JUAN ESTANCIA</td><td align="right"><a href="#steam">272</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">THE CATTLE DIP</td><td align="right"><a href="#dip">280</a></td></tr> @@ -882,7 +844,7 @@ to set foot on Uruguayan soil. The precise point of his disembarkation is unknown, but it is certain enough that the spot lay somewhere just to the north of the island of Martin Garcia. His reception at -the hands of the hostile Charrúa Indians, who at +the hands of the hostile Charrúa Indians, who at the time inhabited the district, was fatally inhospitable. Solis and many more of the landing party of fifty who accompanied him were slain by these natives<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> @@ -913,7 +875,7 @@ Sebastian on the Uruguayan coast. This, at the confluence of the San Salvador River with the Uruguay, was the first Spanish settlement in the country. Its existence was short-lived. Attacked by -the Charrúa Indians in 1529, the fort was destroyed +the Charrúa Indians in 1529, the fort was destroyed and many of its garrison slain.</p> <p>After this little was heard of the Uruguayan coast @@ -923,7 +885,7 @@ a settlement on that shore. Juan Romero set out with an expedition of 120 men, and founded the settlement of San Juan at the mouth of the river of the same name. This attempt was likewise unsuccessful. -The Charrúas had to be reckoned with, and +The Charrúas had to be reckoned with, and two years later the place was abandoned on account of their incessant attacks.</p> @@ -948,11 +910,11 @@ To face p. 38. the completion of his voyage from Europe, arrived at the island of San Gabriel. He founded a settlement on the neighbouring Uruguayan mainland, and -the Charrúas for once received him with comparative +the Charrúas for once received him with comparative hospitality. Nevertheless it was not long ere hostilities broke out, by reason of the Spaniard's own arrogance, it is said. In the end the Europeans were -completely defeated by the famous chief Zapicán, +completely defeated by the famous chief Zapicán, losing over one hundred soldiers and various officers. The Spaniards then retired to the island of San Gabriel, leaving the aboriginal tribe in possession @@ -964,9 +926,9 @@ famed as the founder of the modern Buenos Aires, arrived near the scene of the disaster. With a diminutive force (it is said by some that his expedition comprised no more than twelve cavalry and -twenty-two infantry) he attacked Zapicán's army of +twenty-two infantry) he attacked Zapicán's army of a thousand men. The result was the rout of the -Indians, in the course of which Zapicán and many +Indians, in the course of which Zapicán and many other leading caciques perished. This action was fought in the neighbourhood of ruined San Salvador, and Zarate founded a new settlement on the ruins @@ -979,7 +941,7 @@ once again.</p> <p>In 1603 it is said that Hernando Arias de Saavedra, the first colonial-born Governor of the River Plate, led an expedition of five hundred men -against the Charrúas. Hernandarias, by which name +against the Charrúas. Hernandarias, by which name the Governor was popularly known, was a famous warrior of whose prowess and feats of arms much is told. For all that, according to report, the defeat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> @@ -1044,7 +1006,7 @@ a third of the profits. In order to facilitate this traffic in hides, these <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Faeneros</i>, as they were termed, gradually established themselves upon the banks of the Uruguay and its tributaries, and upon the ocean -coast. Thus the names of Cufré, Pavón, Toledo, +coast. Thus the names of Cufré, Pavón, Toledo, Pando, Solis, Maldonado, and many others have been bequeathed to the soil by the merchant adventurers who trafficked in those spots, since each named his @@ -1074,7 +1036,7 @@ Eight hundred soldiers and a number of colonist families were disembarked at Colonia del Sacramento on the mainland, where they founded a township. On learning of this invasion the Governor of Buenos -Aires, José de Garro, immediately demanded the +Aires, José de Garro, immediately demanded the evacuation of the place. As a reply to this request, Lobo, the Portuguese commander, triumphantly produced a map on which Colonia was represented as @@ -1136,7 +1098,7 @@ dried meat had developed to a pitch inconvenient to the settlers. The war, although its scope did not include the entire aboriginal population, was one of extermination so far as it went, and at its conclusion -the sections of the Charrúas, Bohanes, and Yaros in +the sections of the Charrúas, Bohanes, and Yaros in the neighbourhood of the River Yi had practically ceased to exist.</p> @@ -1185,7 +1147,7 @@ To face p. 44. <p>About this time negro slaves were first introduced from Africa into the provinces of the River Plate. This measure had been originally urged by the -famous Father Bartolomé de las Casas with a view +famous Father Bartolomé de las Casas with a view of augmenting the local force of labour, and thus of alleviating the condition of the aboriginal races that in many parts were becoming exterminated on @@ -1240,7 +1202,7 @@ this time by a force of over a hundred well-armed men, and prepared to settle himself for an extended stay in the country. Curiously enough, it appears to have been the unfortunate Moreau's fate -to reverse the fighting rôles of the buccaneer and +to reverse the fighting rôles of the buccaneer and local resident, since, instead of surprising others, it was he who was caught unawares on either occasion. The termination of his second visit was more fatal @@ -1347,13 +1309,13 @@ corporation.</p> <p>Nevertheless, in this very year the growing settlement all but came to a bloody and untimely end. -A rising of the Charrúa Indians in the immediate +A rising of the Charrúa Indians in the immediate neighbourhood of Montevideo resisted all the efforts made to subdue it. Over one hundred Spaniards were slain and the royal forces put to rout. The natives, drunk with success, were on the eve of entering Montevideo and of slaughtering the -inhabitants, when a Jesuit missionary, Padre Herán, +inhabitants, when a Jesuit missionary, Padre Herán, intervened, and prevailed on the Indians to desist from their purpose.</p> @@ -1377,7 +1339,7 @@ Uruguay. In 1747 a rising of the Indians was utterly crushed at Queguay, and two years later Montevideo, now acknowledged as a town of importance, was accorded a Governor of its own. -Don José Joaquin de Viana was the first appointed +Don José Joaquin de Viana was the first appointed to the post. His opinion of its urgency is evident from the fact that he only took office in 1751.</p> @@ -1445,7 +1407,7 @@ little moment to the Banda Oriental, since many of the Indians, wandering shepherdless and at a loss, came southwards, and became part and parcel of Uruguay. It was by means of twelve of these Indian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> -families that the city of Paysandú, amongst several +families that the city of Paysandú, amongst several others, was founded, while the fields of Montevideo and Maldonado derived many new cultivators from this source.</p> @@ -1531,7 +1493,7 @@ peace, which was marked by the immigration of many families from Galicia and from the Canary Islands, and by the foundation of numerous towns, amongst these latter Canelones, Piedras, Rosario, Mercedes, -Pando, Santa Lucia, San José, and Minas. As to +Pando, Santa Lucia, San José, and Minas. As to the capital itself, by the year 1788 Montevideo had become a fairly important place, and could count a population of 6,695 Spaniards, 1,386 negro slaves, @@ -1574,8 +1536,8 @@ that fell to their lot, they were employed as excise officials against the smugglers, as escorts of high officials, as ordinary police, and as official messengers. The corps was composed of picked -men, and in its ranks served José Gervasio Artigas -and José Rondeau, both bearers of names that were +men, and in its ranks served José Gervasio Artigas +and José Rondeau, both bearers of names that were destined to become famous in Uruguayan history.</p> <p>This body of cavalry was destined to be employed @@ -1718,7 +1680,7 @@ quiescent, lying, as it were, directly beneath the eye of Imperial Spain itself. But the awakening, when it occurred, was followed by a strenuous outbreak of activity. The first important rising took -place at Paysandú, on the banks of the Uruguay +place at Paysandú, on the banks of the Uruguay River. This was crushed by the aid of the Spanish war vessels that lay in the stream. But the inhabitants, not in the least discouraged by this first @@ -1804,7 +1766,7 @@ rise to future strife.</p> <p>Three days after his victory Artigas marched to Montevideo, and laid siege to the headquarters itself -of the Spanish régime. As a preliminary to the +of the Spanish régime. As a preliminary to the operation an exchange of prisoners, wounded and whole, was effected. Artigas then formally demanded the surrender of the garrison; Elio responded by @@ -1903,7 +1865,7 @@ the summer dust clouds struck up by the hoofs and feet from the crude earth roads. Mingled with the slowly advancing ranks, and lending still greater<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> variety to the whole, went four hundred faithful -Charrúa Indians, armed with bolas and spears.</p> +Charrúa Indians, armed with bolas and spears.</p> <p>Over the rolling hills of Uruguay struggled the human thread of emigrants. Death waited on the @@ -1987,7 +1949,7 @@ but the civilian elements of the settlement, resigned his colonelcy, and separated his division from the Argentine forces. The troops now remaining to him numbered rather less than a thousand men, under -the command of Otorgués, Rivera, and Manuel +the command of Otorgués, Rivera, and Manuel Artigas.</p> <p>In the meanwhile Sarratea, anxious that the credit @@ -1997,7 +1959,7 @@ once again to the town of contention that represented the headquarters of the Royalists. Arriving at the spot, he found that his task had already been forestalled to a certain extent by an independent -Oriental, José Eugenio Culta. The latter <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">caudillo</i>, +Oriental, José Eugenio Culta. The latter <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">caudillo</i>, spurred onwards by the numerous examples of reckless initiative offered by the period, had collected a band of three hundred Gauchos. With these @@ -2098,8 +2060,8 @@ six thousand pesos, alive or dead—along the coast of the great river. So successful were his denunciations and the missions of his ambassadors that not only the littoral provinces of Entre Rios, Corrientes, -and Santa Fé came spontaneously to his standard, -but the comparatively remote province of Córdoba,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +and Santa Fé came spontaneously to his standard, +but the comparatively remote province of Córdoba,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> following the example of the rest, proffered its allegiance.</p> @@ -2108,7 +2070,7 @@ reached the ears of Vigodet in Montevideo. Thinking to derive profit from the occasion, he made a final appeal to throw in his lot with the royal forces. The Gaucho leader in his refusal is stated to have -said that "with the Porteños [Buenos Airens] there +said that "with the Porteños [Buenos Airens] there was always time for reconciliation; with the Spaniards, never!" That the time for the former consummation was not yet ripe was evidenced by @@ -2190,7 +2152,7 @@ irony of fate the position of the Junta was exactly identical with that formerly held by the Spaniards. Montevideo lay in its power; but the remainder of the Banda Oriental as well as the Argentine provinces -of Entre Rios, Correntes, and Santa Fé were completely +of Entre Rios, Correntes, and Santa Fé were completely subject to Artigas. Alive to the growing power of the Protector, the Buenos Aires Government opened negotiations for a treaty, flinging out @@ -2234,7 +2196,7 @@ citizens.</p> <p>For the first time in its history the capital of Uruguay lay beneath the command of a Uruguayan. -By one of the first acts of the new régime a national +By one of the first acts of the new régime a national coat of arms was instituted, and a flaming proclamation promised nothing short of the millennium. All this would have been very well had it not been @@ -2292,7 +2254,7 @@ was no executioner.</p> order. The voluntary acknowledgment of the independence of Uruguay was offered in exchange for the abandonment of the protectorate over the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> -provinces of Entre Rios, Santa Fé, Córdoba, and +provinces of Entre Rios, Santa Fé, Córdoba, and Corrientes. This was also refused by Artigas, who maintained that the provinces of the River Plate should, though self-governing, be indissolubly linked.</p> @@ -2310,7 +2272,7 @@ ceaselessly on the alert.</p> <p>This continual state of minor warfare, however, did not altogether exclude the attention to civil matters. In addition to some tentative measures of -administration in Córdoba and the Argentine littoral +administration in Córdoba and the Argentine littoral provinces, Uruguay was partitioned off into six departments, to each of which was allotted its Cabildo and general mechanism of government. These @@ -2456,7 +2418,7 @@ with a couple of hundred troops who remained faithful in the hour of adversity to the once all-powerful Protector.</p> -<p>At Candelaria he crossed the Paraná, and sought +<p>At Candelaria he crossed the Paraná, and sought the hospitality of Gaspar Rodriguez Francia, the dreaded Dictator of Paraguay. The latter first of all imprisoned the fugitive—probably more from force @@ -2558,7 +2520,7 @@ authorities.</p> <p>For the other side of the picture it is necessary to turn to the Uruguayan writers. Their views are at least as definite and unanimous as the others. -According to one, Eduardo Muñoz Ximinez, "the +According to one, Eduardo Muñoz Ximinez, "the austerity of Cato, the purity of Aristides, the temperament of the Gracchi, the nobility of Camillus, the generosity of Fabricius—these virtues, allied to @@ -2670,7 +2632,7 @@ Indians with the precautionary enthusiasm of the period. His vindication of justice was now as thorough as had formerly been his evasion of the fiscal laws. In 1802 a rapid series of promotion -created him <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Guarda General de la Campaña</i>, or +created him <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Guarda General de la Campaña</i>, or guardian officer general of the rural districts. We next hear of him as taking part with his regiment against the British invaders of the country in 1807. @@ -2941,11 +2903,11 @@ Aires armies had already taken that task upon themselves. As it was, the influence of the national hero spread out to the west with an amazing rapidity, passing beyond the Uruguay River, and holding good -upon the remote side of the great Paraná stream +upon the remote side of the great Paraná stream itself. In a very short while his dominions in Argentine territory assumed an extent four times greater than that of his native country. The provinces of -Entre Rios, Corrientes, Santa Fé, and Córdoba welcomed +Entre Rios, Corrientes, Santa Fé, and Córdoba welcomed his new tricolour standard with enthusiasm.</p> <p>Thus Artigas was now ruler of 350,000 square @@ -3151,7 +3113,7 @@ and the common necessities of life. Imagine the calm force and philosophy of a being capable of governing more than a third of a million square miles of territory with the assistance of a treasury -of three hundred dollars! Nevertheless, these <i lang="fr" xml:lang="frs">opéra +of three hundred dollars! Nevertheless, these <i lang="fr" xml:lang="frs">opéra bouffe</i> conditions represented the highest point of material prosperity to which Artigas ever attained. For five years he ruled thus, grappling desperately @@ -3263,7 +3225,7 @@ a nation. It is true that in the majority of cases the inhabitants of these countries suffered not only the wildest of anarchy, but in addition a degree of despotism that had been unknown during the Spanish -régime, for all the selfishness of the Peninsula +régime, for all the selfishness of the Peninsula Government. Yet since the flock of tyrants that rose up, each like a grim phoenix, from the ashes of the Spanish Dominion were conceived of the @@ -3403,7 +3365,7 @@ to muster, and to sally out against the advancing band that had not yet gained the town.</p> <p>Since the Portuguese forces were under the command -of an Oriental, Colonel Julián Laguna, a parley +of an Oriental, Colonel Julián Laguna, a parley took place ere the two forces met. In the end, Laguna deciding to remain staunch to the foreign cause, the thirty-three and their allies charged, @@ -3452,7 +3414,7 @@ making boldly for Montevideo itself, and defeating the various Portuguese forces that strove to oppose them.</p> -<p>Arrived at length at San José, some three score +<p>Arrived at length at San José, some three score miles distant from Montevideo, Lavalleja determined on an especially daring move that proved his appreciation of the value of prestige. From there he sent @@ -3524,7 +3486,7 @@ to Florida.</p> several ladies, amongst whom was the wife of Rivera, who begged him to change his dripping costume before he proceeded with the official business. -"Thank you, señoras," replied Lavalleja, "I will +"Thank you, señoras," replied Lavalleja, "I will attend to that as soon as our country has its government." Within a few minutes the consummation had been achieved, and Lavalleja was in dry clothes. The @@ -3652,7 +3614,7 @@ midst of the chaos of events were those of Lavalleja, Rivera, and Oribe. Since the three had fought shoulder to shoulder for their country's redemption this prominence was only fitting and just. Yet the -rôle of each of the three differed widely now from +rôle of each of the three differed widely now from his previous methods. Cohesion had departed with the enemy's forces: not so the tale of the battlefields, that multiplied until they stained the soil of @@ -3727,7 +3689,7 @@ force of five hundred of his enemies descended suddenly upon the place. Their object was the capture of the President, who only escaped by leaping through a window and by swimming across the River Yi. -A rising of the Charrúa Indians was the next material +A rising of the Charrúa Indians was the next material fruit of the campaign of intrigue; but the rebellion served no other end than the practical extirpation of the remnant of the aboriginal race that had @@ -3901,7 +3863,7 @@ success.</p> <p>In a desperate attempt to stem the formidable tide of Rosas's power, the three provinces of -Corrientes, Entre Rios, and Santa Fé allied themselves +Corrientes, Entre Rios, and Santa Fé allied themselves with Uruguay. From the joint States Rivera raised an army of seven thousand men. But even this heroic effort did not suffice. Boldly marching @@ -3930,7 +3892,7 @@ here. One of the most notable features of the earlier days was a proclamation issued by Oribe to the effect that he would spare no foreigners whose sympathies lay with the "rebels," as he termed the -Government of Rivera—or rather of Joaquín Suárez, +Government of Rivera—or rather of JoaquÃn Suárez, who had taken the defeated President's post in Montevideo. The result of the proclamation was exactly the reverse of that anticipated by Oribe, since @@ -3974,7 +3936,7 @@ request. But in the end their interference proved futile, although the combined European forces went the length of blockading the Argentine ports, and of defeating Rosas's troops on the banks of the -Paraná.</p> +Paraná.</p> <p>Rivera in the meanwhile had fallen upon evil days. His last defeat had involved him in straits that went @@ -4048,7 +4010,7 @@ triumvirate—On the death of Lavalleja and Rivera, Flores becomes Dictator—Rebellion against his rule—Brazil sends an army to the assistance of General Flores—Further revolutionary movements—Manuel Basilio Bustamente succeeds Flores—The policy of General -César Diaz—His exile and return at the head of an army—Defeat and +César Diaz—His exile and return at the head of an army—Defeat and death of Diaz—Two interim Presidents—Continuous civil war—General Flores enters the Republic in command of a strong force and is declared Dictator—The Paraguayan war—Causes of its outbreak—The @@ -4057,7 +4019,7 @@ share in the campaign—Flores returns to Montevideo from the seat of war—His assassination—General Lorenzo Batlle elected President—The continuance of political unrest—Various presidents and dictators—The Government of the present day—Don -José Batlle y Ordoñez—Doctor Claudio Williman—The Uruguayan +José Batlle y Ordoñez—Doctor Claudio Williman—The Uruguayan battle-fields in tabular form—Progress of the land.</p></blockquote> @@ -4085,7 +4047,7 @@ from the very start. A fortnight after he had assumed power the Uruguayan army that had borne a brilliant share in the victory of Monte Caseros returned home from Buenos Aires. Its commander, -General César Diaz, was acclaimed as a popular hero, +General César Diaz, was acclaimed as a popular hero, and was promptly created Minister for War and Marine, although his sympathies were directly opposed to the Government.</p> @@ -4117,7 +4079,7 @@ that Giro had vacated. He had scarcely taken charge of the reins of government, however, when his authority was rebelled against, this time by the party who had lately been in power. Leaving -General César Diaz in charge of the Government, +General César Diaz in charge of the Government, Flores himself headed a successful campaign against the revolutionists, at the end of which his military rank was raised to that of General.</p> @@ -4148,7 +4110,7 @@ intervals of merely a few weeks or months.</p> <p>An event of striking importance, however, occurred in 1858, during the presidentship of Don Gabriel A. Pereira. The latter had been opposed by General -César Diaz, who had stood as an unsuccessful candidate +César Diaz, who had stood as an unsuccessful candidate for the office, and the inevitable jealousies soon became embittered once more to the point of active explosion. The policy of Diaz was now to incorporate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> @@ -4248,7 +4210,7 @@ where, in spite of the foreign campaign, symptoms of internal unrest had again become evident. Here in 1868 he met with the fate that had passed him by in the course of the Paraguayan war. Learning -that a <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">coup d'état</i> had suddenly come about, and +that a <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">coup d'état</i> had suddenly come about, and that a body of men had taken the Government House by assault, Flores without delay started out in his carriage to gain the scene of action. This move, as @@ -4289,7 +4251,7 @@ between Montevideo and Canelones that marked the first falling into line of the Republic with the more advanced countries.</p> -<p>The next President, Doctor José Ellauri, failed +<p>The next President, Doctor José Ellauri, failed to complete his term of office. In January of 1875 a military revolution forced him to take hasty refuge in a Brazilian warship that was lying in the port @@ -4368,8 +4330,8 @@ control of the Government, was successful in bringing about a treaty with the Blanco party, and in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> September of 1897 the revolutionists laid down their arms. We now arrive at a period that is practically -that of the present day. In 1903 Don José Batlle -y Ordoñez was elected President. For the first year +that of the present day. In 1903 Don José Batlle +y Ordoñez was elected President. For the first year of his rule he had to contend with further risings of the Blanco party, in the course of which numerous battles were fought. In the end the Government @@ -4377,7 +4339,7 @@ forces were signally successful, and in September of 1904 peace was signed and a general amnesty declared.</p> -<p>In 1907 Doctor Claudio Williman succeeded Señor +<p>In 1907 Doctor Claudio Williman succeeded Señor Batlle. The first years of his tenure of office passed in tranquillity; but at the end of 1910 the Blancos became active once more, and various actions were @@ -4446,7 +4408,7 @@ temperament.</p></blockquote> <p>Life in Uruguay is perhaps best described by the -German word <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">gemüthlich</i>, an untranslatable adjective +German word <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">gemüthlich</i>, an untranslatable adjective that savours in its birthplace just a little of light beer, easy-chairs, cigar smoke, steaming coffee, and an atmosphere of <em>camaraderie</em>. After which it is @@ -4696,7 +4658,7 @@ directly involved. Should a patriotic Montevidean be engaged in conversation with an interested foreigner, the chances are that it will not be long ere the confident question is asked: "And our -señoritas, what is your opinion of them?"</p> +señoritas, what is your opinion of them?"</p> <p>In such a case there can be only one opinion—or expression of opinion. Conscience may be salved @@ -4705,7 +4667,7 @@ without some stray claim to beauty as it is to light upon a dame of sixty without a grey hair. In both cases the feature may be hard to see. If so, it must be taken for granted. In the case of the -Montevidean señorita no such feat of the imagination +Montevidean señorita no such feat of the imagination is necessary. To the far-famed graces of her sisters throughout South America she adds the freshness of complexion and the liveliness of @@ -4716,7 +4678,7 @@ temperament that are characteristic of the land.</p> <p>Indeed, to conceive these lighter virtues, added to the natural Spanish stateliness, is to picture a very bewitching feminine consummation. Much has -been written concerning the señoritas of Uruguay, +been written concerning the señoritas of Uruguay, and yet not a line too much. Their own kith and kin have sung their praises with all the tremendous hyperbole of which the Spanish tongue is capable. @@ -4732,7 +4694,7 @@ the piano instead of the guitar, and has exchanged the old order in general for the new. Yet the same vivacity, courage, and good looks remain—which is an excellent and beneficial thing for Montevideo and -its inhabitants. Indeed, the beach of Poçitos or +its inhabitants. Indeed, the beach of Poçitos or the sands of Ramirez shorn of their female adornment would be too terrible a disaster to contemplate even on the part of the most hardened Oriental. @@ -4833,21 +4795,21 @@ course of a political discussion.</p> <p class="hanging">The population of Uruguay prior to the Spanish conquest—Principal tribes—Paucity of information concerning the early aboriginal life—The -Charrúas—Warlike characteristics of the race—Territory of the +Charrúas—Warlike characteristics of the race—Territory of the tribe—Stature and physique—Features—The occupations of war and hunting—Temperament mannerisms—A people on the nethermost rung of the social ladder—Absence of laws and penalties—Medicine-men—A crude remedy—The simplicity of the marriage ceremony—Morality at a low ebb—The prevalence of social equality—Method of -settling private disputes—The Charrúas as warriors—Tactics employed +settling private disputes—The Charrúas as warriors—Tactics employed in warfare—Some grim signals of victory—Treatment of the prisoners -of war—Absence of a settled plan of campaign—Arms of the Charrúas—Primitive +of war—Absence of a settled plan of campaign—Arms of the Charrúas—Primitive Indian weapons—Household implements—Burial rites—The mutilation of the living out of respect for the dead—Some savage ceremonies—Absence of religion—A lowly existence—Desolate dwellings—Change of customs effected by the introduction of horses—Indian appreciation of cattle—Improvement in the weapons of -the tribe—Formidable cavalry—The end of the Charrúas—Other +the tribe—Formidable cavalry—The end of the Charrúas—Other Uruguayan tribes—The Yaros—Bohanes—Chanas—Guenoas—Minuanes—Arachanes.</p></blockquote> @@ -4856,7 +4818,7 @@ which now constitutes the Republic of Uruguay was peopled by about four thousand Indians. These, however, did not form a single nation, but were divided off into a number of tribes. The most important -of these were the Charrúas, Yaros, Bohanes, +of these were the Charrúas, Yaros, Bohanes, Chanas, and Guenoas. Each of these groups possessed its own territory, and each was wont to exist in a state of continued hostility with its neighbours.</p> @@ -4872,7 +4834,7 @@ occasions, and since, even when opportunity offered, the early colonists were neither sufficiently adapted nor especially educated for the purpose.</p> -<p>The Charrúas constituted the leading tribe of these +<p>The Charrúas constituted the leading tribe of these aboriginal people. They owed this ascendancy to their warlike spirit, and to their comparatively large numbers. It was they who murdered Juan Diaz de @@ -4881,7 +4843,7 @@ with many of his companions, and it was they, moreover, who offered the most strenuous resistance to the colonising attempts of the Spaniards.</p> -<p>The Charrúas, to the number of a couple of thousand, +<p>The Charrúas, to the number of a couple of thousand, inhabited the coast of the River Plate, and carried on a semi-nomadic existence between Maldonado and the mouth of the River Uruguay, @@ -4911,14 +4873,14 @@ peculiarly averse to outward display of any emotion. A laugh, for instance, would be noiseless, signalled merely by a half-opening of the lips; conversation was carried on in a low and unmodulated tone of -voice, and a true Charrúa would run a considerable +voice, and a true Charrúa would run a considerable distance to gain a comrade's side rather than be under the necessity of shouting openly to him. The sole occasions on which the exercise of patience would seem to have come naturally to the race were those of hunting and of scouting. A child of nature, with the faculties of hearing and sight marvellously -developed, the Charrúa became reticent and +developed, the Charrúa became reticent and morose when brought into contact with civilisation.</p> <div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 461px;"><a name="nut" id="nut"></a> @@ -4971,7 +4933,7 @@ material advantage.</p> <p>Some evidence of that social equality that is so strongly a characteristic of the tribes of the River -Plate is to be met with among the Charrúas. Such +Plate is to be met with among the Charrúas. Such chiefs as existed were almost altogether lacking in real power or authority. A leader, as a matter of fact, was elected by the people merely in order to act in @@ -4986,7 +4948,7 @@ satisfactory exchange of blows the matter was ended for good and all.</p> <p>Notwithstanding this sensible method of settling -their individual differences, the Charrúas were +their individual differences, the Charrúas were merciless in the wars waged against neighbouring tribes or Spaniards. On the first outbreak of hostilities they were wont to hide their women and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span> @@ -5017,7 +4979,7 @@ of his prowess or cunning. Some doubt, nevertheless, is thrown upon the existence of these habits, although they are affirmed by three rather notable authorities, Barco, Lozano, and Azara. Fortunately for the Spaniards, -who discovered in the Charrúas by far the most +who discovered in the Charrúas by far the most dreaded enemies that it was their lot to encounter in this part of South America, these Indians were easily turned from a settled purpose or plan of campaign. @@ -5043,7 +5005,7 @@ of entangling an enemy, were the most dreaded implements of all.</p> <p>For the purposes of peace as well as for those of -war the sole materials available to the Charrúa for +war the sole materials available to the Charrúa for the fashioning of implements were stone, wood, bone, and clay. Thus the household equipment was wont to be confined to the most primitive types of knives, @@ -5104,7 +5066,7 @@ which they were at liberty to rejoin their comrades, and to resume the comparatively even tenor of their normal existence.</p> -<p>The Charrúas afford one of the rare instances of a +<p>The Charrúas afford one of the rare instances of a race who knew no religion. They neither worshipped a benevolent divinity nor endeavoured to propitiate a malignant spirit. They were, nevertheless, superstitious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> @@ -5126,7 +5088,7 @@ with their simple and mistakenly practical remedy. The race had no acquaintance with either music, games, dancing, or with ordinary conversation as understood amongst more civilised beings. In matters -of personal adornment the Charrúas were equally +of personal adornment the Charrúas were equally unsophisticated. A few ostrich feathers in the hair constituted the beginning and the end of the men's costume; the sole garment of the women was a @@ -5163,7 +5125,7 @@ wasps' honey mixed with water.</p> <p>A glance at the more intimate domestic life of these wild possessors of so many strictly negative attributes may well complete a rather desolate picture. The -home of the Charrúa was on a par with the remainder +home of the Charrúa was on a par with the remainder of his few belongings. A few branches, stuck into the earth and bent towards a common centre, constituted the foundation; one or two deer-skins placed on top @@ -5173,7 +5135,7 @@ of the Patagonian natives, and little more so than the huts of the Chaco Indians to the north-west, although the structures of both these latter were—and still remain—thatched with grasses and vegetation in -the place of skins. In the case of the Charrúa the +the place of skins. In the case of the Charrúa the inner accommodation was limited to a few square feet; but the confined space sufficed to hold an ordinary member, although if the human units increased @@ -5183,7 +5145,7 @@ crude household implements already mentioned, the weapons of the men, and the deer-skin or two spread upon the ground to serve as couches.</p> -<p>It was in this manner that the Charrúas were +<p>It was in this manner that the Charrúas were accustomed to live when the Spaniards, much to the rage of the original inhabitants, landed upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> their shores. From that time onwards their method @@ -5216,7 +5178,7 @@ fights, but never conquered nor enslaved for three centuries. At the end of that period, in 1832, came the end of his race, and the small remnant was practically annihilated. The fate of the last four -of the Charrúas is pathetically humorous, as illustrating +of the Charrúas is pathetically humorous, as illustrating what unsuspected ends a wild community may be made to serve. Two men and two women, the sole survivors of the unconquered warrior tribe, were @@ -5224,7 +5186,7 @@ sent across the ocean to Paris, where they were placed on exhibition, and doubtless proved a profitable investment.</p> -<p>Having concluded with the Charrúas, the remaining<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> +<p>Having concluded with the Charrúas, the remaining<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> aboriginal tribes of Uruguay demand very little space by comparison. There were, nevertheless, half a dozen minor groups that inhabited the other portion @@ -5233,18 +5195,18 @@ of the land that is now Uruguay.</p> <p>The Yaros Indians occupied a small district on the south-western coast of the country, and were a warlike race whose customs and manner of existence -much resembled those of the Charrúas. With this +much resembled those of the Charrúas. With this latter race they were on terms of hostility, and only allied themselves with their aboriginal neighbours for the occasional purpose of a joint attack upon the Spaniards. At the beginning of the eighteenth century they were to all intents and purposes exterminated -by the more powerful Charrúas, the few +by the more powerful Charrúas, the few survivors joining the ranks of their conquerors.</p> <p>Little is known of the Bohanes, who occupied the coastal territory to the north of the Yaros. They -were likewise enemies of the Charrúas, and in the +were likewise enemies of the Charrúas, and in the end suffered partial extermination at the hands of the latter tribe. It is said that a certain number escaped into Paraguay and became absorbed amongst @@ -5274,7 +5236,7 @@ folk, they suffered not a little at the hands of the more warlike tribes. Thus, when the Spaniards occupied their native islands, the Yaros endeavoured to obtain a footing on the western coast-line; but, -driven from here by the Charrúas, they found shelter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> +driven from here by the Charrúas, they found shelter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> in a collection of islets to the south of those that had formed their first abode. They were more or less expert fishers and watermen, and possessed a @@ -5313,14 +5275,14 @@ belief, and witch-doctors were to be found among them. They had also learned the art of signalling from a distance by means of bonfires. Although a warlike race, they were far more susceptible -than the Charrúas to outside influence. A<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +than the Charrúas to outside influence. A<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> portion of the tribe eventually found refuge in the Jesuit missions, and the majority of the males took service in the Spanish and Portuguese armies.</p> <p>The Minuanes occupied a territory to the east of the Guenoas, and in physical appearance, manners, -and customs closely resembled the Charrúas, to such +and customs closely resembled the Charrúas, to such an extent, indeed, that the two tribes have frequently been confused by writers. An error of the kind is natural enough, since the two groups were wont to @@ -5420,7 +5382,7 @@ republic only just exceeds a hundred miles, a comparison between Montevideo and Buenos Aires is almost inevitable. Indeed, it has become something of a hobby on the part of the Oriental who has -visited the Argentine city, and vice versâ. Fortunately, +visited the Argentine city, and vice versâ. Fortunately, the comparison can be made without the engendering of bad blood, since to a great extent that which the one town lacks is possessed by the @@ -5471,7 +5433,7 @@ although it could count forty others of hide. But the erections of this homely and odorous material<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> that in the colonial days were made to serve almost every conceivable purpose could have added very -little to the æsthetic properties of the budding settlement. +little to the æsthetic properties of the budding settlement. Once established, however, the city grew apace, and in due course the natural advantages of its position raised its status to that of the premier @@ -5644,7 +5606,7 @@ South America. In any case, the custom is one that does not obtain in Montevideo alone. The taxidermic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> portion of the museum is exceedingly well contrived, and the entire institution, with its competent -staff, under the direction of Professor José +staff, under the direction of Professor José Arechavaleta, is worthy of all praise.</p> <p>With social institutions of all kinds Montevideo is @@ -5766,16 +5728,16 @@ who patronise the cabs.</p> <blockquote> <p class="hanging">The surroundings of the capital—Pleasant resorts—The Prado—A well-endowed -park—Colón—Aspects of the suburbs—Some charming +park—Colón—Aspects of the suburbs—Some charming quintas—A wealth of flowers and vegetation—European and tropical blossoms side by side—Orchards and their fruits—The cottages of the peasants—An itinerant merchant—School-children—Methods of education in Uruguay—The choice of a career—Equestrian pupils—The -tramway route—Aspect of the village of Colón—Imposing +tramway route—Aspect of the village of Colón—Imposing eucalyptus avenues—A country of blue gum—Some characteristics of the place—Flowers and trees—Country houses—The Tea Garden Restaurant—Meals amidst pleasant surrounding—An enterprising -establishment—Lunch and its reward—Poçitos and Ramirez—Bathing-places +establishment—Lunch and its reward—Poçitos and Ramirez—Bathing-places of the Atlantic—Blue waters compared with yellow—Sand and rock—Villa del Cerro—The steam ferry across the bay—A town of mixed buildings—Dwelling-places and their materials—The @@ -5789,7 +5751,7 @@ made abundantly clear in the surroundings of the capital. The city, as a matter of fact, is set about with quite an exceptional number of pleasant resorts both inland and upon the shore. Of the former the -Prado park and the pleasure suburb of Colón are +Prado park and the pleasure suburb of Colón are the best known. The Prado is reached within half an hour from the centre of the city by means of tramway-car. Situated on the outskirts of the town, @@ -5814,7 +5776,7 @@ miles in and out of the Prado vegetation, only to find that it continues to present fresh aspects and beauties all the while.</p> -<p>The expedition to Colón is a slightly more serious +<p>The expedition to Colón is a slightly more serious one, since, the spot being situated some eight miles from the centre of the town, the journey by tramcar occupies an hour or so. As much that is typical of @@ -5863,7 +5825,7 @@ when the sap of the plants is rising to counterbalance its fall in the North. The quintas then are positive haunts of delight—nothing less. Their frontiers are frequently marked by blossoming -may, honeysuckle, and rose-hedges, while bougainvillæa, +may, honeysuckle, and rose-hedges, while bougainvillæa, wistaria, and countless other creepers blaze from the walls of the houses themselves.</p> @@ -5915,7 +5877,7 @@ lengthened, the speed of a car becomes accelerated to a marked degree. The cottages that now appear at intervals at the side of the road are trim and spotlessly white. They are, almost without -exception, shaded by the native ombú-tree, and are +exception, shaded by the native ombú-tree, and are surrounded with trelliswork of vines and with fig-trees, while near by are fields of broad beans and the extensive vineyards of commerce.</p> @@ -5970,9 +5932,9 @@ and goes rushing at a really formidable pace upon its verdure-embedded lines. Swaying over the shoulders of the land, past plantations, lanes, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> hedges, it plunges onwards in grim earnest to the -terminus of the line at Colón itself.</p> +terminus of the line at Colón itself.</p> -<p>The actual village of Colón gives little indication +<p>The actual village of Colón gives little indication of the nature of the district. The railway-station, shops, and houses are all pleasantly situated, it is true, and the restaurants and pleasure-gardens are @@ -5982,7 +5944,7 @@ buildings. From this some remarkably imposing eucalyptus avenues lead outwards into the favourite haunts of the Montevidean when on pleasure bent.</p> -<p>Undoubtedly the most salient feature of Colón is +<p>Undoubtedly the most salient feature of Colón is the eucalyptus. Indeed, the place primarily consists of mile upon mile of these stately avenues, fringed by blue gums of an immense size. Bordering these @@ -6000,11 +5962,11 @@ private grounds are guarded by the impassable lines of aloe. Add to this basis all the other trees, shrubs, and flowers that have already been passed on the outward journey, and you have the main attributes of -Colón.</p> +Colón.</p> <div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 467px;"><a name="colon" id="colon"></a> <img src="images/illus-191.jpg" width="467" height="700" alt="EUCALYPTUS AVENUE" /> -<p class="center"><span class="caption">EUCALYPTUS AVENUE: COLÓN.</span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="caption">EUCALYPTUS AVENUE: COLÓN.</span></p> <p class="etc"> To face p. 166. @@ -6022,7 +5984,7 @@ of the chief peculiarities of the place is that tea is actually partaken of there from time to time, as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> modern Oriental is beginning to accord this cosmopolitan beverage a recognised place by the side of -coffee and his own native Yerba Maté.</p> +coffee and his own native Yerba Maté.</p> <p>At the Tea Garden Restaurant it is possible to lunch by the side of a lake, with ripening grape-bunches @@ -6047,7 +6009,7 @@ walk to the car was accomplished. But the courtesy of the offer had been effectual, and a certain sense of obligation remained.</p> -<p>The bathing-places of Poçitos and Ramirez are +<p>The bathing-places of Poçitos and Ramirez are akin in many respects to these inland resorts. By the side of the sea here are fewer blossoms and rather smaller eucalyptus groves, but a greater @@ -6057,7 +6019,7 @@ two, is endowed with a really fine casino, that faces the shoreward end of the pier, and that has by its side the spacious and well-timbered public park.</p> -<p>Poçitos occupies the next bay, and is notable for +<p>Poçitos occupies the next bay, and is notable for its lengthy esplanade and for the very pleasant houses that give upon the semicircular sweep. This bay, moreover, is the first that has, so to speak, turned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> @@ -6066,7 +6028,7 @@ As a token, the waters are tinged with a definite blue, and the air holds a genuine sting of salt that rapidly dies away when passing up-stream away from here. To the Buenos Airen, who enthusiastically -patronises the place, Poçitos is delightful, if for no +patronises the place, Poçitos is delightful, if for no other reason than the sense of contrast to his own surroundings that it affords him. Not that he has any reason to grumble at the river frontier of the @@ -6081,7 +6043,7 @@ bathing machines crowded and overflowing with the Uruguayans and the host of visitors from across the river.</p> -<p>Both Ramirez and Poçitos are within the range +<p>Both Ramirez and Poçitos are within the range of the ubiquitous tramcar. But this very efficient service, not content with its excursion of half a dozen miles and more on the ocean side of Montevideo, @@ -6105,7 +6067,7 @@ small town presents the aspects of the more humble industrial centres. There are two or three regular streets, it is true, that contain a few houses with some faint pretensions to importance. Upon the -balconies of these the local señoritas are wont to +balconies of these the local señoritas are wont to gather of an evening. They are obviously a little starved in such matters as romance, and a little fearful lest their eye language should lose its @@ -6294,7 +6256,7 @@ intervals, too, springs up a hedge of tall cactus that flanks the humble rancho, whose tin roof, as often as not, is held down in its place by means of small boulders—a feature of architecture that recalls the -châlets of Switzerland, although it is certain enough +châlets of Switzerland, although it is certain enough that the respective buildings have nothing else in common.</p> @@ -6327,7 +6289,7 @@ long legs that repose in a supercilious attitude.</p> <p>On through the undulating Campo, where the rain pools lie like dew ponds upon an English South Down, and where the banks of the intermittent -streams of the cañadas thread in and out of the +streams of the cañadas thread in and out of the green grass for all the world like the bodies of black snakes. A company of deer are feeding peacefully in the distance, intermingled with the bulky members @@ -6394,7 +6356,7 @@ whatever a question of mere time.</p> <p>Thudding over the hill-tops, splashing through the mud-holes below, the progress of the grim, silent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> centaurs is as inevitable and certain as the presence -of the knives at their belts or the maté-bowl slung +of the knives at their belts or the maté-bowl slung by the saddles. Then the train has sped ahead, dragging after it a world of its own as remote from the atmosphere that surrounds the six diminishing @@ -6513,7 +6475,7 @@ have been added at another, until its appearance has become as heterogeneous as that of a Uruguayan volunteer soldier in a revolution. In fact, the farther from the capital it gets and the nearer to its destination, -the more <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">négligé</i> and doubtless practical does<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> +the more <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">négligé</i> and doubtless practical does<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> its appearance become. Like to a man who starts out for a walk on a hot summer's day, it is metaphorically trudging along bareheaded, with its coat @@ -6574,7 +6536,7 @@ now. To complete the patriarchial atmosphere, the railway guard has joined one of the groups in question in order to assist, purely platonically, at the impromptu meal, and his manner is equally courteous -towards señora and maid.</p> +towards señora and maid.</p> <p>It is certain that he who travels in the remoter parts must put aside all preconceived notions of @@ -6623,7 +6585,7 @@ the colonial population—Some ethics of climate and customs—Tacuaremb centre of importance—A picturesque town—Scenes at the station—Some specimens of local humanity—A dandy of the Campo—The northern landscape—The African population—Nature -and the hut—The tunnel of Bañada de Rocha—Paso del Cerro—On +and the hut—The tunnel of Bañada de Rocha—Paso del Cerro—On the Brazilian border—Rivera—A frontier town—Santa Ana—The Brazilian sister township—A comparison between the two—View from a neighbouring hill—The rival claims to beauty of @@ -6760,7 +6722,7 @@ with the pure white of their own broad blossoms.</p> <div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"><a name="before" id="before"></a> <img src="images/illus-213b.jpg" width="450" height="255" alt="BEFORE THE FAIR" /> -<p class="center"><span class="caption">BEFORE THE FAIR: TACUAREMBÓ.</span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="caption">BEFORE THE FAIR: TACUAREMBÓ.</span></p> <p class="etc"> To face p. 186. @@ -6799,7 +6761,7 @@ and level summit.</p> <p>The country is one of tobacco now as well as of maize, and the aspect of the cultivators coincides to a great extent with the popular notions of the -<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">mise en scène</i> of the tobacco-fields. The population +<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">mise en scène</i> of the tobacco-fields. The population of the tiny mud huts that decorate the land is almost entirely negro, and the inevitable piccaninny is much in evidence, having apparently escaped in shoals from @@ -6949,7 +6911,7 @@ toil and achieved with triumph. But here the black inhabitants regard their eloquent house as a matter of course.</p> -<p>Just after leaving the small station of Bañada de +<p>Just after leaving the small station of Bañada de Rocha is a tunnel. This fact may appear totally unworthy of mention—anywhere else but within the countries bordering on the River Plate. Here a tunnel @@ -6960,7 +6922,7 @@ my belief the three republics of Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay can count no more than two regular tunnels between them. The wonderful shaft bored through the heart of the Andes is one—the other -is before us here at Bañada de Rocha. As the +is before us here at Bañada de Rocha. As the only specimen of its kind in Uruguay, therefore, it is not without distinction, and is worthy of at least a passing remark.</p> @@ -7024,8 +6986,8 @@ of which lies the pretty little plaza.</p> <p class="center"><span class="caption">FRONTIER STONE AT RIVERA.</span></p> <div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"><a name="tunnel" id="tunnel"></a> -<img src="images/illus-221a.jpg" width="450" height="324" alt="TUNNEL AT BAÑADA DE ROCHA." /> -<span class="caption">TUNNEL AT BAÑADA DE ROCHA.</span> +<img src="images/illus-221a.jpg" width="450" height="324" alt="TUNNEL AT BAÑADA DE ROCHA." /> +<span class="caption">TUNNEL AT BAÑADA DE ROCHA.</span> </div> @@ -7125,7 +7087,7 @@ responsible for a rather sallower and swarthier type.</p> <blockquote> <p class="hanging">Uruguayan roads—A comparison with those of Argentina—The benefits -of stone—Some fine metalled highways—The road to San José—On +of stone—Some fine metalled highways—The road to San José—On the way to Pando—The journey as effected by motor-car—A smiling landscape—Distant sand-dunes—A spotless range—The mountains of Minas—The town of Pando—A typical minor urban centre—The @@ -7133,7 +7095,7 @@ ending of the macadamised road—The track beyond—An abrupt change in the order of going—The bumps of the Campo—Piriapolis—A budding pleasure resort—Completeness of the enterprise—Eucalyptus forests—A vehicular wreck by the way—Unsuccessful Samaritans—The -work of Señor Piria—The Castillo—An imposing home—View +work of Señor Piria—The Castillo—An imposing home—View from the spot—The Pan de Azucar—A landscape of mountain, valley, forest, and sea—Architecture of the Castillo—Piriapolis Bay—A centre of future bathing—Preparations already effected—The hotel and @@ -7150,7 +7112,7 @@ who have entered Uruguay from the stoneless Pampa of Argentina is the excellence of the roads that surround Montevideo, and of several, indeed, that penetrate for a considerable distance inland. The -highway to the town of San José, for instance, that +highway to the town of San José, for instance, that extends for ninety-six kilometres is macadamised throughout its length, and is, moreover, excellently constructed and sustained.</p> @@ -7166,7 +7128,7 @@ seamed to a smaller or larger extent with these layers of useful stone, the eruption of which frequently marks the surface itself of the land.</p> -<p>The road to San José, as a matter of fact, is by +<p>The road to San José, as a matter of fact, is by no means the only important one of its kind. There are various similar specimens, equally well constructed if of less imposing length. A very @@ -7311,7 +7273,7 @@ they are. Piriapolis is remarkable in being a one-man place—by which no connection is implied with the one-horse epithet of tradition—in that it has emanated from the mind and pocket of a prominent -Uruguayan, Señor Francisco Piria.</p> +Uruguayan, Señor Francisco Piria.</p> <p>Piriapolis lies to the coastward side of the railway line that is being prolonged in the direction of @@ -7343,7 +7305,7 @@ to portions of the South West of Ireland. But here in the place of the whitewashed Irish cabins are mud ranchos, almost every one of which reposes beneath the sheltering branches of its own particular -unit or group of ombú-trees.</p> +unit or group of ombú-trees.</p> <p>After a little more than an hour's drive the aspect of the country to the front changes abruptly, @@ -7354,7 +7316,7 @@ having covered the soil for generations. Yet less than twenty years ago the face of this particular district was as bare as any of that of the surrounding country, since it is only eighteen years ago that -Señor Piria planted the first sapling that went to form +Señor Piria planted the first sapling that went to form this present forest land.</p> <p>Roads of a better order now prick their way the @@ -7366,7 +7328,7 @@ fine wrought-iron gates are to the front. Once through these an avenue, adorned by statues at intervals of a few yards, leads to a square turreted building that is known as the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">castillo</i>, or castle, of -Señor Piria himself. The dwelling is a pleasant one, +Señor Piria himself. The dwelling is a pleasant one, with its broad stone terraces that overlook pretty grounds, covered with semi-tropical trees, shrubs, and flowers, laid out after the Italian style.</p> @@ -7442,7 +7404,7 @@ with the erection of the hotel. In the neighbourhood of this building is a small casino, destined to be employed for the purpose of games of chance, and almost the entire margin of the bay is dotted by -little, square, four-roomed châlets. At some distance +little, square, four-roomed châlets. At some distance from the hotel a stone mole is in the course of construction, and it is here, of course, that the pleasure steamers will land their passengers when the place @@ -7545,9 +7507,9 @@ discoverer.</p> <blockquote> <p class="hanging">The journey to Mercedes—The outskirts of Montevideo—Santa Lucia—A -pleasant town—Native quince and gorse—San José—The terminus of +pleasant town—Native quince and gorse—San José—The terminus of a great highway—Some feats of engineering—The urban importance -of San José—A modern flour mill—Mal Abrigo—Character of the soil—A +of San José—A modern flour mill—Mal Abrigo—Character of the soil—A country of boulders—Some animals of the Sierra de Mal Abrigo—The surroundings of Mercedes—A charmingly situated town—The terminus of the line—Some characteristics of Mercedes—Urban @@ -7555,7 +7517,7 @@ dwellings—The delights of the patio—The disadvantages of economy in space—Streets and plazas—The hospital—A well-equipped institution—View from the building—An island in Rio Negro—The Port of Mercedes—River craft—Some local scenes—An equine passenger—Formidable -gutters—The industries of the town—The Hôtel Comercio—Colonia +gutters—The industries of the town—The Hôtel Comercio—Colonia Suiza—Situation of the Swiss Colony—Uruguayan Campo dwellings—Method of construction—Simplicity of household removals—Aspect of deserted huts—The houses of the Swiss Colony—Habits @@ -7603,14 +7565,14 @@ again, and the train is speeding once more through the open Campo of pasture-land and of wheat and barley fields.</p> -<p>San José, the next town of importance to be +<p>San José, the next town of importance to be reached, is remarkable as being the terminus of a splendid macadamised road that runs a distance of ninety-six kilometres from Montevideo to this point. This excellent highway is constructed in a really imposing fashion, and is engineered with a lordly disregard of all obstacles. Just before reaching San -José, for instance, it crosses the river in the neighbourhood +José, for instance, it crosses the river in the neighbourhood of the town by a magnificent bridge no less than 360 metres in length. This work was commenced by an Uruguayan engineer in 1906, and @@ -7621,13 +7583,13 @@ structure, which is probably one of the finest road bridges in existence. It forms a fitting conclusion, moreover, to the best road in lower South America.</p> -<p>The town of San José itself is fairly important +<p>The town of San José itself is fairly important from the point of view of population, since it numbers thirteen thousand inhabitants—a fact that places it in the first rank of the country towns of the Republic. Its chief church dominates all the remaining buildings, and affords a notable landmark for many miles -around. With the exception of this, San José contains +around. With the exception of this, San José contains little of interest. It is, in fact, merely a typical "camp" town that serves the surrounding agricultural area. A most up-to-date mill that turns out @@ -7637,7 +7599,7 @@ is dumped into the granary to that when it emerges as fine flour and is mechanically poured into sacks, the whole process is effected by machinery.</p> -<p>Beyond San José the line climbs gradually to the +<p>Beyond San José the line climbs gradually to the summit of a small sierra, whence a spreading panorama of the surrounding country is obtained. On leaving Mal Abrigo, the next station, the character @@ -7854,7 +7816,7 @@ of geranium and rose.</p> <p>Once arrived at the Swiss Colony, however, the aspect of the dwellings becomes altogether changed. -The houses here resemble strongly the châlets of +The houses here resemble strongly the châlets of the Swiss mountains, for, like the remaining colonies of the kind throughout the River Plate republics, the immigrants have introduced their own ways and @@ -7931,7 +7893,7 @@ with more tenacity than is usual.</p> <p>The largest and most important butter factory in the place produces in the springtime a daily quantity of no less than a ton of butter. Its proprietor, -ere he emigrated, played the rôle of a small shopkeeper +ere he emigrated, played the rôle of a small shopkeeper in his own country. His house was burned to the ground, but, fortunately for himself, the property was insured. He employed the money derived @@ -7950,7 +7912,7 @@ districts of a smiling land, it is well watered and timbered. The verdure of the place, moreover, is enhanced by the numerous green lanes that intersect it. Indeed, no more delightful situation could be -imagined than that occupied by many of the châlets +imagined than that occupied by many of the châlets of Swiss design.</p> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -8175,7 +8137,7 @@ obedience to the most commonplace demands of the all-pervading romance, breeched men, whose long-draped cloaks hid the lace and buckles of their costume, would send out their voices and the tinklings -of their guitars towards the señoritas, whose soft +of their guitars towards the señoritas, whose soft eyes glowed beneath a tremendous headgear, and who wore their filmy wrappings and short skirts with true Iberian grace.</p> @@ -8196,7 +8158,7 @@ prelude the quiet ceremony of entertainment.</p> half of the past were to appear! For there were times when the heavy booming and uproar drew ever nearer from without, and then the faces of the -señoritas as they peered through the elaborate bars +señoritas as they peered through the elaborate bars were ashy pale. There were moments, too, when the last doubts had turned to a bitter certainty, when the forms of fleeing men passed the house, and those @@ -8206,7 +8168,7 @@ men in hostile garb, the lust of slaughter in their eyes as they rushed on, making another place of the once familiar street. Thirsting for blood, hungry for booty, and for all things beyond—the cheeks of -the shuddering señoritas have not paled without +the shuddering señoritas have not paled without reason. After all, perhaps it is better to leave undisturbed the knocker upon the old door.</p> @@ -8284,7 +8246,7 @@ and the brand-new buildings have yet to be toned down by the softening process of age.</p> <p>So far the new bathing-place is deficient in the -private dwelling-houses and châlets that characterise +private dwelling-houses and châlets that characterise the majority of such spots. On the arrival of the steamer at the imposing pier, the eye is arrested at once by the sight of two very large buildings, and @@ -8310,7 +8272,7 @@ more notable. Indeed, the enormous circular erection of white concrete is visible for a distance of many miles in all directions. One side of the ground beneath, sheltered by the rising spread of tiers that -hold the seats, is occupied by an open-air café, while +hold the seats, is occupied by an open-air café, while the appointments within are of the usual order to be met with in bullrings. It is here that the periodical bullfights are held, and it is here, moreover, @@ -8347,7 +8309,7 @@ the tramcars, crowded now, roll merrily onwards to<span class="pagenum"><a name= a ring devoid of espadas, bulls, horses, and blood, and for the majority of the tourists the chief business of the day is confined to the precincts of the -café in the shade of the great building.</p> +café in the shade of the great building.</p> <p>Apart from these more artificial attractions, Real de San Carlo will undoubtedly prove popular as a @@ -8393,7 +8355,7 @@ welfare.</p> <blockquote> -<p class="hanging">A great waterway—The river compared with the Paraná—Some questions +<p class="hanging">A great waterway—The river compared with the Paraná—Some questions of navigation—The lower stretch of the Uruguay—The stream from Montevideo upwards—Montevideo—The docks—An imposing array of Mihanovich craft—Breadth of the river—Aspects of the banks—Various @@ -8404,7 +8366,7 @@ eater—The islands of Uruguay—Method of their birth and growth— responsibility of leaves and branches—Uncertainty of island life—The effects of flood and current—Sub-tropical bergs—The vehicles of wild creatures—A jaguar visitation in Montevideo—Narrowing -of the stream—Paysandú—The home of ox-tongues—The +of the stream—Paysandú—The home of ox-tongues—The second commercial town of the Republic—Some features of the place—Variety of the landscape—The <em>Mesa de Artigas</em>—An historical table-land—A monument to the national hero—Salto—A striking town—Pleasant @@ -8415,22 +8377,22 @@ colour of the water—The beauty of the upper Uruguay.</p></blockquote> <p>As a waterway the Uruguay River is of infinite service to the Republic whose western coastline it -serves. It is true that, compared with the Paraná, +serves. It is true that, compared with the Paraná, the stream suffers somewhat both as regards length and navigable facilities. Both rivers have much in common, in that either has its source in the mountain ranges that fringe the coast of Brazil, and either flows first to the west, then southwards until the junction of the pair forms the broad River Plate. -But, whereas the Paraná rises in latitude 22° south +But, whereas the Paraná rises in latitude 22° south the first waters of the Uruguay do not come into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> -being until 28° south. The latter, in consequence, +being until 28° south. The latter, in consequence, has to content itself with a course of a thousand miles, rather less than half the length of its neighbour.</p> <p>The lower stretch of the Uruguay holds an obstacle to navigation that is unknown in the corresponding -waters of the Paraná. At Salto, some two hundred +waters of the Paraná. At Salto, some two hundred miles above the mouth, falls extend from the one bank to the other, and thus bar the passage of all vessels. Above this place, however, is the starting-point @@ -8441,8 +8403,8 @@ their northward course for many hundreds of miles.</p> two hundred miles of the Uruguay represent a particularly noble highway of waters, far broader and more imposing, indeed, than the equivalent stretch of -the Paraná. Ocean-going vessels here penetrate to -Paysandú, and beyond it to the Lemco port of Colón +the Paraná. Ocean-going vessels here penetrate to +Paysandú, and beyond it to the Lemco port of Colón on the Argentine shore, while the really magnificent steamers of the River King, Mihanovich, produce their finest specimens to ply to and fro here. But, @@ -8587,7 +8549,7 @@ butchers might well revel in perfect joy.</p> <p>Just above Fray Bentos the islands dot the river<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> more plentifully than in almost any other part of the -great stream. As is the case on the Paraná, it is +great stream. As is the case on the Paraná, it is difficult enough at times to distinguish between these and the true bank on the Argentine shore; both are equally lowly and each covered with the same density @@ -8670,12 +8632,12 @@ to heap itself in far loftier and more imposing hills than before.</p> <p>The next town of importance at which the steamer -halts is that of Paysandú, the great centre of ox-tongues. +halts is that of Paysandú, the great centre of ox-tongues. Indeed, were one to adopt the popular figurative methods of certain magazines, amazing results might well be extracted from the commerce of the place. Thus, supposing a year's accumulation -of Paysandú ox-tongues were able jointly to give +of Paysandú ox-tongues were able jointly to give forth the notes that they were wont to render in life, the effect of the combined roar would probably be to deafen the entire populace of the Republic,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> @@ -8686,7 +8648,7 @@ but it may be taken for granted that the export of these preserved instruments of bovine speech is very considerable.</p> -<p>Paysandú ranks as the second commercial city in +<p>Paysandú ranks as the second commercial city in the Republic. It is true that, so far as size is concerned, it is altogether dwarfed by Montevideo, since the inhabitants of the smaller town number only @@ -8701,7 +8663,7 @@ with electric lighting, telephones, and other such modern appliances, although its tramcar traction is still effected by the humbler methods of the horse.</p> -<p>To the north of Paysandú the stream narrows, the +<p>To the north of Paysandú the stream narrows, the islands become few and far between, and the course of the river is distinct and well-defined. The landscape, too, is more varied now than that of the @@ -8907,7 +8869,7 @@ not to be discerned through the medium of the bioscope-like glimpses that so many travellers obtain of it. Very rightly, it refuses to reveal itself fully until a certain amount of familiarity has justified -a nearer acquaintance. From an æsthetic point of +a nearer acquaintance. From an æsthetic point of view it certainly holds far more than might be expected from a country of such comparatively limited attributes.</p> @@ -9033,7 +8995,7 @@ of joviality.</p> this child of the Campo from three standpoints—from that of the worker, the player, and the fighter. It is rare enough that one of them is not called upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span> -to fill all these three rôles on a good many occasions +to fill all these three rôles on a good many occasions during his lifetime. As stock-rider, he has proved his courage, fidelity, and honesty of purpose to the full; his moments of recreation are taken up by @@ -9060,7 +9022,7 @@ grasses of the Campo.</p> <p>That these dwellers upon the downlands should prove themselves born fighters is no matter for surprise. For the dusky side of their ancestry they -claim the Charrúa Indians, the fiercest and most +claim the Charrúa Indians, the fiercest and most warlike of all the tribes in the neighbouring provinces. With this strain added to the blood of the old Spaniards, and the mixture fostered and @@ -9087,7 +9049,7 @@ the revellers in the peculiarly reckless and irresponsible mood that from time to time falls to their lot. On such an occasion their wonted strict sobriety is abruptly melted beneath the flow of the native -spirit, caña, and perhaps that of wine, and of beer. +spirit, caña, and perhaps that of wine, and of beer. Then upon the open sward of the Campo they will dance their <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">tangos</i>, stepping it manfully for hour after hour.</p> @@ -9332,7 +9294,7 @@ mouths in a clamorous demand for further supplies.</p> <p>Some of the largest and most imposing of the Uruguayan estancias are situated in the western districts of the Republic. Many of these, such as the -Bichadero, Ombú, and others, are owned by the +Bichadero, Ombú, and others, are owned by the Lemco Company, and constitute most imposing estates, stocked by pedigree cattle.</p> @@ -9758,8 +9720,8 @@ while from France came the noted Durham bull "Tamarin."</p> <div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"><a name="suiza" id="suiza"></a> -<img src="images/illus-311a.jpg" width="450" height="325" alt="CHALÊT" /> -<span class="caption">CHALÊT AT COLONIA SUIZA.</span> +<img src="images/illus-311a.jpg" width="450" height="325" alt="CHALÊT" /> +<span class="caption">CHALÊT AT COLONIA SUIZA.</span> </div> <div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 450px;"><a name="vint" id="vint"></a> @@ -9773,7 +9735,7 @@ To face p. 258. <p>Uruguay, however, does not now depend entirely upon importations from abroad for its pedigree stock. -It already possesses a number of <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">cabañas</i>, or breeding +It already possesses a number of <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">cabañas</i>, or breeding establishments, from which emerge cattle and sheep of a grade sufficiently high to meet with success in the agricultural shows of other countries. These @@ -10000,8 +9962,8 @@ serves.</p> <blockquote> <p class="hanging">The nineteen divisions of Uruguay—Their populations, areas, towns, and -industries—Canelones—Florida—San José—Durazno—Flores—Colonia—Soriano—Rio -Negro—Paysandú—Salto—Artigas—Tacuarembó—Rivera—Cerro +industries—Canelones—Florida—San José—Durazno—Flores—Colonia—Soriano—Rio +Negro—Paysandú—Salto—Artigas—Tacuarembó—Rivera—Cerro Largo—Treinta y Tres—Rocha—Maldonado—Montevideo—Climate—Favourable conditions throughout the Republic—The Atlantic coast line—The summer season—Pleasantly @@ -10019,7 +9981,7 @@ explaining in detail the various areas, populations, and resources of the Republic.</p> <p>Canelones, situated in the midst of the departments -of Montevideo, San José, Florida, Minas, and +of Montevideo, San José, Florida, Minas, and Maldonado, with a coast-line upon the River Plate, possesses an area of 4,751 square kilometres. It is one of the most populous departments, containing @@ -10040,17 +10002,17 @@ has been almost altogether given up to the pastoral industry; but of late agriculture has made great strides.</p> -<p>San José is situated to the west of Canelones, and +<p>San José is situated to the west of Canelones, and likewise possesses a coast-line on the River Plate. Its area is 6,932 square kilometres; population about fifty thousand. The department is connected with Montevideo by two railway lines. The principal town -is San José de Mayo, with a population of just +is San José de Mayo, with a population of just over twelve thousand inhabitants. Rather more than half the department is made up of rich pasture-lands, although the agricultural districts are increasing. In addition to fruit-growing and viticulture, the -timber industry of San José is important, consisting +timber industry of San José is important, consisting of wood both for building purposes and for fuel.</p> <p>Durazno, to the north of Florida, is the most @@ -10076,7 +10038,7 @@ been the source of much geological controversy.</p> <p>Colonia is the richest and most important department of all in the Republic. Lying to the west of -San José, it has the advantage not only of railways +San José, it has the advantage not only of railways but of a lengthy coast-line on the River Plate. Agriculture here has attained to a high pitch of development, and dairy-farming constitutes one of the most @@ -10119,13 +10081,13 @@ In addition to its 120 kilometres of coast-line on the Uruguay it possesses 200 kilometres of river frontage on the River Negro.</p> -<p>Paysandú bounds Rio Negro to the north, with +<p>Paysandú bounds Rio Negro to the north, with a lengthy frontage on the Uruguay River. Its population is forty thousand, of which twenty-one -thousand inhabit the capital, Paysandú, the second +thousand inhabit the capital, Paysandú, the second town of importance in Uruguay. The area of the department is about 14,000 square kilometres. -Paysandú is connected by railway both with the +Paysandú is connected by railway both with the capital and the northern centres. Its industries are chiefly pastoral and agricultural, and a number of meat-curing establishments exist.</p> @@ -10134,7 +10096,7 @@ meat-curing establishments exist.</p> upon the River Uruguay. It contains an area of 12,500 square kilometres and a population of rather over fifty thousand. Its chief town is Salto, that in -actual size is said to exceed that of Paysandú, +actual size is said to exceed that of Paysandú, numbering as it does rather over twenty-two thousand inhabitants. The department is served by railway. The principal industry is that of pasture. The department, @@ -10158,7 +10120,7 @@ to a lesser extent than in the majority of others. The variety of timber is important here, hard woods being found as well as the softer varieties.</p> -<p>Tacuarembó is situated in the northern centre +<p>Tacuarembó is situated in the northern centre of the Republic. That is to say, its frontiers extend from the centre to within a comparatively short distance of the Brazilian frontier. The department is @@ -10168,20 +10130,20 @@ population, however, does not exceed fifty thousand, and it is thus the most sparsely inhabited department of the country. It is served by a railway. The principal town is San Fructuoso, which possesses -eight thousand inhabitants. Tacuarembó is for the +eight thousand inhabitants. Tacuarembó is for the most part devoted to agriculture. Tobacco flourishes in the province, and recent experimental rice plantations have met with a fair amount of success. Gold and manganese are met with in various districts.</p> -<p>Rivera is bounded on the south by Tacuarembó +<p>Rivera is bounded on the south by Tacuarembó and on the north by Brazil. It is a fairly extensive department containing comparatively few inhabitants, but the precise figures of neither the one nor the other seem available. The chief town of the department is Rivera, a city situated on the Brazilian frontier that has a population of ten thousand. The industries -of Rivera are similar to those of Tacuarembó. +of Rivera are similar to those of Tacuarembó. The gold mines here are of considerable importance, and are in active working. The department is served by railway, Rivera being the northernmost Uruguayan @@ -10436,7 +10398,7 @@ the latter—Reasons for the transformation of industry—An outcome of Brazilian protection—The breeding of fine cattle for the European markets—Present situation of the world's meat market—The British Isles as importers of meat—The position in the United States—A -change from the rôle of exporter to that of importer—The increase +change from the rôle of exporter to that of importer—The increase in River Plate shipments—Closeness of touch between South American and English markets—Probable admission of foreign meat into European countries—Intervention of the United States Beef Trust—Purchase @@ -10738,7 +10700,7 @@ total of nearly five million acres at present owned by the concern many hundred thousands of acres exist in Argentina, Paraguay, and even in Rhodesia. As a matter of fact, the working power of the recently -constructed factory at Colón in Entre Rios, upon +constructed factory at Colón in Entre Rios, upon the Argentine bank of the river, exceeds that of Fray Bentos. Nevertheless, the importance of this latter place will be evident enough when it is @@ -10768,7 +10730,7 @@ of wheat has caused this particular area to increase, the main centres in cultivation up to the present have been rather strictly localised. The provinces that contain the really important wheat districts are those -of San José, Colonia, and Canelones. The lines of +of San José, Colonia, and Canelones. The lines of railway, however, that have recently been constructed to the east and west of the Republic are opening up much land that is undoubtedly admirably suited @@ -10868,7 +10830,7 @@ promise of success.</p> <p>The chief goldfields of Uruguay lie in the northern province of Rivera, and are situated in the neighbourhoods -of Corrales, Cuñapiru, and Zapucaya. A +of Corrales, Cuñapiru, and Zapucaya. A district here of from thirty-five to forty miles in length and of about seven miles in breadth is thickly interwoven with auriferous reef. The knowledge of @@ -10906,8 +10868,8 @@ to attract special attention. The quantities of iron, too, that are to be met with here are rather exceptional. Rivera, however, constitutes by no means the sole mineral district of Uruguay. The provinces -of Minas, Artigas, Maldonado, Salto, Paysandú, -Montevideo, and San José are all more or less well +of Minas, Artigas, Maldonado, Salto, Paysandú, +Montevideo, and San José are all more or less well endowed with the various species.</p> <p>Of these remaining centres Minas is probably the @@ -10926,8 +10888,8 @@ at the beginning of the nineteenth century.</p> marble, gypsum, sulphur, and slate, and here, too, the mineral field has remained almost unexploited up to the present. Montevideo holds manganese and iron, -Salto copper, Florida iron, Paysandú copper, and -San José asbestos. These, at all events, constitute +Salto copper, Florida iron, Paysandú copper, and +San José asbestos. These, at all events, constitute the principal centres of the minerals specified, although there are others of comparative insignificance in many other districts.</p> @@ -11001,7 +10963,7 @@ Verdot, Semillon, Sauvignon blanc, Clairette blanche, and some half-dozen others; of the Italian the Piamonte, Grignolino Negro, Asprino, Docetto, Leonarda, Lambrusca, Cipro Negro, and Verdea. -The favourite Spanish varieties are the Cariñana, +The favourite Spanish varieties are the Cariñana, Morrastel Bouchet, Murviedo, Malvosia Blanca, Pedro Ximinez, while from Portugal have been introduced the black and the white grape, and from Germany @@ -11018,7 +10980,7 @@ The departments in which viticulture is chiefly carried on are at Montevideo, that possesses a vineyard area of 1,426 hectares; Salto, 719 hectares; Canelones, 699 hectares; Colonia, 490 hectares; Maldonado, -330 hectares; Paysandú, 177 hectares; Florida, +330 hectares; Paysandú, 177 hectares; Florida, 132 hectares; Soriano, 125 hectares; and Artigas, 97 hectares. In the remaining departments the viticultural industry is of small account.</p> @@ -11051,7 +11013,7 @@ may be taken as authoritative:</p> <p>The aboriginal races of this part of South America were known to have resorted to the coast-line during the summer months for their fishing expeditions, the -Indian race of the Charrúas occupying the coastline +Indian race of the Charrúas occupying the coastline from above the river town of Colonia to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span> borders of the Brazilian frontier at al Chue, on the Atlantic.</p> @@ -11078,7 +11040,7 @@ present rookeries which now afford them protection.</p> coast of Uruguay having been put to practical purposes is that in the year 1834 they were rented by the Government for the period of ten years to -Señor Francisco Aguilar for the sum of $80,000. +Señor Francisco Aguilar for the sum of $80,000. The condition was imposed that he should erect a suitable edifice to be used as a public school in the town of Maldonado. This latter condition was @@ -11242,7 +11204,7 @@ British Government. The master and men were under arrest for a period of ten months, but the case, diplomatically handled at that time by her Majesty's Representative, Mr. Walter Baring -(Minister), and Mr. Robert Peel (Chargé d'Affaires), +(Minister), and Mr. Robert Peel (Chargé d'Affaires), was finally settled with satisfaction to both Governments by the tactful procedure of his Majesty's present Representative, Mr. Robert J. Kennedy, @@ -11459,14 +11421,14 @@ the Chambers embodying a definite scheme of railway communication with various parts of the Republic, the executive being authorised to contract for lines as outlined, and to guarantee an income equal to -£560 per annum per mile of line for a period of +£560 per annum per mile of line for a period of forty years. A result of this enactment was the formation of several companies in England, and railway construction was rapidly proceeded with. By the year 1891, 1,000 miles of line were opened for traffic. In respect of which some 670 miles enjoyed the Government guarantee, equal to 7 per cent. on -a capitalisation of £5,000 per kilometre.</p> +a capitalisation of £5,000 per kilometre.</p> <p>At this point, however, further development received a check by the Government finding it necessary @@ -11481,7 +11443,7 @@ made.</p> <p>In 1889 the Central Uruguay Western Extension Railway Company was formed to construct a line -from San José to the towns of Mercedes, Sauce, +from San José to the towns of Mercedes, Sauce, and Colonia. This line does not enjoy a Government guarantee, and reverts to the Government in the year 1862.</p> @@ -11498,7 +11460,7 @@ companies and length of lines:</p> <div class="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="length"> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">Mileage</td><td align="center">Capital.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">Open.</td><td align="center">£</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">Open.</td><td align="center">£</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Central Uruguay Railway, including Western Extension and</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> North Eastern of Uruguay Railway Co., Ltd.</td><td align="right">482</td><td align="left">5,403,018 }</td><td align="left">worked by</td></tr> @@ -11516,7 +11478,7 @@ companies and length of lines:</p> <p>The amount of interest, &c., paid on the above capital may be seen in the table on the following page, which is equal to rather over 4<sup><small>1</small></sup>⁄<sub><small>5</small></sub> per cent. on the -whole capital of £13,444,089.</p> +whole capital of £13,444,089.</p> <p>The railway system of Uruguay may be said to be represented by the following companies:</p> @@ -11525,7 +11487,7 @@ be represented by the following companies:</p> <p>The Midland Uruguay System, which joins that of the Central and forms a means of communication -with the cities of Paysandú and Salto, with a +with the cities of Paysandú and Salto, with a branch to the town of Fray Bentos, now almost completed.</p> @@ -11544,7 +11506,7 @@ distance of seventy-eight miles.</p> <div class="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="interest"> -<tr><td align="center">£</td><td align="left">Interest paid on Capital.</td><td align="center">Per Cent.</td><td align="center">£</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">£</td><td align="left">Interest paid on Capital.</td><td align="center">Per Cent.</td><td align="center">£</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="right">2,000,000</td><td align="left">Central Uruguay Ordinary Stock</td><td align="left">5</td><td align="right">100,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="right">400,000</td><td align="left"> " " Preference Shares</td><td align="left">5<sup><small>1</small></sup>⁄<sub><small>2</small></sub></td><td align="right">22,000</td></tr> @@ -11574,7 +11536,7 @@ distance of seventy-eight miles.</p> <tr><td align="right">125,000</td><td align="left">Uruguay East Coast Railway Ordinary Shares</td><td align="left">nil</td><td align="right">——</td></tr> <tr><td align="right">184,980</td><td align="left">Uruguay East Coast Railway Debenture Stock</td><td align="left">nil</td><td align="right">——</td></tr> <tr><td align="right">———</td><td align="center">—————————</td><td align="right">———</td><td align="right">———</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">£14,044,089</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">£599,009</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">£14,044,089</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">£599,009</td></tr> </table></div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span></p> @@ -11699,8 +11661,8 @@ second port of the Republic.</p> <p>The receipts in Uruguay of the Midland Company have shown some expansion of late years, having -increased from £55,000 in the year ending June 30, -1904, to £88,165 in 1909-10 (see opposite page).</p> +increased from £55,000 in the year ending June 30, +1904, to £88,165 in 1909-10 (see opposite page).</p> <p><em>The North-Western of Uruguay Railway and Uruguay Northern Railway.</em>—The remarks with @@ -12160,7 +12122,7 @@ left so great a mark on Uruguayan history. Each of these is a power in himself, according to the extent of his following; for each can count upon his own particular body of armed men just as surely as could -the feudal knights upon their mediæval retainers. +the feudal knights upon their mediæval retainers. These personalities are naturally marked, and their movements are closely watched in a period of unrest.</p> @@ -12267,7 +12229,7 @@ applies.</p> <p>The districts in which the Blancos are most strongly represented of all are those of the northern provinces -of Tacuarembó and Rivera, more especially the latter, +of Tacuarembó and Rivera, more especially the latter, since it offers in case of need the refuge of the Brazilian frontier. Party feeling at all times runs high, and in these districts that are almost altogether @@ -12531,7 +12493,7 @@ EXPORTED DURING 1908</p> <tr><td align="left">Marseilles</td><td align="right">94,418</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Hamburg and Bremen</td><td align="right">28,003</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Dunkirk</td><td align="right">21,901</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Ambères</td><td align="right">17,926</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ambères</td><td align="right">17,926</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Havre</td><td align="right">12,953</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Liverpool</td><td align="right">7,003</td></tr> </table></div> @@ -12619,7 +12581,7 @@ DURING 1909</p> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">Imports.</td><td align="center">Exports.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">———</td><td align="center">———</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Montevideo</td><td align="right">$34,251,069</td><td align="right">$32,685,267</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Paysandú</td><td align="right">924,112</td><td align="right">2,933,884</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Paysandú</td><td align="right">924,112</td><td align="right">2,933,884</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Salto</td><td align="right">571,371</td><td align="right">2,000,038</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Fray Bentos</td><td align="right">272,535</td><td align="right">2,538,870</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Colonia</td><td align="right">513,684</td><td align="right">2,770,862</td></tr> @@ -12641,27 +12603,27 @@ AREA OF DEPARTMENTS</p> <tr><td align="left">Departments.</td><td align="center">Kilometres.</td><td align="center">Area</td><td align="center">Area to</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">Hectares.</td><td align="center">the whole.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Montevideo</td><td align="right">664</td><td align="right">1,074</td><td align="right">1·61</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Artigas</td><td align="right">11,378</td><td align="right">1,321</td><td align="right">0·11</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Canelones</td><td align="right">4,751</td><td align="right">139,721</td><td align="right">29·40</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Cerro Largo</td><td align="right">14,928</td><td align="right">11,129</td><td align="right">0·74</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Colonia</td><td align="right">5,681</td><td align="right">107,815</td><td align="right">18·98</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Durazno</td><td align="right">14,314</td><td align="right">5,100</td><td align="right">0·35</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Flores</td><td align="right">4,518</td><td align="right">3,842</td><td align="right">0·85</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Florida</td><td align="right">12,107</td><td align="right">33,382</td><td align="right">2·75</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Maldonado</td><td align="right">4,111</td><td align="right">11,530</td><td align="right">2·80</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Minas</td><td align="right">12,484</td><td align="right">31,079</td><td align="right">2·49</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Paysandú</td><td align="right">13,252</td><td align="right">5,707</td><td align="right">0·43</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Rio Negro</td><td align="right">8,470</td><td align="right">1,727</td><td align="right">0·20</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Rivera</td><td align="right">9,828</td><td align="right">3,986</td><td align="right">0·40</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Rocha</td><td align="right">11,088</td><td align="right">7,662</td><td align="right">0·69</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Salto</td><td align="right">12,603</td><td align="right">2,202</td><td align="right">0·17</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">San José</td><td align="right">6,962</td><td align="right">102,866</td><td align="right">14·77</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Soriano</td><td align="right">9,223</td><td align="right">21,487</td><td align="right">2·33</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Tacuarembó</td><td align="right">21,015</td><td align="right">2,385</td><td align="right">0·11</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Treinta y Tres</td><td align="right">9,539</td><td align="right">6,329</td><td align="right">0·66</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Montevideo</td><td align="right">664</td><td align="right">1,074</td><td align="right">1·61</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Artigas</td><td align="right">11,378</td><td align="right">1,321</td><td align="right">0·11</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Canelones</td><td align="right">4,751</td><td align="right">139,721</td><td align="right">29·40</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cerro Largo</td><td align="right">14,928</td><td align="right">11,129</td><td align="right">0·74</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Colonia</td><td align="right">5,681</td><td align="right">107,815</td><td align="right">18·98</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Durazno</td><td align="right">14,314</td><td align="right">5,100</td><td align="right">0·35</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Flores</td><td align="right">4,518</td><td align="right">3,842</td><td align="right">0·85</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Florida</td><td align="right">12,107</td><td align="right">33,382</td><td align="right">2·75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Maldonado</td><td align="right">4,111</td><td align="right">11,530</td><td align="right">2·80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Minas</td><td align="right">12,484</td><td align="right">31,079</td><td align="right">2·49</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Paysandú</td><td align="right">13,252</td><td align="right">5,707</td><td align="right">0·43</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rio Negro</td><td align="right">8,470</td><td align="right">1,727</td><td align="right">0·20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rivera</td><td align="right">9,828</td><td align="right">3,986</td><td align="right">0·40</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rocha</td><td align="right">11,088</td><td align="right">7,662</td><td align="right">0·69</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Salto</td><td align="right">12,603</td><td align="right">2,202</td><td align="right">0·17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">San José</td><td align="right">6,962</td><td align="right">102,866</td><td align="right">14·77</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Soriano</td><td align="right">9,223</td><td align="right">21,487</td><td align="right">2·33</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tacuarembó</td><td align="right">21,015</td><td align="right">2,385</td><td align="right">0·11</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Treinta y Tres</td><td align="right">9,539</td><td align="right">6,329</td><td align="right">0·66</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">Total</td><td align="right">186,929</td><td align="right">500,347</td><td align="right">2·67</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Total</td><td align="right">186,929</td><td align="right">500,347</td><td align="right">2·67</td></tr> </table></div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span></p> @@ -12712,9 +12674,9 @@ AND FOREIGN PROPRIETORS</p> <tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Artigas</td><td align="right">514,328</td><td align="right">43,489</td><td align="right">791,969</td><td align="right">6,060</td><td align="right">1,296</td><td align="right">1,501</td><td align="right">1,358,643</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Salto</td><td align="right">614,806</td><td align="right">45,819</td><td align="right">1,076,878</td><td align="right">3,234</td><td align="right">1,622</td><td align="right">2,957</td><td align="right">1,746,316</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Paysandú</td><td align="right">686,159</td><td align="right">44,685</td><td align="right">1,071,382</td><td align="right">1,881</td><td align="right">330</td><td align="right">1,734</td><td align="right">1,806,171</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Paysandú</td><td align="right">686,159</td><td align="right">44,685</td><td align="right">1,071,382</td><td align="right">1,881</td><td align="right">330</td><td align="right">1,734</td><td align="right">1,806,171</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Rio Negro</td><td align="right">525,086</td><td align="right">22,346</td><td align="right">1,060,344</td><td align="right">769</td><td align="right">419</td><td align="right">934</td><td align="right">1,609,898</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Tacuarembó</td><td align="right">560,406</td><td align="right">38,468</td><td align="right">922,081</td><td align="right">1,683</td><td align="right">874</td><td align="right">4,406</td><td align="right">1,527,918</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tacuarembó</td><td align="right">560,406</td><td align="right">38,468</td><td align="right">922,081</td><td align="right">1,683</td><td align="right">874</td><td align="right">4,406</td><td align="right">1,527,918</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Rivera</td><td align="right">292,704</td><td align="right">28,993</td><td align="right">207,236</td><td align="right">1,063</td><td align="right">983</td><td align="right">3,234</td><td align="right">534,213</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Treinta y Tres</td><td align="right">382,803</td><td align="right">29,160</td><td align="right">892,815</td><td align="right">384</td><td align="right">265</td><td align="right">4,158</td><td align="right">1,309,585</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Cerro Largo</td><td align="right">591,007</td><td align="right">30,999</td><td align="right">662,184</td><td align="right">629</td><td align="right">67</td><td align="right">5,247</td><td align="right">1,290,133</td></tr> @@ -12723,7 +12685,7 @@ AND FOREIGN PROPRIETORS</p> <tr><td align="left">Maldinado</td><td align="right">121,176</td><td align="right">17,894</td><td align="right">695,833</td><td align="right">182</td><td align="right">1,629</td><td align="right">5,472</td><td align="right">842,186</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Durazno</td><td align="right">429,451</td><td align="right">31,762</td><td align="right">1,978,391</td><td align="right">950</td><td align="right">140</td><td align="right">2,217</td><td align="right">2,442,911</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Flores</td><td align="right">154,776</td><td align="right">16,719</td><td align="right">1,474,664</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">104</td><td align="right">1,346</td><td align="right">1,647,763</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">San José</td><td align="right">142,130</td><td align="right">12,518</td><td align="right">482,436</td><td align="right">517</td><td align="right">158</td><td align="right">1,799</td><td align="right">639,558</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">San José</td><td align="right">142,130</td><td align="right">12,518</td><td align="right">482,436</td><td align="right">517</td><td align="right">158</td><td align="right">1,799</td><td align="right">639,558</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Florida</td><td align="right">338,012</td><td align="right">25,037</td><td align="right">1,654,940</td><td align="right">536</td><td align="right">186</td><td align="right">2,723</td><td align="right">2,021,434</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Soriano</td><td align="right">407,037</td><td align="right">35,968</td><td align="right">2,056,795</td><td align="right">688</td><td align="right">229</td><td align="right">1,170</td><td align="right">2,501,887</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Colonia</td><td align="right">225,475</td><td align="right">28,868</td><td align="right">785,697</td><td align="right">1,039</td><td align="right">422</td><td align="right">4,499</td><td align="right">1,043,209</td></tr> @@ -12742,10 +12704,10 @@ UNITED KINGDOM IN 1909</p> <div class="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="uk1909"> -<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">£</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">£</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Meat (chilled, frozen, extracts), &c.</td><td align="right">732,125</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Wool</td><td align="right">173,738</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Hides and skins (including sealskins, £8,440)</td><td align="right">62,703</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hides and skins (including sealskins, £8,440)</td><td align="right">62,703</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Bones</td><td align="right">10,089</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Tallow</td><td align="right">76,688</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Wheat</td><td align="right">20,054</td></tr> @@ -12760,7 +12722,7 @@ KINGDOM TO URUGUAY IN 1909</p> <div class="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="From UK 1909"> -<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">£</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">£</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Coal</td><td align="right">699,260</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Coke</td><td align="right">11,339</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Woollens, Manchester and Bradford goods</td><td align="right">712,067</td></tr> @@ -12790,7 +12752,7 @@ KINGDOM TO URUGUAY IN 1909</p> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">1908-9.</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">1910-11.</td></tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">Dollars</td><td align="right">Cents</td><td align="right">£</td><td align="right">Dollars</td><td align="right">Cents</td><td align="right">£</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">Dollars</td><td align="right">Cents</td><td align="right">£</td><td align="right">Dollars</td><td align="right">Cents</td><td align="right">£</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Legislature</td><td align="right">541,476</td><td align="right">61</td><td align="right">115,208</td><td align="right">558,864</td><td align="right">33</td><td align="right">118,907</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Presidency of the Republic</td><td align="right">77,938</td><td align="right">21</td><td align="right">16,582</td><td align="right">76,471</td><td align="right">40</td><td align="right">16,270</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</td><td align="right">473,280</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="right">100,698</td><td align="right">534,898</td><td align="right">37</td><td align="right">113,808</td></tr> @@ -12834,7 +12796,7 @@ DERIVED</p> <div class="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="source"> <tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">$</td><td align="center">£</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">$</td><td align="center">£</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Customs Revenue</td><td align="right">13,620,000</td><td align="right">2,897,872</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Property tax—</td></tr> @@ -12865,22 +12827,22 @@ DERIVED</p> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">Circulation.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">$</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">$</td><td align="center">$</td><td align="center">$</td><td align="center">$</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">1897</td><td align="right">1,659,098</td><td align="right">892,430</td><td align="right">524,982</td><td align="right">2,849,586</td><td align="right">5,000,000</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">2·649</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">1898</td><td align="right">3,095,343</td><td align="right">2,691,652</td><td align="right">834,339</td><td align="right">3,418,435</td><td align="right">5,020,303</td><td align="right">20,303</td><td align="right">2·762</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">1899</td><td align="right">4,431,313</td><td align="right">4,551,419</td><td align="right">1,604,669</td><td align="right">4,527,312</td><td align="right">5,037,633</td><td align="right">37,633</td><td align="right">3·273</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">1900</td><td align="right">4,739.788</td><td align="right">5,010,388</td><td align="right">2,427,891</td><td align="right">5,936,920</td><td align="right">5,058,243</td><td align="right">58,243</td><td align="right">4·030</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">1901</td><td align="right">4,633,957</td><td align="right">5,223,569</td><td align="right">2,704,441</td><td align="right">6,353,506</td><td align="right">5,083,713</td><td align="right">80,713</td><td align="right">5·504</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">1902</td><td align="right">6,541,015</td><td align="right">6,008,603</td><td align="right">3,345,939</td><td align="right">7,012,434</td><td align="right">5,118,692</td><td align="right">118,692</td><td align="right">5·410</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">1903</td><td align="right">7,616,593</td><td align="right">6,862,538</td><td align="right">4,111,762</td><td align="right">7,352,943</td><td align="right">5,153,302</td><td align="right">153,302</td><td align="right">5·596</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">1904</td><td align="right">6,120,185</td><td align="right">5,256,811</td><td align="right">2,472,016</td><td align="right">5,460,727</td><td align="right">5,223,118</td><td align="right">223,118</td><td align="right">7·044</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">1905</td><td align="right">9,382,287</td><td align="right">8,195,477</td><td align="right">4,109,257</td><td align="right">6,608,587</td><td align="right">5,255,118</td><td align="right">255,118</td><td align="right">7·107</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">1906</td><td align="right">10,339,651</td><td align="right">10,396,740</td><td align="right">4,730,672</td><td align="right">8,971,758</td><td align="right">5,281,626</td><td align="right">281,626</td><td align="right">6·736</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">1907</td><td align="right">11,362,879</td><td align="right">12,323,869</td><td align="right">5,032,657</td><td align="right">12,483,812</td><td align="right">6,326,600</td><td align="right">326,600</td><td align="right">9·209</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">1908</td><td align="right">13,080,825</td><td align="right">13,773,633</td><td align="right">5,455,804</td><td align="right">15,345,513</td><td align="right">6,399,425</td><td align="right">399,425</td><td align="right">12·754</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">1909</td><td align="right">17,598,920</td><td align="right">15,936,961</td><td align="right">8,001,301</td><td align="right">16,223,624</td><td align="right">6,857,901</td><td align="right">501,446</td><td align="right">11·217</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1897</td><td align="right">1,659,098</td><td align="right">892,430</td><td align="right">524,982</td><td align="right">2,849,586</td><td align="right">5,000,000</td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">2·649</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1898</td><td align="right">3,095,343</td><td align="right">2,691,652</td><td align="right">834,339</td><td align="right">3,418,435</td><td align="right">5,020,303</td><td align="right">20,303</td><td align="right">2·762</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1899</td><td align="right">4,431,313</td><td align="right">4,551,419</td><td align="right">1,604,669</td><td align="right">4,527,312</td><td align="right">5,037,633</td><td align="right">37,633</td><td align="right">3·273</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1900</td><td align="right">4,739.788</td><td align="right">5,010,388</td><td align="right">2,427,891</td><td align="right">5,936,920</td><td align="right">5,058,243</td><td align="right">58,243</td><td align="right">4·030</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1901</td><td align="right">4,633,957</td><td align="right">5,223,569</td><td align="right">2,704,441</td><td align="right">6,353,506</td><td align="right">5,083,713</td><td align="right">80,713</td><td align="right">5·504</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1902</td><td align="right">6,541,015</td><td align="right">6,008,603</td><td align="right">3,345,939</td><td align="right">7,012,434</td><td align="right">5,118,692</td><td align="right">118,692</td><td align="right">5·410</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1903</td><td align="right">7,616,593</td><td align="right">6,862,538</td><td align="right">4,111,762</td><td align="right">7,352,943</td><td align="right">5,153,302</td><td align="right">153,302</td><td align="right">5·596</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1904</td><td align="right">6,120,185</td><td align="right">5,256,811</td><td align="right">2,472,016</td><td align="right">5,460,727</td><td align="right">5,223,118</td><td align="right">223,118</td><td align="right">7·044</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1905</td><td align="right">9,382,287</td><td align="right">8,195,477</td><td align="right">4,109,257</td><td align="right">6,608,587</td><td align="right">5,255,118</td><td align="right">255,118</td><td align="right">7·107</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1906</td><td align="right">10,339,651</td><td align="right">10,396,740</td><td align="right">4,730,672</td><td align="right">8,971,758</td><td align="right">5,281,626</td><td align="right">281,626</td><td align="right">6·736</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1907</td><td align="right">11,362,879</td><td align="right">12,323,869</td><td align="right">5,032,657</td><td align="right">12,483,812</td><td align="right">6,326,600</td><td align="right">326,600</td><td align="right">9·209</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1908</td><td align="right">13,080,825</td><td align="right">13,773,633</td><td align="right">5,455,804</td><td align="right">15,345,513</td><td align="right">6,399,425</td><td align="right">399,425</td><td align="right">12·754</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1909</td><td align="right">17,598,920</td><td align="right">15,936,961</td><td align="right">8,001,301</td><td align="right">16,223,624</td><td align="right">6,857,901</td><td align="right">501,446</td><td align="right">11·217</td></tr> </table></div> -<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Rate of Exchange: $4.70 = £1.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Rate of Exchange: $4.70 = £1.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span></p> @@ -12904,7 +12866,7 @@ DERIVED</p> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">—————</td></tr> <tr><td align="right">Total</td><td align="right">77,110,433</td></tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">£</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">£</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Equivalent in sterling</td><td align="right">16,406,475</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">—————</td></tr> </table></div> @@ -12928,7 +12890,7 @@ DERIVED</p> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">—————</td></tr> <tr><td align="right">Total</td><td align="right">77,110,433</td></tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">£</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">£</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Equivalent in sterling</td><td align="right">16,406,475</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">—————</td></tr> </table></div> @@ -13060,7 +13022,7 @@ URUGUAY</p> <p class="center"><br />POSTAL SERVICE</p> <p>The Revenue from the Postal Services for the year 1909 amounts to -£132,307, and the expenditure as authorised by the Government £106,085.</p> +£132,307, and the expenditure as authorised by the Government £106,085.</p> <div class="figcenter"> <a href="images/407large.jpg"> @@ -13238,7 +13200,7 @@ Cereals, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>-5<br /> <br /> Charity, Commission of, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br /> <br /> -Charrúa Indians, kill de Solis, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;<br /> +Charrúa Indians, kill de Solis, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">destroy S. Sebastian, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempt to sack Montevideo, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">practically exterminated, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-47</span><br /> @@ -13259,7 +13221,7 @@ Climate, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> <br /> Clubs, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>-9<br /> <br /> -Colón, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +Colón, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> <br /> Colonia, foundation of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in hands of Portuguese, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> @@ -13391,7 +13353,7 @@ Fulgurites, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> <br /> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span>G<br /> <br /> -Garay, Juan de, defeats Zapicán, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +Garay, Juan de, defeats Zapicán, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> <br /> Garibaldi, as privateer, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br /> <br /> @@ -13418,9 +13380,9 @@ H<br /> <br /> Hares, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> <br /> -Herán, Padre, Jesuit, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +Herán, Padre, Jesuit, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> <br /> -Hernandarias, defeated by Charrúa Indians, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;<br /> +Hernandarias, defeated by Charrúa Indians, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">ships cattle and horses to Colonia to breed in wild state, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></span><br /> <br /> Hervidero, headquarters of Artigas, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> @@ -13446,7 +13408,7 @@ Imports, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;<br /> Independence, War of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>See History</em>, <em>Revolutions</em></span><br /> <br /> -Indians, Charrúas, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;<br /> +Indians, Charrúas, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">become carnivorous and equestrians, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">campaign against, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">rising crushed, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> @@ -13605,9 +13567,9 @@ Paraguay, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">appealed to during Revolution, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Paraguayan War, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-3</span><br /> <br /> -Paysandú, centre of meat industry, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>-2<br /> +Paysandú, centre of meat industry, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>-2<br /> <br /> -Paysandú, department, <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /> +Paysandú, department, <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /> <br /> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span>Pelota, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> <br /> @@ -13619,7 +13581,7 @@ Pines, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> <br /> Piracy in eighteenth century, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> <br /> -Piria, Señor, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>-200, <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +Piria, Señor, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>-200, <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> <br /> Piriapolis, <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> <br /> @@ -13671,7 +13633,7 @@ Republican Constitution, the, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br /> <br /> Revenue, tables of, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>-6<br /> <br /> -Revolutions: the War of Independence commences at Paysandú, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;<br /> +Revolutions: the War of Independence commences at Paysandú, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Portuguese intervention, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">independence proclaimed, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">independence recognised after expulsion of the Brazilians, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br /> @@ -13725,7 +13687,7 @@ Salto, department, <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /> <br /> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span>Salto, town, <a href="#Page_234">234</a><br /> <br /> -San José, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +San José, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> <br /> San Juan, department, <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> <br /> @@ -13760,7 +13722,7 @@ Spain, turns attention to Uruguay, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;<br /> <br /> Steamer traffic. <em>See Shipping.</em><br /> <br /> -Suárez, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br /> +Suárez, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br /> <br /> Swine, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> <br /> @@ -13806,7 +13768,7 @@ Treinta y Tres, department, <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br /> <br /> Triumvirate, the abortive, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> <br /> -Tunnel, Bañada de Rocha, <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +Tunnel, Bañada de Rocha, <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> <br /> <br /> U<br /> @@ -13890,9 +13852,9 @@ Yaros Indians, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> <br /> Z<br /> <br /> -Zapicán, famous Indian chief, defeats Zarate, is defeated and killed by J. de Garay, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +Zapicán, famous Indian chief, defeats Zarate, is defeated and killed by J. de Garay, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> <br /> -Zarate, founds a settlement, and is defeated by Zapicán, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +Zarate, founds a settlement, and is defeated by Zapicán, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> <br /> Zavala, captures Montevideo, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> </div> @@ -14006,382 +13968,6 @@ valorisation of coffee, the treatment deserves to be called masterly."—<i> </div> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Uruguay, by W. 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