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diff --git a/42466-h/42466-h.htm b/42466-h/42466-h.htm index 7ebcd30..84dfca2 100644 --- a/42466-h/42466-h.htm +++ b/42466-h/42466-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Facts and Fancies in Modern Science, @@ -152,48 +152,7 @@ padding-right: .5em;} </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Facts and fancies in modern science, by -John William Dawson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Facts and fancies in modern science - Studies of the relations of science to prevalent - speculations and religious belief - -Author: John William Dawson - -Release Date: April 3, 2013 [EBook #42466] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FACTS, FANCIES IN MODERN SCIENCE *** - - - - -Produced by Albert László, JoAnn Greenwood, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42466 ***</div> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 384px;"> <img src="images/cover-page.jpg" width="384" height="600" alt="Cover" title="" /> @@ -1949,7 +1908,7 @@ dissent from this view, and maintain that even in the earliest stages material differences can be observed. In this they are probably right, as even Haeckel has to admit some degree of -divergence from this all-embracing "gastrća" +divergence from this all-embracing "gastræa" theory. Admitting, however, that such early similarity exists within certain limits, we find that, as the embryo advances, it speedily begins @@ -2082,9 +2041,9 @@ of man.</p> <p>In point of fact, it cannot be disguised that, though it is possible to pick out some series of animal forms, like the horses and camels -referred to by some palćontologists, which +referred to by some palæontologists, which simulate a genetic order, the general testimony -of palćontology is, on the whole, adverse to +of palæontology is, on the whole, adverse to the ordinary theories of evolution, whether applied to the vegetable or to the animal kingdom. This the writer has elsewhere endeavored @@ -2323,7 +2282,7 @@ Lower Carboniferous Age, from the lowest Carboniferous beds in Nova Scotia—an evidence of the fact that the number five was already selected for the hands and feet of the earliest known land vertebrates, and that the decimal system of notation, with all that -it involves to man, was determined in the Palćozoic Age. The upper +it involves to man, was determined in the Palæozoic Age. The upper figure natural size, the lower reduced.</p> <p>The difficulties above referred to relate to the @@ -2436,8 +2395,8 @@ almost exclusively biological and confined to the animal kingdom, and to the special line of descent attributed to man. The monistic hypothesis becomes, as already stated, still -less tenable when tested by the facts of palćontology. -Hence most of the palćontologists +less tenable when tested by the facts of palæontology. +Hence most of the palæontologists who favor evolution appear to shrink from the extreme position of Haeckel. Gaudry, one of the ablest of this school, in his recent @@ -2450,7 +2409,7 @@ creative plan, concluding with the words: "We <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> may still leave out of the question the processes by which the Author of the world has -produced the changes of which palćontology +produced the changes of which palæontology presents the picture." In like manner, the Count de Saporta in his <i>World of Plants</i> closes his summary of the periods of vegetation @@ -2650,7 +2609,7 @@ In the latter as well as in the former the ribs originate from the skin-fibrous layer, and are to be regarded phylogenetically as lower or ventral -vertebrć."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> +vertebræ."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span></p> <p>There is no accounting for tastes, yet we @@ -2956,7 +2915,7 @@ and of Life-Epochs.</span></p> <td class="tdl tdbrb">{Upper,<br />{Middle, or Muschelkalk.<br />{Lower.</td> <td class="tdc tdblrb">(Earliest Marsupial Mammals.)</td></tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc tdblr" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Palćozoic.</span></td> +<td class="tdc tdblr" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Palæozoic.</span></td> <td class="tdc tdblr"> </td> <td class="tdc tdblr"> </td></tr> <tr> @@ -2976,7 +2935,7 @@ and of Life-Epochs.</span></p> <td class="tdlp tdbl"><i>Silurian</i></td> <td class="tdl tdbr">{Upper,<br />{Lower, or Siluro-Cambrian.</td> <td class="tdc tdblrb" rowspan="2">Age of <i>Mollusks</i>, <i>Corals</i> and <i>Crustaceans</i>.</td> -<td class="tdc tdblrb" rowspan="2">(Earliest Land Plants.) Age of <i>Algć</i>.</td></tr> +<td class="tdc tdblrb" rowspan="2">(Earliest Land Plants.) Age of <i>Algæ</i>.</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdlp tdblb"><i>Cambrian</i></td> <td class="tdl tdbrb">{Upper.<br />{Middle.<br />{Lower.</td></tr> @@ -3084,7 +3043,7 @@ but constructed on the same principles and filling the same places in nature.</p> <p>If we inquire as to the history of this swarming -marine life of the early Palćozoic, we find +marine life of the early Palæozoic, we find that its several species, after enduring for a longer or a shorter time, one by one became extinct and were replaced by others belonging @@ -3099,7 +3058,7 @@ than elevation. New, and sometimes higher, forms, it is true, appear in the progress of time, but it is impossible, except by violent suppositions, to connect them genetically with any predecessors. -The succession throughout the Palćozoic +The succession throughout the Palæozoic presents the appearance rather of the unchanged persistence of each group under a succession of specific forms, and the introduction @@ -3108,7 +3067,7 @@ from time to time of new groups, as if to replace others which were in process of decay and disappearance.</p> -<p>In the later half of the Palćozoic we find a +<p>In the later half of the Palæozoic we find a number of higher forms breaking upon us with the same apparent suddenness as in the case of the early Cambrian animals. Fishes appear, and @@ -3155,7 +3114,7 @@ animals were evolved from Protozoa by slow and gradual changes, the time required would be greater than that which intervened between the Cambrian period and the present time.</p> -<p>This wonderful Palćozoic Age was, however, +<p>This wonderful Palæozoic Age was, however, but a temporary state of the earth. It passed away, and was replaced by the Mesozoic, emphatically the reign of reptiles, when animals @@ -3176,7 +3135,7 @@ forerunners of the coming age. Birds also <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> make their appearance, and at the close of the period forests of broad-leaved trees altogether -different from those of the Palćozoic +different from those of the Palæozoic Age, and resembling those of our modern woods, appear for the first time over great portions of the northern hemisphere.</p> @@ -3246,7 +3205,7 @@ resemblance between processes altogether different in their nature, and therefore in their <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> causes. The greater part, however, of the -more experienced palćontologists, or students +more experienced palæontologists, or students of fossils, have long ago seen that in the larger field of the earth's history there is very much that cannot be found in the narrower field of @@ -3306,7 +3265,7 @@ the old trilobites have had lenses and tubes similar to those in the eyes of modern crustaceans, we have evidence of the persistence of the laws of light. When we see the structures -of Palćozoic leaves identical with those of our +of Palæozoic leaves identical with those of our modern forests, we know that the arrangements of the soil, the atmosphere, and the rain were the same at that ancient time as @@ -3338,7 +3297,7 @@ for example, the reptiles of the Mesozoic Age were the lords of creation, there was apparently no place for the larger Mammalia which appear at the close of the reptile dynasty. So -in the Palćozoic, when trees of the cryptogamous +in the Palæozoic, when trees of the cryptogamous type predominated, there seems to have been no room in nature for the forests of modern type which succeeded them. Thus @@ -3510,14 +3469,14 @@ closely resembling the modern horse being procurable from successive Tertiary deposits, often widely separated in time and place. In Europe, on the other hand, the ancestry of the horse -has been traced back to <i>Palćotherium</i>—an entirely +has been traced back to <i>Palæotherium</i>—an entirely different form—by just as likely indications. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> Both genealogies can scarcely be true, and there is no actual proof of either. The existing American horses, which are of European parentage, are, according to the theory, descendants -of <i>Palćotherium</i>, not of <i>Orohippus</i>; but +of <i>Palæotherium</i>, not of <i>Orohippus</i>; but if we had not known this on historical evidence, there would have been nothing to prevent us from tracing them to the latter animal. This @@ -3526,15 +3485,15 @@ that such genealogies are not of the nature of scientific evidence.</p> <p>It is further to be observed that some of the -ablest palćontologists, and those who have enjoyed +ablest palæontologists, and those who have enjoyed the largest opportunities of observation and comparison, attach no value whatever to theories of evolution as accounting for the origin of species. One of these is Joachim -Barrande, the palćontologist of Bohemia, and +Barrande, the palæontologist of Bohemia, and the first authority in Europe on the fossils of the older formations. Barrande, like some -other eminent palćontologists, has the misfortune +other eminent palæontologists, has the misfortune to be an unbeliever in the modern gospel of evolution, but he has certainly labored to overcome his doubts with greater assiduity than @@ -3547,7 +3506,7 @@ work on the Silurian fossils of Bohemia, it has been necessary for him to study the similar remains of every other country; and he has used this immense mass of material in preparing -statistics of the population of the Palćozoic +statistics of the population of the Palæozoic world more perfect than any other naturalist has been able to produce. In successive memoirs he has applied these statistical results to @@ -3643,12 +3602,12 @@ by geological facts:</p> <p>He shows that the same or very similar proportions hold with respect to the cephalopods and trilobites, and, in fact, that the proportion -of species in the successive Silurian faunć +of species in the successive Silurian faunæ which can be attributed to descent with modification is absolutely <i>nil</i>. He may well remark that in the face of such facts the origin of species is not explained by what he terms <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">les -élans poétiques de l'imagination</i>.</p> +Ă©lans poĂ©tiques de l'imagination</i>.</p> <p>The third part of Barrande's memoir, relating to the comparison of the Silurian brachiopods @@ -3671,12 +3630,12 @@ current for science in England, America, and Germany. Barrande's studies are also well deserving the attention of our younger men of science, as they have before them, more especially -in the widely-spread Palćozoic formations +in the widely-spread Palæozoic formations of America, an admirable field for similar work. In an appendix to his first chapter Barrande mentions that the three men who in their respective countries are the highest authorities -on Palćozoic brachiopods, Hall, Davidson, and +on Palæozoic brachiopods, Hall, Davidson, and De Koninck, agree with him in the main in his conclusions, and he refers to an able memoir by D'Archiac in the same sense, on the cretaceous @@ -3684,7 +3643,7 @@ brachiopods.</p> <p>It should be especially satisfactory to those naturalists who, like the writer, had failed to -see in the palćontological record any good +see in the palæontological record any good evidence for the production of species by those simple and ready methods in vogue with most evolutionists, to note the extension @@ -3863,9 +3822,9 @@ Still further, the ablest naturalists, before the rise of Darwinism, held that man was entitled to be placed in a separate family or order from the apes. Modern evolutionists prefer to fall -back on the old arrangement of Linnćus, and +back on the old arrangement of Linnæus, and to place man and apes together in the group -of Primates, which, however, Linnćus would +of Primates, which, however, Linnæus would not have regarded as precisely of the same value with an order as now held. In this those of them who have sufficient ability to comprehend @@ -4077,8 +4036,8 @@ possessor of wider continental areas than his descendants now enjoy. To this age belong those human bones and implements found in the older cave and gravel deposits of Europe, -and which are referred to those palćolithic or -palćocosmic ages which preceded the dawn of +and which are referred to those palæolithic or +palæocosmic ages which preceded the dawn of history in Europe and the arrival therein of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> the present European races. The occupation @@ -4116,12 +4075,12 @@ glacial conditions, and a great submergence of the northern land.</p> <p>(<i>a</i>) <i>Post-Glacial</i>, or Second Continental Period, in which the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> -land was again very extensive, and palćocosmic man was contemporary +land was again very extensive, and palæocosmic man was contemporary with some great mammals—as the mammoth, now extinct—and the area of land in the northern hemisphere was greater than at present. (This represents the Late Pleistocene of Dawkins.) It was terminated by a great and very general subsidence, -accompanied by the disappearance of palćocosmic man +accompanied by the disappearance of palæocosmic man and some large Mammalia, and which may be identical with the historical deluge.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> @@ -4130,7 +4089,7 @@ existing races of men colonized Europe, and living species of mammals. This includes both the Prehistoric and the Historic Period.</p></blockquote> -<p>The palćocosmic men of the above table are +<p>The palæocosmic men of the above table are the oldest certainly known to us, and it has been truly said of them that they are so closely related to modern races that, on any hypothesis @@ -4166,7 +4125,7 @@ This cavern is a shelter or hollow under an overhanging ledge of limestone, and excavated originally by the action of the weather on a softer bed. It fronts the south-west and -the little river Vezčre; and, having originally +the little river Vezère; and, having originally been about eight feet high and nearly twenty deep, must have formed a cosey shelter from rain or cold or summer sun, and with a pleasant @@ -4202,10 +4161,10 @@ in connection with them, unquestionably belong to the oldest human inhabitants known in Western Europe. They have been most carefully examined by several competent anatomists and -archćologists, and the results have been published +archæologists, and the results have been published <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> -with excellent figures in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Reliquić -Aquitanicć</i>. They are, therefore, of the utmost +with excellent figures in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Reliquiæ +Aquitanicæ</i>. They are, therefore, of the utmost interest for our present purpose, and I shall try so to divest the descriptions of anatomical details as to give a clear notion of their @@ -4302,7 +4261,7 @@ most ancient, European race? One answer is given by the remarkable skeleton of Mentone, in the South of France, found under circumstances equally suggestive of great antiquity -(Figure 8). Dr. Rivičre, in a memoir on this +(Figure 8). Dr. Rivière, in a memoir on this skeleton illustrated by two beautiful photographs, shows that the characters of the skull and of the bones of the limbs are precisely @@ -4313,7 +4272,7 @@ character.</p> <p>The ornaments of Cro-magnon were perforated shells from the Atlantic and pieces of -ivory. Those at Mentone were perforated Neritinć +ivory. Those at Mentone were perforated Neritinæ from the Mediterranean and canine-teeth of the deer. In both cases there was evidence that these ancient people painted themselves @@ -4343,18 +4302,18 @@ far as can be judged from the portion that remains.</p> <span class="caption">Fig. 8.</span></div> <p class="captionr">Portion of the skeleton of the fossil man of Mentone. This skeleton -was discovered by Dr. Rivičre under about twenty feet of accumulated -débris. It belongs to the palćocosmic age, and illustrates the high +was discovered by Dr. Rivière under about twenty feet of accumulated +dĂ©bris. It belongs to the palæocosmic age, and illustrates the high type, physically, of the man of that period. The skeleton, like others of that age, indicates a man of great stature and muscular vigor, and -with brain above the average size. (<i>After Rivičre.</i>)</p> +with brain above the average size. (<i>After Rivière.</i>)</p> <p>Let it be observed, then, that these skulls are probably the oldest known in the world, and they are all referable to one race of men; and let us ask what they tell as to the position <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> -and character of palćolithic man. The testimony +and character of palæolithic man. The testimony is here fortunately wellnigh unanimous. Huxley, who well compares some of the peculiar features of these ancient skulls and skeletons @@ -4438,7 +4397,7 @@ cruelty. The god and the devil were combined in these races, but there was nothing of the mere brute.</p> -<p>Rivičre remarks, with expressions of surprise, +<p>Rivière remarks, with expressions of surprise, the same contradictory points in the Mentone skeleton. Its grand development of brain-case and high facial angle—even @@ -4481,13 +4440,13 @@ historical times (Figure 10).</p> <p class="captionr">Section of the cave of Frontal, in Belgium. (<i>After Dupont.</i>) <i>a</i>, limestone; <i>b</i>, deposit of mud of the mammoth age, on which rests a bed of gravel, <i>c</i>, and above this there was, in modern times, a mass of -fallen débris, <i>d</i>, up to the dotted line. On removing this, a hearth was +fallen dĂ©bris, <i>d</i>, up to the dotted line. On removing this, a hearth was found at <i>e</i>, on which were numerous bones of modern animals, the remains of funeral feasts. The cave was closed with a flat stone, and within were skeletons, stone implements, ornaments, and pottery of the -"neolithic" age. Under these was undisturbed earth of the palćolithic, +"neolithic" age. Under these was undisturbed earth of the palæolithic, or mammoth age. The facts show the succession, in Belgium, -of palćocosmic or antediluvian men and of neocosmic men allied to +of palæocosmic or antediluvian men and of neocosmic men allied to the Basques or to the Laps, and all this previous to the advent of the modern races.</p> @@ -4512,7 +4471,7 @@ the dwarfish race which succeeded came in as the appropriate accompaniment of a diminished land-surface and a less genial climate in the early modern period. Both of these races -are properly palćolithic, and are supposed to +are properly palæolithic, and are supposed to antedate the period of polished stone; but this may, to a great extent, be a prejudice of collectors, who have arrived at a foregone @@ -4530,7 +4489,7 @@ had attained to greater culture.</p> <p class="captionr">Flint arrow-heads found together in a modern Indian deposit in Canada, and showing the coincidence in time of rude and finished -flint weapons, or that among all savages using chipped flint, the palćolithic +flint weapons, or that among all savages using chipped flint, the palæolithic and neolithic ages are contemporaneous.</p> <p>Lastly, both of these old European races @@ -4579,7 +4538,7 @@ Cro-magnon? In answer, I would say that there is no good reason to regard the first man as having resembled a Greek Apollo or an Adonis. He was probably of sterner and -more muscular mould. But the gigantic palćolithic +more muscular mould. But the gigantic palæolithic men of the European caves are more probably representatives of that fearful and powerful race who filled the antediluvian world @@ -4593,7 +4552,7 @@ old belief that there were 'giants in those days.'</p> <p>And now let us pause for a moment to -picture these so-called palćolithic men. What +picture these so-called palæolithic men. What could the old man of Cro-magnon have told us had we been able to sit by his hearth and listen understandingly to his speech?—which, @@ -4882,7 +4841,7 @@ interest or imagination; but the student of its composition and microscopic structure finds that it is an accumulation of vegetable matter representing the action of the solar light on the -leaves of trees of the Palćozoic Age. It thus +leaves of trees of the Palæozoic Age. It thus calls up images of these perished forests and of the causes concerned in their production and growth, and in the accumulation and preservation @@ -5013,7 +4972,7 @@ chemistry. Finally, these complicated structures were produced and all their relations set up at a very early geological period. In so far as we can judge from their remains and the -results effected, the leaves of the Palćozoic +results effected, the leaves of the Palæozoic period were functionally as perfect as their modern successors (see Figs. 13, 14). Of course, the agnostic evolutionist may, if he @@ -5100,7 +5059,7 @@ tube, or siphuncle, passing through the chambers.</p> <p>The peculiar contrivances observed in the nautilus and its allies are possessed by no other mollusks, but there is another group of somewhat -lower grade, that of the <i>Ianthinć</i>, or violet +lower grade, that of the <i>Ianthinæ</i>, or violet snails, in which flotation is provided for in another way (see Fig. 16). In these animals the shell is perfectly simple, though light, and @@ -5308,7 +5267,7 @@ and natural taste of men. In point of fact, we have here one of those great correlations belonging to the unity of nature—that indissoluble connection which has been established -between the senses and the ćsthetic sentiments +between the senses and the æsthetic sentiments of man and certain things in the external world. But there is more in beauty than this merely anthropological relation. Certain @@ -6043,7 +6002,7 @@ astronomer to predict the discovery of new planets. A line in a spectrum, without significance to the uninitiated, foretells a new element. The merest fragment, sufficient only for microscopic -examination, enables the palćontologist +examination, enables the palæontologist to describe to incredulous auditors some organism altogether unknown in its entire structures. What possible reason can there be for excluding @@ -6230,7 +6189,7 @@ Epistle to Hebrews, xi. 3.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Those who wish to understand the real bearings of -palćontology on evolution should study Barrande's <i>Memoirs on the +palæontology on evolution should study Barrande's <i>Memoirs on the Silurian Trilobites, Cephalopods, and Brachiopods</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> @@ -6263,7 +6222,7 @@ Pliocene.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The precise date in years assignable to this event geology cannot determine; but I have elsewhere shown that the actual -antiquity of the palćocosmic or antediluvian man has been greatly +antiquity of the palæocosmic or antediluvian man has been greatly exaggerated.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> @@ -6298,383 +6257,6 @@ been removed.</p> This has been corrected to page 219.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Facts and fancies in modern science, by -John William Dawson - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FACTS, FANCIES IN MODERN SCIENCE *** - -***** This file should be named 42466-h.htm or 42466-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/4/6/42466/ - -Produced by Albert László, JoAnn Greenwood, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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